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stringclasses 10
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stringlengths 147
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| golden_answers
listlengths 1
15
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Which two genes are required for the biosynthesis of cell wall galactomannan in Aspergillus fumigatus?
|
KTR4 and KTR7
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
30755510
|
Two KTR Mannosyltransferases Are Responsible for the Biosynthesis of Cell Wall Mannans and Control Polarized Growth in Aspergillus fumigatus.
|
<question>Which two genes are required for the biosynthesis of cell wall galactomannan in Aspergillus fumigatus?</question>
<answer>KTR4 and KTR7</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"KTR4",
"AFUA_6G12060",
"Afu6g12060",
"KTR7",
"AFUA_2G14260",
"Afu2g14260"
] |
What is the most common type of thyroid cancer diagnosed in children and adolescents with thyroid nodules?
|
Papillary carcinoma
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
23155686
|
Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents: a single institution's experience.
|
<question>What is the most common type of thyroid cancer diagnosed in children and adolescents with thyroid nodules?</question>
<answer>Papillary carcinoma</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Papillary carcinoma",
"Papillary thyroid carcinoma",
"PTC",
"Papillary cancer",
"Papillary thyroid cancer"
] |
What neurotransmitter-related receptor does taurine inhibit in guinea-pig ventricular tissue?
|
alpha-adrenoceptor
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
3014156
|
Functional and binding evidence of taurine inhibition of alpha-adrenoceptor effects on guinea-pig ventricle.
|
<question>What neurotransmitter-related receptor does taurine inhibit in guinea-pig ventricular tissue?</question>
<answer>alpha-adrenoceptor</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"alpha-adrenoceptor",
"alpha-adrenergic receptor",
"alpha-adrenoreceptor",
"alpha-adrenergic",
"α-adrenoceptor",
"α-adrenergic receptor",
"α-adrenoreceptor",
"α-adrenergic"
] |
What species of jumping spider exhibits sex-specific ultraviolet reflectance and fluorescence?
|
Cosmophasis umbratica
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
17255504
|
Sex-specific UV and fluorescence signals in jumping spiders.
|
<question>What species of jumping spider exhibits sex-specific ultraviolet reflectance and fluorescence?</question>
<answer>Cosmophasis umbratica</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"Cosmophasis umbratica",
"C. umbratica"
] |
Which T cell subpopulation is reduced in patients with severe respiratory allergic disease?
|
TG cells
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
315429
|
Imbalances of T cell subpopulations in patients with atopic diseases and effect of specific immunotherapy.
|
<question>Which T cell subpopulation is reduced in patients with severe respiratory allergic disease?</question>
<answer>TG cells</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"TG cells",
"T gamma cells",
"gamma delta T cells",
"γδ T cells",
"Tγδ cells",
"gamma/delta T cells"
] |
Which antibiotic in the traditional quadruple therapy for resistant Helicobacter pylori infection is used instead of levofloxacin?
|
metronidazole
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
17877513
|
Clinical trial: levofloxacin-based quadruple therapy was inferior to traditional quadruple therapy in the treatment of resistant Helicobacter pylori infection.
|
<question>Which antibiotic in the traditional quadruple therapy for resistant Helicobacter pylori infection is used instead of levofloxacin?</question>
<answer>metronidazole</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"metronidazole",
"Flagyl"
] |
What DNA transposon was used to achieve saturation mutagenesis in Yarrowia lipolytica?
|
Hermes
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
29792930
|
Functional genomics for the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.
|
<question>What DNA transposon was used to achieve saturation mutagenesis in Yarrowia lipolytica?</question>
<answer>Hermes</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Hermes",
"Hermes transposon",
"Hermes DNA transposon"
] |
What drug was evaluated for efficacy and safety in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate response to methotrexate in the GO-FORWARD study?
|
Golimumab
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
23678153
|
Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy: results through 2 years of the GO-FORWARD study extension.
|
<question>What drug was evaluated for efficacy and safety in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate response to methotrexate in the GO-FORWARD study?</question>
<answer>Golimumab</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Golimumab",
"Simponi"
] |
Which database provides the matrix library and aligned transcription factor binding sites used by the P-Match tool?
|
TRANSFAC
|
7
|
Bioinformatics databases & curated resources
|
15980505
|
P-Match: transcription factor binding site search by combining patterns and weight matrices.
|
<question>Which database provides the matrix library and aligned transcription factor binding sites used by the P-Match tool?</question>
<answer>TRANSFAC</answer>
<cat_num>7</cat_num>
<cat>Bioinformatics databases & curated resources</cat>
|
[
"TRANSFAC",
"Transcription Factor Database",
"TRANScription FACtor database"
] |
What is the primary objective of clinical primary prevention?
|
avoiding a specific harm
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
23975904
|
A cause without an effect? Primary prevention and causation.
|
<question>What is the primary objective of clinical primary prevention?</question>
<answer>avoiding a specific harm</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"avoiding a specific harm",
"prevention of a specific harm",
"preventing a specific harm",
"avoiding harm",
"prevention of harm",
"preventing harm"
] |
What molecule dose-dependently suppresses superoxide (O-2) generation by NADPH oxidase in pig neutrophils?
|
Nitric oxide
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
9407051
|
Nitric oxide inactivates NADPH oxidase in pig neutrophils by inhibiting its assembling process.
|
<question>What molecule dose-dependently suppresses superoxide (O-2) generation by NADPH oxidase in pig neutrophils?</question>
<answer>Nitric oxide</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"nitric oxide",
"NO",
"nitrogen monoxide"
] |
What is the most common complication leading to early recurrent mitral regurgitation after MitraClip therapy?
|
Partial clip detachment
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
29280535
|
Repeat MitraClip for early recurrent mitral regurgitation.
|
<question>What is the most common complication leading to early recurrent mitral regurgitation after MitraClip therapy?</question>
<answer>Partial clip detachment</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Partial clip detachment",
"partial leaflet detachment",
"single leaflet device attachment",
"SLDA",
"partial detachment of MitraClip",
"partial clip dehiscence"
] |
Which catalyst was used in the enantioselective cyanation of aldehydes with acetyl cyanide in this study?
|
Ti-salen
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
16104722
|
Dual Lewis acid-Lewis base activation in enantioselective cyanation of aldehydes using acetyl cyanide and cyanoformate as cyanide sources.
|
<question>Which catalyst was used in the enantioselective cyanation of aldehydes with acetyl cyanide in this study?</question>
<answer>Ti-salen</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Ti-salen",
"titanium salen",
"titanium-salen complex",
"Ti(salen)",
"titanium(IV) salen complex",
"titanium(IV)-salen",
"Ti(IV)-salen"
] |
What is the most commonly reported adverse event associated with alosetron treatment in women with severe diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D)?
|
constipation
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
22779693
|
Randomised clinical trial: alosetron improves quality of life and reduces restriction of daily activities in women with severe diarrhoea-predominant IBS.
|
<question>What is the most commonly reported adverse event associated with alosetron treatment in women with severe diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D)?</question>
<answer>constipation</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"constipation",
"obstipation"
] |
Which genetic locus is commonly deleted in cases of inherited complete C4 deficiency?
|
C4B
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
1910860
|
DNA analysis in a MHC heterozygous patient with complete C4 deficiency--homozygosity for C4 gene deletion and C4 pseudogene.
|
<question>Which genetic locus is commonly deleted in cases of inherited complete C4 deficiency?</question>
<answer>C4B</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"C4B",
"complement component 4B",
"C4B gene",
"C4B locus",
"complement C4B"
] |
What is the suggested mode of inheritance for familial interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and alveolar cell carcinoma occurring together?
|
autosomal dominant
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
6269246
|
Simultaneous occurrence of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and alveolar cell carcinoma in one family.
|
<question>What is the suggested mode of inheritance for familial interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and alveolar cell carcinoma occurring together?</question>
<answer>autosomal dominant</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"autosomal dominant",
"autosomal dominant inheritance",
"autosomal dominant pattern",
"AD inheritance",
"dominant inheritance"
] |
What protein phosphatase specifically dephosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II?
|
Fcp1
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
16301539
|
Fcp1 directly recognizes the C-terminal domain (CTD) and interacts with a site on RNA polymerase II distinct from the CTD.
|
<question>What protein phosphatase specifically dephosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II?</question>
<answer>Fcp1</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Fcp1",
"TFIIF-associating CTD phosphatase 1",
"CTDP1",
"CTD phosphatase 1",
"FCP1 phosphatase",
"FCP1"
] |
Which microvascular structure is associated with the progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy?
|
vasa vasorum
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
26657475
|
Association between the vasa vasorum and the atherosclerotic changes in cardiac allograft vasculopathy: volumetric analysis.
|
<question>Which microvascular structure is associated with the progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy?</question>
<answer>vasa vasorum</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"vasa vasorum",
"vasa vasora",
"vasa vasorum microvessels",
"adventitial vasa vasorum"
] |
Which compound is recommended for use in spectrophotometric assays of cholinesterase activity due to its lack of inhibitory effect?
|
5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate)
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
4478065
|
The effects of two disulphides on cholinesterase activity in the spectrophotometric assay.
|
<question>Which compound is recommended for use in spectrophotometric assays of cholinesterase activity due to its lack of inhibitory effect?</question>
<answer>5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate)</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate)",
"DTNB",
"Ellman's reagent",
"5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)",
"5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid",
"5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate)",
"5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate"
] |
Which artery is most frequently occluded in patients with critical ischaemia of the lower limbs?
|
popliteal artery
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
1555673
|
The distribution of atherosclerosis in the lower limbs.
|
<question>Which artery is most frequently occluded in patients with critical ischaemia of the lower limbs?</question>
<answer>popliteal artery</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"popliteal artery",
"arteria poplitea",
"popliteal a."
] |
According to the Gartland classification, what type of supracondylar humerus fracture in children is most commonly treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning with K-wires?
|
Type III
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
12738907
|
[Treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures in children, according to Gartland classification].
|
<question>According to the Gartland classification, what type of supracondylar humerus fracture in children is most commonly treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning with K-wires?</question>
<answer>Type III</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Type III",
"type 3",
"Gartland type III",
"Gartland type 3",
"Type 3",
"type III"
] |
What is the minimum onset-to-onset interval, in milliseconds, at which a five-tone sequence is unitized in auditory memory?
|
200
|
8
|
Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems
|
16110282
|
Organization of sequential sounds in auditory memory.
|
<question>What is the minimum onset-to-onset interval, in milliseconds, at which a five-tone sequence is unitized in auditory memory?</question>
<answer>200</answer>
<cat_num>8</cat_num>
<cat>Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems</cat>
|
[
"200",
"two hundred",
"200 ms",
"200 milliseconds"
] |
Which immunohistochemical marker is commonly used to identify neuroendocrine tumors?
|
chromogranin
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
14720139
|
Atypical carcinoid (neuroendocrine carcinoma) of the gingiva: counterpart of a laryngeal tumor.
|
<question>Which immunohistochemical marker is commonly used to identify neuroendocrine tumors?</question>
<answer>chromogranin</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"chromogranin",
"chromogranin A",
"CgA"
] |
Which Escherichia coli helicase is crucial for tolerance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics by promoting repair processes initiated by antibiotic-induced damage?
|
UvrD
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
24077306
|
Tolerance of Escherichia coli to fluoroquinolone antibiotics depends on specific components of the SOS response pathway.
|
<question>Which Escherichia coli helicase is crucial for tolerance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics by promoting repair processes initiated by antibiotic-induced damage?</question>
<answer>UvrD</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"UvrD",
"DNA helicase II",
"helicase II",
"uvrD helicase",
"uvrD protein"
] |
What benign skin tumor can show intense uptake on F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT, potentially mimicking malignancy?
|
Dermatofibroma
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
19263377
|
Dermatofibroma mimicking malignancy on integrated F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT.
|
<question>What benign skin tumor can show intense uptake on F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT, potentially mimicking malignancy?</question>
<answer>Dermatofibroma</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"Dermatofibroma",
"benign fibrous histiocytoma",
"cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma",
"fibrous histiocytoma of skin"
] |
What chemical is used to increase endogenous chemiluminescence in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds in a dose-dependent manner?
|
hydrogen peroxide
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
30385859
|
Endogenous Chemiluminescence from Germinating Arabidopsis Thaliana Seeds.
|
<question>What chemical is used to increase endogenous chemiluminescence in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds in a dose-dependent manner?</question>
<answer>hydrogen peroxide</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"hydrogen peroxide",
"H2O2",
"dihydrogen dioxide",
"peroxide"
] |
Which compound was identified as the main antimicrobial principle in Chaerophyllum aureum L.?
|
Falcarindiol
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
12939043
|
Lignans, phenylpropanoids and polyacetylenes from Chaerophyllum aureum L. (Apiaceae).
|
<question>Which compound was identified as the main antimicrobial principle in Chaerophyllum aureum L.?</question>
<answer>Falcarindiol</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Falcarindiol",
"9Z-heptadeca-1,9-diene-4,6-diyn-3,8-diol",
"dehydrofalcarinol"
] |
What type of antibody is commonly used in sandwich-type solid-phase enzyme immunoassay kits for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection?
|
monoclonal antibody
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
1551238
|
Reaction profiles of seven enzyme immunoassay kits for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) analyzed with purified preparations of CEA and related normal antigens.
|
<question>What type of antibody is commonly used in sandwich-type solid-phase enzyme immunoassay kits for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection?</question>
<answer>monoclonal antibody</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"monoclonal antibody",
"monoclonal antibodies",
"mAb",
"mAbs"
] |
Which animal model was used to assess the antinociceptive effects of 6-glycine substituted 14-phenylpropoxymorphinans?
|
rat
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
21235243
|
Synthesis and pharmacological activities of 6-glycine substituted 14-phenylpropoxymorphinans, a novel class of opioids with high opioid receptor affinities and antinociceptive potencies.
|
<question>Which animal model was used to assess the antinociceptive effects of 6-glycine substituted 14-phenylpropoxymorphinans?</question>
<answer>rat</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"rat",
"Rattus",
"Rattus norvegicus",
"laboratory rat",
"lab rat"
] |
What small molecule synthetic ligand is used to orthogonally control gene expression in mammalian cells in this study?
|
4,4'-dihydroxybenzil
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
23242944
|
Orthogonal control of endogenous gene expression in mammalian cells using synthetic ligands.
|
<question>What small molecule synthetic ligand is used to orthogonally control gene expression in mammalian cells in this study?</question>
<answer>4,4'-dihydroxybenzil</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"4,4'-dihydroxybenzil",
"4,4-dihydroxybenzil",
"4,4′-dihydroxybenzil",
"4,4'-benzil diol",
"benzil-4,4'-diol"
] |
Which environmental substances are commonly associated with sick house syndrome?
|
shampoo, makeup, perfume, building material odors, paint
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
15247528
|
[Epidemiologic study on the prevalence of the sick house syndrome in Japan].
|
<question>Which environmental substances are commonly associated with sick house syndrome?</question>
<answer>shampoo, makeup, perfume, building material odors, paint</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"shampoo",
"hair shampoo",
"makeup",
"cosmetics",
"perfume",
"fragrance",
"building material odors",
"building material emissions",
"paint",
"paint fumes"
] |
Which coping strategy was found to decrease stress intensity among hemato-oncology nurses?
|
Symptoms management
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
25474848
|
[The impact of coping strategies on the intensity of stress on hemato-oncology nurses].
|
<question>Which coping strategy was found to decrease stress intensity among hemato-oncology nurses?</question>
<answer>Symptoms management</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Symptoms management",
"symptom management",
"symptom-management",
"symptoms-management"
] |
Which class of histone deacetylases is primarily targeted by inhibitors that reactivate latent HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells?
|
Class I HDACs
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
23999005
|
Unique characteristics of histone deacetylase inhibitors in reactivation of latent HIV-1 in Bcl-2-transduced primary resting CD4+ T cells.
|
<question>Which class of histone deacetylases is primarily targeted by inhibitors that reactivate latent HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells?</question>
<answer>Class I HDACs</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Class I HDACs",
"Class I histone deacetylases",
"HDAC class I",
"HDACs class I",
"HDAC1",
"HDAC2",
"HDAC3",
"HDAC8"
] |
Which protein is required in trans to complement replication-incompetent African horse sickness virus particles?
|
VP6
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
27279609
|
Assembly of Replication-Incompetent African Horse Sickness Virus Particles: Rational Design of Vaccines for All Serotypes.
|
<question>Which protein is required in trans to complement replication-incompetent African horse sickness virus particles?</question>
<answer>VP6</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"VP6",
"viral protein 6",
"AHSV VP6"
] |
What does the acronym HCAI stand for in the context of healthcare?
|
Healthcare-associated infection
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
27089754
|
How language choice can affect HCAI prevention.
|
<question>What does the acronym HCAI stand for in the context of healthcare?</question>
<answer>Healthcare-associated infection</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Healthcare-associated infection",
"healthcare associated infection",
"health care-associated infection",
"health care associated infection",
"HCAI"
] |
Which antibody is detected by the newly developed ELISA test for diagnosing human parvovirus B19 infection?
|
IgM
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
2171482
|
Development of an IgM antibody capture test using labelled fusion protein as antigen for diagnosis of B19 human parvovirus infections.
|
<question>Which antibody is detected by the newly developed ELISA test for diagnosing human parvovirus B19 infection?</question>
<answer>IgM</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"IgM",
"Immunoglobulin M",
"Ig M"
] |
What is the cut-off value of shear wave speed (SWS) on Virtual Touch Tissue Imaging Quantification (VTIQ) for distinguishing malignant from benign breast lesions?
|
3.49 m/s
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
27174418
|
Value of Virtual Touch Tissue Imaging Quantification for Evaluation of Ultrasound Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System Category 4 Lesions.
|
<question>What is the cut-off value of shear wave speed (SWS) on Virtual Touch Tissue Imaging Quantification (VTIQ) for distinguishing malignant from benign breast lesions?</question>
<answer>3.49 m/s</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"3.49 m/s",
"3.49 meters per second",
"3.49 ms⁻¹",
"3.49 metres per second"
] |
What biomarker is measured every 6 months for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening in patients with chronic hepatitis B?
|
alpha-fetoprotein
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
32381081
|
A "one stop liver shop" approach improves the cascade-of-care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians living with chronic hepatitis B in the Northern Territory of Australia: results of a novel care delivery model.
|
<question>What biomarker is measured every 6 months for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening in patients with chronic hepatitis B?</question>
<answer>alpha-fetoprotein</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"alpha-fetoprotein",
"AFP",
"Alpha fetoprotein",
"α-fetoprotein",
"Alpha-Fetoprotein"
] |
What imaging technique is enhanced by contrast injection to improve endocardial border visualization in patients with poor acoustic windows?
|
echocardiography
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
12471799
|
[Left ventricular opacification: improved detection of global and regional wall motion at rest].
|
<question>What imaging technique is enhanced by contrast injection to improve endocardial border visualization in patients with poor acoustic windows?</question>
<answer>echocardiography</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"echocardiography",
"echo",
"ultrasound of the heart",
"cardiac ultrasound",
"cardiac echocardiography",
"heart ultrasound"
] |
Which class of drugs can prevent the decline in FEV1 induced by inhaled endotoxin in asthmatic subjects?
|
beta2-agonists
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
11061474
|
Effect of anti-asthmatic drugs on the response to inhaled endotoxin.
|
<question>Which class of drugs can prevent the decline in FEV1 induced by inhaled endotoxin in asthmatic subjects?</question>
<answer>beta2-agonists</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"beta2-agonists",
"beta-2 agonists",
"beta 2 agonists",
"β2-agonists",
"β2 agonists",
"beta2 adrenergic agonists",
"beta-2 adrenergic agonists",
"beta 2 adrenergic agonists",
"β2 adrenergic agonists",
"β2-adrenoceptor agonists",
"beta2 mimetics",
"beta-2 mimetics",
"beta 2 mimetics"
] |
What diagnostic test is used to differentiate heart versus lung limitations in patients with unexplained dyspnea?
|
Submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
24937330
|
Submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing for the evaluation of unexplained dyspnea.
|
<question>What diagnostic test is used to differentiate heart versus lung limitations in patients with unexplained dyspnea?</question>
<answer>Submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing",
"submaximal CPET",
"submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise test",
"submaximal exercise testing",
"submaximal CPX",
"submaximal exercise test"
] |
What type of incision is commonly used for kidney extraction in pure laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy?
|
modified Pfannenstiel incision
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
18295274
|
Laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy: a look at current trends and practice patterns at major transplant centers across the United States.
|
<question>What type of incision is commonly used for kidney extraction in pure laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy?</question>
<answer>modified Pfannenstiel incision</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"modified Pfannenstiel incision",
"Pfannenstiel incision",
"modified Pfannenstiel",
"transverse suprapubic incision",
"bikini incision"
] |
Which two main cellular disulfide reductase systems maintain the cellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacteria?
|
Thioredoxin and glutathione systems
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
31124420
|
The Role and Mechanism of Thiol-Dependent Antioxidant System in Bacterial Drug Susceptibility and Resistance.
|
<question>Which two main cellular disulfide reductase systems maintain the cellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacteria?</question>
<answer>Thioredoxin and glutathione systems</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Thioredoxin system",
"thioredoxin",
"Trx system",
"Trx",
"glutathione system",
"glutathione",
"GSH system",
"GSH"
] |
What is the target gene for antisense oligodeoxynucleotide delivery in the described breast cancer cell experiments?
|
c-myc
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
30448314
|
Magnetic-silk/polyethyleneimine core-shell nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery into human breast cancer cells.
|
<question>What is the target gene for antisense oligodeoxynucleotide delivery in the described breast cancer cell experiments?</question>
<answer>c-myc</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"c-myc",
"MYC",
"myc",
"MYC proto-oncogene",
"c-Myc",
"v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog",
"myc proto-oncogene protein"
] |
What is the threshold oral morphine equivalent dose per day that defines high dose morphine use in hospice patients?
|
299 mg
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
10463988
|
High dose morphine use in the hospice setting. A database survey of patient characteristics and effect on life expectancy.
|
<question>What is the threshold oral morphine equivalent dose per day that defines high dose morphine use in hospice patients?</question>
<answer>299 mg</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"299 mg",
"299 milligrams",
"299 mg/day",
"299 milligrams per day"
] |
What substance is commonly used to induce oxidative burst in granulocytes for in vitro measurement?
|
phorbol-myristate-acetate
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
8002126
|
Suppressed PMA-induced oxidative burst and unimpaired phagocytosis of circulating granulocytes one week after a long endurance exercise.
|
<question>What substance is commonly used to induce oxidative burst in granulocytes for in vitro measurement?</question>
<answer>phorbol-myristate-acetate</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"phorbol-myristate-acetate",
"phorbol myristate acetate",
"PMA",
"12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate",
"phorbol ester",
"phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate"
] |
What is the minimum duration of stay required for inclusion in studies using the EMPATHIC-30 questionnaire in the PICU?
|
24 hours
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
29108859
|
[Spanish translation and validation of the EMPATHIC-30 questionnaire to measure parental satisfaction in intensive care units].
|
<question>What is the minimum duration of stay required for inclusion in studies using the EMPATHIC-30 questionnaire in the PICU?</question>
<answer>24 hours</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"24 hours",
"twenty-four hours",
"1 day",
"one day",
"24h"
] |
What enzyme serves as a marker for acidophilic atypical acinar cell foci in rat pancreatic carcinogenesis induced by azaserine?
|
Mg2+-dependent ATPase
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
2419008
|
Adenosine triphosphatase, a new marker for the differentiation of putative precancerous foci induced in rat pancreas by azaserine.
|
<question>What enzyme serves as a marker for acidophilic atypical acinar cell foci in rat pancreatic carcinogenesis induced by azaserine?</question>
<answer>Mg2+-dependent ATPase</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"Mg2+-dependent ATPase",
"magnesium-dependent ATPase",
"Mg2+ ATPase",
"magnesium ATPase",
"Mg-dependent ATPase"
] |
Which mathematical map is used in the proposed chaotic PID controlling particle swarm optimization algorithm to introduce chaos?
|
Logistic map
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
28472050
|
Empirically characteristic analysis of chaotic PID controlling particle swarm optimization.
|
<question>Which mathematical map is used in the proposed chaotic PID controlling particle swarm optimization algorithm to introduce chaos?</question>
<answer>Logistic map</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Logistic map",
"logistic map",
"logistic function",
"logistic equation"
] |
What laboratory technique can be used to measure human serum immunoglobulin concentrations by producing a precipitation ring in gel?
|
Radial immunodiffusion
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
6788050
|
[Comparison of two methods for measuring human serum immunoglobulins (laser-nephelometry and radial immunodiffusion)].
|
<question>What laboratory technique can be used to measure human serum immunoglobulin concentrations by producing a precipitation ring in gel?</question>
<answer>Radial immunodiffusion</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Radial immunodiffusion",
"RID",
"Mancini method",
"radial diffusion",
"radial immunodiffusion assay"
] |
Which spinal nerve root compression can lead to abdominal wall weakness?
|
T11
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
32150074
|
Thoracic gout tophus with abdominal wall protrusion: A case report.
|
<question>Which spinal nerve root compression can lead to abdominal wall weakness?</question>
<answer>T11</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"T11",
"thoracic nerve 11",
"thoracic 11",
"T11 spinal nerve",
"11th thoracic nerve",
"eleventh thoracic nerve",
"T11 nerve root",
"T11 nerve"
] |
Which antiplatelet agent, when combined with dipyridamole, was found to be superior to low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole in preventing aortocoronary vein-graft occlusion?
|
Triflusal
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
2647494
|
Prevention of aortocoronary vein-graft attrition with low-dose aspirin and triflusal, both associated with dipyridamole: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
|
<question>Which antiplatelet agent, when combined with dipyridamole, was found to be superior to low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole in preventing aortocoronary vein-graft occlusion?</question>
<answer>Triflusal</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Triflusal"
] |
What type of research method is primarily focused on understanding human experiences and perspectives through techniques such as interviews and focus groups?
|
Qualitative research
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
30763115
|
Qualitative research: An overview of emerging approaches for data collection.
|
<question>What type of research method is primarily focused on understanding human experiences and perspectives through techniques such as interviews and focus groups?</question>
<answer>Qualitative research</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Qualitative research",
"qualitative study",
"qualitative studies",
"qualitative methodology",
"qualitative methods",
"qualitative approach"
] |
What material is commonly used to reinforce endotracheal tubes for large animals such as sheep, goats, and calves?
|
polyvinylchloride
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
6716967
|
Fabrication method for endotracheal tubes for sheep, goats, and calves.
|
<question>What material is commonly used to reinforce endotracheal tubes for large animals such as sheep, goats, and calves?</question>
<answer>polyvinylchloride</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"polyvinylchloride",
"polyvinyl chloride",
"PVC"
] |
Which phosphorescent compound is used to measure in vivo microvascular oxygen tensions in rat liver during photodynamic therapy?
|
palladium meso-tetra(carboxyphenyl)porphine
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
9639914
|
Spatial measurement of oxygen levels during photodynamic therapy using time-resolved optical spectroscopy.
|
<question>Which phosphorescent compound is used to measure in vivo microvascular oxygen tensions in rat liver during photodynamic therapy?</question>
<answer>palladium meso-tetra(carboxyphenyl)porphine</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"palladium meso-tetra(carboxyphenyl)porphine",
"Pd-meso-tetra(carboxyphenyl)porphine",
"Pd-mTCPP",
"Pd-meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine",
"palladium meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine",
"palladium TCPP",
"Pd-TCPP"
] |
Which surgical procedure is used to eliminate bile reflux in reflux disease?
|
Roux-Y procedure
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
7228721
|
[Surgical management of reflux disease].
|
<question>Which surgical procedure is used to eliminate bile reflux in reflux disease?</question>
<answer>Roux-Y procedure</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Roux-Y procedure",
"Roux-en-Y procedure",
"Roux-en-Y",
"Roux-Y",
"Roux-en-Y anastomosis",
"Roux-Y anastomosis"
] |
What gene is transferred into mouse hematopoietic cells using the N2 retroviral vector in this study?
|
neoR
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
2291567
|
Retroviral gene transfer using safe and efficient packaging cell lines.
|
<question>What gene is transferred into mouse hematopoietic cells using the N2 retroviral vector in this study?</question>
<answer>neoR</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"neoR",
"neomycin resistance gene",
"neomycin phosphotransferase",
"neo",
"neor",
"neomycin phosphotransferase II",
"neomycin-resistance gene",
"neomycin resistance marker",
"neomycin phosphotransferase gene"
] |
Which NMDA receptor subunit is implicated in extrasynaptic glutamate transmission in the adult prefrontal cortex?
|
NR2B
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
16292328
|
Hallucinogen-induced UP states in the brain slice of rat prefrontal cortex: role of glutamate spillover and NR2B-NMDA receptors.
|
<question>Which NMDA receptor subunit is implicated in extrasynaptic glutamate transmission in the adult prefrontal cortex?</question>
<answer>NR2B</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"NR2B",
"GluN2B",
"N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B",
"GRIN2B",
"NR2B subunit"
] |
Which cell surface glycoprotein is commonly used to isolate hematopoietic stem cells in clinical bone marrow transplantation protocols?
|
CD34
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
10340393
|
Functional activity of murine CD34+ and CD34- hematopoietic stem cell populations.
|
<question>Which cell surface glycoprotein is commonly used to isolate hematopoietic stem cells in clinical bone marrow transplantation protocols?</question>
<answer>CD34</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"CD34",
"Cluster of Differentiation 34",
"CD34 antigen"
] |
What type of molecule is measured by tail tendon break time (TTBT) in mice?
|
collagen
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
21047976
|
Quantitative trait loci analysis of tail tendon break time in mice of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J lineage.
|
<question>What type of molecule is measured by tail tendon break time (TTBT) in mice?</question>
<answer>collagen</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"collagen",
"collagen protein",
"collagen fibers",
"collagenous protein"
] |
What hormone was administered vaginally to menopausal women with hot flushes in this study?
|
oestriol
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
2503082
|
Peripheral blood flow in menopausal women who have hot flushes and in those who do not.
|
<question>What hormone was administered vaginally to menopausal women with hot flushes in this study?</question>
<answer>oestriol</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"oestriol",
"estriol",
"E3"
] |
Which neuropeptide Y receptor subtype is localized within ganglionic neurons and axons of the human colon?
|
Y1
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
9479668
|
Distribution of the NPY receptor subtype Y1 within human colon: evidence for NPY targeting a subpopulation of nitrergic neurons.
|
<question>Which neuropeptide Y receptor subtype is localized within ganglionic neurons and axons of the human colon?</question>
<answer>Y1</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Y1",
"NPY1 receptor",
"Neuropeptide Y1 receptor",
"NPY Y1 receptor",
"Y1R"
] |
What type of irradiation inactivates the cytotoxicity of nanocrystalline C60?
|
gamma-irradiation
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
16784774
|
Inactivation of nanocrystalline C60 cytotoxicity by gamma-irradiation.
|
<question>What type of irradiation inactivates the cytotoxicity of nanocrystalline C60?</question>
<answer>gamma-irradiation</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"gamma-irradiation",
"gamma irradiation",
"γ-irradiation",
"γ irradiation",
"gamma rays",
"gamma radiation"
] |
What type of organism is Bemisia tabaci?
|
insect
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
24458692
|
Modelling the potential distribution of Bemisia tabaci in Europe in light of the climate change scenario.
|
<question>What type of organism is Bemisia tabaci?</question>
<answer>insect</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"insect",
"insects",
"hexapod",
"hexapoda",
"arthropod",
"arthropoda"
] |
Which imaging modality provides improved soft tissue contrast compared to PET-CT?
|
magnetic resonance imaging
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
16866564
|
Development of a combined microPET-MR system.
|
<question>Which imaging modality provides improved soft tissue contrast compared to PET-CT?</question>
<answer>magnetic resonance imaging</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"magnetic resonance imaging",
"MRI"
] |
In France, what type of medical education should the head of an emergency service receive, regardless of their original specialty?
|
critical care medicine
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
1933465
|
[Teaching emergency medicine].
|
<question>In France, what type of medical education should the head of an emergency service receive, regardless of their original specialty?</question>
<answer>critical care medicine</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"critical care medicine",
"intensive care medicine",
"réanimation médicale",
"soins intensifs",
"critical care",
"ICM"
] |
In individuals with muscular dystrophy, which age group has higher rates of emergency room and inpatient use: 15-19 years or 20-24 years?
|
20-24 years
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
25665090
|
Hospitalizations and emergency room visits for adolescents and young adults with muscular dystrophy living in South Carolina.
|
<question>In individuals with muscular dystrophy, which age group has higher rates of emergency room and inpatient use: 15-19 years or 20-24 years?</question>
<answer>20-24 years</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"20-24 years",
"20 to 24 years",
"20–24 years",
"20–24-year-olds",
"20-24-year-olds",
"ages 20-24",
"ages 20 to 24",
"20 through 24 years",
"twenty to twenty-four years"
] |
What class of antibodies is evaluated for anti-cytomegalovirus activity in this study?
|
IgG
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
2846652
|
Evaluation of immunoglobulin G preparations for anti-cytomegalovirus antibodies with reference to neutralizing antibody in the presence of complement.
|
<question>What class of antibodies is evaluated for anti-cytomegalovirus activity in this study?</question>
<answer>IgG</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"IgG",
"Immunoglobulin G",
"Ig gamma",
"gamma globulin",
"IgG antibody",
"IgG antibodies"
] |
What coating was used on the engineered magnetic nanoparticles (EMNP) in the study assessing their biosorption in granular sludge?
|
polyvinyl alcohol
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
26282738
|
Low biosorption of PVA coated engineered magnetic nanoparticles in granular sludge assessed by magnetic susceptibility.
|
<question>What coating was used on the engineered magnetic nanoparticles (EMNP) in the study assessing their biosorption in granular sludge?</question>
<answer>polyvinyl alcohol</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"polyvinyl alcohol",
"PVA"
] |
What is the primary purpose of the Angelchik prosthesis?
|
antireflux
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
6375635
|
Intraluminal erosion and migration of the Angelchik antireflux prosthesis.
|
<question>What is the primary purpose of the Angelchik prosthesis?</question>
<answer>antireflux</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"antireflux",
"anti-reflux",
"prevention of reflux",
"reflux prevention",
"gastroesophageal reflux prevention",
"GERD prevention",
"prevention of gastroesophageal reflux"
] |
What disease is targeted for eradication by the National Immunization Day (NID) Programme in Nepal?
|
Poliomyelitis
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
10444884
|
Awareness about a national immunization day programme in the Sunsari district of Nepal.
|
<question>What disease is targeted for eradication by the National Immunization Day (NID) Programme in Nepal?</question>
<answer>Poliomyelitis</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Poliomyelitis",
"polio",
"infantile paralysis"
] |
Which type of stroke shows a female predominance?
|
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
14657450
|
Parity and risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage in women: a nested case-control study based on national Swedish registries.
|
<question>Which type of stroke shows a female predominance?</question>
<answer>Subarachnoid hemorrhage</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Subarachnoid hemorrhage",
"subarachnoid haemorrhage",
"SAH"
] |
What chemotherapeutic agent was used to induce cardiomyopathy in rabbits in studies of congestive heart failure?
|
doxorubicin
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
2347120
|
Shift in the baroreflex-renal noradrenaline spillover curve during the development of congestive heart failure in the rabbit.
|
<question>What chemotherapeutic agent was used to induce cardiomyopathy in rabbits in studies of congestive heart failure?</question>
<answer>doxorubicin</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"doxorubicin",
"adriamycin",
"hydroxydaunorubicin"
] |
Which index was defined to transform the lag time gained by betamimetic treatment in premature labor into a relative measure?
|
Prolongation Index
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
13656
|
Evaluation of success in treatment of threatening premature labor by betamimetic drugs.
|
<question>Which index was defined to transform the lag time gained by betamimetic treatment in premature labor into a relative measure?</question>
<answer>Prolongation Index</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Prolongation Index",
"PI",
"prolongation index"
] |
What antibiotic is commonly used for intratympanic treatment of intractable Meniere's disease?
|
gentamicin
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
20036473
|
Intractable M?ni?re's disease. Modelling of the treatment by means of statistical analysis.
|
<question>What antibiotic is commonly used for intratympanic treatment of intractable Meniere's disease?</question>
<answer>gentamicin</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"gentamicin",
"Garamycin",
"gentamycin"
] |
What soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor is an adverse prognostic factor in advanced multiple myeloma patients treated with thalidomide?
|
TNFR p55
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
15136218
|
A low serum level of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 predicts response to thalidomide in advanced multiple myeloma.
|
<question>What soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor is an adverse prognostic factor in advanced multiple myeloma patients treated with thalidomide?</question>
<answer>TNFR p55</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"TNFR p55",
"TNF receptor p55",
"tumor necrosis factor receptor p55",
"TNFR1",
"TNF-R1",
"CD120a",
"TNFRSF1A",
"tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A",
"soluble TNFR p55",
"soluble TNF receptor p55"
] |
Which biomarker, when measured in cerebrospinal fluid, showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) for diagnosing ventriculostomy-related meningitis using multiplex PCR?
|
interleukin 6
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
24470322
|
Value of multiplex PCR using cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of ventriculostomy-related meningitis in neurosurgery patients.
|
<question>Which biomarker, when measured in cerebrospinal fluid, showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) for diagnosing ventriculostomy-related meningitis using multiplex PCR?</question>
<answer>interleukin 6</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"interleukin 6",
"IL-6",
"IL6",
"interleukin-6"
] |
What is the full chemical name of the ionic liquid abbreviated as BMIMCl?
|
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
19116894
|
Interaction of ionic liquids with polysaccharides, 8 - synthesis of cellulose sulfates suitable for polyelectrolyte complex formation.
|
<question>What is the full chemical name of the ionic liquid abbreviated as BMIMCl?</question>
<answer>1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride",
"1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorid",
"BMIM chloride",
"BMIMCl",
"1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloridum"
] |
What term is used to describe individuals experiencing their first episode of psychosis?
|
first episode of psychosis (FE) subjects
|
10
|
Psychology and behavioral health
|
17681756
|
Social and cognitive functioning in psychosis.
|
<question>What term is used to describe individuals experiencing their first episode of psychosis?</question>
<answer>first episode of psychosis (FE) subjects</answer>
<cat_num>10</cat_num>
<cat>Psychology and behavioral health</cat>
|
[
"first episode of psychosis subjects",
"first episode psychosis subjects",
"first episode of psychosis (FE) subjects",
"first-episode psychosis subjects",
"first-episode psychosis patients",
"first episode psychosis patients",
"first-episode patients",
"first episode patients",
"FEP subjects",
"FEP patients"
] |
What type of vocalization do bottlenose dolphins use to address each other individually?
|
signature whistles
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
10958783
|
Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
|
<question>What type of vocalization do bottlenose dolphins use to address each other individually?</question>
<answer>signature whistles</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"signature whistles",
"signature whistle",
"individual signature whistles",
"individual signature whistle"
] |
What statistical method is commonly used to compare diagnostic or prognostic performance between clinical groups in medical studies?
|
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
11490257
|
Risk adjustment for evaluating the outcome of urological operative procedures.
|
<question>What statistical method is commonly used to compare diagnostic or prognostic performance between clinical groups in medical studies?</question>
<answer>Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis",
"ROC analysis",
"receiver operating characteristic analysis",
"ROC curve analysis",
"receiver operator characteristic analysis",
"receiver operator characteristic curve analysis"
] |
Which assay targets the major outer membrane protein gene for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis?
|
PCR
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
9620391
|
Evaluation of the Abbott LCx ligase chain reaction assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine and genital swab specimens from a sexually transmitted disease clinic population.
|
<question>Which assay targets the major outer membrane protein gene for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis?</question>
<answer>PCR</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"PCR",
"Polymerase Chain Reaction"
] |
Which phospholipid's synthesis was evaluated using radioactive CDP-choline incorporation in this study?
|
phosphatidylcholine
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
7070579
|
Effect of thyroid dysfunction upon phospholipid composition and CDP-choline incorporation in mitochondria and microsomal fraction isolated from liver and brain of suckling rats.
|
<question>Which phospholipid's synthesis was evaluated using radioactive CDP-choline incorporation in this study?</question>
<answer>phosphatidylcholine</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"phosphatidylcholine",
"PC",
"lecithin"
] |
In Japanese men, regular alcohol consumption is associated with an increase of how many millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in systolic blood pressure compared to non-drinkers?
|
7-10 mmHg
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
1607906
|
Alcohol drinking and high blood pressure: data from a 1980 national cardiovascular survey of Japan.
|
<question>In Japanese men, regular alcohol consumption is associated with an increase of how many millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in systolic blood pressure compared to non-drinkers?</question>
<answer>7-10 mmHg</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"7-10 mmHg",
"7 to 10 mmHg",
"7–10 mmHg",
"seven to ten mmHg",
"7-10 millimeters of mercury",
"7 to 10 millimeters of mercury",
"7–10 millimeters of mercury",
"seven to ten millimeters of mercury"
] |
What fungus causes histoplasmosis?
|
Histoplasma capsulatum
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
22042634
|
Fatal Histoplasma capsulatum mitral endocarditis in a French patient treated for rheumatoid arthritis.
|
<question>What fungus causes histoplasmosis?</question>
<answer>Histoplasma capsulatum</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Histoplasma capsulatum",
"H. capsulatum",
"Darling's fungus"
] |
Which psychological symptom was relatively high among bereaved family members of humidifier disinfectant disaster victims?
|
insomnia
|
10
|
Psychology and behavioral health
|
30686951
|
Psychological Responses among Humidifier Disinfectant Disaster Victims and Their Families.
|
<question>Which psychological symptom was relatively high among bereaved family members of humidifier disinfectant disaster victims?</question>
<answer>insomnia</answer>
<cat_num>10</cat_num>
<cat>Psychology and behavioral health</cat>
|
[
"insomnia",
"sleeplessness",
"sleep disorder",
"difficulty sleeping"
] |
Which antipsychotic drug has shown activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including drug-resistant strains?
|
Thioridazine
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
23030326
|
Why and how thioridazine in combination with antibiotics to which the infective strain is resistant will cure totally drug-resistant tuberculosis.
|
<question>Which antipsychotic drug has shown activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including drug-resistant strains?</question>
<answer>Thioridazine</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Thioridazine",
"Melleril",
"Mellerilum"
] |
What is the lower normal limit for total testosterone in adult males?
|
11 nmol/l
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
12471777
|
Diagnosis of hypogonadism in the aging male.
|
<question>What is the lower normal limit for total testosterone in adult males?</question>
<answer>11 nmol/l</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"11 nmol/l",
"11 nmol/L",
"11 nanomoles per liter",
"11 nmol per L",
"11 nmol per litre",
"11 nanomol per liter",
"11 nanomol/L"
] |
What is the effect of cinnamon extract on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vanilla cream pudding at 4°C?
|
Inhibition
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
29579906
|
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized vanilla cream pudding as affected by storage temperature and the presence of cinnamon extract.
|
<question>What is the effect of cinnamon extract on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vanilla cream pudding at 4°C?</question>
<answer>Inhibition</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"inhibition",
"suppression",
"growth inhibition",
"antimicrobial effect",
"growth suppression",
"bacterial inhibition",
"inhibitory effect"
] |
Which metal ion was used to induce apoptosis in cultured rat neurons in vitro?
|
aluminum
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
17953202
|
[Study of neurocytes apoptosis in vitro culture rat induced by aluminum].
|
<question>Which metal ion was used to induce apoptosis in cultured rat neurons in vitro?</question>
<answer>aluminum</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"aluminum",
"aluminium",
"Al",
"Al3+",
"aluminum ion",
"aluminium ion"
] |
Which potassium channel subunit is implicated in regulating neurotransmitter release from hippocampal nerve terminals?
|
KCNQ2
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
14736843
|
M channels containing KCNQ2 subunits modulate norepinephrine, aspartate, and GABA release from hippocampal nerve terminals.
|
<question>Which potassium channel subunit is implicated in regulating neurotransmitter release from hippocampal nerve terminals?</question>
<answer>KCNQ2</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"KCNQ2",
"Kv7.2",
"potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2",
"KvLQT2"
] |
Which cytokine showed a significant increase in serum after gold sodium thiomalate injection in gold-allergic rheumatoid arthritis patients?
|
TNFalpha
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
11860615
|
Rheumatoid arthritis, gold therapy, contact allergy and blood cytokines.
|
<question>Which cytokine showed a significant increase in serum after gold sodium thiomalate injection in gold-allergic rheumatoid arthritis patients?</question>
<answer>TNFalpha</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"TNFalpha",
"TNF-α",
"TNF alpha",
"Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha",
"Tumor Necrosis Factor-α",
"Tumor Necrosis Factor",
"TNF"
] |
Which physiological signal is commonly measured by skin conductance for assessing mental fatigue?
|
electrodermal activity
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
22699073
|
[Mental fatigue assessment based on physiological signals].
|
<question>Which physiological signal is commonly measured by skin conductance for assessing mental fatigue?</question>
<answer>electrodermal activity</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"electrodermal activity",
"EDA",
"galvanic skin response",
"GSR",
"skin conductance",
"skin conductance response",
"skin resistance"
] |
What enzyme from G. myabena shows higher concentration of active form in tumors compared to most normal tissues in mice?
|
alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
2596956
|
[Experiments on the modification of the distribution of the activity of various alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases following i.v. application in tumor-bearing mice].
|
<question>What enzyme from G. myabena shows higher concentration of active form in tumors compared to most normal tissues in mice?</question>
<answer>alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase",
"α-L-arabinofuranosidase",
"alpha L arabinofuranosidase",
"α L arabinofuranosidase",
"alpha-L-arabinosidase",
"α-L-arabinosidase",
"EC 3.2.1.55"
] |
What type of virus is bufavirus?
|
single-stranded DNA virus
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
27058516
|
Identification of a novel bufavirus in domestic pigs by a viral metagenomic approach.
|
<question>What type of virus is bufavirus?</question>
<answer>single-stranded DNA virus</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"single-stranded DNA virus",
"ssDNA virus",
"single stranded DNA virus",
"ssDNA"
] |
Which human lung cancer cell line was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of cardenolide glycosides isolated from Streptocaulon juventas?
|
A549
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
25449765
|
Minor cytotoxic cardenolide glycosides from the root of Streptocaulon juventas.
|
<question>Which human lung cancer cell line was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of cardenolide glycosides isolated from Streptocaulon juventas?</question>
<answer>A549</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"A549",
"A-549",
"A 549",
"A549 cell line",
"A549 cells",
"A549 human lung carcinoma cell line",
"A549 human lung cancer cell line"
] |
What enzyme complex is targeted by de novo designed peptide inhibitors in Escherichia coli?
|
FoF1-ATP synthase
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
33151544
|
Engineering protein fragments via evolutionary and protein-protein interaction algorithms: de novo design of peptide inhibitors for FO F1 -ATP synthase.
|
<question>What enzyme complex is targeted by de novo designed peptide inhibitors in Escherichia coli?</question>
<answer>FoF1-ATP synthase</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"FoF1-ATP synthase",
"F0F1-ATP synthase",
"F1F0-ATP synthase",
"ATP synthase",
"FoF1 ATP synthase",
"F0F1 ATP synthase",
"F1F0 ATP synthase",
"H+-ATP synthase",
"proton-translocating ATPase",
"EC 3.6.3.14"
] |
Which psychological factor was experimentally manipulated to assess its effect on cardiovascular reactivity in the study involving a video game shape-matching task?
|
self-efficacy
|
10
|
Psychology and behavioral health
|
8803857
|
Self-efficacy as a component of active coping: effects on cardiovascular reactivity.
|
<question>Which psychological factor was experimentally manipulated to assess its effect on cardiovascular reactivity in the study involving a video game shape-matching task?</question>
<answer>self-efficacy</answer>
<cat_num>10</cat_num>
<cat>Psychology and behavioral health</cat>
|
[
"self-efficacy",
"self efficacy",
"perceived self-efficacy",
"self confidence",
"self-confidence"
] |
Which two small molecule inhibitors are used to establish bovine trophoblast stem-like cells in vitro?
|
PD0325901 and CHIR99021
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
24605918
|
Establishment of bovine trophoblast stem-like cells from in vitro-produced blastocyst-stage embryos using two inhibitors.
|
<question>Which two small molecule inhibitors are used to establish bovine trophoblast stem-like cells in vitro?</question>
<answer>PD0325901 and CHIR99021</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"PD0325901",
"PD 0325901",
"PD-0325901",
"PD325901",
"CHIR99021",
"CHIR 99021",
"CHIR-99021"
] |
Which type of ion channel is selectively deleted in Purkinje cells to study its effect on cerebellar function?
|
BK channel
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
29523816
|
Purkinje cell BKchannel ablation induces abnormal rhythm in deep cerebellar nuclei and prevents LTD.
|
<question>Which type of ion channel is selectively deleted in Purkinje cells to study its effect on cerebellar function?</question>
<answer>BK channel</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"BK channel",
"Big Potassium channel",
"Maxi-K channel",
"Slo1 channel",
"KCa1.1",
"KCNMA1",
"large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel",
"large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel"
] |
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