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query stringlengths 19 100	documents sequencelengths 32 32	scores sequencelengths 32 32
when did the iphone 5 c come out	[ "iPhone 5C. The iPhone 5C (marketed with a stylized lowercase 'c' as iPhoneÂ 5c) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The device was part of the iPhone series and was unveiled on September 10, 2013,[5][6] and released on September 20, 2013,[7][8] along with its higher-end counterpart, the iPhone 5S. The \"c\" in the phone's name stands for \"color\".", "iPhone 5S. Apple announced the iPhone 5C and the iPhone 5S during a media event at its Cupertino headquarters on September 10, 2013.[12][24] While the iPhone 5C became available for preorder on September 13, 2013, the iPhone 5S was not available for preorder. Both devices were released on September 20, 2013.[25] While most of the promotion focused on Touch ID, the 64-bit Apple A7 processor was also a highlight during the event.", "iPhone. On September 10, 2013, Apple unveiled two new iPhone models during a highly anticipated press event in Cupertino. The iPhone 5C, a mid-range-priced version of the handset that is designed to increase accessibility due to its price is available in five colors (green, blue, yellow, pink, and white) and is made of plastic. The iPhone 5S comes in three colors (black, white, and gold) and the home button is replaced with a fingerprint scanner (Touch ID). Both phones shipped on September 20, 2013.[49]", "iPhone 5C. The iPhone 5C was supplied with iOS 7, released on September 20, 2013.[11] Jonathan Ive, the designer of iOS 7's new elements, described the update as \"bringing order to complexity\", highlighting features such as refined typography, new icons, translucency, layering, physics, and gyroscope-driven parallaxing as some of the major changes to the design.[12] The design of both iOS 7 and OS X Mavericks (version 10.9) noticeably depart from skeuomorphic elements such as green felt in Game Center, wood in Newsstand, and leather in Calendar, in favor of flatter graphic design.[12]", "iPhone 5C. The iPhone 5C is a variant of the iPhone 5, with similar hardware specifications but a hard-coated polycarbonate shell instead of the aluminium of the original iPhone 5. The iPhone 5C was available in several color options, and shipped with iOS 7. The iPhone 5C was sold at a discounted price point in comparison to the 5S: unlike Apple's prior practice of lowering the price of the previous model upon release of a new version, the iPhone 5 was explicitly discontinued and replaced by the 5C. On September 9, 2014, the 16 and 32 GB iPhone 5C models were replaced by the 8 GB model with the announcement of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus. On September 9, 2015, the 8 GB version was discontinued when the iPhone 6S was announced.", "iPhone 5. The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple on September 10, 2013 with the announcement of its successors, the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 5C. While the 5C shared almost the same internal hardware as the iPhone 5, the 5C used a lower-cost poly-carbonate plastic case in place of the original 5's aluminum form. The introduction of the 5C deviated from Apple's previous market strategy, where the previous iPhone model would remain in production, but sold at a lower price point below the new model.[13]", "iPhone 5. The iPhone 5 is a smartphone designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12, 2012, it was released on September 21, 2012.[12] The iPhone 5 is the first iPhone to be announced in September and setting a trend for subsequent iPhone releases, the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook and the last iPhone to be overseen by Steve Jobs.", "iPhone 5. The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple on September 10, 2013 with the announcement of its successors, the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 5C.[13] The iPhone 5 has the shortest lifespan of any iPhone ever produced with only twelve months in production, breaking with Apple's standard practice of selling an existing iPhone model at a reduced price upon the release of a new model, being replaced as a midrange and then an entry-level device by the iPhone 5C; the 5C internal hardware specifications are almost identical to the 5 albeit having a less expensive polycarbonate exterior. The iPhone 5 supports 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, but not iOS 11 which was released on September 19, 2017. The iPhone 5 is the second iPhone to support five major versions of iOS after the iPhone 4S.", "Apple Inc.. On September 12, 2012, Apple introduced the iPhone 5.[210] It has a 4-inch display, 4G LTE connectivity, and the upgraded Apple A6 chip, among several other improvements.[211] Two million iPhones were sold in the first twenty-four hours of pre-ordering[212] and over five million handsets were sold in the first three days of its launch.[213] Upon the launch of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C, Apple set a new record for first-weekend smartphone sales by selling over nine million devices in the first three days of its launch.[214] The release of the iPhone 5S and 5C was the first time that Apple simultaneously launched two models.[215]", "iPhone 5. The iPhone 5 is shipped with iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012.[34] Many of the iPhone 5's features that work specifically with the included iOS 6.0 operating system only worked in certain territories on release.[36] Apple has said this is a rolling program, which will take longer to implement across more regions.[37]", "iPhone 5. Apple began taking pre-orders on September 14, 2012,[2] and over two million were received within 24 hours.[6] Initial demand for the iPhone 5 exceeded the supply available at launch on September 21, 2012, and was described by Apple as \"extraordinary\", with pre-orders having sold twenty times faster than its predecessors. While reception to the iPhone 5 was generally positive, consumers and reviewers noted hardware issues, such as an unintended purple hue in photos taken, and the phone's coating being prone to chipping. Reception was also mixed over Apple's decision to switch to a different dock connector design, as the change affected iPhone 5's compatibility with accessories that were otherwise compatible with previous iterations of the line.", "iPhone 5C. Commentators viewed iPhone 5C as a flop because of supply chain cuts signifying a decline in demand in October 2013.[40] Apple CEO Tim Cook admitted that the company overstocked the iPhone 5C while having shortages of the iPhone 5S, as a result of failing to anticipate the sales ratio between both phones.[37] Six months after the release of the iPhone 5C, on March 25, 2014, Apple announced that sales of the iPhone line has crossed 500 million units, but did not break out how many of these units were the iPhone 5C.[41] iPhone 5C was among the top three best selling phones in the US for three months after its launch.[42]", "iPhone 5S. The iPhone 5S was released on September 20, 2013, in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, China, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.[28] It was released in 25 additional countries on October 25, 2013, and in 12 countries on November 1, 2013. Indonesia was the last country to receive the iPhone 5S, on January 26, 2014.[29]", "iPhone. On September 12, 2012, Apple announced the iPhone 5. It has a 4-inch display, up from its predecessors' 3.5-inch screen. The device comes with the same 326 pixels per inch found in the iPhone 4 and 4S. The iPhone 5 has the SoC A6 processor, the chip is 22% smaller than the iPhone 4S' A5 and is twice as fast, doubling the graphics performance of its predecessor. The device is 18% thinner than the iPhone 4S, measuring 7.6 millimetres (0.3 in), and is 20% lighter at 112 grams (4 oz).", "iOS version history. Apple announced iOS 5 on June 6, 2011 at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on October 12, 2011 alongside the iPhone 4S.[76] Apple did not drop support for any devices with this release, only the iPhone 3G and theIPod Touch 2nd Generation as this had already been done with the release of iOS 4.3 seven months earlier. Therefore, iOS 5 was released for the iPhone 3GS onwards, iPod Touch (3rd generation) onwards, and all iPad models.[77] The release of iOS 5.1 brought support for the iPad 3. iOS 5.1.1 was the final release supported for the iPad (1st generation) and iPod Touch (3rd generation). Support of iOS 5 ended in 2014.", "iPhone 5. At the unveiling, Apple announced the iPhone 5 and also introduced new iPod Nano and iPod Touch models. They also stated that pre-orders would be accepted starting September 14, 2012.[17] Over two million pre-orders were received within 24 hours.[18] Initial demand for the new phone exceeded the record set by its predecessor, the iPhone 4S, by selling over 5 million units in the first three days.[19] On November 30, 2012, Apple added an unlocked version of the iPhone 5 to their online US store, with the 16 GB model starting at US$649.[20][21]", "iPhone 5C. The iPhone 5C has been redesigned using polycarbonate housing, which is strengthened by a steel band. However, due to the material of design changes, the phone weighs 132 grams, which is 20 grams heavier than both the 5 and the 5S, but still lighter than older iPhone models. The design of the iPhone 5C is also considerably thicker but closely similar to the design of the iPod Touch (5th generation) models, which is also available in a variety of colors, but in a different coating finish. Other minor changes include a different camera assembly and the design of the mute/ringer switch. This iPhone received positive reviews for its design claiming that it was the most durable iPhone ever. Unlike subsequent models, the iPhone 5C is offered in five colours (blue, green, yellow, pink and white).", "iPhone 5S. The iPhone 5S (marketed with a stylized lowercase 's' as iPhone 5s) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. Part of the iPhone series, the device was unveiled on September 10, 2013, at Apple's Cupertino headquarters. It was released on September 20, 2013, along with its lower-cost counterpart, the iPhone 5c.[12]", "iPhone. On September 20, 2013, the sales date of the iPhone 5S and 5C models, the longest ever queue was observed at the New York City flagship Apple store, in addition to prominent queues in San Francisco, US and Canada; however, locations throughout the world were identified for the anticipation of corresponding consumers.[75] Apple also increased production of the gold-colored iPhone 5S by an additional one-third due to the particularly strong demand that emerged.[76] Apple had decided to introduce a gold model after finding that gold was seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among Chinese customers.[77]", "iOS version history. Apple announced iOS 10 on June 13, 2016, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 13, 2016 alongside the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus. With this release, Apple dropped support for devices using an A5 or A5X processor: the iPhone 4S, iPad 2 & iPad 3, iPad Mini (1st generation) and iPod Touch (5th generation). iOS 10 has limited support on the iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and iPad 4 because those devices have 32-bit processors. However, the iPhone 5S onwards, iPod Touch (6th generation) onwards, and the iPad Mini 2 onwards are fully supported. The release of iOS 10.2.1 brought support for the iPad 5, and iOS 10.3.2 brought support for the iPad Pro (10.5-inch) and the iPad Pro (12.9-inch, 2nd generation) iOS 10.3.3 is the final supported release for the iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and iPad 4 and also the last iOS version to run on 32-bit processors.", "iPhone 5C. Most reviewers generally noted that the iPhone 5S offered more features (thanks to its 64-bit A7 SoC with the M7 motion co-processor) and storage space for a relatively small additional upfront cost ($650 USD versus $550 USD in March 2014) over the iPhone 5C, during the period that both phones were sold side by side. The 8 GB version of the iPhone 5C, released in 2014, was described as \"unusable\" as only 4.9GB is available to the user after installing iOS 8; in contrast to iPhone 5S which offers a minimum of 16 GB storage.[35][36] The iPhone 5C was regarded as too expensive to compete with affordable flagship smartphones such as the Nexus 5 and OnePlus One, or smartphones designed for developing markets such as the Moto G.[37]", "iPhone 5C. During the iPhone's media event, Apple announced a case for the iPhone 5C that is available in six colors: black, white, pink, yellow, blue, and green. Holes are cut out of the case to show the color of the iPhone's back through the case, making for an almost two-tone looking device. The cases and phone colors make for thirty different color combinations.[30] The inside of the case is lined with soft microfiber, with the outside being made of silicone. This is the first time Apple released a case for an iPhone since the iPhone 4 with the iPhone 4 Bumpers. The iPhone 5C is the only iPhone newer than the iPhone 5 that does not fit with the Apple Leather Case.", "History of iPhone. Media reports emerged in early August 2013 that announced that Apple would be launching its next iPhone model on September 10, 2013, but further details were not available. Brian Barrett, Managing Editor of the Gizmodo publication, speculated that either an upgraded version of iPhone 5 or a budget version would be released.[57]", "iPhone 5C. The iPhone 5C retains the 8 MP back camera similar to the iPhone 5 but with a different camera assembly. The front camera, which is accessible through the FaceTime and camera app has a lower resolution, at 1.2 megapixels. The rechargeable lithium-ion battery with a charge capacity of 1510mAh[2] is slightly improved upon iPhone 5's 1440mAh battery. It is integrated and cannot be replaced by the user. It is rated at ≤225 hours of standby time and ≤8 hours of talk time.[29]", "iPhone 5C. The iPhone 5C has new LTE antennas that now cover more LTE bands than any other smartphone according to Apple.[27] The device is made up of a unibody hard-coated polycarbonate body with a steel-reinforced frame, which also acts as an antenna. The iPhone 5C is available in multiple bright colors for the back — blue, green, pink, yellow, and white, with a black glass front.[28] It features a 4-inch Retina, multi-touch display, which has a 640×1136 pixel resolution. Storage capacities available are fixed at 8, 16, or 32 GB; plug-in memory card are not supported.", "iPhone 5. Rumors about the iPhone 5 began shortly after the announcement of the iPhone 4S, though detailed leaks did not emerge until June 2012.[14] On July 30, 2012, reports pinpointed the dates on which the iPhone 5 would be unveiled and released, along with some accurate predictions of its features.[15] On September 4, 2012, Apple announced they would be hosting an event at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco on September 12, 2012. A shadow of the numeral 5 was featured in the invitations sent to the media, suggesting that the next iPhone would be unveiled at the event.[16]", "History of iPhone. On January 11, 2011, Verizon announced that they would start carrying a CDMA version of Apple's iPhone 4 during February 2011. Existing Verizon Wireless customers could pre-order iPhone on February 3. Pricing for the iPhone 4 was $199 for 16GB and $299 for 32GB.[103] The Verizon iPhone 5 released on Friday, September 19, in the United States; it was the first GSM unlocked iPhone,[104] which worked on AT&T and other GSM networks.[clarify]", "History of iPhone. Bell and Telus Mobility announced that they would release iPhone on November 4 and 5, 2009, respectively.[clarify][91]", "iPhone 5C. The 5C includes Siri, an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator. The application uses a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Web services. Apple claims that the software adapts to the user's individual preferences over time and personalizes results.[18] iOS 7 adds new male and female voices, new system setting functionalities, a redesign to match the rest of the operating system, and integration with Twitter, Wikipedia, Bing, and Photos.[19] The highest operating system it supports currently is iOS 10 in 2016. iOS 11 will not support this iPhone, as the phone ceased production in September 2015 and it is also a 32-bit iPhone. [20]", "History of Apple Inc.. The first version of the iPhone became publicly available on June 29, 2007 in selected countries/markets. It was another 12 months before the iPhone 3G became available on July 11, 2008. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the U.S., Canada and major European countries on June 19. This 12-month iteration cycle has continued with the iPhone 4 model arriving in similar fashion in 2010, a Verizon model was released in February 2011, and a Sprint model in October 2011, shortly after Jobs' death.", "iPod Touch (5th generation). The fifth-generation iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as the iPod touch, and colloquially known as the iPod Touch 5G or iPod Touch 5) was unveiled at Apple's media event alongside the iPhone 5 on September 12, 2012, and was released on October 11, 2012. An all-purpose pocket computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen-based user interface, it succeeded the 4th-generation iPod Touch. It is compatible with up to iOS 9.3.5, which was released on August 25, 2016.", "Apple Inc.. From 2011 to 2012, Apple released the iPhone 4S[146][147] and iPhone 5,[148][149] which featured improved cameras, an intelligent software assistant named Siri, and cloud-sourced data with iCloud; the third and fourth generation iPads, which featured Retina displays;[150][151][152] and the iPad Mini, which featured a 7.9-inch screen in contrast to the iPad's 9.7-inch screen.[153] These launches were successful, with the iPhone 5 (released September 21, 2012) becoming Apple's biggest iPhone launch with over two million pre-orders[154] and sales of three million iPads in three days following the launch of the iPad Mini and fourth generation iPad (released November 3, 2012).[155] Apple also released a third-generation 13-inch MacBook Pro with a Retina display and new iMac and Mac Mini computers.[152][153][156]" ]	[ 6.859375, 3.884765625, 3.26953125, 3.8984375, 3.5546875, 3.578125, 3.19140625, 2.552734375, 1.9111328125, -2.376953125, -0.0064544677734375, 2.5625, -1.5966796875, -0.857421875, -4.47265625, -0.98095703125, -1.6962890625, -2.029296875, 1.9599609375, -3.11328125, 2.650390625, -2.009765625, -1.9453125, -3.3125, -2.9375, -0.78369140625, -1.9775390625, -2.5078125, 0.1907958984375, -4.421875, -4.8671875, -2.697265625 ]
in simple pendulum motion restoring force is provided by	[ "Restoring force. Another example is of a pendulum. When the pendulum is not swinging all the forces acting on the pendulum are in equilibrium. The force due to gravity and the mass of the object at the end of the pendulum is equal to the tension in the string holding that object up. When a pendulum is put in motion the place of equilibrium is at the bottom of the swing, the place where the pendulum rests. When the pendulum is at the top of its swing the force bringing the pendulum back down to this midpoint is gravity. As a result gravity can be seen as the restoring force in this. Restoring force of a springÂ : ( f=-kx )", "Pendulum. A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.[1] When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force acting on the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. The period depends on the length of the pendulum and also to a slight degree on the amplitude, the width of the pendulum's swing.", "Simple harmonic motion. Simple harmonic motion can serve as a mathematical model for a variety of motions, such as the oscillation of a spring. In addition, other phenomena can be approximated by simple harmonic motion, including the motion of a simple pendulum as well as molecular vibration. Simple harmonic motion is typified by the motion of a mass on a spring when it is subject to the linear elastic restoring force given by Hooke's Law. The motion is sinusoidal in time and demonstrates a single resonant frequency. For simple harmonic motion to be an accurate model for a pendulum, the net force on the object at the end of the pendulum must be proportional to the displacement. This is a good approximation when the angle of the swing is small.", "Restoring force. Restoring force, in a physics context, is a force that gives rise to an equilibrium in a physical system. If the system is perturbed away from the equilibrium, the restoring force will tend to bring the system back toward equilibrium. The restoring force is a function only of position of the mass or particle. It is always directed back toward the equilibrium position of the system. The restoring force is often referred to in simple harmonic motion. The force which is responsible to restore original size and shape is called restoring force.[1][2]", "Simple harmonic motion. Mathematically, the restoring force F is given by", "Pendulum. The simple gravity pendulum[4] is an idealized mathematical model of a pendulum.[5][6][7] This is a weight (or bob) on the end of a massless cord suspended from a pivot, without friction. When given an initial push, it will swing back and forth at a constant amplitude. Real pendulums are subject to friction and air drag, so the amplitude of their swings declines.", "Oscillation. The systems where the restoring force on a body is directly proportional to its displacement, such as the dynamics of the spring-mass system, are described mathematically by the simple harmonic oscillator and the regular periodic motion is known as simple harmonic motion. In the spring-mass system, oscillations occur because, at the static equilibrium displacement, the mass has kinetic energy which is converted into potential energy stored in the spring at the extremes of its path. The spring-mass system illustrates some common features of oscillation, namely the existence of an equilibrium and the presence of a restoring force which grows stronger the further the system deviates from equilibrium.", "Simple harmonic motion. Once the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position, it experiences a net restoring force. As a result, it accelerates and starts going back to the equilibrium position. When the mass moves closer to the equilibrium position, the restoring force decreases. At the equilibrium position, the net restoring force vanishes. However, at x = 0, the mass has momentum because of the acceleration that the restoring force has imparted. Therefore, the mass continues past the equilibrium position, compressing the spring. A net restoring force then slows it down until its velocity reaches zero, whereupon it is accelerated back to the equilibrium position again.", "Simple harmonic motion. In the diagram, a simple harmonic oscillator, consisting of a weight attached to one end of a spring, is shown. The other end of the spring is connected to a rigid support such as a wall. If the system is left at rest at the equilibrium position then there is no net force acting on the mass. However, if the mass is displaced from the equilibrium position, the spring exerts a restoring elastic force that obeys Hooke's law.", "Simple harmonic motion. In the small-angle approximation, the motion of a simple pendulum is approximated by simple harmonic motion. The period of a mass attached to a pendulum of length l with gravitational acceleration \n\n\n\ng\n\n\n{\\displaystyle g}\n\n is given by", "Pendulum. In a clock, the pendulum must receive pushes from the clock's movement to keep it swinging, to replace the energy the pendulum loses to friction. These pushes, applied by a mechanism called the escapement, are the main source of disturbance to the pendulum's motion. The Q is equal to 2Ï€ times the energy stored in the pendulum, divided by the energy lost to friction during each oscillation period, which is the same as the energy added by the escapement each period. It can be seen that the smaller the fraction of the pendulum's energy that is lost to friction, the less energy needs to be added, the less the disturbance from the escapement, the more 'independent' the pendulum is of the clock's mechanism, and the more constant its period is. The Q of a pendulum is given by:", "Simple harmonic motion. In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic motion or oscillation motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement and acts in the direction opposite to that of displacement.", "Oscillation. The simplest mechanical oscillating system is a weight attached to a linear spring subject to only weight and tension. Such a system may be approximated on an air table or ice surface. The system is in an equilibrium state when the spring is static. If the system is displaced from the equilibrium, there is a net restoring force on the mass, tending to bring it back to equilibrium. However, in moving the mass back to the equilibrium position, it has acquired momentum which keeps it moving beyond that position, establishing a new restoring force in the opposite sense. If a constant force such as gravity is added to the system, the point of equilibrium is shifted. The time taken for an oscillation to occur is often referred to as the oscillatory period.", "Simple harmonic motion. where F is the restoring elastic force exerted by the spring (in SI units: N), k is the spring constant (N·m−1), and x is the displacement from the equilibrium position (m).", "Seconds pendulum. A seconds pendulum is a pendulum whose period is precisely two seconds; one second for a swing in one direction and one second for the return swing, a frequency of 1/2 Hz. A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.[1] When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force combined with the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. The period depends on the length of the pendulum, and also to a slight degree on its weight distribution (the moment of inertia about its own center of mass) and the amplitude (width) of the pendulum's swing.", "Pendulum. For small swings the pendulum approximates a harmonic oscillator, and its motion as a function of time, t, is approximately simple harmonic motion:[5]", "Pendulum. where M is the mass of the bob, ω = 2π/T is the pendulum's radian frequency of oscillation, and Γ is the frictional damping force on the pendulum per unit velocity.", "Moment of inertia. This can be shown as follows: The force of gravity on the mass of a simple pendulum generates a torque \n\n\n\n\nτ\n\n=\n\nr\n\n×\n\nF\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\tau }}=\\mathbf {r} \\times \\mathbf {F} }\n\n around the axis perpendicular to the plane of the pendulum movement. Here r is the distance vector perpendicular to and from the force to the torque axis. Here F is the tangential component of the net force on the mass. Associated with this torque is an angular acceleration, \n\n\n\n\nα\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\alpha }}}\n\n, of the string and mass around this axis. Since the mass is constrained to a circle the tangential acceleration of the mass is \n\n\n\n\n\na\n\n\n=\n\nα\n\n×\n\n\nr\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\mathbf {a} }={\\boldsymbol {\\alpha }}\\times {\\mathbf {r} }}\n\n. Since \n\n\n\nF\n=\nm\na\n\n\n{\\displaystyle F=ma}\n\n the torque equation becomes:", "Pendulum. Pendulums in clocks (see example at right) are usually made of a weight or bob (b) suspended by a rod of wood or metal (a).[8][69] To reduce air resistance (which accounts for most of the energy loss in precision clocks)[70] the bob is traditionally a smooth disk with a lens-shaped cross section, although in antique clocks it often had carvings or decorations specific to the type of clock. In quality clocks the bob is made as heavy as the suspension can support and the movement can drive, since this improves the regulation of the clock (see Accuracy below). A common weight for seconds pendulum bobs is 15 pounds (6.8Â kg).[71] Instead of hanging from a pivot, clock pendulums are usually supported by a short straight spring (d) of flexible metal ribbon. This avoids the friction and 'play' caused by a pivot, and the slight bending force of the spring merely adds to the pendulum's restoring force. A few precision clocks have pivots of 'knife' blades resting on agate plates. The impulses to keep the pendulum swinging are provided by an arm hanging behind the pendulum called the crutch, (e), which ends in a fork, (f) whose prongs embrace the pendulum rod. The crutch is pushed back and forth by the clock's escapement, (g,h).", "Moment of inertia. A compound pendulum is a body formed from an assembly of particles of continuous shape that rotates rigidly around a pivot. Its moment of inertia is the sum of the moments of inertia of each of the particles that it is composed of.[14][15]:395–396[16]:51–53 The natural frequency (\n\n\n\n\nω\n\nn\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\omega _{n}}\n\n) of a compound pendulum depends on its moment of inertia, \n\n\n\n\nI\n\nP\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle I_{\\text{P}}}\n\n,", "Pendulum. ω is fixed by the pendulum's period, and M is limited by the load capacity and rigidity of the suspension. So the Q of clock pendulums is increased by minimizing frictional losses (Γ). Precision pendulums are suspended on low friction pivots consisting of triangular shaped 'knife' edges resting on agate plates. Around 99% of the energy loss in a freeswinging pendulum is due to air friction, so mounting a pendulum in a vacuum tank can increase the Q, and thus the accuracy, by a factor of 100.[95]", "Pendulum. To get around this problem, the early researchers above approximated an ideal simple pendulum as closely as possible by using a metal sphere suspended by a light wire or cord. If the wire was light enough, the center of oscillation was close to the center of gravity of the ball, at its geometric center. This \"ball and wire\" type of pendulum wasn't very accurate, because it didn't swing as a rigid body, and the elasticity of the wire caused its length to change slightly as the pendulum swung.", "Moment of inertia. The quantity I = mr2 also appears in the angular momentum of a simple pendulum, which is calculated from the velocity v = ω × r of the pendulum mass around the pivot, where ω is the angular velocity of the mass about the pivot point. This angular momentum is given by", "Pendulum. Any swinging rigid body free to rotate about a fixed horizontal axis is called a compound pendulum or physical pendulum. The appropriate equivalent length \n\n\n\nL\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle L\\;}\n\n for calculating the period of any such pendulum is the distance from the pivot to the center of oscillation.[14] This point is located under the center of mass at a distance from the pivot traditionally called the radius of oscillation, which depends on the mass distribution of the pendulum. If most of the mass is concentrated in a relatively small bob compared to the pendulum length, the center of oscillation is close to the center of mass.[15]", "Moment of inertia. A simple pendulum that has the same natural frequency as a compound pendulum defines the length \n\n\n\nL\n\n\n{\\displaystyle L}\n\n from the pivot to a point called the centre of oscillation of the compound pendulum. This point also corresponds to the centre of percussion. The length \n\n\n\nL\n\n\n{\\displaystyle L}\n\n is determined from the formula,", "Pendulum. Each time the pendulum swings through its centre position, it releases one tooth of the escape wheel (g). The force of the clock's mainspring or a driving weight hanging from a pulley, transmitted through the clock's gear train, causes the wheel to turn, and a tooth presses against one of the pallets (h), giving the pendulum a short push. The clock's wheels, geared to the escape wheel, move forward a fixed amount with each pendulum swing, advancing the clock's hands at a steady rate.", "Restoring force. An example is the action of a spring. An idealized spring exerts a force that is proportional to the amount of deformation of the spring from its equilibrium length, exerted in a direction to oppose the deformation. Pulling the spring to a greater length causes it to exert a force that brings the spring back toward its equilibrium length. The amount of force can be determined by multiplying the spring constant of the spring by the amount of stretch.", "Pendulum. where \n\n\n\nφ\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n\n is a constant value, dependent on initial conditions.", "Pendulum. for sufficiently small oscillations.[16]", "Moment of inertia. Moment of inertia can be measured using a simple pendulum, because it is the resistance to the rotation caused by gravity. Mathematically, the moment of inertia of the pendulum is the ratio of the torque due to gravity about the pivot of a pendulum to its angular acceleration about that pivot point. For a simple pendulum this is found to be the product of the mass of the particle m with the square of its distance r to the pivot, that is", "Pendulum. The pendulum must be suspended from a rigid support.[8][75] During operation, any elasticity will allow tiny imperceptible swaying motions of the support, which disturbs the clock's period, resulting in error. Pendulum clocks should be attached firmly to a sturdy wall.", "Moment of inertia. The natural frequency of oscillation of a compound pendulum is obtained from the ratio of the torque imposed by gravity on the mass of the pendulum to the resistance to acceleration defined by the moment of inertia. Comparison of this natural frequency to that of a simple pendulum consisting of a single point of mass provides a mathematical formulation for moment of inertia of an extended body.[3][4]" ]	[ 2.927734375, 1.4755859375, 2.509765625, 0.61962890625, 2.37109375, -3.109375, -2.703125, -0.29541015625, -1.0517578125, -0.8115234375, -1.99609375, -0.083251953125, -2.12109375, 0.77197265625, 0.81787109375, -3.34765625, -3.001953125, -2.423828125, 2.37109375, -5.19140625, -4.65234375, -2.87890625, -2.291015625, -5.0390625, -3.36328125, -1.9921875, -2.8046875, -4.125, -1.150390625, -3.23046875, -4.87890625, -2.427734375 ]
what year did the last veteran of the civil war die	[ "Albert Woolson. Albert Henry Woolson (February 11, 1850 – August 2, 1956) was the last surviving member of the Union Army who served in the American Civil War. He was also the last surviving Civil War veteran on either side whose status is undisputed. At least three men who followed him in death claimed to be Confederate veterans, but one has been debunked and the other two are unverified. The last surviving Union soldier to see combat was James Hard (1841–1953).[1]", "List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars. Salling's own status is disputed. In 1991, William Marvel examined the claims of Salling and several other \"last Civil War veterans\" for a piece in the Civil War history magazine Blue & Gray. Marvel found census data that indicated Salling was born in 1858, not 1846. Although in 1900 Salling supplied a birthdate of March 1858, he appears to have been born around 1856, still too late to have served in the Confederate Army. The 1860 census lists him as 4 years old, and the 1870 census as 14.[104] William Lundy is listed as 1 year old on the 1860 census, and from 1870 until 1930 he gave census marshals ages that reflected birthdates as early as 1853 and as late as 1860. He did not push his birthdate back to the 1840s until he applied for a Confederate pension from the state of Florida. In the same piece, Marvel confirmed Woolson's claim to be the last surviving Union veteran and asserted that Woolson was the last genuine Civil War veteran on either side. However, Marvel did not present research establishing who, among the several other Confederate claims from the 1950s, some of which appear to be genuine, was the real last Confederate veteran.", "List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars. Most cases are questionable, though it should be remembered that many Confederate records were destroyed or lost to history. Unlike the U.S. military archives, the Confederate records had no official archive system after the war. However, for most of the cases investigated, the ages of the claimants alone were enough to prove their claim was false. Walter Williams was generally acknowledged as the \"last Confederate veteran\" in 1950s newspapers. However, in September 1959 an exposÃ© by The New York Times revealed that he was in fact born in 1854 in Itawamba County, Mississippi, and not 1842 as claimed. Still, since Salling and all the other claimants were dead, Williams was celebrated as the last Confederate veteran after his death on 20 December 1959.[103]", "John Clem. Clem reached the mandatory retirement age of 64 on August 13, 1915, when he was retired and promoted to the rank of brigadier general, as was customary for American Civil War veterans who retired at the rank of colonel. Clem was the last veteran of the American Civil War serving in the U.S. Army at the time of his retirement,[2] though another Civil War veteran, Peter Conover Hains, re-entered the service in 1917. On August 29, 1916, Clem was promoted on the retired list to the rank of major general.[6]", "Last surviving United States war veterans. This is an incomplete list of the last surviving veterans of American wars. The last surviving veteran of any particular war, upon his death, marks the end of a historic era. Exactly who is the last surviving veteran is often an issue of contention, especially with records from long-ago wars. The \"last man standing\" was often very young at the time of enlistment and in many cases had lied about his age to gain entry into the service, which confuses matters further.", "Spanish–American War. In 1904, the United Spanish War Veterans was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish–American War. Today, that organization is defunct, but it left an heir in the Sons of Spanish–American War Veterans, created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans. According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the last surviving US veteran of the conflict, Nathan E. Cook, died on September 10, 1992, at age 106. (If the data is to be believed, Cook, born October 10, 1885, would have been only 12 years old when he served in the war.)", "Maudie Hopkins. Maudie Hopkins (December 7, 1914 â€“ August 17, 2008) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known and identified surviving widow of a Civil War veteran.", "Harry Patch. On 18 July 2009, with the death of Henry Allingham, Patch became the oldest surviving veteran and also the oldest man in the United Kingdom.[39] Patch was the last trench veteran of World War I. The penultimate Western Front veteran, the 108-year-old Fernand Goux of France, who died on 9 November 2008, fought for 8 days. He came out unscathed, unlike Patch and the last Alpine Front veteran, 110-year-old Delfino Borroni of Italy, who died on 26 October 2008. Patch was also the last surviving Tommy, since the death on 4 April 2009 of Netherwood Hughes, who was still in training when the war ended. The last-but-one fighting Tommy, Harold Lawton, died on 24 December 2005. Claude Choules, the last remaining First World War naval veteran, died on 5 May 2011.[40]", "Indiana in the American Civil War. The last casualty of the Civil War was a Hoosier serving in the 34th Regiment Indiana Infantry. Private John J. Williams died at the Battle of Palmetto Ranch on May 13, 1865.[66]", "List of last World War I veterans by country. This is a list of the last World War I veterans to die by country. The last living veteran of World War I (4 February 1914 – 11 November 1918) was Florence Green, a British citizen who served in the Allied armed forces, and who died 4 February 2012, aged 110.[1] The last combat veteran was Claude Choules who served in the British Royal Navy (and later the Royal Australian Navy) and died 5 May 2011, aged 110.[2] The last veteran who served in the trenches was Harry Patch (British Army) who died on 25 July 2009, aged 111. The last Central Powers veteran, Franz Künstler of Austria-Hungary, died on 27 May 2008 at the age of 107.", "John Clem. John Lincoln Clem (August 13, 1851 â€“ May 13, 1937) was a United States Army general who served as a drummer boy in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He gained fame for his bravery on the battlefield, becoming the youngest noncommissioned officer in Army history. He retired from the U.S. Army in 1915, having attained the rank of brigadier general in the Quartermaster Corps; he was the last veteran of the American Civil War still on duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. By special act of Congress on August 29, 1916, he was promoted to major general one year after his retirement.[1]", "George B. McClellan. McClellan devoted his final years to traveling and writing; he produced his memoirs, McClellan's Own Story (published posthumously in 1887), in which he stridently defended his conduct during the war. He died unexpectedly of a heart attack at age 58 at Orange, New Jersey, after suffering from chest pains for a few weeks. His final words, at 3 a.m., October 29, 1885, were, \"I feel easy now. Thank you.\" He was buried at Riverview Cemetery in Trenton.[87]", "Carpetbagger. Elza Jeffords, a lawyer from Portsmouth, Ohio who fought with the Army of the Tennessee, remained in Mississippi after the conclusion of the Civil War. He was the last Republican to represent that state in the U.S. House of Representatives, having served from 1883 to 1885. He died in Vicksburg sixteen days after he left Congress. The next Republican congressman from the state was not elected until eighty years later in 1964: Prentiss Walker of Mize in Smith County, who served a single term from 1965 to 1967.", "General officers in the Confederate States Army. The last Confederate general in the field, Stand Watie, surrendered on June 23, 1865, and the war's last surviving full general, Edmund Kirby Smith, died on March 28, 1893.[31] James Longstreet died on January 2, 1904, and was considered \"the last of the high command of the Confederacy\".[32]", "John William Vessey Jr.. Vessey retired on September 30, 1985, several months before the expiration of his second term as Chairman. He was the last four-star World War II combat veteran on active duty and, with forty-six years of service, had served the longest of anyone then in the Army. President Reagan praised Vessey and gave a moving speech on his behalf.[8] The President pointed out that Vessey had served in many leadership positions in his career and stated:", "American Civil War. On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer. Lincoln died early the next morning, and Andrew Johnson became the president. Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee's surrender reached them.[186] On April 26, 1865, General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William T. Sherman at the Bennett Place near present-day Durham, North Carolina. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces, effectively bringing the war to an end. President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9, 1865; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day.[1] On June 2, Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans-Mississippi Department.[187] On June 23, Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to surrender his forces.[188]", "Keith David. On May 25, 2008, he narrated Kansas City's Celebration at the Station, a Memorial Day service held annually at the World War I Memorial across from Union Station. During the ceremony, he announced the attendance of Frank W. Buckles, the last living veteran of World War I. He was the voice of Frederick Douglass in the third episode of the PBS documentary God in America: How Religious Liberty Shaped America in 2010.[13]", "Albert Woolson. The American people have lost the last personal link with the Union Army ... His passing brings sorrow to the hearts of all of us who cherished the memory of the brave men on both sides of the War Between the States.[7]", "Shreveport, Louisiana. Isolated from events in the east, the Civil War continued in the Trans-Mississippi theater for several weeks after Robert E. Lee's surrender in April 1865, and the Trans-Mississippi was the last Confederate command to surrender, on May 26, 1865. \"The period May 13-21, 1865, was filled with great uncertainly after soldiers learned of the surrenders of Lee and Johnston, the Good Friday assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the rapid departure of their own generals.\"[10] In the confusion there was a breakdown of military discipline and rioting by soldiers. They destroyed buildings containing service records, a loss that later made it difficult for many to gain Confederate pensions from state governments.[10]", "Veteran. President Abraham Lincoln, in his second inaugural address in 1865 towards the end of the American Civil War, famously called for good treatment of veterans: \"[T]o care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan\". The American Civil War produced veterans' organizations, such as the Grand Army of the Republic and United Confederate Veterans. The treatment of veterans changed after the First World War. In the years following, discontented veterans became a source of instability. They could quickly organize, had links to the army and often had arms themselves. The Bonus Army of unemployed veterans was one of the most important protest movements of the Great Depression, marching on Washington, D.C. to get a claimed bonus now that Congress had promised them decades in the future.", "Troy, Alabama. Three Union soldiers were wounded in the fight, and one Confederate soldier was killed. The lone soldier killed in the Skirmish at Hobdy's Bridge can be identified as Corporal John W. Skinner of Company C, 1st Florida U.S. Cavalry. He was killed in action six days after Private John J. Williams of the 34th Indiana, who died at Palmitto Ranch and is generally said to have been the last man killed in the Civil War. That sad distinction actually belongs to Corporal Skinner, who died on the wooden planks of Hobdy's Bridge in Alabama.", "Code talker. The last surviving Seminole code talker, Edmond Harjo of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, died on March 31, 2014, at the age of 96.[30][31] Harjo had served as far afield as Normandy and the Battle of Iwo Jima during the war.[31] His biography was recounted by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner at the Congressional Gold Medal ceremony honoring Harjo and other code talkers at the U.S. Capitol on November 20, 2013.[30][31][32]", "Albert Woolson. Life magazine ran a seven-page article upon the death of Albert Woolson, in the August 20, 1956, issue.[8] The article included much information about the G.A.R., with pictures or drawings of several encampments (conventions). Also included are photos of the last three living Confederate soldiers (status and age disputed): William Lundy, 108; Walter Williams, 113; and John Salling, 110.", "Thomas Paine. Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life. One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him. Maligned on every side, execrated, shunned and abhorred – his virtues denounced as vices – his services forgotten – his character blackened, he preserved the poise and balance of his soul. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken. He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death. Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend – the friend of the whole world – with all their hearts. On the 8th of June 1809, death came – Death, almost his only friend. At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display. In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead – on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head – and, following on foot, two negroes filled with gratitude – constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine.[84]", "Vietnam veteran. More than 58,000 U.S. military personnel died as a result of the conflict.[2] That includes deaths from all categories including deaths while missing, captured, non-hostile deaths, homicides, and suicides. The Department of Veterans Affairs\nrecognizes veterans that served in the country, then known as the Republic of Vietnam, from February 28, 1961 to May 7, 1975, as being eligible for such programs as the department's Readjustment Counseling Services program, also known as the Vet Centers. The Vietnam War was the last American war with conscription.", "Conclusion of the American Civil War. Cherokee Brigadier General Stand Watie commanded the Confederate Indians when he surrendered on June 23.[40] This was the last significant Confederate active force.[41] Watie formed the Cherokee Mounted Rifles. He was a guerrilla fighter commanding Cherokee, Seminole, Creek, and Osage Indian soldiers.[42] They earned a notorious reputation for their bold and brave fighting. Yearly, Federal troops all over the western United States hunted for Watie, but they never captured him. He surrendered on June 23 at Fort Towson, in the Choctaw Nations area at the village of Doaksville (now a ghost town) of the Indian Territory, being the last Confederate general to surrender in the American Civil War.[43]", "Photographers of the American Civil War. By war's end, Brady estimated he had spent $100,000 to amass more than 10,000 negatives that the public no longer showed an interest in. In 1875, the War Department came to Brady's relief and purchased, for $25,000, the remainder of his collection, which were mostly portraits. Anthony Co. possessed most of Brady's war views, received by them as compensation for Brady's continued indebtedness. From the War Department, the collection went to the U.S. Signal Corps, and in 1940 it was accessioned by the National Archives. On January 15, 1896, Brady died penniless in the charity ward of Presbyterian Hospital in New York City. However, in his last days, Brady did not die in isolation. He was visited and comforted often, by friends and admirers up until the very end. His funeral was largely financed by the friends of his adopted regiment, the 7th NYSM.[6]", "Iron Brigade. Brig. Gen. Rufus King: September 28, 1861 – May 7, 1862\nBrig. Gen. John Gibbon: May 7, 1862 – November 4, 1862\nBrig. Gen. Solomon Meredith: November 25, 1862 – July 1, 1863 (wounded at Gettysburg)", "Battle of Palmito Ranch. Although officially this is considered by most historians to be the last ever land engagement fought between the north and the south. Several sources suggest that the battle of Hobdy's Bridge located near Eufaula in Alabama was the last skirmish between the two forces, on 19 of May, 1865. Union records show that in fact the last northern soldier killed in combat during the war was a man by the name of John W. Skinner who was ranked corporal at the time of his death. Three others were wounded and one unharmed, all from the same unit, Company C, 1st Florida U.S. Cavalry.[1]", "Stonewall Jackson. In May 1863, faced with a tremendous threat from the larger Union Army, now commanded by Joseph Hooker, Lee divided his force three ways. On May 2, Jackson took his 30,000 troops and launched a surprise attack against the Union right flank, driving the opposing troops back about two miles. That evening, he was accidentally shot by pickets. The general survived but lost his left arm to amputation; he died of complications from pneumonia eight days later. Military historians consider Jackson to be one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history.[3] His tactics are studied even today. His death was a severe setback for the Confederacy, affecting not only its military prospects, but also the morale of its army and of its general public. Jackson in death became an icon of Southern heroism and commitment. His daring military exploits, often while at a numerical disadvantage, play a prominent part in Confederate lore. Jackson has become a mainstay in the pantheon of the \"Lost Cause\".[4]", "Robert E. Lee. Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was an American and Confederate soldier, best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. A son of Revolutionary War officer Henry \"Light Horse Harry\" Lee III, Lee was a top graduate of the United States Military Academy and an exceptional officer and military engineer in the United States Army for 32 years. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican–American War, and served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy.", "Barry Sadler. After being moved to the Cleveland VA Hospital for specialized treatment, he was removed from the hospital by two former Green Berets and his mother, Blanche Sadler. After a contentious court battle waged by his wife and children, a court in Tennessee ruled that Sadler be put under the care of an independent guardian. Sadler was moved to the VA Hospital in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in February 1989, but he never recovered from his injury. He died there of cardiac arrest on November 5, 1989, four days after his 49th birthday.[6][7] Sadler was survived by his wife, Lavona, a daughter, Brooke, and two sons, Thor and Baron.[8]" ]	[ 6.3203125, 1.8388671875, 1.7138671875, 2.96484375, -3.599609375, -2.5703125, 2.73046875, -0.970703125, 1.8349609375, 4.32421875, 6.05078125, -1.7373046875, -3.748046875, -0.476806640625, -1.7958984375, 1.3544921875, -2.150390625, -5.19921875, -4.2578125, -2.890625, -1.6044921875, -0.6640625, -0.521484375, -3.033203125, -0.5576171875, -0.265869140625, -1.029296875, -3.234375, 0.7607421875, -1.771484375, -1.763671875, -0.8662109375 ]
who died during the making of the three musketeers	[ "Roy Kinnear. On 19 September 1988, Kinnear fell from a horse during the making of The Return of the Musketeers in Toledo, Spain, and sustained a broken pelvis and internal bleeding. He was taken to hospital in Madrid but died the next day from a heart attack, brought on by his injuries. He was 54 years old.[4] He is buried in East Sheen Cemetery.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). The musketeers depart back to Paris, only to be intercepted by Rochefort in a much larger airship, for Milady had given Richelieu copies of da Vinci's blueprints. Rochefort offers to exchange Constance for the necklace, but captures d'Artagnan and mounts an assault as soon as he retrieves the jewels. His superior airship has the upper hand and severely damages the opposing vessel, but the musketeers use the clouds to rally and counterattack. The fight ends when both ships ram each other, crashing onto Notre Dame. On the roof, d'Artagnan duels and ultimately kills Rochefort. Constance is sent ahead to quietly return the necklace to Queen Anne. The musketeers arrive at the ball and, for the sake of King Louis and his people, lie by claiming that Rochefort tried to sabotage an airship that Richelieu built for them, and that they executed him for his treason on Richelieu's permission. To convince the king, Athos presents Milady's authorization, which the former accepts. Richelieu, satisfied, offers the musketeers a place in his guards, but they refuse, and Richelieu vows revenge.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). In London, Milady tells Buckingham the musketeers have arrived to take revenge on him and teaches him all their tendencies in battle. D'Artagnan is captured, but turns out to be a decoy following the plan Milady would have expected the Musketeers to follow, allowing his associates to steal Buckingham's airship and rescue him. Milady's getaway coachman reveals himself as the musketeers' manservant Planchet and delivers her to his masters, who retrieve the necklace from her. Athos prepares to execute Milady for her treachery, but she leaps off the airship, apparently dying on her own terms.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). In Venice, the musketeers Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, with the help of Milady de Winter, steal airship blueprints made by Leonardo da Vinci. However, they are betrayed by Milady, who incapacitates them and sells the blueprints to the Duke of Buckingham.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). A year later, d'Artagnan leaves his village in Gascony for Paris in hopes of becoming a musketeer as his father was, only to learn that they were disbanded. At a rural bar, he challenges Captain Rochefort, leader of Cardinal Richelieu's guard, to a duel after being offended by him, but Rochefort merely shoots him while he's distracted. Once in Paris, d'Artagnan separately encounters Athos, Porthos and Aramis and, accidentally offending all three, schedules separate duels with each. Athos brings Porthos and Aramis to the duel as his seconds, causing d'Artagnan to realize their true identities. Richelieu's guards arrive to apprehend them, but, inspired by d'Artagnan, the musketeers fight together and win. All four are summoned before the young King Louis XIII and Richelieu urges him to execute them, but Queen Anne is impressed by their bravery and the king condecorates them instead.", "War of the Third Coalition. A general mêlée ensued and, during that fight, Victory locked masts with the French Redoutable. The crew of the Redoutable, which included a strong infantry corps (with three captains and four lieutenants), gathered for an attempt to board and seize the Victory. A musket bullet fired from the mizzentop of the Redoutable struck Nelson in the left shoulder and passed through his body lodging in his spine. Nelson exclaimed, \"They finally succeeded, I am dead.\" He was carried below decks and died at about 16:30, as the battle that would make him a legend was ending in favour of the British.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). The false letters are found and given to King Louis, who is advised by Richelieu to set up a ball at which Queen Anne would be forced to wear the necklace. If she doesn't, then her affair is real, and there will be war. Queen Anne's lady-in-waiting Constance Bonacieux discovers Richelieu's plan and pleads with the musketeers to stop him. They follow Milady and Buckingham to London, while Constance is captured by Rochefort for helping the musketeers to escape from him.", "They Died with Their Boots On. Three men were killed during the filming. One fell from a horse and broke his neck. Another stuntman had a heart attack. The third, actor Jack Budlong, insisted on using a real saber to lead a cavalry charge under artillery fire. When an explosive charge sent him flying off his horse, he landed on his sword, impaling himself.[6]", "The Three Musketeers. He is informed that the Queen has rescued Constance from prison. In an inn, the musketeers overhear the Cardinal asking Milady to murder the Duke of Buckingham, a supporter of the Protestant rebels at La Rochelle who has sent troops to assist them. Richelieu gives her a letter that excuses her actions as under orders from the Cardinal himself, but Athos takes it. The next morning, Athos bets that he, d'Artagnan, Porthos, and Aramis, and their servants can hold the recaptured St. Gervais bastion against the rebels for an hour, for the purpose of discussing their next course of action. They resist for an hour and a half before retreating, killing 22 Rochellese in total. They warn Lord de Winter and the Duke of Buckingham. Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England but seduces her guard, Felton (a fictionalization of the real John Felton), and persuades him to allow her escape and to kill Buckingham himself. On her return to France, Milady hides in a convent where Constance is also staying. The naive Constance clings to Milady, who sees a chance for revenge on d'Artagnan, and fatally poisons Constance before d'Artagnan can rescue her. The Musketeers arrest Milady before she reaches Cardinal Richelieu. They bring an official executioner, put her on trial and sentence her to death. After her execution, the four friends return to the siege of La Rochelle. The Comte de Rochefort arrests d'Artagnan and takes him to the Cardinal. When questioned about Milady's execution, d'Artagnan presents her letter of pardon as his own. Impressed with d'Artagnan's willfulness and secretly glad to be rid of Milady, the Cardinal destroys the letter and writes a new order, giving the bearer a promotion to lieutenant in the TrÃ©ville company of musketeers, leaving the name blank. D'Artagnan offers the letter to Athos, Porthos, and Aramis in turn but each refuses it; Athos because it is below him, Porthos because he is retiring to marry his wealthy mistress and Aramis because he is joining the priesthood. D'Artagnan, though heartbroken and full of regrets, gets the promotion he coveted.", "The Three Musketeers. Following Dumas's lead in his preface, Eugène d'Auriac (de la Bibliothèque Royale) in 1847 was able to write the biography of d'Artagnan: d'Artagnan, Capitaine-Lieutenant des Mousquetaires– Sa vie aventureuse– Ses duels– etc. based on Courtilz de Sandras.[3]", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). Richelieu instructs Milady, now his accomplice, to plant false love letters among Queen Anne's possessions, steal her diamond necklace, and take it to the Tower of London in order to frame her as having an affair with Buckingham, which would force King Louis to execute her and declare war on England. At this point, the people would demand a more experienced leader: Richelieu himself. In order to secure her own position, Milady demands that Richelieu declare in a written authorization that she is working on behalf of France.", "The Three Musketeers. The first stage production was in Dumas' own lifetime as the opera Les Trois Mousquetaires with a libretto by Dumas himself and music by Albert Visetti.", "Christopher Lee. Lee appeared as the Comte de Rochefort in Richard Lester's The Three Musketeers (1973). He was wounded in his left knee during filming, an injury he still felt many years later.[3] He also appeared in the sequel film The Four Musketeers (1974), which was actually shot at the same time. Although \"killed\" in the latter film, he reprised the role in The Return of the Musketeers (1989), with his character given token dialogue explaining that his wound in the earlier film's climactic sword fight wasn't fatal.", "The Three Musketeers. The Three Musketeers was written in collaboration with Auguste Maquet, who also worked with Dumas on its sequels (Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later), as well as The Count of Monte Cristo. Maquet would suggest plot outlines after doing historical research; Dumas then expanded the plot, removing some characters, including new ones, and imbuing the story with his unmistakable style.", "The Three Musketeers. The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires [le tʁwa muskətɛʁ]) is a historical novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas.", "The Three Musketeers. In Paris, d'Artagnan visits M. de Tréville at the headquarters of the Musketeers, but without the letter, Tréville politely refuses his application. He does, however, write a letter of introduction to an academy for young gentlemen which may prepare him for recruitment at a later time. From Tréville's window, d'Artagnan sees Rochefort passing in the street below and rushes out of the building to confront him, but in doing so he offends three Musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, who each demand satisfaction; d'Artagnan must fight a duel with all of them that afternoon. As d'Artagnan prepares himself for the first duel, he realizes that Athos' seconds are Porthos and Aramis, who are astonished that the young Gascon intends to duel them all. As d'Artagnan and Athos begin, Cardinal Richelieu's guards appear and try to arrest d'Artagnan and the three Musketeers for illegal dueling. Although outnumbered, the four men win the battle. D'Artagnan seriously wounds Jussac, one of the Cardinal's officers and a renowned fighter. After learning of this, King Louis XIII appoints d'Artagnan to Des Essart's company of the King's Guards and gives him forty pistoles.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). Meanwhile, Milady is found alive at the English Channel by Buckingham, who declares his intention to exact revenge. The camera then pulls back to show him advancing towards France with a massive fleet of battleships and airships.", "The Three Musketeers. This being understood, let us proceed with our story.[2]", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). The soundtrack was composed by Paul Haslinger.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). All tracks written by Paul Haslinger.", "The Three Musketeers. The Three Musketeers is a musical with a book by William Anthony McGuire, lyrics by Clifford Grey and P. G. Wodehouse, and music by Rudolf Friml. The original 1928 production ran on Broadway for 318 performances. A 1984 revival ran for 15 previews and 9 performances.", "Boston Massacre. There was a pause of uncertain length (eyewitness estimates ranged from several seconds to two minutes), after which the soldiers fired into the crowd. Rather than a disciplined volley (Preston gave no orders to fire), a ragged series of shots was fired, which hit eleven men.[28] Three Americans—ropemaker Samuel Gray, mariner James Caldwell, and Crispus Attucks—died instantly.[29] Samuel Maverick, an apprentice ivory turner of seventeen,[30] was struck by a ricocheting musket ball at the back of the crowd, and died a few hours later, in the early morning of the next day. An Irish immigrant, Patrick Carr, died two weeks later.[29] Christopher Monk, another apprentice, was one of those seriously wounded in the attack.[31] Although he recovered to some extent, he was crippled and eventually died in 1780, purportedly due to the injuries he had sustained in the attack a decade earlier.[32][33]", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). British band Take That wrote and recorded the official single entitled \"When We Were Young\"; it was released on 22 August 2011 in the UK.[8]", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). The Three Musketeers is a 2011 romantic action adventure film directed by Paul W. S. Anderson and starring Matthew Macfadyen, Logan Lerman, Ray Stevenson, Milla Jovovich, Luke Evans, Mads Mikkelsen, Orlando Bloom, and Christoph Waltz. It is based on Alexandre Dumasâ€™s 1844 novel of the same title with clock-punk elements.[3]", "Chariots of Fire. At the memorial service for Harold Abrahams, which opens the film, Lord Lindsay mentions that he and Aubrey Montague are the only members of the 1924 Olympic team still alive. However, Montague died in 1948, 30 years before Abrahams' death.", "Alexandre Dumas. Alexandre Dumas (/duːˈmɑː, djuː-/; French: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ dyma]; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie [dyma davi də la pajətʁi]; 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870),[1] also known as Alexandre Dumas, père (\"father\"), was a French writer of Haitian descent. His works have been translated into nearly 100 languages,[citation needed] and he is one of the most widely read French authors. Many of his historical novels of high adventure were originally published as serials, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte de Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. His novels have been adapted since the early twentieth century for nearly 200 films. Dumas' last novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, unfinished at his death, was completed by scholar Claude Schopp and published in 2005.[2] It was published in English in 2008 as The Last Cavalier.", "The Three Musketeers. In the meanwhile, since godfathers are second fathers, as it were, we beg the reader to lay to our account, and not to that of the Comte de la FÃ¨re, the pleasure or the ennui he may experience.", "Slumdog Millionaire. Jamal's flashbacks begin with his managing, at age five, to obtain the autograph of Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan, where he had to jump into a toilet cesspit when his brother Salim blocked the door, who later sells the autograph, followed immediately by the death of his mother during the Bombay riots. As they flee the riot, the brothers meet Latika, a girl from their slum. Salim is reluctant to take her in, but Jamal suggests that she could be the \"third musketeer\", a character from the Alexandre Dumas novel The Three Musketeers (which they had been studying—albeit not very diligently—in school), whose name they do not know.", "Luke Evans (actor). Evans played the Musketeer Aramis in Paul W. S. Anderson's version of The Three Musketeers (filmed in 2010 and released in 2011). He was cast in a lead role in Tarsem Singh's Greek epic, Immortals (2011), in which he played the King of the Gods, Zeus. And at the end of 2010, he took a role opposite John Cusack in James McTeigue's film The Raven, replacing Jeremy Renner. In the film, released in 2012 and set in mid-19th century Baltimore, Evans played Detective Emmett Fields, who investigates a series of murders alongside Cusack's Edgar Allan Poe.[11] Shooting took place in Budapest and Serbia in November 2010. In 2011, he shot No One Lives, a psychological horror film directed by Ryuhei Kitamura, in New Orleans, and began filming a role in Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, playing the role of Bard the Bowman.[2]", "The Three Musketeers. Musketeers' servants", "The Three Musketeers. D'Artagnan hires a servant (Planchet), finds lodgings, and reports to Monsieur des Essart. Des Essart's company is a less prestigious regiment in which he must serve for two years before being considered for the Musketeers. Shortly after, his landlord speaks to him about his wife Constance Bonacieux's kidnapping. When she is presently released, d'Artagnan falls in love at first sight with her. She works for Queen Anne of France, who is secretly conducting an affair with the Duke of Buckingham. The King, Louis XIII, gave the Queen a gift of diamond studs but she gives them to her lover as a keepsake. Cardinal Richelieu, who wants war between France and England, plans to expose the tryst and persuades the King to demand the Queen wear the diamonds to a soirÃ©e that the Cardinal is sponsoring. Constance tries to send her husband to London but the man is manipulated by Richelieu and does not go, so d'Artagnan and his friends intercede. En route, the Cardinal's henchmen repeatedly attack them and only d'Artagnan and Planchet reach London. Before arriving, d'Artagnan is compelled to assault and nearly kill the Comte de Wardes, a friend of the Cardinal, cousin of Rochefort and Milady's lover. Although Milady stole two of the diamond studs, the Duke of Buckingham provides replacements while delaying the thief's return to Paris. D'Artagnan is thus able to return a complete set of jewels to Queen Anne just in time to save her honour. In gratitude, she gives him a beautiful ring.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). The film received negative reviews from critics, including criticism on the lack of originality, acting performances and outdated visual style. “Only Matthew Macfadyen’s Athos exhibits the semblance of a personality ... Without drama or reverence for its source and lacking any genuine interest in history or literature, the film offers small pleasures with its visual kicks, found principally in protracted scenes of battling airships and generic stunt work adapted from Hong Kong action movies,” according to Stephen Holden's review in The New York Times.[18] “Not original enough to be funny, nor serious enough to be gripping, this film seemed to go on forever, and then ended with the threat of a sequel,” was part of Robbie Collins’ criticism in a review for The Telegraph.[19] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that only 24% of 90 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 4.1 out of 10. The website's consensus is \"It plays admirably fast and loose with Alexandre Dumas' classic tale, but in every other respect, The Three Musketeers offers nothing to recommend—or to set it apart from the many other film adaptations\".[20] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 35 based on 15 reviews.[21] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a \"B\" on an A+ to F scale.[7]" ]	[ 3.068359375, 1.544921875, 2.009765625, 1.1259765625, 0.52685546875, -3.328125, -0.8134765625, 0.261474609375, 2.54296875, -2.2578125, -1.7373046875, -2.302734375, 1.869140625, -2.25, -1.9814453125, 0.26806640625, -1.3359375, -5.49609375, -4.046875, -4.58203125, -2.84375, -0.8701171875, -3.75, -1.6611328125, -3.9921875, 1.05859375, -4.47265625, -3.34765625, -3.12890625, -4.55078125, -0.19384765625, -4.0078125 ]
what is the sims 3 second expansion pack	[ "The Sims 2. The Sims 2 expansion packs provide additional game features and items. Eight expansion packs were released throughout the game's lifecycle. The Sims 2: Apartment Life is the final expansion pack for The Sims 2.", "The Sims 3. The Sims 3 expansion packs provide additional game features and items:", "The Sims 2. Stuff packs are add-ons that intend to add only new items (usually in the amount of 60) to the base game. However, some releases include certain gameplay elements introduced in previous expansion packs. There are ten total stuff packs. However, The Sims 2: Holiday Party Pack served as the pilot release for this line of products, which were called \"booster packs\". After the success of the pilot release, EA named the releases \"stuff packs\" and launched the line with The Sims 2: Family Fun Stuff. The Sims 2: Mansion & Garden Stuff is the final stuff pack for The Sims 2.", "The Sims 3. An expansion pack for the iOS version, World Adventures, was released on April 2, 2010. Unlike expansion packs for the PC, this is a standalone application. World Adventures adds tombs, new challenges, personas, and careers, new places to explore (Egypt, China and France), clothes and new furniture. A second expansion pack, Ambitions, was released on September 16, 2010.[39] As with World Adventures, the game was a standalone application. Ambitions added new skills (firefighting, painting, parenting and sports), new community buildings, and the ability to have children. On November 6, 2009, EA announced the release of a vampire theme pack for the iPhone. The pack included Live it or Wear it Sets with Vampires and Werewolves, Castle and Campus Life themes. \"Live it\" sets contain car, furniture, decoration, wallpaper, and flooring.[40] \"Wear it\" sets contain clothing, new CAS options, and hair styles.", "The Sims 3: Late Night. The Sims 3: Late Night (LN) is the third expansion pack for the strategic life simulation computer game The Sims 3[1] and is similar to previous expansions The Sims 2: Nightlife for The Sims 2 and The Sims: Hot Date for The Sims. It incorporates some elements from The Sims: House Party, The Sims: Superstar, and The Urbz: Sims in the City.", "The Sims 3. This is a departure from both the first and second generation of the franchise, in which new items were obtained primarily through expansion packs, stuff packs, and/or user-generation.", "The Sims 3. The Sims 3 Store is an online store where players of The Sims 3 can purchase and download content for their game online for additional fees. To date, unlike its counterpart for The Sims 2, The Sims 3 Store only offers exclusive objects, clothing, skins, and hairstyles not found through any other medium. The Store also offers variants of special objects found in expansions (such as laundry and hot-tubs), which offer their features for players who haven't purchased those expansions. The store is updated with new items for purchase every month. Premium content, such as the foot massage chair and wind chimes,[57] add new gameplay or animations. The update of August 2014 is the last.", "The Sims 3. Copies of the video game Spore also came packaged with fliers advertising the game, with information stating whole-neighborhood accessibility and endless possibilities on character creation. On October 31, 2008, two teaser trailers were released by Electronic Arts featuring a comical view on the 2008 presidential election in the United States. Candidates John McCain and Barack Obama were included along with respective running mates Sarah Palin and Joe Biden. In the eighth expansion pack of The Sims 2, The Sims 2: Apartment Life, new objects were added including logo posters and framed screenshots. The game was shipped with a code and an Internet address, where the player could download clothing with The Sims 3 logo on it. Another developer walk through was released on November 6, 2008, featuring in-depth previews of the neighborhood and Create-A-Sim.", "The Sims 2. The Sims 2 was released on September 14, 2004 for Microsoft Windows. A port to Mac OS X was released on June 17, 2005. Eight expansion packs and nine stuff packs were subsequently released. In addition several console versions have been released. The Sims 2 is offered on mobile platforms, with manufacturers such as Nokia offering The Sims 2 from the Ovi Store. A sequel, The Sims 3, was released in June 2009.[2][3]", "The Sims 2. Most of expansion packs and stuff packs were released with pre-order items. This game content was redeemable at the official site using a code supplied by the retailer from which the player purchased, each retailer was often associated with an exclusive download. A total of 60 pre-order items were released.", "The Sims 3. The Sims 3 is the third major title in the life simulation video game developed by The Sims Studio (Maxis) and published by Electronic Arts. It is the sequel to the best-selling computer game, The Sims 2. It was first announced that it was in development for PlayStation 3 and Wii in November 2006, and later announced for OS X and Microsoft Windows.[7] It was first released on June 2, 2009 simultaneously for OS X and Microsoft Windows â€“ both versions on the same disc. Smartphone versions were also released on June 2, 2009. Consoles versions were released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Nintendo DS in October 2010 and a month later for the Wii. The Windows Phone version was made available on the Windows Phone Store on October 15, 2010. A Nintendo 3DS version, released on March 27, 2011, was one of its launch titles.[8]", "The Sims 2. Compilations of expansion packs and stuff packs without the core game have also been released.", "The Sims 3. The game was released as both a standard edition and a Collector's Edition. Both the collector's edition and the standard edition of the game comes with a coupon for 1000 Sim Points to spend at The Sims 3 Store.[34] The standard edition contains the first release of the core game, while the Collector's Edition includes the Sims 3 core game, a 2GB The Sims Plumbob USB flash drive (preloaded with wallpapers and screensavers of the game, and the main theme as an MP3 file) with matching Green Carabiner, an exclusive European-styled Sports Car download, a Prima Tips and Hints Guide (not the actual Sims 3 Prima Guide), and Plumbob stickers. Those that pre-ordered the game also got a Vintage Sports Car download, The Sims 3 Neighborhood Poster, and a quick start reference guide.[35] A preview CD with more information about The Sims 3, such as music samples, family descriptions, and career information, was also released.[36]", "The Sims 3. The Sims 3 introduces many more character customization options than its predecessor The Sims 2.", "The Sims 3. Stuff Packs only include new items e.g. furniture, clothing, hairstyles. They do not add any new functionality to the game. Stuff Packs are compatible with both Windows and OS X as with the main game and expansion packs.", "The Sims 2. The Sims 2 is a 2004 strategic life simulation video game developed by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts. It is the sequel to The Sims.[1]", "The Sims 3. The Sims 3 was a commercial success, selling 1.4 million copies in its first week.[9][10] Critics issued mostly positive reviews, with a 86/100 score from aggregator Metacritic.[11] The game has sold over ten million copies worldwide since its 2009 release, making it one of the best-selling PC games of all time.[12] The last of eleven expansion packs, Into the Future, was released in October 2013. A sequel, The Sims 4, was released in September 2014.", "The Sims 2. On August 7, 2014, Aspyr Media released The Sims 2: Super Collection as digital download exclusively available at the Mac App Store; the game was updated for OS X Mavericks, 4K and Retina. This compilation only includes the first six expansion packs and the first three stuff packs. Aspyr stated they were unable to include the remaining packs for the game due to licensing conflicts with EA. Like the Ultimate Collection, no new updates on when the remaining packs will be released separately or as a single add-on to the Super Collection have emerged.", "The Sims 3. Features: quests, tomb exploration at three new destinations, photography, new build functions including the basement tool, nectar, fireworks, shops, vacation homes.", "The Sims 2. The Sims 2 Store was an online store where players of The Sims 2 for PC could purchase and download content for their game online for additional fees. It offered objects, clothing, skins, and hairstyles that are both exclusive to the store and also come from earlier expansion and stuff packs.", "The Sims 3: Late Night. The expansion pack was announced on July 20, 2010,[9] with a trailer featuring \"Bridgeport\", a new downtown and urban area, along with new objects and musical instruments, such as a piano, keyboard, a drum set and an upright bass.", "The Sims 4. The game has the same concept as its predecessor, The Sims 3; players control their Sims in various activities and can form relationships. The game, like most of the series, does not have a defined final goal; gameplay is nonlinear. The Create-a-Sim and Build Mode tools have been redesigned to allow more versatility when creating game content. Emotional state plays a larger role in game play than in previous games in the series, with effects on social interaction, user interface, and personality.[6][7] To date EA has released four expansion packs, with the most recent (Cats & Dogs) being released in November 2017. There have also been several \"game packs\" released, including Parenthood which allows the players to shape the characters' children and teenagers as they go through life, as well as free updates that include major changes such as the addition of a toddler life stage.", "The Sims 2. The Sims 2 also comes with The Sims 2 Body Shop, which enables users to create genetics, makeups, accessories, clothes, and Sims, with the help of third-party tools, such as MS Paint, Paint.NET, Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, Wings 3D, and SimPE.", "The Sims 2. OS X ports of the base game, six expansion packs, and three Stuff Packs have been released by Aspyr Media. The port for the base game was announced on October 19, 2004.[51] The Sims 2 had reached beta status on March 1, 2005, and was released on June 17 the same year.[52] It was, at release, compatible with Mac OS X Panther and above. The Sims 2 Bodyshop was also available for OS X. The game is now available for purchase with all ported expansions and Stuff Packs on the Mac App Store for OS X Mavericks.", "The Sims 4. The Sims 4 base game originally shipped with two worlds: Willow Creek and Oasis Springs. Both worlds contain five neighborhoods and a total of 21 lots. With the release of Outdoor Retreat, the world Granite Falls was available for visiting on outdoor vacations. Newcrest became available with a free update, having three neighborhoods with five empty lots in each, for a total of 15 lots.[18] Magnolia Promenade came with the Get to Work Expansion Pack, and Windenburg was introduced in the Get Together Expansion Pack.[19] The City Living Expansion Pack, released in November 2016, introduced the new bustling city of San Myshuno.[20] The Vampires Game Pack added the neighborhood Forgotten Hollow.[21] In November 2017, the seaside town of Brindleton Bay was added in the Cats and Dogs Expansion Pack.[22][23]", "The Sims 3. Electronic Arts first announced The Sims 3 on March 19, 2008.[18] The game was developed at The Sims Studio located in Redwood Shores, California. On January 15, 2009, EA invited \"some of the best\" custom content creators to their campus at Redwood Shores where they were hosting a Creator's Camp. Creators have been invited to spend the week exploring and creating content like Sims, houses and customized content. The Creators' work is used to pre-populate The Sims 3 Exchange. In the seventh expansion pack for The Sims 2, The Sims 2: FreeTime, an event occurs in which a Sim-version of Rod Humble, the head of The Sims franchise, gives the player's Sim family an unopened gift box. When opened, the family gets a computer with The Sims 3 on it. The Sims 3 game cannot be bought in the catalog. Sims can then play The Sims 3 on their computers or console systems. Like all the other games that Sims can play in The Sims 2, The Sims 3 is a looping gameplay video shown on the player's Sim's computer screens when played by a Sim. On July 15, 2008 the first video preview of The Sims 3 appeared on the official website as did seven new screenshots and five Create-A-Sim screens. Four screenshots that appeared on the website and were then taken down soon after, leaked onto the Internet by a member of the community.", "The Sims 3. The Sims 3 versions of the characters are available for download via CW's official website. On April 19, 2009, Target exclusively released a promotional disc of The Sims 3 that features a Ladytron band poster, The Sims 3 theme song music download, and a $5 off coupon. The main menu includes screensaver downloads, videos, Create-A-Sim, Create-A-House, and much more. There is no actual gameplay involved, but it describes what playing feels like.", "The Sims 2. EA Games announced on May 5, 2003 that the Maxis studio had begun development on The Sims 2.[18] The game was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles, California on May 13, 2004.[18] Will Wright admits that while most of the content of The Sims 2 are original ideas, inspiration for its own expansions and constituents spawned from the successes of the first game. The community interest in the antecedent The Sims: Unleashed and The Sims: Hot Date expansions ensured the creation of The Sims 2: Pets and The Sims 2: Nightlife expansions, respectively.[19]", "The Sims 2. The game contains some time-bound social challenges that provide a reward if successful. Sims can throw parties to gain aspiration points or invite the headmaster over for dinner in order to enroll their children in private school.[9] Some expansion packs have new mini-games, like running a Greek house in University or dating in Nightlife. In Nightlife, each date is a challenge to keep both Sims as happy as possible while accumulating aspiration points. Various other expansion packs introduce supernatural characters which Sims can be turned into, such as Zombies, Vampires, Werewolves, Plantsims, and Witches.", "The Sims 2. Pregnancy, toddlers, teens, and elders are new stages of life. Young adult is a unique age added with the University expansion. Teen Sims will become young adults once they are moved to a University, and will be adults once they leave campus, regardless of the reason.", "The Sims 2. It also had featured seven exclusive item collections that could only be found in the store. The store used a point system that players can purchase. It was opened from July 2008 to March 31, 2011 as a beta version limited to the United States and Canada. To download, players must install The Sims 2 Store Edition and the EA Download Manager. The exclusive collections were \"Cubic\", \"Art Deco\", \"Spooky\", \"Castle\", \"Asian Fusion\", \"Art Nouveaulicious\" and \"Oh Baby\", including a total of 471 items.", "The Sims 3. Additions: New items (alchemy station, rocking chair), new clothing options including wings, new traits." ]	[ -1.111328125, 1.548828125, -2.5234375, 5.10546875, 2.53515625, 2.720703125, -2.7890625, 0.94140625, -2.599609375, -2.759765625, -2.3203125, -2.369140625, -2.6953125, -3.654296875, 0.2802734375, -6.10546875, 0.96875, -2.865234375, -3.10546875, -4.71484375, 0.78076171875, -0.17236328125, -6.73046875, -3.759765625, -2.259765625, 1.2568359375, -4.171875, -5.140625, -2.28125, -5.09765625, -5.7890625, -2.392578125 ]
when did the east berlin wall go up	[ "West Berlin. To stop this drain of people defecting, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Berlin and East Germany, on 13 August 1961. All Eastern streets, bridges, paths, windows, doors, gates, and sewers opening to West Berlin were systematically sealed off by walls, concrete elements, barbed wire, and/or bars. The Wall was directed against the Easterners, who by its construction were no longer allowed to leave the East, except with an Eastern permit, not usually granted. Westerners were still granted visas on entering East Berlin. Initially eight street checkpoints were opened, and one checkpoint in the Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station, which was reached by one line of the Western underground (today's U 6), two Western S-Bahn lines, one under and one above ground (approximately today's S 2 and S 3, however, lines changed significantly from 1990 onwards), and transit trains between West Germany and West Berlin started and ended there.", "Berlin Wall. The longtime leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, resigned on 18 October 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz that day. Honecker had predicted in January of that year that the Wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years[109] if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change.", "Eastern Bloc emigration and defection. On August 13, 1961, a barbed-wire barrier that would become the Berlin Wall separating East and West Berlin was erected by East Germany.[71] Two days later, police and army engineers began to construct a more permanent concrete wall.[74] The construction briefly caused fears of a military crisis, though only 11,000 western troops were located in Berlin compared to 500,000 Soviet troops surrounding them deployed in East Germany.[75] The completion of the Berlin Wall closed the biggest loophole in the Iron Curtain. It brought an end to a decade during which divided capital of the divided Germany was the easiest place for unauthorized east-to-west crossings.[76] Along with the wall, the 830 mile zonal border became 3.5 miles wide on its East German side in some parts of Germany with a tall steel-mesh fence running along a \"death strip\" bordered by bands of plowed earth, to slow and to reveal the prints of those trying to escape, and mined fields.[77]", "Berlin Wall. On 13 August 2011, Germany marked the 50th anniversary of East Germany beginning the erection of the Berlin Wall. Chancellor Angela Merkel joined with President Christian Wulff and Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit at the Bernauer StraÃŸe memorial park to remember lives and liberty. Speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the West. \"It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again,\" entreated Mayor Wowereit. \"It has been shown once again: Freedom is invincible at the end. No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom\", proclaimed President Wulff.\"[147][148][149][150]", "Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ] ( listen)) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.[1] Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall cut off (by land) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989.[2] Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992.[3] The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls,[4] accompanied by a wide area (later known as the \"death strip\") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, \"fakir beds\" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the \"will of the people\" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.[5]", "Mural. In 1961 East Germany began to erect a wall between East and West Berlin, which became famous as the Berlin Wall. While on the East Berlin side painting was not allowed, artists painted on the Western side of the Wall from the 80s until the fall of the Wall in 1989.", "History of Berlin. The Fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 marks the end of the Cold War. On 9 November 1989, border guards allowed crowds from East Berlin to cross the frontier at the Bösebrücke. The guards believed that the authorities had decided to open the wall, but in reality no firm decision was taken and events gathered steam on their own. People of East and West Berlin climbed up and danced on the wall at the Brandenburg Gate in scenes of wild celebration broadcast worldwide. This time no Soviet tanks rolled through Berlin. The wall never closed again, and was soon on its way to demolition, with countless Berliners and tourists wielding hammers and chisels to secure souvenir chunks.", "Berlin Wall. In 1989 a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries—Poland and Hungary in particular—caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Wall.[10] After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left.[5]", "Eastern Bloc. On 9 November 1989, following mass protests in East Germany and the relaxing of border restrictions in Czechoslovakia, tens of thousands of Eastern Berliners flooded checkpoints along the Berlin Wall and crossed into West Berlin.[275] The wall was torn down and Germany was eventually reunified. In Bulgaria, the day after the mass crossings through the Berlin Wall, the leader Todor Zhivkov was ousted by his Politburo and replaced with Petar Mladenov.[276]", "East Germany. On 9 November 1989, a few sections of the Berlin Wall were opened, resulting in thousands of East Germans crossing freely into West Berlin and West Germany for the first time in nearly 30 years. Krenz resigned a few days later, and the SED abandoned power shortly afterward. Although there were some limited attempts to create a permanent democracy in East Germany, this did not come to pass.", "Berlin Wall. On 13 June 1990, the East German military officially began dismantling the Wall, beginning in Bernauer Straße and around the Mitte district. From there, demolition continued through Prenzlauer Berg/Gesundbrunnen, Helligensee and throughout the city of Berlin until that December 1990. According to estimates by the border troops, a total of around 1.7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall. Unofficially, the demolition of the Bornholmer Straße began because of construction work on the railway. This involved a total of 300 GDR border guards and - after 3 October 1990 - 600 Pioneers of the Bundeswehr. These were equipped with 175 trucks, 65 cranes, 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers. Virtually every road that was severed by the Berlin Wall (that links from West Berlin to East Berlin) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 August 1990. In Berlin alone, 184 km of wall, 154 km border fence, 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed. What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial. Various military units dismantled the Berlin/Brandenberg border wall, completing the job in November 1991. Painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in Berlin and Monte Carlo.[120]", "Berlin Wall. Television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the Wall on 9 November was soon followed by the East German regime announcing ten new border crossings, including the historically significant locations of Potsdamer Platz, Glienicker Brücke, and Bernauer Straße. Crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the Wall to reconnect the divided roads. While the Wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity, new border crossings continued for some time, including the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989. Initially the East German military attempted repairing damage done by the \"Wall peckers\"; gradually these attempts ceased, and guards became more lax, tolerating the increasing demolitions and \"unauthorized\" border crossing through the holes.[120]", "History of Berlin. On August 13, 1961 the Communist East German government started to build a wall, physically separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany, as a response to massive numbers of East German citizens fleeing into West Berlin as a way to escape. The wall was built overnight with no warning. This separated families for as long as the wall was up. The East German government called the Wall the \"anti-fascist protection wall\". The tensions between east and west were exacerbated by a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie on 27 October 1961. West Berlin was now a de facto part of West Germany, but with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was a de facto part of East Germany.", "Iron Curtain. The Berlin Wall officially remained guarded after 9 November 1989, although the inter-German border had become effectively meaningless. The official dismantling of the Wall by the East German military did not begin until June 1990. In July 1990, the day East Germany adopted the West German currency, all border-controls ceased and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl convinced Gorbachev to drop Soviet objections to a reunited Germany within NATO in return for substantial German economic aid to the Soviet Union.", "Cold War (1953–1962). At midnight the army, police, and units of the East German army began to close the border and by morning on Sunday August 13, 1961 the border to West Berlin had been shut. East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles, and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km (97 mi) around the three western sectors and the 43 km (27 mi) which actually divided West and East Berlin. Approximately 32,000 combat and engineer troops were used in building the Wall. Once their efforts were completed, the Border Police assumed the functions of manning and improving the barrier. East German tanks and artillery were present to discourage interference by the West and presumably to assist in the event of large-scale riots.", "Berlin Wall. The East German government responded by disallowing any further travel to Hungary, but allowed those already there to return to East Germany.[10] This triggered similar events in neighboring Czechoslovakia. This time, however, the East German authorities allowed people to leave, provided that they did so by train through East Germany. This was followed by mass demonstrations within East Germany itself. Protest demonstrations spread throughout East Germany in September 1989. Initially, protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the West, chanting \"Wir wollen raus!\" (\"We want out!\"). Then protestors began to chant \"Wir bleiben hier!\" (\"We are staying here!\"). This was the start of what East Germans generally call the \"Peaceful Revolution\" of late 1989.[110] The protest demonstrations grew considerably by early November. The movement neared its height on 4 November, when half a million people gathered to demand political change, at the Alexanderplatz demonstration, East Berlin's large public square and transportation hub.[111]", "Berlin Wall. Contrary to popular belief, the Wall's actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992.[1] The \"fall of the Berlin Wall\" paved the way for German reunification, which formally took place on 3 October 1990.[5]", "Ich bin ein Berliner. In 1961, the East German government under Walter Ulbricht erected a barbed-wire barrier around West Berlin, officially called the antifaschistischer Schutzwall (anti-fascist protective barrier). The East German authorities argued that it was meant to prevent spies and agents of West Germany from crossing into the East. However, it was universally known as the Berlin Wall and its real purpose was to keep East German citizens from escaping to the West. Over a period of months the wall was rebuilt using concrete, and buildings were demolished to create a \"death zone\" in view of East German guards armed with machine guns. The Wall closed the biggest loophole in the Iron Curtain, and Berlin went from being one of the easiest places to cross from East Europe to West Europe to being one of the most difficult.[1]", "Brandenburg Gate. When the Revolutions of 1989 occurred and the wall was demolished, the gate symbolized freedom and the desire to unify the city of Berlin. Thousands of people gathered at the wall to celebrate its fall on 9 November 1989. On 22 December 1989, the Brandenburg Gate border crossing was reopened when Helmut Kohl, the West German chancellor, walked through to be greeted by Hans Modrow, the East German prime minister. Demolition of the rest of the wall around the area took place the following year.", "Berlin Wall. At midnight, the police and units of the East German army began to close the border and, by Sunday morning, 13 August, the border with West Berlin was closed. East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 kilometres (97 mi) around the three western sectors, and the 43 kilometres (27 mi) that divided West and East Berlin.[53] The date of 13 August became commonly referred to as Barbed Wire Sunday in Germany.[5]", "Eastern Bloc emigration and defection. Technically the Wall remained guarded for some time after November 9, though at a decreasing intensity. On June 13, 1990, the official dismantling of the Wall by the East German military began in Bernauer StraÃŸe. On July 1, the day East Germany adopted the West German currency, all border controls ceased, although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that. That month, the final obstacle to German reunification was removed when West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl convinced Gorbachev to drop Soviet objections to a reunited Germany within NATO in return for substantial German economic aid to the Soviet Union.", "Eastern Bloc. With the closing of the Inner German border officially in 1952,[118] the Berlin city sector borders remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because of their administration by all four occupying powers.[119] Accordingly, it effectively comprised a \"loophole\" through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still move west.[118] The 3.5Â million East Germans that had left by 1961, called Republikflucht, totaled approximately 20% of the entire East German population.[120] In August 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall, effectively closing the loophole.[121]", "Berlin Crisis of 1961. On Saturday 12 August 1961, the leaders of East Germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin, and Walter Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a Wall.", "Berlin Wall. In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin[106] on 12 June 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev, then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc:", "Berlin Wall. On 19 July 1988, 16 months before the Wall came down, Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band, played Rocking the Wall, a live concert in East Berlin, which was attended by 300,000 in person and broadcast delayed on television. Springsteen spoke to the crowd in German, saying: \"I'm not here for or against any government. I've come to play rock 'n' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down\".[104] East Germany and its FDJ youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation. They hoped that by letting Springsteen in, they could improve their sentiment among East Germans. However, this strategy of \"one step backwards, two steps forwards\" backfired and the concert only made East Germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that Springsteen epitomized. While John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of West Berlin, Springsteen's speaking out against the Wall in the middle of East Berlin added to the euphoria.[104]", "Berlin Crisis of 1961. At midnight, the army, police, and units of the East German army began to close the border and by morning on Sunday 13 August 1961 the border to West Berlin had been shut. East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles, and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km (97 mi) around the three western sectors and the 43 km (27 mi) which actually divided West and East Berlin. Approximately 32,000 combat and engineer troops were employed for the building of the Wall, after which the Border Police became responsible for manning and improving it. To discourage Western interference and perhaps control potential riots, the Soviet Army was present.[12]", "Berlin Wall. West Germans peer at East German border guards through a hole in the wall on 5 January 1990.", "Berlin Wall graffiti art. The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 to separate West Berlin and East Berlin during the Cold War. All the differences between the countries made it a perfect place for people to express their opinions, especially on their preferences and dislikes. In the 1980s, the wall was reconstructed and made 14 feet tall. Graffiting on the wall became popular for artists from all over the world and a place where tourists would go and admire the artwork. The West Berlin side of the wall had artwork completely covering the wall, while the East Berlin side was kept blank because people were not permitted to get close enough to the eastside of the wall to paint anything.", "Cold War (1953–1962). On Saturday August 12, 1961, the leaders of East Germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin, and Walter Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a Wall.", "Berlin Wall. Later, the initial barrier was built up into the Wall proper, the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 August. During the construction of the Wall, National People's Army (NVA) and Combat Groups of the Working Class (KdA) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect. Additionally, chain fences, walls, minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of East Germany's western border with West Germany proper. A huge no man's land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees.[56]", "Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall from the East Berlin side, 1967", "Berlin Wall. In 1971, with the Four Power Agreement on Berlin, agreements were reached that allowed West Berliners to apply for visas to enter East Berlin and East Germany regularly, comparable to the regulations already in force for West Germans. However, East German authorities could still refuse entry permits.[87]" ]	[ 0.283447265625, -0.1563720703125, 1.1806640625, 1.5009765625, 5.328125, 3.30859375, 2.216796875, 2.146484375, 0.07073974609375, 3.9296875, 1.9033203125, 0.1031494140625, 3.794921875, 1.46484375, -2.498046875, 0.73583984375, 0.487548828125, 1.8720703125, 0.443603515625, 1.4404296875, -1.2568359375, -0.837890625, 3.6796875, -0.08209228515625, 0.88916015625, 1.4833984375, 1.619140625, 2.47265625, 2.6328125, 2.033203125, 3.892578125, 0.70654296875 ]
at what age can you drive in nj	[ "Alcohol laws of New Jersey. New Jersey's drinking age was lowered to 18 in 1973 as part of a broader legal change which reduced New Jersey's age of majority from 21 to 18.[146][147] Much of the impetus for lowering the drinking age to 18 was to grant returning Vietnam veterans the right to purchase alcohol.[148] Possibly because of concerns about 18-year-old high school students being able to legally purchase liquor, and then illegally consume it school,[149] the state raised the drinking age to 19 in 1980.[150][151] Citing statistics that indicated an increase in car deaths among drivers under 21,[148] the drinking age was raised back to 21 in 1983.[151][152] At the same time, the penalties for underage drinking were increased to include a mandatory driver's license suspension.[152] In 1985, the state made it illegal for an adult to give alcohol to a person under 21, with exception for religious services and parents serving alcohol to their own children at home or in a private area.[153][154]", "L-plate. In New Jersey, effective May 1, 2010, drivers under the age of 21 holding a learner's permit or probationary license must display 1-by-1⁄2-inch (2.5 cm × 1.3 cm) detachable red decals on the front and back license plates of their vehicles.[19]", "Automobile safety. Some countries, such as Australia, the United States, Canada and New Zealand, have graduated levels of driver's licence, with special rules.[84] By 2010, all US states required a graduated driver's licence for drivers under age 18. In Italy, the maximum speed and power of vehicles driven by new drivers is restricted. In Romania, the maximum speed of vehicles driven by new drivers (less than one year in experience) is 20Â km/h lower than the national standard (except villages, towns and cities). Many U.S. states allow 18-year-olds to skip some requirements that younger drivers would face, which statistics show may be causing higher crash rates among new drivers. New Jersey has the same requirements for new drivers up to the age of 21, which may obviate this problem.[85]", "Driver's license. The eligible age to first obtain a driver's license varies substantially from state to state, from 14 years, three months, in South Dakota to 17 in New Jersey. In a majority of states one can obtain a license that allows driving without adult supervision by age 16, after passing the requisite tests. Since the driver's license is a commonplace document that carries much of the necessary information needed for identification, it has become the primary method of identification in the United States.[38]", "Alcohol laws of New Jersey. A person under 21 who is convicted of driving with a BAC level of at least 0.01%, but less than 0.08% will have their driver's license suspended for 1 to 3 months, be required to perform 15â€“30 hours of community service, and take part in an alcohol education program. Penalties for refusal to submit a breath sample are the same as driving with a BAC over 0.15%. The holder of a commercial driver's license (CDL) is subject to a one-year suspension of their CDL for the first offense, and a lifetime CDL suspension for repeat offenses if they drive a commercial vehicle with a BAC of 0.04% or greater, drive an automobile with a BAC of 0.08% or greater, or refuse to submit a breath sample.[163] More severe penalties may be imposed if the DUI took place within 1000 feet of a school, or if there was a juvenile in the vehicle.[162] DUI accidents resulting in serious injury or death are considered indictable crimes.[166]", "Driver's licenses in the United States. The minimum age to obtain a restricted driver's license in the United States varies from 14 years, three months in South Dakota to as high as 17 in New Jersey. In most states, with the exception of South Dakota, a graduated licensing law applies to newly licensed teenage drivers, going by names such as Provisional Driver, Junior Operator, Probationary Driver, or Intermediate License. These licenses restrict certain driving privileges, such as whether the new driver may carry passengers and if so how many, as well as setting a curfew for young drivers to be off the roads. For example, Utah drivers who are under 18 may not drive other people outside the family in their first six months with a license. Unlike in some states of Australia and some provinces of Canada, however, graduated licensing laws do not require lowered speed limits, displaying of L and P plates, restrictions on towing a trailer or boat, or prohibitions on highway driving or operating high performance cars.", "Alcohol laws of New Jersey. A person must be at least 21 years old in New Jersey to purchase alcoholic beverages in a retail establishment, or to possess or consume alcoholic beverages in a public (for example, a park or on the street) or semi-public area (e.g. restaurant, automobile).[110][111] A person only needs to be 18 to own a liquor license, or to sell or serve alcohol (for example, a waiter or supermarket cashier).[112] State law also prohibits an underage person from misrepresenting their age in a licensed establishment.[110]", "Gambling in New Jersey. A person must be 21 years of age to gamble at a casino in New Jersey.[82] It is legal for a minor to go to a casino, insofar as they do not gamble, consume alcoholic beverage, or remain on the gambling floor.[83] Underage gambling at a casino is a disorderly persons offense (misdemeanor), punishible by a $500â€“$1000 fine and a mandatory six-month driver's license suspension, and plea bargaining of underage gambling charges is prohibited.[84] The legal age for other forms of licensed gambling (e.g., lottery, horse race) is 18, but a person under 18 may take part in amusement games where the prize is an item (e.g., a stuffed animal), and not cash.[85] There is no minimum age for social gambling.", "Driver's licenses in the United States. Outside of those hours the teen driver may drive until midnight if accompanied by a licensed driver that is a minimum of 21 years of age.", "Alcohol laws of New Jersey. Violation of a municipal underage drinking statutes is a non-criminal offense, which has a fine of $250 for the first offense, and $350 for subsequent offenses.[119] A person's driver's license can be suspended for a municipal underage drinking conviction, but usually it just results in a fine without a court appearance being required.[127] There is a \"good samaritan\" defense to an underage drinking charge â€“ if an underage drinker calls for medical help for another underage drinker who is ill, and cooperates with law enforcement and medical responders, neither may be prosecuted.[128] It is common for a state underage drinking charge to be downgraded to a municipal ordinance violation in order for the defendant to avoid a criminal record and a suspended license.[129] The statute of limitations for both state and municipal underage drinking charges is one year.[130][131]", "Ages of consent in the United States. The age of consent in New Jersey is 16.", "Vehicle inspection. On August 1, 2010, New Jersey became the 30th state that does not inspect vehicles for safety. They continue to emission-test all vehicles over 5 years old every two years.[18]", "Alcohol laws of New Jersey. Like all other US states, New Jersey sets a 0.08 percent weight by volume blood alcohol content (BAC) as the threshold for intoxication when operating a motor vehicle (e.g. automobile, boat).[160][161] It is possible to be charged with driving under the influence (DUI) with a BAC level below 0.08%, but there is a presumption in that situation that the driver is not intoxicated. State law prohibits those under 21 from driving if their BAC is 0.01% or more, prohibits the operation of a commercial vehicle with a BAC of 0.04% or more, and mandates that drivers submit a breath sample if requested by a police officer.[162][163] To be convicted of DUI in New Jersey, a person must be operating or attempting to operate a motorized vehicle; thus activities such as sleeping in a car while intoxicated or bicycling while drunk are not illegal.[164][165]", "Smoking bans in private vehicles. In Jersey smoking has been banned in all vehicles carrying passengers under the age of 18. Drivers under the age of 18 (the legal driving age in Jersey is 17) are also forbidden to smoke whilst in their own vehicles, even if they are the only passengers. The law came into force on 1 September 2015,[28] after debate in the States Assembly and is the first place in the British Isles to enact a ban of this sort.[29]", "Alcohol laws of New Jersey. Upon repeal of Prohibition and the passage of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Law, the ABC issued regulations that prohibited bars and liquor stores from selling alcohol to a person under 21, which was considered the age of majority at that time.[139][140] In 1939, it became a criminal offense to sell alcohol to a person under 21, and for a person under 21 to purchase or consume alcohol in a licensed establishment.[139][141] The state criminalized the underage possession of alcohol in motor vehicles and other public areas in 1957, possibly in response to young New Jerseyans traveling to New York, where the drinking age was 18, and returning home with liquor.[142][143] For many years laws against underage drinking and the serving of alcohol to minors did not apply on private property, though an adult who supplied a substantial amount of liquor to an underage person could possibly be prosecuted for contributing to the delinquency of a minor[144] Furthermore, arrests and criminal prosecutions for underage drinking in bars or public areas were very uncommon before the 1980s.[145]", "Alcohol laws of New Jersey. The state underage drinking statute is a disorderly persons offense (misdemeanor), which upon conviction is punishable by up to 6 months in jail (rarely imposed),[125] a $500â€“$1000 fine, and a mandatory 6-month suspension of the person's driver's license.[110][111] The penalties are the same for using fake identification.[110] Those who unlawfully serve alcohol to an underage person, entice an underage person to drink, knowingly permit underage drinking on their property, or bring alcohol onto a public school property face similar sanctions, except that their driver's license will not be suspended.[113][114] A licensed business which serves alcohol to a person under age 21, even unintentionally, may be fined or have their liquor license suspended or revoked.[28][126]", "Driver's license. The legal driving age is 18 years old. The license must include:", "Driver's licenses in the United States. Under 17 either with a learner's permit or a driver license cannot drive between midnight and 6 a.m., under 18 either with a learner's permit or a driver license cannot drive between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m., unless accompanied by a parent or guardian. Drivers under 17 may only have one non-family member under the age of 21 in the vehicle; no restrictions on family members or those over 21. 18 and over have full license privileges and have no time or passenger restrictions. Special restricted license can drive after hours for purposes of employment, education, travel between home and school, vocational training, employment opportunities, and attending church services.", "Automobile safety. In some areas, new drivers' vehicles must bear a warning sign to alert other drivers that the vehicle is being driven by an inexperienced and learning driver, giving them opportunity to be more cautious and to encourage other drivers to give novices more leeway.[82] In the U.S. New Jersey has Kyleigh's Law citing that teen drivers must have a decal on their vehicle.[83]", "Ages of consent in the United States. For more information, see the actual NJ statutes at N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2.", "Driver's licenses in the United States. Teen drivers that hold the Special Restricted License for 16-year-olds for one year without a conviction for a traffic violation and have not been at-fault in an accident may obtain full driving privileges when they reach the age of 17.", "Alcohol laws of New Jersey. Federal law states that national parks will have the same underage laws as the state that they are located in, and the Assimilative Crimes Act is applicable to New Jersey's underage drinking statute.[295][307] Thus, in a private location, such as a cabin in a federal enclave in New Jersey, a parent can serve alcohol to their child, and an underage person can possess and consume alcohol. Outside of these exceptions, underage drinking and serving alcohol to a minor are federal misdemeanors, punishable by a fine and up to 6 months in jail.[308] There is a five-year statute of limitations for DUI, underage drinking, and other alcohol violations that take place in federal enclaves.[309]", "Driver's licenses in the United States. Pennsylvania's 1909 licensing laws were the first to give an age restriction (\"18 years of age\") and the first state to allow 16-year-olds to drive (accompanied by a licensed driver) was Connecticut in 1921.[3]", "Driver's licenses in the United States. Learner Permits: NYC has the toughest regulations of the regions, requiring an instructor's brake to be installed, and the accompanying driver must be a parent or professional instructor (driving school/driver's ed teacher), and prohibits driving between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. On Long Island, one must be accompanied by a guardian or professional instructor, and may not drive between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. In the rest of the state, one may drive while accompanied by a licensed driver over 21 from 5 a.m. to 9 p.m.; other hours require parent or professional accompaniment.", "Driver's license. The minimum age for obtaining driving license varies between 16 and 21, although there is a concern about teenage driving safety.[21]", "Driver's license. The minimum driving age varies between 16 and 18 years of age in different States and Territories. After the minimum age, a graduated licensing scheme operates, with state variations.", "Driver's license. The minimum age for a driving license is 18 years old. It is obtained via a test in a car, a computer and the applicant must present a vision test which says they are permitted to drive", "Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction. New Jersey's only statutory speed limits are 50 mph rural, 25 mph urban. Since the state is largely suburbanized, it ranges between 25–50 mph depending the jurisdiction of the road and whether the municipality is township, village, borough or city status.", "Automobile safety. In the UK, a full driving licence can be had at age 17, and most areas in the United States will issue a full driver's license at the age of 16, and all within a range between 14 and 18.[79] In addition to being relatively inexperienced, teen drivers are also cognitively immature, compared to other drivers.[80] This combination leads to a relatively high crash rate among this demographic.[81]", "Youth. Driving age is the age at which a person can apply for a driver's license. Countries with the lowest driving ages (below 17) are Australia, Canada, El Salvador, Iceland, Israel, Estonia, Macedonia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Sweden, the United Kingdom (Mainland) and United States. The Canadian province of Alberta and several U.S. states permit youth driving as low as 14. Niger has the highest minimum driving age in the world at 23. In India, driving is legal after getting a license at the age of 18.", "Drunk driving in the United States. New Jersey has a general 0.08% BAC limit, but people can be convicted of drunk driving even when the BAC is under that limit.[15]", "Driver's license. A minimum driving age often exists regardless of possession of a foreign license; an American cannot drive below the local minimum age in Europe, nor can a 17-year-old Briton drive in mainland Europe where the minimum age is 18.[50]" ]	[ 2.5859375, 2.8125, 1.5546875, 3.1484375, 0.8046875, 2.37890625, 0.1497802734375, -1.216796875, -3.48046875, -3.537109375, -0.457275390625, 0.42626953125, 1.712890625, 0.5546875, -1.0771484375, 0.73046875, -2.4140625, -2.9375, -4.5078125, -5.171875, -3.23046875, -4.13671875, -4.05859375, -3.51953125, -2.67578125, -2.228515625, -2.73046875, -5.5, -3.119140625, -1.7412109375, -4.96484375, -3.4921875 ]
what is the population of wellington new zealand	[ "Wellington. Wellington /ˈwɛlɪŋtən/ (Māori: Te Whanganui-a-Tara) is the capital city and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 412,500 residents.[3] It is at the south-western tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region, which also includes the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa. It is the world's windiest city, with an average wind speed of over 26 km/h,[4] and the world's southernmost capital of a sovereign state.[5]", "Wellington. The four cities comprising Wellington have a total population of 416,700 (June 2017),[3] with the urban area containing 99.0% of that population. The remaining areas are largely mountainous and sparsely farmed or parkland and are outside the urban area boundary. More than most cities, life is dominated by its central business district (CBD). Approximately 62,000 people work in the CBD, only 4,000 fewer than work in Auckland's CBD, despite that city having four times the population.", "Wellington. Counts from the 2013 census gave totals by area, gender, and age. Wellington City had the largest population of the four cities with 190,956[41] people, followed by Lower Hutt, Porirua and Upper Hutt. Women outnumbered men in all four areas.[42]", "Wellington. Source: Statistics New Zealand (2013 Census)[46]", "Wellington. Source: Statistics New Zealand (2013 Census)[57]", "Wellington. Households are primarily one-family, making up 66.9% of households, followed by single-person households (24.7%); there were fewer multiperson households and even fewer households containing two or more families. These counts are from the 2013 census for the Wellington region (which includes the surrounding area in addition to the four cities).[69]", "Wellington. In 1865, Wellington became the capital city in place of Auckland, which William Hobson had made the capital in 1841. The New Zealand Parliament had first met in Wellington on 7 July 1862, on a temporary basis; in November 1863, the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Alfred Domett, placed a resolution before Parliament in Auckland that \"... it has become necessary that the seat of governmentÂ ... should be transferred to some suitable locality in Cook Strait [region].\" Apparently, there had been some concerns that the more populous South Island (where the goldfields were located) would choose to form a separate colony in the British Empire. Several Commissioners invited from Australia, chosen for their neutral status, declared that Wellington was a suitable location because of its central location in New Zealand and good harbour. Parliament officially met in Wellington for the first time on 26 July 1865. At that time, the population of Wellington was just 4,900.[14] Wellington's status as capital is by constitutional convention rather than statute.[15]", "Wellington. At the 2013 census, the largest employment industries for Wellington residents were professional, scientific and technical services (25,836 people), public administration and safety (24,336 people), health care and social assistance (17,446 people), education and training (16,550 people) and retail trade (16,203 people).[77]", "New Zealand. In June 2016, the population of New Zealand was estimated at 4.69 million and was increasing at a rate of about 2.1% per year.[235] New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 73.0% of the population living in the seventeen main urban areas (i.e. population 30,000 or greater) and 53.8% living in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton.[236] New Zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures. For instance, in 2016 Auckland was ranked the world's third most liveable city and Wellington the twelfth by the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.[237]", "Wellington. Wellington is at the south-western tip of the North Island on Cook Strait, separating the North and South Islands. On a clear day the snowcapped Kaikoura Ranges are visible to the south across the strait. To the north stretch the golden beaches of the Kapiti Coast. On the east the Rimutaka Range divides Wellington from the broad plains of the Wairarapa, a wine region of national notability. With a latitude of 41° 17' South, Wellington is the southernmost capital city in the world.[5] It is also the most remote capital city, the farthest away from any other capital. It is more densely populated than most other cities in New Zealand due to the restricted amount of land that is available between its harbour and the surrounding hills. It has very few open areas in which to expand, and this has brought about the development of the suburban towns. Because of its location in the Roaring Forties and its exposure to the winds blowing through Cook Strait, Wellington is the world's windiest city, with an average wind speed of 27 km/h (17 mph),[20] and so is known by the nickname \"Windy Wellington\".[13]", "Wellington. The Wellington urban area comprises four local authorities: Wellington City, on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour, contains the central business district and about half the population; Porirua on Porirua Harbour to the north is notable for its large Māori and Pacific Island communities; Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt are largely suburban areas to the northeast, together known as the Hutt Valley.", "Wellington. As the nation's capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court and most of the civil service are based in the city. Despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealand's cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, numerous theatres, and two universities. Architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet. It has a lively urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants, and performance venues. One of the world's most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world.[6]", "Wellington. An increasing number of Wellingtonians profess no religious belief, with the most recent census in 2013 showing 44% in that category. The largest religious group was Christians at 39%. The latter figure represented a significant decline from seven years earlier at the previous census, when over 50% of the population identified as Christian.[47][48][49]", "Wellington. Age distributions for the four cities are given (see table below). The age structure closely matches the national distribution. The relative lack of older people in Wellington is less marked when Kapiti Coast District is included â€“ nearly 7% of Kapiti Coast residents are over 80.", "Wellington. Wellington's economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealand's film and special effects industries, and increasingly a hub for information technology and innovation.[7] Wellington is one of New Zealand's chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country. Wellington's transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island.", "Wellington. Wellington is New Zealand's political centre, housing Parliament, the head offices of all Government Ministries and Departments and the bulk of the foreign diplomatic missions. It is an important centre of the film and theatre industry, and second to Auckland in terms of numbers of screen industry businesses.[16] Te Papa Tongarewa (the Museum of New Zealand), the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the Royal New Zealand Ballet, Wellington Museum and the biennial New Zealand International Arts Festival are all sited there.", "Wellington. At the 2013 Census, just over 27% of Wellington's population was born overseas. The most common overseas birthplace is the United Kingdom, place of origin of 7.1% of the urban area's population. The next most-common countries of origin were Samoa (2.0%), India (1.8%), China (1.7%), Australia (1.6%), the Philippines (1.2%), South Africa (1.1%), Fiji (1.0%), the United States (0.8%) and Malaysia (0.6%).[50][51]", "Demographics of New Zealand. New Zealand's population density is relatively low, at 17.9 per square kilometre (46.4 per square mile) (June 2017 estimate).[13] The vast majority of the population live on the main North and South Islands, with New Zealand's major inhabited smaller islands being Waiheke Island (9,520), the Chatham and Pitt Islands (640), and Stewart Island (381).[13] Over three-quarters of the population live in the North Island (76.7 percent), with one-third of the total population living in the Auckland Region. This region is also the fastest growing, accounting for 46 percent of New Zealand's total population growth. Most Māori live in the North Island (86.0 percent), although less than a quarter (23.8 percent) live in Auckland.[21] New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 86.4 percent of the population living in an urban area. About 73.0 percent of the population live in the 17 main urban areas (population of 30,000 or more) and 53.8 percent live in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton.[13]", "Wellington. Situated near the geographic centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand. The settlement was named in honour of Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo.", "Wellington. Tourism is a major contributor to the city's economy, injecting approximately NZ$1.3 billion into the region annually and accounting for 9% of total FTE employment.[78] The city is consistently named as New Zealanders' favourite destination in the quarterly FlyBuys Colmar Brunton Mood of the Traveller survey[79] and it was ranked fourth in Lonely Planet Best in Travel 2011's Top 10 Cities to Visit in 2011.[80] New Zealanders make up the largest visitor market, with 3.6 million visits each year; New Zealand visitors spend on average NZ$2.4 million a day.[81] There are approximately 540,000 international visitors each year, who spend 3.7 million nights and NZ$436 million. The largest international visitor market is Australia, with over 210,000 visitors spending approximately NZ$334 million annually.[82]", "Auckland. The Auckland metropolitan area has a population of 1,534,700 people according to Statistics New Zealand's June 2017 estimate, which is 32.0 percent of New Zealand's population.[4]", "North Island. The North Island has a larger population than the South Island, with the country's largest city, Auckland, and the capital, Wellington, accounting for nearly half of it.", "Wellington. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley (1769â€“1852), the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo (1815): his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. It was named in November 1840 by the original settlers of the New Zealand Company on the suggestion of the directors of the same, in recognition of the Duke's strong support for the company's principles of colonisation and his \"strenuous and successful defence against its enemies of the measure for colonising South Australia\". One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers \"took up the views of the directors with great cordiality and the new name was at once adopted\".[8]", "Wellington. The urban area stretches across the areas administered by the city councils of Wellington, Lower Hutt, Upper Hutt and Porirua.", "Wellington. Wellington International Airport is 6 kilometres (3.7Â mi) south-east of the city centre. It is serviced by flights from across New Zealand, Australia, Singapore and Fiji. Flights to other international destinations require a transfer at another airport, as larger aircraft cannot use Wellington's short (2,081-metre or 6,827-foot) runway, which has become an issue in recent years in regards to the Wellington region's economic performance.[105][106]", "Wellington. Wellington's scenic natural harbour and green hillsides adorned with tiered suburbs of colonial villas are popular with tourists. The CBD is close to Lambton Harbour, an arm of Wellington Harbour, which lies along an active geological fault, clearly evident on its straight western shore. The land to the west of this rises abruptly, meaning that many suburbs sit high above the centre of the city. There is a network of bush walks and reserves maintained by the Wellington City Council and local volunteers. These include Otari-Wilton's Bush, dedicated to the protection and propagation of native plants. The Wellington region has 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi) of regional parks and forests. In the east is the Miramar Peninsula, connected to the rest of the city by a low-lying isthmus at Rongotai, the site of Wellington International Airport.", "Wellington. Wellington is a popular conference tourism destination due to its compact nature, cultural attractions, award-winning restaurants and access to government agencies. In the year ending March 2011, there were 6495 conference events involving nearly 800,000 delegate days; this injected approximately NZ$100Â million into the economy.[89]", "Zealandia. The total human population of Zealandia today is about 5 million people.", "Town. New Zealand's towns vary greatly in size and importance, ranging from small rural service centres to significant regional centres such as Blenheim and Taupo. Typically, once a town reaches a population of somewhere between 20,000 and 30,000 people, it will begin to be informally regarded as a city. One who regards a settlement as too small to be a town will typically call it a \"township\" or \"village.\"", "New Zealand Australians. New South Wales was home to the second largest Kiwi-born population with 114,231 people of which 81,064 were located in its largest city, Sydney.[16]", "Wellington. Wellington is marketed as the 'coolest little capital in the world' by Positively Wellington Tourism, an award-winning regional tourism organisation[83] set up as a council controlled organisation by Wellington City Council in 1997.[84] The organisation's council funding comes through the Downtown Levy commercial rate.[85] In the decade to 2010, the city saw growth of over 60% in commercial guest nights. It has been promoted through a variety of campaigns and taglines, starting with the iconic Absolutely Positively Wellington advertisements.[86] The long-term domestic marketing strategy was a finalist in the 2011 CAANZ Media Awards.[87]", "New Zealand. New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ ( listen) (Māori: Aotearoa [aɔˈtɛaɾɔa]) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island (or Te Ika-a-Māui), and the South Island (or Te Waipounamu)—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland." ]	[ 6.41796875, 7.21484375, 5.8125, -1.3134765625, -1.2919921875, -1.6259765625, 2.6015625, 2.890625, 4.0390625, -1.734375, -4.10546875, -2.5625, -2.404296875, -4.90234375, -4.54296875, -4.08984375, -0.1429443359375, 2.947265625, -6.1953125, -1.9951171875, -0.94580078125, -4.76171875, -5.9375, -6.76953125, -6.3828125, -3.177734375, -2.171875, -3.369140625, -3.9453125, -3.51171875, -5.98828125, -1.7490234375 ]
is us marshals and the fugitive the same movie	[ "U.S. Marshals (film). U.S. Marshals is a 1998 American action crime thriller film directed by Stuart Baird. The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Roy Huggins and John Pogue. The film is a spin-off to the 1993 motion picture The Fugitive, which in turn was based on the television series of the same name, created by Huggins. The story does not involve the character of Dr. Richard Kimble, portrayed by Harrison Ford in the initial film, but instead the plot centers on United States Deputy Marshal Sam Gerard, once again played by Tommy Lee Jones. The plot follows Gerard and his team as they pursue another fugitive, Mark Warren, played by Wesley Snipes, who attempts to escape government officials following an international conspiracy scandal. The cast features Robert Downey, Jr., Joe Pantoliano, Daniel Roebuck, Tom Wood, and LaTanya Richardson, several of whom portrayed Deputy Marshals in the previous film.", "U.S. Marshals (film). Dissatisfied with the film's quality, Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader said that it was \"Not so much a sequel to The Fugitive as a lazy spin-off that imitates only what was boring and artificially frenetic about that earlier thriller; the little that kept it interesting—Tommy Lee Jones's Oscar-winning inflections, better-than-average direction—is nowhere in evidence.\"[22] Stephen Hunter, writing for The Washington Post, reasoned, \"It turns out to be one of those lame double-agent things where everybody's working for everybody else, the security of Taiwan (Taiwan!) is at stake, and it never quite lurches into clarity or acquires any real emotional punch. I didn't think the end of The Fugitive was so great either: Who wants to watch doctors fistfight on a roof? But by the time it winds down, U.S. Marshals has all but destroyed itself.\"[21] Film critic Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide was not consumed with the nature of the subject matter, declaring, \"To every hit there is a season, and a time for every sequel under heaven — no matter what narrative contortions it takes.\" She later surmised, \"The minute Gerard mocks Royce's 'nickel-plated sissy pistol,' it's clear they're headed for a cathartic showdown, and anyone who can't see which member of Gerard's merry band might as well be wearing a 'Dead Meat Walking' T-shirt really shouldn't be allowed to operate complicated machinery.\"[23]", "U.S. Marshals (film). The film however, was not without its detractors. Writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert, giving the film two and a half stars out of four, observed, \"I didn't expect U.S. Marshals to be the equal of The Fugitive, and it isn't. But I hoped it would approach the taut tension of the 1993 film, and it doesn't. It has extra scenes, needless characters, an aimless plot and a solution that the hero seems to keep learning and then forgetting.\"[14] In a primarily negative review, Mick LaSalle, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, called the film \"a bad idea to begin with.\" He noted his confusion with the plot, remarking, \"the movie tells us from the beginning that the fugitive is not quite innocent. He killed two fellow agents in self-defense. All this does is muddy the moral waters, making us queasy about the one guy we like. At no point is there ever a compelling reason to keep watching.\"[19] Describing a mild negative opinion, James Berardinelli of ReelViews professed Marshal Gerard as exhibiting \"only a token resemblance to the character who doggedly pursued Kimball in The Fugitive. As re-invented here, Gerard is a generic action hero; most of the quirks that made him interesting (and that earned Jones an Oscar) are absent. With a few minor re-writes, John McClane from the Die Hard movies could have been plugged into this role.\"[20]", "The Fugitive (1993 film). Jones returned as Gerard in a 1998 spin-off, U.S. Marshals. It also incorporates Gerard's team hunting an escaped fugitive, but does not involve Harrison Ford as Kimble or the events of the initial 1993 feature.[53]", "U.S. Marshals (film). In Chicago, months later, police arrest tow truck driver Mark Warren for possession of an illegal handgun and discover he is federal fugitive Mark Roberts, wanted for double homicide. Roberts boards a prisoner transport aircraft back to New York, sharing the flight with Deputy U.S. Marshal Samuel Gerard, who is escorting another prisoner. A Chinese prisoner armed with a zip gun tries to kill Roberts mid-flight but in the struggle, the bullet pierces a window, depressurizing the cabin and sending the prisoner to his death. The plane makes an emergency crash landing in Southern Illinois, where Roberts flees and Gerard issues a manhunt for the escapee. DSS Director Bertram Lamb reveals that Roberts' fingerprints ID him as the killer of his DSS agents and assigns DSS Special Agent John Royce to join Gerard's team to hunt Roberts. Gerard inspects Royce's firearm and dismissively insists Royce replace it with a Glock.", "U.S. Marshals (film). The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios of Warner Bros. and Kopelson Entertainment. Theatrically, it was commercially distributed by Warner Bros. and by the Warner Home Video division for home media markets. On March 10, 1998, the original motion picture soundtrack was released by the Varèse Sarabande music label. The soundtrack was composed and orchestrated by musician Jerry Goldsmith.", "The Fugitive (TV series). However, the film remained true to its source material--in particular, the notion that Kimble's kindness led him to help others even when it posed a danger to his liberty or physical safety. The film also showed Gerard pursuing his own investigation into the murder as part of his pursuit of Kimble and coming up with his own doubts as to the case. To coincide with the theatrical release, NBC aired the show's first and last episodes in the summer of 1993, and later hosted the film's broadcast television premiere in 1996. Jones received the 1993 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. The film was nominated for six other Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It also spawned a spin-off, U.S. Marshals, in which Jones reprised his role as Gerard. The motion picture was later developed into a parody film as well called Wrongfully Accused, with actor Leslie Nielsen portraying the lead character.", "The Fugitive (1993 film). The Fugitive premiered in the United States on August 6, 1993, and was a major critical and commercial success. It was the third-highest-grossing film of 1993 domestically, with an estimated 44 million tickets sold in the US. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture; Jones won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor. It was followed by a 1998 spin-off, U.S. Marshals, in which Jones reprised his role as Gerard.", "U.S. Marshals (film). A novelization of the film, U.S. Marshals: A Novel, written by Max Allan Collins, was released on March 1, 1998.[5]", "The Fugitive (TV series). A feature film of the same name, based on the series, was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on August 6, 1993, starring Harrison Ford as Kimble, Tommy Lee Jones as Gerard (now named 'Samuel' instead of 'Philip'), and Andreas Katsulas as the one-armed man (now called Fredrick Sykes instead of Fred Johnson). The movie's success came as Hollywood was embarking on a trend of remaking old television series into features. In the film, Kimble is portrayed as a prominent Chicago vascular surgeon instead of a small town Indiana pediatrician, while Gerard is portrayed as a U.S. Marshal rather than a police lieutenant. Kimble's wife is killed in an attempt on his own life (rather than during a robbery attempt, as in the TV series) as the result of a conspiracy involving a pharmaceutical company called Devlin MacGregor, by which the one-armed man is employed.", "The Fugitive (1993 film). The Fugitive is a 1993 American action-thriller film based on the 1960s television series of the same name created by Roy Huggins. It was directed by Andrew Davis and stars Harrison Ford and Tommy Lee Jones. After being wrongfully convicted for the murder of his wife, Dr. Richard Kimble (Ford) escapes from custody and sets out to prove his innocence while pursued by a team of U.S. Marshals led by Deputy Samuel Gerard (Jones).", "U.S. Marshals (film). U.S. Marshals premiered in theaters in the United States on March 6, 1998, grossing $57 million in its domestic run. The film took in an additional $45 million through international release for a worldwide total of $102 million. The film was generally met with mixed critical reviews. The film was released on home video on July 21, 1998.", "U.S. Marshals (film). Barbara Shulgasser, writing in The San Francisco Examiner, commented in positive sentiment about the acting, saying, \"The film's pacing is unimpeachable and good performances are delivered by Jones, Snipes, Irene Jacob as Sheridan's loyal girlfriend and, for brief moments, Kate Nelligan as Gerard's tough but lovable boss.\"[15] Left impressed, Desson Howe in The Washington Post noted how \"Every story beat is expertly planned and executed.\" Howe also praised director Baird, exclaiming how he \"runs the show with a smart eye and a metronome ticking somewhere in his mind.\"[16] In a mixed to negative review, Russell Smith of The Austin Chronicle bluntly deduced that, \"Unlike Kimble, whose innocence and decency are known from the beginning in The Fugitive, Sheridan is a total cipher to both Gerard and the audience until deep into this two-hours-plus film. Ergo, we can't be expected to give a rat's ass what happens to him â€” and don't.\"[17] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly opined that U.S. Marshals was \"Lean, tense, and satisfyingly tricky.\"[18]", "U.S. Marshals (film). The original motion picture soundtrack for U.S. Marshals was released by the Varèse Sarabande music label on March 10, 1998.[3] The score for the film was orchestrated by Jerry Goldsmith and mixed by Bruce Botnick. Kenneth Hall edited the film's music.[4]", "U.S. Marshals (film). Among mainstream critics in the U.S., the film received mixed reviews.[11] Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 27% based on reviews from 33 critics, with an average score of 5 out of 10.[12] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, U.S. Marshals was given a score of 47 based on 20 reviews.[11] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A-\" on an A+ to F scale.[13]", "The Fugitive (1993 film). The film however was not without its detractors. A columnist writing under the pseudonym GA for Time Out viewed the film as \"A glossy, formula chase movie with the requisite number of extravagant action sequences\". The critic added, \"Ford is up to par for the strenuous stuff, but falls short on the grief, anxiety and compassion, allowing Tommy Lee Jones to walk away with the show as the wisecracking marshal on Kimble's trail.\"[23] In a formulaic fashion, columnist Ethan Ham writing for the Bright Lights Film Journal speculated that supporting actor Tommy Lee Jones' character was \"much more disturbing than the inept police.\" Later explaining, \"In Kimble's first encounter with Gerard, Kimble says, 'I didn't kill her!' Gerard responds, 'I don't care.'\"[24] In the Chicago Sun-Times, noted film critic Roger Ebert voiced his enthusiasm with the picture observing, \"The device of the film is to keep Kimble only a few steps ahead of his pursuers. It is a dangerous strategy, and could lead to laughable close calls and near-misses, but Davis tells the story of the pursuit so clearly on the tactical level that we can always understand why Kimble is only so far ahead, and no further. As always, Davis uses locations not simply as the place where action occurs, but as part of the reason for the action.\"[18] Rating the film with three stars, James Berardinelli of ReelViews professed, \"Following the opening scenes, we're treated to over a half-hour of nonstop action as Gerard and his men track down Kimble. Directed and photographed with a flair, this part of the movie keeps viewers on the edges of their seats. Most importantly, when on the run, Kimble acts like an intelligent human being. Equally as refreshing, the lawmen are his match, not a bunch of uniformed dunces being run around in circles.\"[25]", "U.S. Marshals (film). After fleeing to New York City and securing money, weapons and fake identification, Roberts surveilles Chinese diplomat Xiang Chen, the other man from the parking garage. In Chicago, Gerard and the Marshals pursue several leads, including Roberts' girlfriend Marie Bineaux. Roberts secretly contacts Bineaux to explain that he secretly worked for the government and was ambushed during a routine exchange, killing the men before realizing they were DSS agents. The Marshals track the airplane mechanic who was bribed to hide the zip gun and discover too late that he has been murdered by Chen.", "U.S. Marshals (film). In New York, security cameras in a United Nations parking garage record two Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) agents attempting to intercept a briefcase exchange between two men. One man kills the agents; the other escapes with top secret information.", "U.S. Marshals (film). In supplemental fashion, a VHS format version of the film was released on February 2, 1999.[8] A restored widescreen hi-definition Blu-ray Disc version of the film was released on June 5, 2012. Special features include; two documentaries - Anatomy of the plane crash and Justice under the star; commentary by director Stuart Baird; and the theatrical trailer.[9] An additional viewing option for the film in the media format of Video on demand has been made available as well.[10]", "United States Marshals Service. The Marshals Service is the primary agency for fugitive operations, the protection of officers of the Federal Judiciary, the management of criminal assets, the operation of the United States Federal Witness Protection Program and the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System, and execution of federal arrest warrants. Throughout its history, the Marshals have also provided unique security and enforcement services including protecting African-American students enrolling in the South during the civil rights movement, escort security for United States Air Force LGM-30 Minuteman missile convoys, law enforcement for the United States Antarctic Program, and protection of the Strategic National Stockpile.[5]", "U.S. Marshals (film). Eventually, Gerard and his team catch up with Sheridan in Queens Hill Cemetery where he ambushes DSS Agent Frank Barrows, who conspired with the mole to frame Sheridan by duping him into making the exchange. As Sheridan holds Barrows hostage to try and clear his name, Chen inadvertently kills Barrows while trying to shoot Sheridan. Marshals Savannah Cooper and Bob Biggs apprehend Chen, while Sheridan flees to a retirement home followed by Gerard, Royce and Marshal Noah Newman. During a struggle, Royce disarms Sheridan and holds him at gunpoint. Before Royce can kill Sheridan, Newman walks into the room and Royce shoots Newman, giving Sheridan the opportunity to escape off the roof and onto a moving train. Royce lies to Gerard, claiming that Sheridan shot Newman, who later dies of his injuries before he can reveal the truth.", "U.S. Marshals (film). Gerard, out for revenge, abandons his team and takes Royce along while following up on a new lead. They track Sheridan to a loading dock, where he is stowing away on a freighter bound for Canada. Gerard confronts, fights and nearly kills Sheridan but lets his guard down, enabling Sheridan to get the upper hand. Royce unloads his Glock at Sheridan, hitting him in the shoulder, and the two men take him into custody.", "U.S. Marshals (film). Following its cinematic release, the Region 1 Code widescreen edition of the film was released on DVD in the U.S. on July 21, 1998. Special features for the DVD include; interactive behind-the-scenes documentary - Anatomy of the Plane Crash; historical documentary - Justice Under the Star; feature-length commentary by director Stuart Baird; interactive menus; production notes; two theatrical trailers; three TV spots; and scene access.[6] Additionally, a Special Edition repackaged DVD was also released on November 3, 2009. Special features include; a closed caption option; interactive behind-the-scenes documentary - Anatomy of the Plane Crash; historical documentary - Justice Under the Star; feature length commentary by director Stuart Baird; two theatrical trailers; and three TV spots.[7]", "The Fugitive (1993 film). Desson Howe, writing in The Washington Post, called the film \"A juggernaut of exaggeration, momentum and thrills — without a single lapse of subtlety — \"Fugitive\" is pure energy, a perfect orchestration of heroism, villainy, suspense and comic relief. Ford makes the perfect rider for a project like this, with his hangdog-handsome everyman presence. He's one of us — but one of us at his personal best. It's great fun to ride along with him.\"[19] Left impressed, Rita Kempley also writing in The Washington Post, surmised how the filmed contained \"Beautifully matched adversaries\" figuring, \"One represents the law, the other justice — and it's the increasingly intimate relationship between them that provides the tension. Otherwise, 'The Fugitive' would be little more than one long chase scene, albeit a scorchingly paced and innovative one.\"[20] In a mixed to positive review, Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle wrote that \"Director Davis valiantly tries to keep the breakneck, harried pace of an actual flight going throughout, and only occasionally drops the ball (the film's convoluted conspiracy ending is the first example to beat me about the face and neck just now — others will crop up after deadline, I'm sure).\" Of the lead actor's performance he said, \"Ford may be the closest thing we have these days to a Gary Cooper, but really, where's David Janssen when we really need him?\"[21] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said that the film was about \"two chases, two suspense plots running on parallel — and finally convergent — tracks. Kimble and Gerard spend the entire film on opposite sides of the law. Before long, though, we realize we're rooting for both of them; they're both protagonists, united in brains, dedication, superior gamesmanship. The film's breathless momentum springs from their jaunty competitive urgency.\"[22]", "U.S. Marshals (film). Sheridan is publicly exonerated at a government hearing and makes peace with Gerard, who then gives his team a backhanded apology before they depart to honor Newman's memory.", "U.S. Marshals (film). U.S. Marshals premiered in cinemas on March 6, 1998 in wide release throughout the United States.[1] During that weekend, the film opened in 2nd place, grossing $16,863,988 at 2,817 locations.[1] The film Titanic was in 1st place during that weekend, with $17,605,849 in revenue.[24] The film's revenue dropped by 32% in its second week of release, earning $11,355,259. For that particular weekend, the film fell to 3rd place with the same theater count. The continuing success of Titanic remained unchallenged in 1st place with $17,578,815 in box office business.[25] During its final week in release, U.S. Marshals was in 60th place, grossing a marginal $16,828 in revenue.[26][27] U.S. Marshals went on to top out domestically at $57,167,405 in total ticket sales through its theatrical run.[1] For 1998 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 36.[28]", "U.S. Marshals (film). Filming locations for the film included, Metropolis, Illinois; Bay City, Illinois; Shawneetown, Illinois; Chicago, Illinois; New York, New York; Benton, Kentucky; and at Reelfoot Lake, in Lake County, Tennessee.[2]", "U.S. Marshals (film). Gerard acquires the surveillance footage of the murders and discover Roberts killed the agents in self-defense and was wearing gloves; thus he could not have been identified by fingerprints at the scene as Lamb claimed. Confronted with the evidence, Lamb admits that Mark Roberts is in fact Mark Sheridan, a former Force Recon Marine, who was working as an unofficial operative for the government. The DSS is investigating a mole within the U.S. State Department selling covert secrets to China, believed to be Sheridan. The agents were tailing Chen, a Chinese intelligence agent who was the contact between China and the mole, but when they tried to intercept the exchange, Sheridan killed them and fled.", "The Fugitive (1993 film). Dr. Richard Kimble, a prominent Chicago vascular surgeon, arrives home to find his wife Helen fatally wounded by a one-armed man. Kimble struggles with the killer but he escapes. The lack of evidence of a break-in, Helen's lucrative life insurance policy, and a misunderstood 9-1-1 call result in Kimble's conviction of first-degree murder. Being transported to death row by bus, his fellow prisoners attempt an escape. The pandemonium sends the bus down a ravine and into the path of an oncoming train. Kimble escapes the collision and flees. Deputy U.S. Marshal Samuel Gerard and his colleagues Renfro, Biggs, Newman and Poole arrive at the crash site and begin the search for Kimble. Kimble sneaks into a hospital to treat his wounds and alter his appearance. He eludes the authorities, but Gerard corners him at the edge of a storm drain over a dam. Kimble leaps into the raging water and escapes.", "U.S. Marshals (film). At the hospital, Gerard recognizes the gun that killed Newman as Royce's old firearm. He leaves Royce alone but comes back in time to catch him trying to kill Sheridan. Royce admits to being the mole, and to killing Newman, then tries to kill Gerard but Gerard shoots and kills him first.", "I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang. Audiences in the United States who saw the film began to question the legitimacy of the United States legal system,[7] and in January 1933, the film's protagonist, Robert Elliot Burns, who was still imprisoned in New Jersey, and a number of other chain gang prisoners nationwide in the United States, were able to appeal and were released.[8] In January 1933, Georgia chain gang warden J. Harold Hardy, who was also made into a character in the film, sued the studio for displaying \"vicious, brutal and false attacks\" against him in the film.[9]", "The Fugitive (1993 film). American Film Institute Lists" ]	[ 7.94921875, 2.380859375, 3.947265625, 3.8125, 1.7841796875, -0.09503173828125, 2.70703125, 3.49609375, -0.2357177734375, 4.9140625, 4.734375, -0.88916015625, 1.830078125, -1.6298828125, -2.158203125, -1.2236328125, -0.1368408203125, -0.92431640625, -2.04296875, -2.478515625, -0.6865234375, -0.9541015625, -2.365234375, -1.41796875, -0.66357421875, -0.98583984375, -2.681640625, -0.77294921875, 1.744140625, -1.62109375, -4.0234375, -3.888671875 ]
who won the women's ncaa basketball championship in 2017	[ "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The 2017 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday, March 17 to Sunday, April 2, 2017, with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas on March 31 and April 2. This was the first time that the women's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday, rather than Sunday and Tuesday.[1] South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The game was won on a made basket by Arike Ogunbowale with 0.1 seconds left on the clockâ€”she made a similar shot with 1.0 seconds in the semifinal to defeat Connecticut, earning Notre Dame a berth in the championship.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The following teams automatically qualified for the 2017 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference's tournament.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. A total of 64 teams entered the 2017 tournament. 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament. The remaining 32 teams were granted \"at-large\" bids, which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. National Semifinals and Championship (Final Four and Championship)", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Selections for the 2017 NCAA Division I Womenâ€™s Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time, Monday, March 13 via ESPN.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The game was played on April 1, 2018, at the Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish defeated the Mississippi State Bulldogs to win their second national championship.", "Connecticut Huskies women's basketball. The 2017-2018 season was very similar to the previous one. Connecticut returned every key player and added Duke's transfer Azura Stevens[63] and nation top ranked recruit Megan Walker; the team easily reached the Final Four with a 36-0 record that included solid wins over Stanford, Notre Dame, Louisville and South Carolina. The stage appeared set for a rematch with Mississippi State in the championship game, but historic rival Notre Dame beat UConn in the semifinal with another overtime last second shot by Arike Ogunbowale.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA Women's Basketball Tournament at 36 consecutive appearances. Connecticut also continued its record streak of 10 consecutive Final Four appearances.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Regional Finals Monday", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Regional Finals Sunday", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Regional Semifinals and Finals (Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight)", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. First and Second Rounds", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 64.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish were led by 31st-year head coach Muffet McGraw. The Fighting Irish opened their season by winning eleven of their first twelve games, including three wins in the Gulf Coast Showcase and a win in the ACC–Big Ten Women's Challenge, with three of those four being ranked opponents, most notably defending champions No. 3 South Carolina. The Irish suffered their first loss in their eighth game of the season, a matchup with No. 1 Connecticut in the Jimmy V Classic. Notre Dame entered ACC play 11–1, ranked No. 2 in the nation. The Irish performed exceptionally in conference, finishing the regular season 27–2, with fifteen wins from sixteen ACC games, including three wins against ranked conference opponents (No. 8 Florida State, No. 19 Duke, and No. 21 NC State) and one win against a ranked non-conference opponent (No. 8 Tennessee). The Irish's only other loss of the season came against No. 3 Louisville in their fifth conference game; Notre Dame finished the season having won their last twelve games and were seeded second in the ACC tournament, where they defeated (7) Virginia and (3) Florida State en route to the title game, where they once again fell to Louisville. The Irish were seeded first as an at-large bid in the NCAA Tournament's Spokane Regional. On their run to the title game, Notre Dame defeated (16) Cal State Northridge, (9) Villanova, (4) Texas A&M, and (2) Oregon to get to the Final Four, where they faced and defeated (1) Connecticut in overtime via a made basket by Arike Ogunbowale with 1.0 seconds left.", "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. Gonzaga led North Carolina at the half, 35–32.[1] North Carolina outscored Gonzaga in the second half, 39–30, to win the championship. Gonzaga was up two points with 1:52 remaining, but North Carolina came back and clinched the victory in the closing minutes.[1]", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The following teams automatically qualified for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference's tournament.", "Basketball winning streaks. The streak ended at 111 wins on March 31, 2017, following a last-second, 64-66 OT loss to Mississippi State in the semifinals of the 2017 NCAA Women's Tournament.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The Irish reached this point despite a severely depleted roster with only seven scholarship players by the start of the NCAA tournament—four players missed part or all of the season to torn ACLs. Brianna Turner, an All-American forward in 2016–17, suffered the injury in the 2017 NCAA tournament and missed the entire season. Two other players, senior guard Mychael Johnson and freshman center Mikayla Vaughn, were lost during preseason practice, and starting senior point guard Lili Thompson was lost on January 31. Before the title game, McGraw told media, \"I didn't think we'd have more ACL tears than losses. I think it's just an amazing accomplishment for this team and the resilience they've shown all year.\"[1][2]", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The Mississippi State Bulldogs were led by sixth-year head coach Vic Schaefer. The Bulldogs opened their season by winning all 15 of their non-conference games, including three wins in the Cancún Challenge and two wins as a part of the Duel in the Desert (played in Paradise, Nevada), adding a win against the No. 9 Oregon Ducks. The Bulldogs entered SEC play ranked No. 5 in the nation, and never dropped below that ranking, as they finished the regular season 30–0, 16–0 in SEC play, including four wins over ranked conference opponents: No. 6 Tennessee, No. 15 Missouri, defending national champions No. 7 South Carolina, and No. 17 Texas A&M. The Bulldogs were seeded first in the SEC tournament, where they defeated (9) Kentucky and (5) Texas A&M en route to the championship game, where they fell to (2) South Carolina, 51–62 for their first loss of the season. The Bulldogs received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament, where they were seeded first in the Kansas City regional. In the tournament, Mississippi State defeated (16) Nicholls State, (9) Oklahoma State, (4) NC State, and (3) UCLA en route to the Final Four, where they beat (1) Louisville in overtime, putting their record at 37–1.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. A total of 64 teams entered the 2018 tournament. 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament. The remaining 32 teams were granted \"at-large\" bids, which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee.", "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. Next, North Carolina defeated Oregon 77–76 in the Final Four to advance to the championship game.[3] Meeks led the Tar Heels with a double-double – a career-high 25 points and 14 rebounds – including an important offensive rebound of a Berry missed free throw with 4.0 seconds left to clinch the victory.[3]", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Of the other teams to play in their home states, Stanford (1992) won the national title; Notre Dame (2011) lost in the championship game; and Western Kentucky (1986), Penn State (2000), Missouri State (2001), LSU (2004), and Baylor (2010) lost in the semifinals.", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Of the 18 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten, 9 went on to win the National Championship.[6]", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Saturday/Monday", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. ESPN had US television rights to all games during the tournament.[58] For the first and second round, ESPN aired select games nationally on ESPN2, ESPNU, or ESPNews. All other games aired regionally on ESPN, ESPN2, or ESPN3 and were streamed online via WatchESPN. Most of the nation got whip-a-round coverage during this time, which allowed ESPN to rotate between the games and focus the nation on the game that had the closest score. The Lexington and Oklahoma City regional semifinals aired concurrently on ESPN and ESPN2, while ESPN televised the Bridgeport and Stockton regional semifinals and all four regional finals. The National Semifinals aired on ESPN2, and the National Championship on ESPN.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The first two rounds, also referred to as the subregionals, were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds, as was done in 2016. The following are the sites that hosted each round of the 2017 tournament.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. First & Second Rounds Saturday/Monday", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The Championship Game was televised in the United States by ESPN. Adam Amin gave the play-by-play, with Kara Lawson and Rebecca Lobo as the color analysts, and Holly Rowe as the sideline reporter. Maria Taylor, Lobo, Nell Fortner and Andy Landers provided studio coverage.[3]", "2016 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The following teams automatically qualified for the 2016 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference's tournament (except for the Ivy League, whose regular-season champion received the automatic bid).", "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. In the first round of the 2017 NCAA Tournament, Justin Jackson broke out of a shooting slump and led North Carolina with 21 points to a 103–64 win over Texas Southern.[16] In the second round against Arkansas, after blowing a 17-point first half lead and trailing 65–60 with under three minutes remaining, Kennedy Meeks led a North Carolina comeback with 16 points and a huge tip-in with 44.2 seconds remaining to put UNC ahead 68–65 as they survived to win 72–65, and advance to the Sweet 16.[17]", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament. The 2017 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament (semifinals and final also known as the 2017 Women's College Cup) was the 36th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA Division I women's collegiate soccer. The semifinals and championship game were played at Orlando City Stadium in Orlando, Florida on December 1 and 3, 2017, while the preceding rounds were played at various sites across the country during November 2017.[1] The Stanford Cardinal were tournament champions, winning the final 3â€“2 over the UCLA Bruins." ]	[ 10.3359375, 1.7333984375, 0.1920166015625, 1.791015625, 1.3916015625, -0.80712890625, 1.7529296875, -0.767578125, 4.16796875, -1.326171875, -1.2392578125, -1.0234375, -1.6142578125, -0.77685546875, 2.447265625, 0.86181640625, -2.9296875, 0.42138671875, 1.8681640625, 2.513671875, -1.8935546875, -0.87255859375, 0.3359375, 0.90966796875, -1.4716796875, 2.75390625, -1.2958984375, -2.306640625, -0.98974609375, -4.1171875, -0.8798828125, 1.029296875 ]
who plays charity shield if chelsea win fa cup	[ "2017 FA Community Shield. Chelsea qualified for the 2017 FA Community Shield as winners of the 2016–17 Premier League. The turning point in their season came in September 2016, following successive defeats, first at home to Liverpool and then away at Arsenal.[10] Manager Antonio Conte adopted a 3–4–3 formation which saw Chelsea embark on a 13-match winning run.[10] The club won the Premier League with two matches to spare,[11] and later set a new divisional record for the most wins (30).[12] Chelsea later faced Arsenal in the 2017 FA Cup Final, on course to complete a domestic double for the second time in the club's history. A disciplined display by Arsenal, however, saw Arsène Wenger's side triumph and secure a Community Shield spot.[13] Like Conte, Wenger had adopted a similar tactical change during the season, playing three defenders at the back. Arsenal's noteworthy performance in the cup final was attributed to the formation switch.[14]", "2018 FA Cup Final. As winners, Chelsea qualified for the group stage of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, although they had qualified for that phase already via their league position.[4][5] Chelsea also earned the right to play 2017–18 Premier League champions Manchester City for the 2018 FA Community Shield.", "2017 FA Community Shield. The 2017 Football Association Community Shield was the 95th FA Community Shield, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's Premier League and FA Cup competitions. It was held at Wembley Stadium on 6 August 2017. The match was played between Chelsea, champions of the 2016–17 Premier League and Arsenal, who beat their opponents to win the 2017 FA Cup Final. Watched by a crowd of 83,325, Arsenal won the Shield 4–1 on penalties, after the match finished 1–1 after 90 minutes. The shoot-out was notable as the ABBA system was trialled for the first time in English football; the format sees teams take back-to-back penalties rather than alternating.", "FA Community Shield. The Football Association Community Shield (formerly the Charity Shield) is English football's annual match contested between the champions of the previous Premier League season and the holders of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium. If the Premier League champions also won the FA Cup then the league runners-up provide the opposition. The fixture is a recognised competitive football super cup.", "Grenfell Tower fire. The Football Association announced that proceeds from the 2017 FA Community Shield match, between London rivals Arsenal and Chelsea, will be donated to support the victims.[296]", "List of FA Community Shield matches. The FA Community Shield (formerly the Charity Shield) is an annual association football match organised by the Football Association and presently contested between the champions of the Premier League and the winners of the FA Cup. In the event where a club achieves the domestic double, it will go on to face the league runners-up instead.[1] The match is played every August as the \"traditional curtain-raiser\" to the new English domestic football season.[2][3] Since 1974, all but seven of the matches have been held at either the original or new Wembley stadiums.[A] Stamford Bridge, which was where the inaugural Charity Shield was played in 1908, has hosted the second-most finals with 11.[6][7]", "FA Cup. The FA Cup winners also qualify for the following season's single-match FA Community Shield, the traditional season opener played against the previous season's Premier League champions (or the Premier League runners-up if the FA Cup winners also won the league â€“ the double).", "2018 FA Cup Final. Tributes for former Chelsea and Manchester United midfielder Ray Wilkins, who died on 4 April, were held before the match on the hoardings and the screens in the stadium, as well as a feature in the match programme.[19] Wilkins won the FA Cup with both sides, scoring for United in the initial 1983 FA Cup Final tie, and winning it three times as assistant manager of Chelsea â€“ in 2000, 2009 and 2010.[20] The traditional performance of the hymn, \"Abide with Me\" was performed by the choir of the Royal Air Force and 14 individual fans of 14 different clubs with a flypast by 3 RAF Typhoons.[21] The national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" was performed by soprano Emily Haig who also performed it at the 2018 FA Women's Cup Final.[22]", "2017 FA Community Shield. Arsenal v Chelsea", "FA Community Shield. The current holders are Arsenal who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 match.", "2017 FA Community Shield. The teamsheets showed both clubs lined-up with a three-man defence.[25] Michy Batshuayi led the Chelsea attack, either side of Pedro and Willian.[25] Midfielder Cesc Fàbregas started against his former side, partnering N'Golo Kanté in midfield, while Moses and Marcos Alonso were deployed as wingbacks.[25] Defender Gary Cahill played his first competitive game as club captain; he officially took over responsibilities from John Terry in July.[26] Forward Alexandre Lacazette made his competitive debut for Arsenal, alongside Danny Welbeck and Alex Iwobi.[25] Defender Per Mertesacker,[14] whose performance against Chelsea in the Cup final earned plaudits, was named in the starting eleven.[25] Chelsea's new signings Antonio Rüdiger and Álvaro Morata began the game as substitutes, while Arsenal included Sead Kolašinac and Reiss Nelson in their matchday squad.[25]", "FA Community Shield. Organised by the Football Association, proceeds from the game are distributed to community-based initiatives and charities around the country. Revenue from the gate receipts and match programme sales is distributed to the 124 clubs who competed in The FA Cup from the First Round onwards, for onward distribution to charities and projects of their choice, while the remainder is distributed to the FA's national charity partners.[1] The fixture was first played in the 1908–09 season, replacing the Sheriff of London Charity Shield.", "2017 FA Community Shield. Bobby Madley was selected as the referee for the Shield match; he had been the fourth official of the Cup final between the two sides.[1] Both clubs received an allocation of approximately 28,300 tickets. Arsenal were housed in the east end of Wembley Stadium, while Chelsea fans occupied the west.[22] Ticket prices were advertised at a cost of between £20 and £45 – juniors and seniors received concessions of up to £10.[23] Proceeds from the match went to those affected by the Grenfell Tower fire; families of the victims, survivors, and emergency services personnel were invited to the event as guests.[24]", "2017 FA Community Shield. Conte used his press conference to reiterate the need for Chelsea to strengthen their squad ahead of the new season: \"We have a small squad, I think only one player is not enough to improve our team. We need more players that are not top level like Neymar, but we need to improve our squad.\"[18] He spoke of the importance of winning the fixture as it presented the first trophy of the season and hoped the spectators would see a \"good game\" against Arsenal.[18] Conte confirmed Eden Hazard and Tiémoué Bakayoko were ruled out of the match with injuries and confirmed Victor Moses would play; the right-wing-back was sent off in the cup final and his one-match suspension carried over to the new season.[18] Following a review by the FA in August, Moses was made available for the Community Shield fixture,[18] but served a ban against Burnley on the opening weekend of the Premier League season.[19]", "FA Community Shield. The trophy was sold at auction with the proceeds going to the Bobby Moore Fund for Cancer Research UK raising Â£40,000. The auction was held at The Royal Garden Hotel in Kensington, where the England team celebrated the 1966 victory. The Bobby Moore Fund became the FA's charity partner in July 2016. [10]", "Diego Costa. Due to injury, Costa missed the 2015 FA Community Shield, which Chelsea lost 1–0 to rivals Arsenal.[106] On 23 August, he scored his first goal of the campaign in a 2–3 win at West Bromwich Albion, which was Chelsea's first victory of the campaign, set up by international teammate Pedro.[107] He scored his first Champions League goal for the team on 16 September, a volley from a Cesc Fàbregas ball in a 4–0 win over Maccabi Tel Aviv.[108]", "FA Community Shield. The Community Shield evolved from the Sheriff of London Charity Shield that had been introduced in 1898[2] as a professionals versus amateurs cup (the gentlemen and players tradition).[3] The Football Association Charity Shield, as it was known at the time, was designed to replace the Sheriff of London Charity Shield after the leading amateur clubs fell out with the FA.[4] The new format was to have the Football League First Division champions play the Southern League champions, and the first match was in 1908 between Manchester United (the First Division champions) and Queens Park Rangers (the Southern League champions). The match was drawn 1–1, so the game was replayed when Manchester United won 4–0. This is the only Charity Shield game to go to a replay. Both games were played at Stamford Bridge.[2]", "2017 FA Community Shield. After a subdued first half, Chelsea took the lead in the 46th minute when Victor Moses scored. A late challenge by Pedro on Mohamed Elneny resulted in the Chelsea attacker being shown a red card; from the free-kick Arsenal were awarded, substitute Sead Kolašinac scored on his debut. As there were no further goals, the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out. Thibaut Courtois and Morata missed their penalties, leaving Giroud to score the winning one.", "2017 FA Community Shield. Chelsea were making their twelfth appearance in the Community Shield; prior to this they had won four (1970, 2000, 2005, 2009) and lost six, most recently in 2015 against their present-day opponents.[17] By contrast, Arsenal made their 22nd Community Shield appearance, and won 13, including one shared in 1991. Both clubs were meeting for the third time in the Shield; their first encounter 12 years ago ended 2â€“1 in Chelsea's favour.[17]", "Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry. The two teams have met in the 2017 FA Cup Final, where Arsenal won their record 13th FA Cup trophy by defeating Chelsea 2–1.[19] Arsenal repeated the feat in the 2017 FA Community Shield, winning 4–1 on penalties after the match ended 1–1. It was also the first time the \"ABBA\" penalty taking system has been used in FA football.[20]", "2017 FA Community Shield. Wenger told reporters that he saw the Community Shield as \"...a good opportunity to repeat the performance from the [FA Cup] final and give competition to players who need it.\"[20] When assessing his opponents Chelsea, he noted they had kept the spine of their team, and felt Bakayoko was a solid addition.[20] The future of Alexis Sánchez was a major talking point throughout the summer; Wenger adamantly told the press: \"My decision is clear, he will stay. He will accept that.\"[20] Midfielder Francis Coquelin was ruled out by injury, while Sanchez, Laurent Koscielny, Aaron Ramsey and Mesut Özil were sidelined.[20][21]", "2018–19 FA Cup. Premier League side Chelsea are the defending champions.", "Burnley F.C.. FA Charity Shield", "2017 FA Community Shield. In the opening minute of the second half, Chelsea went a goal ahead. A poor clearance by Xhaka from a corner allowed Cahill to head the ball back in the Arsenal box.[30] Moses, rushing in, used his chest to control the ball, before shooting past Čech.[27] Arsenal found it difficult to create clear-cut chances, as Chelsea controlled possession. Mohamed Elneny’s effort just before the hour mark was well-handled by Courtois, while Welbeck minutes later had his opportunity snuffed out by Luiz.[27] Wenger brought on Giroud and Walcott for Lacazette and Iwobi in the last 30 minutes.[28] Conte also made an attacking substitution, replacing Batshuayi for Morata.[28] The turning point of the match came in the 80th minute; a late challenge by Pedro on resulted in the Chelsea attacker being shown a red card. Arsenal were awarded a free-kick and from that they scored the equaliser.[30] Xhaka’s delivery met Kolašinac, whose header went across Courtois and into the net.[30]", "Huddersfield Town A.F.C.. FA Charity Shield", "Howard Webb. Webb officiated the 2005 Community Shield at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium, the annual match between the Premier League winners and the FA Cup winners of the previous season. League winners Chelsea went 2–0 up through two Didier Drogba goals, but Cesc Fàbregas netted a goal for FA Cup winners Arsenal 25 minutes before the end. It was a tense finale, but Chelsea held on to secure a 2–1 victory. Webb issued three yellow cards (to Frank Lampard, Claude Makélélé and Fàbregas) in a game that saw 11 substitutions.[15]", "FA Community Shield. With the formation of a new top league, the FA Premier League, the Shield became a showcase match between the Premier League and FA Cup winners from the 1993 competition onwards.", "FA Community Shield. In 2016, the FA's official silversmith Thomas Lyte restored and rebuilt the Football Association's original 1908 Charity Shield to mark 50 years since England beat West Germany in the 1966 FIFA World Cup.[9]", "Sergio Agüero. In City's first game of the season, AgÃ¼ero scored both goals in the 2-0 2018 FA Community Shield victory over Chelsea, the first goal being his 200th for the club.[184]", "Fernando Torres. Torres started the 2012–13 season in the 2012 FA Community Shield against Manchester City at Villa Park, where he scored the opening goal, as Chelsea lost 3–2.[108] On 19 August 2012, he appeared in Chelsea's first league match in a 2–0 away win against Wigan Athletic.[109] Torres scored his first goal of the season in Chelsea's next match on 22 August 2012, a 4–2 home win against Reading, scoring the third goal to give his side the lead.[110] He also scored against Newcastle United, Arsenal and Norwich City as Chelsea topped the table in the early weeks of the season.[111][112]", "List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won. Shields are the FA Community Shield and its precursor the Sheriff of London Charity Shield. The Anglo-Italian League Cup is also listed as a shield because it only had two clubs competing per season.", "FA Community Shield. In 1972, league champions Derby County and FA Cup winners Leeds United both declined to take part in the Charity Shield, so Manchester City, who had finished in fourth in the First Division, and Third Division champions Aston Villa were invited to take part; Manchester City won 1â€“0. Despite finishing the season eleventh, City also contested the 1973 Charity Shield but lost 1-0 to Second Division champions Burnley." ]	[ -0.9208984375, 0.03656005859375, -0.40478515625, 1.1630859375, -4.015625, 0.271240234375, -2.74609375, -3.591796875, -2.796875, -1.5810546875, -1.3271484375, -1.390625, -1.712890625, -0.53271484375, -3.607421875, -6.40234375, -1.01953125, -2.42578125, -1.9423828125, -3.001953125, -1.2685546875, -5.03515625, -1.8095703125, -2.83203125, -1.2939453125, -5.8828125, -3.76953125, -2.20703125, -4.7734375, -7.5859375, -4.1640625, -2.203125 ]
what is the meaning of the song sundown	[ "Sundown (Gordon Lightfoot song). The song's lyrics seem to describe a troubled romantic relationship, (often cited as notorious groupie Cathy Smith) with the narrator recounting an affair with a \"hard-loving woman [who's] got me feeling mean\".", "Sundown (Gordon Lightfoot song). \"Sundown\" is a song by Canadian folk artist Gordon Lightfoot, from the eponymous album, released as a single in March 1974.", "Cross Road Blues. Blues historian Samuel Charters sees the song as having elements of protest and social commentary.[29] The second verse includes \"the sun goin' down now boy, dark gon' catch me here\", a reference to the \"sundown laws\" or curfew during racial segregation in the United States.[29] Signs in the rural South advised \"Nigger, don't let the sun set on you here\".[29] Johnson may be expressing a real fear of trumped up vagrancy charges or even lynchings that still took place.[9] Others suggest that the song is about a deeper and more personal loneliness.[30][23] Writers Barry Lee Pearson and Bill McCulloch argue that the fifth verse in the single version captures the essence of the song: \"left alone, abandoned, or mistreated, he stands at the crossroad, looking this way or that for his woman\".[24]", "Sundown (Gordon Lightfoot song). I think my girlfriend was out with her friends one night at a bar while I was at home writing songs. I thought, 'I wonder what she’s doing with her friends at that bar!' It’s that kind of a feeling. 'Where is my true love tonight? What is my true love doing?'[3]", "Sundown (Gordon Lightfoot song). In a 2008 interview, Lightfoot said:", "Sundown (Gordon Lightfoot song). \"Sundown\" reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and easy listening charts[1] and No. 13 on the Hot Country singles chart,[2] as well as No. 1 in Canada on RPM's national singles chart. It was Lightfoot's only single to reach No. 1 on the Hot 100.", "Infidels (Bob Dylan album). \"Union Sundown\" is a political protest song against imported consumer goods and offshoring. In the song, Dylan examines the subject from several different angles, discussing the greed and power of unions and corporations (\"You know capitalism is above the law,/ It don't count unless it sells./ When it costs too much to build it at home you just build it cheaper someplace else.\" ... \"Democracy don't rule this world,/ You better get that through your head./ This world is ruled by violence/Though I guess that's better left unsaid.\"), the hypocrisy of Americans who complain about the lack of American jobs while not paying more for American-made products (\"Lots of people complainin' that there is no work./I say, 'Why you say that for? When nothin' you got is U.S.-made? They don't make nothin' here no more\"), the collaboration of the unions themselves (\"The unions are big business, friend'/ And they’re goin’ out like a dinosaur.\"), and the desperate conditions of the foreign workers who make the goods (\"All the furniture, it says “Made in Brazil”/ Where a woman, she slaved for sure/ Bringin’ home thirty cents a day to a family of twelve/ You know, that’s a lot of money to her.\" ... \"And a man's going to do what he has to do,/ When he's got a hungry mouth to feed.\").", "Song of the South. \"Let the Rain Pour Down\" is set to the melody of \"Midnight Special\", a traditional blues song popularized by Lead Belly (Huddie William Ledbetter). The song title \"Look at the Sun\" appeared in some early press books, though it is not actually in the film.[citation needed] The song \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" was influenced by the chorus of the pre-Civil War folk song \"Zip Coon\", that is considered racist as it plays on an African American stereotype.[20][21]", "Sundown (Gordon Lightfoot song). Engineered by Lee Herschberg \nRecorded at Eastern Sound Studios, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.", "Man Down (song). Shama Joseph, professionally known as Sham, was hired as one of the producers to work on crafting songs at the camp.[1] Sham's manager had arranged his attendance at the camp through an acquaintance who was an employee of the record label. Sham explained that he found a flight to Los Angeles and began working on music as soon as he arrived, stating that he had \"nothing to lose and everything to gain\".[1] He was inspired by a vision of Rihanna performing songs at a concert that were Caribbean themed.[1] Sham felt that Rihanna had not explored Caribbean-themed music since her debut album, Music of the Sun (2005).[1]", "Devil (Shinedown song). 'Devil' is about being afraid, 'Devil' is about being terrified of not only yourself, in some respects, but the world around you, and understanding that there are so many things and so many different situations and people and places and atmospheres and exposure that human beings are put in front of on a daily basis, [and] the world can be a really difficult place to navigate. So that's where the story starts.[5]", "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me. I took a chance and changed your way of life\nbut you misread my meaning when I met you\nclosed the door and left me blinded by the light\ndon't let the sun go down on me\nalthough I search myself, it's always someone else I see.\nI'd just allow a fragment of your life to wander free\nbut losing everything is like the sun going down on me.", "Midnight Girl/Sunset Town. The song is about a young woman who is a native of an unnamed rural town with conservative values. Having taken a liking to the nightlife, the woman has grown restless and weary of her own rural upbringing and desires to abandon it altogether in favor of a relocation to a larger city. During the song, she -- as part of the \"Now I Lay Me Down To Sleep\" prayer -- prays that she will eventually be able to fulfill those exact wishes.", "Boot Hill. The Outlaws' song \"Hurry Sundown\" also references \"lying\" an unnamed character in \"Boot Hill\".", "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me. In the song, Elton John sings to someone he has helped and from whom he is now experiencing rejection:", "I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me. The song was originally written as a folk protest song, but as Kershaw's manager had signed him up to Peter Collins and Pete Waterman's Loose Ends production company, it turned into a pop anthem in the studio.[2]", "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?. In a literal sense the song describes a sunshower such in the lyric \"It'll rain a sunny day\" and the chorus \"have you ever seen the rain Comin' down on a sunny day?\".[7] These events are particularly common in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, but less common in other parts of the country, due to localized atmospheric wind sheer effects.[7] In Southern regional dialect, there is even a term for it: \"the devil beating his wife\".[7]", "Devil (Shinedown song). Lyrically, the song has been described by Alternative Press as \"a deep dive into the heart of fear\".[6] Attention Attention is a concept album that details a persons progression, from being in a dark, negative space, to working through their issues and eventually progressing into be a new more positive person; \"Devil\" is the second track from the album, and the first fully formed song after the intro track, placing it in the more negativity-themed side of the album.[5] Frontman Brent Smith outlined the meaning of the song:", "Down Under (song). Speaking to Songfacts about the overall meaning of the lyrics, Hay remarked:", "I Won't Back Down. A message of defiance against unnamed forces of difficulty and possibly oppression, the lyric is set against a mid-tempo beat:", "Bass Down Low. Credits adapted from The Night the Sun Came Up liner notes.[9]", "Man Down (song). I didn’t think it made any sense. I think it was because of who it was saying 'I just shot a man down.' I think it was very hypocritical for some of the parents against violence in media, those same parents have probably allowed their kids to watch all types of movies and programs that have depictions, or things that insinuate violence. So for them to be mad about, number one, an issue that actually exists? ... A woman feeling like she wants to shoot somebody who’s still alive because of something that they took from her, that’s real and that’s honest. So the emotion is a very true emotion ... and they relive it on a daily basis. I think it was crazy and blown out of proportion .... But people benefit from controversy, and those same people who probably were trying to bring awareness, now they have a voice and now they’re 'specialists,' and they can speak for a group of people all of a sudden.[1]", "Turtles All the Way Down (song). The song title, also in the lyrics, is a reference to \"turtles all the way down\", a lighthearted term for the concept of Anavastha from Indian philosophy, which states that there is no underlying basis, or ground, for existence. The song lyrics are about, in part, the psychedelic experience as brought on by drugs including marijuana, LSD, psilocybin and DMT. References are made to encounters with Jesus, the Devil, the Buddha, and reptile aliens. The songwriter's mortality, and the life saving effect of love, are also referenced.[2] The musical form is that of a country music ballad.", "Ain't Goin' Down ('Til the Sun Comes Up). A girl heads out for a Friday evening date at six in the evening. Her mother tells her to be back in bed before dawn. After the teenagers see a show and get a bite to eat, they head out for some late-night dancing. Eventually, they spend the night there and head out to her house at 4 A.M. The girl does not get home in time, and is grounded and punished with chores, but sneaks out again at 6 P.M. that evening.", "Sunrise, Sunset. \"Sunrise, Sunset\" is a song from the musical Fiddler on the Roof written in 1964 by composer Jerry Bock and lyricist Sheldon Harnick.", "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down. The song has become a part of the ideology of Lost Cause of the Confederacy[9] reflecting the perception of the South prostrate in defeat.[7]", "Ain't Goin' Down ('Til the Sun Comes Up). Garth provided the following background information on the song in the CD booklet liner notes from The Hits:", "Sunset. Sunset or sundown is the daily disappearance of the Sun below the horizon as a result of Earth's rotation. The Sun will set exactly due west at the equator on the spring and fall equinoxes, each of which occurs only once a year.", "Waitin' on a Sunny Day. Although \"Waitin' on a Sunny Day\" was written prior to the September 11 attacks, the song's theme of wanting to be happy again takes on additional meanings within the context of the album's explicitly themed September 11 songs.[2] In his book The Gospel According to Bruce Springsteen, author Jeffrey Symynkywicz views the song as a reflection of the simpler world prior to September 11.[3]", "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down. The song was written by Robbie Robertson. According to Rob Bowman's liner notes to the 2000 reissue of the Band's second album, The Band, it has been viewed as a concept album, with the songs focusing on peoples, places and traditions associated with an older version of Americana.[citation needed] The lyrics tell of the last days of the American Civil War, portraying the suffering of the protagonist, a poor white Southerner.[1]", "Waitin' on a Sunny Day. The words of the chorus are deliberately simple, to the consternation of some critics:[5][6]", "I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me. There are two different music videos for this song." ]	[ 1.908203125, 1.2705078125, -0.10845947265625, -1.59375, -1.8134765625, -1.369140625, 0.1976318359375, -6.7734375, -1.76171875, -5.76171875, -3.689453125, -5.37890625, -4.80859375, -1.03515625, -5.328125, -4.9140625, -3.2734375, -4.75390625, -6.99609375, -5.69140625, -7.95703125, -6.52734375, -3.75, -6.21875, -6.69921875, -6.26953125, -7.3515625, 0.363037109375, -5.50390625, -4.4296875, -7.3359375, -7.26171875 ]
when did spiderman homecoming come out in the uk	[ "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Spider-Man: Homecoming held its world premiere at the TCL Chinese Theater in Hollywood on June 28, 2017,[179] and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5.[180] It opened in additional international markets on July 6,[181] with 23,400 screens (277 of which were IMAX) in 56 markets for its opening weekend.[182] The film was released in the United States on July 7,[124] in 4,348 theaters (392 were IMAX and IMAX 3D, and 601 were premium large-format),[183][8][125] including 3D screenings.[8] It was originally slated for release on July 28.[124]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Spider-Man: Homecoming premiered in Hollywood on June 28, 2017, and was released in the United States in 3D, IMAX, and IMAX 3D on July 7, 2017. Homecoming grossed over $880Â million worldwide, making it the second-most successful Spider-Man film and the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2017. It received praise for the light tone and focus on Parker's high school life, and the performances of Holland and Keaton. A sequel, Spider-Man: Far From Home, is scheduled to be released on July 5, 2019.", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Spider-Man: Homecoming was released on digital download by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on September 26, 2017, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray, and DVD on October 17, 2017. The digital and Blu-ray releases include behind-the-scenes featurettes, deleted scenes, and a blooper reel.[216]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. For the week ending on June 11, comScore and its PreAct service noted that new social media conversations for the film were second only to Black Panther and its new trailer;[203] Homecoming was then the number one film in the next two weeks.[204][205] That month, Sony released a mobile app allowing users to \"access\" Parker's phone and \"view his photos, videos, text messages, and hear voicemails from his friends\". The app also provided an \"AR Suit Explorer\" to learn more about the technology in the Spider-Man suit, and use photo filters, GIFs and stickers of the character.[206] Sony and Dave & Buster's also announced an arcade game based on the film, playable exclusively at Dave & Buster's locations.[207] A tie-in comic, Spider-Man: Homecoming Prelude, was released on June 20, collecting two prelude issues.[208] On June 28, in partnership with Thinkmodo, a promotional prank was released in which Spider-Man (stuntman Chris Silcox) dropped from the ceiling in a coffee shop to scare customers; the video also featured a cameo appearance from Lee.[209] Sony also partnered with the mobile app Holo to let users add 3D holograms of Spider-Man, with Holland's voice and lines from the film, to real-world photos and videos.[210] Before the end of June, Spider-Man: Homecomingâ€”Virtual Reality Experience was released on the PlayStation VR, Oculus Rift, and HTC Vive for free, produced by Sony Pictures VR and developed by CreateVR. It allows users to experience how it feels to be Spider-Man, with the ability to hit targets with his web shooters and face off against the Vulture. It was also available at select Cinemark Theatres in the United States and at the CineEurope trade show in Barcelona.[211]", "Spider-Man in film. Spider-Man: Homecoming was released on July 7, 2017.[92][93] The film is directed by Jon Watts,[94] from a screenplay by Jonathan M. Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers.[95] Holland, Tomei, and Downey reprise their roles as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, May Parker, and Tony Stark / Iron Man, respectively,[96] and are joined by Michael Keaton, who plays Adrian Toomes / Vulture.[95][97] Production began in June 2016 in Atlanta, Georgia and ended in October.[98][99][100]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. On March 28, 2017, a second trailer debuted after screening at CinemaCon 2017 the night before.[187] Shawn Robbins, chief analyst at BoxOffice.com, noted that the new Justice League trailer had received more Twitter mentions in that week but there was \"clearer enthusiasm for Spider-Man\". The Homecoming trailer was second for the week of March 20–26 in new conversations (85,859) behind Justice League (201,267), according comScore's PreAct service, which is \"a tracking service utilizing social data to create context of the ever-evolving role of digital communication on feature films\".[188] An exclusive clip from the film was seen during the 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards.[189] On May 24, Sony and Marvel released a third domestic and international trailer.[190] Ethan Anderton of /Film enjoyed both trailers, stating Homecoming \"has the potential to be the best Spider-Man movie yet. Having the webslinger as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe just feels right\".[191] TechCrunch's Darrell Etherington agreed, saying, \"You may have feelings about a tech-heavy Spider-Man suit or other aspects of this interpretation of the character, but it’s still shaping up to be better than any Spider-Man depicted in movies in recent memory.\"[192] Ana Dumaraog for ScreenRant said the second trailer \"arguably showed too much of the movie’s overarching narrative\", but the third \"perfectly shows the right amount of new and old footage\". She also appreciated the attention to detail that Watts and the writers put into the film, as highlighted by the trailers.[193] Siddhant Adlakha of Birth.Movies.Death also felt the trailers were giving away too many details,[194] but enjoyed them overall, especially the \"vlogging\" aspect.[195] Collider's Dave Trombore expressed similar sentiments to Adlakha.[196] After the trailers' release, comScore and its PreAct service noted Homecoming was the top film for new social media conversations, that week and the week of May 29.[197][198]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. In January 2016, Sony shifted the film's release date to July 7, 2017,[124] and said the film would be digitally remastered for IMAX 3D in post-production.[125] J. K. Simmons expressed interest in reprising his role as J. Jonah Jameson from Sam Raimi's Spider-Man films.[126] In early March, Zendaya was cast in the film as Michelle, and Tomei was confirmed as May Parker.[127][34] The following month, Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear,[128] and clarified that the deal formed with Sony does not specify which characters can and cannot crossover.[129] He noted that the sharing between the studios was done with \"good faith\" in order \"to have more toys to play with as we put together a story\",[5] and that \"the agreement was that it is very much a Sony Pictures movie... we are the creative producers. We are the ones hiring the actor, introducing him in [Civil War], and then working right now on the script and soon to be shooting.\"[129] Sony Pictures chairman Thomas Rothman further added that Sony has final greenlight authority, but were deferring creatively to Marvel.[130] At CinemaCon 2016, Sony announced the title of the film to be Spider-Man: Homecoming,[131][132] a reference to the common high school tradition homecoming as well as the character \"coming home\" to Marvel and the MCU.[132] Tony Revolori and Laura Harrier joined the cast as classmates of Parker's,[133][50] and Downey Jr. was revealed to be in the film as Stark.[40][134] Watts noted that Stark \"was always a part of\" the films' story because of his interactions with Parker in Civil War.[122]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Spider-Man: Homecoming is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is the second Spider-Man film reboot and the sixteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Jon Watts, from a screenplay by the writing teams of Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley, Watts and Christopher Ford, and Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers. Tom Holland stars as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, alongside Michael Keaton, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Donald Glover, Tyne Daly, Marisa Tomei, and Robert Downey Jr. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Peter Parker tries to balance high school life with being Spider-Man, while facing the Vulture.", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Alongside the release of the third trailers were domestic and international release posters.[190] The domestic poster was criticized for its \"floating head\" style,[199][194] which offers \"a chaotic mess of people looking in different directions, with little sense of what the film will deliver\".[199] Dan Auty for GameSpot called it a \"star studded hot mess\",[199] while Vanity Fair's Katey Rich felt the poster was \"too bogged down by the many different threads of the Marvel universe to highlight anything that's made Spider-Man: Homecoming seem special so far\".[200] Adlakha felt the posters released for the film \"have been alright thus far, but these ones probably tell general audiences to expect a very bloated movie\". Adlakha was more positive of the international poster, which he felt was more \"comicbook-y\" and \"looks like it could be an actual scene from the film\".[194] Both Rich and Adlakha criticized the fact that Holland, Keaton, and Downey appeared twice on the domestic poster, both in and out of costume.[200][194] Sony partnered with ESPN CreativeWorks to create cross-promotional television ads for Homecoming and the 2017 NBA Finals, which were filmed by Watts. The ads were made to \"weave in a highlight from the game just moments\" after it occurred.[201] The promos see Holland, Downey Jr., and Favreau reprise their roles from the film, with cameo appearances from Stan Lee, DJ Khaled, Tim Duncan, Magic Johnson, and Cari Champion.[95] Through June and July 2017, a Homecoming-inspired cafe opened in the Roppongi Hills complex in Tokyo, offering \"arachnid-themed foods and drinks, including a Spider Curry, Spider Sense Latte and a sweet and refreshing Strawberry Spider Squash drink\", as well as a free, limited-edition sticker with any purchase.[202]", "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film). In February 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that Spider-Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU),[297] with the character first appearing in 2016's Captain America: Civil War. Sony released Spider-Man: Homecoming, which was produced by Feige and Pascal, on July 7, 2017,[298] and will continue to finance, distribute, own and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films. Marvel Studios will also explore opportunities to integrate other characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe into future Spider-Man films.[299]", "Spider-Man in film. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 became the first Spider-Man movie released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 1, 2016. October 17, 2017 saw Sony release the home video release of Homecoming on UHD and other home video formats[130] as well as sets featuring all of their other Spider-Man movies on UHD. This included Spider-Man: Limited Edition Collection, which includes all three Raimi films, and The Amazing Spider-Man: Limited Edition Collection, which includes both Webb films.[131]", "Tom Holland (actor). In July 2017, Spider-Man: Homecoming was released, in which Holland reprised his role from Captain America: Civil War. Earning $117,027,503 in box office receipts in its first weekend,[33] Homecoming received positive reviews and Holland considerable praise, with his appearance being called \"a star performance given by a born actor.\"[34] Holland is scheduled to reprise his role of Spider-Man in Avengers: Infinity War and its untitled sequel, each scheduled to be released on 4 May 2018, and 3 May 2019, respectively, as well as the sequel to Homecoming, which has a release date of 5 July 2019.[35][36][37] He has a six-picture deal with Marvel Studios not including his Captain America: Civil War appearance.[38]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Ahead of the film's release, for the week ending on July 2, the film was the top film for the third consecutive week for new social media conversations, according to comScore, which also noted that Spider-Man: Homecoming had produced a total of 2.67 million conversations to date.[212] Other promotions included Audi and Dell (both also had product placement in the film), Pizza Hut, General Mills, Synchrony Bank, Movietickets.com, Goodwill, Baskin Robbins, Dunkin' Donuts, Danone Waters, Panasonic Batteries, M&M's, Mondelez, Asus, Bimbo, Jetstar, KEF, Kellogg’s, Lieferheld, Pepsico, Plus, Roady, Snickers, Sony Mobile, Oppo, Optus, and Doritos. Watts directed a commercial for Dell's marketing efforts as well, which earned 2.8 million views online. Goodwill hosted a build-your-own Spider-Man suit contest, with the winner attending the film's premiere. Overall, the campaign generated over $140 million in media value, greater than those for all previous Spider-Man films and Marvel Studios' first 2017 release, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. This does not include merchandising for the film, which is controlled by Marvel and Disney.[213] Marketing of the film in China included partnering with Momo, iQiyi, Tencent QQ, Baidu, Mizone, CapitaLand, Xiaomi, HTC Vive and corporate parent Sony.[214][215] To help target the teenage audience, Holland \"recorded a high school entrance exam greeting\" while The Rap of China contestant PG One recorded a theme song.[214]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Watts, Holland, Batalon, Harrier, Revolori, and Zendaya appeared at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con to show an exclusive clip of the film,[46][184] which also had a panel at Comic Con Experience 2016.[185] The first trailer for Homecoming premiered on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on December 8, 2016,[186] and was released online alongside an international version, which Feige thought was different enough that \"it would be fun for people to see both.\"[16] The shots of Vulture descending through a hotel atrium and Spider-Man swinging with Iron Man flying beside him were created specifically for the trailer. Watts explained that the Vulture shot was created for Comic-Con and \"was never meant to be in the movie\", but he was able to repurpose the angle for Vulture's reveal in the film. The Spider-Man and Iron Man shot was created because the marketing team wanted a shot of the two together, and existing shots \"just didn't look that great\" then. The trailer shot used a background plate taken when filming the subway in Queens.[107] The two trailers were viewed over 266 million times globally within a week.[95]", "Spider-Man in film. In December 2016, Sony Pictures announced a sequel for Spider-Man: Homecoming, scheduled to be released on July 5, 2019.[104] In June 2017, Feige stated that the film would be titled in a similar fashion to Homecoming, using a subtitle, and would not have a number in the title.[105] A year later, Holland revealed the film's title as Spider-Man: Far From Home.[106]Holland, Keaton and Tomei are set to reprise their roles from Homecoming and are joined by Jake Gyllenhaal as Quentin Beck / Mysterio. Like in Homecoming other characters from previous MCU installments are set to reprise their roles with Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders appearing as Nick Fury and Maria Hill respectively.", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. The physical releases in its first week of sale were the top home media release, according to NPD VideoScan data. The Blu-ray version accounted for 79% of the sales, with 13% of total sales coming from the Ultra HD Blu-ray version.[217]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Spider-Man: Homecoming grossed over $334.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $546 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $880.2 million.[3] The film had the second biggest global IMAX opening for a Sony film with $18 million.[182] In May 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Homecoming was the second-most anticipated summer blockbuster behind Wonder Woman.[218] By September 24, 2017, the film had earned $874.4 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing superhero film of 2017, and the sixth-largest film based on a Marvel character.[219] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $200.1Â million, accounting for production budgets, prints and advertising, talent participations and other costs, against box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media, placing it seventh on their list of 2017's \"Most Valuable Blockbusters\".[220]", "Marvel Studios. In February 2015, it was announced that Disney and Sony Pictures will collaborate on the next Spider-Man films, the first of which, Spider-Man: Homecoming, was released on July 7, 2017. Former Sony executive Amy Pascal will co-produce the films with Kevin Feige. The film rights to Spider-Man will still remain with Sony. Marvel Studios will also explore opportunities to integrate other characters of MCU into future Spider-Man films.[67][68]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. In February 2015, Marvel Studios and Sony reached a deal to share the character rights of Spider-Man, integrating the character into the established MCU. The following June, Holland was cast as the title character and Watts was hired to direct. This was followed shortly by the hiring of Daley and Goldstein. In April 2016, the film's title was revealed, along with additional cast, including Downey in his MCU role of Tony Stark / Iron Man. Principal photography began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, and continued in Atlanta, Los Angeles, and New York City. The other screenwriters were revealed during filming, which concluded in Berlin in October 2016. The production team made efforts to differentiate the film from previous Spider-Man films.", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. While promoting Doctor Strange in early November 2016, Feige accidentally revealed that Michael Giacchino, who composed the music for that film, would compose the score for Homecoming as well. Giacchino soon confirmed this himself.[175] Recording for the soundtrack began on April 11, 2017.[176] The score includes the theme from the 1960s animated series.[177] The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 7, 2017.[178]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating based on 325 reviews, and an average rating of 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Spider-Man: Homecoming does whatever a second reboot can, delivering a colorful, fun adventure that fits snugly in the sprawling MCU without getting bogged down in franchise-building.\"[241] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 73 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[242] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 89% overall positive score and a 74% \"definite recommend\".[95]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Following the November 2014 hacking of Sony's computers, emails between Sony Pictures Entertainment Co-Chairman Amy Pascal and president Doug Belgrad were released, stating that Sony wanted Marvel Studios to produce a new trilogy of Spider-Man films while Sony retained \"creative control, marketing and distribution\". Discussions between Sony and Marvel broke down, and Sony planned to proceed with its own slate of Spider-Man films.[89] However, in February 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that they would release a new Spider-Man film, with Kevin Feige and Pascal producing (the latter through her company Pascal Pictures).[90][91] The character would first appear in an earlier Marvel Cinematic Universe film,[90] later revealed to be Captain America: Civil War.[92] Marvel Studios would explore opportunities to integrate MCU characters into future Spider-Man films, which Sony Pictures would continue to finance, distribute, and have final creative control over.[90] Both studios have the ability to terminate the agreement at any point, and no money was exchanged with the deal. However, a small adjustment was made to a 2011 deal that gave Marvel full control of Spider-Man's merchandising rights, in exchange for a one-time payment of $175 million to Sony and paying up to $35 million for each future Spider-Man film rather than receiving their previous 5% of a Spider-Man film's revenue—Marvel could now reduce their $35 million payment if the co-produced film grossed more than $750 million.[93] Lone Star Funds also co-financed the film with Sony, via its LSC Film Corporation deal,[94] covering 25% of the $175 million budget,[95] while Columbia Pictures officially served as co-producer with Marvel Studios.[96] Sony also paid Marvel Studios an undisclosed producer fee.[97]", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Spider-Man: Far From Home is scheduled to be released on July 5, 2019.[256] Watts returns to direct,[257] from a script by McKenna and Sommers.[258] Holland, Keaton, Zendaya, Tomei, and Batalon reprise their roles,[259][260] with Jake Gyllenhaal joining as Mysterio.[261] Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders are both set to reprise their roles as Nick Fury and Maria Hill from previous MCU media, respectively.", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. Outside of the United States and Canada, Spider-Man: Homecoming earned $140.5 million its opening weekend from the 56 markets it opened in, with the film becoming number one in 50 of them. The $140.5 million was the highest opening ever for a Spider-Man film.[182] South Korea had the highest Wednesday opening day gross,[235] which contributed to a $25.4 million five-day opening in the country, the third-highest opening ever for a Hollywood film.[182] Brazil had the largest July opening day of all time, with $2 million,[235] leading to an opening weekend total of $8.9 million. The $7 million earned from IMAX showings was the top opening of all time for a Sony film internationally.[182] In its second weekend, the film opened in France at number one and number two in Germany. It earned an additional $11.9 million in South Korea, to bring its total in the country to $42.2 million. This made Homecoming the highest-grossing Spider-Man film and the top grossing Hollywood film of 2017 in the country. Brazil contributed an additional $5.7 million, for a total of $19.4 million from the country, which was also the largest gross from a Spider-Man film.[236] The film's third weekend saw the Latin America region set a record as the highest-grossing Spider-Man film of all time, with a region total of $77.4 million. Brazil remained the top-grossing market for the region, with $25.7 million. In South Korea, the film became the 10th-highest-grossing international release of all time.[237] Homecoming opened at number one in Spain in its fourth weekend.[238] In its sixth weekend, the film opened at number one in Japan, with its $770,000 from IMAX the fourth largest IMAX weekend for a Marvel film in the country.[239] The film opened at number one in China on September 8, 2017, grossing $23 million on its opening day, including Thursday previews, making it the third biggest opening day for a Marvel Cinematic Universe film, behind Avengers: Age of Ultron and Captain America: Civil War, and the largest opening day gross for a Sony film in the country.[214] The $70.8 million Homecoming earned in China for its opening weekend was the third-highest opening behind Age of Ultron and Civil War, with $6 million from IMAX, which was the best IMAX opening weekend in September, and the best IMAX opening weekend for a Sony film.[215] As of SeptemberÂ 24, 2017[update], the film's largest markets were China ($115.7 million),[219] South Korea ($51.4 million), and the United Kingdom ($34.8 million).[240]", "Tom Holland (actor). Thomas Stanley Holland (born 1 June 1996)[3] is an English actor and dancer. He is best known for starring as Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the superhero films Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).", "Spider-Man: Homecoming. The film earned $50.9 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada (including $15.4 million from Thursday night previews),[95] and had a total weekend gross of $117 million, the top film for the weekend.[221] It was the second-highest opening for both a Spider-Man film and a Sony film, after Spider-Man 3's $151.1 million debut in 2007.[95] Early projections for the film from BoxOffice had it earning $135 million in its opening weekend,[222] which was later adjusted to $125 million,[223] and Deadline Hollywood noting industry projections at anywhere between $90â€“120 million.[183] In its second weekend, the film fell to second behind War for the Planet of the Apes with $45.2 million, a 61% decline in earnings, which was similar to the declines The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and Spider-Man 3 had in their second weekends. Additionally, Homecoming's domestic gross reached $208.3 million, which surpassed the total domestic gross of The Amazing Spider-Man 2 ($202.9 million).[224] The film fell to third in its third weekend.[225] By July 26, Homecoming's domestic gross reached $262.1 million, surpassing the total domestic gross of The Amazing Spider-Man ($262 million),[226] leading to a fifth place finish for its fourth weekend.[227] The next weekend, Homecoming finished sixth,[228] and finished seventh the following five weekends.[229][230][231][232][233] By September 3, 2017, the film had earned $325.1 million,[232] surpassing the $325 million projected amount for its total domestic gross.[222] In its eleventh weekend, Homecoming finished ninth.[234]", "Spider-Man in film. In February 2015, Disney, Marvel Studios and Sony announced a deal to share the Spider-Man film rights, leading to a new iteration of Spider-Man being introduced and integrated into the MCU. Tom Holland portrays this younger version of Spider-Man, who appears in Captain America: Civil War in 2016 (distributed by Disney) and Spider-Man: Homecoming in 2017 (distributed by Sony), before starring in Avengers: Infinity War and its untitled sequel (both distributed by Disney) in 2018 and 2019 respectively. A sequel to Homecoming, Spider-Man: Far From Home, is also slated for 2019 (to be distributed by Sony). Captain America: Civil War, Spider-Man: Homecoming and Avengers: Infinity War received positive reviews.", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films. In December 2016, Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming for release on July 5, 2019.[457] A year later, Watts was confirmed to be returning to direct the film.[458] Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers, two of the writers of the first film, return to write the script.[459] Filming is scheduled to begin in early July 2018, in London.[478]", "Spider-Man 3. Spider-Man 3 was released on Region 4 DVD (anamorphic widescreen) in Australia on September 18, 2007.[121] For Region 2 in the United Kingdom, the film was released on October 15, 2007.[122] Spider-Man 3 was released on DVD in Region 1 territories on October 30, 2007. The film is available in one-disc and two-disc editions, on both standard and Blu-ray formats, as well as packages with the previous films and a PSP release.[123] Sam Raimi, Tobey Maguire, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Thomas Haden Church, Topher Grace, Bryce Dallas Howard, Laura Ziskin, Avi Arad, and Grant Curtis are among those who contributed to the audio commentaries.", "Spider-Man 3. Spider-Man 3 had its world premiere at Toho Cinemas Roppongi Hills in Tokyo on April 16, 2007.[43][44] The film held its UK premiere on April 23, 2007 at the Odeon Leicester Square,[45] and the U.S. premiere took place at the Tribeca Film Festival in Queens on April 30, 2007.[46]", "Spider-Man (1977 film). The film premiered on CBS on September 14, 1977. It received a 17.8 rating with a 30 share, making it the highest performing CBS production for the entire year.[1] Overseas, the film was theatrically released. It received a VHS release in 1980.", "Spider-Man in film. The first three Spider-Man films set new opening day records in North America in their opening weekend.[139] The films are among the top of North American rankings of films based on Marvel Comics, with Spider-Man ranking seventh, Spider-Man 2 ranking ninth, Spider-Man 3 ranking eleventh, and Spider-Man: Homecoming ranking twelfth.[140] In North America, Spider-Man, Spider-Man 2, Spider-Man 3 and Spider-Man: Homecoming are ranked eleventh, thirteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth for all superhero films. Worldwide, Spider-Man 3 and Spider-Man: Homecoming are ranked tenth and eleventh for all superhero films (behind Avengers: Infinity War, The Avengers, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Black Panther, Iron Man 3, Captain America: Civil War, Incredibles 2, The Dark Knight Rises, and The Dark Knight).[141] Spider-Man, Spider-Man 2, Spider-Man 3 and Spider-Man: Homecoming are four of the five most successful films produced by Sony/Columbia Pictures in North America.[142]" ]	[ 6.265625, 4.515625, 3.208984375, -1.671875, 3.599609375, -0.7626953125, 2.63671875, 1.580078125, -1.599609375, -0.036468505859375, 0.461181640625, 0.90673828125, -0.36279296875, 0.0767822265625, 0.59765625, -2.271484375, -0.9033203125, 1.162109375, -0.07049560546875, -1.693359375, -4.38671875, -1.7021484375, 1.912109375, 0.1241455078125, 0.264892578125, -0.51123046875, -0.12457275390625, 1.4228515625, -1.185546875, 0.92578125, -0.927734375, -3.49609375 ]
when did the us take possession of hawaii	[ "Legal status of Hawaii. The Territory of Hawaii officially lasted from April 30, 1900, when President McKinley signed the Hawaii Organic Act, until 1959. U.S. military expansion was enormous during this period, and commerce grew intensively. At the same time, use of the Hawaiian language was punished in schools,[23] and native cultural practitioners were repressed.[24][25]", "Territory of Hawaii. On July 4, 1898, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution (named after Congressman Francis Newlands), which officially annexed Hawaii. It was signed into law by President McKinley on July 7, 1898, and came into effect on August 12, 1898.[8] A formal ceremony was held on the steps of the formerly royal ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu where the Hawaiian flag of the Republic was lowered and the American flag of the \"Stars and Stripes\" raised on August 12. Former President Sanford B. Dole was appointed Hawaii's first territorial governor.", "History of Hawaii. U.S. control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of its west coast. The military was especially interested in Pu'uloa, Pearl Harbor.[91] The sale of one harbor was proposed by Charles Reed Bishop, a foreigner who had married into the Kamehameha family, had risen to be Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs and owned a country home near Pu'uloa. He showed two U.S. officers around the lochs, although his wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands. As monarch, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let Bishop run most business affairs, but the ceding of lands became unpopular with Hawaiians. Many islanders thought that all the islands, rather than just Pearl Harbor, might be lost and opposed any cession. By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctor's advice; his health declined swiftly, and he died on February 3, 1874.[91]", "Hawaii. The Kingdom of HawaiÊ»i was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders. Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959.[51]", "United States territorial acquisitions. The Kingdom of Hawaii was closely linked by missionary work and trade to the U.S. by the 1880s. In 1893 business leaders overthrew the Queen of Hawaii and sought annexation. President Grover Cleveland strongly disapproved, so Hawaii set up an independent republic, the Republic of Hawaii. Southern Democrats in Congress strongly opposed a non-white addition. President William McKinley, a Republican, secured a Congressional resolution in 1898, and the small republic joined the U.S. All its citizens became full U.S. citizens. One factor was the need for advanced naval bases to fend off Japanese ambitions.[citation needed] The Hawaiian Islands officially became an incorporated territory of the U.S. in 1900. Following 94% voter approval of the Admission of Hawaii Act, on August 21, 1959 the Territory of Hawaii became the state of Hawaii, the 50th state.", "Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. As early as 1873, a United States military commission recommended attempting to obtain Ford Island in exchange for the tax-free importation of sugar to the U.S.[16] Major General John Schofield, U.S. commander of the military division of the Pacific, and Brevet Brigadier General Burton S. Alexander arrived in Hawaii to ascertain its defensive capabilities. American control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of the west coast of the United States, and they were especially interested in Pu'uloa, Pearl Harbor.[17] The sale of one of Hawaii's harbors was proposed by Charles Reed Bishop, a foreigner who had married into the Kamehameha family, had risen in the government to be Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs, and owned a country home near Pu'uloa. He showed the two U.S. officers around the lochs, although his wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands. As monarch, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let Bishop run almost all business affairs but the ceding of lands would become unpopular with the native Hawaiians. Many islanders thought that all the islands, rather than just Pearl Harbor, might be lost and opposed any cession of land. By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctor's advice; his health declined swiftly, and he died on February 3, 1874.[17]", "History of Hawaii. McKinley signed the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii on July 7, 1898, creating the Territory of Hawaii. On 22 February 1900 the Hawaiian Organic Act established a territorial government. Annexation opponents held that this was illegal, claiming the Queen was the only legitimate ruler. McKinley appointed Sanford B. Dole as territorial governor. The territorial legislature convened for the first time on February 20, 1901. Hawaiians formed the Hawaiian Independent Party, under the leadership of Robert Wilcox, Hawaii's first congressional delegate.[139]", "Hawaiian sovereignty movement. Following the overthrow, in 1894 the Provisional Government of Hawaii became the Republic of Hawaii, and in 1898 the Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the United States in the Newlands Resolution, becoming the Territory of Hawaii.[27][28] The territory was then given a territorial government in an Organic Act in 1900. While there was much opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and many attempts to restore the kingdom, it became a territory of the US in 1898, without any input from Native Hawaiians.[14] Hawaii became a US state on March 18, 1959 following a referendum in which at least 93% of voters approved of statehood. By then, most voters were not Native Hawaiian. The 1959 referendum did not have an option for independence from the United States. Following Hawaii's admission as a state, the United Nations removed Hawaii from its list of non-self-governing territories (a list of territories that are subject to the decolonization process).[29]", "Legal status of Hawaii. As a result of the unilateral assertion by the United States that it annexed Hawaii, coupled with the continued presence of United States military forces in the territory of what had been known as a neutral Hawaiian Kingdom up until the landing of armed US Marines on January 17, 1893, The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2014 (2015), reported (p.Â 24), \"Other belligerent occupations that have been alleged include the occupation by the United Kingdom of the Falkland Islands/Malvinas (Argentina claims this as sovereign territory), of Tibet by China, and of the State of Hawaii by the United States. The War Report makes no determination as to whether belligerent occupation is occurring in these cases.\"[21] The definition of a belligerent occupation is explained in the Hague Convention of 1907, \"Laws and Customs of War on Land\" (Hague IV); October 18, 1907: \"Section III Military Authority over the territory of the hostile State\":[22]", "Territory of Hawaii. The U.S. Congress passed the Newlands Resolution which annexed the Republic of Hawaii to the United States. Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944—during World War II—when the islands were placed under martial law. Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed.", "Legal status of Hawaii. In 1898, Cuba and the Philippines declared independence from Spain. The U.S. declared war on Spain as well, as it openly wanted control of these countries. With the Spanishâ€“American War as its rationale, the US Congress passed a joint resolution, referred to as the Newlands Resolution, by a simple majority of both houses. The United States asserted that it had legally annexed Hawaii. Critics argued this was not a legally permissible way to acquire territory under the U.S. Constitution. As well as this, there were continued protests in Hawaii and Washington by supporters of the Kingdom. The flag of the United States was raised over Hawaii on August 12, 1898, protected by the United States Navy.", "History of Hawaii. The native population succumbed to disease brought by the Europeans (particularly smallpox), declining from 300,000 in the 1770s over 60,000 in the 1850s to 24,000 in 1920.[2] Americans within the kingdom government rewrote the constitution, severely curtailing the power of King \"David\" Kalākaua, and disenfranchising the rights of most Native Hawaiians and Asian citizens to vote, through excessively high property and income requirements. This gave a sizeable advantage to plantation owners. Queen Liliuokalani attempted to restore royal powers in 1893, but was placed under house arrest by businessmen with help from the US military. Against the Queen's wishes, the Republic of Hawaii was formed for a short time. This government agreed on behalf of Hawaii to join the US in 1898 as the Territory of Hawaii. In 1959, the islands became the state of Hawaii of the United States.", "United States territorial acquisitions. With Hawaii came two remote coral atolls: the Palmyra Atoll which had been annexed by the U.S. in 1859, abandoned, then claimed in 1862 by the Kingdom of Hawaii, and the Stewart Islands, which had joined the Kingdom a few years before Palmyra. At Hawaiian statehood in 1959, Palmyra and arguably the Stewarts were excluded from the new state. Palmyra remained an incorporated U.S. territory, while the Stewarts were claimed and are now controlled by the Solomon Islands.[9]", "Legal status of Hawaii. From 1893 to 1896, the Republic of Hawaii actively sought annexation to the United States. However, despite intensive debate on the matter in the legislature, annexation was strongly opposed by the U.S. Presidency, the people of Hawaii, and much of Congress; the Turpie Resolution in 1894 took annexation off the table entirely.", "Modern history. The United States expanded into the Pacific with Hawaii becoming a U.S. territory from 1898.", "Hawaii. Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of Queen LiliÊ»uokalani, and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation. The Apology Resolution passed by US Congress in 1993 is cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty.[202] The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation.[203][206][207]", "Hawaii Admission Act. Prior to 1959, Hawaii was a territory of the United States of America. In 1946, the United Nations listed Hawaii as a non-self-governing territory under the administration of the United States (Resolution 55(I) of 1946-12-14). Also listed as non-self-governing territories under the jurisdiction of the United States were Alaska Territory, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.", "History of the United States. Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between 1st century to 10th century. Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well. This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British. Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778. Within five years of contact, European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people, and eventually unify the islands for the first time; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii.", "History of Hawaii. On January 20, 1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor.[100] Shortly afterwards, a group of mostly non-Hawaiians calling themselves the Hawaiian Patriotic League began the Rebellion of 1887.[101] They drafted their own constitution on July 6, 1887.[102] The new constitution was written by Lorrin Thurston, the Hawaiian Minister of the Interior who used the Hawaiian militia to threaten Kalākaua.[100] Kalākaua was forced to dismiss his cabinet ministers and sign a new constitution that greatly lessened his power.[93] It would become known as the \"Bayonet Constitution\" due to the threat of force.[100]", "Legal status of Hawaii. A provisional government was established which favored annexation. U.S. President Grover Cleveland rejected the provisional government for the illegal overthrow of a sovereign nation and demanded the restoration of Queen Liliʻuokalani to her rightful place as ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii.[4] The new government refused and the Republic of Hawaii was declared instead. Cleveland sent Georgia Congressman James Henderson Blount to investigate the matter. Following his investigation, Blount issued a 1342-page report on July 17, 1893,[5] which called the coup an \"act of war\" against a friendly and independent nation, and recommended that appropriate measures be taken by the U.S. to restore the Hawaiian Kingdom. The Cleveland Administration, and particularly Secretary of State Gresham, recommended the fair yet forcible removal of the usurpers from power.[6] They were advised, however, that this would require a Declaration of War. It was doubtful that Congress would pass such a measure against its own citizens.", "United States territorial acquisitions. In 1959, 94% of Hawaii's residents voted to relinquish all land claims (proposition 2) to the United States and become a state.", "Territory of Hawaii. The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory[1][2][3] was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 12, 1898, until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory, excluding Palmyra Island and the Stewart Islands, was admitted to the Union as the fiftieth U.S. state, the State of Hawaii. The Hawaii Admission Act specified that the State of Hawaii would not include the distant Palmyra Island, the Midway Islands, Kingman Reef, and Johnston Atoll, which includes Johnston (or Kalama) Island and Sand Island, and the Act was silent regarding the Stewart Islands.[4]", "United States Minor Outlying Islands. The populated Stewart Islands, called Sikaiana and now effectively controlled by the Solomon Islands, are not included in official lists of U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. In 1856, the Kingdom of Hawaii Privy Council and King Kamehameha IV voted to accept their voluntary cession. The Kingdom later became the Republic of Hawaii, all of which was annexed by the United States in 1898. In 1959, the resulting federal U.S. Territory of Hawaii, excluding only Palmyra Island and Midway Island, became a U.S. state. Residents of the Stewarts, who are Polynesian like the native Hawaiians rather than Melanesian, claimed to be citizens of the United States since the Stewarts were given to King Kamehameha IV in 1856 and were part of Hawaii at the time of the United States' annexation in 1898. The U.S. federal and Hawaii state governments informally accept the recent claim of the Solomon Islands over the Stewarts, and the United States makes no official claim of sovereignty.[5]", "Territory of Hawaii. From 1941 to 1944, following the attack on Pearl Harbor and America's entry into World War II, Territorial Governors Joseph B. Pointdexter and Ingram M. Stainback stripped themselves of their administrative powers by declaring martial law.[18] With the territorial constitution suspended, the legislature and supreme court were also dissolved indefinitely. Military law was enforced on all residents of Hawaii. The formation of the military government was mostly done by Maj. Gen. Thomas H. Green of the U.S Army Judge Advocate General's Corps, who became Military Attorney General. General Walter Short appointed himself military governor December 7, 1941. He assumed control of Hawaii and governed from ʻIolani Palace, which was quickly barricaded and fitted with trenches. He was relieved December 17 and charged with dereliction of duty, accused of making poor preparations in case of attack before the attack on Pearl Harbor.", "Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown in 1893 and the United States annexed the islands in 1898.[1] The U.S. state of Hawaii now occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety (including the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands), with the sole exception of Midway Island, which instead separately belongs to the United States as one of its unincorporated territories within the United States Minor Outlying Islands.", "Crown land. The lands were held by Queen Lili'uokalani before 17 January 1893. On this date, the royal power was overthrown. The crown lands were taken in charge by the provisional and republican governments. When the Republic of Hawaii joined the United States in 1898, the territorial government took ownership. In 1910, Liliuokalani, the former Queen, unsuccessfully attempted to sue the United States for the loss of the Hawaiian Crown land.", "Territorial evolution of the United States. The country's expansion beyond North America began in 1856 with the passage of the Guano Islands Act, causing many small and uninhabited, but economically important, islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea to be claimed.[4] Most of these claims were eventually abandoned due to competing claims from other countries or the guano having been mined out. The Pacific expansion culminated in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its annexation in 1898. Alaska, the last major acquisition in North America, was purchased from Russia in 1867.", "Monroe Doctrine. In 1842, U.S. President John Tyler applied the Monroe Doctrine to Hawaii and warned Britain not to interfere there. This began the process of annexing Hawaii to the U.S.[18]", "United States. The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets.[148] Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.[149] In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii, which the U.S. annexed in 1898. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the Spanish–American War.[150]", "History of Hawaii. The coup efforts were supported by U.S. Government Minister John L. Stevens.[135] The coup left the queen under house arrest at Iolani Palace. The Kingdom briefly became the Republic of Hawaii, before annexation by the United States in 1898. Advised about supposed threats to non-combatant American lives and property[136] by the Committee of Safety,", "Hawaiian sovereignty movement. The ancestors of Native Hawaiians may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands around 350 CE, from other areas of Polynesia.[14] By the time Captain Cook arrived, Hawaii had a well established culture with a population estimated to be between 400,000 and 900,000 people.[14] Starting in 1795 and completed by 1810, Kamehameha I conquered the entire archipeligo and formed the unified Kingdom of Hawaii. In the first one hundred years of contact with western civilization, due to disease and war, the Hawaiian population dropped by ninety percent, with only 53,900 people in 1876.[14] American missionaries would arrive in 1820 and assume great power and influence.[14] Despite formal recognition of the Kingdom of Hawaii by the United States[15] and other world powers, the kingdom was overthrown beginning January 17, 1893 with a coup d'état orchestrated by, mostly, Americans within the kingdom's legislature, with aid from the United States military.[14][16]", "Territory of Hawaii. With annexation, the United States saw Hawaii as its most strategic military asset. McKinley and his successor U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt expanded the military presence in Hawaii and established several key bases, some still in use today. By 1906, the entire island of Oahu was being fortified at the coastlines with the construction of a \"Ring of Steel,\" a series of gun batteries mounted on steel coastal walls. One of the few surviving batteries completed in 1911, Battery Randolph, is today the site of the U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii.[11][12]" ]	[ 1.3076171875, 3.55859375, 1.376953125, 4.01171875, 2.4453125, 1.4765625, 0.626953125, 2.12109375, 0.71240234375, 2.595703125, -0.42919921875, 3.64453125, 2.76171875, 0.70361328125, 4.15625, 0.65234375, 2.013671875, 2.373046875, 2.10546875, -0.94091796875, 3.6484375, 3.958984375, -0.5673828125, 1.701171875, 3.03515625, 2.015625, -0.642578125, 1.6142578125, 1.228515625, 2.8515625, 2.49609375, 1.091796875 ]
who plays circe lannister on game of thrones	[ "Eugene Simon. Simon's most notable roles are Jerome Clarke in House of Anubis[2][3] and as Lancel Lannister in Game of Thrones.[4][5][6]", "Gwendoline Christie. In addition to her role in Game of Thrones, Christie appeared in the British science fantasy series Wizards vs Aliens by Doctor Who writers Russell T Davies and Phil Lord from 2012 to 2013, in the main role of Lexi, the 17-year-old Princess of the Nekross, the alien species invading earth.[26] For the role, she wore heavy make-up, although she also appeared with her usual physique as Lucy, the human form of Lexi.[26] She also had a minor role in another Terry Gilliam movie, The Zero Theorem, released in 2013.", "Cersei Lannister. Cersei Lannister is played by Lena Headey in the television adaption of the series of books.", "Lena Headey. Since its premiere in April 2011, Headey has portrayed queen regent Cersei Lannister on the HBO series Game of Thrones, based on George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels.[22] Headey was cast in the role after her friend and eventual co-star, Peter Dinklage, suggested her casting to producers.[23] Her performance as the ruthless queen has received critical acclaim.[24][25][26] In 2011, she was nominated for a Scream Award in the category of Best Fantasy Actress for the role.[27] Headey was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for portraying Cersei in 2014,[28][29] 2015[30] and 2016.", "Cersei Lannister. Lena Headey has received significant critical praise and acclaim for her portrayal of Cersei,[19] and has received multiple accolades including the Portal Award for Best Actress in 2012,[20] the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama in 2012,[21] the Women's Image Network Award for Actress Drama Series in 2014,[22] and the Gold Derby TV Award for Best Drama Supporting Actress in 2015 and 2016.[23][24]", "Rosabell Laurenti Sellers. In 2015, she joined the cast of the HBO series Game of Thrones in Season 5 as Tyene Sand.[10]", "Jaime Lannister. Jaime is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau on the HBO series Game of Thrones. He was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television, a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and a People Choice Awards Favorite TV Anti-Hero for his performance in the show's third season. He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017.", "Liam Cunningham. In 2012, Cunningham joined the main cast for the second season of HBO's Game of Thrones portraying former smuggler Davos Seaworth,[5] and in 2013 he starred in The Numbers Station alongside John Cusack.[6] He was also cast in season 5 of the BBC series Merlin as a sorcerer.[7] He featured in the music video for \"High Hopes\" by Irish alternative rock band Kodaline from their EP The High Hopes.[8] In April 2013, he was cast in the seventh season of the hit BBC1 series Doctor Who in the episode \"Cold War\", where he played Captain Zhukov, the commander of a Russian submarine in 1983 facing one of the Ice Warriors. He guest starred in the second season of the VH1 television series Stay Closer, with Sandra Bullock and Jessica Chastain.", "Jaime Lannister. Jaime is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau in the HBO adaptation Game of Thrones.[5] His casting was announced on August 20, 2009.[16]", "Charles Dance. Dance made a guest appearance on the BBC drama series Merlin as the Witchfinder Aredian,[8] and as a vainglorious version of himself in the third series of Jam & Jerusalem. He played Havelock Vetinari in the 2010 Sky adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Going Postal.[9] He played the role of Tywin Lannister in HBO's Game of Thrones, based on the Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R. R. Martin. Dance was wooed for the role by the producers while filming Your Highness in Belfast.[10] Dance also played Conrad Knox on the British television series Strike Back: Vengeance as the primary villain in the series.[11]", "Maisie Williams. Margaret Constance \"Maisie\" Williams[1] (born 15 April 1997) is an English actress. She made her professional acting debut as Arya Stark of Winterfell in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones in 2011, for which she won the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama, the Portal Award for Best Supporting Actress â€“ Television and Best Young Actor, and the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor. In 2016, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[2]", "Aisling Franciosi. In 2016, Franciosi joined the cast of the HBO series Game of Thrones in the sixth and seventh seasons as Lyanna Stark.[3]", "Arya Stark. Arya is portrayed by English actress Maisie Williams in HBO's Emmy-winning television adaptation of the novel series, Game of Thrones.[1][2] Her performance has garnered critical acclaim, particularly in the second season for her work opposite veteran actor Charles Dance (Tywin Lannister) when she served as his cupbearer.[3] She is among the most popular characters in either version of the story.[4][5] Williams was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the role in 2016.[6] She and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2016.", "Colleen Ballinger. From 2007 to 2009, Ballinger performed for Disney in California, gave private voice, movement coaching and piano lessons to children, and performed at parties and cabaret spaces.[1][13] In 2009, she played Kelsi Nielsen in High School Musical at Candlelight Pavilion Dinner Theatre in Claremont, California.[9][14] Ballinger appears on the 2010 album More With Every Line, by songwriter Tim Prottey-Jones,[15] and the 2011 album Self Taught, Still Learning by Chris Passey.[16] She played Lynda Bird Johnson in a staged reading of First Kids in New York in June 2011, and in October 2011 she created the role of Circe in the American Theatre of Actors Off-Broadway production Odyssey â€“ The Epic Musical.[17]", "Cersei Lannister. Headey has received several award nominations for her performance in the series, including four nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2018.[25][26][27][28][29][30] She was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film in 2016.[31][32] Other nominations include the Portal Award for Best Actress in 2011,[33] the Women's Image Network Awards for Actress Drama Series in 2011,[22] the Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2012, the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2012 and 2017,[34] the Gold Derby TV Award Best Drama Supporting Actress in 2012 and 2014,[35][36] the SFX Awards for Best Actress in 2013,[37][38] the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 2016, the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2016,[39] and the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2017.[40][41]", "Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. Since April 2011, Coster-Waldau has played Jaime Lannister on HBO's hit series Game of Thrones, based on George R. R. Martin's best-selling A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy novel series. He commented about the character \"What's not to like about Jaime? As an actor I couldn't ask for a better role\".[5] For his role as Jaime Lannister he has received several awards nominations, including a Critics' Choice Television Award,[9] a Saturn Award[10] and People's Choice Awards nominations.[11]", "Rose Leslie. Rose Eleanor Arbuthnot-Leslie[3] (born 9 February 1987),[3] known professionally as Rose Leslie, is a Scottish actress. After winning a Scottish BAFTA for Best Acting Performance for her role in New Town, she rose to fame as Gwen Dawson in the ITV drama series Downton Abbey and as Ygritte in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones. She currently stars as Maia Rindell in the CBS All Access legal and political drama The Good Fight.", "Tywin Lannister. Tywin is portrayed by Charles Dance in the HBO television adaptation.[2][3]", "Lena Headey. Headey is best known for portraying Cersei Lannister in HBO's hit fantasy series Game of Thrones since 2011, a performance that has earned her three consecutive Emmy award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (2014–16) and a Golden Globe Awards nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2016. In 2017, Headey became one of the highest paid actors on television and could earn up to £2 million per episode of Game of Thrones (based on shared percentages of syndication payments).[2][3] She also played the title character Sarah Connor on Fox's Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles and the villainous drug lord Madeline \"Ma-Ma\" Madrigal in Dredd.", "Cersei Lannister. Headey has received critical acclaim for her portrayal of the character on the HBO series Game of Thrones. She has been nominated for four Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. Headey and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2016. In season 5, a young version of the character is portrayed by Nell Williams in a flashback.", "Lena Headey. Headey has been close friends with actress Piper Perabo since they starred together in the 2005 films The Cave and Imagine Me & You.[46] Headey is also good friends with her Game of Thrones co-stars Pedro Pascal and Peter Dinklage, the latter of whom first suggested to producers on Game of Thrones that she be cast as Cersei Lannister.[23]", "Hannah Murray. Hannah Murray (born 1 July 1989) is an English actress best known for portraying Cassie Ainsworth in the E4 teen drama series Skins (2007–2008; 2013), for which she was the recipient of a BAFTA Audience Award and Gilly in the HBO series Game of Thrones (2012–present), for which she has been nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards. She has received praise for her performances in the Off West End play Martine (2014) and the film Bridgend.", "Cersei Lannister. Cersei Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where she is portrayed by Lena Headey. In the novels, she is a point of view character.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters. In the HBO television adaptation, she is portrayed by Maisie Williams.", "Game of Thrones. The performances of the cast have also been praised. Peter Dinklage's \"charming, morally ambiguous, and self-aware\"[212] Tyrion, who earned him Emmy and Golden Globe awards, was noted. \"In many ways, Game of Thrones belongs to Dinklage\", wrote Mary McNamara of the L.A. Times before Tyrion became the series' central figure in season two.[213][214] Several critics highlighted performances by actresses[213] and children.[215] Fourteen-year-old Maisie Williams, noted in the first season for her debut as Arya Stark, was singled out for her season-two work with veteran actor Charles Dance (Tywin Lannister).[216]", "Kate Dickie. She appears in the HBO television series Game of Thrones, where she plays the role of Lysa Arryn.[8]", "Maisie Williams. Since 2011, Williams has played Arya Stark, a tomboyish young girl from a noble family, in the HBO fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones.[11] Chosen from a pool of 300 actresses across England[12], Arya was Williams' first role in any professional capacity.[13] She has received critical acclaim for her performance in the series.[14][15]", "Oona Chaplin. Oona Castilla Chaplin [ˈuna kasˈtija ˈt͡ʃaplin] (born 4 June 1986), known professionally as Oona Chaplin, is a Spanish actress. Her roles include Talisa Maegyr in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones, The Crimson Field and the series Taboo.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters. In the HBO television adaptation, she is portrayed by Sophie Turner.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters. In the HBO television adaptation, she is portrayed by Kerry Ingram.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters. In the HBO television adaptation, she is portrayed by Hannah Waddingham.", "Ciarán Hinds. His television roles include Gaius Julius Caesar in the series Rome, DCI James Langton in Above Suspicion, and Mance Rayder in Game of Thrones. As a stage actor Hinds has enjoyed spells with the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Royal National Theatre in London, and six seasons with Glasgow Citizens' Theatre,[3][4] and he has continued to work on stage throughout his career." ]	[ 0.544921875, -3.38671875, 1.34375, 3.775390625, 0.77099609375, -4.17578125, -0.26171875, -3.82421875, -0.260498046875, -2.486328125, -1.93359375, -4.39453125, -1.0380859375, 0.69140625, -0.6396484375, -0.92626953125, -2.517578125, -1.1259765625, 1.66796875, 2.888671875, -0.0016536712646484375, -3.720703125, 2.90625, -3, -3.759765625, -5.09765625, -4.19921875, -3.05859375, -2.630859375, -2.794921875, -2.86328125, -3.5390625 ]
who is the youngest person to ever win a grammy	[ "Grammy Award records. The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners, when they were credited artists on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, which won Album of the Year in 2002.[4] LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner. She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997. She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy.", "Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Taylor Swift is also the youngest main artist to win in the category, winning for Fearless in 2010 at the age of 20, surpassing Alanis Morissette's win for Jagged Little Pill in 1996 when she was 21. The Peasall Sisters, Sarah, Hannah and Leah, are the category's youngest credited winners, winning for their contributions to the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack at the ages of 13, 9, and 7 respectively. Leah Peasall is the youngest winner of any Grammy in any category.[2] The youngest person to make an appearance on an Album of the Year is Stevie Wonder's daughter Aisha Morris who appeared on \"Isn't She Lovely?\" off the album Songs in the Key of Life as an infant.", "Grammy Award records. Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee (and winner) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack) in 2002.[4] Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination, for Best Soul/Gospel performance.[11]", "Grammy Award records. Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year. She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless.", "Josh Klinghoffer. In April 2012, Klinghoffer was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. At 32 years of age, Klinghoffer is the youngest artist ever inducted, surpassing Stevie Wonder, who was 38 when he was inducted.[21]", "LeAnn Rimes. With the album's success, Rimes received many major industry awards. In 1997 at 14 years old she became the youngest person to win a Grammy, for Best New Artist and Best Female Country Vocal Performance for \"Blue\". She was also the first Country music artist to win the Best New Artist category.[9] The same year she won the Country Music Association's \"Horizon Award\" for Best New Artist Of The Year, becoming the youngest person to ever be nominated and win a Country Music Association award.", "Grammy Award records. Note: Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten, with some stating it as 1893, while others say 1895. The above information credits it as 1895. With either year, Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner.", "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards. Robert Lopez (born 1975), a songwriter, received his fourth distinct award in 2014. Between 2004 and 2015, Lopez received a total of 9 awards. Like fellow EGOT winner Whoopi Goldberg, his Emmy awards are Daytime Emmys (although he has been nominated for a competitive Primetime Emmy award). Lopez is the youngest winner to receive all four awards in competitive categories, as well as the fastest to complete his qualifying run of EGOT award wins (10 years), and has the shortest time to complete any run of EGOT wins (4 years). He received his Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon in collaboration with fellow EGOT winner Scott Rudin (among others), making them the first pair of Grand Slam winners to have been co-winners of the same award. Lopez is also the first person to have won the Oscar last, which he won with his wife Kristen Anderson-Lopez.[13] He is also the second Grand Slam winner, behind Marvin Hamlisch, to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work â€“ an Oscar and a Grammy for the song \"Let It Go.\"", "Jackie Evancho. Between 2008 and 2010, Evancho entered talent competitions, sang the U.S. national anthem at a Pittsburgh Pirates baseball game, issued her first album, Prelude to a Dream, and attracted interest on YouTube. In 2010, at the age of ten, she gained wide notice with her 2nd-place finish in the fifth season of America's Got Talent. With the 2010 holiday release of her O Holy Night EP, Evancho became the best-selling debut artist of 2010, the youngest top-10 debut artist in U.S. history and the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. In 2011, her first full-length album, Dream with Me debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart, and she became the youngest top-5 debut artist in UK history. Billboard ranked Evancho the top Classical Albums Artist for 2011. Later that year, Evancho released a full-length holiday album, Heavenly Christmas, and became the youngest person ever to give a solo concert at Lincoln Center in New York City as part of her first concert tour.", "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards. Barbra Streisand (born 1942), a singer and actress, received her fourth distinct award in 1970. Between 1963 and 2001, Streisand received a total of 18 awards. Having completed the showbiz Grand Slam at age 28, she is the youngest winner, and with just six years elapsing between her first award (a 1964 Grammy) and her final award (a 1970 Special Tony), Streisand also completed the Grand Slam in the shortest amount of time. She is also the only winner to have won an Oscar in both a music and an acting category. She is also the only winner to have won all of her competitive awards for her debut performances (her first musical album, feature film and television special, respectively). In addition, she also received the AFI Life Achievement Award, the Kennedy Center Honor, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, the National Medal of Arts, the American Society of Cinematographers Board of Governors Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.", "Ben Rector. During his first year at the University of Arkansas, he released a self-titled EP that featured the song \"Conversation\", which went on to win the Grand Prize in the Pop category of the John Lennon Songwriting Contest in 2006.[4] He is the youngest person ever to win the award for the pop category.[5] The EP grew popular in surrounding states, and Rector began touring frequently on weekends and during breaks in the school year.", "Heisman Trophy. Texas A&M quarterback Johnny Manziel became the first freshman to win the Heisman in 2012. The following year, at 7003728200000000000♠19 years, 342 days old, Florida State quarterback Jameis Winston became the youngest Heisman Trophy winner at that time as a freshman. Both, however, were in their second year of college, having been redshirted during their first year of attendance, meaning that no true freshman has yet won the award. No sophomore won the Heisman in its first 72 years, at which point there were three consecutive sophomore winners — Tim Tebow in 2007, followed by Sam Bradford and Mark Ingram Jr. — with Lamar Jackson, who also surpassed Winston's record as the youngest Heisman winner, becoming the fourth in 2016. Of the four sophomores to have won the award, only Bradford had been redshirted; the others all won during their second year of college attendance. Only a few juniors have won the award, starting with the eleventh winner in 1945, Doc Blanchard.", "Robert Lopez. Robert Lopez (born February 23, 1975) is an American songwriter of musicals, best known for co-creating The Book of Mormon and Avenue Q, and for composing the songs featured in the Disney animated films Frozen and Coco. He is the youngest of only twelve people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award, the quickest (10 years) to win all four, and, as of 2018, is the only person to have won all four awards more than once.[1]", "Grammy Award for Album of the Year. The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was the first album by a rock and roll artist to win, Glen Campbell's By The Time I Get To Phoenix was the first by a country artist, Lauryn Hill's The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill the first by a hip hop artist, Arcade Fire's The Suburbs the first by an indie rock artist, and Daft Punk's Random Access Memories the first by an electronic music artist.", "28th Annual Grammy Awards. Stevie Wonder finally managed to add another Grammy to his total. After winning fifteen awards in the mid-1970s, he won his first Grammy in nine years for his album In Square Circle. Songwriter Jimmy Webb had to wait even longer as his song \"Highwayman\" won him his first Grammy in 17 years (after 1969's Up, Up and Away).", "Barry Gordon. Gordon was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His stepfather, Bob Manning, was a crooner in the 1940s and ’50s of popular love songs, most known for his rendition of Hoagy Carmichael’s “The Nearness of You”.[1] He began his professional life at age three; in his TV debut, he won second place on Ted Mack's Amateur Hour singing Johnnie Ray's \"Cry.\" At six, Gordon recorded \"Nuttin' for Christmas\". He was the youngest performer ever to hit a pre-Hot 100 Billboard chart, when that song hit #6 in 1955.[2] It sold over 1 million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The next year he charted his second and final single, \"Rock Around Mother Goose.\"[3] In circa 1956, Bill Haley recorded a private demo recording titled \"Six Year Olds Can Rock and Roll.\" He begins the recording (released in 1990) by dedicating it to Barry Gordon.[4]", "Roberta Flack. Flack was the first, and remains the only, solo artist to win the Grammy Award for Record of the Year on two consecutive years: \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" won at the 1973 Grammys as did \"Killing Me Softly with His Song\" at the 1974 Grammys.", "Joey Logano. On June 28, 2009, Logano won the rain-shortened Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at Loudon, New Hampshire, beating Jeff Gordon and Tony Stewart, becoming the youngest winner ever in the Sprint Cup Series at the age of only nineteen years, one month and four days old.", "Grammy Award records. Pinetop Perkins is the oldest person to win a Grammy. In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age.", "Heisman Trophy. The oldest and youngest Heisman winners ever both played for Atlantic Coast Conference schools. The oldest, Chris Weinke, was 28 years old when he won in 2000; he spent six years in minor league baseball before enrolling at Florida State. The youngest winner is 2016 recipient Lamar Jackson of Louisville at the age of 7003727700000000000♠19 years, 338 days, four days younger than Jameis Winston was when he won in 2013.", "89th Academy Awards. At the age of thirty-two, Damien Chazelle became the youngest person to win Best Director; Norman Taurog was thirty-three when he won Best Director for the 1931 comedy Skippy.[24][25] Kevin O'Connell finally ended the longest losing streak in Oscar history after 20 unsuccessful nominations for sound mixing, winning for Hacksaw Ridge.[26] Moonlight's Dede Gardner became the first woman to win twice for producing, following her previous Best Picture win for 12 Years a Slave.[27]", "Nat Wolff. The series earned him one BMI Cable Award for composing the series' music, as well as two Young Artist Award nominations and one KCA nomination for Best TV Actor. The show produced two soundtrack albums and the single \"Crazy Car\" reached #23 on the Billboard 200. Wolff, who was six when he wrote the song, is believed to be the youngest person ever to compose a charting song on the Billboard charts. His unreleased song \"Yes We Can\", in honor of President Barack Obama, was heard by the President and his two daughters who enjoyed it and called him.[13] Prior to the encounter, Nat had the occasion of meeting Obama, who emboldened him to write the composition.[13]", "Ravi Shankar. Norah Jones became a successful musician in the 2000s, winning eight Grammy Awards in 2003.[96] Anoushka Shankar was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album in 2003.[96] Anoushka and her father were both nominated for Best World Music Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards for separate albums.[97]", "Taylor Swift. Born and raised in Pennsylvania, Swift moved to Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 14 to pursue a career in country music. She signed with the label Big Machine Records and became the youngest artist ever signed by the Sony/ATV Music publishing house. Her self-titled debut album in 2006 peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 and spent the most weeks on the chart in the 2000s. The album's third single, \"Our Song\", made her the youngest person to single-handedly write and perform a number-one song on the Hot Country Songs chart. Swift's second album, Fearless, was released in 2008. Buoyed by the success of pop crossover singles \"Love Story\" and \"You Belong with Me\", Fearless became the best-selling album of 2009 in the United States. The album won four Grammy Awards, with Swift becoming the youngest Album of the Year winner.", "Jackie Evancho. Evancho appeared on the National League of Junior Cotillions' list of \"Ten Best-Mannered People of 2011\" for \"demonstrating humility and politeness as a young performer.\"[339][340] She was honored in 2012 by the Senator John Heinz History Center at its 20th Annual History Makers Award Dinner as one of five \"distinguished Pittsburghers ... recognized for their exceptional contributions to the history of Western Pennsylvania, the nation, and the world\".[341][342] Evancho was the youngest person ever to be so honored.[342] The Kean Quest Talent Search, since 2011, has given an annual \"Jackie Evancho Award\" to a contestant who \"exemplifies courage and motivation and pushes through to follow their dreams.\"[343] In both 2011 and 2012, Billboard magazine named Evancho to its list of \"21 Under 21: Music's Hottest Minors\".[344] In 2017, Evancho was named to the \"2018\" Forbes \"30 under 30\" list of musicians.[345]", "The Amazing Race 13. Siblings Nicholas \"Nick\" Spangler and Emily \"Starr\" Spangler were the winners of this race. Excluding the Family Edition of season 8, \"Starr\" remains the youngest person ever to win The Amazing Race, at age 21. Nick and Starr are also the first team of siblings to win the competition, with the exception of the winners of the Family Edition.", "Stevie Wonder. By 1975, at age 25, Wonder had won two consecutive Grammy Awards: in 1974 for Innervisions and in 1975 for Fulfillingness' First Finale.[48] In 1975, he played harmonica on two tracks on Billy Preston's album It's My Pleasure.", "Joey Logano. Logano's first major NASCAR win came during the Meijer 300 at Kentucky Speedway in just his third start in the 2008 Nationwide Series. Logano became the youngest driver to win a Nationwide Series race at 18 years, 21 days old. The previous youngest was Casey Atwood in 1999 at 18 years, 313 days.[1][2] Logano became the youngest winner in Cup Series history when he won the 2009 Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway at 19 years, 35 days. The previous youngest was Kyle Busch in 2005 at 20 years, 125 days.[3] Logano is now the youngest winner in two of NASCAR's three top divisions. Logano was also the first NASCAR driver born in the 1990s that has competed in NASCAR's three major divisions. In 2015, he became the second-youngest Daytona 500 winner behind Trevor Bayne.", "Shel Silverstein. Silverstein's \"A Boy Named Sue\" won a 1970 Grammy. He was nominated for an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his song \"I'm Checkin' Out\" in the film Postcards from the Edge.", "Amy Winehouse. She's only 24 with six Grammy nominations, crashing headfirst into success and despair, with a codependent husband in jail, exhibitionist parents with questionable judgement, and the paparazzi documenting her emotional and physical distress. Meanwhile, a haute designer Karl Lagerfeld appropriates her dishevelled style and eating issues to market to the elite while proclaiming her the new Bardot.[163]", "Adnan Sami. In his career of 32 years, Adnan Sami has won many international awards including the Nigar Award, Bolan Academy Award and Graduate Award. Adnan is the youngest recipient of the Naushad Music Award for Excellence in Music. Previous recipients of this award include Lata Mangeshkar and Music Maestro Khayam. Adnan was invited as a member of the jury of the prestigious music festival Voice of Asia competition held annually at Almaty, Kazakhstan.", "Tatum O'Neal. Tatum Beatrice O'Neal (born November 5, 1963)[1] is an American actress and author. She is the youngest person ever to win a competitive Academy Award, which she won in 1974 at age 10 for her performance as Addie Loggins in Paper Moon opposite her father, Ryan O'Neal. She also starred in The Bad News Bears (1976), followed by Nickelodeon (1976), and Little Darlings (1980)." ]	[ 5.95703125, 6.765625, 5.9140625, 5.015625, -0.02313232421875, 4.359375, -1.2919921875, 2.6171875, -3.728515625, 3.673828125, 1.689453125, -2.763671875, 4.21484375, -2.392578125, -0.5869140625, -0.489501953125, -0.221435546875, -2.529296875, 0.222412109375, -2.34375, 1.2890625, -3.291015625, -0.72802734375, 0.58740234375, -1.09765625, -3.185546875, 0.84228515625, -4.06640625, -1.650390625, 1.005859375, -2.62109375, 2.662109375 ]
how many times have ajax won the european cup	[ "AFC Ajax in European football. AFC Ajax is one of the most successful football clubs in Europe. There are only three clubs in the history of the game to have won the European Cup/Champions League titles (won four times by Ajax) three times consecutively. Only Real Madrid and Bayern Munich have achieved this feat aside from Ajax. Furthermore, Ajax have won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup once, the UEFA Cup once, the UEFA Super Cup three times, the Intercontinental Cup twice and the International Football Cup once. The club has also appeared in three additional finals finishing as runners-up. In the 1979–80 season, Ajax player Søren Lerby was top scorer of the European Cup with 10 goals. Below is a list of all official European matches contested by Ajax.[1]", "AFC Ajax. Ajax won the Dutch championship in 1966, 1967 and 1968, and reached the 1969 European Cup final, losing to Milan. During the 1966–67 season, Ajax scored a record 122 goals in an Eredivisie season and also won the KNVB Cup to achieve its first league and cup double. In 1969–70, Ajax won a fourth Dutch league championship and second league and cup double in five seasons, winning 27 out of 34 league matches and scoring 100 goals.[16]", "AFC Ajax. The 1970–71 season saw Ajax retain the KNVB Cup and reach the 1971 European Cup final, where they defeated Panathinaikos 2–0 with goals from Dick van Dijk and Arie Haan to become continental champions for the first time, with Cruyff being named European Footballer of the Year. After this success, Michels departed to become manager of Barcelona and was replaced by the Romanian Ștefan Kovács. In Kovács' first season, Ajax completed a treble of the European Cup, the Eredivisie and a third consecutive KNVB Cup. The following season, the team beat Argentine club Independiente to win the 1972 Intercontinental Cup and retained their Eredivisie and European Cup titles, becoming the first club to win three consecutive European Cups since Real Madrid in the 1950s.", "AFC Ajax. Ajax has historically been one of the most successful clubs in the world. According to the IFFHS, Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century and The World's Club Team of the Year in 1992.[4] According to German magazine Kicker, Ajax were the second-most successful European club of the 20th century. The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge; they won consecutively in 1971–1973. In 1972, they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie, KNVB Cup, and the European Cup. It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers (played in 1973). Ajax's last international trophies were the 1995 Intercontinental Cup, 1995 UEFA Super Cup and the 1995 Champions League, where they defeated Milan in the final; they lost the 1996 Champions League final on penalties to Juventus. In 1995, Ajax was crowned as World Team of the Year by World Soccer magazine.", "AFC Ajax in European football. Ajax played for the Intercontinental Cup twice, winning both occasions. In 1971 and 1973 Ajax declined to participate in the Intercontinental Cup.[2]", "AFC Ajax. After the sale of Bergkamp to Internazionale in 1993, Van Gaal re-signed the experienced Frank Rijkaard to complement his young Ajax team featuring academy graduates Frank and Ronald de Boer, Edwin van der Sar, Clarence Seedorf, Edgar Davids, Michael Reiziger and Winston Bogarde, as well as mercurial foreign talents Finidi George, Nwankwo Kanu and Jari Litmanen, and veteran captain Danny Blind.[21] The team regained the Dutch championship in 1993–94, and won it again in 1994–95 and 1995–96 to become the first Ajax side to win three back-to-back championships since 1968. The height of Van Gaal's success came in 1994–95, where Ajax became the first, and to date only, team to complete an entire Eredivisie season unbeaten.[22] The team also won its first European Cup since its glorious 1970s era, defeating Milan in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final 1–0, with the winning goal scored by 18-year-old Patrick Kluivert. Ajax again reached the final one year later, but were defeated on penalties by Juventus.", "AFC Ajax. Established in 1975 as the Amsterdam 700 Tournament to celebrate 700 years of history in the city.[156] The tournament was hosted annually each summer by Ajax until 1992, when the last edition of the original tournament was played. It returned in 1999 with the backing of the International Event Partnership (IEP).[157] Four teams participate in the competition, played in a league format since 1986.[156] Since its return,[158] the tournament has used an unusual point scoring system. As with most league competitions, three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw, and none for a loss. An additional point, however, is awarded for each goal scored.[159] The system is designed to reward teams that adopt a more attacking style of play.[160] Each entrant plays two matches, with the winner being the club that finishes at the top of the table.[161] The original competition was held at De Meer Stadion, Ajax's home between 1934 and 1996.[162] The Amsterdam Arena (now Johan Cruyff Arena) has played host to the event since its return until the last edition was played in 2009. Ajax is the most successful team of the tournament, having won it a record ten times, while Benfica from Portugal were the last team to win the tournament, in 2009.", "AFC Ajax. In 1985, Cruyff returned to Ajax as manager and the team ended his first season in charge with 120 goals from 34 matches. However, Ajax still finished as runner-up to PSV by eight points. The following season, Ajax again lost out on the Eredivisie title to PSV, but won the European Cup Winners' Cup, its first continental trophy in 14 years. After this, Cruyff left the club to become manager of Barcelona and Rijkaard and Van Basten were sold to Sporting CP and Milan respectively. Despite these losses, Ajax reached a second consecutive Cup Winners' Cup final in 1988, where they lost to Belgian club KV Mechelen.[19]", "AFC Ajax. Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈaːjɑks]), also AFC Ajax, Ajax Amsterdam or simply Ajax, is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam. Historically, Ajax (named after the legendary Greek hero) has been the most successful club in the Netherlands, with 33 Eredivisie titles and 18 KNVB Cups. It has continuously played in the Eredivisie, the Dutch football top division, since its inception in 1956 and, along with Feyenoord and PSV, it is one of the country's \"big three\" clubs that have dominated that competition.", "AFC Ajax. Ajax have won numerous friendly tournaments, unsanctioned by UEFA or FIFA, including the Amsterdam Tournament, Bruges Matins Trophy, Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu, Eusébio Cup, Ted Bates Trophy, Jalkapalloturnaus and Chippie Polar Cup. (For a complete list, see main article)", "AFC Ajax. Throughout the 1920s, Ajax was a strong regional power, winning the Eerste Klasse West division in 1921, 1927 and 1928, but could not maintain its success at national level. This changed in the 1930s, with the club winning five national championships (1931, 1932, 1934, 1937, 1939), making it the most successful Dutch team of the decade. Ajax won its second KNVB Cup in 1942–43, and an eighth Dutch title in 1946–47, the last season the club was managed by Englishman Jack Reynolds, who, up to this point, had overseen all of its national championship successes as well as its 1917 KNVB Cup win.[10][11]", "AFC Ajax. Ajax is also one of four teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup or Club World Cup in the same season/calendar year;[5] This was achieved in the 1971–72 season.[6] Ajax, Juventus, Bayern Munich, Chelsea and Manchester United are the five clubs to have won all three major UEFA club competitions.[7] They have also won the Intercontinental Cup twice, the 1991–92 UEFA Cup, as well as the Karl Rappan Cup, a predecessor of the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1962.[8] Ajax plays at the Johan Cruyff Arena, which opened as the Amsterdam ArenA in 1996 and was renamed in 2018. They previously played at De Meer Stadion and the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium (for international matches).", "European Cup and UEFA Champions League history. In 1970 Feyenoord of Rotterdam were the first Dutch outfit to collect the European Cup (defeating Celtic 2–1 after extra time). However, for the next three years, Ajax and its exponents of \"Total Football\", including Johan Cruyff and Johan Neeskens, among others, together with their pioneering tactician and coach Rinus Michels, would more profoundly take European centre stage, dispatching Panathinaikos, Internazionale and Juventus in successive finals.", "2017 UEFA Europa League Final. The two sides had previously met four times in European competitions, all in the UEFA Cup/Europa League, with a record of two wins each. However, Manchester United had eliminated Ajax on both occasions, 2–1 on aggregate in the 1976–77 UEFA Cup first round, and 3–2 on aggregate in the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League round of 32.[12][13]", "AFC Ajax. The 1988–89 season saw Dennis Bergkamp, a young forward who had first appeared under Cruyff in 1986, establish himself as a regular goalscorer for Ajax. Bergkamp helped Ajax to the 1989–90 Eredivisie title and was the top scorer in the division in 1990–91, 1991–92 and 1992–93. Under the management of Louis van Gaal, Ajax won the UEFA Cup in 1992 to become the second club, after Juventus, to have won all three major European club competitions.[20]", "AFC Ajax. In 1976–77, Ajax won its first domestic championship in four seasons and recorded a double of the Eredivisie and KNVB Cup two years later.", "AFC Ajax. Through the official Football Top 20 of Dutch sports research group SPORT+MARKT, it was revealed in 2010 that Ajax had approximately 7.1Â million supporters throughout Europe.[97] This is significantly more than rivals Feyenoord and PSV (each 1.6 and 1.3 million, respectively), which puts Ajax as the club with the 15th-most supporters across Europe. The study also revealed that approximately 39% of the Netherlands were Ajax supporters.[98] Not only does Ajax have many supporters, but several fans attend their matches in European competition, with an average attendance of 48,677 spectators for every international match Ajax played, putting the team at 12th place in Europe for highest attendance, ahead of high-profile clubs such as Milan and Chelsea. It is noteworthy that not all stadiums share the capacity of the Johan Cruyff Arena.[99]", "AFC Ajax. Ajax's return as a European force was short lived as Van Gaal and several members of the squad soon departed to some of the continent's biggest clubs. The 2000s was a lean decade for the club with only two Eredivisie championships won. However, Ajax's academy continued to produce star players such as Wesley Sneijder and Rafael van der Vaart.", "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics. Jaap van Praag and Michael van Praag are the first father and son to have won the competition during the presidency of the same team, Ajax. This team won the Champions League in different periods with these presidents, in 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73 and 1994–95.", "Celtic F.C. in European football. Ajax were Celtic's first round European Cup opponents in September 1982. The first leg in Glasgow saw Ajax twice take the lead through goals from Jesper Olsen and Søren Lerby, but Celtic responded with strikes from Charlie Nicholas and Frank McGarvey to draw 2–2 on the night.[63] Celtic went into the second leg as underdogs, but an outstanding Charlie Nicholas goal and a last minute winner from George McCluskey saw the club progress 3–2 on aggregate.[64] Nicholas has since described his goal in Amsterdam as being \"probably my all-time favourite\".[65] Celtic were unable to keep up their winning form in the next round, and went out of Europe 3–2 on aggregate to Real Sociedad, largely due to poor defending.[66]", "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics. A total of 22 clubs have won the tournament since its 1955 inception, with Real Madrid being the only team to win it thirteen times, including the first five. Only two other clubs have reached ten or more finals: Milan and Bayern Munich. A total of 12 clubs have won the tournament multiple times: the three forementioned clubs, along with Liverpool, Ajax, Barcelona, Internazionale, Manchester United, Benfica, Nottingham Forest, Juventus, and Porto. A total of 17 clubs have reached the final without ever managing to win the tournament.", "List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals. Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three times in a row, or five times overall, receive a multiple-winner badge.[5] Six teams have earned this privilege: Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Milan, Liverpool and Barcelona.[6] Until 2009, clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs' Cup and a new one was commissioned;[7] since 2009, the winning team each year has received a full-size replica of the trophy, while the original is retained by UEFA.[8]", "AFC Ajax. In 1965, Rinus Michels, who had played for the club between 1946 and 1958, was appointed manager of Ajax, implementing his philosophy of Total Football which was to become synonymous with both Ajax and the Netherlands national team.[13][14] A year earlier, Johan Cruyff, who would go on to become the greatest Dutch footballer of all-time, made his debut.[15] Between them, Michels and Cruyff led Ajax through the most successful period in its history, winning seven Eredivisie titles, four KNVB Cups and three European Cups.", "AFC Ajax. Below is a table with Ajax's domestic results since the introduction of the Eredivisie in 1956.", "AFC Ajax. In 2010, Frank de Boer was appointed manager of Ajax and led the club to its first league title in seven years, and record 30th title overall, in the 2010–11 season. This was followed by back-to-back wins in 2011–12 and 2012–13 to match his three consecutive titles as a player in the 1990s. In 2013–14, Ajax were again Eredivisie champions, winning four consecutive league titles for the first time in club history.[23] After finishing as runner-up to PSV in both 2014–15 and 2015–16, De Boer resigned as Ajax head coach in May 2016.[24]", "AFC Ajax. In 1956, the first season of the Netherlands' new professional league, the Eredivisie, was played with Ajax participating as a founding member. The Amsterdam club became the first national champions under the new format and made its debut in the European Champion Clubs' Cup the following year, losing to Hungarian champions Vasas SC 6–2 on aggregate at the quarter-final stage. The team were again Eredivisie champions in 1960 and won a third KNVB Cup in 1961.[12]", "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics. Bayern Munich equaled the record of Ajax (1995–1997) for consecutive away wins in the Champions League having won 7 consecutive away games. The run began with a 3–1 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium in the first leg of the 2012–13 round of 16, and continued through to the final, with wins against Juventus (2–0) at the Juventus Stadium and against Barcelona (3–0) at the Camp Nou. In the 2013–14 season the streak continued with group stage wins over Manchester City (3–1) at the City of Manchester Stadium, Viktoria Plzeň (1–0) and CSKA Moscow (3–1). The record equaling seventh win was achieved when they again defeated Arsenal 2–0 at the Emirates Stadium in the round of 16 first leg on 19 February 2014. Their run ended with a 1–1 draw at Old Trafford against Manchester United in the first leg of the quarter-finals.[17]", "AFC Ajax. Ajax was founded in Amsterdam on 18 March 1900. The club achieved promotion to the highest level of Dutch football in 1911 and had its first major success in 1917, winning the KNVB Beker, the Netherlands' national cup. The following season, Ajax became national champion for the first time. The club defended its title in 1918–19, becoming the only team to achieve an unbeaten season in the Netherlands Football League Championship.[9]", "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics. A total of 63 tournaments have been played, 37 in the European Cup era (1955–56 to 1991–92) and 26 in the Champions League era (1992–93 to 2017–18). 15 of the 62 attempts to defend the trophy (24.19%) have been successful, split between 8 teams. These are:", "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics. Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Chelsea and Manchester United are also the only teams to have won the three major UEFA official Cups, namely UEFA Champions League/European Cup, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/Europa League.[5]", "José Mourinho. On 7 December 2011, Real Madrid defeated Ajax with a 3â€“0 scoreline and concluded the Champions League group stage with six victories,[91] becoming the fifth team in Champions League history to accomplish the feat.[92] The victory was the team's 15th consecutive win to equal a club record set 50 years earlier, in 1961.[93]", "AFC Ajax. The early 1980s saw the return of Johan Cruyff to the club, as well as the emergence of young players Marco van Basten and Frank Rijkaard. The team won back-to-back Eredivisie titles in 1982 and 1983, with all three playing a significant role in the latter. After Cruyff's sale to rivals Feyenoord in 1983, Van Basten became Ajax's key player, top scoring in the Eredivisie for four seasons between 1983–84 and 1986–87.[18]" ]	[ 7.35546875, 2.576171875, 2.5625, 2.318359375, 2.720703125, 2.27734375, 1.59375, 0.703125, 1.875, -0.513671875, 0.572265625, 3.947265625, -1.6728515625, 1.2705078125, 0.421875, -1.2783203125, -0.79541015625, -0.94580078125, 1.0703125, -2.662109375, 2.794921875, 2.462890625, 1.9140625, -2.453125, 1.1884765625, 0.26708984375, 1.521484375, -1.0234375, -1.7744140625, -0.90185546875, -3.25, -0.6083984375 ]
what is the lowest note on a trombone	[ "Trombone. The higher in the harmonic series any two successive notes are, the closer they tend to be (as evidenced by the progressively smaller intervals noted above). A byproduct of this is the relatively few motions needed to move between notes in the higher ranges of the trombone. In the lower range, significant movement of the slide is required between positions, which becomes more exaggerated on lower pitched trombones, but for higher notes the player need only use the first four positions of the slide since the partials are closer together, allowing higher notes in alternate positions. As an example, F4 (at the bottom of the treble clef) may be played in first, fourth or sixth position on a B♭ trombone. The note E1 (or the lowest E on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is the lowest attainable note on a 9-foot (2.7 m) B♭ tenor trombone, requiring a full 7 feet 4 inches (2.24 m) of tubing. On trombones without an F attachment, there is a gap between B♭1 (the fundamental in first position) and E2 (the first harmonic in seventh position). Skilled players can produce \"falset\" notes between these, but the sound is relatively weak and not usually used in performance. The addition of an F attachment allows for intermediate notes to be played with more clarity.", "Trombone. The pedal tone on B♭ is frequently seen in commercial scoring but much less often in symphonic music while notes below that are called for only rarely as they \"become increasingly difficult to produce and insecure in quality\" with A♭ or G being the bottom limit for most trombonists.[12] However, some contemporary orchestral writing and solos will call for notes as low as a pedal F on the bass trombone.", "Trombone. As with all brass instruments, progressive tightening of the lips and increased air pressure allow the player to move to different partial in the harmonic series. In the first position (also called closed position) on a B♭ trombone, the notes in the harmonic series begin with B♭2 (one octave higher than the pedal B♭1), F3 (a perfect fifth higher than the previous partial), B♭3 (a perfect fourth higher), D4 (a major third higher), and F4 (a minor third higher).", "Pitch of brass instruments. Certain low brass instruments such as trombone, tuba, euphonium, and alto horn are whole-tube and can play the fundamental tone of each harmonic series with relative ease. Furthermore, the low brass often use extra valves to extend their range uniformly, since the fundamental is chromatically discontinuous with the lowest 2nd harmonic reachable on a three-valve instrument or via the seven-position slide on a trombone. Trombone and tuba in particular are often called upon to play pedal notes (fundamental notes) and so-called \"false harmonics\" and \"false tones\" below their normal range.", "Trombone. F4 marks the sixth partial, or the fifth overtone. Notes on the next partial, for example A♭4 (a minor third higher) in first position, tend to be out of tune in regards to the twelve-tone equal temperament scale. A♭4 in particular, which is at the seventh partial (sixth overtone) is nearly always 31 cents, or about one third of a semitone, flat of the minor seventh. On the slide trombone, such deviations from intonation are corrected for by slightly adjusting the slide or by using an alternate position.[12] It should be noted that though much of Western music has adopted the even-tempered scale, it has been the practice in Germany and Austria to play these notes in position, where they will have just intonation (see harmonic seventh as well for A♭4).", "Trombone. In recent years,[when?] several makers have begun to market compact B♭/C trombones that are especially well suited for young children learning to play the trombone who cannot reach the outer slide positions of full-length instruments. The fundamental note of the unenhanced length is C, but the short valved attachment that puts the instrument in B♭ is open when the trigger is not depressed. While such instruments have no seventh slide position, C and B natural may be comfortably accessed on the first and second positions by using the trigger. A similar design (\"Preacher model\") was marketed by C.G. Conn in the 1920s, also under the Wurlitzer label. Currently, B♭/C trombones are available from many manufacturers, including German makers Günter Frost, Thein and Helmut Voigt, as well as the Yamaha Corporation.[19]", "Trombone. Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has extensive sections of tubing, principally in the slide section, that are of unchanging diameter. Tenor trombones typically have a bore of 0.450 inches (11.4 mm) (small bore) to 0.547 inches (13.9 mm) (large or orchestral bore) after the leadpipe and through the slide. The bore expands through the backbore to the bell, which is typically between 7 and 8 1⁄2 inches (18 and 22 cm). A number of common variations on trombone construction are noted below.", "Trombone. The modern system has seven chromatic slide positions on a tenor trombone in B♭. It was first described by Andre Braun circa 1795.[10] In 1811 Joseph Fröhlich wrote on the differences between the modern system and an old system where four diatonic slide positions were used and the trombone was usually keyed to A.[11] To compare between the two styles the chart below may be helpful (take note for example, in the old system contemporary 1st-position was considered \"drawn past\" then current 1st).[11] In the modern system, each successive position outward (approximately 3 1⁄4 inches [8 cm]) will produce a note which is one semitone lower when played in the same partial. Tightening and loosening the lips will allow the player to \"bend\" the note up or down by a semitone without changing position, so a slightly out-of-position slide may be compensated for by ear.", "Trombone. The next higher partials—B♭4 (a major second higher), C5 (a major second higher), D5 (a major second higher)—do not require much adjustment for even-tempered intonation, but E♭5 (a minor second higher) is almost exactly a quarter tone higher than it would be in twelve-tone equal temperament. E♭5 and F5 (a major second higher) at the next partial are very high notes; a very skilled player with a highly developed facial musculature and diaphragm can go even higher to G5, A♭5, B♭5 and beyond.", "Trombone. The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips (embouchure) cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch. Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument. Variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet.", "Pitch of brass instruments. The modern bass trombone is the same length as a tenor trombone, but typically has two valves, one pitched in F and one in G♭. When combined, these valves put the instrument into D. Modern contrabass trombones are constructed in F and B♭. The F contrabass trombone is often fitted with a valve that puts it into D, and a valve that puts it into E♭, and when combined, these put the instrument into the key of B♭. The B♭ contrabass is often fitted with a valve in F and has been fitted with both a valve in F and G♭, so that it matches its bass trombone counterpart, but is pitched an octave lower.", "Trombone. The word trombone derives from Italian tromba (trumpet) and -one (a suffix meaning \"large\"), so the name means \"large trumpet\". The trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like its valved counterpart the baritone and in contrast to its conical valved counterparts, the euphonium and the horn. The most frequently encountered trombones are the tenor trombone and bass trombone. The most common variant, the tenor, is a non-transposing instrument pitched in B♭, an octave below the B♭ trumpet and an octave above the B♭ tuba. The once common E♭ alto trombone became less widely used as improvements in technique extended the upper range of the tenor, but it is now enjoying a resurgence due to its lighter sonority which is appreciated in many classical and early romantic works. Trombone music, along with music for euphonium and tuba, is typically written in concert pitch in either bass or tenor clef, although exceptions do occur, notably in British brass-band music where tenor trombone is presented as a B♭ transposing instrument, written in treble clef.", "Trombone. Trills, though generally simple with valves, are difficult on the slide trombone. Trills tend to be easiest and most effective higher in the harmonic series because the distance between notes is much smaller and slide movement is minimal. For example, a trill on B♭3/C4 is virtually impossible as the slide must move two positions (either 1st-to-3rd or 5th-to-3rd), however at an octave higher (B♭4/C5) the notes can both be achieved in 1st position as a lip trill. Thus, the most convincing trills tend to be above the first octave and a half of the tenor's range.[15] Trills are most commonly found in early Baroque and Classical music for the trombone as a means of ornamentation, however, some more modern pieces will call for trills as well.", "Pitch of brass instruments. See Types of trombones", "Trombone. In brass-band music, the tenor trombone is treated as a transposing instrument in B♭ and reads the treble clef (while the bass trombone uses the bass clef in concert pitch, as in orchestral and concert-band music). This puts the notes in exactly the same staff position as they would be if the music were written in a (non-transposing) tenor clef, although the key signature and some accidentals must be adjusted. This is no mere coincidence, for brass bands used to employ a section of alto, tenor and bass trombones in the early to mid-19th century, later replacing the alto with a tenor trombone, all the while notated in the corresponding clefs. Eventually, in the early 20th century, musicians decided to replace the tenor clef with the transposing B♭ treble clef to aid new starters to integrate more quickly and effectively into the brass band—though the bass trombone, then in G, remained notated in concert pitch bass clef. (Company bands used B♭ and E♭ treble clef notation for many instruments in the band to allow players to more easily switch instruments when personnel changed.)", "Trombone. Trombone parts are typically notated in bass clef, though sometimes also written in tenor clef or alto clef. The use of alto clef is usually confined to orchestral first trombone parts, with the second trombone part written in tenor clef and the third (bass) part in bass clef. As the alto trombone declined in popularity during the 19th century, this practice was gradually abandoned and first trombone parts came to be notated in the tenor or bass clef. Some Russian and Eastern European composers wrote first and second tenor trombone parts on one alto clef staff (the German Robert Schumann was the first to do this). Examples of this practice are evident in scores by Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich. Trombone parts may contain both bass and tenor clef or bass and alto clef sections. Trombone parts in band music are nearly exclusively notated in bass clef. The rare exceptions are in contemporary works intended for high-level wind bands.", "Trombone. Trombone bells (and sometimes slides) may be constructed of different brass mixtures. The most common material is yellow brass (70% copper, 30% zinc), but other materials include rose brass (85% copper, 15% zinc) and red brass (90% copper, 10% zinc). Some manufacturers offer interchangeable bells. Tenor trombone bells are usually between 7 and 9 in (18–23 cm) in diameter, the most common being sizes from 7 1⁄2 to 8 1⁄2 in (19–22 cm). The smallest sizes are found in small jazz trombones and older narrow-bore instruments, while the larger sizes are common in orchestral models. Bass trombone bells can be as large as 10 1⁄2 in (27 cm) or more, though usually either 9 1⁄2 or 10 in (24 or 25 cm) in diameter. The bell may be constructed out of two separate brass sheets or out of one single piece of metal and hammered on a mandrel until the part is shaped correctly. The edge of the bell may be finished with or without a piece of bell wire to secure it, which also affects the tone quality; most bells are built with bell wire. Occasionally, trombone bells are made from solid sterling silver.", "Trombone. The trombone is a predominantly cylindrical tube bent into an elongated \"S\" shape. Rather than being completely cylindrical from end to end, the tube is a complex series of tapers with the smallest at the mouthpiece receiver and the largest just before the bell flare. The design of these tapers affects the intonation of the instrument. As with other brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through pursed lips producing a vibration that creates a standing wave in the instrument.", "Bassoon. Also, using certain fingerings, notes may be produced on the instrument that sound lower pitches than the actual range of the instrument. These \"impossible notes\" tend to sound very gravelly and out of tune, but technically sound below the low B♭. Alternatively, lower notes can be produced by inserting a small paper or rubber tube into the end of the bell, which converts the lower B♭ into a lower note such as an A natural; this lowers the pitch of the instrument, but has the positive effect of bringing the lowest register (which is typically quite sharp) into tune. A notable piece that calls for the use of a low A bell is Carl Nielsen's Wind Quintet, op. 43, which includes an optional low A for the final cadence of the work. Bassoonists sometimes use the end bell segment of an English horn or clarinet if one is available instead of a specially made extension. This often yields unsatisfactory results, though, as the resultant A can be quite sharp. The idea of using low A was begun by Richard Wagner, who wanted to extend the range of the bassoon. Many passages in his later operas require the low A as well as the B-flat above. (This is impossible on a normal bassoon using an A extension as the fingering for the B-flat yields the low A.) These passages are typically realized on the contrabassoon, as recommended by the composer. Some bassoons have been made to allow bassoonists to realize similar passages. These bassoons are made with a \"Wagner bell\" which is an extended bell with a key for both the low A and the low B-flat. Bassoons with Wagner bells suffer similar intonational deficiencies as a bassoon with an A extension. Another composer who has required the bassoon to be chromatic down to low A is Gustav Mahler. Richard Strauss also calls for the low A in his opera Intermezzo.", "Trombone. A superbone uses a full set of valves and a slide. These differ from trombones with triggers. Some slide trombones have one or (less frequently) two rotary valves operated by a left-hand thumb trigger. The single rotary valve is part of the F attachment, which adds a length of tubing to lower the instrument's fundamental pitch from Bâ™ to F. Some bass trombones have a second trigger with a different length of tubing. The second trigger facilitates playing the otherwise problematic low B. A buccin is a trombone with a round, zoomorphic bell section. They were common in 19th-century military bands.", "Trombone. Especially with the ophicleide, or later the tuba subjoined to the trombone trio during the 19th century, parts scored for the bass trombone rarely descended as low as parts scored before the addition of either of these new low brass instruments. Only in the early 20th century did it regain a degree of independence. Experiments with different constitutions of the trombone section during the 19th and early 20th centuries, including Richard Wagner's addition of a contrabass trombone in Der Ring des Nibelungen and Gustav Mahler's and Richard Strauss' occasional augmentation by adding a second bass trombone to the usual trio of two tenor trombones and one bass trombone, have not had any lasting effect; the majority of orchestral works are still scored for the usual mid- to late-19th-century low brass section of two tenor trombones, one bass trombone and one tuba.", "Trombone. The adjustment of intonation is most often accomplished with a tuning slide that is a short slide between the neckpipe and the bell incorporating the bell bow (U-bend); this device was designed by the French maker FranÃ§ois Riedlocker during the early 19th century and applied to French and British designs and later in the century to German and American models, though German trombones were built without tuning slides well into the 20th century. However, trombonists, unlike other instrumentalists, are not subject to the intonation issues resulting from valved or keyed instruments, since they can adjust intonation \"on the fly\" by subtly altering slide positions when necessary. For example, second position \"A\" is not in exactly the same place on the slide as second position \"E\". Many types of trombone also include one or more rotary valves used to increase the length of the instrument (and therefore lower its pitch) by directing the air flow through additional tubing. This allows the instrument to reach notes that are otherwise not possible without the valve as well as play other notes in alternate positions.", "Trombone. More often than not, tenor trombones with an F attachment, or trigger, have a larger bore through the attachment than through the 'straight' section (the portion of the trombone through which the air flows when the attachment is not engaged). Typically, for orchestral instruments, the slide bore is 0.547 in (13.9 mm) and the attachment tubing bore is 0.562 in (14.3 mm). A wide variety of valve attachments and combinations are available. Valve attachment tubing usually incorporates a small tuning slide so that the attachment tubing can be tuned separately from the rest of the instrument. Most B♭/F tenor and bass trombones include a tuning slide long enough to lower the pitch to E with the valve tubing engaged, enabling the production of B2.", "Orchestra. The principal trombone is considered the leader of the low brass section, while the principal trumpet is generally considered the leader of the entire brass section. While the oboe often provides the tuning note for the orchestra (due to 300-year-old convention), no principal is the leader of the woodwind section though in woodwind ensembles, often the flute is leader.[8] Instead, each principal confers with the others as equals in the case of musical differences of opinion. Most sections also have an assistant principal (or co-principal or associate principal), or in the case of the first violins, an assistant concertmaster, who often plays a tutti part in addition to replacing the principal in his or her absence.", "Trombone. The most frequently encountered trombones today are the tenor and bass, though as with many other Renaissance instruments, the trombone has been built in sizes from piccolo to contrabass. Trombones are usually constructed with a slide that is used to change the pitch. Valve trombones use three valves (singly or in combination) instead of the slide. The valves follow the same schema as other valved instruments-the first valve lowers the pitch by one step, the second valve by a half-step, and the third valve by one and a half steps.", "Trombone. Valve attachments in tenor and bass trombones were first seen in the mid 19th century, originally on the tenor B♭ trombone. Before 1850, bass trombone parts were mostly played on a slightly longer F-bass trombone (a fourth lower). The first valve was simply a fourth-valve, or in German \"Quart-ventil\", built onto a B♭ tenor trombone, to allow playing in low F. This valve was first built without a return spring, and was only intended to set the instrument in B♭ or F for extended passages.[citation needed] Since the mid-20th century, modern instruments use a trigger to engage the valve while playing.", "Trombone. Many trombones have valve attachments to aid in increasing the range of the instrument while also allowing alternate slide positions for difficult music passages. In addition, valve attachments make trills much easier. Valve attachments appear on alto, tenor, bass, and contrabass trombones. It is rare on the alto, but when the instrument does have it, the valve attachment changes the key of the instrument from E♭ to B♭, allowing the alto trombone to play in the tenor trombone range. Tenor trombones commonly have valve attachments, the most common being the F-attachment, which changes the pitch of the instrument from B♭ to F, increasing the range of the instrument downward and allowing alternate slide positions for notes in 6th or 7th position.", "Trombone. French trombones were built in the very smallest bore sizes up to the end of the Second World War and whilst other sizes were made there, the French usually preferred the tenor trombone to any other size. French music, therefore, usually employed a section of three tenor trombones up to the mid–20th century. Tenor trombones produced in France during the 19th and early 20th centuries featured bore sizes of around 0.450 in (11.4 mm), small bells of not more than 6 in (15 cm) in diameter, as well as a funnel-shaped mouthpiece slightly larger than that of the cornet or horn. French tenor trombones were built in both C and B♭, altos in D♭, sopranos in F, piccolos in high B♭, basses in G and E♭, contrabasses in B♭.", "Trombone. The trombone is one of the few wind instruments that can produce a true glissando, by moving the slide without interrupting the airflow or sound production. Every pitch in a glissando must have the same harmonic number, and a tritone is the largest interval that can be performed as a glissando.[13] 'Harmonic', 'inverted', 'broken' or 'false' glissandos are those that cross one or more harmonic series, requiring a simulated or faked glissando effect.[14]", "Trombone. In the second half of the century, new composers began giving back to the trombone a level of importance in solo and chamber music. Pieces such as Edgard Varèse's Octandre, Paul Hindemith's Sonata, Charles Wuorinen's Trombone Trio and Luciano Berio's Sequenza V led the way for lesser-known composers to build a wider repertoire. Popular choices for recital music today include Stjepan Sulek's Vox Gabrieli, Jacques Casterède's Sonatine and Jean Michel Defaye's Deux Danses. Some well known trombone concertos from this period include works by Pascal Dusapin, Derek Bourgeois, Lars-Erik Larsson, Launy Grøndahl, Nino Rota, Christopher Rouse and Henri Tomasi. Jan Sandström composed two concertos to be performed by Christian Lindberg, his Trombone Concerto No. 1 (1990) is called Motorbike Odyssey or Motorbike Concerto. In 1995-6, Johan de Meij wrote his T-Bone Concerto for trombone and concert band. Artists such as Mark Hetzler have recorded works from Berg, Webern, and Stravinsky transcribed from other instruments (such as oboe, clarinet and strings) to show the difficulty, versatility and range of solo music the trombone can handle very sensitively.[7][not in citation given] The Solo for Sliding Trombone is one of the parts for John Cage's Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1958). It can be played as a solo or with any combination of the other parts of the Concert. The Solo employs a wide variety of standard and extended playing techniques. Due to the crossover ability of performers from the last 50 years being well trained in both the classical and jazz genres, more chamber works have appeared which blur those distinctions and also include improvisation. Several of those are the Improvisation No. 1 (O'Grady), Sonata for Trombone (Cooper), and the Arrows of Time (Peaslee). Other solo pieces for trombone and piano include Guy Ropartz's Piece for trombone (1908), J. E. Barat's Andante and Allegro, Camille Saint-Saens's (even though romantic) Cavatine (1915), and Boris Pigovat's Meditation.", "Trombone. Today, the trombone can be found in wind ensembles/concert bands, symphony orchestras, marching bands, military bands, brass bands, and brass choirs. In chamber music, it is used in brass quintets, quartets, or trios, or trombone trios, quartets, or choirs. The size of a trombone choir can vary greatly from five or six to twenty or more members.", "Clef. This clef is used for the cello, euphonium, double bass, bass guitar, bassoon, contrabassoon, trombone, baritone horn, tuba, and timpani. It is also used for the lowest notes of the horn, and for the baritone and bass voices. Tenor voice is notated in bass clef when the tenor and bass are written on the same stave. Bass clef is the bottom clef in the grand stave for harp and keyboard instruments. The contrabassoon, double bass, and electric bass sound an octave lower than the written pitch; no notation is usually made of this fact, but some composers/publishers will place an \"8\" beneath the clef for these instruments on the conductor's full score to differentiate from instruments that naturally sound within the clef (see \"Octave clefs\" below)." ]	[ 4.953125, 3.884765625, 0.01259613037109375, -3.15234375, -0.038116455078125, -0.09869384765625, -4.75, 0.59033203125, -0.09539794921875, -3.314453125, -1.1591796875, -0.5380859375, -1.7666015625, -7.74609375, -1.8291015625, -1.7783203125, -3.09765625, -3.06640625, -4.88671875, -0.78564453125, -2.162109375, -1.9365234375, -1.58203125, -4.02734375, -2.76171875, -0.5322265625, -1.4609375, -1.65234375, -2.70703125, -4.7890625, -6.6953125, -1.158203125 ]
when did grizzly bears become extinct in california	[ "Big Bear City, California. Although grizzly bears were previously common, they became extinct from Big Bear Valley in 1906.[24][25]", "California grizzly bear. Less than 75 years after the discovery of gold in 1848, almost every grizzly bear in California had been tracked down and killed. One prospector in Southern California, William F. Holcomb (nicknamed \"Grizzly Bill\" Holcomb), was particularly well known for hunting grizzly bears in what is now San Bernardino County. The last hunted California grizzly bear was shot in Tulare County, California, in August 1922, although no body, skeleton or pelt was ever produced. Two years later in 1924, what was thought to be a grizzly was spotted in Sequoia National Park for the last time and thereafter, grizzlies were never seen again in California.[9][10][11]", "Grizzly bear. Although the once-abundant grizzly bear (see California grizzly bear) appears prominently on the state flag of California and was the symbol of the Bear Flag Republic before California's admission to the Union, they are no longer naturally present. The last grizzly in all of California was killed in the Sierra foothills east of Fresno in August 1922.[33]", "California grizzly bear. The California grizzly bear (Ursus arctos californicus) is an extinct subspecies of the grizzly bear, the very large North American brown bear. \"Grizzly\" could have meant \"grizzled\" (that is, with golden and grey tips of the hair) or \"fear-inspiring\" (this is actually spelled \"grisly\").[1] Nonetheless, after careful study, naturalist George Ord formally classified it in 1815 – not for its hair, but for its character – as Ursus horribilis (\"terrifying bear\").[2] Genetically, North American grizzlies are closely related;[3] in size and coloring, the California grizzly bear was much like the grizzly bear of the southern coast of Alaska. In California, it was particularly admired for its beauty, size and strength. The grizzly became a symbol of the Bear Flag Republic, a moniker that was attached to the short-lived attempt by a group of American settlers to break away from Mexico in 1846. Later, this rebel flag became the basis for the state flag of California, and then California was known as the \"Bear State.\"[4]", "California grizzly bear. In 1866, a grizzly bear described as weighing as much as 2,200 pounds (1,000Â kg) was killed in Valley Center, California, the biggest bear ever found in California, as recalled in 1932 by Catherine E. Lovett Smith, who had been six years old at the time and on whose family's ranch the bear had been found; Lovett Smith stated that this was where Valley Center got its original name of \"Bear Valley\" (other sources concurred as to the story of the bear, but differed on its size).[9]", "California grizzly bear. California still has habitat for about 500 grizzlies.[13] In 2014, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service received and rejected a petition to reintroduce grizzly bears to California.[14][15] In 2015, the Center for Biological Diversity launched a petition aimed at the California state legislature to reintroduce the grizzly bear to the state.[16][17][18] The California grizzly bear has been considered as a possible candidate for attempts at de-extinction, through the proposed use of back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering to recreate extinct species.[19]", "Big Bear Lake. The unregulated hunting of grizzly bear in the San Bernardinos took a heavy toll upon the once significant native population, and by 1906 all the local Ursus californicus were killed off.", "California grizzly bear. As the settled frontier of New Spain was extended northward, settlers began to populate California and establish large cattle herds as the main industry. The grizzly bears killed livestock and so became enemies of the rancheros. Vaqueros hunted the grizzlies, sometimes roping and capturing them to be displayed in public battles with bulls.[7] This popular spectator sport inspired betting as to whether the bear or the bull would win.", "California grizzly bear. The first recorded encounters of California grizzly bears by the Europeans are in the diaries kept by several members of the 1769 Portola expedition, first exploration by land of what is now the state of California. Several place names that include the Spanish word for bear (oso) trace their origins back to that first expedition (e.g. Los Osos).", "Grizzly bear. The Mexican grizzly bear (Ursus arctos nelsoni) is extinct.[135][136]", "Flag of California. The bear on one 1911 version of the flag is claimed to have been modeled on the last California grizzly bear in captivity.[7] The bear, named \"Monarch\", was captured in 1889 by newspaper reporter Allen Kelley, at the behest of William Randolph Hearst.[8] The bear was subsequently moved to Woodwards Gardens in San Francisco, and then to the zoo at Golden Gate Park. After the bear's death in 1911, it was mounted and preserved at the Academy of Sciences at Golden Gate Park.[9]", "Short-faced bear. The short-faced bear (Arctodus spp.) is an extinct bear that inhabited North America during the Pleistocene epoch from about 1.8 Mya until 11,000 years ago. It was the most common early North American bear and was most abundant in California.[1] There are two recognized species: Arctodus pristinus and Arctodus simus, with the latter considered to be one of the largest known terrestrial mammalian carnivores that has ever existed. It has been hypothesized that their extinction coincides with the Younger Dryas period of global cooling commencing around 10,900 BC.", "Ecology of the Rocky Mountains. Grizzly bears once roamed throughout the Rocky Mountains and the western Great Plains. They were hunted relentlessly by European settlers in the 19th century and early 20th century. The last known grizzly bear in Colorado was killed in 1979. The decline of the bears to just 2% of their original range tells of the human-caused extirpation of large predators in the Rocky Mountain region. Only 700-900 grizzly bears may be alive today in the conterminous United States, with 300 grizzlies alive in the Canadian Rockies.[25] During the last 20 years, about 88% of all grizzly bears studied in the northern Rocky Mountains were killed by humans.[1] The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is considering delisting the grizzly in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming.[26]", "California grizzly bear. The California grizzly bear is one of the state's most visible and enduring symbols, adorning both the state flag and seal. The Bear Flag first flew in 1846 as a symbol of the short-lived California Republic. A second version was adopted as the state flag by the state legislature in 1911.[20] The bear symbol became a permanent part of the state seal in 1849. The California grizzly bear was designated the official state animal in 1953.[21][22] The bear is celebrated in name and as mascot of the sports teams of the University of California, Berkeley (the California Golden Bears), and of the University of California, Los Angeles (the UCLA Bruins) and in the mascot of University of California, Riverside (Scottie the Bear, dressed in a Highland kilt). The California Maritime Academy operates a training ship named \"Golden Bear\".[citation needed]", "California grizzly bear. A 1953 researcher stated, \"The specific status of North American brown bears (or grizzly bears) is one of the most complex problems of mammalian taxonomy. The difficulty stems directly from the work of Merriam (1918), who concluded that there are 86 forms of grizzlies (and brown bears) in North America.\"[5]", "Big Sur. The Pfeiffer family would fill a bait ball of swine entrails with strychnine and hang it from a tree. The last grizzly bear in Monterey County was seen in 1941 on the Cooper Ranch near the mouth of the Little Sur River.[125] :21 Since about 1980, American black bears have been sighted in the area, likely expanding their range from southern California and filling in the ecological niche left when the grizzly bear was exterminated.[5]:261", "California grizzly bear. Californian grizzly bears had been pitted against other animals, such as bulls.[12]", "California grizzly bear. North American grizzlies were taxonomically grouped as a species apart from other bear species, until DNA testing revealed that they should properly be grouped in the same species as the other brown bears.[3] Grizzlies living in California had been classified by Merriam into many subspecies, but the only genetically anomalous grouping in North America is the ABC Islands bears.[6]", "Flag of California. The original Grizzly Bear Flag was designed by Peter Storm. Versions of Storm's Bear Flag were raised for the first time in Sonoma, California, in June 1846 on a date between the 14th and the 17th,[16] by the men who became known as the \"Bear Flaggers\", including William B. Ide.[17] The exact creation date is at least somewhat unclear. However, U.S. Naval Lieutenant John Missroon reported the flag's existence as of June 17, 1846.[18]", "Brown bear. Although many people hold the belief some brown bears may be present in Mexico they are almost certainly extinct.[154] The last Mexican grizzly bear was shot in 1976.[155] None had been seen since 1960 prior.", "Great Seal of California. During the 1849 Constitutional Convention debate on the design of the seal, the bear was added to satisfy Major J.R. Snyder and the men of the Bear Flag Revolt, which freed California from Mexican rule in 1846. This addition was objected to by native Californio Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, former head of the Mexican military in California, but a friend of the United States. He introduced an amendment to remove the bear, or, if it were to remain, that it be held fast by a vaquero's lasso. The amendment failed.[43]", "Grizzly bear. In 1963 Rausch reduced the number of North American subspecies to one, Ursus arctos middendorffi[14]", "Big Bear City, California. Big Bear got its name due to the large number of grizzly bears that once roamed the area.[4] Although grizzly bears went extinct in the valley at the turn of the 20th century, there are still thousands of black bears found in Big Bear Valley.[5]", "List of mammals of California. 2 species of bears occurred in California. One was recently extirpated.", "Grizzly bear. The removal of wolves and the grizzly bear in California may have greatly reduced the abundance of the endangered San Joaquin Kit Fox.[85] With the reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a keystone species, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the gray wolf. The interactions of grizzly bears with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defense of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an elk killed by wolves.[86] The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. As the wolves and grizzly compete for the kill, one wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply is not usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).[87] While wolves usually dominate grizzly bears during interactions at wolf dens, both grizzly and black bears have been reported killing wolves and their cubs at wolf dens even when the latter was in defense mode.[88][89]", "Brown bear. The grizzly bear is the state animal of Montana.[468] The California golden bear is the state animal of California.[469] Both animals are sub-species of the brown bear, and the species was extirpated from the latter state.", "Grizzly bear. In September 2007, a hunter produced evidence of one bear in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness ecosystem, by killing a male grizzly bear there.[34] In the North Cascades ecosystem of northern Washington, grizzly bear populations are estimated to be less than 20 bears. One sighting of a grizzly bear in 2010 has been recorded.[35] There has been no confirmed sighting of a grizzly in Colorado since 1979.[36]", "Big Bear Lake, California. Big Bear Lake was inhabited by the indigenous Serrano Indians for over 2,000 years before it was explored by Benjamin Wilson and his party. Once populated by only the natives and the grizzly bears, from which the area received its name, the population of the Big Bear Valley grew rapidly during the Southern California Gold Rush from 1861 to 1912. Grizzly bears were not found in the region after 1908.[4] Today, there are black bears in the region since their introduction in 1933,[4] and they are sometimes sighted in residential areas.", "Grizzly bear. Brown bears originated in Eurasia and traveled to North America approximately 50,000 years ago,[9][10] spreading into the contiguous United States about 13,000 years ago.[11] In the 19th century, the grizzly was classified as 86 distinct species. However, by 1928 only seven grizzlies remained[2] and by 1953 only one species remained globally.[12] However, modern genetic testing reveals the grizzly to be a subspecies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Rausch found that North America has but one species of grizzly.[13] Therefore, everywhere it is the \"brown bear\"; in North America, it is the \"grizzly\", but these are all the same species, Ursus arctos.", "Grizzly bear. In early March 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to withdraw Endangered Species Act protections from grizzly bears in and around Yellowstone National Park. The population has risen from 136 bears in 1975 to an estimated 700 in 2017, and was \"delisted\" in June 2017.[145][147][146]", "Grizzly bear. Multiple morphological forms sometimes recognized as subspecies exist, including the mainland grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis), Kodiak bear (U. a. middendorffi), peninsular grizzly (U. a. gyas), and the recently extinct California grizzly (U. a. californicus†)[1][2] and Mexican grizzly bear (U. a. nelsoni†). On average bears near the coast tend to be larger while inland grizzlies tend to be smaller.", "Native Sons of the Golden West. From 1905 through 1954 the Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West published The Grizzly Bear.[21]" ]	[ 5.19140625, 5.78515625, 5.39453125, 2.888671875, 3.048828125, 1.6953125, 1.255859375, -3.65234375, -0.6162109375, -2.568359375, 0.87255859375, 1.3798828125, 0.1531982421875, 1.1357421875, -1.3349609375, 2.52734375, -3.427734375, -2.810546875, -3.2109375, -0.6650390625, -4.30859375, -0.477783203125, 2.580078125, -6.04296875, -3.076171875, -3.349609375, -1.68359375, 2.16015625, 0.64697265625, -0.03570556640625, -1.904296875, -3.298828125 ]
who sings on calvin harris feel so close	[ "Feel So Close. \"Feel So Close\" is a song by Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, released as the second single from his third studio album, 18 Months (2012). Harris returns to singing on this song, after previously stating he had quit singing in concerts.[1] The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Harris's sixth solo top ten single. It also marked his second single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United Statesâ€”his first being Rihanna's \"We Found Love\", on which he is featured. The song had sold over 2.17 million copies in the US by the end of 2012.[2]", "Feels (song). \"Feels\" is a song recorded and produced by Scottish DJ Calvin Harris. It features vocals from American singer-songwriters Pharrell Williams, Katy Perry and American rapper Big Sean. It was released on 16 June 2017 through Sony Music as the fourth single from his fifth studio album Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1 (2017), after \"Slide\", \"Heatstroke\" and \"Rollin\". Starrah assisted the artists in writing the song.[3][4]", "Feel So Close. The music video for \"Feel So Close\", directed by Vincent Haycock,[4] premiered on Harris's official YouTube channel on 14 July 2011.[5] As well as depicting Harris watching and sitting with a girl, it also shows various groups of youths dancing, as was the theme of the previous video. It also features the rancher cowboy and his horse, who are featured on the single cover. It was filmed in and around Kern County, California. The truck stop scene was filmed at Astro Burgers, Boron adjacent to Reyes Polish—now Reyes Truck Polishing—in Kramer Junction in San Bernardino County, California; the suburban scene at the intersection of Clark and Lapis Streets, in Rosamond, California; the desert town scene in Randsburg, California.", "Summer (Calvin Harris song). \"Summer\" is a song by Scottish recording artist Calvin Harris, released on 14 March 2014 as the second single from his fourth studio album, Motion (2014).[2] Like his previous single \"Feel So Close\", Harris returns as a vocalist on \"Summer\".[3] The accompanying music video was directed by Emil Nava and premiered on 6 April 2014.", "Call Me Maybe. A number of covers also emerged since the song's release. On June 7, 2012, producer Chi Duly released \"Call Me Calvin (Chi Duly Edit)\", a mashup which replaced the original backing of \"Call Me Maybe\" with Calvin Harris' singles \"I'm Not Alone\", \"Feel So Close\", and \"We Found Love\".[89]", "My Way (Calvin Harris song). \"My Way\" is a song by Calvin Harris. The song was released on 16 September 2016.[1] Harris announced the single on his Twitter page five days prior to its release.[2] Like his previous singles \"Summer\" and \"Feel So Close\", Harris returns as a vocalist.[3] It topped the charts in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Scotland while peaking within the top 10 in Australia, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, as well as the top 20 in Canada, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.", "Feels (song). On 14 June 2017, Calvin Harris announced on social media that he would be releasing the fourth single from Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1 on 15 June 2017, which named \"Feels\". The post included the single cover art and credits of \"Feels\".[5]", "Slide (Calvin Harris song). \"Slide\" is a song by Scottish DJ and record producer Calvin Harris. It features vocals from American singer Frank Ocean and American rappers Quavo and Offset from the hip hop group Migos. It is the lead single from Harris's fifth studio album, Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1, released on 23 February 2017 through Sony Music.", "Slide (Calvin Harris song). Las Vegas Review-Journal published that \"'Slide' carries a mixture of the depth and warmth of analog instrumentation alongside modern vocal production, arrangement and mixing and showcases Calvin's music abilities and prowess to the best\".[12]", "I Need Your Love (Calvin Harris song). \"I Need Your Love\" received primarily positive reviews from music critics. Robert Copsey of Digital Spy rated the song four out of five stars, stating that \"it's [Goulding's] distinctively soft-yet-throaty vocal that lifts it from the generic into something special.\"[5] Sam Lansky of Idolator wrote that Goulding's \"characteristically fragile, twee vocals [...] sound even more haunting in the context of Harris' futuristic electro instrumentation\", adding that Harris is \"in fine form here.\"[6] Billboard commented that Goulding's \"fragile voice carries so much warmth that no amount of synthetic clutter can dim a line like, 'Tell me, do you feel the same?/Hold me in your arms again'\", but felt that \"Harris' beat is a bit too strenuous here\".[7]", "Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1. Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1 is the fifth studio album by Scottish DJ and record producer Calvin Harris. It was released on 30 June 2017 by Columbia Records.[4][5] The album features guest vocals by Frank Ocean, Migos, Schoolboy Q, PartyNextDoor, D.R.A.M., Young Thug, Pharrell Williams, Ariana Grande, Future, Khalid, Travis Scott, Snoop Dogg, John Legend, Nicki Minaj, Katy Perry, Big Sean, Kehlani, Lil Yachty and Jessie Reyez, as well as prominent writing contributions from Starrah.[6][7]", "My Way (Calvin Harris song). — Harris, during an interview with iHeartRadio.[4]", "Summer (Calvin Harris song). \"Summer\" is composed in the key of G major and has a tempo of 128 beats per minute. It follows the chord progression C–Em–D–Am–G/B–C.[8] Harris's vocal range spans from G2 to D4.[8]", "I Need Your Love (Calvin Harris song). \"I Need Your Love\" is a song by Scottish producer and DJ Calvin Harris from his third studio album, 18 Months (2012). The song features vocals from English singer Ellie Goulding and was released on 12 April 2013 as the album's seventh single. \"I Need Your Love\" is also included as a bonus track on Goulding's second studio album, Halcyon (2012). The accompanying music video, directed by Emil Nava, depicts Harris and Goulding as a romantic couple on a trip to Miami.", "How Deep Is Your Love (Calvin Harris and Disciples song). \"How Deep Is Your Love\" is a song by Scottish DJ and record producer Calvin Harris and English production trio Disciples. It was released on 17 July 2015. It features uncredited vocals by Norwegian singer and songwriter Ina Wroldsen.[1]", "Feel So Close. Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song four out of five stars writing, \"'I feel so close to you right now/ It's a force field', he sing-speaks in a clumsy but infatuated manner over melancholic piano chords, before a breezy, lyric-less chorus of squawking electronic sirens and crazy synths bound around like a bucking bronco at a Texas rodeo rave. The result is a wistful yet exhilarating club thumperâ€”and as for those vocals, well, if you want something done right...\"[3]", "How Deep Is Your Love (Calvin Harris and Disciples song). Harris told radio KISS-FM that following the release of Motion, he wanted to do something else, something a bit different. He wanted a single out for the summer because it had been so long since it had happened. \"I missed the feeling of having a new song out in the summer.\"[6]", "How Deep Is Your Love (Calvin Harris and Disciples song). On 3 June 2015, Harris announced an upcoming collaboration with London-based production trio Disciples.[3] The song leaked on 15 July 2015, two days prior to its official release.[1]", "Where Have You Been. The Calvin Harris Extended Remix â€“ Digital download", "2016 MTV Video Music Awards. Calvin Harris and Disciples â€” \"How Deep Is Your Love\"", "2016 MTV Video Music Awards. Calvin Harris (featuring Rihanna) â€” \"This Is What You Came For\"", "How Deep Is Your Love (Calvin Harris and Disciples song). The song first materialised when London-based band Disciples and Norwegian singer-songwriter Ina Wroldsen co-wrote it in early 2014.[4] They recorded the vocals of Wroldsen in one take for the demo.[4] Two of the artists from Disciples who are published by Fly-Eye (Harris's publishing company) decided to send him the rough demonstration for feedback and pointers.[4] Harris loved the track and eventually proposed collaborating on it together.[5]", "Slide (Calvin Harris song). On 21 February 2017, Harris announced \"Slide\", a collaboration with American singer Frank Ocean and American hip hop group Migos. Ocean, Harris and Migos are credited with featured vocals and songwriting credits, while production is handled solely by Harris. The song was released on 23 February 2017. It is Ocean's first collaboration since leaving Def Jam, as Harris' liner notes of \"Slide\" list Ocean as an independent artist, appearing courtesy of himself. It is Migos' first collaboration with both Ocean and Harris.[1][2][3]", "Let's Go (Calvin Harris song). Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating:", "I Need Your Love (Calvin Harris song). In the United States, the song debuted at seventy-six on the Billboard Hot 100[19] and peaked at number sixteen, becoming Harris's fifth top forty single and Goulding's second.[20][21] \"I Need Your Love\" had sold one million downloads in the United States as of September 2013.[22]", "Summer (Calvin Harris song). The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Harris's sixth UK number-one single.[4] It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his second top ten hit as a lead artist and third overall, and had sold over a million copies in the United States as of July 2014.[5] \"Summer\" has received nominations for British Single and British Artist Video of the Year at the 2015 Brit Awards.[6]", "I Need Your Love (Calvin Harris song). \"I Need Your Love\" received favourable reviews from critics. The song reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, making Harris the first artist in UK chart history to have eight top ten hits from one studio album. It also reached the top five in Australia, Austria, Finland, and Sweden, the top ten in Belgium, Ireland and Switzerland, and the top twenty in the United States. The song was nominated for British Single of the Year at the 2014 BRIT Awards,[2] while the music video was nominated for British Video of the Year.[3]", "Feel So Close. In 2013, YouTube star Kurt Hugo Schneider and Coca-Cola teamed up to create music videos featuring creative covers of two 2013 hits namely \"Feel So Close\" and Of Monsters and Men's \"Little Talks\" for a campaign called \"The Sounds of AHH\". \"Feel So Close\" shows Schneider playing only Coca-Cola bottles, glasses and cans. In the version, he is accompanied by beatboxing cellist Kevin Olusola. Commercial edits of the video aired on season 13 premiere of American Idol on 14 January 2014 on FOX.[6]", "Feels (song). The song's accompanying music video was uploaded to Harris' Vevo channel on YouTube on 26 June 2017. The music video was directed by Emil Nava.[9] In the video, Harris, Williams, Perry and Big Sean lounge around on a desert island.[10] A second video followed two months later, which features all four artists as a band playing the track in front of a live audience and receiving applause for their performance.[11]", "How Deep Is Your Love (Calvin Harris and Disciples song). Lewis Corner of Digital Spy wrote \"Calvin Harris is ready to soundtrack the rest of your summer with his new deep house banger.\"[7] Time's Nolan Feeney wrote: \" 'How Deep Is Your Love' doesn’t evoke the pummeling build-ups and synthesizer onslaughts of Rihanna’s 'We Found Love' or Cheryl Cole’s 'Call My Name'. Instead, [Harris] opts for some slow-burning house. If his next album sounds this fresh, the love will go pretty deep, actually.\"[13]", "Summer (Calvin Harris song). The song received mixed to positive reviews. Lewis Corner of Digital Spy rated \"Summer\" three-and-a-half out of five stars, calling it \"a bright and vibrant banger destined to soundtrack the warmer months\".[9] Jamieson Cox of Time magazine felt that the song \"doesn't have much lyrical meat on its bones, but coming on the heels of one of the most severe winters in recent memory, listeners are likely hungry for anything that suggests a warmer, sunnier season. One of Harris' trademark gigantic synth hooks doesn't hurt its digestibility, either.\"[10] Robbie Daw of Idolator viewed the track as \"a shameless bid at nabbing an 'Umbrella'/'California Gurls'/'Blurred Lines'-like Song Of The Summer anthem\".[11]", "Slide (Calvin Harris song). Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic gave it a mixed to positive review, saying that \"the divides between Ocean, Migos, and Harris's sensibilities couldn't be clearer, but the song is a reminder of pop's power to make very different elements slide together\", and concluding that Frank Ocean's \"team-up with Calvin Harris and Migos on 'Slide', scrambles some expectations, but mostly just sounds like summer\".[11]" ]	[ 3.60546875, 1.9970703125, 0.54931640625, 2.3046875, 1.580078125, 1.0029296875, -1.86328125, -0.28076171875, -3.744140625, -2.880859375, -1.9150390625, -3.32421875, -4.078125, -2.806640625, -1.41796875, 1.5888671875, -4.6484375, -2.357421875, -5.015625, -4.91015625, -3.931640625, -1.9345703125, -0.2342529296875, -3.33984375, -3.287109375, -2.439453125, -3.484375, -0.55908203125, -0.72265625, -3.8203125, -4.24609375, -1.8310546875 ]
what type of lava did mt st helens have	[ "Mount St. Helens. As with most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, Mount St.Â Helens is a large eruptive cone consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice, and other deposits. The mountain includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit, and off its northern flank sat the smaller Goat Rocks dome. Both were destroyed in the 1980 eruption.", "Mount St. Helens. The next eruptive period, the Castle Creek period, began about 400 BCE, and is characterized by a change in composition of St. Helens' lava, with the addition of olivine and basalt.[23] The pre-1980 summit cone started to form during the Castle Creek period. Significant lava flows in addition to the previously much more common fragmented and pulverized lavas and rocks (tephra) distinguished this period. Large lava flows of andesite and basalt covered parts of the mountain, including one around the year 100 BCE that traveled all the way into the Lewis and Kalama river valleys.[23] Others, such as Cave Basalt (known for its system of lava tubes), flowed up to 9 miles (14 km) from their vents.[23] During the first century, mudflows moved 30 miles (50 km) down the Toutle and Kalama river valleys and may have reached the Columbia River. Another 400 years of dormancy ensued.", "Mount St. Helens. The early eruptive stages of Mount St. Helens are known as the \"Ape Canyon Stage\" (around 40,000–35,000 years ago), the \"Cougar Stage\" (ca. 20,000–18,000 years ago), and the \"Swift Creek Stage\" (roughly 13,000–8,000 years ago).[20] The modern period, since about 2500 BCE, is called the \"Spirit Lake Stage\". Collectively, the pre–Spirit Lake stages are known as the \"ancestral stages\". The ancestral and modern stages differ primarily in the composition of the erupted lavas; ancestral lavas consisted of a characteristic mixture of dacite and andesite, while modern lava is very diverse (ranging from olivine basalt to andesite and dacite).[21]", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Later studies indicated that one-third of the 0.045 cubic miles (0.19Â km3) of material in the flow was new lava, and the rest was fragmented, older rock.[28]", "Mount St. Helens. This 150-year period next saw the eruption of less silica-rich lava in the form of andesitic ash that formed at least eight alternating light- and dark-colored layers.[23] Blocky andesite lava then flowed from St. Helens' summit crater down the volcano's southeast flank.[23] Later, pyroclastic flows raced down over the andesite lava and into the Kalama River valley. It ended with the emplacement of a dacite dome several hundred feet (~200 m) high at the volcano's summit, which filled and overtopped an explosion crater already at the summit.[25] Large parts of the dome's sides broke away and mantled parts of the volcano's cone with talus. Lateral explosions excavated a notch in the southeast crater wall. St. Helens reached its greatest height and achieved its highly symmetrical form by the time the Kalama eruptive cycle ended, about 1647.[25] The volcano remained quiet for the next 150 years.", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The 2004–08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano. Starting in October 2004, there was a gradual building of a new lava dome. The new dome did not rise above the caldera created by the 1980 eruption. This activity lasted until January 2008.", "Mount St. Helens. Between 1980 and 1986, activity continued at Mount St. Helens, with a new lava dome forming in the crater. Numerous small explosions and dome-building eruptions occurred. From December 7, 1989, to January 6, 1990, and from November 5, 1990, to February 14, 1991, the mountain erupted with sometimes huge clouds of ash.[32]", "Mount St. Helens. St. Helens came alive again around 1200 BCE — the Pine Creek eruptive period.[22] This lasted until about 800 BCE and was characterized by smaller-volume eruptions. Numerous dense, nearly red hot pyroclastic flows sped down St. Helens' flanks and came to rest in nearby valleys. A large mudflow partly filled 40 miles (64 km) of the Lewis River valley sometime between 1000 BCE and 500 BCE.", "Mount St. Helens. On March 20, 1980, Mount St. Helens experienced a magnitude 4.2 earthquake;[2] and, on March 27, steam venting started.[26] By the end of April, the north side of the mountain had started to bulge.[27] On May 18, a second earthquake, of magnitude 5.1, triggered a massive collapse of the north face of the mountain. It was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history. The magma in St. Helens burst forth into a large-scale pyroclastic flow that flattened vegetation and buildings over 230 square miles (600Â km2). More than 1.5 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide was released into the atmosphere.[28] On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated a five, and categorized as a Plinian eruption.", "Mount St. Helens. A dormancy of about 4,000 years was broken around 2500 BCE with the start of the Smith Creek eruptive period, when eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish-brown pumice covered thousands of square miles. An eruption in 1900 BCE was the largest known eruption from St. Helens during the Holocene epoch, judged by the volume of one of the tephra layers from that period. This eruptive period lasted until about 1600 BCE and left 18 inches (46 cm) deep deposits of material 50 miles (80 km) distant in what is now Mt. Rainier National Park. Trace deposits have been found as far northeast as Banff National Park in Alberta, and as far southeast as eastern Oregon.[22] All told there may have been up to 2.5 cubic miles (10 km3) of material ejected in this cycle.[22] Some 400 years of dormancy followed.", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Subsequent outpourings of pyroclastic material from the breach left by the landslide consisted mainly of new magmatic debris rather than fragments of preexisting volcanic rocks. The resulting deposits formed a fan-like pattern of overlapping sheets, tongues and lobes. At least 17 separate pyroclastic flows occurred during the May 18 eruption, and their aggregate volume was about 0.05 cubic miles (210,000,000Â m3).[6]", "Mount St. Helens. The Sugar Bowl eruptive period was short and markedly different from other periods in Mount St. Helens history. It produced the only unequivocal laterally directed blast known from Mount St. Helens before the 1980 eruptions.[24] During Sugar Bowl time, the volcano first erupted quietly to produce a dome, then erupted violently at least twice producing a small volume of tephra, directed-blast deposits, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.[24]", "Mount St. Helens. The 57-year eruptive period that started in 1800 was named after the Goat Rocks dome, and is the first time that both oral and written records exist.[25] Like the Kalama period, the Goat Rocks period started with an explosion of dacite tephra, followed by an andesite lava flow, and culminated with the emplacement of a dacite dome. The 1800 eruption probably rivalled the 1980 eruption in size, although it did not result in massive destruction of the cone. The ash drifted northeast over central and eastern Washington, northern Idaho, and western Montana. There were at least a dozen reported small eruptions of ash from 1831 to 1857, including a fairly large one in 1842. The vent was apparently at or near Goat Rocks on the northeast flank.[25] Goat Rocks dome was the site of the bulge in the 1980 eruption, and it was obliterated in the major eruption event on May 18, 1980 that destroyed the entire north face and top 1,300 feet (400Â m) of the mountain.", "Mount St. Helens. Roughly 700 years of dormancy were broken in about 1480, when large amounts of pale gray dacite pumice and ash started to erupt, beginning the Kalama period. The eruption in 1480 was several times larger than the May 18, 1980, eruption.[24] In 1482, another large eruption rivaling the 1980 eruption in volume is known to have occurred.[24] Ash and pumice piled 6 miles (9.7 km) northeast of the volcano to a thickness of 3 feet (0.9 m); 50 miles (80 km) away, the ash was 2 inches (5 cm) deep. Large pyroclastic flows and mudflows subsequently rushed down St. Helens' west flanks and into the Kalama River drainage system.", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The hot, exploding material also broke apart and melted nearly all of the mountain's glaciers along with most of the overlying snow. As in many previous St. Helens' eruptions, this created huge lahars (volcanic mudflows) and muddy floods that affected three of the four stream drainage systems on the mountain,[30] and which started to move as early as 8:50 a.m.[26] Lahars travelled as fast as 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) while still high on the volcano but progressively slowed to about 3 miles per hour (4.8 km/h) on the flatter and wider parts of rivers.[6] Mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River, Pine Creek and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River. Bridges were taken out at the mouth of Pine Creek and the head of Swift Reservoir, which rose 2.6 feet (0.79 m)[30] by noon to accommodate the nearly 18,000,000 cubic yards (14,000,000 m3) of additional water, mud and debris.[6]", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. In the case of Mount St. Helens, the ash settled in three main layers on the ground:[32]", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. As the avalanche and initial pyroclastic flow were still advancing, a huge ash column grew to a height of 12 miles (19 km) above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours.[28] Near the volcano, the swirling ash particles in the atmosphere generated lightning, which in turn started many forest fires. During this time, parts of the mushroom-shaped ash-cloud column collapsed, and fell back upon the earth. This fallout, mixed with magma, mud and steam, sent additional pyroclastic flows speeding down St. Helens' flanks. Later, slower flows came directly from the new north-facing crater and consisted of glowing pumice bombs and very hot pumiceous ash. Some of these hot flows covered ice or water which flashed to steam, creating craters up to 65 feet (20 m) in diameter and sending ash as much as 6,500 feet (2,000 m) into the air.[30]", "Ring of Fire. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history (VEI = 5, 0.3 cu mi, 1.2 km3 of material erupted), exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California's Lassen Peak. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope. An earthquake at 8:32 am on May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face.", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The landslide exposed the dacite magma in St. Helens' neck to much lower pressure, causing the gas-charged, partially molten rock and high-pressure steam above it to explode a few seconds after the landslide started. Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. The resulting blast laterally directed the pyroclastic flow of very hot volcanic gases, ash and pumice formed from new lava, while the pulverized old rock hugged the ground, initially moving at 220 miles per hour (350 km/h) but quickly accelerating to 670 mph (1,080 km/h), and it might have briefly passed the speed of sound.[6][24]", "Mount St. Helens. Mount St. Helens is geologically young compared with the other major Cascade volcanoes. It formed only within the past 40,000 years, and the pre-1980 summit cone began rising about 2,200 years ago.[5] The volcano is considered the most active in the Cascades within the Holocene epoch (the last 10,000 or so years).[6]", "Mount St. Helens. Magma reached the surface of the volcano about October 11, 2004, resulting in the building of a new lava dome on the existing dome's south side. This new dome continued to grow throughout 2005 and into 2006. Several transient features were observed, such as a lava spine nicknamed the \"whaleback,\" which comprised long shafts of solidified magma being extruded by the pressure of magma beneath. These features were fragile and broke down soon after they were formed. On July 2, 2005, the tip of the whaleback broke off, causing a rockfall that sent ash and dust several hundred meters into the air.[33]", "Mount St. Helens. Mount St. Helens or Louwala-Clough (known as Lawetlat'la to the indigenous Cowlitz people, and Loowit to the Klickitat) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle, Washington, and 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century.[1] The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, creating the largest landslide ever recorded. This allowed the partly molten, high-pressure gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to suddenly explode northwards toward Spirit Lake in a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock, overtaking the avalanching face.", "Mount St. Helens. The second eruptive period, the Cougar Stage, started 20,000 years ago and lasted for 2,000 years.[21] Pyroclastic flows of hot pumice and ash along with dome growth occurred during this period. Another 5,000 years of dormancy followed, only to be upset by the beginning of the Swift Creek eruptive period, typified by pyroclastic flows, dome growth and blanketing of the countryside with tephra. Swift Creek ended 8,000 years ago.", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Generally, given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions, a certain variation of the ash type will occur, as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption. The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception, and hence the ash properties have large variations.[32]", "Mount St. Helens. On December 19, 2006, a large white plume of condensing steam was observed, leading some media people to assume there had been a small eruption. However, the Cascades Volcano Observatory of the USGS did not mention any significant ash plume.[37] The volcano was in continuous eruption from October 2004, but this eruption consisted in large part of a gradual extrusion of lava forming a dome in the crater.", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The bulk chemical composition of the ash has been found to be approximately 65% silicon dioxide, 18% aluminium oxide, 5% ferric oxide, 4% each calcium oxide and sodium oxide and 2% magnesium oxide. Trace chemicals were also detected, their concentrations varying as shown: 0.05–0.09% chlorine, 0.02–0.03% fluorine, and 0.09–0.3% sulfur.[32]", "Mount St. Helens. On January 16, 2008, steam began seeping from a fracture on top of the lava dome. Associated seismic activity was the most noteworthy since 2004. Scientists suspended activities in the crater and the mountain flanks, but the risk of a major eruption was deemed low.[38] By the end of January, the eruption paused; no more lava was being extruded from the lava dome. On July 10, 2008, it was determined that the eruption had ended, after more than six months of no volcanic activity.[39]", "Mount St. Helens. Mount St. Helens showed significant activity on March 8, 2005, when a 36,000-foot (11,000 m) plume of steam and ash emerged—visible from Seattle.[34] This relatively minor eruption was a release of pressure consistent with ongoing dome building. The release was accompanied by a magnitude 2.5 earthquake.", "Mount St. Helens. On April 17, 1857, the Republican, a Steilacoom, Washington, newspaper, reported that \"Mount St. Helens, or some other mount to the southward, is seen ... to be in a state of eruption\".[52] The lack of a significant ash layer associated with this event indicates that it was a small eruption. This was the first reported volcanic activity since 1854.[52]", "Mount St. Helens. St. Helens started its growth in the Pleistocene 37,600 years ago, during the Ape Canyon stage, with dacite and andesite eruptions of hot pumice and ash.[21] 36,000 years ago a large mudflow cascaded down the volcano;[21] mudflows were significant forces in all of St. Helens' eruptive cycles. The Ape Canyon eruptive period ended around 35,000 years ago and was followed by 17,000 years of relative quiet. Parts of this ancestral cone were fragmented and transported by glaciers 14,000 to 18,000 years ago during the last glacial period of the current ice age.[21]", "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The flow deposits were still at about 300 to 420 °C (572 to 788 °F) two weeks after they erupted.[6] Secondary steam-blast eruptions fed by this heat created pits on the northern margin of the pyroclastic-flow deposits, at the south shore of Spirit Lake, and along the upper part of the North Fork Toutle River. These steam-blast explosions continued sporadically for weeks or months after the emplacement of pyroclastic flows, and at least one occurred a year later, on May 16, 1981.[6]" ]	[ 5.23828125, 3.94140625, 3.94140625, 1.6181640625, 4.5625, 2.4765625, 2.140625, 0.96630859375, 1.974609375, 1.576171875, 1.5771484375, 0.291015625, 2.78125, 1.876953125, 1.3544921875, 0.295654296875, 1.31640625, 0.95361328125, 2.12109375, 1.626953125, 3.203125, 1.9150390625, 1.3017578125, 0.9609375, 1.640625, 0.78955078125, 0.3017578125, 1.4140625, 0.95263671875, 0.2191162109375, 1.927734375, 0.7109375 ]
when was the song you're so vain written	[ "You're So Vain. \"You're So Vain\" is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972. The song is a critical profile of a self-absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts \"You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you.\" The title subject's identity has long been a matter of speculation, with Simon stating that the song refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty.[2] The song is ranked at #82 on Billboard's Greatest Songs of All-Time.[3] \"You're So Vain\" was voted #216 in RIAA's Songs of the Century, and in August 2014, the UK's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s.[4]", "You're So Vain. The song was a number-one hit in the US, Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa.[38] Bowing at #99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972, the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart, where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973, also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973, her first number one on either chart. \"You're So Vain\" was Simon's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom, reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973. The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres, peaking at number 41.", "You're So Vain. Before the song became a hit single in 1972, Simon told an interviewer that the song was about \"men,\" not a specific \"man\".[6]", "You're So Vain. In 1983, she said it is not about Mick Jagger,[7] who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song.[8] In a 1993 book, Angie Bowie claimed to be the \"wife of a close friend\" mentioned in \"You're So Vain\", and that Jagger, for a time, had been \"obsessed\" with her.[9] Simon made another comment about the subject's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson's 2001 single, \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\", which sampled \"You're So Vain\". Simon said about the song, \"The apricot scarf was worn by Nick (Delbanco). Nothing in the words referred to Mick.\"", "You're So Vain. In her 2008 book Girls Like Us, author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong, and suggests that he was the inspiration for \"You're So Vain.\" Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song \"Dan, My Fling,\" which appears on her first album.[20] Armstrong's full name, Daniel Kent Armstrong, contains all three letters of Simon's clue.", "You're So Vain. On November 4, 2009, Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song. The next day, the program's crew revealed the name concealed in a back-played whisper:[21] David. Simon denied that the whisper was \"David,\" saying she had spoken \"Ovid\" both forwards and backwards, and that sounded like David.[22] In February 2010, Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of \"You're So Vain\": \"There's a little whisperâ€”and it's the answer to the puzzle.\"[23] A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is \"David\".[23] Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon's former boss at Elektra, David Geffen,[24] The following day Jim Hart, Simon's ex-husband and close friend, denied that the song was about Geffen.[6] Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971, she had not yet met Geffen.[25] Simon's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen, but that there was indeed \"a David who is connected to the song in some way, shape, or form,\"[6] Vanity Fair noted that in addition to \"David\", \"Warren\" and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording.[26]", "You're So Vain. In November 2015, Simon, promoting her about-to-be-published memoir, said, \"I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren (Beatty)\" and added that while \"Warren thinks the whole thing is about him,\" he is the subject of that verse only, with the remainder of the song referring to two other, still unnamed men.[2]", "You're So Vain. On June 19, 2008, Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio. Stern commented, \"There is an odd aspect to it... he's not that vain.\" On March 17, 2009, Stern stated that she had said it was a \"composite of three people.\" Stern repeated this on May 5, 2014, stating, \"She takes me aside, pulls me close, whispers in my ear... three names. She goes, it wasn't one person, it was three people.\"[18] Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among \"a few people\" that she had given the names to.[19]", "No Secrets (Carly Simon album). \"You're So Vain\" is ranked at number 72 on Billboard's Greatest Songs of All-Time.[8] The song was also voted number 216 in RIAA's Songs of the Century. It remains Simon's biggest hit and is considered her signature song.", "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You). According to Jackson, she phoned American singer-songwriter Carly Simon, asking for permission to use samples of her song \"You're So Vain\", but Simon wanted to re-record her vocals. She agreed, with Simon wanting to write new lines. Jackson's producer Jimmy Jam sent her the tracks they were already working on, and she went into a studio on Martha's Vineyard to record some material. She rapped, initially thinking that Jackson and the producers would not use it, but they decided to marry both tracks, as the singers thought it \"worked perfectly\", and it became a duet. Simon expressed that Jackson \"could not have been sweeter or more appreciative\".[1]", "You're So Vain. Shortly before the writing of the song, Simon was married to James Taylor; she has said that he was \"definitely not\" the subject of the song.[citation needed] David Bowie, David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates.[12][13][14]", "You're So Vain. In a 2007 interview Warren Beatty said, \"Let's be honest. That song was about me.\"[10] Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty \"certainly thought it was about him â€” he called me and said thanks for the song...\"[7] In an interview for the 1978/1982 version of The History of Rock & Roll radio series, producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also referencing other men in her life.", "You're So Vain. After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013, Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song's subject to her in confidence.[27]", "You're So Vain. In 2005 Simon's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous.[17]", "Waiting in Vain. \"Waiting in Vain\" is a song written by reggae musician Bob Marley and recorded by Bob Marley & The Wailers, for his 1977 album Exodus. Released as a single, it hit number twenty-seven in the UK Singles Chart.", "Me and Mrs. Jones. The single became Paul's only #1 single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, peaking at that position for three weeks in December 1972. \"Me and Mrs. Jones\" also achieved this feat on Billboard's R&B Singles chart, remaining at the top position for four weeks.[1] On the Hot 100, it replaced \"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone\" by The Temptations and was replaced by Carly Simon's \"You're So Vain\". It also hit #10 on the Adult Contemporary chart. For two weeks - 3rd-10th February 1973 - it peaked at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart.[2]", "You're So Vain. The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann[5] and the strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster. Simon plays piano on the track.", "Johnny Depp. He has appeared in music videos for Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers' \"Into the Great Wide Open\", The Lemonheads' \"It's a Shame About Ray\", Avril Lavigne's \"Alice\" (as the Mad Hatter) in 2010, and \"My Valentine\" from Kisses on the Bottom by Paul McCartney released in February 2012, along with Natalie Portman.[88]. He played lead guitar and drums on a cover of Carly Simon's \"You're So Vain\" – a bonus cut on Marilyn Manson's 2012 album Born Villain[89][90] – and performed several songs with Manson at the Revolver Golden Gods Awards in 2012.[91]", "You're So Vain. In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction. With the top bid of $50,000, Dick Ebersol, president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon, won the right to know the name of the subject of \"You're So Vain\". A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name.[15] Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person's name: \"Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks. And the clue is: The letter 'E' is in the person's name.\"[16]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four-day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10, 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia. (This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song \"You're So Vain\" in the lyric, \"Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun.\") Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements, emphasizing the rarity of the event.[24]", "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You). \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\" is an R&B and hip hop song which features a \"rap poem\" from Simon and samples her song \"You're So Vain\".[8][9] Its composition excoriates an unfaithful lover for attempting to extort money, described as a \"mean-spirited duet that rails against enemies.\"[10][11] Jackson unveils anger and deceit, saying \"Thought you'd get the money too / Greedy motherfuckers try to have their cake and eat it too\". She also offers a comeuppance to a \"baby gigolo\" who hollers at \"everything that walks / No substance, just small talk.\"[12] Simon also cited the claims of sampled song \"You're So Vain\" to be written about Mick Jagger, singing \"The apricot scarf was worn by Nick / Nothing in the words refer to Mick\".[5] In response to critics regarding it about her divorce, Jackson explained it was directed towards several people, while Jimmy Jam revealed it to be written in regards to music executives and lawyers.[13]", "He's So Fine. \"He's So Fine\" is a song written by Ronald Mack. It was recorded by The Chiffons who topped the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in the spring of 1963. One of the most instantly recognizable Golden Oldies with its doo-lang doo-lang doo-lang background vocal, \"He's So Fine\" is also renowned as the plaintiff song in the now-infamous plagiarism case against George Harrison's \"My Sweet Lord\".", "No Secrets (Carly Simon album). The album was Simon's commercial breakthrough. It spent five weeks at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and quickly went Gold,[2] as did its lead single, \"You're So Vain\", which remained at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three weeks, and topping on the Adult Contemporary chart for two weeks.[3] 25 years after its initial release, the album was officially certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 12, 1997.[2]\nThe album is ranked number 997 in All-Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd. edition, 2000) [4].", "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You). \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\" generated media speculation of who exactly the man described in the song was. Many journalists believed the song was about Jackson's ex-husband René Elizondo, Jr.[2][3] Jackson responded: \"Everybody says that. Actually, that song's about a few people, not one person in particular. Everyone likes to [say], 'Ah, I know that's about Rene.' It's about a few people that have entered and exited my life.\"[4] Simon created a similar controversy when she released \"You're So Vain\". It was speculated to be about Warren Beatty or Mick Jagger, both of which she denied.[5]", "You're So Vain. In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin, \"If I tell it, it's going to come out in dribs and drabs. And I've given out two letters already, an 'A' and an 'E.' But I'm going to add one to it. I'm going to add an 'R,' in honor of you.\"[11]", "Robert Johnson. The sad, romantic \"Love in Vain\" successfully blends several of Johnson's disparate influences. The form, including the wordless last verse, follows Leroy Carr's last hit \"When the Sun Goes Down\"; the words of the last sung verse come directly from a song Blind Lemon Jefferson recorded in 1926.[75] Johnson's last recording, \"Milkcow's Calf Blues\" is his most direct tribute to Kokomo Arnold, who wrote \"Milkcow Blues\" and influenced Johnson's vocal style.[76]", "The Day Before You Came. While the entire song is leading up to something coming, and the narrator describes how mundane her life is before this event takes place, it is not explained what actually happens after the thing comes, something which remains a \"pop mystery\" like the \"identity of the subject of Carly Simon's 'You're So Vain'\". After being asked by The Times about this on 26 March 2010, Ulvaeus \"smiled enigmatically\" and said: \"You've spotted it, haven't you? The music is hinting at it\".[2][35]", "Janet Jackson. The album's lead single, \"All for You\", debuted on the Hot 100 at number fourteen, setting a record for the highest debut by a single that was not commercially available.[116] Jackson was titled \"Queen of Radio\" by MTV as the single made airplay history, being \"added to every pop, rhythmic and urban radio station\" within its first week.[116] The song broke the overall airplay debut record with a first week audience of seventy million, debuting at number nine on the Radio Songs chart.[117] It topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks, also reaching the top ten in eleven countries.[118] The song received a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.[44] \"Someone to Call My Lover\" peaked at number three on the Hot 100.[119] Built around a sample of the iconic 1972 hit \"You're So Vain\" by Carly Simon, \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\" featured Simon herself, along with Missy Elliott on remixes of the single.", "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You). \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Janet Jackson with Carly Simon from Jackson's seventh studio album, All for You (2001). It was written and produced by Jackson, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, with additional lyrics by Simon. The R&B and hip hop song is built around a sample of 1972's \"You're So Vain\" by Simon, who also added some new spoken parts into the song; it talks about an unidentified man who attempted to extort money from Jackson. An official re-worked version (Flyte Tyme Radio Edit) featuring Missy Elliott was released as the third single from the album on December 11, 2001 by Virgin Records.", "Warner Bros. Records. In July 1970, the Warner recording group acquired another prestige asset with the purchase of Jac Holzman's Elektra Records for US$10 million. Like Atlantic, the new acquisition came with a very valuable back-catalogue, which included the Doors, Love, Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Tim Buckley, the Stooges, MC5 and Bread, but Elektra soon began producing more major hits under the Warner umbrella. Recent signing Carly Simon scored two successive Top 20 singles in 1971 with \"That's the Way I've Always Heard It Should Be\" and \"Anticipation\", and her first two albums both made the Billboard Top 50, but the following year she topped the single and album charts with her international smash hit \"You're So Vain\" and the album No Secrets, which both went to #1 in the US Jac Holzman ran the label until 1972, when he was succeeded by David Geffen and Elektra was merged with Geffen's label Asylum Records. Geffen was forced to step down in 1975 for health reasons and Joe Smith was appointed president in his place, although the label's fortunes subsequently waned considerably, with Elektra-Asylum reportedly losing some $27 million during the last two years of Smith's tenure.[56]", "List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s. Hits by Australasian artists also included \"The Weight\" (6) by Jimmy Barnes and The Badloves, \"I Want You\" (10) and \"In Your Room\" (10) both by Toni Pearen, \"You're So Vain\" (11) by Chocolate Starfish and \"Funky Junky\" (13) by Peter Andre.", "Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert. The performances captured for this release were recorded on 27 November 1969 (one show) and 28 November 1969 (two shows) at New York City's Madison Square Garden, while \"Love in Vain\" was recorded in Baltimore, Maryland on 26 November 1969. Overdubbing sessions were undertaken during January 1970 in London's Olympic Studios. The finished product featured new lead and backing vocals on most tracks, and some overdubbed guitars on \"Little Queenie\" and \"Stray Cat Blues.\"[citation needed]" ]	[ 9.2734375, 4.50390625, 4.015625, 1.943359375, 1.39453125, 4.3046875, 0.52685546875, 2.611328125, -1.474609375, -3.099609375, -1.2041015625, 1.861328125, 2.169921875, 0.51416015625, -1.263671875, 0.408935546875, -2.837890625, -2.439453125, 1.884765625, -1.7841796875, -2.0234375, -5.39453125, -1.1396484375, -3.37890625, 1.5693359375, -5.640625, -1.9306640625, 0.29638671875, 1.755859375, -0.14794921875, -1.6162109375, -4.5546875 ]
where are the heavy metals located on the periodic table	[ "Post-transition metal. Van Wert[203] grouped the periodic table metals into a. the light metals; b. the heavy brittle metals of high melting point, c. the heavy ductile metals of high melting point; d. the heavy metals of low melting point (Zn, Cd, Hg; Ga, In, Tl; Ge, Sn; As, Sb, Bi; and Po), and e. the strong, electropositive metals. Britton, Abbatiello and Robins[204] speak of 'the soft, low melting point, heavy metals in columns lIB, IlIA, IVA, and VA of the periodic table, namely Zn, Cd, Hg; Al, Ga, In, Tl; [Si], Ge, Sn, Pb; and Bi. The Sargent-Welch Chart of the Elements groups the metals into: light metals, the lanthanide series; the actinide series; heavy metals (brittle); heavy metals (ductile); and heavy metals (low melting point): Zn, Cd, Hg, [Cn]; Al, Ga, In, Tl; Ge, Sn, Pb, [Fl]; Sb, Bi; and Po.[205][n 26]", "Heavy metals. Criteria based on chemical behaviour or periodic table position have been used or suggested. The United States Pharmacopeia includes a test for heavy metals that involves precipitating metallic impurities as their coloured sulfides.\"[6][n 3] In 1997, Stephen Hawkes, a chemistry professor writing in the context of fifty years' experience with the term, said it applied to \"metals with insoluble sulfides and hydroxides, whose salts produce colored solutions in water and whose complexes are usually colored\". On the basis of the metals he had seen referred to as heavy metals, he suggested it would useful to define them as (in general) all the metals in periodic table columns 3 to 16 that are in row 4 or greater, in other words, the transition metals and post-transition metals.[9][n 4] The lanthanides satisfy Hawkes' three-part description; the status of the actinides is not completely settled.[n 5][n 6]", "Transition metal. Early transition metals are on the left hand side of the periodic table from group 3 to group 7. Late transition metals are on the right side of the d-block, from group 8 to 11 (and 12 if it is counted as transition metals).", "Post-transition metal. Post-transition metals are a set of metallic elements in the periodic table located between the transition metals to their left, and the metalloids to their right. Depending on where these adjacent groups are judged to begin and end, there are at least five competing proposals for which elements to include: the three most common contain six, ten and thirteen elements, respectively (see image). All proposals include gallium, indium, tin, thallium, lead, and bismuth.", "Heavy metals. Heavy metals up to the vicinity of iron (in the periodic table) are largely made via stellar nucleosynthesis. In this process, lighter elements from hydrogen to silicon undergo successive fusion reactions inside stars, releasing light and heat and forming heavier elements with higher atomic numbers.[128]", "Heavy metals. Six elements near the end of periods (rows) 4 to 7 sometimes considered metalloids are treated here as metals, including germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and astatine (At).[15][n 2] Oganesson (Og) is treated as a nonmetal.", "Period (periodic table). Period 6 is the first period to include the f-block, with the lanthanides (also known as the rare earth elements), and includes the heaviest stable elements. Many of these heavy metals are toxic and some are radioactive, but platinum and gold are largely inert.", "Toxic heavy metal. Heavy metals are found naturally in the earth. They become concentrated as a result of human caused activities and can enter plant, animal, and human tissues via inhalation, diet, and manual handling. Then, they can bind to and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components. The toxic effects of arsenic, mercury, and lead were known to the ancients, but methodical studies of the toxicity of some heavy metals appear to date from only 1868. In humans, heavy metal poisoning is generally treated by the administration of chelating agents. Some elements otherwise regarded as toxic heavy metals are essential, in small quantities, for human health.", "Post-transition metal. Historically, the transition metal series \"includes those elements of the Periodic Table which 'bridge the gap' between the very electropositive alkali and allkaline earth metals and the electronegative non-metals of the groups: nitrogen-phosphorus, oxygen-sulfur, and the halogens.\"[233] Cheronis, Parsons and Ronneberg[234] wrote that, \"The transition metals of low melting point form a block in the Periodic Table: those of Groups II 'b' [zinc, cadmium, mercury], III 'b' [aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium], and germanium, tin and lead in Group IV. These metals all have melting points below 425 °C.\"[n 28]", "Post-transition metal. The p-block metals are the metals in groups 13â€’16 of the periodic table. Usually, this includes aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium; tin and lead; and bismuth. Germanium, antimony and polonium are sometimes also included, although the first two are commonly recognised as metalloids. The p-block metals tend to have structures that display low coordination numbers and directional bonding. Pronounced covalency is found in their compounds; the majority of their oxides are amphoteric.[218]", "Post-transition metal. Slater[219] divides the metals 'fairly definitely, though not perfectly sharply' into the ordinary metals and the peculiar metals, the latter of which verge on the nonmetals. The peculiar metals occur towards the ends of the rows of the periodic table and include 'approximately:' gallium, indium, and thallium; carbon, silicon '(both of which have some metallic properties, though we have previously treated them as nonmetals),' germanium and tin; arsenic, antimony, and bismuth; and selenium '(which is partly metallic)' and tellurium. The ordinary metals have centro-symmetrical crystalline structures[n 27] whereas the peculiar metals have structures involving directional bonding. More recently, Joshua observed that the peculiar metals have mixed metallic-covalent bonding.[221]", "Heavy metals. Niche uses of heavy metals with high atomic numbers occur in diagnostic imaging, electron microscopy, and nuclear science. In diagnostic imaging, heavy metals such as cobalt or tungsten make up the anode materials found in x-ray tubes.[262] In electron microscopy, heavy metals such as lead, gold, palladium, platinum, or uranium are used to make conductive coatings and to introduce electron density into biological specimens by staining, negative staining, or vacuum deposition.[263] In nuclear science, nuclei of heavy metals such as chromium, iron, or zinc are sometimes fired at other heavy metal targets to produce superheavy elements;[264] heavy metals are also employed as spallation targets for the production of neutrons[265] or radioisotopes such as astatine (using lead, bismuth, thorium, or uranium in the latter case).[266]", "Metalloid. Metalloids lie on either side of the dividing line between metals and nonmetals. This can be found, in varying configurations, on some periodic tables. Elements to the lower left of the line generally display increasing metallic behaviour; elements to the upper right display increasing nonmetallic behaviour.[68] When presented as a regular stairstep, elements with the highest critical temperature for their groups (Li, Be, Al, Ge, Sb, Po) lie just below the line.[69]", "Block (periodic table). The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals because they provide a transition between the s-block and d-block in the 6th and 7th row (period), in the same way that the d-block transition metals provide a transitional bridge between the s-block and p-block in the 4th and 5th rows.", "Heavy metals. Density criteria range from above 3.5 g/cm3 to above 7 g/cm3.[2] Atomic weight definitions can range from greater than sodium (atomic weight 22.98);[2] greater than 40 (excluding s- and f-block metals, hence starting with scandium);[3] or more than 200, i.e. from mercury onwards.[4] Atomic numbers of heavy metals are generally given as greater than 20 (calcium);[2] sometimes this is capped at 92 (uranium).[5] Definitions based on atomic number have been criticised for including metals with low densities. For example, rubidium in group (column) 1 of the periodic table has an atomic number of 37 but a density of only 1.532 g/cm3, which is below the threshold figure used by other authors.[18] The same problem may occur with atomic weight based definitions.[19]", "Heavy metals. Heavy metals are primarily found as lithophiles (rock-loving) or chalcophiles (ore-loving). Lithophile heavy metals are mainly f-block elements and the more reactive of the d-block elements. They have a strong affinity for oxygen and mostly exist as relatively low density silicate minerals.[138] Chalcophile heavy metals are mainly the less reactive d-block elements, and period 4â€“6 p-block metals and metalloids. They are usually found in (insoluble) sulfide minerals. Being denser than the lithophiles, hence sinking lower into the crust at the time of its solidification, the chalcophiles tend to be less abundant than the lithophiles.[139]", "Periodic table. The lower the values of ionization energy, electronegativity and electron affinity, the more metallic character the element has. Conversely, nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties.[43] Given the periodic trends of these three properties, metallic character tends to decrease going across a period (or row) and, with some irregularities (mostly) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons, and relativistic effects,[44] tends to increase going down a group (or column or family). Thus, the most metallic elements (such as caesium and francium) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements (oxygen, fluorine, chlorine) at the top right. The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair-shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables, and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line, or elements adjacent to those elements, as metalloids.[45][46]", "Heavy metals. Heavy metals or their compounds can be found in electronic components, electrodes, and wiring and solar panels where they may be used as either conductors, semiconductors, or insulators. Molybdenum powder is used in circuit board inks.[249] Ruthenium(IV) oxide coated titanium anodes are used for the industrial production of chlorine.[250] Home electrical systems, for the most part, are wired with copper wire for its good conducting properties.[251] Silver and gold are used in electrical and electronic devices, particularly in contact switches, as a result of their high electrical conductivity and capacity to resist or minimise the formation of impurities on their surfaces.[252] The semiconductors cadmium telluride and gallium arsenide are used to make solar panels. Hafnium oxide, an insulator, is used as a voltage controller in microchips; tantalum oxide, another insulator, is used in capacitors in mobile phones.[253] Heavy metals have been used in batteries for over 200 years, at least since Volta invented his copper and silver voltaic pile in 1800.[254] Promethium, lanthanum, and mercury are further examples found in, respectively, atomic, nickel-metal hydride, and button cell batteries.[255]", "Toxic heavy metal. A toxic heavy metal is any relatively dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.[4] The term has particular application to cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic,[5] all of which appear in the World Health Organisation's list of 10 chemicals of major public concern. Other examples include manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, silver, antimony and thallium.[citation needed]", "Periodic table. Specific regions of the periodic table can be referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled. Each block is named according to the subshell in which the \"last\" electron notionally resides.[24][n 3] The s-block comprises the first two groups (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals) as well as hydrogen and helium. The p-block comprises the last six groups, which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC group numbering (3A to 8A in American group numbering) and contains, among other elements, all of the metalloids. The d-block comprises groups 3 to 12 (or 3B to 2B in American group numbering) and contains all of the transition metals. The f-block, often offset below the rest of the periodic table, has no group numbers and comprises lanthanides and actinides.[25]", "Heavy metals. Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers. The criteria used, and whether metalloids are included, vary depending on the author and context. In metallurgy, for example, a heavy metal may be defined on the basis of density, whereas in physics the distinguishing criterion might be atomic number, while a chemist would likely be more concerned with chemical behaviour. More specific definitions have been published, but none of these have been widely accepted. The definitions surveyed in this article encompass up to 96 out of the 118 known chemical elements; only mercury, lead and bismuth meet all of them. Despite this lack of agreement, the term (plural or singular) is widely used in science. A density of more than 5Â g/cm3 is sometimes quoted as a commonly used criterion and is used in the body of this article.", "Dividing line between metals and nonmetals. The dividing line between metals and nonmetals can be found, in varying configurations, on some representations of the periodic table of the elements (see mini-example, right). Elements to the lower left of the line generally display increasing metallic behaviour; elements to the upper right display increasing nonmetallic behaviour. When presented as a regular stair-step, elements with the highest critical temperature for their groups (Li, Be, Al, Ge, Sb, Po) lie just below the line.[1]", "Heavy metals. The earliest known metals—common metals such as iron, copper, and tin, and precious metals such as silver, gold, and platinum—are heavy metals. From 1809 onwards, light metals, such as magnesium, aluminium, and titanium, were discovered, as well as less well-known heavy metals including gallium, thallium, and hafnium.", "Periodic table. From left to right across the four blocks of the long- or 32-column form of the periodic table are a series of linking or bridging groups of elements, located approximately between each block.[47] These groups, like the metalloids, show properties in between, or that are a mixture of, groups to either side. Chemically, the group 3 elements, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals[48] or, more generally, s block metals[49][50] but have some of the physical properties of d block transition metals.[51] Lutetium and lawrencium, at the end of the end of the f block, may constitute another linking or bridging group. Lutetium behaves chemically as a lanthanide but shows a mix of lanthanide and transition metal physical properties.[52][53] Lawrencium, as an analogue of lutetium, would presumable display like characteristics.[n 6] The coinage metals in group 11 (copper, silver, and gold) are chemically capable of acting as either transition metals or main group metals.[56] The volatile group 12 metals, zinc, cadmium and mercury are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block. Notionally they are d block elements but they have few transition metal properties and are more like their p block neighbors in group 13.[57][58] The relatively inert noble gases, in group 18, bridge the most reactive groups of elements in the periodic tableâ€”the halogens in group 17 and the alkali metals in group 1.[47]", "Toxic heavy metal. Some elements otherwise regarded as toxic heavy metals are essential, in small quantities, for human health. These elements include vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, strontium and molybdenum.[57] A deficiency of these essential metals may increase susceptibility to heavy metal poisoning.[58]", "Heavy metals. An early use of the term \"heavy metal\" dates from 1817, when the German chemist Leopold Gmelin divided the elements into nonmetals, light metals, and heavy metals.[67] Light metals had densities of 0.860–5.0 g/cm3; heavy metals 5.308–22.000.[68][n 10] The term later became associated with elements of high atomic weight or high atomic number.[18] It is sometimes used interchangeably with the term heavy element. For example, in discussing the history of nuclear chemistry, Magee[69] notes that the actinides were once thought to represent a new heavy element transition group whereas Seaborg and co-workers, \"favoured ... a heavy metal rare-earth like series ...\". In astronomy, however, a heavy element is any element heavier than hydrogen and helium.[70]", "Metal. The atoms of metallic substances are typically arranged in one of three common crystal structures, namely body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and hexagonal close-packed (hcp). In bcc, each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others. In fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature.[5]", "Platinum group. The platinum-group metals (abbreviated as the PGMs; alternatively, the platinoids, platinides, platidises, platinum group, platinum metals, platinum family or platinum-group elements (PGEs)) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6).[1][1]", "Block (periodic table). The d-block is on the middle of the periodic table and includes elements from columns 3 through 12. These elements are also known as the transition metals because they show a transitivity in their properties i.e. they show a trend in their properties in simple incomplete d orbitals. Transition basically means d orbital lies between s and p orbitals and shows a transition from properties of s to p.", "Heavy metals. In biochemistry, heavy metals are sometimes defined—on the basis of the Lewis acid (electronic pair acceptor) behaviour of their ions in aqueous solution—as class B and borderline metals.[40] In this scheme, class A metal ions prefer oxygen donors; class B ions prefer nitrogen or sulfur donors; and borderline or ambivalent ions show either class A or B characteristics, depending on the circumstances.[n 7] Class A metals, which tend to have low electronegativity and form bonds with large ionic character, are the alkali and alkaline earths, aluminium, the group 3 metals, and the lanthanides and actinides.[n 8] Class B metals, which tend to have higher electronegativity and form bonds with considerable covalent character, are mainly the heavier transition and post-transition metals. Borderline metals largely comprise the lighter transition and post-transition metals (plus arsenic and antimony). The distinction between the class A metals and the other two categories is sharp.[44] A frequently cited proposal[n 9] to use these classification categories instead of the more evocative[10] name heavy metal has not been widely adopted.[46]", "Period (periodic table). Completing the fourth period are the post-transition metals zinc and gallium, the metalloids germanium and arsenic, and the nonmetals selenium, bromine, and krypton.", "Heavy metals. Heavy metals are used in lighting, lasers, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Flat panel displays incorporate a thin film of electrically conducting indium tin oxide. Fluorescent lighting relies on mercury vapour for its operation. Ruby lasers generate deep red beams by exciting chromium atoms; the lanthanides are also extensively employed in lasers. Gallium, indium, and arsenic;[257] and copper, iridium, and platinum are used in LEDs (the latter three in organic LEDs).[258]" ]	[ -0.2105712890625, 2.63671875, 0.419677734375, -0.6396484375, 3.2734375, 0.403076171875, 0.274169921875, -3.96484375, -2.634765625, -2.779296875, -1.568359375, -1.8291015625, -0.96044921875, -1.2841796875, 0.444091796875, 1.296875, 1.640625, -1.1923828125, -2.783203125, 0.92578125, -0.7041015625, 0.381591796875, -0.1624755859375, 1.5126953125, -3.46484375, -2.23046875, -1.7626953125, 0.4296875, -0.533203125, -1.38671875, -0.402587890625, -2.419921875 ]
when did the uk last win the world cup	[ "Sport in England. The England national football team won the World Cup in 1966 when it was hosted in England. Since then, however, they have failed to reach a final of a major international tournament, though they reached the semi-finals of the World Cup in 1990 and the quarter-finals in 1986, 2002 and 2006, as well as the quarter-finals of Euro 2004 and 2012.", "United Kingdom national football team. England have been the only Home Nation to have any major success internationally, winning the 1966 World Cup. Scotland have qualified for the final tournaments of eight World Cups and two European Championships, but have never progressed beyond the group stage of any international tournament. Northern Ireland have not qualified for a World Cup finals tournament since 1986, and Wales since 1958.", "England at the FIFA World Cup. England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup, which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals. They defeated West Germany 4â€“2 after extra time to win the World Cup title. Since then, they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for, including a fourth-place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups. At the world cup, England have had more goalless draws than any other team.[4]", "1966 FIFA World Cup. The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup and was held in England from 11 to 30 July 1966. England beat West Germany 4â€“2 in the final, winning the Jules Rimet Trophy. It is England's only FIFA World Cup title. They were the fifth nation to win and the third host nation to win after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934.", "Sport in Europe. The Great Britain national team first played in 1908, and entered the World Cup until 1992 and the Tri-Nations until 2006. England, Scotland and Wales have played independently since then. Great Britain has won the World Cup three times, whereas France has been runner-up twice..", "2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two-goal deficit and beating Spain 5â€“2 in the final.[1] This meant England became the second nation, after Brazil in 2003, to win both of FIFA's under-age (U-20 and U-17) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year.[2][3] England has also become the third country, after Brazil and North Korea, to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year, as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women's World Cup last year.The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava.[4]", "United Kingdom national football team. This is sometimes raised as an argument in favour of a single United Kingdom national team: based on statistical analysis. In June 2006, it was estimated that a United Kingdom national team would have had a one-third greater chance of winning the 2006 World Cup, than England did at the tournament's outset.[2] Opponents of the plan argue that the existing footballing identities of the fans of the Home Nations should not be sacrificed simply to stand a better chance of success.", "England national football team. Since first entering the tournament in 1950, England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup fifteen times. They won the 1966 World Cup, when they hosted the finals, and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018. Since first entering in 1964, England have never won the UEFA European Championship, with their best performances being a third place finish in 1968 and 1996, the latter as hosts.", "1966 FIFA World Cup. England received the recovered Jules Rimet trophy from Elizabeth II and were crowned World Cup winners for the first time.[15]", "History of the England national football team. However, they had reached the last eight of the World Cup for the first time since 1990, and even in defeat they had lost to the team who went on to win the competition (without losing or drawing a game and scoring 18 goals on the way) for the fifth time in 44 years.", "England national football team. England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, and have subsequently qualified for a total of 15 FIFA World Cup Finals tournaments, tied for sixth best by number of appearances. They are also tied for sixth by number of wins, alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil, and England defeated West Germany 4–2 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2–1 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off, after losing on penalties to champions West Germany in the semi-final. They also finished in fourth place in 2018. The team also reached the quarter-final stage in 1954, 1962, 1970, 1986, 2002 and 2006.", "Soccer Aid. Television coverage began on ITV on 22 May 2006 in a show presented by Ant & Dec. Dermot O'Leary took over as main presenter in 2010. The event returned on 7 September 2008, won by England for a second time and again on 6 June 2010, won by the Rest of the World after a penalty shoot-out. England beat the RoW a third time on 27 May 2012 and RoW won for a second time in June 2014. England won for the fourth time on 5 June 2016 and a fifth time on 10 June 2018.", "England at the FIFA World Cup. England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments.[a] They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[b]", "1966 FIFA World Cup Final. The players and staff of England's winning squad who did not get medals in 1966 received them on 10 June 2009 after a ceremony at 10 Downing Street in London. Initially, only the 11 players on the pitch at the end of the match received medals, but FIFA later awarded medals to every non-playing squad and staff member from every World Cup-winning country from 1930 to 1974.[20]", "Sport in the United Kingdom. No United Kingdom national team is regularly formed for football events in the Olympics. Proposals to have the United Kingdom (designated by the IOC as Great Britain) take part in the 2012 Summer Olympics with men's and women's teams were not supported by the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish football associations. The three bodies feared that Great Britain teams would undermine their independent statusâ€”a fear confirmed by FIFA president Sepp Blatter.[17] England has been the most successful of the home nations, winning the World Cup on home soil in 1966, although there has historically been a close-fought rivalry between England and Scotland.", "History of the England national football team. The tournament also marked the 30th anniversary of the 1966 World Cup victory, so fans' expectations were high as the tournament began, with Venables deploying emerging younger stars such as Steve McManaman, Darren Anderton and Gary Neville alongside established mainstays of previous campaigns, including Paul Gascoigne, Stuart Pearce, David Platt and Tony Adams, a player featuring in his first tournament since the debacle of Euro 1988.", "1966 FIFA World Cup Final. In August 1966 a special 4d stamp marked ENGLAND WINNERS was issued by the Royal Mail to celebrate the victory and which soared in value to up to 15 shillings each on the back of public enthusiasm for the victory before falling back in value when the public realised it was not rare.", "England at the FIFA World Cup. The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950. The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament, first played in 1930, whose finals stage has been held every four years since, except 1942 and 1946, due to the Second World War.[1]", "1958 FIFA World Cup. This World Cup saw the entry and qualification of the Soviet Union for the first time, and the last time all the United Kingdom's Home Nations: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland qualified.", "England national football team. England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage.", "England at the FIFA World Cup. 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup. England were drawn in a group with Romania, former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia. Each of the matches only saw one goal, with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia, and losing to Brazil. The quarter-final saw a repeat of the 1966 final, with England playing West Germany. England were hampered by the fact that first-choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill, and Peter Bonetti played instead. England led 2â€“0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters, but in the 70th minute, Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany.", "History of the England national football team. In 1995, researchers from Oxford University announced the results of computer video analysis of the television footage, which gave new angles of view: they concluded that the shot had not crossed the line. Bobby Moore became the first and, to date, only England captain to lift the World Cup.", "England national football team. England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the finals tournament was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and, most recently, the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010, England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat, 4–1 to Germany, in the Round of 16. This after drawing with the United States and Algeria, and defeating Slovenia 1–0, in the group stage.", "England national football team. Although Walter Winterbottom was appointed as England's first ever full-time manager in 1946, the team was still picked by a committee until Alf Ramsey took over in 1963. The 1966 FIFA World Cup was hosted in England and Ramsey guided England to victory with a 4â€“2 win against West Germany after extra time in the final, during which Geoff Hurst famously scored a hat-trick. In UEFA Euro 1968, the team reached the semi-finals for the first time, being eliminated by Yugoslavia.", "Gareth Southgate. After wins against Tunisia and Panama saw England qualify behind Belgium in their 2018 FIFA World Cup group, Southgate's England side beat Colombia 4–3 on penalties in the round of 16 after a 1–1 draw on 3 July 2018 to claim his nation's first ever World Cup penalty shoot-out victory and a place in the quarter-final.[39] On 7 July 2018, Southgate's England side beat Sweden in a 2–0 win in the 2018 FIFA World Cup quarter finals, with Southgate becoming the first England manager to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup since Sir Bobby Robson's side at the 1990 FIFA World Cup.[40] This success bought Southgate significant admiration from England fans.[41] For the semi-final with Croatia, fans dressed up in waistcoats in tribute to Southgate's iconic waistcoat, which he wore during England's matches: retailer Marks & Spencer reported a 35% increase in sales of waistcoats,[42][43][44] and the hashtag 'WaistcoatWednesday' trended on Twitter.[44][45] A week after the end of the tournament, Southgate tube station in Enfield, London, was renamed to \"Gareth Southgate\" for two days in recognition of Southgate's achievement.[46][47] Southgate was also lauded for personal qualities shown in the World Cup, including consoling an opposition player whose missed penalty had seen England win.[48]", "England at the FIFA World Cup. At the finals, England won all three group games, defeating France 3-1, with a brace from Bryan Robson,[13] before beating Czechoslovakia 2–0, with a Jozef Barmos own goal, [14] and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1–0, thanks to a Trevor Francis goal.[15]", "England at the FIFA World Cup. It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland, who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales. With the top two from the group qualifying, both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals, and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship, and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil. A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory, the title and the top spot in the group.", "England national football team. England won all but one of their qualifying games for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but at the tournament itself, England drew their opening two games; this led to questions about the team's spirit, tactics and ability to handle pressure.[10] They progressed to the next round, however, where they were beaten 4–1 by Germany, their heaviest defeat in a World Cup finals tournament match.", "England at the FIFA World Cup. In the 1966 World Cup Finals, England used their home advantage and, under Ramsey, won their first, and only, World Cup title. England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London, which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege. After drawing 0–0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay, which started a run of four games all ending goalless. England then beat both France and Mexico 2–0 and qualified for the quarter-finals.[citation needed]", "United Kingdom national football team. At the Universiade, the United Kingdom team has won three medals: two silver medals in 2011 and 2013 and a bronze medal in 1991.", "England at the FIFA World Cup. England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3, defending champions Brazil, in the quarter-finals. Brazil scored first through Garrincha, before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time. However, second-half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3–1, and eliminated England from the competition.[8] This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom's last game in charge. Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals. From May 1963, Alf Ramsey became the manager of England.", "Sport in the United Kingdom. The only major national team competition won by a Home Nation is the 1966 World Cup, which England hosted and won, though clubs in both the Scottish and English domestic leagues have had success in European club competitions, most notably the UEFA Champions League or its predecessor the European Cup. Glasgow's Celtic won the 1967 European Cup, becoming the first British team to do so, with a team composed entirely of players born and raised within the local area around the club's stadium, while the following year, Manchester United became the first English club to win the competition, 10 years after the team had been the victim of a notorious air disaster in Munich while playing in the same competition. Liverpool, with 5 wins, is the most successful English, and British, team in European football, while the competition has also been won by Manchester United 3 times in total, Nottingham Forest twice, and Aston Villa, from Birmingham and Chelsea from London once each." ]	[ 2.546875, 2.4375, 6.43359375, 4.015625, -0.013763427734375, 0.27783203125, 1.2021484375, 4.265625, 1.1953125, 1.30078125, 5.28125, -5.484375, 6.05859375, 1.044921875, -1.10546875, 0.61083984375, 1.560546875, 3.39453125, 0.317626953125, 2.404296875, 2.029296875, -1.1005859375, 4.44921875, 1.896484375, -3.455078125, -0.281005859375, 3.099609375, 1.8935546875, 3.466796875, -1.9296875, 2.90234375, -2.037109375 ]
which is the india's first news paper	[ "Media of India. The first newspaper in India—Hicky's Bengal Gazette—was started in 1780 under the British Raj by James Augustus Hicky.[4] Other newspapers such as The India Gazette, The Calcutta Gazette, The Madras Courier (1785), and The Bombay Herald(1789) soon followed.[4] These newspapers carried news of the areas under the British rule.[4] The Bombay Samachar, founded in 1822 and printed in Gujarati is the oldest newspaper in Asia still in print.[9] On May 30, 1826 Udant Martand (The Rising Sun), the first Hindi-language newspaper published in India, started from Calcutta (now Kolkata), published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla.[10][11]", "History of journalism. The first newspaper in India was circulated in 1780 under the editorship of James Augustus Hicky, named Hicky's Bengal Gazette.[34] On May 30, 1826 Udant Martand (The Rising Sun), the first Hindi-language newspaper published in India, started from Calcutta (now Kolkata), published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla.[35][36] Maulawi Muhammad Baqir in 1836 founded the first Urdu-language newspaper the Delhi Urdu Akhbar. India's press in the 1840s was a motley collection of small-circulation daily or weekly sheets printed on rickety presses. Few extended beyond their small communities and seldom tried to unite the many castes, tribes, and regional subcultures of India. The Anglo-Indian papers promoted purely British interests. Englishman Robert Knight (1825â€“1890) founded two important English-language newspapers that reached a broad Indian audience, The Times of India and The Statesman. They promoted nationalism in India, as Knight introduced the people to the power of the press and made them familiar with political issues and the political process.[37]", "Indian literature. The first printed newspaper of India was in English, and was called Hicky’s Bengal Gazette. It was edited and published by James Augustus Hicky, an ex-employee of the East India Company. The first issue of this newspaper came out in 1780 and carried only classified advertisements on its front page. It was a weekly newspaper and generally dealt with the arrival and departure of Europeans, timings of steamers, fashionable news from London, Paris and Vienna, and personal news. It attended to the needs of the small European community of Calcutta. Many other Anglo-Indian newspapers emerged after Hicky’s pattern- such as John Bull, Calcutta Journal, Bengal Harkaru. In the year 1781, Hicky’s Bengal Gazette was forced to close down after Hicky published a scandalous story about Warren Hastings, the then Governor-General and his wife.", "Indian literature. Digdarshan (World Vision) was the first Indian language newspaper, a Bengali religious weekly started in Sehrampur by Christian missionaries. Based on the pattern of Digdarshan, Raja Rammohan Roy brought out Bengali and Urdu weeklies like Bangadoota and Mirat-ul-Akhbar. The newspaper with the greatest longevity in India is the first Gujarati newspaper- Mumbai Samachar, established in 1822. Some of the early Hindi publications were Oodunt Martand, Banaras Akhbar, Shimla Akhbar and Samayadant Martand, the first Hindi daily. Mangaloora Samachar, published from Mangalore, was the first Kannada journal. Malayala Manorama, the second oldest newspaper in Kerala was started in 1890, and was the first newspaper to be published by a joint stock company formed solely for the purpose of publishing a newspaper. The first Marathi newspaper was Darpan- a bilingual fortnightly in Englisha and Marathi, started by a professor of the Elphinstone College of Bombay. The first all Marathi journal was Mumbai Akhbar. During the early part of the 20th century, Marathi journalism played an important role in the freedom movement. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a renowned freedom fighter started two powerful journals- Kesari and Maratha.", "History of newspaper publishing. In January 1780, James Augustus Hicky published Hicky's Bengal Gazette, the first newspaper in India. The size of that four-page newspaper was 12\"x8\". Hicky accused the members of the East India Company, including Governor General Warren Hastings of corruption. In retailiation, Hastings, prohibited the post office from carrying Hicky's Bengal Gazette, and later sued Hicky for libel. In November 1780, the India Gazette appeared; it supported the Company government.", "Indian literature. Later on, another type of newspaper emerged- Indo-Anglian papers. They were English newspapers run by Indians primarily for English educated elite Indians. The first newspaper of this type was Bengal Gazette, started in 1816 by Gangadhar Bhattacharya, a disciple of Raja Rammohan Roy. Rammohan Roy also began his famous Brahmanical Magazine, English fortnightly.", "Hicky's Bengal Gazette. Hicky's Bengal Gazette was the first English-language newspaper, and indeed the first printed newspaper, to be published in both the Indian sub-continent and Asia as a whole. The newspaper became very famous not only among the British soldiers posted in India at that time but also inspired the Indians to write newspapers of their own.", "Kolkata. The first newspaper in India, the Bengal Gazette started publishing from the city in 1780.[249] Among Kolkata's widely circulated Bengali-language newspapers are Anandabazar Patrika, Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Dainik Statesman and Ganashakti.[250] The Statesman and The Telegraph are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from Kolkata. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Kolkata include The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express, and the Asian Age.[250] As the largest trading centre in East India, Kolkata has several high-circulation financial dailies, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line, and Business Standard.[250][251] Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Odia, Punjabi, and Chinese languages, are read by minorities.[250][106] Major periodicals based in Kolkata include Desh, Sananda, Saptahik Bartaman, Unish-Kuri, Anandalok, and Anandamela.[250] Historically, Kolkata has been the centre of the Bengali little magazine movement.[252][253]", "List of the oldest newspapers. The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper in South Asia was by William Bolts, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. The Company deported Bolts back to Europe before he could begin his newspaper.[45]", "Lucknow. The Pioneer newspaper, headquartered in Lucknow and started in 1865, is the second oldest English language newspaper in India still in production.[195] The country's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru founded The National Herald in the city prior to World War II with Manikonda Chalapathi Rau as its editor.[196]", "History of newspaper publishing. Robert Knight (1825â€“90), founded two English language daily papers, The Statesman in Calcutta, and The Times of India in Bombay. In 1860, he bought out the Indian shareholders, merged with rival Bombay Standard, and started India's first news agency. It wired news dispatches to papers across India and became the Indian agent for Reuters news service. In 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay Times and Standard to The Times of India. Knight fought for a press free of prior restraint or intimidation, frequently resisting the attempts by governments, business interests, and cultural spokesmen and led the paper to national prominence. Knight's papers promoted Indian self-rule and often criticized the policies of the British Raj. By 1890 the company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India and the British Empire.[97][98][99] In the 19th century, this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India and Europe.", "Media of India. The prominent English newspapers are The Times of India, founded in 1838 as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce by Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd, a colonial enterprise now owned by an Indian conglomerate; The Times Group. The Hindustan Times was founded in 1924 during the Indian Independence Movement ('Hindustan' being the historical name of India), it is published by HT Media Ltd. The Hindu was founded in 1878 by a group known as Triplicane Six consisting of four law students and two teachers in Madras (now Chennai), it is now owned by The Hindu Group.", "Chennai. Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of a weekly, The Madras Courier, in 1785.[353] It was followed by the weeklies The Madras Gazette and The Government Gazette in 1795. The Spectator, founded in 1836, was the first English newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an Indian and became the city's first daily newspaper in 1853.[354] The first Tamil newspaper, Swadesamitran, was launched in 1899.[353]", "Hicky's Bengal Gazette. Hicky began publication of Hicky's Bengal Gazette on January 29, 1780, having first printed a prospectus announcing that he would begin printing a newspaper. The idea of printing a newspaper in India had been first floated twelve years earlier by the Dutch Adventurer William Bolts, but Hicky was to execute the concept.", "Madras Presidency. The presidency's first newspaper, the Madras Courier, was started on 12 October 1785, by Richard Johnston, a printer employed by the British East India Company.[233] The first Indian-owned English-language newspaper was The Madras Crescent which was established by freedom-fighter Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty in October 1844.[234] Lakshminarasu Chetty is also credited with the foundation of the Madras Presidency Association which was a forerunner of the Indian National Congress. The number of newspapers and periodicals published in the presidency totalled 821 in 1948. The two most popular English-language newspapers were The Hindu established by G. Subramania Iyer in 1878, and The Mail,[189] established as the Madras Times by the Gantz family in 1868.[235]", "Bombay Samachar. The Bombay Samachar, Asia's oldest newspaper, was first published on the first of July 1822 and comprised three small quarto sheets. 10 inches by 8 inches, and a half sheet supplement in all containing 14 pages of printed matter.", "Free Press of India. The Free Press of India (FPI) was the first news agency in the country to be both owned and managed by Indians.[4][5] Sadanand said that he had planned its creation in 1923 and that it was actually established in 1925. K. M. Shrivastava, a professor of news agency journalism, notes that Sadanand's account of the origins is one of several differing versions.[6] Milton Israel notes late 1924, but also an announcement of the FPI office opening that was published by the Bombay Chronicle on 8 January 1925.[note 1] Sadanand had issued an appeal in September 1924, and earlier in that year he had approached Congress with his ideas and costings. His appeal noted that he proposed \"An independent news agency that will collect and disseminate news with accuracy and impartiality from the Indian viewpoint [which is] a long-felt public want\". One difficulty that would have to be surmounted, as the Chronicle noted, was that among all the various nationalist factions there was no common \"Indian viewpoint\"; Israel describes the extant monopoly as \"efficient, dependable, and generally accurate\". Another difficulty was to be the poor financial acumen of Sadanand, who envisaged that the FPI could be financially self-supporting by its second year of operation.[10] Experienced newspaper businessmen, such as J. B. Petit and F. H. Holsinger, foresaw a much longer period of subsidy being required, as well as little chance of success because there were neither sufficient newspapers in print to justify another agency nor means to prevent the existing agencies from temporarily engaging in a price war to see off the new business.[10] J. K. Singh was later to describe him as a great journalist but a poor business manager and a \"sad failure\".[11]", "Tabloid (newspaper format). Tabloid journalism is still an evolving concept in India's print media. The first tabloid, Blitz was started by Russi Karanjia on February 1, 1941 with the words \"Our Blitz, India's Blitz against Hitler!\". Blitz was first published in English and then branched out with Hindi, Marathi and Urdu versions. In 1974, Russi's daughter Rita founded the Cine Blitz magazine. In 2005, Times of India brought out a dedicated Mumbai tabloid newspaper Mumbai Mirror which gives prominence to Mumbai-related stories and issues. Tehelka started off as a news portal in 2000. It broke the story about match-fixing in Indian and International Cricket and the sting operation on defence deals in the Indian Army. In 2007, it closed shop and reappeared in tabloid form, and has been appreciated for its brand of investigative journalism. Other popular tabloid newspapers in English media are Mid-Day, an afternoon newspaper published out of and dedicated to Mumbai and business newspapers like MINT. There are numerous tabloids in most of India's official languages. There is an all youth tabloid by the name of TILT - The ILIKE Times.", "Udant Martand. Udant Martand (The Rising Sun) was the first Hindi language newspaper published in India. Started on May 30, 1826, from Calcutta (now Kolkata), the weekly newspaper was published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla.[1][2]", "Media of India. The first Indian media were established in the late 19th century with the newspaper Hicky's Bengal Gazette, founded in 1780. Auguste and Louis Lumière moving pictures were screened in Bombay during July 1895; and radio broadcasting began in 1927.[3] Indian media—private media in particular—have been \"free and independent\" throughout most of their history.[4] The period of emergency (1975–1977), declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was the brief period when India's media were faced with potential government retribution.[4][5]", "Uttar Pradesh. A number of newspapers and periodicals are published in Hindi, English, and Urdu. The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in 1865 by George Allen.[255] Amar Ujala, Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Rajasthan Patrika and Hindustan Dainik have a wide circulation, with local editions published from several important cities. Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express, and Asian Age. Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line, and Business Standard are widely circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali, Gujarati, Odia, Urdu, and Punjabi are also read by a select readership.", "The New Indian Express. Indian Express was first published on September 5, 1932 in Madras (now Chennai) by an Ayurvedic doctor and Indian National Congress member P Varadarajulu Naidu, publishing from the same press where he ran the Tamil Nadu Tamil weekly. But soon, on account of financial difficulties, he sold it to S. Sadanand, founder of The Free Press Journal, another English newspaper.", "Udant Martand. The newspaper was started on May 30, 1826; with it for the first time a newspaper was published completely in Hindi, using Devanagari script. Udant Martand employed a mix of Khari Boli and Braj Bhasha dialects of Hindi.[5][8] The first issue printed 500 copies,[3] and the newspaper was published every Tuesday.[6] The office of newspaper was at 37, Amartalla Lane, Kolutolla, near Barabazar Market in Kolkata.[9]", "Samachar Darpan. Samachar Darpan (Bengali: সমাচার দর্পণ) was a Bengali weekly newspaper published by the Baptist Missionary Society and published on 23 May 1818 from the Baptist Mission Press at Serampore in the first half of the 19th century. It is considered to be the first Indian-language newspaper, although some historians contend that the Bengali weekly Bengal Gazetti or Vangal Gazette published by Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya had begun publication earlier.", "Justice Party (India). The periodical Hindu Nesan, questioned the timing of the new association. The New Age (Home Rule Movement's newspaper) dismissed it and predicted its premature death. By February 1917, the SIPA joint stock company had raised money by selling 640 shares of one hundred rupees each. The money purchased a printing press and the group hired C. Karunakara Menon to edit a newspaper which was to be called Justice. However, negotiations with Menon broke down and Nair himself took over as honorary editor with P. N. Raman Pillai and M. S. Purnalingam Pillai as subâ€“editors. The first issue came out on 26 February 1917. A Tamil newspaper called Dravidan, edited by Bhaktavatsalam Pillai, was started in June 1917. The party also purchased the Telugu newspaper Andhra Prakasika (edited by A. C. Parthasarathi Naidu). Later in 1919, both were converted to weeklies due to financial constraints.[4]", "The New Indian Express. In 1933, The Indian Express opened its second office in Madurai and launched the Tamil daily Dinamani on September 11, 1934. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced the price, but later sold part of his stake in the form of convertible debentures to Ramnath Goenka due to financial difficulties. When The Free Press Journal further went into financial decline in 1935, Sadanand lost ownership of Indian Express after a long controversial court battle with Goenka, where blows were exchanged. Finally, a year later, Goenka bought the rest of the 26 per cent stake from Sadanand, and the paper came under his control, who took the already anti-establishment tone of the paper to greater heights.[citation needed] At that time it had to face stiff competition from the well-established The Hindu and the Mail, besides other prominent newspapers. In the late 1930s, the circulation was no more than 2,000[citation needed].", "Hicky's Bengal Gazette. Hicky's Bengal Gazette or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser was an English language weekly newspaper published in Kolkata (then Calcutta), the capital of British India. It was the first newspaper printed in Asia, and was published for two years, before the East India Company seized the newspaper's types and printing press. Founded by James Augustus Hicky, a highly eccentric Irishman who had previously spent two years in jail for debt, the newspaper was a strong critic of the administration of the Governor General Warren Hastings. The newspaper was important for its provocative journalism well before its time and its fight for free expression in India.", "Indian literature. In 1947, the major English newspaper in India were the Times of India (Bombay), Statesman (Calcutta), Hindu (Madras), Hindustan Times (New Delhi), Indian Express (Bombay & Madras) Amrita Bazaar Patrika (Calcutta). Of these, the Times of India, Statesman & Pioneer were under British ownership till 1964, when it came under a group of Indian business.", "The Times of India. In 1860, editor Robert Knight (1825â€“1892) bought the Indian shareholders' interests, merged with rival Bombay Standard, and started India's first news agency. It wired Times dispatches to papers across the country and became the Indian agent for Reuters news service. In 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay Times and Standard to The Times of India. Knight fought for a press free of prior restraint or intimidation, frequently resisting the attempts by governments, business interests, and cultural spokesmen and led the paper to national prominence.[14][15] In the 19th century, this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India and Europe.", "Amrita Bazar Patrika. The Patrika became a daily in 1891. It was the first Indian-owned English daily to go into investigative journalism. During the tenure of Lord Lansdowne, a Patrika journalist rummaged through the waste paper basket of the Viceroy's office and pieced together a torn up letter detailing the Viceroy's plans to annexe Kashmir. ABP published the letter on its front page, where it was read by the Maharaja of Kashmir, who immediately went to London and lobbied for his independence.", "Free Press of India. The potential of the FPI as a new competitor was sufficient to cause the management at Reuters to institute various administrative changes in order to meet the perceived challenge.[18] Sadanand claimed that the FPI \"had the support of the entire national press of India while it was functioning. It maintained a comprehensive internal service. It was the first Indian news agency which organised and maintained an effective world news service to the press of India during the years 1932â€“35\". Shrivastava notes that, despite Sadanand's own description, the venture was not a success and was not in fact supported by the press of India, however worthy his aims may have been. Sadanand was an affluent man and could afford to take risks, which was evidenced by his agency frequently forfeiting security deposits in acts of defiance, but the combined effects of a lack of general support, the opposition of the government of the British Raj and the vested interests of established news media caused it to close in 1935.[6]", "Indian Reform Association. The object of cheap literature was to disseminate useful scientific information amongst the masses through cheap journals and the publication of cheap and useful tracts. On 16 November 1870, the Indian Reforms Association started publishing a weekly newspaper, Sulava Samachar in Bengali, priced only one pice. It was the first of its kind in India in the line of journalistic venture. Till then the humbler classes had never handled a newspaper and they were for the first time brought in contact with events that were taking place around them. Protap Chunder Mozoomdar noted, \"The novelty and success of the newspaper stimulated repeated imitation.\"[3]" ]	[ 4.8046875, 2.943359375, -0.2181396484375, 0.10296630859375, 3.791015625, 0.07379150390625, 1.234375, 1.8740234375, -0.154541015625, -0.9580078125, 3.744140625, -0.2142333984375, -1.041015625, -1.697265625, -3.552734375, -0.00882720947265625, 2.1796875, -0.9375, 3.212890625, 1.3935546875, -4.0859375, -0.94482421875, -0.4755859375, 2.005859375, -4.59375, -3.3671875, -0.92822265625, -1.3515625, 3.4921875, -4.41796875, -1.775390625, -2.798828125 ]
who is known as the father of modern management	[ "Fayolism. Fayol has been regarded by many as the father of the modern operational management theory, and his ideas have become a fundamental part of modern management concepts. Fayol is often compared to Frederick Winslow Taylor who developed Scientific Management. Taylor's Scientific Management deals with the efficient organization of production in the context of a competitive enterprise that is concerned with controlling its production costs.[2] Taylor's system of scientific management is the cornerstone of classical theory. Fayol was also a classical theorist, and referred to Taylor in his writing and considered him a visionary and pioneer in the management of organizations.", "Peter Drucker. Peter Ferdinand Drucker (/ˈdrʌkər/; German: [ˈdʀʊkɐ]; November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was an Austrian-born American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the philosophical and practical foundations of the modern business corporation. He was also a leader in the development of management education, he invented the concept known as management by objectives and self-control,[1] and he has been described as \"the founder of modern management\".[2]", "Management. The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. The Harvard Business School offered the first Master of Business Administration degree (MBA) in 1921. People like Henri Fayol (1841–1925) and Alexander Church described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people like Ordway Tead (1891–1973), Walter Scott and J. Mooney applied the principles of psychology to management. Other writers, such as Elton Mayo (1880–1949), Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), Chester Barnard (1886–1961), Max Weber (1864–1920), who saw what he called the \"administrator\" as bureaucrat[20]), Rensis Likert (1903–1981), and Chris Argyris (born 1923) approached the phenomenon of management from a sociological perspective.", "Henri Fayol. Henri Fayol (29 July 1841 â€“ 19 November 1925) was a French mining engineer, mining executive, author and director of mines who developed general theory of business administration that is often called Fayolism.[1] He and his colleagues developed this theory independently of scientific management but roughly contemporaneously. Like his contemporary, Frederick Winslow Taylor, he is widely acknowledged as a founder of modern management method.", "Management. Some see management (by definition) as late-modern (in the sense of late modernity) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history, only harbingers (such as stewards). Others, however, detect management-like-thought back to Sumerian traders and to the builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Slave-owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial enterprises, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, innovations such as the spread of Hindu numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools for management assessment, planning and control.", "Management. Management (according to some definitions) has existed for millennia, and several writers have produced background works that have contributed to modern management theories.[14][need quotation to verify] Some theorists have cited ancient military texts as providing lessons for civilian managers. For example, Chinese general Sun Tzu in his 6th century BC work The Art of War recommends being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's.[14] The writings of influential Chinese Legalist philosopher Shen Buhai may be considered[by whom?] to embody a rare premodern example of abstract theory of administration.[15]", "Management. In another way of thinking, Mary Parker Follett (1868â€“1933), allegedly defined management as \"the art of getting things done through people\".[5] She described management as philosophy.[6][need quotation to verify]", "Management. Classical economists such as Adam Smith (1723–1790) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) provided a theoretical background to resource-allocation, production, and pricing issues. About the same time, innovators like Eli Whitney (1765–1825), James Watt (1736–1819), and Matthew Boulton (1728–1809) developed elements of technical production such as standardization, quality-control procedures, cost-accounting, interchangeability of parts, and work-planning. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave-based sector of the US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, \"managed\" in profitable quasi-mass production.", "Peter Drucker. Drucker taught that management is “a liberal art,” and he infused his management advice with interdisciplinary lessons from history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, culture and religion.[3] He also believed strongly that all institutions, including those in the private sector, have a responsibility to the whole of society. “The fact is,” Drucker wrote in his 1973 Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, “that in modern society there is no other leadership group but managers. If the managers of our major institutions, and especially of business, do not take responsibility for the common good, no one else can or will.”[27]", "Project management. As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity.[9] Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,[10] who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool (alternatively Harmonogram first proposed by Karol Adamiecki[11]); and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five management functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.[12] Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.", "Fayolism. Fayol believed that managerial practices were key to predictability and efficiency in organizations. The Administrative theory views communication as a necessary ingredient to successful management and many of Fayol's practices are still alive in today's workplace.[4] The elements and principles of management can be found in modern organizations in several ways: as accepted practices in some industries, as revamped versions of the original principles or elements, or as remnants of the organization's history to which alternative practices and philosophies are being offered. The U.S. military is a prime example of an organization that has continued to use these principles.", "Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor was a mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. Taylor is regarded as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants and director of a famous firm. In Peter Drucker's description,", "Peter Drucker. Drucker's books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business, government, and nonprofit sectors of society.[3] He is one of the best-known and most widely influential thinkers and writers on the subject of management theory and practice. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning.[4] In 1959, Drucker coined the term â€œknowledge worker,\" and later in his life considered knowledge-worker productivity to be the next frontier of management.[5] Peter Drucker gave his name to three institutions: the Drucker Institute and the Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management, both at Claremont Graduate University, and the Peter F. Drucker Academy.[6] The annual Global Peter Drucker Forum in his hometown of Vienna, honors his legacy.", "Douglas McGregor. Douglas McGregor is a contemporary of Abraham Maslow. Likewise, he also contributed much to the development of the management and motivational theory. He is best known for his Theory X and Theory Y as presented in his book ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’ (1960), which proposed that manager’s individual assumptions about human nature and behaviour determined how individual manages their employees.[2]", "Igor Ansoff. Harry Igor Ansoff (рус. Игорь Ансов; original surname is Ansov) (December 12, 1918 – July 14, 2002) was a Russian American applied mathematician and business manager.[1][2] He is known as the father of strategic management.", "History of socialism. Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876), the father of modern anarchism, was a libertarian socialist, a theory by which the workers would directly manage the means of production through their own productive associations. There would be \"equal means of subsistence, support, education, and opportunity for every child, boy or girl, until maturity, and equal resources and facilities in adulthood to create his own well-being by his own labor.\"[35]", "Fayolism. Fayolism was a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized the role of management in organizations, developed around 1900 by the French management theorist Henri Fayol (1841â€“1925). It was through Fayol's work as a philosopher of administration that he contributed most widely to the theory and practice of organizational management.", "Peter Drucker. Drucker is considered the single most important thought leader in the world of management, and several ideas run through most of his writings:", "Scientific revolution. Various other advances in medical understanding and practice were made. French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named \"the father of modern dentistry\". Surgeon Ambroise Paré (c.1510–1590) was a leader in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially the treatment of wounds,[79] and Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738) is sometimes referred to as a \"father of physiology\" due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and his textbook Institutiones medicae (1708).", "Lean manufacturing. Frederick Winslow Taylor, the father of scientific management, introduced what are now called standardization and best practice deployment. In Principles of Scientific Management, (1911), Taylor said: \"And whenever a workman proposes an improvement, it should be the policy of the management to make a careful analysis of the new method, and if necessary conduct a series of experiments to determine accurately the relative merit of the new suggestion and of the old standard. And whenever the new method is found to be markedly superior to the old, it should be adopted as the standard for the whole establishment.\"", "Fayolism. Fayol believed by focusing on managerial practices he could minimize misunderstandings and increase efficiency in organizations.[1] He enlightened managers on how to accomplish their managerial duties, and the practices in which they should engage. In his book General and Industrial Management (published in French in 1916, then published in English in 1949), Fayol outlined his theory of general management, which he believed could be applied to the administration of myriad industries. His concern was with the administrative apparatus (or functions of administration), and to that end he presented his administrative theory, that is, principles and elements of management.", "Henri Fayol. Fayol's work became more generally known with the 1949 publication of \"General and industrial administration\",[5] the English translation[6] of the 1916 article \"Administration industrielle et générale\". In this work Fayol presented his theory of management, known as Fayolism. Before that Fayol had written several articles on mining engineering, starting in the 1870s, and some preliminary papers on administration.[7]", "Robert K. Merton. Today, Merton is viewed as one of the founding fathers of modern-day sociology. His works are seen as the driving force of many of today's sociologists' studies. Merton's friends and colleagues credit his guidance to the positive direction of modern sociology as well. In particular, Columbia provost Jonathan R. Cole who studied under Merton praised him shortly after his death, saying:", "Fayolism. During the early 20th century, Fayol developed 14 principles of management to help managers manage their affairs more effectively. Organizations in technologically advanced countries interpret these principles quite differently from the way they were interpreted during Fayol's time as well. These differences in interpretation are in part a result of the cultural challenges managers face when implementing this framework. The fourteen principles are:", "Peter Drucker. Peter Drucker also wrote a book in 2001 called The Essential Drucker. It is the first volume and combination of the past sixty years of Peter Drucker's work on management. The information gathered is a collection from his previous findings, The Practice of Management (1954) to Management Challenges for the 21st Century (1999), this book offers, in Drucker's words, \"a coherent and fairly comprehensive introduction to management\". He also answers frequently asked questions from up and coming entrepreneurs who tend to ponder the questionable outcomes of management.[17]", "Fayolism. His theories and ideas were ideally a result of his environmentâ€”a post revolutionized France with an emerging republic bourgeois. A bourgeois himself, he believed in controlling workers to achieve greater productivity over all other managerial considerations. However, through reading General and Industrial Management, it is apparent that Fayol advocated a flexible approach to management, one he believed could be applied to any circumstance whether in the home, the workplace, or within the state. He stressed the importance and the practice of forecasting and planning in order to apply these ideas and techniques, which demonstrated his ability and emphasis in being able to adapt to any sort of situation. In General and Industrial Management he outlines an agenda whereby, under an accepted theory of management, every citizen is exposed and taught some form of management education and allowed to exercise management abilities first at school and later on in the workplace.", "Henri Fayol. Fayol's work was one of the first comprehensive statements of a general theory of management.[8] He proposed that there were five primary functions of management and fourteen principles of management[9]", "W. Edwards Deming. In 1982, Deming's book Quality, Productivity, and Competitive Position was published by the MIT Center for Advanced Engineering, and was renamed Out of the Crisis in 1986. In it, he offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved products and services. \"Long-term commitment to new learning and new philosophy is required of any management that seeks transformation. The timid and the fainthearted, and the people that expect quick results, are doomed to disappointment.\"", "Henri Fayol. While Fayol came up with his theories almost a century ago, many of his principles are still represented in contemporary management theories.[10]", "Peter Drucker. Drucker was the Honorary Chairman of the Peter F. Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Management, now the Leader to Leader Institute, from 1990 through 2002.[63] In 1969 he was awarded New York University’s highest honor, its Presidential Citation.[64] For his article, \"What Makes an Effective Executive\", Harvard Business Review honored Drucker in the June 2004 with his seventh McKinsey Award — the most awarded to one person.[65] Drucker was inducted into the Junior Achievement US Business Hall of Fame in 1996.[66] He received 25 honorary doctorates from American, Belgian, Czech, English, Spanish and Swiss universities.[67] His 1954 book The Practice of Management was voted the third most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the Academy of Management.[68] In Claremont, California, Eleventh Street between College Avenue and Dartmouth Avenue was renamed \"Drucker Way\" in October 2009 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Drucker's birth.[69] Drucker was posthumously honored when he was inducted into the Outsourcing Hall of Fame in recognition of his outstanding contributions in the field.[70]", "Quality management. Quality management is a recent phenomenon but important for an organization. Civilizations that supported the arts and crafts allowed clients to choose goods meeting higher quality standards rather than normal goods. In societies where arts and crafts are the responsibility of master craftsmen or artists, these masters would lead their studios and train and supervise others. The importance of craftsmen diminished as mass production and repetitive work practices were instituted. The aim was to produce large numbers of the same goods. The first proponent in the US for this approach was Eli Whitney who proposed (interchangeable) parts manufacture for muskets, hence producing the identical components and creating a musket assembly line. The next step forward was promoted by several people including Frederick Winslow Taylor, a mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is sometimes called \"the father of scientific management.\" He was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and part of his approach laid a further foundation for quality management, including aspects like standardization and adopting improved practices. Henry Ford was also important in bringing process and quality management practices into operation in his assembly lines. In Germany, Karl Benz, often called the inventor of the motor car, was pursuing similar assembly and production practices, although real mass production was properly initiated in Volkswagen after World War II. From this period onwards, North American companies focused predominantly upon production against lower cost with increased efficiency.", "Organizational theory. The scientific management theory was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to encourage production efficiency and productivity.[24] Taylor argues that inefficiencies could be controlled through managing production as a science. Taylor defines scientific management as \"concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do and then see in that they do it in the best and cheapest way.\"[25] According to Taylor, scientific management affects both workers and employers, and stresses the control of the labour force by management." ]	[ 3.4375, 6.0625, -0.71923828125, 4.21484375, -2.66796875, -0.0036373138427734375, -2.107421875, 1.123046875, -2.8203125, 1.189453125, -1.505859375, -1.232421875, 0.7294921875, -1.0439453125, 1.451171875, -2.8125, -3.841796875, -2.048828125, -4.734375, -1.24609375, -1.9111328125, -1.1064453125, -6.6328125, -3.283203125, -2.552734375, -4.609375, -1.357421875, -5.55078125, -0.36865234375, -2.962890625, -2.6171875, -3.21875 ]
what is stronger hydrogen bond or dipole dipole	[ "Hydrogen bond. The hydrogen bond is often described as an electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction. However, it also has some features of covalent bonding: it is directional and strong, produces interatomic distances shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii, and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners, which can be interpreted as a type of valence. These covalent features are more substantial when acceptors bind hydrogens from more electronegative donors.", "Intermolecular force. A hydrogen bond is the attraction between the lone pair of an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is bonded to either nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.[3] The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction. However, it also has some features of covalent bonding: it is directional, stronger than a van der Waals force interaction, produces interatomic distances shorter than the sum of van der Waals radius, and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners, which can be interpreted as a kind of valence.", "Non-covalent interactions. A hydrogen bond (H-bond), is a specific type of interaction that involves dipole-dipole attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative, partially negative oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or fluorine atom (not covalently bound to said hydrogen atom). It is not a covalent bond, but instead is classified as a strong non-covalent interaction. It is responsible for why water is a liquid at room temperature and not a gas (given water's low molecular weight). Most commonly, the strength of hydrogen bonds lies between 0 - 4 kcal/mol, but can sometimes be as strong as 40 kcal/mol[1]", "Intermolecular force. Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces are similar to dipole-dipole and induced-dipole interactions but involve ions, instead of only polar and non-polar molecules. Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces are stronger than dipole-dipole interactions because the charge of any ion is much greater than the charge of a dipole moment. Ion-dipole bonding is stronger than hydrogen bonding.[citation needed]", "Chemical compound. Hydrogen bonding, which is considered a weak dipole-dipole bond, occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom, and is in a position near another electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons.", "Amide. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to function as H-bond donors as well. Thus amides can participate in hydrogen bonding with water and other protic solvents; the oxygen atom can accept hydrogen bonds from water and the N–H hydrogen atoms can donate H-bonds. As a result of interactions such as these, the water solubility of amides is greater than that of corresponding hydrocarbons.", "Carbon–hydrogen bond. Although the Câˆ’H bond is one of the strongest, it varies over 30% in magnitude for fairly stable organic compounds, even in the absence of heteroatoms.[5][6]", "Chemical polarity. When comparing a polar and nonpolar molecule with similar molar masses, the polar molecule in general has a higher boiling point, because the dipole–dipole interaction between polar molecules results in stronger intermolecular attractions. One common form of polar interaction is the hydrogen bond, which is also known as the H-bond. For example, water forms H-bonds and has a molar mass M = 18 and a boiling point of +100 °C, compared to nonpolar methane with M = 16 and a boiling point of –161 °C.", "Hydrogen bond. The hydrogen bond is an attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom from a molecule or a molecular fragment Xâ€“H in which X is more electronegative than H, and an atom or a group of atoms in the same or a different molecule, in which there is evidence of bond formation.[7]", "Non-covalent interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions are electrostatic interactions between permanent dipoles in molecules. These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase attraction (reducing potential energy). Normally, dipoles are associated with electronegative atoms, including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine.", "Intermolecular force. Dipole-dipole interactions are electrostatic interactions between molecules which have permanent dipole(s). These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase attraction (reducing potential energy). An example of a dipole-dipole interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride (HCl): the positive end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and influence its position. Polar molecules have a net attraction between them. Examples of polar molecules include hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chloroform (CHCl3).", "Drug action. Ion-dipole and dipole-dipole bonds have similar interactions, but are more complicated and are weaker than ionic bonds.", "Hydrogen bond. A symmetric hydrogen bond is a special type of hydrogen bond in which the proton is spaced exactly halfway between two identical atoms. The strength of the bond to each of those atoms is equal. It is an example of a three-center four-electron bond. This type of bond is much stronger than a \"normal\" hydrogen bond. The effective bond order is 0.5, so its strength is comparable to a covalent bond. It is seen in ice at high pressure, and also in the solid phase of many anhydrous acids such as hydrofluoric acid and formic acid at high pressure. It is also seen in the bifluoride ion [F−H−F]−.", "Hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules (intermolecular) or within different parts of a single molecule (intramolecular).[4] Depending on the nature of the donor and acceptor atoms which constitute the bond, their geometry, and environment, the energy of a hydrogen bond can vary between 1 and 40 kcal/mol.[5] This makes them somewhat stronger than a van der Waals interaction, and weaker than covalent or ionic bonds. This type of bond can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins.", "Hydrogen bond. A hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom, covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), experiences the electrostatic field of another highly electronegative atom nearby.", "Hydrogen bond. Quantum chemical calculations of the relevant interresidue potential constants (compliance constants) revealed[how?] large differences between individual H bonds of the same type. For example, the central interresidue N−H···N hydrogen bond between guanine and cytosine is much stronger in comparison to the N−H···N bond between the adenine-thymine pair.[18]", "Lone pair. Lone pairs can make a contribution to a molecule's dipole moment. NH3 has a dipole moment of 1.47 D. As the electronegativity of nitrogen (3.04) is greater than that of hydrogen (2.2) the result is that the N-H bonds are polar with a net negative charge on the nitrogen atom and a smaller net positive charge on the hydrogen atoms. There is also a dipole associated with the lone pair and this reinforces the contribution made by the polar covalent N-H bonds to ammonia's dipole moment. In contrast to NH3, NF3 has a much lower dipole moment of 0.24 D. Fluorine is more electronegative than nitrogen and the polarity of the N-F bonds is opposite to that of the N-H bonds in ammonia, so that the dipole due to the lone pair opposes the N-F bond dipoles, resulting in a low molecular dipole moment.[9]", "Carbon–hydrogen bond. The carbon-hydrogen bond (C–H bond) is a bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be found in many organic compounds.[1] This bond is a covalent bond meaning that carbon shares its outer valence electrons with up to four hydrogens. This completes both of their outer shells making them stable.[2] Carbon–hydrogen bonds have a bond length of about 1.09 Å (1.09 × 10−10 m) and a bond energy of about 413 kJ/mol (see table below). Using Pauling's scale—C (2.55) and H (2.2)—the electronegativity difference between these two atoms is 0.35. Because of this small difference in electronegativities, the C−H bond is generally regarded as being non-polar. In structural formulas of molecules, the hydrogen atoms are often omitted. Compound classes consisting solely of C–H bonds and C–C bonds are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Collectively they are known as hydrocarbons.", "Hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds can vary in strength from very weak (1–2 kJ mol−1) to extremely strong (161.5 kJ mol−1 in the ion HF−\n2).[15][16] Typical enthalpies in vapor include:", "Acid strength. Polarity refers to the distribution of electrons in a bond, the region of space between two atomic nuclei where a pair of electrons is shared. When two atoms have roughly the same electronegativity (ability to attract electrons) the electrons are shared evenly and spend equal time on either end of the bond. When there is a significant difference in electronegativities of two bonded atoms, the electrons spend more time near the nucleus of the more electronegative element and an electrical dipole, or separation of charges, occurs, such that there is a partial negative charge localized on the electronegative element and a partial positive charge on the electropositive element. Hydrogen is an electropositive element and accumulates a slightly positive charge when it is bonded to an electronegative element such as oxygen or bromine. As the electron density on hydrogen decreases, it is more easily abstracted, in other words, it is more acidic. Moving from left to right across a row on the periodic table elements become more electronegative (excluding the noble gases), and the strength of the binary acid formed by the element increases accordingly:", "Intermolecular force. This kind of interaction can be expected between any polar molecule and non-polar/symmetrical molecule. The induction-interaction force is far weaker than dipole-dipole interaction, but stronger than the London dispersion force.", "Chemical polarity. Because electrons have a negative charge, the unequal sharing of electrons within a bond leads to the formation of an electric dipole: a separation of positive and negative electric charge. Because the amount of charge separated in such dipoles is usually smaller than a fundamental charge, they are called partial charges, denoted as δ+ (delta plus) and δ− (delta minus). These symbols were introduced by Christopher Kelk Ingold and Edith Hilda Ingold in 1926.[1][2] The bond dipole moment is calculated by multiplying the amount of charge separated and the distance between the charges.", "Dipole. For example, the zero dipole of CO2 implies that the two C=O bond dipole moments cancel so that the molecule must be linear. For H2O the O−H bond moments do not cancel because the molecule is bent. For ozone (O3) which is also a bent molecule, the bond dipole moments are not zero even though the O−O bonds are between similar atoms. This agrees with the Lewis structures for the resonance forms of ozone which show a positive charge on the central oxygen atom.", "Non-covalent interactions. Polar-π interactions involve molecules with permanent dipoles (such as water) interacting with the quadrupole moment of a π-system (such as that in benzene (see figure 5). While not as strong as a cation-π interaction, these interactions can be quite strong (~1-2 kcal/mol), and are commonly involved in protein folding and crystallinity of solids containing both hydrogen bonding and π-systems.[1] In fact, any molecule with a hydrogen bond donor (hydrogen bound to a highly electronegative atom) will have favorable electrostatic interactions with the electron-rich π-system of a conjugated molecule.", "Dipole. Many molecules have such dipole moments due to non-uniform distributions of positive and negative charges on the various atoms. Such is the case with polar compounds like hydrogen fluoride (HF), where electron density is shared unequally between atoms. Therefore, a molecule's dipole is an electric dipole with an inherent electric field which should not be confused with a magnetic dipole which generates a magnetic field.", "Hydrogen bond. In a hydrogen bond, the electronegative atom not covalently attached to the hydrogen is named proton acceptor, whereas the one covalently bound to the hydrogen is named the proton donor.", "Electric dipole moment. As the two charges are brought closer together (d is made smaller), the dipole term in the multipole expansion based on the ratio d/R becomes the only significant term at ever closer distances R, and in the limit of infinitesimal separation the dipole term in this expansion is all that matters. As d is made infinitesimal, however, the dipole charge must be made to increase to hold p constant. This limiting process results in a \"point dipole\".", "Carbon monoxide. Theoretical and experimental studies show that, despite the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the dipole moment points from the more-negative carbon end to the more-positive oxygen end.[25][26] The three bonds are in fact polar covalent bonds that are strongly polarized. The calculated polarization toward the oxygen atom is 71% for the σ-bond and 77% for both π-bonds.[27]", "Hydrogen bond. The length of hydrogen bonds depends on bond strength, temperature, and pressure. The bond strength itself is dependent on temperature, pressure, bond angle, and environment (usually characterized by local dielectric constant). The typical length of a hydrogen bond in water is 197Â pm. The ideal bond angle depends on the nature of the hydrogen bond donor. The following hydrogen bond angles between a hydrofluoric acid donor and various acceptors have been determined experimentally:[19]", "Hydrogen bond. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C) compared to the other group 16 hydrides that have much weaker hydrogen bonds.[6] Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers, both synthetic and natural.", "Chemical polarity. If the bond dipole moments of the molecule do not cancel, the molecule is polar. For example, the water molecule (H2O) contains two polar Oâˆ’H bonds in a bent (nonlinear) geometry. The bond dipole moments do not cancel, so that the molecule forms a molecular dipole with its negative pole at the oxygen and its positive pole midway between the two hydrogen atoms. In the figure each bond joins the central O atom with a negative charge (red) to an H atom with a positive charge (blue).", "Non-covalent interactions. A dipole-induced dipole interaction (Debye force) is due to the approach of a molecule with a permanent dipole to another non-polar molecule with no permanent dipole. This approach causes the electrons of the non-polar molecule to be polarized toward or away from the dipole (or \"induce\" a dipole) of the approaching molecule.[7] Specifically, the dipole can cause electrostatic attraction or repulsion of the electrons from the non-polar molecule, depending on orientation of the incoming dipole.[7] Atoms with larger atomic radii are considered more \"polarizable\" and therefore experience greater attraction as a result of the Debye force." ]	[ 2.990234375, 3.08984375, 2.224609375, 3.76953125, 1.08203125, -1.052734375, -1.7705078125, 1.439453125, -2.36328125, -2.4453125, -1.4375, -0.358642578125, -0.50390625, -1.1376953125, -1.7880859375, -1.19921875, -1.6064453125, -2.927734375, -1.5224609375, -3.34765625, -1.76953125, -3.142578125, -1.0615234375, -1.11328125, -1.423828125, -3.482421875, -4.84765625, -2.6171875, -3.15234375, -3.615234375, -1.4462890625, -4.140625 ]
which batsman has the highest average score in test match	[ "Alec Stewart. Stewart's batting average (39.54) is the lowest of any player to have scored 8000 or more runs in Test cricket: he is the only player to have scored over 8000 runs despite an average of under 40.[5] However, when played as a specialist batsman in Test cricket, Stewart averaged 46.90 in 51 games with 9 centuries. Since World War II, only Len Hutton, Geoff Boycott, Dennis Amiss and Alastair Cook have bettered Stewart's average of 46 as a specialist opening batsman for England.[6] As wicketkeeper-batsman he averaged 34.92 from 82 tests, higher than many of his contemporaries and many of the current batch of international wicketkeepers. He was unlucky enough to be on the losing side in a record 54 Test Matches.", "List of Test cricket records. Australian Donald Bradman, widely considered the greatest batsman of all time,[11][12] holds several personal and partnership records. He scored the most runs in a series, has the most double centuries and was a part of the record 5th wicket partnership. His most significant record is his batting average of 99.94. One of cricket's most famous statistics,[13][14] it stands almost 40 runs higher than any other batsman's average. Don Bradman is the only player in the world to have scored 5000 runs against a single opposition: 5028 runs against England.[15]", "Batting average. Career records for batting average are usually subject to a minimum qualification of 20 innings played or completed, in order to exclude batsmen who have not played enough games for their skill to be reliably assessed. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australia's Sir Donald Bradman, with 99.94. Given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only five other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradman's average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest athlete in any sport.[3]", "List of England Test cricket records. Australia's Don Bradman, widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time, finished his Test career with an average of 99.94.[88] With 60.73, Herbert Sutcliffe is one of only six batsmen to have finished his international career with an average above 60.[89]", "Sachin Tendulkar. Before the Indian cricket team's tour of Sri Lanka in July 2008, Tendulkar needed 177 runs to go past Brian Lara's record of Test 11,953 runs. However, he failed in all six innings, scoring a total of 95 runs. India lost the series and his average of 15.83 was his worst in a Test series with at least three matches.[160]", "List of Australia Test cricket records. Australia's Don Bradman, widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time, finished his Test career with an average of 99.94.[8] The next closest to him is Adam Voges who retired in 2016 with an average of 61.87. As of September 2017[update], the current Australian captain, Steve Smith, has the sixth best career average in Test cricket with 59.66.[79]", "Brian Lara. Lara's match-winning performance of 153 not out against Australia in Bridgetown, Barbados in 1999 has been rated by Wisden as the second best batting performance in the history of Test cricket, next only to the 270 runs scored by Sir Donald Bradman in The Ashes Test match of 1937.[11] Muttiah Muralitharan, rated as the greatest Test match bowler ever by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack,[12] and the highest wicket-taker in both Test cricket[13] and in One Day Internationals (ODIs),[14] has hailed Lara as his toughest opponent among all batsmen in the world.[15] Lara was awarded the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World awards in 1994 and 1995[16] and is also one of only three cricketers to receive the prestigious BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year, the other two being Sir Garfield Sobers and Shane Warne.[17]", "List of Test cricket records. The trend of countries to increase the number of Test matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players. Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan became the highest Test wicket-taker in December 2007, when he passed Shane Warne's total of 708 wickets.[19] Within a year, the equivalent batting record of highest run-scorer had also changed hands: Sachin Tendulkar surpassed the tally of 11,953 runs by Brian Lara.[20] The record for most dismissals by a wicket-keeper is held by Mark Boucher of South Africa[21] while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Rahul Dravid.[22]", "List of England Test cricket records. Nineteenth century English medium pacer George Lohmann holds the record for the best career average in Test cricket with 10.75. J. J. Ferris, one of fifteen cricketers to have played Test cricket for more than one team,[117] is second behind Lohmann with an overall career average of 12.70 runs per wicket. Billy Barnes is third on the list, finishing his Test career with an average of 15.54.[115]", "Kumar Sangakkara. On 6 December 2007 he made it to the top spot of ICC Test player rankings with a rating of 938, the highest rating ever achieved by a Sri Lankan player, and became the first batsman ever to score in excess of 150 in four consecutive tests.[20] His skill was recognised worldwide when he earned selection for the ICC World XI One-Day International team that competed against Australia in the Johnnie Walker Series in October 2005. Despite the World XI losing all of the one-day games by considerable margins, Sangakkara left the series with some credit, averaging 46. He was one of the winners of the 2008 inaugural Cricinfo awards for outstanding batting in Test cricket.[44]", "Virender Sehwag. As of 15 March 2010, Sehwag has an average of nearly 68 in the first innings of test matches where he has scored 5130 runs, 18 centuries and 12 fifties in 76 matches. In the second innings, his average drops to 31 and has scored 1561 runs, with only one century and 9 fifties in 54 innings. The first and second innings difference of 37 runs is one of the highest and indicates a lack of ability in dealing with more difficult batting conditions as the pitch deteriorates. However, his match-saving second-innings 151 against Australia at Adelaide during the 2007–08 Border-Gavaskar series, and a match winning 92 in trying situations at Nagpur during the 2008–09 series, went a long way towards repairing that image. In the 2008 Test series against England, Sehwag played a key role in the fourth innings of the first Test in Chennai. He amassed 83 runs in 68 balls, which helped India chase down an improbable target of 387 with six wickets to spare. This was the highest successful run chase in India and the fourth highest in Test history. For this effort, Sehwag was adjudged Man of the Match. On 12 August 2011, Sehwag became only the third Indian in history to achieve a king pair (2 golden ducks consecutively) and the 15th player to do that of all time, but weeks later he again scored crucial and aggressive pair of 55 against West Indies.", "Don Bradman. Bradman's Test batting average of 99.94 has become one of cricket's most famous, iconic statistics.[38] No other player who has played more than 20 Test match innings has finished their career with a Test average of more than 62.[234] Bradman scored centuries at a rate better than one every three innings—in 80 Test innings, Bradman scored 29 centuries.[256] Only 11 players have since surpassed his total, all at a much slower rate: the next fastest player to reach 29 centuries, Sachin Tendulkar, required nearly twice as long (148 innings) to do so.[256]", "List of Test cricket records. Note: If the qualification is removed, the best career average record is at 0.00 runs per wicket (i.e. no runs were conceded). This record is shared by Englishmen A N Hornby, Wilf Barber and New Zealander, Bruce Murray who took one wicket without conceding a run[64]", "Rahul Dravid. Dravid is also one of the two batsmen to score 10,000 runs at a single batting position and is the fourth highest run scorer in Test Cricket, behind Tendulkar, Ponting and Kallis.", "Kevin Pietersen. In the first test of the series he was dismissed for 26 again chasing a wide one when looking set also after 4 centuries were scored by England batsmen in the innings at Lord's, he then scored a hundred in the second innings when England were looking to accelerate.[147] Pietersen posted his highest score of 226 in the second Test at Headingley (it was scored in 262 balls, with 24 fours and 2 sixes), surpassing his previous best of 158 which he had achieved three times.[148] With this score, Pietersen moved ahead of Everton Weekes and Viv Richards to be the batsman with the second-highest run-total out of his first 25 Tests (behind Don Bradman).[13] It is also the highest Test score for England since Graham Gooch scored 333 against India in 1990.[149] This innings subjected the West Indies to an innings and 283 runs defeat, their largest against any team. Pietersen, the Man of the Match, said, \"I believe the recipe for success is hard work. I've been criticised for throwing my wicket away, and I tried to make it count here\".[150]", "Virender Sehwag. In the first test against England in Chennai in December 2008, Sehwag's rapid 83 off just 68 balls,[98] in the last session of the fourth day, set India up for its record run-chase of 4/387, the highest successful target on Indian soil. He got the man-of-the-match award despite Sachin Tendulkar scoring an unbeaten century later in the same innings and Andrew Strauss scoring a century in each of England's innings.", "Imran Khan. Khan achieved the all-rounder's triple (securing 3000 runs and 300 wickets) in 75 Tests, the second-fastest record behind Ian Botham's 72. He is also established as having the second-highest all-time batting average of 61.86 for a Test batsman playing at position 6 of the batting order.[47] He played his last Test match for Pakistan in January 1992, against Sri Lanka at Faisalabad. Khan retired permanently from cricket six months after his last ODI, the historic 1992 World Cup final against England in Melbourne, Australia.[48] He ended his career with 88 Test matches, 126 innings and scored 3807 runs at an average of 37.69, including six centuries and 18 fifties. His highest score was 136 runs. As a bowler, he took 362 wickets in Test cricket, which made him the first Pakistani and world's fourth bowler to do so.[19] In ODIs, he played 175 matches and scored 3709 runs at an average of 33.41. His highest score remains 102 not out. His best ODI bowling is documented at 6 wickets for 14 runs, a record for the best bowling figures by any bowler in an ODI innings in a losing cause.[49]", "Kumar Sangakkara. Along with teammate Mahela Jayawardene, he recorded the most partnership runs for the 3rd wicket in Test history, scoring 5890 runs surpassing the 5826 runs of Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, during the first Test match against Pakistan at Galle International Stadium. The two also hold the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in Test matches, scoring 624 runs for the 3rd wicket against South Africa in July 2006.[70] This still stands as the largest partnership for any wicket in first-class cricket, anywhere.[71]", "Old Trafford Cricket Ground. In Tests, the highest team score posted here is 656/8 dec by Australian national cricket team against English national cricket team on 23 July, 1964. The leading run scorers here are Denis Compton- 818 runs, Mike Atherton- 729 runs and Alec Stewart- 704 runs. The leading wicket takers are Alec Bedser- 51 wickets, James Anderson- 28 wickets and Jim Laker- 27 wickets.", "Rahul Dravid. In 2003–2004 season, Dravid scored three double centuries: one each against New Zealand, Australia and Pakistan. In the first innings of the second Test against Australia at Adelaide, India reached 85–4 in reply to Australia's 556, when Dravid and Laxman made 303 for the fifth wicket. Laxman was dismissed for 148 and Dravid went on make 233, at that time the highest score by an Indian batsman outside India. He made 72 not out in the second innings, and India won.[121] Dravid scored 619 runs in the four-match series against Australia with an average of 103.16, winning the man of the series award. During the later part of the season, in Ganguly's absence, Dravid led India to its first test victory over Pakistan at their home[122] in the first test match at Multan Cricket Stadium. At Rawalpindi, in the third and final match of the series, Dravid made 270 runs, helping India to win the series.[123] During India's unsuccessful tour of England in 2011, in which their 4–0 loss cost them the top rank in Test cricket, Dravid made three centuries.", "List of Australia Test cricket records. Nineteenth century English medium pacer George Lohmann holds the record for the best career average in Test cricket with 10.75. J. J. Ferris, one of fourteen cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one team,[98] is second behind Lohmann with an overall career average of 12.70 runs per wicket.[99]", "Border–Gavaskar Trophy. Sachin Tendulkar was the most successful batsmen scoring 403 runs in 4 innings at an average of 134.33. Zaheer Khan was the leading wicket taker with 12 wickets in 2 tests.", "List of Test cricket records. In the Manchester Test of 1956, England spin bowler Jim Laker took 19 wickets for 90 runs (19–90) which set not only the Test record for best match figures but also the first-class one.[16] In taking 10–53 in the second innings he became the first bowler to capture all ten wickets in a Test match innings, and his analysis remains the best innings figures. Indian Leg-spinner Anil Kumble is the only other bowler to have taken 10 wickets in an innings, claiming 10–74 against Pakistan in 1999.[17] West Indies batsman Brian Lara has the highest individual score in Test cricket: he scored 400 not out against England in 2004 to surpass the innings of 380 by Matthew Hayden six months earlier. Lara had held the record before Hayden, with a score of 375 against England 10 years earlier.[18] Pakistan's Misbah-ul-Haq holds the record of the fastest test half century scoring 50 runs from 21 balls. The record for the fastest test century is held by New Zealand's Brendon McCullum who scored 100 runs from 54 balls in his final test match.", "List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records. Kumar Sangakkara is the fifth-highest scoring batsman in Test cricket.[31] Apart from these five players[32]", "Sachin Tendulkar. On the second day of the Nottingham Test on 28 July 2007, Tendulkar became the third cricketer to complete 11,000 Test runs.[139] In the subsequent one-day series against England, Tendulkar was the leading run scorer from India[140] with an average of 53.42. In the ODI Series against Australia in October 2007 Tendulkar was the leading Indian run scorer with 278 runs.[141]", "Rahul Dravid. Dravid is known for his technique, and had been one of the best batsmen for the Indian cricket team. In the beginning, he was known as a defensive batsman who should be confined to Test cricket, and was dropped from the ODI squad due to a low strike rate. However, in a period of his career, he began consistently scoring runs in ODIs as well, earning him the ICC Player of the year award. His nickname of 'The Wall' in Reebok advertisements is now used as his nickname. Dravid has scored 36 centuries in Test cricket at an average of 53.19; this included five double centuries. In one-dayers, he has an average of 39.49, and a strike rate of 71.22. He is one of the few Indians whose Test average is better at away than at home, averaging almost five runs more in foreign pitches.[146] As of 23 September 2010, Dravid's Test average in abroad is 55.53, and his Test average at home is 50.76;[146] his ODI average abroad is 37.93[147] and his ODI average at home is 43.11.[148] Taking those matches in consideration that were won by India, Dravid averages 66.34 runs in Tests[149] and 50.69 runs in ODIs.[150]", "Kevin Pietersen. In the one-day series, which England lost 5â€“1, he was top scorer for England in four out of the five matches he played, and had the highest average of any player with 58.20.[127] His 71 in the second ODI took him past 1,000 ODI runs, equalling Viv Richards' record of 21 innings to reach this total.[11]", "List of Australia Test cricket records. Top order batsman and former captain Don Bradman holds several batting records. Considered to be the greatest batsman of all time, he played 52 Tests between 1928 and 1948.[8] He holds the record for the highest Test average of 99.94, has scored the most Test double centuries with 12 and the most runs scored in a series with 974 during the 1930 Ashes series.[9][10][11] He also holds the highest fifth-wicket partnership with Sid Barnes with 405 runs, set during the 1946–47 Ashes series, the oldest of the wicket partnerships records.[12] A further two Australian partnership records for the second and the sixth wickets set by Bradman still stand.[13]", "Australia national cricket team. Sir Donald Bradman is widely considered the greatest batsman of all time.[19][20] He dominated the sport from 1930 until his retirement in 1948, setting new records for the highest score in a Test innings (334 vs England at Headingley in 1930), the most number of runs (6996), the most number of centuries (29), the most number of double centuries and the highest Test and first-class batting averages. His record for the highest Test batting average – 99.94 – has never been beaten. It is almost 40 runs per innings above the next highest average. He would have finished with an average of over 100 runs per innings if he had not been dismissed for a duck in his last Test. He was knighted in 1949 for services to cricket. He is generally considered one of Australia's greatest sporting heroes.", "Rahul Dravid. As of December 2016, Dravid is the fourth-highest run scorer in Test cricket, after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting and Jacques Kallis.[8][9] In 2004, after completing his century against Bangladesh in Chittagong, he became the first and the only player till date to score a century in all the ten Test-playing countries.[10] As of October 2012, he holds the record for the most number of catches taken by a player (non-wicket-keeper) in Test cricket, with 210.[11] Dravid holds a unique record of never getting out for a Golden duck in the 286 Test innings which he has played.He faced 31258 balls, which is highest number of balls face by any player in test cricket.He also spent 44152 minutes at the crease, which is highest time spent on crease by any player in test cricket.", "Viv Richards. 1976 was perhaps Richards' finest year: he scored 1710 runs, at an astonishing average of 90.00, with seven centuries in 11 Tests. This achievement is all the more remarkable considering he missed the second Test at Lord's after contracting glandular fever; yet he returned to score his career-best 291 at the Oval later in the summer. This tally stood as the world record for most Test runs by a batsman in a single calendar year for 30 years until broken by Mohammad Yousuf of Pakistan on 30 November 2006.", "Rahul Dravid. In 2008, he made 93 runs in the first innings of the Perth test, the highest score of the match, to help India win and make the series 1â€“2. However, he was ignored by selectors for the subsequent one-day tri-series." ]	[ -1.5615234375, 4.41796875, 6.4609375, 3.78515625, -2.603515625, 4.1484375, 0.09796142578125, 1.4775390625, 1.4287109375, -1.71484375, -3.966796875, 0.336669921875, 0.87548828125, 1.1259765625, -1.9794921875, -3.03515625, 0.771484375, -4.05859375, 0.1126708984375, -4.49609375, 1.32421875, -0.01236724853515625, 3.99609375, 0.7841796875, -2.708984375, -1.9453125, -1.337890625, 4.69921875, 2.921875, -0.2109375, -1.802734375, -2.279296875 ]
when does quinn have her baby in glee	[ "Quinn Fabray. Upon discovering her pregnancy, Quinn convinces Finn that he is the father, despite the fact that they never actually had a sexual encounter. Quinn claims that due to his premature ejaculation problem, and during their time in a hot-tub, Finn had ejaculated in the tub and Quinn had received the sperm. The real father is Finn's best friend Puck (Mark Salling), who offers to support Quinn and the baby, but is rejected for his irresponsibility.[6] Quinn decides to have the baby adopted, and agrees to give it to Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig), the wife of glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), who is faking a pregnancy.[7] When news of her pregnancy is revealed to the school, Quinn is cut from the cheerleading squad and her popularity declines.[8] Her parents evict her, and Quinn moves in with Finn and his mother.[9] She begins to reconsider having the baby adopted, and gives Puck a chance to prove himself, but he is not reliable so she returns to her plan of giving the baby to Terri.[10] Quinn blackmails Sue into letting her rejoin the Cheerios, but ultimately decides against it, preferring to remain with the glee club, where she feels accepted.[11] Finn learns the truth about the baby's paternity from Rachel, and breaks up with Quinn. Puck again offers to support her, but she turns him down and tells him that she wants to handle the pregnancy by herself.[12] She moves in with Puck's family,[13] but after forming a friendship with fellow New Directions member Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), Quinn lives with her family instead.[14] She gives birth to a daughter, named Beth by Puck, who is adopted by Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline and Rachel's biological mother.[15]", "Puck (Glee). In the episode \"Laryngitis\", when Puck's mohawk is shaved off by his doctor, he finds the other McKinley students no longer respect him as a badass. He romances fellow glee club member Mercedes, once a popular cheerleader, to restore his status. His plan is successful, but he and Mercedes ultimately have nothing in common, and split when she quits cheerleading and he returns to his bullying ways. In the first-season finale, \"Journey to Regionals\", Quinn goes into labour immediately after the club performs at the Regionals competition, and Puck is in the delivery room when Quinn give birth to a baby girl, whom Puck names Beth. When Puck and Quinn visit their baby in the hospital nursery, Puck tells Quinn that he loves her. Beth is adopted by Rachel's birth mother Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), the coach of Vocal Adrenaline, the show choir that defeated New Directions at Regionals.", "Quinn Fabray. Quinn Fabray is a fictional character from the Fox musical comedy-drama series Glee. The character is portrayed by actress Dianna Agron, and has appeared in Glee since its pilot episode, first broadcast on May 19, 2009. She is the cheerleading captain at the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio, as well as a member of the school's glee club. In the first episode, Quinn is introduced as an antagonistic queen bee stock character. She joins the school glee club to keep an eye on her boyfriend Finn (Cory Monteith) and becomes a spy for cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch); she remains part of the club after she is removed from the cheerleading team, the \"Cheerios\", due to her pregnancy. Over the course of the first season, her character matures and builds friendships with the other outcasts who make up the glee club. Quinn gives birth to a baby girl, Beth, whom she gives up for adoption.", "Quinn Fabray. Quinn along with the New Directions alumni return in the episode \"Homecoming\" to help Rachel and Kurt rebuild the New Directions. Quinn, Santana, and Brittany attempt to recruit new members by performing in Cheerios Alumni outfits, but only recruit twins Mason and Madison when former Glee new member, Kitty, who was the only member not to be transferred as Sue saw her as a star player, announced she wouldn't return because of the way Artie treated her and everyone else when he left. Puck is still her boyfriend. She appears in \"Jagged Little Tapestry\" along with Tina to help Becky convince her new boyfriend that she is in every club of the school. Quinn, Tina, Sue, and Coach Roz get a huge surprise when they find out that Becky's boyfriend, Darrell, does not have Down syndrome like Becky does. They all get a big lesson when they confront him and realize that a person with Down syndrome should be treated like everyone else. Despite being Santana and Brittany's best friend, she is notably absent during their wedding in \"A Wedding\". She is mentioned several times during the Pilot's parallel episode \"2009\", as Finn's cheerleader girlfriend. She is later seen during Don't Stop Believin' watching the performance with Sue and Santana. She returns in the last minutes of the series finale \"Dreams Come True\" performing backing vocals for I Lived with the rest of the Glee Cast for the re-dedication of the Auditorium.", "Shelby Corcoran. While subsequently spying on a Vocal Adrenaline rehearsal, Rachel realizes that Shelby is her biological mother.[2] After introducing herself, Will meets with Shelby, concerned that she is not as invested in forging a relationship as Rachel is.[2] Shelby confesses that she can no longer have children, but wishes she could have her baby back, rather than the now fully grown Rachel, whom she feels does not need her.[2] She tells Rachel that instead of trying to act like mother and daughter, they should just be grateful that they have met, and maintain their distance.[2] Rachel hugs her goodbye, and they duet on an acoustic version of \"Poker Face\".[2] In \"Journey to Regionals\", the show's first season finale, Rachel asks Shelby to help coach New Directions, but Shelby tells Rachel that she's tired of coaching glee clubs, and is stepping down as Vocal Adrenaline's coach to settle down and start a family. Shelby adopts Quinn's (Dianna Agron) baby, whom she names Beth at Puck's (Mark Salling) request.[3]", "Preggers. Finn's girlfriend Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron) tells him she is pregnant, claiming her pregnancy as a result of Finn's premature ejaculation when they made out in Quinn's hot tub. Finn worries that his future prospects will be diminished by fatherhood. He asks glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) to coach the football team at dancing, believing it will help them to improve, increasing his chances of securing a football scholarship. Finn confides Quinn's news to his best friend Puck (Mark Salling), who later confronts Quinn, claiming to be the baby's father, since she said she was a virgin when they had sex. Quinn rejects Puck, calling him a \"Lima loser\" who could never support her and the baby like Finn. Will's wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig) reveals to her sister Kendra (Jennifer Aspen) that she experienced a hysterical pregnancy and is not really carrying Will's baby. Kendra suggests that they acquire a baby, and when Terri learns of Quinn's pregnancy from Will, she confronts her, asking questions about her prenatal care.", "Quinn Fabray. Quinn returns to Lima for Thanksgiving in the eighth episode of the season, and helps to mentor the new members of New Directions as they prepare for Sectionals competition.[32] Quinn is partnered with Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin). Kitty convinces Quinn, whom she idolizes, that Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Puck's half brother, is pressuring Marley into having sex with him. Quinn becomes hostile towards Jake, Santana confronts Quinn about having discovered that Kitty has given Marley laxatives in order to further Marley's bulimia. Quinn, who is dating one of her teachers at Yale, accuses Santana of being jealous of her and projecting her hostility in their surrogates, leading to a fight before Quinn storms out of the choir room.[32] Quinn travels to New York to give Rachel helpful advice over whether or not to do a nude scene in a short film in \"Naked\".[33] Quinn returns to Lima for Will and Emma's wedding in \"I Do\", and evidently single again, vents her frustrations about men. She and Santana get drunk at the wedding reception and sleep together, which they agree was a fun one-time, and then two time, experimentation for Quinn.[34]", "Shelby Corcoran. In the season one finale, Shelby adopts Quinn and Puck's newborn daughter, Beth. She leaves Vocal Adrenaline before the beginning of the next school year. Shelby returns in the second episode of the third season, having been recruited to lead a second glee club at McKinley High by Sugar Motta's father when Sugar is refused entry into New Directions. Shelby offers to include both Quinn and Puck in Beth's life. Struggling at being a mother, she forms a romantic bond with eighteen-year-old student Puck, leading to a sexual relationship before she tells him that their relationship is a mistake and resigns from McKinley in the eighth episode. While Menzel's musical performances on the show have been lauded, Shelby's storylines were characterized as rushed, incomprehensible and polarizing by contemporary reviewers.", "Quinn Fabray. Quinn was developed by Glee creators Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan. The last character to be cast, initial responses to her were positive, though they soured during season one as the pregnancy storyline continued. Songs performed by Agron as Quinn have been released as singles, available for download, and also feature on the show's soundtrack albums. The role saw Agron nominated for the Teen Choice Award for \"Breakout Female Star\" in 2009, and a Screen Actors Guild award that same year. She was initially described by Agron as Rachel's enemy, and \"terrible, the meanest girl\".[2]", "Quinn Fabray. In the second season, she forms a bond with newcomer Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet), and later romances her first boyfriend Finn, reigniting her animosity with club co-captain Rachel Berry (Lea Michele). In the third season, Quinn intends to get full custody of her daughter, Beth, and her attempts to prove Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel)—the adoptive mother of Beth—an unfit mother fail; eventually, she realizes that Shelby is Beth's true mother. Quinn subsequently receives a college acceptance letter from Yale, and while driving to Finn and Rachel's wedding, her car is struck by a truck and she suffers a spinal injury that requires her to use a wheelchair for many weeks. She is eventually able to walk again.", "Journey to Regionals. Quinn's (Dianna Agron) mother, Judy Fabray (Charlotte Ross), comes to watch Quinn perform. She tells Quinn that she kicked her father out of the house after she found out he was having an affair and invites Quinn to come back home. Quinn informs her that her water has broken, and is rushed to the hospital, where she gives birth to a girl. While the other New Directions members accompany Quinn to the hospital, Rachel stays at Regionals to watch Vocal Adrenaline's performance of \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". She asks their coach, her biological mother Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), to help coach New Directions, but Shelby tells Rachel that she's tired of coaching glee clubs, and is stepping down as Vocal Adrenaline's coach to settle down and start a family. Shelby adopts Quinn's baby, whom she names Beth at Puck's (Mark Salling) request.", "Quinn Fabray. Brett Berk, writing for Vanity Fair, was positive about the scripting of the Quinn character in the second season premiere, now that the pregnancy storyline was over, and was happy to see the return of \"evil Quinn\".[53] Joel Kelly of TV Squad criticized the decision to pair Quinn with Finn again in the Valentine's Day oriented episode. He saw it as a regression of the characters, and commented: \"Yes, it feels like Glee Classic, because the series started with the two of them together. But both of them have changed—Quinn more so than Finn—and having them dating again seems like they're going back to the days when Quinn was the icy lead Cheerio and Finn was the nice but dumb star quarterback.\"[54]", "Quinn Fabray. At the start of her senior year, Quinn has completely reinvented herself and refuses to rejoin either the Cheerios or New Directions, although when New Directions performs \"You Can't Stop The Beat\" in the auditorium Quinn can be seen watching them with a conflicted look on her face.[22] Shelby lets Puck see Beth, but rejects Quinn's desire to do likewise due to Quinn's bad-girl attitude, appearance and behavior.[23] After seeing a picture of a happy Beth and Puck, Quinn resumes her normal appearance, and Will and the New Directions welcome her back into the club, but Quinn reveals to Puck she is only pretending to behave in order to take Beth back from Shelby, and intends to pursue full custody.[23] After Puck tells Shelby of Quinn's true intentions, Shelby informs Quinn that she does not want her in Beth's life.[24] Quinn later reveals a desire to have a second baby with Puck.[25] Puck refuses, and tries to comfort her; he offers to share an important secret if she promises not to tell anyone, which ultimately results in Quinn planning to get Shelby fired for sleeping with a student, Puck. Quinn decides not to reveal Shelby's secret for Beth's sake.[25][26]", "Puck (Glee). When the glee club holds a bake sale to pay for a wheelchair-accessible bus so Artie (Kevin McHale) can ride with the club to Sectionals competition, it only succeeds because Puck makes a special, popular cupcake recipe—he secretly adds pot, which gives everyone the munchies. He offers financials to Quinn to show he will be a good father and provider; she figures out that it’s the money from the bake sale, and refuses to accept it, though she expresses her gratitude and apologizes for abusing him verbally.[9] Quinn reconsiders her plan to have the baby adopted and gives Puck a chance to prove himself by helping her to babysit Terri Schuester's (Jessalyn Gilsig) three nephews. Puck impresses her, but Quinn later learns that he was sexting Santana mostly. Puck claims he will be help her to parent their child, but he cannot remain in a committed relationship with Quinn if she refuses to have sex with him; Quinn returns to her original plan of giving the baby to Terri, who is faking a pregnancy to hold on to Will.[10] Rachel begins to suspect that Puck is the father of Quinn's baby and tells Finn. Finn attacks Puck and confronts Quinn, who admits the truth. Puck again offers to be with Quinn, but she declines and tells him she wants to be alone,[11] though she moves in with Puck's family since her parents had kicked her out and she can no longer stay at Finn’s house.", "Puck (Glee). In the second season, Puck recruits Lauren to join the glee club when the club needs a twelfth member in order to participate in the Sectionals competition. Within a couple of months, he has fallen in love with her, but she doesn't succumb to his blandishments, and he's forced to woo her over a long period of time, starting as friends. He supports her in her first solo for glee club and runs her campaign for prom queen. They are still a couple at the end of the school year. In the fourth episode of the third season, Puck and the adoptive mother of his child Shelby Corcorran kiss. He ends the series dating Quinn Fabray.", "Preggers. Tim Stack for Entertainment Weekly wrote that, although the dancing in the episode was fun, \"Preggers\" was lacking in \"big singing moments\" apart from Rachel's performance of \"Taking Chances\".[15] He deemed Quinn's pregnancy \"a good dramatic twist\", but hoped that it would not be a long-lasting storyline.[15] Eric Goldman of IGN rated the episode 8.8 out of 10. He called the \"Single Ladies\" performance \"a memorable TV moment\", and wrote that Quinn's pregnancy was a \"very soap opera plotline\" however commented: \"luckily Glee is the kind of show to handle it with humor.\"[2]", "Finn Hudson. Goldman welcomed the emergence of Finn's \"darker side\" as he manipulated Rachel in \"The Rhodes Not Taken\", as \"up until now, Finn's been a bit too straight-laced to totally invest in\".[66] Denise Martin of the Los Angeles Times added, \"Did anyone not want to kill Finn for coming on to Rachel to get her to come back to the club? (Yes, the logic was there. He wants to win a scholarship so he can provide for the baby he thinks is his. But a girl's heart is a fragile thing, and like Rachel tells him, he could have just tried being honest.)\"[67] In his review of \"Ballad\", Goldman commented: \"Finn singing 'I'll Stand By You' to the unborn baby he thinks is his was very sweet\". He found the scene that followed Finn's revelation of Quinn's pregnancy to her parents the grimmest on Glee to that point.[68] The intense sequence featuring Finn, Kurt and Burt in \"Theatricality\" garnered praise for Monteith from James Poniewozik of Time, who wrote: \"One thing I love about his performance, here and throughout Glee, is that he plays Finn as a kid, which of course he still is. He's basically a good kid, but as his 'faggy' outburst shows, he's flawed and often overwhelmed. And while he has little to do during Burt's lecture but react, his reactions are great: he's scared and defensive, but shows Finn's guilt at the same time.\"[69]", "Quinn Fabray. Several songs performed by Agron as Quinn have been released as singles, available for digital download, also featured on the show's soundtrack albums.[59][60] Agron made her musical debut at the end of the episode \"Showmance\" where she performed Dionne Warwick's \"I Say a Little Prayer\".[59] Quinn's next solo was in the episode \"Throwdown\", where she performed The Supremes' \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\".[59] The song was released on Glee: The Music, Volume 1. Flandez deemed the cover of \"Keep Holding On\", the ensemble performance on the episode, an \"emotionally satisfying showstopper\", however was critical of Quinn's cover of \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\", which he called \"thin and jarring\".[61] Aly Semigran of MTV observed that Quinn spontaneously bursting into song brought Glee \"dangerously close to High School Musical territory\".[62] Agron later performed a solo in the episode \"Hairography\" singing Madonna's \"Papa Don't Preach\" after her father learns she is pregnant. This performance by Agron was released as a single.[59] She performed a rendition of James Brown's \"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\" in the episode \"Funk\".[60] CNN's Lisa Respers France was \"slightly disturbed\" by Quinn's \"weird\" performance of \"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\" using pregnant teenagers as backing dancers.[63]", "Preggers. \"Preggers\" is the fourth episode of the American television series Glee. The episode premiered on the Fox network on September 23, 2009, and was written and directed by executive producer Brad Falchuk. \"Preggers\" sees glee club member Kurt (Chris Colfer) join the football team and admit his homosexuality to his father, Burt (Mike O'Malley). Cheerleader Quinn (Dianna Agron) discovers she is pregnant and tells her boyfriend Finn (Cory Monteith) the baby is his, when in fact the father is his best friend Puck (Mark Salling). Faculty members Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) and Sandy Ryerson (Stephen Tobolowsky) team up in an effort to bring down the glee club, luring away a disillusioned Rachel (Lea Michele), who quits when club director Will (Matthew Morrison) refuses to award her a solo song. This episode features the first appearance of O'Malley as Burt Hummel.", "Sam Evans. In \"Furt\", Sam tells Quinn that he loves her and offers her a promise ring, which she initially will not accept. After another member of the football team, Dave Karofsky (Max Adler), steps up his bullying of Kurt because of Kurt's sexuality, Artie and Mike confront him, and Sam joins the fight when the two are knocked down. Later, impressed by the way Sam stood up for Kurt, Quinn begins wearing his promise ring.[5] In \"Comeback\", Sam establishes a one-man tribute band to teen singer Justin Bieber, hoping to win over his girlfriend Quinn, who he suspects still has feelings for her ex-boyfriend Finn. He performs \"Baby\", dedicated to Quinn, and also excites the other girls in the club. Puck, Artie and Mike are impressed by the effect he has on the girls, and convince him to let them join his tribute band; the four later perform \"Somebody to Love\", to the delight of all the girls in the glee club, and Quinn chooses Sam over Finn. When Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) convinces Sam that Quinn cheated on him with Finn, he breaks up with her and begins dating Santana,[6] though she later dumps him when she announces that she has fallen in love with Karofsky.[7] Sam's father loses his job and their house is foreclosed on, forcing the family of five to live in a single motel room; he hides this from the glee club until it comes out in \"Rumours\".[8] When Rachel and Mercedes Jones ask Sam to take them to the junior prom, sharing in their \"prom on a budget\" scheme in \"Prom Queen\", he agrees.[9] In the season two finale episode \"New York\", Sam hugs Mercedes after the New Directions finishes performing at the Nationals competition. Back in Ohio, it is revealed that Mercedes and Sam are dating, but it is clear they are keeping it secret.[10]", "Santana Lopez. Santana is attending the University of Louisville in Kentucky on a cheerleading scholarship. She and Brittany make attempts at a long-distance relationship, although they break up when they agree it won't work in \"The Break Up\". Santana comes by McKinley to help out with the school musical in \"Glease\" and again for Thanksgiving and to help New Directions prepare for the upcoming Sectionals competition in \"Thanksgiving\". As a mentor, she works with Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist). Santana suspects something is wrong with her, and later finds laxatives in Marley's backpack. She confronts Quinn that she suspects cheerleader, glee clubber and Quinn's apprentice, Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), is trying to deliberately hurt Marley. She is present for the Sectionals performance, and her suspicions appear to be confirmed when Marley collapses on stage due to starvation and anxiety. She visits Ohio for Christmas in \"Glee, Actually\" and visits Kurt and Rachel in New York in the episode \"Naked\". After a jealous unsuccessful attempt to break up her exes Sam and Brittany in \"Diva\", Santana realizes she belongs in New York with Rachel and Kurt and moves in with them. In \"I Do\" she and Quinn sleep together at Will and Emma's wedding, which they agree was a fun one-time experimentation for Quinn. Later, Kurt and Rachel are shown attempting to adjust to Santana, who is making herself at home in the loft a little too quickly for their comfort. In \"Girls (and Boys) On Film\", Santana later confronts Rachel about a used pregnancy test she found in the garbage, causing Rachel to break down in Santana's arms. In \"Feud\", Santana takes Rachel to the doctor, where they discover her pregnancy was a false alarm. However, Santana also learns that Rachel's boyfriend, Brody Weston, is a gigolo. She confronts Brody over this and eventually informs Finn, who tries to scare Brody into leaving town. Later she tells Rachel the truth herself, for which Rachel is ultimately grateful, in \"Guilty Pleasures\".", "Sectionals. Most of the glee club has learned that Puck (Mark Salling), not Finn (Cory Monteith), is the father of Quinn's baby. They hide this fact from Rachel (Lea Michele), believing that she will tell Finn. Emma takes over as faculty advisor of the club as they start working on their set list for sectionals. With two group songs selected, Rachel says that she'll sing the solo ballad; Mercedes (Amber Riley) strenuously objects to this, and sings \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" to wild applause. Rachel agrees that Mercedes deserves to sing the solo and the two hug. Meanwhile, Rachel has deduced that Puck impregnated Quinn and tells Finn; he attacks Puck and confronts Quinn, who tearfully admits the truth. Angered by their betrayal, Finn quits the club on the eve of sectionals, and has to be replaced by school reporter Jacob Ben Israel (Josh Sussman). New Directions arrive at the event to discover their competitors have received an advance copy of their set list, and are performing all three of their chosen songs. Emma calls Will, who convinces Finn to help his New Directions teammates. Will finds Finn in the locker room, and talks to him about how special he is and that the club needs him.", "Quinn Fabray. At the beginning of the new school year, Quinn is reinstated as head cheerleader.[16] She begins dating new glee club member Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet),[17] and later accepts a promise ring from him.[18] When Sue forces Quinn, Santana and Brittany to choose between cheerleading and the glee club, all three initially go with the Cheerios to retain their popularity, but are later convinced by Finn to defect to New Directions. Quinn cheats on Sam with Finn,[19] and Sam dumps Quinn after she lies to him about her time with Finn. She and Finn reunite, and Quinn starts campaigning for junior prom king and queen elections. Lauren Zizes (Ashley Fink), Puck's new girlfriend and one of Quinn's rivals for prom queen, discovers that before transferring to McKinley High, Quinn was known by her first name, Lucy. She was overweight and unpopular, and after slimming down and having rhinoplasty, reinvented herself as Quinn, using her middle name.[20] At prom, Finn is thrown out for fighting with Rachel's date Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff). Quinn is not named prom queen, and blames Rachel for her loss. She slaps her, but immediately regrets it and apologizes. Finn later breaks up with Quinn when he realizes he has a deeper connection with Rachel.[21]", "Sectionals. Critics also commented positively on the development of Will and Emma's relationship, with Abrams noting that she had been waiting for them to kiss since the pilot episode,[22] and Goldman deeming their coming together \"very hard to not feel good about\".[23] Snierson, however, wrote that although there was satisfaction in the episode ending on the kiss, it may have been \"more intriguing\" to conclude with Will finding Emma's office empty, questioning whether it was too soon for the two of them to begin a relationship.[28] The end of Quinn's pregnancy secret was also well received. Poniewozik wrote that the pregnancy storyline had felt as though \"the early Glee wasn't confident that people would be interested in it without these over-the-top soap opera twists.\" He noted that in concluding the pregnancy deception in \"Sectionals\", Glee: \"seemed to clear the decks for a second half of the season as the confident show it now is.\"[1]", "I Kissed a Girl (Glee). Puck (Mark Salling) ostensibly sings \"I'm the Only One\" for Santana, but delivers most of the song to an embarrassed Shelby (Idina Menzel) in front of a suspicious Quinn (Dianna Agron). Quinn later tries to seduce him, but he refuses and calls her crazy. Shelby calls Puck for assistance when her daughter Beth has a minor medical emergency; the two later have sex, but she regrets it and asks him to leave. Angered, Puck returns to Quinn, and she reveals her desire to have a second baby with him. Puck refuses, and tries to comfort her; he offers to share an important secret if she promises not to tell anyone.", "Emma Pillsbury. When Will is named to a national blue-ribbon panel on the arts in Washington, DC, early in the fourth season, he expects Emma to come with him, but Emma is very reluctant to do so: she doesn't want to leave her job for several months while he's away. They ultimately agree that Emma will stay behind and the two will reunite on weekends.[19] They also agree to get married when Will returns, but the stress of planning a big wedding proves too much for Emma, and she leaves the church before the ceremony begins.[20] She and Will eventually reconcile, and the two finally get married in the choir room with the glee club as witnesses in \"All or Nothing\", after New Directions win Regionals.[21] Following their marriage, the couple decide to have children, but are unable to conceive for several months. They are desperately trying to do so in the fifth season's tenth episode \"Trio\", and are caught having sex in the school by Becky Jackson (Lauren Potter). At the end of the episode, Emma reveals to Will that she is pregnant.[22] In \"Opening Night\" Emma gives birth to a boy, Daniel Finn Schuester. During the final season, in the episode Transitioning, she convinces a torn Will to choose what's best for him, to stay at Vocal Adrenaline with a promising salary and facility but unhappy or to stop. In a parallel episode to the Pilot, 2009, she is aware and concerned with Kurt's depression and consults with his father about it and also convince Will to stay with the Glee Club as the kids still needs him and that it what makes him happy. In the series finale, \"Dreams Come True\", she is now living happily with the newly promoted Will as the principal and in the future they have more kids together. She appears at the McKinley's auditorium rededication to Finn Hudson and enjoys the final performance of the New Directions. She is visibly shocked when Will and Terri hug and together with all of the Glee Cast take a final bow.", "On My Way (Glee). Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron) asks cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) to allow her to rejoin the Cheerios, but Sue refuses, although she confides in Quinn that she is pregnant. However, following Regionals, she changes her mind, and gives Quinn a cheerleading uniform. Quinn also changes her mind about Finn and Rachel's marriage and tells Rachel that she now supports it, and hopes it isn't too late to be a bridesmaid.", "Quinn Fabray. The character's accidental pregnancy storyline received mixed reviews from critics. Tim Stack for Entertainment Weekly deemed it \"a good dramatic twist\", but hoped that it would not be a long-lasting storyline.[47] Reviews of her storyline became increasingly negative,[48] though Agron was praised for her dramatic acting during the confrontation scene with Quinn's parents in \"Ballad\".[49] Gerrick D. Kennedy, writing for the Los Angeles Times, was critical of the ongoing pregnancy plot in the episode \"Hairography\", and noted that he cringed whenever Quinn appeared on screen.[50] Conversely, Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle enjoyed Quinn in the episode, and wrote: \"I love that she can keep her Mean Girls edge while being heartbreakingly sad or as joyful as she was singing \"Papa Don't Preach\".[51] Reviewing the episode \"Journey to Regionals\", Entertainment Weekly's Darren Franich called Quinn's birthing scenes—interspersed with Vocal Adrenaline performing Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\"—both \"brilliant\" and \"terrible\". He wrote, \"If nothing else, it was definitely the most visually arresting way to represent the birthing process I've ever seen outside of The Miracle of Life. But I kind of liked it. Somewhere, Freddie Mercury is nodding proudly, and saying, 'World, I forgive you for We Will Rock You.'\"[52]", "Quinn Fabray. In season two, Quinn performs \"Lucky\" with Sam Evans in the episode \"Duets\", which was named by some critics as \"the most impressive number of the evening\"; others called it \"absolutely fantastic\" with particular praise for Agron, who was said to be often overlooked. \"Lucky\" debuted at number twenty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100;[64] it was at number seventeen on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100.[65] Quinn's duet performance with Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) of the mash-up \"I Feel Pretty / Unpretty\" was the highest charted single featured in the episode \"Born This Way\", debuting at number twenty-two on the Billboard Hot 100.[64] It also peaked at number thirteen on the Digital 100 charts and sold 112,000 digital downloads in the United States in its first week of release.[66][67] It was the highest charting Glee single on the Billboard charts since \"Loser Like Me\", which debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 210,000 downloads in its first week.[68]", "Cheerleading. The television series Glee (2009-2015) featured Dianna Agron as Quinn Fabray, the captain of her high school cheerleading squad, the Cheerios. Quinn becomes pregnant, leading to her expulsion from the squad, but two of the other Cheerios, Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce also feature heavily in the show. In \"The Power of Madonna\" Kurt Hummel joins the Cheerios along with Mercedes Jones.", "Glee (season 4). Dianna Agron, who played Quinn Fabray, appeared less frequently in the season than in previous ones, as did some of the other graduates, including Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), Mike Chang (Harry Shum Jr.), and Noah Puckerman (Mark Salling), despite still being credited as main cast members for this season.[4] Agron and Jayma Mays, who continued to appear as guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury, were credited as guest stars this season rather than as series regulars. This season marked the final appearance of Cory Monteith on the show before his death on July 13, 2013.[5]", "Quinn Fabray. Quinn's car accident has left her in a wheelchair, suffering from a severely compressed spine.[28] By \"Prom-asaurus\" she is able to stand and to walk a few steps in the sessions.[29][30] When Quinn is nominated for prom queen, Finn agrees to campaign with her, but is outraged when he discovers that she has been hiding the fact that she can now stand for the sympathy vote.[30] When Quinn and Santana count the votes, they discover that Finn has won and so has Quinn.[30] Quinn realizes that the victory means nothing.[30] She and Santana falsely report the prom queen results as a write-in victory for Rachel.[30] Her recovery is rapid enough to allow her to dance in the \"Nationals\" competition episode, which New Directions wins.[31] Quinn helps Puck study for the test he needs to pass in order to graduate. She tells him that with all they went through, they are bonded for life, and she kisses him. Emboldened, Puck passes his test. Later, Quinn returns her cheerleading uniform to Sue, and the two have a tearful farewell." ]	[ 2.513671875, 1.771484375, 5.07421875, -0.400146484375, 0.58203125, -1.32421875, -1.5712890625, -0.76318359375, -1.056640625, 2.71875, -1.0966796875, -2.58984375, 0.8583984375, -0.81591796875, -1.4462890625, -4.1015625, -4.7734375, -2.591796875, 0.95166015625, -3.35546875, -3.8515625, -2.56640625, -1.3046875, -3.9453125, -3.009765625, -3.072265625, -2.38671875, -2.1171875, -3.509765625, -1.4248046875, -4.45703125, -2.228515625 ]
what were the names of the atomic bombs	[ "Nuclear arms race. In August 1945, on Truman's orders, two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, and the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki by the B-29 bombers named Enola Gay and Bockscar respectively.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people, most of whom were civilians. They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the nuclear weapons projects of the United Kingdom and Canada, Tube Alloys and the Montreal Laboratory, with the Manhattan Project,[56][57] under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[58] Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where bomb design work was carried out.[59] Two types of bombs were eventually developed, both named by Robert Serber. Little Boy was a gun-type fission weapon that used uranium-235, a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.[60] The other, known as a Fat Man device, was a more powerful and efficient, but more complicated, implosion-type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford, Washington.[61]", "Uranium. Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500Â tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki).[30] Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.[40]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. On August 6, one of its B-29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun-type bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a Fat Man plutonium implosion-type bomb was dropped by another B-29 on Nagasaki. The bombs immediately devastated their targets. Over the next two to four months, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition, for many months afterward. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison.", "Nuclear fission. In July 1945, the first atomic explosive device, dubbed \"Trinity\", was detonated in the New Mexico desert. It was fueled by plutonium created at Hanford. In August 1945, two more atomic devices – \"Little Boy\", a uranium-235 bomb, and \"Fat Man\", a plutonium bomb – were used against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In August 1945 American military air forces dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima (6 August) and of Nagasaki (9 August). These bombings were not caused by military necessity, and served primarily political aims. They inflicted enormous damage on the peaceable population.", "Bomb. The power of large bombs is typically measured in kilotons (kt) or megatons of TNT (Mt). The most powerful bombs ever used in combat were the two atomic bombs dropped by the United States to attack Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the most powerful ever tested was the Tsar Bomba. The most powerful non-nuclear bomb is Russian \"Father of All Bombs\" (officially Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (ATBIP))[13] followed by the United States Air Force's MOAB (officially Massive Ordnance Air Blast, or more commonly known as the \"Mother of All Bombs\").", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Like the way it began, the manner in which World War II ended cast a long shadow over international relations for decades to come. By June 30, 1946, there were components for only nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal, all Fat Man devices identical to the one used in the bombing of Nagasaki.[305] The nuclear weapons were handmade devices, and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly, safety, reliability and storage before they were ready for production. There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended, but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development.[306] The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy had decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting \"an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages\",[307] but in October 1947, he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs.[308]", "Nuclear fission. One class of nuclear weapon, a fission bomb (not to be confused with the fusion bomb), otherwise known as an atomic bomb or atom bomb, is a fission reactor designed to liberate as much energy as possible as rapidly as possible, before the released energy causes the reactor to explode (and the chain reaction to stop). Development of nuclear weapons was the motivation behind early research into nuclear fission which the Manhattan Project during World War II (September 1, 1939 â€“ September 2, 1945) carried out most of the early scientific work on fission chain reactions, culminating in the three events involving fission bombs that occurred during the war. The first fission bomb, codenamed \"The Gadget\", was detonated during the Trinity Test in the desert of New Mexico on July 16, 1945. Two other fission bombs, codenamed \"Little Boy\" and \"Fat Man\", were used in combat against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in on August 6 and 9, 1945 respectively.", "History of nuclear weapons. The first atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were large, custom-made devices, requiring highly trained personnel for their arming and deployment. They could be dropped only from the largest bomber planes—at the time the B-29 Superfortress—and each plane could only carry a single bomb in its hold.", "Nuclear weapon. All existing nuclear weapons derive some of their explosive energy from nuclear fission reactions. Weapons whose explosive output is exclusively from fission reactions are commonly referred to as atomic bombs or atom bombs (abbreviated as A-bombs). This has long been noted as something of a misnomer, as their energy comes from the nucleus of the atom, just as it does with fusion weapons.", "Soviet atomic bomb project. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union created at least nine closed cities, known as Atomgrads[citation needed], in which nuclear weapons-related research and development took place. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, all of the cities changed their names (most of the original code-names were simply the oblast and a number). All are still legally \"closed\", though some have parts of them accessible to foreign visitors with special permits (Sarov, Snezhinsk, and Zheleznogorsk).", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A number of notable individuals and organizations have criticized the bombings, many of them characterizing them as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and/or state terrorism. Early critics of the bombings were Albert Einstein, Eugene Wigner and Leó Szilárd, who had together spurred the first bomb research in 1939 with a jointly written letter to President Roosevelt.", "Tsar Bomba. The Soviet RDS-220 hydrogen bomb (code name Ivan[3] or Vanya), known by Western nations as Tsar Bomba (Russian: Царь-бо́мба, tr. Tsar'-bómba, IPA: [t͡sarʲ ˈbombə], lit. Tsar bomb/Emperor Bomb), was the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created. Tested on 30 October 1961, it also remains the most powerful explosive ever detonated. It was also referred to as Kuzma's mother (Russian: Ку́зькина ма́ть, tr. Kúz'kina mát', IPA: [ˈkusʲkʲɪnə ˈmatʲ]),[4] possibly referring to First secretary Nikita Khrushchev's promise to \"show the United States a Kuzma's mother\" (an idiom roughly translating to \"We'll show you\") at a 1960 session of United Nations General Assembly.[5][6]", "Nuclear weapons of the United States. Faced with a planned invasion of the Japanese home islands scheduled to begin on 1 November 1945 and with Japan not surrendering, President Harry S. Truman ordered the atomic raids on Japan. On 6 August 1945, the U.S. detonated a uranium-gun design bomb, Little Boy, over the Japanese city of Hiroshima with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT, killing approximately 70,000 people, among them 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean slave laborers, and destroying nearly 50,000 buildings (including the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division headquarters). Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. attacked Nagasaki using a plutonium implosion-design bomb, Fat Man, with the explosion equivalent to about 20 kilotons of TNT, destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, among them 23,200â€“28,200 Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants.[13]", "Bomb. Atomic bombs are based on the theory of nuclear fission, that when a large atom splits it releases a massive amount of energy. Hydrogen bombs use the energy from an initial fission explosion to create an even more powerful fusion explosion.", "Tsar Bomba. The Tsar Bomba was the culmination of a series of high-yield thermonuclear weapons designed by the Soviet Union and the United States during the 1950s (e.g., the Mark 17[32] and B41 nuclear bombs).[1]", "History of nuclear weapons. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the end of World War II quickly followed the 1945 Trinity nuclear test, and the Little Boy device was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people.[27] Subsequently, the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles grew.[28]", "Nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapons have been used twice in war, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a uranium gun-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Little Boy\" over the Japanese city of Hiroshima; three days later, on August 9, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a plutonium implosion-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Fat Man\" over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel from injuries sustained from the explosions.[3] The ethics of these bombings and their role in Japan's surrender are subjects of debate.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In his declaration, Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings, and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender:", "Manhattan Project. The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion-type bomb at the Trinity test, conducted at New Mexico's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945. Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were used a month later in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. In the immediate postwar years, the Manhattan Project conducted weapons testing at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads, developed new weapons, promoted the development of the network of national laboratories, supported medical research into radiology and laid the foundations for the nuclear navy. It maintained control over American atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947.", "Nuclear warfare. So far, two nuclear weapons have been used in the course of warfare, both by the United States near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, a uranium gun-type device (code name \"Little Boy\") was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium implosion-type device (code name \"Fat Man\") was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These two bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 120,000 people.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the spring of 1948, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences â€“ National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[260]", "20th-century events. The Allied team produced two nuclear weapons for use in the war, one powered by uranium-235 and the other by plutonium as fissionable material, named \"Little Boy\" and \"Fat Man\". These were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945 each. This, in combination with the Soviet entrance into the war, convinced the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. These two weapons remain the only two nuclear weapons ever used against other countries in war.", "Manhattan Project. The necessity of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki became a subject of controversy among historians. Some questioned whether an \"atomic diplomacy\" would not have attained the same goals and disputed whether the bombings or the Soviet declaration of war on Japan was decisive.[296] The Franck Report was the most notable effort pushing for a demonstration but was turned down by the Interim Committee's scientific panel.[297] The Szilárd petition, drafted in July 1945 and signed by dozens of scientists working on the Manhattan Project, was a late attempt at warning President Harry S. Truman about his responsibility in using such weapons.[298][299]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9, 1944, and activated on December 17, 1944, at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets.[63] Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan. Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft, the group was designated as a \"composite\" rather than a \"bombardment\" unit.[64] Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend, Kansas, and Mountain Home, Idaho, because of its remoteness.[65] Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat-ready.[66]", "Air raids on Japan. Beginning in 1942 the United States, with assistance from Britain and other Allied countries, devoted considerable resources to developing nuclear weapons through the Manhattan Project. In December 1944 the USAAF's 509th Composite Group was formed under the command of Colonel Paul Tibbets to deliver these weapons once they were complete; it deployed to Tinian during May and June 1945.[224] The \"Trinity\" test of the first nuclear bomb was successfully conducted on 16 July.[225] Four days later the 509th Composite Group's modified \"Silverplate\" B-29s began flying practice raids against Japanese cities, each armed with a single high-explosive \"pumpkin\" bomb; further practice missions took place on 24, 26 and 29 July. Japanese fighters did not attempt to intercept these aircraft, and their bombing altitude of 30,000 feet (9,100 m) was beyond the range of most anti-aircraft guns.[226] Meanwhile, on 24 July President Harry S. Truman approved the use of atomic bombs against Japan, and the next day Spaatz received written orders to this effect. These orders specified that the first attack should be made after 3 August, and named Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki as targets.[227] Kyoto, Japan's former imperial capital, had been included in an earlier version of the target list but Nagasaki was substituted on the direction of US Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson owing to Kyoto's cultural value; the city had also been excluded from the urban firebombing raids on the same grounds.[228][229] On 26 July the United States, Britain and China issued the Potsdam Declaration, which demanded Japan's surrender after warning that the country would be devastated if the war continued. The Japanese government rejected the Allied demands on 28 July.[230]", "Tsar Bomba. The Tsar Bomba was a three-stage bomb with Trutnev-Babaev[12] second and third stage design,[13] with a yield of 50 megatons.[14] This is equivalent to about 1,570 times the combined energy of the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki,[15] 10 times the combined energy of all the conventional explosives used in World War II,[16] one-quarter of the estimated yield of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, and 10% of the combined yield of all nuclear tests to date. A three-stage hydrogen bomb uses a fission bomb primary to compress a thermonuclear secondary, as in most hydrogen bombs, and then uses energy from the resulting explosion to compress a much larger additional thermonuclear stage. There is evidence that the Tsar Bomba had several third stages rather than a single very large one.[17]", "Soviet atomic bomb project. After learning of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that ended the Pacific War in 1945, the program was aggressively pursued, mainly through effective intelligence gathering about the German weapon project and the American Manhattan Project.[10] The Russian efforts also rounded up captured German scientists to join their program, and relied heavily on knowledge passed by the spy ring to the Russian intelligence agencies .[11]:242â€“243", "History of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945, two fission bombs were dropped on Japan, standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat. The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project, and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as \"hydrogen bombs\".", "Manhattan Project. Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war: a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon. The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium so a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235, an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium. Chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and with almost the same mass, it proved difficult to separate the two. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee." ]	[ 1.517578125, 1.220703125, 2.046875, 0.3896484375, 1.3232421875, 1.837890625, 0.62109375, 0.379150390625, -0.89306640625, 0.876953125, 0.0560302734375, 1.6357421875, -0.168212890625, 0.047576904296875, 2.705078125, 0.3994140625, 0.169921875, 0.94677734375, 0.384521484375, 0.98681640625, 0.399658203125, -1.296875, -0.04998779296875, -0.791015625, -3.435546875, -3.3515625, -0.326904296875, -2.888671875, -1.248046875, -1.1171875, 0.36083984375, -2.791015625 ]
when was the last time galway won the hurling all ireland	[ "Galway GAA. Galway were runners up in the very first All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, losing to Tipperary in the 1887 final. The team did not reach another final in the competition until the 1923 Championship. In the 1923 final, Galway defeated Limerick, to become champions for the first time in their history. The team made it to the final four more times in that decade, appearing in 1924, 1925, 1928 and 1929 deciders, but lost on each occasion.", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. On 3 September 2017 Galway won the championship following a 0-26 to 2-17 defeat of Waterford in the All-Ireland final.[3] This was their fifth All-Ireland title and their first in 29 championship seasons.[4]", "2017 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship. On 3 September 2017 Galway won the championship following a 2-17 to 2-15 defeat of Cork in the All-Ireland final. This was their 11th All-Ireland title and their first in two championship seasons.[4]", "Galway GAA. The youth and skill of the team which won All-Ireland Championships in 1987 and 1988 was suggestive of more to come. John Commins penalty and race back to the line was one of the great images indicating the spirit of the team. Galway were narrowly beaten by Tipperary in a controversial 1989 semi-final and Cork in the final of 1990, while the brilliance of the 1993 final defeat by Kilkenny is sometimes forgotten because of the drama that ensued in the following years. Galway clubs took three successive All Ireland titles in 1992â€“94 and Athenry three in 1997, 2000 and 2001. For the 2009 Hurling Championship, Galway played in the Leinster Championship, starting a trial period of three years there.", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Galway won their fifth All-Ireland title, winning by three points, it was their first title since 1988.[6][7][8][9]", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Galway were looking to win their fifth All-Ireland title after winning in 1923, 1980, 1987, and 1988. Waterford were looking for a third title after winning in 1948 and 1959.[17]", "Galway GAA. Expectations were high in 2011, as many thought that Galway were ready to take the next step and possibly participate in an All-Ireland Final. The League started with great success as Galway won 4 of the first 5 matches including a victory over Kilkenny. But, they dropped the last two giving everyone a sour taste. The Championship brought new life and hope to the supporters of Galway who saw the opportunity at hand for the season. After a Leinster Quarter-final win over Westmeath, Galway took on Dublin and played one of their worst games in recent memory. Besides an early goal by Joe Canning, Galway never seemed to be in the game at all. A decent Dublin team rolled through them. But, Galway erased the bad feelings from Leinster Semi-final exit over the next month. In two qualifying matches, Galway knocked out Clare and Cork handily, propelling them into the quarter-finals of the All-Ireland and a match with Munster runners up, Waterford. Waterford had two weeks earlier been beaten by Tipperary by seven goals. It wasn't known whether Galway would be in the All-Ireland, but coming up against Waterford, at such a low ebb, seemed to be at least a ticket to the semi-final, but, that wasn't the case. Waterford absolutely hammered Galway 2-23 to 2-13. Serious questions were being raised about the coaching, selection, squad of players, and overall mindset of Galway hurling.", "2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Galway were the defending champions and were looking to win their sixth All-Ireland title after winning in 1923, 1980, 1987, 1988, and 2017.\nLimerick were appearing in their first final since 2007 and were looking for an eighth title after winning in 1897, 1918, 1921, 1934, 1936, 1940, and 1973.\nThe two counties had played each other in the final twice prior to this: in 1923 and 1980 with Galway winning both.[11][12][13]", "Galway GAA. In 1988, Galway opened the defence of their title against London on 16 July, beating the Exiles comfortably by 4-30 to 2-08 in the quarter-finals. In the semi-finals they came up against Offaly, a team that had repeatedly stumbled against during the decade, but came out as winners by 3-18 to 3-11. The win over Offaly set up a meeting with Tipperary in the 1988 final. Galway beat the Premier County by 1-15 to 0-14 to win their fourth ever All-Ireland. This was also the first time Galway had managed to retain their title.", "List of All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners. The current champions are Galway who beat Waterford 0-26 to 2-17 in the 2017 final at Croke Park.", "2011 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Prior to the senior final, Galway claimed the 2011 Minor Hurling Championship after a 1–21 to 1–12 win against Dublin.[16]", "Galway GAA. In May 2010, Galway won their ninth National Hurling League with a 2–22 to 1–17 win against Cork at Semple Stadium.[25]", "Galway GAA. Despite a number of All-Ireland final appearances in the early 1970s and another in the 1983 championship, neither decade was as successful for the Tribesmen as the 60s had been. Galway made it to the final in 1971, 1973 and 1974, but lost each time, being beaten by Offaly, Cork and Dublin respectively.", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. The match was the 11th championship meeting between Galway and Waterford, the first in 1938 with the most recent in 2011. Galway had never beaten Waterford in the championship.[16]", "Galway GAA. After losing eight All Ireland finals including the first final in 1932, Galway won their first All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship in 1996. They won three National Camogie League titles in 1994, 2002 and 2005. Five Galway clubs Oranmore (1974), Pearses (1996,1997, 2000, 2001, 2002), Athenry (1977), Mullagh (1990) and Killimor (2011) have won the All Ireland senior club championship.[31]", "Galway GAA. Their next title came under more straightforward circumstances, in 1934. They beat Dublin 3-5 to 1-9 in the final to take the Sam Maguire Cup to Connacht for the first time since it was originally presented to the winning team in 1928. Four years later in the 1938 championship, Galway claimed their third football All-Ireland. The final with Kerry had to replayed after it finished level at 3-3 to 2-6, but the Tribesmen won the replay 2-4 to 0-7. Title number four came nearly twenty years later when Galway beat Cork 2-13 to 3-7 in the 1956 final in Croke Park.", "Galway GAA. Galway reached a Leinster Final against Kilkenny after wins over Westmeath and Offaly. Still, many felt that Kilkenny would easily beat Galway. But, it wasn't to be. Galway produced a massive upset, beating Galway lifted their first Bob O'Keefe Cup ever. The road didn't stop there. After a slow first half, Galway held off a strong Cork team in the All-Ireland Semi-final. Galway were matched with Kilkenny again for the All-Ireland final. Joe Canning's 10th-minute goal got Galway rolling and they led by 5 at half time: 1-9 to 0-7. Kilkenny, however, were able to fight back. A Henry Shefflin point taken from the penalty spot separated the sides late in the game but, with 30 seconds left, Davy Glennon was fouled and Joe Canning scored from the free putting the All-Ireland Hurling Final to a replay for the first time in 53 years. In the replay however, Kilkenny overpowered Galway, with a final score of 3-22 to 3-11.", "2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Tipperary v Galway", "2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Galway won the Leinster Championship and so advanced to the All-Ireland semi-final.", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Galway v Tipperary", "2013 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Galway v Clare", "Galway GAA. Despite having represented the province a number of times by default, it wasn't until 1911, that Galway earned the right to call themselves full Connacht champions, when the Tribesmen defeated Roscommon by a single point on a score of 1-03 to 1-02. They were beaten by Cork in the semi finals, losing by 3-4 to 0-2. Galway were also Connacht champions in 1913 and 1917, without winning their semi-finals, but the 1919 championship saw them reach their first ever All-Ireland final. After beating Cavan 4-2 to 2-2 in the replay of their semi-final, the Tribesmen lost the final by 2-5 to 0-1, against Kildare.", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Galway v Dublin", "2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. Tipperary v Galway", "Galway GAA. Galway won five Connacht titles in the 1980s, but qualified for only one All-Ireland final. The team did come close to making the final at the expense of eventual All Ireland champions Offaly in 1982, leading for most of the 1982 All Ireland semi-final, before succumbing to a point from Brendan Lowry.", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. The 2017 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Final was played between Galway and Cork as a curtain-raiser to the senior final, with Galway winning by 2-17 to 2-15.[19]", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. Galway v Dublin", "2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. This competition is no longer organised. Galway represent Connacht and participate in the Leinster Championship.", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. Galway v Tipperary", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final. Galway v Offaly", "2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. Galway v Clare", "2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. This competition is no longer organised. Galway represent Connacht and participate in the Leinster Championship." ]	[ 2.84765625, 4.2109375, 3.619140625, 5.6015625, 3.9765625, 3.279296875, 0.853515625, 2.80859375, 2.8515625, 1.6396484375, 1.5859375, 2.802734375, 3.212890625, 2.103515625, 3.326171875, 0.0275115966796875, 0.1455078125, -2.900390625, -1.96875, -2.828125, -0.9521484375, 1.9638671875, -2.8515625, -3.1640625, 2.9921875, 0.9775390625, -3.0234375, -1.7099609375, -2.982421875, -2.78515625, -2.947265625, -1.9931640625 ]
the four rivers from the garden of eden	[ "Four corners of the world. In Christianity and Judaism, the Old Testament (Genesis 2:8-14) identifies the Garden of Eden, and the four rivers as the Tigris, Euphrates, Pishon, and Gihon. The Tigris runs to Assyria, the Euphrates to Armenia, the Pishon to Havilah or Elam, and the Gihon to Ethiopia.[1][2][3]", "Garden of Eden. A river flowed from Eden to water the garden, and from there it divided to make four streams.", "Garden of Eden. The first is named the Pishon, and this winds all through the land of Havilah where there is gold. The gold of this country is pure; bdellium and cornelian stone are found there. The second river is named the Gihon, and this winds all through the land of Cush. The third river is named the Tigris, and this flows to the east of Ashur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.", "Garden of Eden. Genesis 2:10–14 lists four rivers in association with the garden of Eden: Pishon, Gihon, the Tigris, and the Euphrates. It also refers to the land of Cush—translated/interpreted as Ethiopia, but thought by some to equate to Cossaea, a Greek name for the land of the Kassites.[12] These lands lie north of Elam, immediately to the east of ancient Babylon, which, unlike Ethiopia, does lie within the region being described.[13] In Antiquities of the Jews, the first-century Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Pishon as what \"the Greeks called Ganges\" and the Geon (Gehon) as the Nile.[14]", "Pishon. The Pishon (Hebrew: פִּישׁוֹן‎ Pîšōn) is one of four rivers (along with Hiddekel (Tigris), Phrath (Euphrates) and Gihon) mentioned in the Biblical Book of Genesis. In that passage, these rivers are described as arising within the Garden of Eden. The Pishon is described as encircling \"the entire land of Havilah.\"[1]", "History of gardening. The biblical Book of Genesis mentions the Tigris and Euphrates as two of the four rivers bounding the Garden of Eden.[6] No specific place has been identified, although there are many theories.", "Kubla Khan. Mount Amara is in the same region as Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile river. Ethiopian tradition says that the Blue Nile is the River Gihon of the Bible, one of the four rivers that flow out of the Garden of Eden in the Book of Genesis, which says that Gihon flows through the Kingdom of Kush, the Biblical name for Ethiopia and Sudan. In fact the Blue Nile is very far from the other three rivers mentioned in Genesis 2:10â€“14, but this belief led to the connection in 18th and 19th century English literature between Mount Amara and Paradise.[94]", "Tigris. The Tigris appears twice in the Old Testament. First, in the Book of Genesis, it is the third of the four rivers branching off the river issuing out of the Garden of Eden.[6] The second mention is in the Book of Daniel, wherein the prophet states he received one of his visions \"when I was by that great river the Tigris\".[13]", "The Four Seasons (Poussin). In Spring or The Earthly Paradise, Poussin depicts Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden next to the Tree of Knowledge. It is before the original sin and subsequent expulsion from Eden: no snake is visible as Eve points out the forbidden fruit to Adam. The picture shows a luxuriantly vegetated wood with varying gradations of greenery. Ominously the foreground is dimly lit. In the distance the morning sun reveals swans on a lake with meadows and mountains behind; early morning light can also be seen glimmering through a gap in the rocks and shrubs in the middle ground, echoing the iconography of The Birth of Bacchus.", "Mahd adh Dhahab. There is a possibility that the Cradle of Gold is mentioned in the Biblical story of the Garden of Eden in The Book of Genesis. - \"And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. The name of the first is Pishon: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.\" Research by archaeologists Juris Zarins of Missouri State University and Farouk El-Baz of Boston University indicates that the Pishon River may be the now dried up river bed that once flowed 600 miles north east from the Mahd adh-Dhahab area of the Hejaz c. 3000 BC.[1]", "Metropolitan Museum of Art. Claude Monet, The Four Trees, (Four Poplars on the Banks of the Epte River near Giverny), 1891", "River Eden, Cumbria. Continuing north, it passes close to the ancient stone circle known as Long Meg and Her Daughters and through the sparsely populated beef and dairy farming regions of the vale of Cumbria on the Solway Plain. After flowing through Wetheral, where it is crossed by Corby Bridge, a Grade I listed railway viaduct of 1834, it merges with the River Irthing from the east, followed by the River Petteril and River Caldew from the south, as it winds through Carlisle.", "Jannah. The names of four rivers are Saihan (Syr Darya), Jaihan (Amu Darya), Furat (Euphrates) and Nil (Nile).[11] Salsabil is the name of a spring that is the source of the rivers of Rahma (mercy) and Al-Kawthar (abundance).[12] Sidrat al-Muntaha is a Lote tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the boundary where no creation can pass.[citation needed]", "River Eden, Cumbria. The steep-sided dale of Mallerstang[3] later opens out to become the Vale of Eden. The river flows through Kirkby Stephen and Appleby-in-Westmorland, and receives the water of many becks flowing off the Pennines to the east, and longer rivers from the Lakes off to the west, including the River Lyvennet, River Leith and River Eamont, which arrives via Ullswater and Penrith.", "Garden of Eden. \"The Garden of Eden\" by Thomas Cole (c. 1828)", "River Eden, Cumbria. The River Eden is a river that flows through the Eden District of Cumbria, England, on its way to the Solway Firth.", "Garden of Eden. Although the Garden of Eden is considered to be mythological by most scholars,[19][20][21][22][23][24] there have been other suggestions for its location:[25] for example, at the head of the Persian Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the sea;[26] and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau.[27][28][29][30] British archaeologist David Rohl claims it may have been located in Iran, and in the vicinity of Tabriz, but this suggestion has not caught on with scholarly sources.[31]", "The Four Seasons (Poussin). Winter or The Flood is most commonly referred to by its French title Le Deluge.[11] In this highly original painting Poussin depicts the final stages of the horrific cataclysm of The Flood with restraint. The picture records the moment when the floods are finally covering the plain with the last few rocky outcrops disappearing under the rising waters. The horizontal lines used in his other paintings to create a sense of order here lead the eye through the painting with increasing unease. The moonlit scene is coloured in different shades of bluey grey, interrupted by flashes of lightning. The dim outlines of Noah's Ark can be made out floating on the calmer waters in the far distance. Contrasting with the jagged shapes of rocks and trees, the waterfall produces a horizontal backdrop for the frieze of stranded survivors in the foreground, uncertain of their impending doom.[12] Poussin ominously places a snake slithering across the rock on the left of the picture, a symbol often employed in his pictures to conjure up a sense of horror. Additionally the presence of a snake plays a special iconographic role in the cycle, because it also serves as a reminder of the singular absence of a serpent in the Garden of Eden.[6][13]", "River Eden, Cumbria. The river was known to the Romans as the Itouna, as recorded by the Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) in the 2nd century AD. This name derives from the Celtic word ituna, meaning water,[1] or rushing.[2] Thus there is no relation to the biblical Garden of Eden.", "River Eden, Cumbria. The Eden rises in Black Fell Moss, Mallerstang, on the high ground between High Seat, Yorkshire Dales and Hugh Seat. Here it forms the boundary between the counties of Cumbria and North Yorkshire. Two other great rivers arise in the same peat bogs here, within a kilometre of each other: the River Swale and River Ure.", "Rivers of Babylon. It is one of a few pop songs whose lyrics come directly from the Bible (See also \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" by Pete Seeger, \"40\" by U2, and \"The Lord's Prayer\" by Sister Janet Mead). The melody bears a strong resemblance to \"How Dry I Am\".", "Garden of Eden. Much like records of the great flood, the creation story and the account of the confusion of languages, the story of Eden echoes the Mesopotamian myth of a king, as a primordial man, who is placed in a divine garden to guard the Tree of life.[8] The Hebrew Bible depicts Adam and Eve as walking around the Garden of Eden naked due to their innocence.[9] Eden and its rivers may signify the real Jerusalem, the Temple of Solomon, or the Promised Land. It may also represent the divine garden on Zion, and the mountain of God, which was also Jerusalem. The imagery of the Garden, with its serpent and cherubim, has been compared[by whom?] to the images of the Solomonic Temple with its copper serpent (the nehushtan) and guardian cherubs.[10][need quotation to verify]", "Four corners of the world. In Mesopotamian cosmology, four rivers flowing out of the garden of creation, which is the center of the world, define the four corners of the world.[1] From the point of view of the Akkadians, the northern geographical horizon was marked by Subartu, the west by Mar.tu, the east by Elam and the south by Sumer; later rulers of all of Mesopotamia, such as Cyrus, claimed among their titles LUGAL kib-ra-a-ti er-bé-et-tì, \"King of the Four Quarters\".[4]", "River Eden, Cumbria. It starts life as Red Gill Beck, then becomes Hell Gill Beck, before turning north and joining with Ais Gill Beck to become the River Eden. (Hell Gill Force, just before it meets Ais Gill Beck, is the highest waterfall along its journey to the sea).", "The Four Seasons (Poussin). Departing from the traditions of classical antiquity or medieval illuminations, where the seasons were represented either by allegorical figures or by scenes from everyday country life, Poussin chose to symbolize each season by a specific episode from the Old Testament. For Spring he chose Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden from Genesis; for Summer Boaz discovering Ruth gleaning corn in his fields from the Book of Ruth; for Autumn the Israelite spies returning with grapes from the promised land of Canaan from the Book of Numbers; and for Winter the Flood from the Book of Noah. In addition to the obvious seasonal references, some commentators have seen further less immediate biblical references. The bread and wine in Summer and grapes in Autumn could refer to the eucharist. The whole sequence could also represent Man's path to redemption: his state of innocence before the original sin and the Fall in Spring; the union that gave rise to the birth of Christ through the House of David in Summer; the Mosaic laws in Autumn; and finally the Last Judgement in Winter.[5]", "Four continents. The Renaissance associated one major river to each of the continents.\nThe Four Rivers theme appears for example in the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in the Piazza Navona in Rome.", "Master of the Nets Garden. Named from a verse by Chu Ci in The Fishermen, \"If the water of Canglang River is clean I wash my ribbon, if the water of the Canglang River is dirty I wash my feet\".[1] It is a three-bay terrace with a hipped gable roofline and flying eves. The doors are decorated with carvings which depict scenes from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Rivers of Light. As the narration ends, the storytellers introduce us to the four Animal Spirit guides, each representing one of the four elements.[21] Taking the form of large sculpted lantern barges, they consist of a Tiger (representing Fire), an African Elephant and her calf (representing Earth), a Sea Turtle and its offspring (representing Water), and a Great Horned Owl with her owlets (representing Air). Moving across the lagoon and changing color to the music, the Animal Spirits begin to leave their lanterns one by one and take to the sky in an astral form, bringing the lotuses to life and heralding the arrival of the Temple Lotus.", "Rivers of Light. Within each of us is a light. A light that shines in all living things. Here where fire and water bridge the earth and sky, our light rises on the wind to join the stars. As we journey on this great earth, may we remember the light we share. May we celebrate our bond with the natural world and the wonders that flow on Rivers of Light.", "Pennines. For much of their length the Pennines form the main watershed in northern England, dividing east and west. The rivers Eden, Ribble, Dane and tributaries of the Mersey (including the Irwell, Tame and Goyt) flow westwards towards the Irish Sea. On the eastern side of the watershed, the rivers Tyne, Tees, Wear, Swale, Ure, Nidd, Wharfe, Aire, Calder and Don rise in the region and flow eastwards to the North Sea. The River Trent, however, rises on the western side of the Pennines before flowing around the southern end of the range and up the eastern side; together with its tributaries (principally the Dove and Derwent) it thus drains both east and west sides of the southern end to the North Sea.", "Alfred Russel Wallace. Of the two mighty rivers of our globe;", "The Four Seasons (Poussin). Adam and Eve form a small static couple in the centre of the calm woodland, dwarved by the lush vegetation. Equally small, the robed figure of the Creator can be seen high up on a cloud surrounded by a halo of light; He is pointed away from the viewer, departing as if aware of what is to come. The figures in the composition recall classic depictions in mediaeval miniatures.[7][8]" ]	[ 7.69140625, 2.87109375, 5.578125, 7.76171875, 5.671875, 6.07421875, 2.650390625, 2.6875, -4.2265625, 1.759765625, -5.671875, -0.833984375, 2.01953125, 1.072265625, -4.12890625, -1.888671875, 2.70703125, -2.927734375, 0.043304443359375, -1.1474609375, -7.359375, -2.162109375, 0.1436767578125, -2.849609375, -3.18359375, -5.6796875, -3.16796875, 0.1591796875, -7.6875, -4.03515625, -8.6796875, -7.5625 ]
the girl in star wars the force awakens	[ "Rey (Star Wars). Rey is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by English actress Daisy Ridley. First appearing as the main character in Star Wars: The Force Awakens,[1][7][8][9] Rey is a scavenger who was left behind on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and later becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order when her solitary life is interrupted by BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron, and a runaway Stormtrooper named Finn.", "Gwendoline Christie. Also in 2015, Christie co-starred in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, as Captain Phasma, one of the film's supporting antagonists.[29][30] Her performance, and the character's design, were both praised; however, her minimal role in the film, particularly after the character was prominently featured in promotional material, was criticized.[31][32][33]", "Daisy Ridley. In April 2014, Ridley's casting as Rey, one of the lead characters in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, was announced.[14][15][16] She was chosen for the film in February 2014.[23] At the time of her casting she was, according to Rolling Stone, a \"total unknown.\"[24] Her choice by director J. J. Abrams was seen as a repeat of George Lucas's move of casting relatively unknown actors for the lead roles in the first Star Wars film in 1977.[25] Ridley began filming her scenes in May 2014 at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, and prior to the film's release in December 2015, she appeared at the launch of a set of Star Wars postage stamps issued by the UK postal service Royal Mail, with her character Rey featuring on a stamp along with the droid BB-8.[26][27] With international revenues of over $2Â billion,[28] The Force Awakens was a major box-office hit and the highest-grossing film of 2015. After an early screening of the film, Brian Viner of the Daily Mail called Ridley the \"real star of the show\", adding that her performance as Rey should \"send her career into orbit.\"[29] Her performance received critical acclaim, with Richard Roeper describing her portrayal as \"a breakout performance\" and adding \"Ford has a terrific father figure chemistry [shared] with Ridley and [John] Boyega\".[30]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. In May, Abrams announced a donation contest for UNICEF from the Star Wars set in Abu Dhabi; the winner was allowed to visit the set, meet members of the cast and appear in the film.[145] In October 2014, Warwick Davis, who played Wald and Weazle in The Phantom Menace and Wicket in Return of the Jedi, announced that he would appear in The Force Awakens, but did not reveal his role.[146] In November 2014, Debbie Reynolds confirmed that her granddaughter (Fisher's daughter), Billie Lourd, is in the film.[61] Isaac's uncle, a Star Wars fan, was cast as an extra at the invitation of Abrams upon visiting the set.[147]", "Maz Kanata. Maz is also a playable character in Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Her role in the game is basically the same as in the film, although she has a prominent role during the battle of Takodana (in Chapter 6).", "Rey (Star Wars). Rey is introduced as a 19-year-old woman in The Force Awakens.[23] Rey is stubborn, headstrong, brave, optimistic, and maintains fierce loyalty to her friends. In comparison to Luke, Matthew Yglesias of Vox said that \"Rey is considerably less callow than Luke\".[24][25]", "Maz Kanata. The Force Awakens received seven Visual Effects Society Award nominations, including one for Outstanding Animated Performance in a Photoreal Feature for Maz Kanata.[27][28] Nyong'o was nominated for a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal.[29]", "Princess Leia. In March 2013, Fisher confirmed that she would reprise her role as Leia in Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[22] Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, The Force Awakens reintroduces a Leia who is \"a little more battle weary, a little more broken hearted\".[16] In November 2015, director J.J. Abrams said of Leia, \"She’s referred to as General but ... there's a moment in the movie where a character sort of slips and calls her 'Princess.'\"[23] Commenting on the story he added, \"The stakes are pretty high in the story for her, so there’s not much goofing around where Leia’s concerned.\"[23] Asked how Leia is handling things in the film, Fisher said, \"Not easily ... [she is] solitary. Under a lot of pressure. Committed as ever to her cause, but I would imagine feeling somewhat defeated, tired, and pissed.\"[23]", "Lupita Nyong'o. Following a supporting role in the action-thriller Non-Stop (2014), Nyong'o co-starred in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) as force-sensitive space pirate Maz Kanata, a CGI character created using motion capture technology.[38][39] Nyong'o said that she had wanted to play a role where her appearance was not relevant. The acting provided a different challenge from her role as Patsey.[40] Scott Mendelson of Forbes, characterised Nyong'o's role as \"the center of the film's best sequence,\" and Stephanie Zacharek of Time called her a \"delightful minor character\".[41][42] Nyong'o was nominated for the Best Supporting Actress at the 42nd Saturn Awards and Best Virtual Performance at the 2016 MTV Movie Awards for her role.[43][44]", "Daisy Ridley. Daisy Ridley was born on 10 April 1992 in Westminster, London and grew up in Maida Vale.[1][2] She is the youngest of three daughters born to Louise Fawkner-Corbett, a banker, and Christopher Ridley, a photographer.[3] She has two older sisters, Kika Rose and Poppy Sophia.[4][5] Her mother's family, the Fawkner-Corbetts, were landed gentry with a military and medical background.[6] Her great-uncle was Dad's Army actor and playwright Arnold Ridley.[7] While growing up, her favourite film was Matilda (1996), an adaptation of Roald Dahl's children's story, with the title character (played by Mara Wilson in the film) a role model to her.[8] Ridley won a scholarship to Tring Park School for the Performing Arts in Hertfordshire, which she attended between the ages of 9 and 18.[9][10] She then began reading classical civilisation at Birkbeck, University of London, before dropping out to concentrate on her acting career.[10] Prior to being cast in The Force Awakens, Ridley worked as a bartender in two different pubs in London for nearly two years.[11] In 2016 Ridley began studying for a Bachelor of Arts in social science through online courses with the Open University.[12][13]", "Miltos Yerolemou. Yerolemou has also made appearances in films such as Star Wars: The Force Awakens and The Danish Girl.", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Daisy Ridley and John Boyega each received several nominations and accolades for their performances. They were nominated as Best Newcomers at various critics circle and associations, including the Alliance of Women Film Journalists,[396] and the Florida Film Critics Circle,[397] The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at the MTV Movie Awards, the most for the ceremony, including Movie of the Year, Best Female Performance for Ridley, Best Breakthrough Performance for Boyega, and Best Virtual Performance for Lupita Nyong'o and Andy Serkis.[398]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Gwendoline Christie portrays Captain Phasma, the commander of the First Order's legions of stormtroopers.[40] Dave Chapman and Brian Herring served as puppeteers for BB-8,[41] with Bill Hader and Ben Schwartz credited as \"Vocal Consultants\".[42] Ken Leung appears as Statura, an admiral in the Resistance.[43] Simon Pegg appears as Unkar Plutt, the Junkyard dealer on Jakku.[26][44] Greg Grunberg plays Temmin \"Snap\" Wexley, an X-wing pilot.[45][46] Kiran Shah plays Teedo, a scavenger on Jakku who rides a semi-mechanical Luggabeast.[47] Jessica Henwick appears as Jess \"Testor\" Pava or Jess Testor, an X-wing pilot.[48][49][50] Brian Vernel appears as Bala-Tik, the leader of the Guavian Death Gang.[51][52] Yayan Ruhian, Iko Uwais, and Cecep Arif Rahman appear as Tasu Leech, Razoo Qin-Fee, and Crokind Shand, members of the Kanjiklub Gang, a criminal organization.[53][54][55] Warwick Davis appears as Wollivan, a tavern-dweller in Maz Kanata's castle.[56][57] Anna Brewster appears as Bazine Netal, a First Order spy, also at Maz Kanata's castle.[58] Thomas Brodie-Sangster[59] and Kate Fleetwood[60] play First Order Petty Officers, Thanisson and Unamo, respectively. Billie Lourd, daughter of Carrie Fisher, appears as Connix, a lieutenant in the Resistance.[61][62] Members of the Resistance include Emun Elliott as Brance[63] and Maisie Richardson-Sellers as Korr Sella[64] while Harriet Walter appears as Kalonia, the doctor who tends to Chewbacca.[65][66] Mark Stanley appears as a Knight of Ren.[66] Sebastian Armesto portrays Lieutenant Mitaka and Pip Torrens portrays Colonel Caplan, both serving the First Order.[67]", "Jedi. Rey (Star Wars) was a human female Jedi Padawan and Scavenger and one of the main protagonists of the sequel trilogy. She is allied with the Resistance and helped to find Luke Skywalker. She found him on the planet of Ahch-To where he spent the rest of his life. She is also the pilot of the Millennium Falcon with Chewbacca. As the Padawan of Luke Skywalker, She proved that she is powerful with the force and good at dueling. She is now currently the Last Living Jedi since Skywalker joined The Force.", "Yoda. In The Force Awakens, set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, Yoda's voice is heard by the young scavenger Rey (Daisy Ridley) after she discovers Luke Skywalker's lightsaber.[20]", "Captain Phasma. J. J. Abrams created Phasma from an armor design originally developed for Kylo Ren and named her after the 1979 horror film Phantasm. The character was originally conceived as male. Phasma appeared prominently in promotion and marketing for The Force Awakens, but the character's ultimately minor role in the film was the subject of criticism. Nonetheless, merchandise featuring the character found success, and her figure was the best-selling of all Force Awakens action figures on Amazon.co.uk.[3]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Star Wars: The Force Awakens (also known as Star Wars: Episode VII â€“ The Force Awakens) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced, co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams. It is the first installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the seventh main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Return of the Jedi (1983). The film stars Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong'o, Andy Serkis, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew, and Max von Sydow, and was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and Abrams' production company Bad Robot Productions. The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not involve franchise creator George Lucas. Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, the film follows Rey, Finn, and Poe Dameron's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance, led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance, against Kylo Ren and the First Order, a successor to the Galactic Empire.", "Maz Kanata. Abrams added that \"her eyes are an important aspect of her character\".[1] Entertainment Weekly's Anthony Breznican noted, \"Maz is this movie's wise, ancient alien with connections to the mystical side of the galaxy.\"[1] Of the character's alien species and planetary origins, Abrams said that though The Force Awakens does not answer these questions, more information about Maz is forthcoming \"in other venues\".[1]", "Princess Leia. Leia also appears in the Journey to Star Wars: The Force Awakens line of novels and comic books, introduced in conjunction with The Force Awakens to connect the film with previous installments.[43] She is the lead character in the young adult novel Moving Target: A Princess Leia Adventure (2015) by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry, which is set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi,[44][45] and Claudia Gray's novels Star Wars: Bloodline (2016)[46][47] and Leia: Princess of Alderaan (2017). The former is set six years before The Force Awakens, while the latter features a 16-year-old Leia before the events of A New Hope.", "Captain Phasma. The second trailer for the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens introduced the character. In the film, Phasma begins engaged in an attack on a village in search of coordinates that will lead to the missing Luke Skywalker. After the battle is won, Phasma and the other stormtroopers execute the villagers at the order of Kylo Ren. Back on the First Order's base, she orders Stormtrooper Finn to report to reconditioning. Instead, Finn flees and betrays the Order in favor of the Resistance. After Finn's escape, Phasma reports Finn's betrayal to General Hux. When Finn, Han Solo, and Chewbacca infiltrate the base further in the film, they take Phasma hostage and force her to remove the base's shields, before dropping her in the trash compactor.", "Princess Leia. Leia makes her first literary appearance in Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker, the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars, which was released six months before the film in November 1976. Credited to Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster, the novel was based on Lucas' screenplay.[40] Leia later appeared in the novelizations The Empire Strikes Back (1980) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi (1983) by James Kahn. She is also a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Foster.[41]", "Poe Dameron. Isaac's casting in the film was first announced on April 29, 2014.[2] His character was first seen in the 88-second The Force Awakens teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28, 2014,[3][4] piloting an X-wing fighter.[5][6][7] The name Poe Dameron was revealed by Entertainment Weekly in a Lucasfilm-designed Topps-style trading card mockup in December 2014.[8][9] The character was one of those featured in a May 2015 Vanity Fair photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz.[10] He was named after The Force Awakens writer/director J. J. Abrams' assistant Morgan Dameron.[11]", "Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens. The game featured the voice talents of Daisy Ridley, Oscar Isaac, John Boyega, Adam Driver, Carrie Fisher, Harrison Ford, Anthony Daniels, Domhnall Gleeson, Gwendoline Christie and Max von Sydow reprising their roles from The Force Awakens, as well as Bill Kipsang Rotich as Nien Nunb, Christian Simpson as C'Ai Threnalli[9] and Tom Kane reprising his role as Admiral Ackbar from various Star Wars video games.[10] Archival recordings from the film also serve as the game's dialogue.", "Rey (Star Wars). The character of Rey appears in the video games Disney Infinity 3.0 and Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens, both voiced by Ridley,[38] as well as the strategy video game Star Wars: Force Arena.[39]", "Obi-Wan Kenobi. In Star Wars: The Force Awakens, set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, Obi-Wan's voice is heard by the young scavenger Rey when she touches the lightsaber that previously belonged to Luke. Obi-Wan calls out to Rey, before saying the words of encouragement he gave to Luke during his training on the Millennium Falcon: \"These are your first steps.\"", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Daniel Craig, Michael Giacchino and Nigel Godrich cameo as stormtroopers.[68][69] Abrams' assistant, Morgan Dameron, appears as a Resistance officer,[70] while his father, Gerald W. Abrams, appears as Captain Cypress.[71] The film's dialect coach, Andrew Jack, appears as Major Ematt of the Resistance.[72] Additionally, Crystal Clarke, Pip Andersen,[73] Christina Chong,[74] Miltos Yerolemou,[75] Amybeth Hargreaves,[76] Leanne Best,[77] Judah Friedlander,[78] and Kevin Smith[79] were cast in minor roles. Abrams has a vocal cameo,[80] singing with Lin-Manuel Miranda on two songs, \"Jabba Flow\" and \"Dobra Doompa\", performed by Shag Kava, consisting of Abrams, Miranda and musicians.[81][82] Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels cast members Dee Bradley Baker, Matt Lanter, Tom Kane, Catherine Taber, Matthew Wood, Sam Witwer, Meredith Salenger, James Arnold Taylor, show runner Dave Filoni, Michael Donovan, Devon Libran, Elle Newlands, Terri Douglas, Robert Stambler, Verona Blue, TJ Falls, Michelle Rejwan, Eugene Byrd, Fred Tatasciore, David Collins, Amanda Foreman, Christopher Scarabosio, Patrick Correll, Karen Huie, Orly Schuchmacher, Emily Towers, Jonathan Dixon, Kat Sheridan, Salacious Crumb actor Mark Dodson, and Gavyn Sykes actor Christian Simpson were the additional voices used in the film.[66][83] Riot control stormtrooper FN-2199, who calls Finn a traitor during the battle on Takodana, was portrayed by stunt performer Liang Yang and voiced by sound editor David Acord.[84]", "Captain Phasma. Captain Phasma is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by Gwendoline Christie. Introduced in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), the first film in the Star Wars sequel trilogy, Phasma is the commander of the First Order's force of stormtroopers. Christie returned to the role in the next of the trilogy's films, Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017). The character also made an additional appearance in Before the Awakening, an anthology book set before the events of The Force Awakens.", "Daisy Ridley. Daisy Jazz Isobel Ridley (born 10 April 1992) is an English actress. She appeared in minor television roles and short films before being cast in the lead role of Rey in the Star Wars sequel trilogy, beginning with Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) and continuing in Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017). She portrayed Mary Debenham in Murder on the Orient Express, a 2017 film adaptation of Agatha Christie's detective novel.", "Captain Phasma. Merchandise featuring the character proved popular. David Betancourt of The Washington Post called Phasma's role in the film \"little more than a shiny new prop\", viewing her as a victim of the film's need to introduce all its new characters, yet noted the popularity and rarity of the merchandise surrounding the character.[31] Captain Phasma's figure was the bestselling of The Force Awakens' action figures on Amazon.co.uk.[3]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Casting began around August 2013, with Abrams meeting with potential actors for script readings and screen tests. Open auditions were held in the UK, Ireland, and the United States in November 2013 for the roles of Rachel and Thomas.[128][129][130] Casting began in earnest in January 2014, because of changes to the script by Kasdan and Abrams.[131] Screen tests with actors continued until at least three weeks before the official announcement on April 29, 2014, with final casting decisions made only a few weeks prior. Actors testing had strict non-disclosure agreements, preventing them, their agents or publicists from commenting on their potential involvement.[132]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Daisy Ridley was chosen for the film by February 2014, and by the end of that month a deal had been worked out with Driver, who was able to work around his Girls schedule. By March 2014, talks with Andy Serkis and Oscar Isaac began and continued into April 2014. In April, John Boyega began talks after dropping out of a Jesse Owens biopic.[132] Denis Lawson, who played Wedge Antilles in the original trilogy, declined to reprise his role, stating that it would have \"bored\" him.[140]", "Captain Phasma. Phasma received attention before release. Before her name was confirmed, Phasma had been dubbed \"the Chrometrooper\" by fans.[11][32] The trademarking of \"Captain Phasma\" led to speculation that it was the name of Christie's rumored character, said to be an Imperial officer pursuing Finn.[33] Phasma had been the name of a character in one Star Wars fanfic, Tarkin's Fist, leading to MovieWeb wondering if it was an intentional homage.[33] IGN's \"Keepin' It Reel\" podcast discussed the possibility of Phasma being \"the next breakout baddie\" in the vein of Boba Fett and Darth Maul. They responded positively to the character's name, despite some initial misgivings, for fitting in with the franchise's Flash Gordon roots. They also praised her armor design, stating that character design had been important in the success of Fett and Maul. They similarly had high hopes for Christie's acting.[34] During the lead-up to the film, Phasma became a fan favorite.[35] Polygon's Susana Polo considered The Force Awakens a great achievement for Hollywood for its diversity regardless of its quality, though she used Phasma as an example of how the film was not perfect, noting rumors of Phasma's minor role despite her being the first on-screen female stormtrooper.[10]" ]	[ 4.60546875, 3.232421875, 3.919921875, 1.65625, 3.80859375, 4.578125, 0.517578125, 3.6875, 3.6875, 0.6015625, 1.544921875, 2.8125, 1.6572265625, 0.09503173828125, 1.697265625, 0.7685546875, 4.20703125, 0.50244140625, 3.759765625, 1.5947265625, 2.8984375, -0.0560302734375, 0.33740234375, 0.44091796875, 1.541015625, 2.123046875, 3.076171875, 4.94921875, -0.45751953125, 0.1053466796875, 4.51171875, 2.17578125 ]
what is the size of a tibetan mastiff	[ "Tibetan Mastiff. Males can reach heights up to 83 cm (33 in). The original Tibetan mastiff breed from its native range usually weighed 55–90 kg (121–198 lb). The enormous dogs being produced in some Western and Chinese kennels, which sometimes weigh in excess of 115 kg (254 lb) would have cost too much to keep fed to have been useful to nomads; and their questionable structure would have made them less useful as livestock or property guardians.", "Tibetan Mastiff. Tibetan Mastiffs are shown under one standard in the West, but separated by the Indian breed standard into two varieties:[citation needed] Lion Head (smaller; exceptionally long hair from forehead to withers, creating a ruff or mane) and Tiger Head (larger; shorter hair).", "Neapolitan Mastiff. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC) standard, male Neapolitan Mastiffs should measure 26–31 inches (66–79 cm) at the withers, weigh 130–155 pounds (60-70 kg), while females should measure 24–29 inches (61–74 cm) and weigh 110–130 pounds (50–60 kg).[1] Body length should be 10–15% greater than height.", "Tibetan Mastiff. The Tibetan Mastiff[1] is a large Tibetan dog breed (Canis lupus familiaris) (Tibetan: དོ་ཁྱི, Chinese: 藏獒; Pinyin: Zàng áo). Originating with the nomadic cultures of Tibet, China, India, Mongolia and Nepal, it is used by local tribes of Tibetans to protect sheep from wolves, leopards, bears, large mustelids, and tigers.[2][3][4]", "Tibetan Mastiff. The name Tibetan Mastiff is a misnomer; the Tibetan Mastiff itself is not a true Mastiff. The term \"mastiff\" was used by the Europeans who first came to Tibet because it was used to refer to nearly all large dog breeds in the West. Early Western visitors to Tibet misnamed several of its breeds: The \"Tibetan Terrier\" is not a terrier and the \"Tibetan Spaniel\" is not a spaniel. A better name for the dog might be Tibetan mountain dog or, to encompass the landrace breed throughout its range, Himalayan mountain dog.[3]", "Tibetan Mastiff. Some breeders differentiate between two \"types\" of Tibetan Mastiff, the Do-khyi and the Tsang-khyi. The Tsang-khyi (which, to a Tibetan, means only \"dog from Tsang\") is also referred to as the \"monastery\" type, described as generally taller, heavier, and more heavily boned, with more facial wrinkling and haw than the Do-khyi or \"nomad\" type. Both types are often produced in the same litter with the larger, heavier pups being placed in more stationary jobs versus more active jobs for the Tibetan Mastiffs that are better structured and well muscled.", "Tibetan Mastiff. The Tibetan Mastiff is considered a primitive breed. It typically retains the hardiness which would be required for it to survive in Tibet and the high-altitude Himalayan range, including the northern part of Nepal, India[4] and Bhutan.", "Tibetan Mastiff. After 1980, the breed began to gain in popularity worldwide. Although the breed is still considered somewhat uncommon, as more active breeders arose and produced adequate numbers of dogs, various registries and show organizations (FCI, AKC) began to recognize the breed.", "Tibetan Mastiff. Its double coat is long, subject to climate, and found in a wide variety of colors, including solid black, black and tan, various shades of red (from pale gold to deep red) and bluish-gray (dilute black), often with white markings. Some breeders are now (2014) marketing white Tibetan Mastiffs. These dogs are actually very pale gold, not truly white. Photoshop is often used to make dogs of normal color(s) appear white in advertisements.", "Tibetan Mastiff. The coat of a Tibetan Mastiff lacks the unpleasant big-dog smell that affects many large breeds. The coat, whatever its length or color(s), should shed dirt and odors. Although the dogs shed somewhat throughout the year, there is generally one great molt in late winter or early spring and sometimes another, lesser molt in the late summer or early fall. (Sterilization of the dog may dramatically affect the coat as to texture, density, and shedding pattern.)", "English Mastiff. The body is large with great depth and breadth, especially between the forelegs, causing these to be set wide apart. The length of the body taken from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock is greater than the height at the withers. The AKC standard height (per their website) for this breed is 30 inches (76 cm) at the shoulder for males and 27.5 inches (70 cm) (minimum) at the shoulder for females. A typical male can weigh 150–250 pounds (68–113 kg), a typical female can weigh 120–200 pounds (54–91 kg), with very large individuals reaching 130 kg (286 lb) or more.", "Tibetan Mastiff. A Chinese woman was reported[12] to have spent more than 4 million yuan to buy an 18-month-old purebred male Tibetan Mastiff, which she named Yangtze No. 2.[13] In March 2011, a red Tibetan Mastiff was reported to have been sold to a 'coal baron' from northern China for 10 million yuan.[13] There have been other similar reports of dogs sold for astronomical prices; however, most of these appear to be breeders' attempts to drive up the prices of their dogs.[14] Photos of dogs shown on web sites are frequently photoshopped to exaggerate color intensity, size, and \"bone\". By 2015, due to copious production by breeders and unsuitability of the breed as a pet in urban situations, prices in China for the best dogs had fallen to about $2,000 and lower quality and cross-breed dogs were being abandoned.[15]", "Tibetan Mastiff. In 1872, one writer has stated:", "Tibetan Mastiff. In 2008, the Tibetan Mastiff competed for the first time in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.", "Tibetan Mastiff. In the early 20th century, King George V introduced a pair of Tibetan Mastiffs, and enough of the breed were available in England in 1906 to be shown at the Crystal Palace show. However, during the war years, the breed lost favor and focus and nearly died out in England.", "Lhasa Apso. Male Lhasa Apsos should ideally be 10.75 inches (27.3 cm) at the withers and weigh about 14 to 18 pounds (6.4 to 8.2 kg). The females are slightly smaller, and weigh between 12 to 14 pounds (5.4 to 6.4 kg). The breed standard requires dark brown eyes and a black nose, although liver-colored Lhasas have a brown nose. The texture of the coat is heavy, straight, hard, neither woolly nor silky, and very dense. They come in a wide variety of colors including black, white, red and gold with various shadings. Lhasas can be with or without dark tips at the ends of ears and beard. The tail should be carried well over the dog's back. The breed standard currently used by the American Kennel Club was approved on July 11, 1978.[3]", "English Mastiff. The greatest weight ever recorded for a dog, 343 pounds (155.6 kg), was that of an English Mastiff from England named Aicama Zorba of La Susa, although claims of larger dogs, including Saint Bernards, Tibetan Mastiffs, and Caucasian ovcharkas exist.[5] According to the 1989 edition of the Guinness Book of Records, in March 1989, when he was 7 years old, Zorba stood 37 inches (94 cm) at the shoulder and was 8 ft 3 in (251 cm) from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail, about the size of a small donkey.[6] After 2000, the Guinness Book of World Records stopped accepting largest or heaviest pet records.[7]", "Tibetan Mastiff. The guardian type from which the modern Tibetan Mastiff breed has been derived was known across the ancient world by many names. Bhote Kukur in Nepali as bhote means someone from Tibet and kukur means dog. The Chinese name for the breed is 藏獒 (Chinese: Zàng áo; Cantonese: Tzong ngou), meaning \"Tibetan Mastiff-dog\". In Mongolia, it is called банхар (bankhar).[5]", "Tibetan Mastiff. As a socialized, more domestic dog, it can thrive in a spacious, fenced yard with a canine companion, but it is generally not an appropriate dog for apartment living. The Western-bred dogs are generally more easy-going, although somewhat aloof with strangers coming to the home. Through hundreds of years of selective breeding for a protective flock and family guardian, the breed has been prized for being a nocturnal sentry, keeping would-be predators and intruders at bay, barking at sounds throughout the night. Leaving a Tibetan Mastiff outside all night with neighbors nearby is not recommended. They often sleep during the day, making them more active, alert and aware at night.[3]", "Tibetan Mastiff. In 2008, a mitogenome study concluded that while 12 dog breeds studied appeared to have diverged from the gray wolf 42,000 years ago, the Tibetan Mastiff lineage diverged earlier at 58,000 years ago.[8] In 2011, a further study by the same authors concluded that there was a genetic relationship between the Tibetan Mastiff and the Great Pyrenees, Bernese mountain dog, Rottweiler and Saint Bernard, and that these large breed dogs are probably partially descended from the Tibetan Mastiff.[9] In 2014, a study added the Leonberger to the list of possible relatives. In 2016, a study looked at how the Tibetan mastiff was able to adapt to the extreme highland conditions of the Tibetan Plateau very quickly compared to other mammals such as the yak, Tibetan antelope, snow leopard, and the wild boar. The study indicated that the Tibetan mastiff's ability to avoid hypoxia in high altitudes, due to its lower hemoglobin levels compared to low-altitude dogs, was due to prehistoric interbreeding with Tibetan wolves.[10]", "Tibetan Mastiff. The dogs of Thibet are twice the size of those seen in India, with large heads and hairy bodies. They are powerful animals, and are said to be able to kill a tiger. During the day they are kept chained up, and are let loose at night to guard their masters' house.[11]", "Tibetan Mastiff. Instinctive behaviors including canine pack behavior contributed to the survival of the breed in harsh environments. It is one of the few primitive dog breeds that retains a single estrus per year instead of two, even at much lower altitudes and in much more temperate climates than its native climate. This characteristic is also found in wild canids such as the wolf and other wild animals. Since its estrus usually takes place during late fall, most Tibetan Mastiff puppies are born between December and January.[6]", "English Mastiff. The Mastiff should at all stages of development show the breed characteristics of massiveness and sound, if cumbersome, movement. The Mastiff is a particularly large dog demanding correct diet and exercise. Excessive running is not recommended for the first two years of the dog's life, in order not to damage the growth plates in the joints of this heavy and fast-growing dog, which in some weeks may gain over 5 lb. However, regular exercise must be maintained throughout the dog's life to discourage slothful behaviour and to prevent a number of health problems. A soft surface is recommended for the dog to sleep on to prevent the development of calluses, arthritis, and hygroma (an acute inflammatory swelling). Due to the breed's large size, puppies may potentially be smothered or crushed by the mother during nursing. A whelping box, along with careful monitoring can prevent such accidents. The average lifespan of the Mastiff is about 7 years although it's not uncommon for some to live to 10–11 years.[10][11]", "Tibetan Mastiff. The Tibetan Mastiff known as Drog-Khyi (འབྲོག་ཁྱི) in Tibetan, which means \"nomad dog\",[2] (\"dog which may be tied\", \"dog which may be kept\"), reflects its use as a guardian of herds, flocks, tents, villages, monasteries, and palaces, much as the old English ban-dog (also meaning tied dog) was a dog tied outside the home as a guardian. However, in nomad camps and in villages, the Drog-Khyi is traditionally allowed to run loose at night. This dog is known for its loyalty, it has been used as nomad dog by Tibetan nomads for thousands of years.[citation needed]", "English Mastiff. With a massive body, broad skull and head of generally square appearance, it is the largest dog breed in terms of mass. It is on average slightly heavier than the Saint Bernard, although there is a considerable mass overlap between these two breeds. Though the Irish Wolfhound and Great Dane can be more than six inches taller, they are not nearly as robust.[1]", "Tibetan Mastiff. As a flock guardian dog in Tibet and in the West, it uses all the usual livestock guardian tactics (e.g., barking, scent-marking perimeters) to warn away predators and avoid direct confrontations.[3]", "Griffon Bruxellois. The Brussels Griffon is typically a small breed with a sturdy frame. The average adult Griffon stands from 9 to 11 inches (230–280 mm) tall, and weighs 8 to 10 pounds (4–5 kg).[5] They have domed heads, short noses, and an underbite. Their human-like facial features are often likened to that of an Ewok.[6]", "Tibetan Mastiff. Like all flock guardian breeds, they are intelligent and stubborn to a fault, so obedience training is recommended (although it is only mildly successful with some individuals) since this is a strong-willed, powerful breed. Unless they are to be used exclusively as livestock guardians, socialization obedience training is also critical with this breed because of their reserved nature with strangers and guardian instincts. They can be excellent family dogs depending on the family. Owners must understand canine psychology and be willing and able to assume the primary leadership position. Lack of consistent, rational discipline can result in the creation of dangerous, unpredictable dogs. The protectiveness of Tibetan Mastiffs requires alertness and planning by the owner in order to avoid mishaps when the dog is simply performing as a guardian. The breed is not recommended for novice dog owners.[3][4]", "Neapolitan Mastiff. The Neapolitan Mastiff is large and powerful. Their bodies are covered in loose skin with a coat that can either be black, blue, mahogany or tawny.[2]", "Tibetan culture. Sheperd with his Tibetan mastiff", "Tibet. The dogs of Tibet are twice the size of those seen in India, with large heads and hairy bodies. They are powerful animals, and are said to be able to kill a tiger. During the day they are kept chained up, and are let loose at night to guard their masters' house.[70]", "Tibetan Mastiff. Hypothyroidism is fairly common in Tibetan Mastiffs, as it is in many large \"northern\" breeds. They should be tested periodically throughout their lives using a complete thyroid \"panel\". However, because the standard thyroid levels were established using domestic dog breeds, test results must be considered in the context of what is \"normal\" for the breed, not what is normal across all breeds. Many dogs of this breed will have \"low\" thyroid values but no clinical symptoms. Vets and owners differ on the relative merits of medicating dogs which test \"low\", but are completely asymptomatic. Some researchers think that asymptomatic hypothyroidism may have been adaptive in the regions of origin for many breeds, since less nutrition is required for the dog to stay in good condition. Therefore, attempts to eliminate \"low thyroid\" dogs from the Tibetan Mastiff gene pool may have unintended consequences for the breed." ]	[ 5.33984375, -1.1748046875, 0.59033203125, 0.986328125, -2.33203125, -0.474609375, -2.953125, -4.375, -2.728515625, -2.962890625, -0.828125, -0.87109375, -4.11328125, -3.576171875, -4.25390625, -4.671875, 0.99267578125, -3.50390625, -4.1484375, -2.482421875, -0.71240234375, -3.982421875, -4.4375, -2.939453125, -3.5625, -4.51171875, -5.5078125, -4.64453125, -4.2578125, -3.755859375, -4.37109375, -3.849609375 ]
what did barney rubble do for a living	[ "Barney Rubble. While the subject of Barney's occupation (or even if he had one) was never given during the original series, the majority of subsequent spinoffs suggest at some point after the original series, Barney went to work at the Slate Rock and Gravel Company quarry alongside Fred as a fellow dino-crane operator. An early episode of the original series does have a brief scene of Barney working at the Granite Building.[10] When speaking to an upper-crust snob in another episode, Betty declares Barney is in \"top-secret\" work, but that might have been a cover for a low-level job or unemployment, or perhaps an in-joke meaning that Barney's job was unknown even to the show's writers. It could also be possible that both Fred and Barney work at the quarry, but may work in different sections of it, under different bosses. In one episode, Barney's boss tells him to \"put down his broom\", which implies some sort of janitorial work is involved.", "Barney Rubble. Barney's interests included bowling, playing pool, poker, tinkering around in Fred's garage, and playing golf (though in some episodes, Barney did not know how to play golf). He, like Fred, was also a member of the Loyal Order of Water Buffaloes lodge and its predecessor in earlier episodes, the Loyal Order of Dinosaurs. He is also a talented pianist and drummer.[7] In the first episode of the original series, he was an inventor of a human-powered helicopter. Although clearly depicted as being in better shape than Fred, he is not shown to be quite as enthusiastic a sportsman as Fred is. This distinction can be attributed to Fred's fondness for food, though Barney is shown to be almost as capable of excessive appetite on a number of occasions.", "Barney Rubble. Mel Blanc was the principal voice of Barney Rubble, although Daws Butler (who previously voiced Ned Morton, a mouse version of Ed Norton — the inspiration for Barney Rubble — in the Looney Tunes short The Honey-Mousers) briefly assumed the role while Blanc recovered from a car wreck.[12] Since Blanc's death, Frank Welker, Jeff Bergman, Stephen Stanton, Kevin Michael Richardson, Brad Abrell, and Scott Innes have all performed the role. Hamilton Camp voiced Barney in The Flintstone Kids.", "Barney Rubble. Barney Rubble is a fictional character who appears in the television animated series The Flintstones. He is the diminutive, blond-haired caveman husband of Betty Rubble and adoptive father of Bamm-Bamm Rubble. His best friend is his next door neighbor, Fred.", "Barney Rubble. Several episodes and spinoffs suggest that Barney, along with Fred, spent some time in the army early in their marriages, though said references may be to Barney and Fred's military service in the first-season episode \"The Astr'nuts.\"", "Barney Rubble. In the 1994 live-action Flintstones movie, Barney was portrayed by Rick Moranis. In the 2000 prequel, The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, he was portrayed by Stephen Baldwin. In a Toshiba commercial, he was voiced by Scott Innes.", "Barney Rubble. While the mid-1980s spinoff series The Flintstone Kids depicts Barney as a child, the series seems to be mostly apocryphal due to its presenting Barney as a childhood friend of Wilma and Betty (versus the original series' assertion that they first met as young adults). Still, the series' assertions that Barney has at least one younger brother, Dusty, was a childhood friend of Fred, and was the son of artist Flo Rubble and car dealer Robert \"Honest Bob\" Rubble might be taken as valid. It is suggested in the original series that Barney grew up at 142 Boulder Avenue in Granitetown. The original series also suggested in one episode that Barney was the nephew of Fred's boss, Mr. Slate, though subsequent episodes and spinoffs do not seem to support this claim.[8] As young adults, Barney and Fred worked as bellhops at a resort, where they first met Wilma and Betty, who were working as cigarette girls.[9] Eventually, Barney married Betty (as Fred did Wilma).", "Barney Rubble. Barney's personality was based on that of Ed Norton on the 1950s television series The Honeymooners, played by Art Carney.[6] Like Ralph Kramden on The Honeymooners, Fred was constantly on the lookout for get-rich-quick schemes, while Barney, like Norton, found life satisfactory as it was, but participated in said schemes because Fred was his friend. Usually after Fred had hatched one of his plans, Barney showed his agreement by laughing and saying, \"uh hee hee hee... OK, Fred!\" or \"hee hee hee... whatever you say, Fred!\"", "Barney Rubble. When Bam-Bam grows into a teenager, Barney joined the Bedrock police force with Fred for a period of time as part-time officers. Both characters were paired with the Shmoo from Li'l Abner.[1] He later became grandfather to Pebbles's and Bam-Bam's children, Chip and Roxy.[5]", "Barney Rubble. Barney has made cameo appearances on the show Dexter's Laboratory, Family Guy, and Saturday Night Live, and in the movie Better Off Dead.", "Barney Stinson. In his blog, he writes that he is the Director of WHO DID THIS.[14] The company he works for, Altrucell,[15] advertises itself as the world's largest producer of the felt covers of tennis balls; however, Future Ted implies that the company's main profits come from other, less innocent sources, such as logging, oil drilling, small arms, tobacco farming and missile construction. Barney states in \"Cupcake\" that, as a lawyer for Altrucell, Marshall would make more money in three months than he and Lily make in a year because his company has so many lawsuits against it.[6] In the season 3 episode \"The Bracket,\" he says that he is good enough at lying to avoid perjury charges. As of Season 4, his company is involved in a hostile takeover of Goliath National Bank (GNB) and consequently shifts him to the management team of the bank, but he remains a powerful executive and continues to use the same office he has had since it was first shown in Season 1. Despite this, he has suggested there is the possibility he will one day wash up on shore with no teeth or fingerprints and supposedly has come under attack by ninjas in the past during work. In Season 4, during the episode \"Happily Ever After\", Barney states to a woman that he is an \"Attorney in Law\", though this was probably just part of a pick-up line as he immediately followed it with \"Let's talk about getting you off\". His video resume was published in Season 4 episode \"The Possimpible\".[16] In a season 8 episode, it was implied that the full extent of Barney's career might never be revealed.", "The Flintstones. Fred Flintstone physically resembles both the voice actor who played him, Alan Reed, and Jackie Gleason, whose series, The Honeymooners, inspired The Flintstones.[12] The voice of Barney Rubble was provided by voice actor Mel Blanc, though five episodes during the second season (the first, second, fifth, sixth, and ninth) employed Hanna-Barbera regular Daws Butler while Blanc was incapacitated by a near-fatal car accident. Blanc was able to return to the series much sooner than expected, by virtue of a temporary recording studio for the entire cast set up at Blanc's bedside. Blanc's portrayal of Barney had changed considerably after the accident. In the earliest episodes, Blanc had used a much higher pitch to the point of portraying Barney as a smart-aleck. After his recovery from the accident, Blanc used a deeper voice, quite similar to the voice of the Abominable Snowman he performed in other cartoons, and was shown as somewhat dopier than before.", "Barney Rubble. Although Fred and Barney are best friends, Barney loses his patience with Fred occasionally. The best example comes in \"I Yabba-Dabba Do!\": after losing his patience with Fred for ruining Pebbles's and Bam-Bam's wedding, Barney decides to leave Bedrock. He changes his mind after Fred apologizes. Fred is often annoyed by Barney's inveterate cheerfulness, but he does truly care for him.", "Barney Gumble. Barney was inspired by Barney Rubble, Fred Flintstone's best friend and next-door neighbor from the animated series The Flintstones.[10] The writers originally wanted the character to be Homer Simpson's sidekick and next-door neighbor, but instead, while still portraying him as Homer's best friend, they decided to make him an alcoholic. Ned Flanders would become the next-door neighbor instead.[10] \"Barney was taking the standard sitcom sidekick and just making him as pathetic as possible,\" said Matt Groening, the creator of The Simpsons.[11] The writers drew further inspiration from Crazy Guggenheim, a character played by comedian Frank Fontaine on The Jackie Gleason Show.[11] Part of the reason the writers went in that direction, according to Groening, was because of \"a sort of unspoken rule about not having drinking on television as a source of comedy. So, of course, we went right for it.\"[11] The writers also patterned the character after Norm Peterson (George Wendt), a character from the sitcom Cheers.[12]", "Seth MacFarlane. In 2011, it was announced that MacFarlane would be reviving The Flintstones for the Fox network, with the first episode airing in 2013.[109][110][111] MacFarlane said that he would provide the voice of Barney Rubble.[112] However, at the San Diego Comic-Con in July 2012, while promoting Ted, MacFarlane revealed that the project had been shelved due to the unimpressed response garnered by Fox.[113]", "Barney Stinson. Throughout the series, Barney frequently refuses to say what he does for a living, brushing off any questions about his job with a dismissive \"Please.\"", "Barney Fife. Like Andy, who was stationed in France, Barney served in World War II, although he was a file clerk who never left the United States (he stated that \"me and this other fella ran the PX library\" on Staten Island). Barney was nevertheless proud of his war record: \"I did my part to lick the dreaded Hun,\" he boasted in the \"Quiet Sam\" episode.", "Barney Rubble. During the fourth season of the original series, Betty and Barney found an abandoned infant on their doorstep, by the name of \"Bam-Bam\". A court battle ensued between the couple and a wealthy man who also had wanted to adopt Bam-Bam. Barney and Betty were successful in their efforts to adopt Bam-Bam because the wealthy man gave up (after winning the case) upon learning his wife became pregnant, after which he became a staple character on the series.[11] For the next nine episodes (though Bam-Bam aired on \"Kleptomaniac Pebbles\" in the opening scene teaser but not in the body of the episode but would return two episodes later) after Bam-Bam's debut, no sign of him is seen on the show. This was because, while \"Little Bam Bam\" was made after these episodes, it aired before. Once more episodes were made Bam-Bam aired regularly. In the fifth season, the family buys a pet hopparoo (a combination of a kangaroo and dinosaur) named Hoppy.", "Mel Blanc. Years later, Blanc revealed that during his recovery, his son Noel \"ghosted\" several Warner Bros. cartoons' voice tracks for him. Warner Bros. had also asked Stan Freberg to provide the voice for Bugs Bunny, but Freberg declined, out of respect for Blanc. At the time of the accident, Blanc was also serving as the voice of Barney Rubble in The Flintstones. His absence from the show was relatively brief; Daws Butler provided the voice of Barney for a few episodes, after which the show's producers set up recording equipment in Blanc's hospital room and later at his home to allow him to work from there. Some of the recordings were made while he was in full-body cast as he lay flat on his back with the other Flintstones co-stars gathered around him.[23] He also returned to The Jack Benny Program to film the program's 1961 Christmas show, moving around by crutches and a wheelchair.[24]", "Mel Blanc. In 1960, after the expiration of his exclusive contract with Warner Bros., Blanc continued working for WB, but also began providing voices for the TV cartoons produced by Hanna-Barbera; his most famous roles during this time were Barney Rubble of The Flintstones and Cosmo Spacely of The Jetsons. His other voice roles for Hanna-Barbara included Dino the Dinosaur, Secret Squirrel, Speed Buggy, and Captain Caveman, as well as voices for Wally Gator and The Perils of Penelope Pitstop.", "The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas. Young bachelors and best friends Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble have recently qualified as crane operators at Slate & Company. Soon to be employed, now they want dates, and little green alien The Great Gazoo, exiled to Earth by his species, offers to help, although only they can see him. Meanwhile, Wilma Slaghoople wants a normal life and activities, like bowling, despite her controlling mother Pearl, who wants her to marry smooth casino-owner Chip Rockefeller. Wilma angrily runs away to Bronto King in Bedrock. Waitress Betty O'Shale mistakes her as \"caveless\", and offers to share her apartment, and gets her a job.", "Petticoat Junction. Linda Kaye Henning said that her father, \"wrote the series for Bea Benaderet.\" [11] Paul Henning thought the show would make an ideal starring vehicle for the veteran character actress. Since the 1930s, Benaderet had played second-banana roles on radio and television to such personalities as Jack Benny, Lucille Ball, and George Burns and Gracie Allen. She was an uncredited voice actress for many Warner Bros. cartoons, and provided the voice of Betty Rubble on The Flintstones. She also played the semiregular character Cousin Pearl Bodine on season one of The Beverly Hillbillies. Henning felt that Benaderet had more than paid her dues and had earned the right to headline her own series.", "Barney Gumble. Barnard \"Barney\" Gumble[1] is a fictional character on the American animated sitcom The Simpsons. The character is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared in the series premiere episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". He is the town drunk of Springfield and Homer Simpson's best friend. His desperation for alcohol is a frequent butt of jokes on the show. Barney sobered up in the episode \"Days of Wine and D'oh'ses\", which was co-written by Castellaneta, and stayed sober for several seasons. Barney was inspired by the cartoon character Barney Rubble from The Flintstones and by several barflies from other television programs. In 2004, Castellaneta won an Emmy Award for voicing various characters, including Barney.", "Barney Rubble. Also, in season one, the first fifteen episodes or so, Barney's voice, done by Mel Blanc sounded similar to Elmer Fudd. Later that season, Barney's smart alecky personality was slowly toned down and Barney's voice at times was like Elmer Fudd and other times in the same episode was Mel Blanc's real voice. At the end of the first season, Mel Blanc nearly died in a car crash so for the first episodes made in the 61-62 season (season 2), Barney sounds more like Yogi Bear as he is voiced by Daws Butler. When Mel Blanc resumed the role, Barney's voice was deeper as Mel used his actual voice from there on in.", "Barney Rubble. In early episodes, Barney had a New Jersey accent, but was soon changed to a deeper, more chuckle-like voice. In \"On the Rocks\" and the late 2000s his Jersey accent returns.", "Barney Stinson. Barnabas \"Barney\" Stinson is a fictional character portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris and created by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas for the CBS television series How I Met Your Mother. One of the main characters, Barney is a womanizer who uses many 'plays' in his 'playbook' to help him have sex with women. The character is known for his love of wearing expensive suits, laser tag, alcohol and various catchphrases, including \"Suit up!\", \"Legendary\", \"Wait for it\" (often combining the two as \"legen—wait for it—dary!\"), and \"Daddy's home\". In later seasons, he has a few serious relationships, marries, divorces, and has a child with an unnamed woman from a one-night stand.", "Barney Stinson. Harris describes Barney as a man who \"likes to create crazy situations and then sit back and watch it all go down.\"[5] He is an opportunist who manipulates any situation so that it goes his way. He is also highly competitive, and will take on \"challenges\" to complete outlandish tasks in order to prove his worth. He is proud and stubborn, and attempts to stand by his word no matter what. In \"I Heart NJ\", for example, he refuses to put down his fist unless someone offers him a fist bump. By the end of the episode, he has the same fist elevated in a sling after struggling to keep his fist up throughout the episode. In \"Lucky Penny\", when the others do not believe that he can run the New York City Marathon the next day without training, Barney immediately agrees to do so. Although he succeeds, he is unable to walk afterwards. Although he thinks of himself as worldly, Barney is sometimes extremely naive, believing many lies his mother told him well into adulthood, such as believing that Bob Barker is his father.", "Kevin Michael Richardson. In 2001, he voiced Barney Rubble in the animated movie The Flintstones: On the Rocks. In 2003, he voiced Trigon in the animated series Teen Titans. Trigon is a demonic overlord and the father of Raven. In 2004, he became the first African-American to voice the Joker in the Kids WB animated series, The Batman, a role for which he was twice nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series. In 2006, he appeared in the comedy Clerks II in which he plays a cop who notices the words \"Porch Monkey 4 Life\" written on the back of Randal Graves' work jacket. In 2008, he did the voice of Bishop for Wolverine and the X-Men. Later, he did the voice of Nick Fury on The Super Hero Squad Show.", "Mel Blanc. He later voiced characters for Hanna-Barbera's television cartoons, including Barney Rubble on The Flintstones and Mr. Spacely on The Jetsons. Blanc was also the original voice of Woody Woodpecker for Universal Pictures and provided vocal effects for the Tom and Jerry cartoons directed by Chuck Jones for MGM, replacing William Hanna. During the golden age of radio, Blanc also frequently performed on the programs of famous comedians from the era, including Jack Benny, Abbott and Costello, Burns and Allen and Judy Canova.[2]", "Barney Gumble. Barney was rescued from a tar pit by Bart's pet elephant Stampy in \"Bart Gets an Elephant\" and he also started a snowplowing business rivaling Homer's in \"Mr. Plow\". Barney's commercial defamed Homer, causing Homer to lose his customers. As revenge, Homer fooled Barney into plowing a driveway on Widow's Peak, a treacherous mountain just outside Springfield. When Homer saw a news report showing that Barney had become trapped in an avalanche, Homer immediately drove to the mountain and rescued Barney. The friends resolved their differences and agreed to work together. However, a heat wave hit Springfield at that exact moment, driving them both out of business.[4] However, in the episodes \"O Brother, Where Bart Thou?\" and \"Miracle on Evergreen Terrace\" it is shown that Barney still drives his Plow King truck.", "Gertrude Ederle. She is mentioned in Episode 11 of the first season of Barney Miller by the Bird Man character Roland Gusik, as being one who lived her dreams, and did not allow them to be stopped.", "The Flintstones (film). The Flintstones is a 1994 American buddy comedy film directed by Brian Levant and written by Tom S. Parker, Jim Jennewein, and Steven E. de Souza. It is a live-action motion picture adaptation of the 1960â€“1966 animated television series of the same name. The film stars John Goodman as Fred Flintstone, Rick Moranis as Barney Rubble, Elizabeth Perkins as Wilma Flintstone, and Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rubble, along with Kyle MacLachlan as a villainous executive-vice president of Fred's company, Halle Berry as his seductive secretary and Elizabeth Taylor (in her final theatrical film appearance), as Pearl Slaghoople, Wilma's mother. The B-52's (as The BC-52's in the film) performed their version of the cartoon's theme song." ]	[ 2.7109375, 1.7890625, -2.88671875, -0.3935546875, -1.5595703125, -2.537109375, 1.171875, 0.025299072265625, -0.50927734375, -1.439453125, -1.6611328125, -3.009765625, -2.0859375, -1.7177734375, -5.015625, -1.2177734375, -3.8515625, -0.7587890625, -4.37109375, -3.580078125, -1.255859375, -7.53515625, 0.396240234375, -1.4755859375, -2.591796875, -2.841796875, -2.205078125, -5.75390625, -3.8125, 0.6083984375, -8.2109375, -3.96484375 ]
which has a greater tidal range spring or neap tides	[ "Tidal range. The most extreme tidal range occurs during spring tides, when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are aligned (syzygy), reinforcing each other in the same direction ([new moon]]) or in opposite directions (full moon). During neap tides, when the Moon and Sun's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature (making a right angle to the Earth's orbit), the difference between high and low tides is smaller. Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon's phases. The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox, if coincidental with a spring tide.", "Tide. Spring tides result in high waters that are higher than average, low waters that are lower than average, 'slack water' time that is shorter than average, and stronger tidal currents than average. Neaps result in less-extreme tidal conditions. There is about a seven-day interval between springs and neaps.", "Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore, in the northern portion of the Bay, experiences a noticeable modulation to form its mixed tidal nature during spring vs. neap tides. Spring tides, when the sun-earth-moon system forms a line, cause the largest tidal amplitudes during lunar monthly tidal variations. In contrast, neap tides, when the sun-earth-moon system forms a right angle, are muted, and in a semi-diurnal tidal system (such as that seen at the CBBT site) this can be seen as a lowest intertidal range.", "Tide. When the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter, the Sun and Moon are separated by 90° when viewed from the Earth, and the solar tidal force partially cancels the Moon's. At these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is at its minimum; this is called the neap tide, or neaps. Neap is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning \"without the power\", as in forđganges nip (forth-going without-the-power).[10]", "Tidal range. The tidal range is the vertical difference between the high tide and the succeeding low tide.", "Bay of Fundy. “The Natural World, Greatest Tides: The greatest tides in the world occur in the Bay of Fundy.... Burntcoat Head in the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia, has the greatest mean spring range with 14.5 metres (47.5 feet) and an extreme range of 16.3 metres (53.5 feet).”", "Tide. When the Earth, moon, and sun are in line (sun–Earth–moon, or sun–moon–Earth) the two main influences combine to produce spring tides; when the two forces are opposing each other as when the angle moon–Earth–sun is close to ninety degrees, neap tides result. As the moon moves around its orbit it changes from north of the equator to south of the equator. The alternation in high tide heights becomes smaller, until they are the same (at the lunar equinox, the moon is above the equator), then redevelop but with the other polarity, waxing to a maximum difference and then waning again.", "Tide. The semi-diurnal range (the difference in height between high and low waters over about half a day) varies in a two-week cycle. Approximately twice a month, around new moon and full moon when the Sun, Moon, and Earth form a line (a configuration known as a syzygy[9]), the tidal force due to the sun reinforces that due to the Moon. The tide's range is then at its maximum; this is called the spring tide. It is not named after the season, but, like that word, derives from the meaning \"jump, burst forth, rise\", as in a natural spring.", "Tide. Neap tide: Sun and Moon at 90Â°", "Tide. Neap tide: Sun and Moon at 270Â°", "Cook Strait. The power generated by tidal marine turbines varies as the cube of the tidal speed. Because the tidal speed doubles, eight times more tidal power is produced during spring tides than at neaps.[18]", "Tide. The first known sea-level record of an entire springâ€“neap cycle was made in 1831 on the Navy Dock in the Thames Estuary. Many large ports had automatic tide gauge stations by 1850.", "Tide. The Highest Astronomical Tide is the perigean spring tide when both the sun and moon are closest to the Earth.", "Tidal range. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth. The tidal range is not constant but changes depending on the locations of the sun and the moon.", "Tide. The Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder collates many tidal observations, e.g., the spring tides are a few days after (or before) new and full moon and are highest around the equinoxes, though Pliny noted many relationships now regarded as fanciful. In his Geography, Strabo described tides in the Persian Gulf having their greatest range when the moon was furthest from the plane of the equator. All this despite the relatively small amplitude of Mediterranean basin tides. (The strong currents through the Euripus Strait and the Strait of Messina puzzled Aristotle.) Philostratus discussed tides in Book Five of The Life of Apollonius of Tyana. Philostratus mentions the moon, but attributes tides to \"spirits\". In Europe around 730 AD, the Venerable Bede described how the rising tide on one coast of the British Isles coincided with the fall on the other and described the time progression of high water along the Northumbrian coast.", "Tide. The changing distance separating the Moon and Earth also affects tide heights. When the Moon is closest, at perigee, the range increases, and when it is at apogee, the range shrinks. Every 7 1⁄2 lunations (the full cycles from full moon to new to full), perigee coincides with either a new or full moon causing perigean spring tides with the largest tidal range. Even at its most powerful this force is still weak,[11] causing tidal differences of inches at most.[12]", "Ice-sheet dynamics. Tidal effects are also important; the influence of a 1 m tidal oscillation can be felt as much as 100 km from the sea.[4] On an hour-to-hour basis, surges of ice motion can be modulated by tidal activity. During larger spring tides, an ice stream will remain almost stationary for hours at a time, before a surge of around a foot in under an hour, just after the peak high tide; a stationary period then takes hold until another surge towards the middle or end of the falling tide.[12][13] At neap tides, this interaction is less pronounced, without tides surges would occur more randomly, approximately every 12 hours.[12]", "Tidal range. The tidal range has been classified[5] as:", "Bay of Fundy. Leaf Basin has only been measured in recent years, whereas the Fundy system has been measured for many decades. The tide at Leaf Basin is higher on average than tides at Minas Basin; however, the highest recorded tidal ranges ever measured are at Burntcoat Head and result from spring tides measured at the peak of the tidal cycle every 18 years.", "Sea. Most places experience two high tides each day, occurring at intervals of about 12 hours and 25 minutes, half the period that it takes for the Earth to make a complete revolution and return the Moon to its previous position relative to an observer. The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun, but it is 400 times closer to the Earth.[56] Tidal force or tide-raising force decreases rapidly with distance, so the moon has more than twice as great an effect on tides as the Sun.[56] A bulge is formed in the ocean at the place where the Earth is closest to the Moon, because it is also where the effect of the Moon's gravity is stronger. On the opposite side of the Earth, the lunar force is at its weakest and this causes another bulge to form. These bulges rotate around the Earth as the moon does. The Sun's effect is less powerful but, when the Sun, Moon and Earth are all aligned at the full and new moons, the combined effect results in the high \"spring tides\". In contrast, when the Sun is at 90Â° from the Moon as viewed from Earth, the combined gravitational effect on tides is correspondingly reduced, causing the lower \"neap tides\".[54]", "Tidal range. Tidal data for coastal areas is published by the national hydrographic service of the country concerned.[1] Tidal data is based on astronomical phenomena and is predictable. Storm force winds blowing from a steady direction for a prolonged time interval combined with low barometric pressure can increase the tidal range, particularly in narrow bays. Such weather-related effects on the tide, which can cause ranges in excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding, are not calculable in advance.", "Tidal range. The typical tidal range in the open ocean is about 0.6 metres (2 feet).[citation needed] Closer to the coast, this range is much greater. Coastal tidal ranges vary globally and can differ anywhere from near zero to over 11 metres (38 feet).[2] The exact range depends on the volume of water adjacent to the coast, and the geography of the basin the water sits in. Larger bodies of water have higher ranges, and the geography can act as a funnel amplifying or dispersing the tide.[3] The world's largest tidal range of 16.3 metres (53.5 feet) occurs in Bay of Fundy, Canada,[2][4] and the United Kingdom regularly experiences tidal ranges up to 15 metres between England and Wales in the Severn Estuary. The top 50 locations with the largest tidal ranges worldwide are listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States.[2]", "Coast. Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deprossosition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however, tidal bores can erode as the waves surge up river estuaries from the ocean.[5]", "Marine habitats. Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however, tidal bores can erode as the waves surge up river estuaries from the ocean.[19]", "Tide. The theoretical amplitude of oceanic tides caused by the moon is about 54 centimetres (21 in) at the highest point, which corresponds to the amplitude that would be reached if the ocean possessed a uniform depth, there were no landmasses, and the Earth were rotating in step with the moon's orbit. The sun similarly causes tides, of which the theoretical amplitude is about 25 centimetres (9.8 in) (46% of that of the moon) with a cycle time of 12 hours. At spring tide the two effects add to each other to a theoretical level of 79 centimetres (31 in), while at neap tide the theoretical level is reduced to 29 centimetres (11 in). Since the orbits of the Earth about the sun, and the moon about the Earth, are elliptical, tidal amplitudes change somewhat as a result of the varying Earth–sun and Earth–moon distances. This causes a variation in the tidal force and theoretical amplitude of about ±18% for the moon and ±5% for the sun. If both the sun and moon were at their closest positions and aligned at new moon, the theoretical amplitude would reach 93 centimetres (37 in).", "River Mersey. The river empties into Liverpool Bay on the Irish Sea, after a total course of 68 miles (109 km). From 4 metres (13.1 ft) neap tide to 10 metres (32.8 ft) spring tide, the River Mersey has the second highest tidal range in Britain – second only to the River Severn. The narrows in the river estuary between Dingle Point on the Liverpool banks to New Brighton on the Wirral, forces water to flow faster creating a deep channel along the section of river.", "King tide. The king tides occur when the Earth, Moon and Sun are aligned at perigee and perihelion, resulting in the largest tidal range seen over the course of a year. So, tides are enhanced when the Earth is closest to the Sun around January 2 of each year. They are reduced when it is furthest from the Sun, around July 2. [2]", "Tidal range. Some of the smallest tidal ranges occur in the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Caribbean Seas. A point within a tidal system where the tidal range is almost zero is called an amphidromic point.", "Tide. Spring tide: Sun and Moon at opposite sides (180Â°)", "Lunar effect. With gradual offshore platforms during spring low tides, substantial areas of the intertidal zone are revealed, and these are the most productive and safest shellfish collecting times... Foragers should schedule visits to coastal residential sites at times during the lunar month when spring tides are present and then move slightly inland during neaps to broaden the size of the exploitable terrestrial area.", "Tide. Tide flow information is most commonly seen on nautical charts, presented as a table of flow speeds and bearings at hourly intervals, with separate tables for spring and neap tides. The timing is relative to high water at some harbour where the tidal behaviour is similar in pattern, though it may be far away.", "Bay of Fundy. The Bay of Fundy is known for having the highest tidal range in the world. Rivaled by Ungava Bay in northern Quebec, King Sound in Western Australia, Gulf of Khambhat in India, and the Severn Estuary in the UK, it has one of the highest vertical tidal ranges in the world. The Guinness Book of World Records (1975) declared that Burntcoat Head, Nova Scotia has the highest tides in the world:" ]	[ 3.54296875, 1.6376953125, 0.5859375, -0.160888671875, -3.30859375, 0.80078125, 0.1771240234375, 0.04827880859375, -2.12890625, -1.578125, 1.1376953125, -1.7744140625, -3.08203125, -3.5703125, -2.5546875, 0.91259765625, -0.350341796875, -5.31640625, -2.48046875, 0.6328125, -3.78515625, -1.154296875, -2.921875, -3.263671875, 0.47607421875, -0.1390380859375, -2.626953125, -4.58203125, -3.099609375, -1.259765625, -1.544921875, -4.35546875 ]
how many game of thrones episodes in total	[ "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016,[10] which premiered on July 16, 2017 and consisted of seven episodes.[11] The series will conclude with its eighth season, which will consist of six episodes.[12][13] As of August 27, 2017,[update] 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired, concluding the seventh season. The show's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.[3]", "Game of Thrones (2014 video game). The game is separated into six episodes, released in intervals.[1]", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R. R. Martin. The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. The series starts when House Stark, led by Lord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark (Sean Bean) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon (Mark Addy) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn (Robert's chief advisor) dies mysteriously.[1]", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series premiered on April 17, 2011, on HBO. David Benioff and D. B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger, Bernadette Caulfield and George R. R. Martin.[2][3] Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations, including Croatia, Northern Ireland, Iceland and Spain.[4][5][6] Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm Eastern Time,[7][8] and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length.[9] The first six seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray.", "Game of Thrones. Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire, still-incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels for television.[citation needed] After Game of Thrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season, the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin[63] and original content. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth.[64] Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order.[65][66] As of 2017[update], seven seasons have been ordered and filmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons.[67]", "Game of Thrones (season 4). On April 2, 2013, HBO announced it had renewed the series for a fourth season, to consist of 10 episodes.[13]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016.[1][2] Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[3]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 38 Primetime Emmy Awards,[108] 5 Screen Actors Guild Award, and a Peabody Award.[254] It holds the Emmy-award record for a scripted television series, ahead of Frasier (which received 37).[255] In 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed Game of Thrones as the 40th \"best written\" series in television history.[256] In 2015 The Hollywood Reporter placed it at number four on their \"best TV shows ever\" list,[257] while in 2016 the show was placed seventh on Empire's \"The 50 best TV shows ever\".[258] The same year Rolling Stone named it the twelfth \"greatest TV Show of all time\".[259]", "Game of Thrones. Each ten-episode season of Game of Thrones has four to six directors, who usually direct back-to-back episodes. Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes, the most episodes of the series. Alex Graves, David Nutter, Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each. Daniel Minahan directed five episodes, and Michelle MacLaren, Alik Sakharov, and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each. Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season, and Tim Van Patten directed the series' first two episodes. Neil Marshall directed two episodes, both with large battle scenes: \"Blackwater\" and \"The Watchers on the Wall\". Other directors have been Jack Bender, David Petrarca, Daniel Sackheim, Michael Slovis and Matt Shakman.[105] David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have directed two episodes together but only credited one each episode, which was determined after a coin toss.[62][106]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season.[57] In a June 2016 interview with Variety, co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[58][59] Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes.[60] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[58] HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[4] Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16.[61] The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes.[62] The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes â€“ around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively.[63] The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \"The Winds of Winter\", which ran for 69 minutes.[62]", "Game of Thrones (season 6). The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50â€“60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners.[1] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth season, which began filming in July 2015[2][3] primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million.", "Game of Thrones (season 3). The ten episodes of the third season are longer than the previous seasons', about 54 or 57 minutes as opposed to about 52.[20] The season's budget was reported to be around 50 million U.S. dollars.[21]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating that after season six, they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[28][29] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said, \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[28] HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[30] Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason.[31]", "Game of Thrones (season 5). The gross viewing figure per episode for the show, which include streaming, DVR recordings and repeat showings, averaged at 20 million this season.[67][68]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013, the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season, which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons.[163] Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3.[164] Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014, HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season.[165] Season 5 premiered on April 12, 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year, winning 12 out of 24 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series.[166][167] These episodes were watched by 8Â million viewers, setting a record number for the series.[168] The sixth season premiered on April 24, 2016.[169] These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23, winning 12, including the award for Outstanding Drama Series.[170]", "Game of Thrones. The ten episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones were released as a DVD and Blu-ray box set on March 6, 2012. The box set includes extra background and behind-the-scenes material but no deleted scenes, since nearly all the footage shot for the first season was used in the show.[147] The box set sold over 350,000 copies in the first week after release, the largest first-week DVD sales ever for an HBO series, and the series set an HBO-series record for digital-download sales.[148] A collector's-edition box set was released in November 2012, combining the DVD and Blu-ray versions of the first season with the first episode of season two. A paperweight in the shape of a dragon egg is included in the set.[149]", "Game of Thrones (season 1). The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17, 2011, at 9.00 pm in the U.S., and concluded on June 19, 2011. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 55 minutes. The series is based on A Game of Thrones, the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast. In March 2010, HBO ordered the first season, which began filming in July 2010, primarily in Belfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta.", "George R. R. Martin. HBO Productions purchased the television rights for the entire A Song of Ice and Fire series in 2007 and began airing the fantasy series on their US premium cable channel on April 17, 2011. Titled Game of Thrones, it ran weekly for ten episodes, each approximately an hour long.[54] Although busy completing A Dance With Dragons and other projects, George R. R. Martin was heavily involved in the production of the television series adaptation of his books. Martin's involvement included the selection of a production team and participation in scriptwriting; the opening credits list him as a co-executive producer of the series. The series was renewed shortly after the first episode aired.", "Winter Is Coming. The first episode of Game of Thrones obtained 2.2 million viewers in its premiere airing, with an additional 2 million viewers in the reruns aired during the same night. The day after the premiere HBO aired the episode six additional times, adding another 1.2 million to the viewer's figures.[40] Reruns aired during the following week upped the total viewership to 6.8 million.[41]", "Game of Thrones (season 5). The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015.[1] It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50â€“60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, A Storm of Swords, as well as the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter.[2][3][4] It also contains original content not found in Martin's novels.[5] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad, active, international fan base. It has been acclaimed by critics, particularly for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity and violence (including sexual violence) has been criticized. The series has received 38 Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016, more than any other primetime scripted television series. Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation (2012–2014), a 2011 Peabody Award, and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama (2012 and 2015–2017). Of the ensemble cast, Peter Dinklage has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2011 and 2015) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (2012) for his performance as Tyrion Lannister. Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, Kit Harington, Maisie Williams, Diana Rigg, and Max von Sydow have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series.", "A Song of Ice and Fire. With the popularity of the series growing, HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007.[52] A pilot episode was produced in late 2009, and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010.[158] The series, titled Game of Thrones, premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings (see Game of Thrones: Reception). The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later.[159] Shortly after the conclusion of the first season, the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister.[160] HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012, ten days after the season 2 premiere.[161] Due to the length of the corresponding book, the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords.[162]", "List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones. The series, mostly written by Benioff, Weiss and Martin, has been nominated for many awards, including six Golden Globe Awards (one win),[4] nine Writers Guild of America Awards,[5] six Producers Guild of America Awards (one win), five Directors Guild of America Awards (two wins), six Art Directors Guild Awards (four wins), eighteen Saturn Awards (two wins),[6] thirteen Satellite Awards (two wins), and one Peabody Award.[7] The series has received 110 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including six consecutive Outstanding Drama Series nominations, with 38 wins to date.[8] Game of Thrones received many nominations, with awards recognizing various aspects of the series such as directing, writing, cast, visual effects, or overall quality.", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones used seven writers in six seasons. Series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, the showrunners, write most of the episodes each season.[59]", "List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones has won 38 out of 110 nominations.[11] Peter Dinklage has been nominated for the best supporting actor six times in a row for playing Tyrion Lannister, with an win in 2011 and 2015. Showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have won twice for writing. Game of Thrones has six nominations for the best drama series, winning two in 2015 and 2016. Both David Nutter and Miguel Sapochnik have won for directing. Game of Thrones holds the Emmy-award record for most wins for a scripted television series, ahead of Frasier (which received 37).[87]", "Game of Thrones (2014 video game). Game of Thrones is an episodic point-and-click graphic adventure fantasy drama video game, released as 6 episodes following the model of Telltale's previous adventure games.[11] The player is able to move their character around some scenes, interacting with objects and initiating conversation trees with non-player characters. Choices made by the player influence events in future episodes. The game switches between the viewpoints of five different characters.[12]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times,[130] making Game of Thrones the most-pirated television series in 2017.[131]", "List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones. At the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards the show's fifth season was nominated for 24 awards. The show ultimately won twelve awards, setting a new record for most Emmy wins by a series in a single year, replacing the previous holder The West Wing's nine wins, and tying that show and Hill Street Blues for the most wins by a drama series throughout its run.[13] At the nominee announcement for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards, the show's sixth season received the most nominations of any show with 23. The show yet again won twelve awards, setting the same record for most Emmy wins by a series in a single year.[11]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. In some countries, it aired the day after its first release.[67]", "A Game of Thrones. A Game of Thrones follows three principal storylines simultaneously.", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The second season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50â€“60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of A Clash of Kings, the second novel of the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the second season on April 19, 2011, which began filming in July 2011, primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia and Iceland." ]	[ 6.87890625, 4.08203125, -0.75927734375, 3.806640625, 2.99609375, 3.3671875, 3.494140625, -1.6220703125, 3.427734375, 2.638671875, 4.0390625, 2.142578125, 3.9765625, 2.427734375, -0.89208984375, -0.2568359375, 1.0390625, 2.7734375, 1.595703125, 0.06292724609375, 2.650390625, 0.71728515625, -0.5556640625, -0.99658203125, 1.052734375, -2.548828125, 2.560546875, -0.371337890625, -1.2216796875, -1.728515625, -0.642578125, 2.064453125 ]
where does the red cross symbol come from	[ "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The red cross symbolizes as an identifier for medical personnel during wartime. The Red Cross is defined as a protection symbol in Article 7 of the 1864 Geneva Convention, Chapter VII (\"The distinctive emblem\") and Article 38 of the 1949 Geneva Convention (\"For the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field\"). There is an unofficial agreement within the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement that the shape of the cross should be a cross composed of five squares.[2] However, regardless of the shape, any Red Cross on white background should be valid and must be recognized as a protection symbol in conflict. Of the 190 National Societies which are currently recognized by the ICRC, 154 are using the Red Cross as their official organization emblem.", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The Red Crescent emblem was first used by ICRC volunteers during the armed conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (1876â€“1878). The symbol was officially adopted in 1929, and so far 33 states in the Muslim world have recognized it. In common with the official promotion of the red cross symbol as a colour reversal of the Swiss flag (rather than a religious symbol), the red crescent is similarly presented as being derived from a colour reversal of the flag of the Ottoman Empire.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The Red Cross on white background was the original protection symbol declared at the 1864 Geneva Convention. The ideas to introduce a uniform and neutral protection symbol as well as its specific design originally came from Dr. Louis Appia, a Swiss surgeon, and Swiss General Henri Dufour, founding members of the International Committee.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. In popular culture, the red cross symbol came to be a recognisable generic emblem for medicine, commonly associated with first aid, medical services, products, or professionals; it has been unlawfully used in toys, movies, and video games, outside its defined context. After objections from the movement, derivatives and alternatives have come to be used instead. Additionally, Johnson & Johnson has registered the symbol for their medicinal products. The appropriation of the symbol has led to further irritation due to the practice of hospitals, first aid teams, and ski patrols in the United States reversing the symbol to a white cross on a red background – so undoing the original idea of the Red Cross emblem, namely reversing the Swiss flag – thus inappropiately suggesting an affiliation with Switzerland.[1]", "First aid. Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official protective symbol of the Red Cross. According to the Geneva Conventions and other international laws, the use of this and similar symbols is reserved for official agencies of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent, and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in combat situations. Use by any other person or organization is illegal, and may lead to prosecution.", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The Red Cross flag is the colour-switched version of the Flag of Switzerland. In 1906, to put an end to the argument of the Ottoman Empire that the flag took its roots from Christianity, it was decided to promote officially the idea that the Red Cross flag had been formed by reversing the federal colours of Switzerland, although no clear evidence of this origin had ever been found.[19]", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. According to the ICRC, the emblem adopted was formed by reversing the colours of the Swiss flag of Switzerland.[3] This was officially recorded in the 1906 revision of the Convention.[4] However, according to jurist and Red Cross historian Pierre Boissier, no clear evidence of this origin has been found; the concept that the design was chosen to compliment the country in which the convention at which it was adopted was held, was also promoted later to counter the objections of Turkey that the flag was a Christian symbol.[5] Conversely, there is no evidence that the emblem of the Red Cross was not formed by reversing the colours of the Swiss flag.", "International Committee of the Red Cross. Under the Geneva Convention, the red cross, red crescent and red crystal emblems provide protection for military medical services and relief workers in armed conflicts and is to be placed on humanitarian and medical vehicles and buildings. The original emblem that has a red cross on a white background is the exact reverse of the flag of neutral Switzerland. It was later supplemented by two others which are the Red Crescent, and the Red Crystal. The Red Crescent was adopted by the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish war and the Red Crystal by the governments in 2005, as an additional emblem devoid of any national, political or religious connotation.[22]", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The Red Cross emblem was officially approved in Geneva in 1863.[18]", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. During the Russo-Turkish War from 1876 to 1878, the Ottoman Empire used a Red Crescent instead of the Red Cross because its government believed that the cross would alienate its Muslim soldiers. When asked by the ICRC in 1877, Russia committed to fully respect the sanctity of all persons and facilities bearing the Red Crescent symbol, followed by a similar commitment from the Ottoman government to respect the Red Cross. After this de facto assessment of equal validity to both symbols, the ICRC declared in 1878 that it should be possible in principle to adopt an additional official protection symbol for non-Christian countries. The Red Crescent was formally recognized in 1929 when the Geneva Conventions were amended (Article 19).[3] After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Red Crescent was first used by its successor nation Turkey, followed by Egypt. From its official recognition to today, the Red Crescent became the organizational emblem of nearly every national society in countries with majority Muslim populations. The national societies of some countries such as Pakistan (1974), Malaysia (1975), or Bangladesh (1989) have officially changed their name and emblem from the Red Cross to the Red Crescent. The Red Crescent is used by 33 of the 190 recognized societies worldwide.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The symbols described below have two distinctively different meanings. On one hand, the visual symbols of the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, the Red Lion with Sun and the Red Crystal serve as protection markings in armed conflicts, a denotation which is derived from and defined in the Geneva Conventions. This is called the protective use of the symbols. On the other hand, these symbols are used as distinctive logos by those organizations which are part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. This is the indicative use of the emblems, a meaning which is defined in the statutes of the International Movement and partly in the third Additional Protocol.", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Nowadays, the Red Crescent symbol is used within a few Muslim countries including Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Malaysia, and Bangladesh.[citation needed]", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. When used as an organizational logo, these symbols only indicate that persons, vehicles, buildings, etc. which bear the symbols belong to a specific organization which is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (like the ICRC, the International Federation or the national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies). In this case, they should be used with an additional specification (for example \"American Red Cross\") and not be displayed as prominently as when used as protection symbols. Three of these symbols, namely the Red Cross, the Red Crescent and the Red Crystal, can be used for indicative purposes by national societies for use in their home country or abroad. In addition to that, the Red Shield of David (Star of David) can be used by the Israel society Magen David Adom for indicative purposes within Israel, and, pending the approval of the respective host country, in combination with the Red Crystal when working abroad.", "Flag. The Red Cross on white background as a protection symbol was declared at the First Geneva Convention in 1864. The emblem was formed by reversing the colours of the Swiss flag out of respect to Switzerland.[30]", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, under the Geneva Conventions, are to be placed on humanitarian and medical vehicles and buildings, and to be worn by medical personnel and others carrying out humanitarian work, to protect them from military attack on the battlefield. There are four such emblems, three of which are in use: the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, and the Red Crystal. The Red Lion and Sun is also a recognized emblem, but is no longer in use.", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The symbol of the IFRC is the combination of the Red Cross (left) and Red Crescent (right) on a white background surrounded by a red rectangular frame.", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Due to Geneva's location in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, the ICRC usually acts under its French name ComitÃ© international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR). The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background with the words \"COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE\" circling the cross.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. In 1922, a Red Swastika Society was formed in China during the Warlord era. The swastika is used in East Asia as a symbol to represent Dharma or Buddhism in general. While the organization has organized philanthropic relief projects (both domestic and international), as a sectarian religious body it is ineligible for recognition from the International Committee. Its headquarters are now in Taiwan.", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The Red Cross flag is not to be confused with the Saint George's Cross which is on the flag of England, Barcelona, Georgia, Freiburg im Breisgau, and several other places. In order to avoid this confusion the protected symbol is sometimes referred to as the \"Greek Red Cross\" (now Hellenic Red Cross); that term is also used in United States law to describe the Red Cross. The red cross of the Saint George cross extends to the edge of the flag, whereas the red cross on the Red Cross flag does not.", "Flag of Switzerland. The Red Cross symbol used by the International Committee of the Red Cross, a red cross on white background, was the original protection symbol declared at the first Geneva Convention, the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field of 1864. According to the ICRC the design was based on the Swiss flag by reversing of the colours of that flag, in order to honor Switzerland, where the first Geneva Convention was held, and its inventor and co-founder, the Swiss Henry Dunant.[9]", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. As a protection symbol, they are used in armed conflicts to mark persons and objects (buildings, vehicles, etc.) which are working in compliance with the rules of the Geneva Conventions. In this function, they can also be used by organizations and objects which are not part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, for example the medical services of the armed forces, civilian hospitals, and civil defense units. As protection symbols, these emblems should be used without any additional specification (textual or otherwise) and in a prominent manner which makes them as visible and observable as possible, for example by using large white flags bearing the symbol. Four of these symbols, namely the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, the Red Lion with Sun and the Red Crystal, are defined in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols as symbols for protective use.", "Combat medic. The International Committee of the Red Cross, a private humanitarian institution based in Switzerland, provided the first official symbol for medical personnel. The first Geneva convention, originally called for \"Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field,\" officially adopted the red cross on a field of white as the identifying emblem. This symbol was meant to signify to enemy combatants that the medic qualifies as a non-combatant, at least while providing medical care.[6] Islamic countries use a Red Crescent instead. During the 1876â€“1878 war between Russia and Turkey, the Ottoman Empire declared that it would use a red crescent instead of a red cross as its emblem, although it agreed to respect the red cross used by the other side. Although these symbols were officially sponsored by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the Magen David Adom (\"MDA\"), Israel's emergency relief service, used the Magen David (a red star of David on a white background). Israeli medics still wear the Magen David. To enable MDA to become a fully recognized and participating member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Protocol III was adopted. It is an amendment to the Geneva Conventions relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem and authorizes the use of a new emblem, known as the third protocol emblem or the Red Crystal. For indicative use on foreign territory, any national society can incorporate its unique symbol into the Red Crystal. Under Protocol III, the MDA will continue to employ the red Magen David for domestic use, and will employ the red crystal on international relief missions.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. In 1905, when Congress was revising the ARC's charter, the issue of pre-existing rights to use the emblem was again raised. Lawmakers reiterated Congress' intent that the prohibitions on use of the Red Cross name and emblem did not make unlawful the use of the Greek red cross by those with otherwise established rights. However, these sentiments were again not reflected in the Red Cross charter revision. At the time of the 1905 revision, the number of trademark registrations with a Greek red cross had grown to 61, including several by Johnson & Johnson. Concerned over potential pre-emption, commercial users lobbied for codification of their existing trademark rights.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. On 6 June 1900, the bill to charter the American National Red Cross (ARC) was signed into law. Section 4, which ultimately was codified as 18 U.S.C. ยง706, protected the Greek red cross symbol by making it a misdemeanor for any person or association to use the Red Cross name or emblem without the organization's permission. Penalties included imprisonment not to exceed one year and a fine between $1 and $500, payable to the ARC. There had been seven trademark registrations for Greek red crosses by entities unrelated to the Red Cross at the time the ARC was incorporated. The existence of these users was recognized in congressional discussion of the act. However, lawmakers took no action to prohibit the rights of these earlier users.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Magen David Adom, the national society of Israel, has used the Red Shield of David as its organization emblem since its foundation. The Red Shield of David was initially proposed as an addition to the Red Cross, Red Crescent, and Red Lion with Sun in 1931. The proposal was rejected by the ICRC, like the Mehrab-e-Ahmar (Red Archway) symbol of the national aid society of Afghanistan four years later, as well as a wide range of other proposals, due to concerns about symbol proliferation.[8] Israel again tried to establish the emblem as a third protection symbol in the context of the Geneva Conventions, but a respective proposal was narrowly defeated when the Geneva Conventions were adopted by governments in 1949. As the Red Shield of David is not a recognized protection symbol under the Geneva Conventions, Magen David Adom's recognition as a national society by the ICRC was long delayed.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. In 1910, Congress formally established that lawful use of the Red Cross name and emblem that began prior to 5 January 1905, could continue, but only if that use was \"for the same purpose and for the same class of goods.\" Later, the U.S. ratified the 1949 revisions to the Geneva Conventions with a specific reservation that pre-1905 Red Cross trademarks would not be disturbed as long as the Red Cross is not used on \"aircraft, vessels, vehicles, buildings or other structures, or upon the ground\", all of which are likely to be confused with military uses.[24]", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal, and Red Lion and Sun emblems are protected under the Trade-marks Act, section 9(1), paragraphs f, g, g.1, and h, respectively:[20]", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. For over 50 years, Israel requested the addition of a red Star of David, arguing that since Christian and Muslim emblems were recognized, the corresponding Jewish emblem should be as well. This emblem has been used by Magen David Adom (MDA), or Red Star of David, the national first-aid society of Israel of 1930, but it is not recognized by the Geneva Conventions as a protected symbol.[23] The first use of the ″Magen David Adom″ was during the Anglo Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902) when it was used by the Ambulance Corps founded by Ben Zion Aaron in Johannesburg as a first aid corps to assist the Boer forces. Permission was given by President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic for the Star of David to be used as its insignia, rather than the conventional red cross.[24]", "First aid kit. Symbol of the Red Cross", "Johnson & Johnson. Johnson & Johnson registered the Red Cross as a U.S. trademark for \"medicinal and surgical plasters\" in 1905 and has used the design since 1887.[107] The Geneva Conventions, which reserved the Red Cross emblem for specific uses, were first approved in 1864 and ratified by the United States in 1882. However, the emblem was not protected by U.S. law for the use of the American Red Cross and the U.S. military until after Johnson & Johnson had obtained its trademark. A clause in this law (now 18 U.S.C. 706) permits this pre-existing uses of the Red Cross to continue.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Prior to 1973, ambulances in the United States and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere were typically marked with a safety orange cross, differing from the red cross only in its hue. Toys and paintings of ambulances commonly ignored even that nuance, instead using a red cross. After protests from the American Red Cross that the safety orange cross was insufficiently distinguishable from the protected Red Cross symbol, the U.S. Department of Transportation developed the Blue Star of Life as a replacement for the safety orange cross. The blue Star of Life has since been adopted throughout much of the world on ambulances and in other related applications.", "Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. As specified by the Geneva Conventions, the four recognized emblems are to be used only to denote the following:" ]	[ 1.7998046875, 2.763671875, 4.18359375, 3.525390625, 0.32177734375, 2.15625, 4.375, 1.3583984375, 1.9580078125, 2.2578125, 1.697265625, 1.5625, -0.9921875, 2.0390625, -0.457763671875, -1.60546875, 0.57470703125, 1.3330078125, -0.794921875, 3.388671875, -0.398681640625, 0.10919189453125, -0.19775390625, -0.4560546875, 0.67578125, 0.4033203125, -2.306640625, 0.71484375, -3.505859375, 0.54931640625, -1.1318359375, -2.587890625 ]
when does star wars the last jedi play	[ "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017.[92] The European premiere was held at London's Royal Albert Hall on December 12, 2017, with a red carpet event.[93]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 15, 2017. It has grossed over $1.2Â billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 2017, the 6th-highest-grossing film in North America and the 9th-highest-grossing film of all time, as well as the second-highest-grossing film of the Star Wars franchise. It received highly positive reviews from critics, who praised its ensemble cast, visual effects, musical score, action sequences and emotional weight; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back.[7][8][9][10][11] The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, including Best Original Score for Williams and Best Visual Effects, as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. A sequel, provisionally titled Star Wars: Episode IX, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In January 2015, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017,[87] and in March, Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26, 2017.[88][89] In January 2016, The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15, 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D.[51][90] On January 23, 2017, the film's title was announced as Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[52] Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens, \"Episode VIII\" was included in the film's opening crawl, although not in its official title.[91]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In July 2013, Kennedy announced at Star Wars Celebration Europe that John Williams would return to score the Star Wars sequel trilogy.[1][79] Williams confirmed his assignment for The Last Jedi at a Tanglewood concert in August 2016,[80] stating he would begin recording the score \"off and on\" in December 2016 until March or April 2017.[81] On February 21, 2017, it was confirmed that recording was underway, with both Williams and William Ross conducting the sessions.[82][83]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII â€“ The Last Jedi) is a 2017 American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the eighth main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The ensemble cast includes Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Andy Serkis, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels and Gwendoline Christie in returning roles, with Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern and Benicio del Toro joining the cast. The film features the final film performance by Fisher, who died in December 2016, and it is dedicated to her memory. The plot follows Rey as she receives Jedi training from Luke Skywalker, in hopes of turning the tide for the Resistance in the fight against Kylo Ren and the First Order.", "John Williams. Williams wrote the music for Star Wars: The Last Jedi,[59] the eighth episode of the saga, released on December 15, 2017, and is presumed to be working on Star Wars Episode IX. Also in 2017, he composed the score for Steven Spielberg's drama film The Post.[60]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The Last Jedi was part of a new trilogy of films announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012. It was produced by Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman, with Force Awakens director J. J. Abrams as an executive producer. John Williams, composer for the previous films, returned to compose the score. Scenes that required shooting at Skellig Michael in Ireland were filmed during pre-production in September 2015, with principal photography beginning at Pinewood Studios in England in February 2016 and ending in July 2016. Post-production wrapped in September 2017.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Pre-sale tickets went on sale in the United States on October 9, 2017, and as with The Force Awakens and Rogue One, ticket service sites such as Fandango had their servers crash due to heavy traffic and demand.[99] In the United States and Canada, industry tracking had The Last Jedi grossing around $200 million from 4,232 theaters in its opening weekend.[100] The film made $45 million from Thursday night previews, the second-highest amount ever (behind The Force Awakens' $57 million).[101] It went on to make $104.8 million on its first day (including previews) and $220 million over the weekend, both the second-highest amounts of all time.[102] The opening weekend figure included an IMAX opening-weekend of $25 million, the biggest IMAX opening of the year and the second biggest ever behind The Force Awakens.[103] After dropping by 76% on its second Friday, the worst Friday-to-Friday drop in the series, the film fell by a total of 67.5% in its second weekend, grossing $71.6 million. It was the largest second-weekend drop of the franchise, although it remained atop the box office.[104] It grossed an additional $27.5 million on Christmas day, the second biggest Christmas day gross of all time behind The Force Awakens ($49.3 million), for a four-day weekend total of $99 million.[105] It made $52.4 million in its third weekend, again topping the box office. It also brought its domestic total to $517.1 million, overtaking fellow Disney vehicle Beauty and the Beast as the highest of 2017.[106] It grossed $23.7 million and was dethroned the following weekend by Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (which was in its third week) and newcomer Insidious: The Last Key.[107]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. Unlike the previous two trilogies, whose films were released approximately three years apart and released on Memorial Day weekend, the sequel films are planned to be released two years apart in December. Star Wars: The Last Jedi was released in December 2017, with Rian Johnson as screenwriter and director, and most of the cast returning.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The official soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15, 2017 in digipak CD, digital formats, and streaming services.[86]", "First Order (Star Wars). The Last Jedi follows immediately after the events of The Force Awakens, and the narrative narrowly focuses on the First Order's fleet attacking and chasing the Resistance from their only base (on the planet D'Qar). As a result, the First Order's intended galaxy-wide offensive against the decapitated New Republic is only alluded to in passing â€“ and indeed, has only just begun, given that the events of The Last Jedi itself only span a few days or weeks.", "Warwick Davis. Davis confirmed that he will appear in Star Wars: The Last Jedi in a to be determined role. The film was released in December 2017.[17]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Episode IX, the final installment of the sequel trilogy, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12] Principal photography is set to begin in June 2018.[131] Although Colin Trevorrow had been attached to direct the film, on September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down.[132] A week later, Lucasfilm announced that J. J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio. Abrams and Terrio stated that Episode IX will bring together all three trilogies, with elements from the previous two films.[133][134]", "Mark Hamill. Hamill played Luke Skywalker again in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, released on December 15, 2017.[23] Hamill was critical of his own role in The Last Jedi, stating that he and director Rian Johnson had \"a fundamental difference\" on the characterization of Luke Skywalker.[24][25][26]", "All the Money in the World. The film premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California on December 18, 2017. In the United States, the film was originally slated for a release on December 22, 2017, but two weeks prior to its debut, it was pushed to December 25, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[8]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. A set of eight promotional postage stamps were released on October 12, 2017 in the UK by the Royal Mail with artwork by Malcolm Tween.[94] On September 19, 2017, Australia Post released a set of stamp packs.[95] Tie-in promotional campaigns were done with Nissan Motors and Bell Media, among others. Two main trailers were released, followed by numerous television spots. Figurines of many of the characters were released in October, and advance tickets for Last Jedi went on sale in October.", "C-3PO. Daniels reprised his role of C-3PO in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, which was released on December 15, 2017.[11] C-3PO mostly serves as an assistant for Leia and, while she is unconscious, Poe Dameron; he spends much of the film voicing his concern over the protagonist's chances in missions such as the evacuation of D'Qar at the start of the film and Finn and Rose's mission on the Supremacy later on. At the end of the film, C-3PO has a brief reunion with \"master\" Luke Skywalker, who winks at him before confronting Kylo Ren.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In December 2015, Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that \"we haven't mapped out every single detail [of the sequel trilogy] yet\". She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with (then) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition.[50] Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski.[51] Lucasfilm announced the film's title, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, on January 23, 2017.[52]", "Star Wars (film). The film's success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 and Return of the Jedi in 1983. Star Wars was reissued multiple times at Lucas' behest, incorporating many changes including modified computer-generated effects, altered dialogue, re-edited shots, remixed soundtracks, and added scenes. A prequel trilogy was released beginning with The Phantom Menace in 1999, continuing with Attack of the Clones in 2002, and concluding with Revenge of the Sith in 2005. The film was followed by a sequel trilogy beginning with The Force Awakens in 2015. A direct prequel, Rogue One, was released in 2016. The film's fourth sequel, The Last Jedi, will be released in December 2017.", "Star Wars. Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016.[79] Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16, 2016,[80][81] as well as in Ireland in May 2016.[82] Principal photography wrapped in July 2016.[83][84][85] On December 27, 2016, Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier. Before her death, Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi.[86] The film was released on December 15, 2017.[87]", "Return of the Jedi. With the release of Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith, which depicts how and why Anakin Skywalker turned to the dark side of the Force, Lucas once again altered Return of the Jedi to bolster the relationship between the original trilogy and the prequel trilogy. The original and 1997 Special Edition versions of Return of the Jedi featured British theatre actor Sebastian Shaw playing both the dying Anakin Skywalker and his ghost. In the 2004 DVD, Shaw's portrayal of Anakin's ghost is replaced by Hayden Christensen, who portrayed Anakin in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. All three films in the original unaltered Star Wars trilogy were later released, individually, on DVD on September 12, 2006. These versions were originally slated to only be available until December 31, 2006, although they remained in print until May 2011 and were packaged with the 2004 versions again in a new box set on November 4, 2008.[38] Although the 2004 versions in these sets each feature an audio commentary, no other extra special features were included to commemorate the original cuts. The runtime of the 1997 Special Edition of the film and all subsequent releases is approximately five minutes longer than the original theatrical version.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Principal photography wrapped on July 22, 2016,[72] though as of early September 2016, Nyong'o had not filmed her scenes.[73] In February 2017, it was announced that sequences from the film were shot in IMAX.[74] Production designer Rick Heinrichs said the original screenplay called for 160 sets, double what might be expected, but that Johnson did some \"trimming and cutting\". Ultimately 125 sets were created on 14 sound stages at Pinewood Studios.[75]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Rian Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII,[181] later titled The Last Jedi.[400] It was released on December 15, 2017.[401] Some second-unit filming took place in September 2015 in Ireland,[402][403] with principal photography beginning in February 2016 at Pinewood Studios.[404][405][406] Hamill, Fisher, Driver, Ridley, Boyega, Isaac, Serkis, Nyong'o, Gleeson, Daniels, Christie, Vee, and Suotamo reprised their roles in the film, and are joined by Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern, and Benicio del Toro.[407][38][38]", "Star Wars: Episode IX. Episode IX is scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019.[36] It had originally been scheduled for May 24, 2019.[26]", "Oscar Isaac. Isaac co-starred in the epic space opera film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, released on December 18, 2015.[41] playing Poe Dameron, an X-wing pilot. He reprised the role in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, released on December 15, 2017.[42] He is set to reprise his role for the last time in Star Wars: Episode IX, the last film in the sequel trilogy.[43]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. As of January 23, 2018[update], Star Wars: The Last Jedi has grossed $605.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $692.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $1.298 billion.[6] It had a worldwide opening of $450.8 million, the fifth-biggest of all time, including $40.6 million that was attributed to IMAX screenings, the second biggest for IMAX.[96][97] It was estimated that the film would need to gross $800 million worldwide to break even.[98]", "Poe Dameron. After filming The Last Jedi but before its release, Isaac said in 2017:", "Return of the Jedi. A sequel, The Force Awakens, was released on December 18, 2015, as part of the new sequel trilogy.[11]", "Return of the Jedi. Return of the Jedi's theatrical release took place on May 25, 1983. It was originally slated to be May 27, but was subsequently changed to coincide with the date of the 1977 release of the original Star Wars film.[27] With a massive worldwide marketing campaign, illustrator Tim Reamer created the image for the movie poster and other advertising. At the time of its release, the film was advertised on posters and merchandise as simply Star Wars: Return of the Jedi, despite its on-screen \"Episode VI\" distinction. The original film was later re-released to theaters in 1985.", "Benicio del Toro. In the same month, del Toro confirmed he would play a villain in Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017).[25]", "The Imperial March. In the 2017 Star Wars: The Last Jedi, the track was briefly played after Supreme Leader Snoke compares antagonist Kylo Ren to Darth Vader, saying he saw the potential of \"A new Vader\".", "Star Wars. The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII: The Force Awakens, released on December 18, 2015." ]	[ 5.875, 6.640625, 4.12890625, 0.68603515625, 5.7578125, 1.416015625, 2.2265625, 0.8818359375, 3.80078125, 2.578125, 0.06573486328125, 1.0400390625, 2.96484375, 1.76953125, -2.140625, 0.6708984375, -0.556640625, 3.03125, 1.9736328125, 2.701171875, -1.65625, 0.71923828125, 1.2978515625, -1.4375, 0.60400390625, 0.39306640625, -2.4375, -0.277587890625, 0.2509765625, 1.017578125, 1.5341796875, -2.19921875 ]
what was the last year of the evo motor	[ "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. In October 2011, the President of Mitsubishi Motors, Osamu Masuko, confirmed to AutoCar that work on the next Evo will start in 2012 and will go on sale within the following three years. It is said that the car will feature electric power from a hybrid drivetrain, maintaining performance of 0-62Â mph time under five seconds while cutting CO2 emissions.[48]", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, also known as an 'Evo',[1] is a sports sedan based on the Lancer that was manufactured by Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi Motors from 1992 until 2016. There have been ten official versions to date, and the designation of each model is most commonly a Roman numeral. All use two litre turbocharged inline four-cylinder engines and all-wheel drive systems.[2]", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. In March 2011, rumours of discontinuation of the Lancer Evolution program started when AutoCar UK's journalist Matt Prior wrote on his interview with Gayu Uesugi, Mitsubishi's Global Product Director, and quoted him saying 'The Lancer Evolution X, Uesugi told me, will be the last Evo. \"There is still a demand [for the car],\" he said, \"but we must stop.\" Eyebrow up.'[47]", "Harley-Davidson Evolution engine. The Evolution engine (popularly known as Evo) is an air-cooled, 45-degree, V-twin engine manufactured from 1984 by Harley-Davidson for the company's motorcycles. It was made in the 1,340 cc (82 cu in) displacement for Harley-Davidson Big V-twins bikes, replacing the Shovelhead engine until 2000 when the last EVO was placed in a production factory custom FXR4 (FXR2 and FXR3 were the first CVOs). In 1999, it was replaced by the Harley-Davidson Twin Cam 88 in the Touring and Dyna model and in 2000 in the Softail models. Also available in the Sportster model beginning in 1986, it was made in the 1,100 cc (67 cu in) displacement until 1988 and is still made in the 883 cc (53.9 cu in) and 1,200 cc (73 cu in) [1] displacements for the Harley-Davidson Sportster, replacing the ironhead Sportster engine.", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The Mitsubishi Evo has recently won and made runner-up in the 2011 Australian Manufacturers' Championship.", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The USDM Lancer Evolution IX models: standard (Grand Sport Rally or \"GSR\" in some markets), RS (Rally Sport), SE (Special Edition) and MR (Mitsubishi Racing) varied slightly in their performance capabilities. Subtleties unique to each model accounted for variations in acceleration, handling and top speed. The RS excluded features that came standard on the SE and MR models (stereo system, power windows and locks, rear wiper, rear wing, trunk lining and sound insulation). The result is a weight savings of over 60 lb (27 kg). The fuel capacity remains the same as the Evo VIII at 14 U.S. gal (53 L).", "Range Rover Evoque. 2011 represented only a partial year of sales, amounting to 10% of total Land Rover sales worldwide. For 2012 and 2013, the Evoque achieved nearly 36% of total Land Rover sales.", "Range Rover Evoque. The car was launched as two distinct models (later three models for 2017): the five-door Evoque, the three-door Evoque Coupé, and the Convertible Evoque (launched as a 2017 model). The Coupé model was later discontinued after the 2017 model year while the five-door and Convertible model remained in production. All models are available in four trim levels — \"Pure\", \"Prestige\",\"Pure Plus\" and \"Dynamic\".[7] Land Rover markets the Pure as the minimalist version rather than the \"base model\" while the Prestige adds luxury options and the Dynamic focuses more on performance. Land Rover estimates 80% of North American sales will be for the five-door model.[8]", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution won ConsumerSearch's best Aggressive sports sedan in Best Sports Sedans in June 2006.[51] During 2004–2005 alone it won six major awards, being declared \"Sports Car of the Year\" in Scotland and France, \"Playboy Sports Car 2004\" in Poland, \"Best New Production Car Under €60,000\" in Greece, \"Sport Compact Car of the Year\" in 2004 and 2005 (Sport Compact Car magazine) and \"2005 All-Star\" (Automobile magazine) in the United States and Motor magazine's Best \"Bang for Your Bucks\" Australia.[52] Also in 2004, the Lancer Evo was presented with the Editors' Choice Award by Grassroots Motorsports.[53] The Lancer Evolution X was named as the \"Best Performance Car under $50K\" by Canadian TV show Motoring 2009, and won the Automobile Journalists Association of Canada's 2009 \"Best New Technology\" award.[54] It was also nominated as one of the top 10 \"World Performance Car of the Year\",[55] won the Automotive Excellence Awards' 2008 \"Fun to Drive\" category,[56] and took Dave TV's \"Sports Car of the Year\" award in 2008.[57]", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. Yet another special edition Evolution VI was released in December 1999: the Tommi Mäkinen Edition, named after Finnish rally driver Tommi Mäkinen who had won Mitsubishi four WRC drivers championships. It featured a different front bumper, Red/Black Recaro seats (with embossed T. Mäkinen logo), 17\" Enkei white wheels, a leather Momo steering wheel and shift knob, a titanium turbine that spooled up more quickly, front upper strut brace, lowered ride height (with tarmac stages in mind), and a quicker steering ratio. Amongst other colours, the Evo VI came in either red (Tommi Mäkinen Edition only), white, blue, black or silver with optional special decals, replicating Tommi Mäkinen's rally car's colour scheme. This car is also sometimes referred to as an Evolution 6½, Evolution 6.5, or TME for short.", "Mitsubishi Lancer. In August 2005, all Lancers were upgraded to the 2.4-liter 4G69 engine, producing 115 kW (154 hp) and 220 N·m (162 lb·ft) of torque. The upgraded engine also saw a change in trim levels and upgraded equipment—the ES and LS models now featured a more upmarket looking black interior, while the VR-X gained a new black grille to closer resemble the Lancer Evolution IX. The equipment levels of all models were also upgraded, with the LS and VR-X gaining climate control, and a premium audio system sourced from the luxury Mitsubishi Verada. The Exceed model was discontinued, and all updated models now used JDM sized rear bumpers instead of the larger USDM sized versions. Additionally, the wagon also saw these changes; and as of 2007, continues to be sold alongside the sedan.", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The tenth and final generation of the Lancer Evolution was launched in Japan in 2007, and overseas markets in 2008.", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The Lancer platform was completely changed in 1996, and along with it, the Evolution, which had become extremely popular throughout the world. The engine and transaxle were rotated 180° to better balance the weight and eliminate torque steer. There were two versions available, The RS and GSR. The RS version was produced as a competition car with a limited-slip front differential and a friction type LSD at the rear. It also came with GLX seats and a choice of either 16\" or 17\" OZ light weight racing wheels. The RS also had wind up windows, optional air conditioning in some models, and a few extra brace bars to strengthen the chassis, one behind the front grill and the other across the boot floor. The GSR and the RS shared a new twin scroll turbocharger which helped to improve response and increase power to 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp) at 6,500 rpm and 330 N⋅m (243 lb⋅ft) torque at 4,000 rpm. Mitsubishi's new Active Yaw Control appeared as a factory option on the GSR model, which used steering, throttle input sensors and g sensors to computer-hydraulically control torque split individually to the rear wheels and as a result the 10000 Evolution IVs produced all sold quickly. The Evolution IV can be distinguished by its two large fog lights in the front bumper (option on RS version), and the newly designed tail lights on the rear, which became a standard design to Evolution V, which would become yet another trademark of the Evolution series. This new generation was slightly heavier than previous Evos—the GSR in particular due to the added technology systems—but to counter this the car produced even more power—the weight of the RS being 1,260 kg (2,778 lb) and the GSR being 1,345 kg (2,965 lb). Much of the technical improvements for this generation were also used in the second generation Mitsubishi RVR sold only in Japan.", "Range Rover Evoque. Prior to going on sale in September 2011, Land Rover had 18,000 pre-orders for the Evoque. By July 2012, a year after production began, the company had sold 80,000 units.[30] Land Rover later revealed that they had sold nearly 90,000 units.", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. Mitsubishi introduced the Lancer Evolution IX in Japan on March 3, 2005,[22] and exhibited the car at the Geneva Motor Show for the European market the same day.[23] The North American markets saw the model exhibited at the New York International Auto Show the following month.[24] The 2.0 L 4G63 engine has MIVEC technology (variable valve timing), and a revised turbocharger design boosting official power output at the crankshaft to 291 PS (214 kW; 287 hp) and torque to 392 N⋅m (289 lb⋅ft).", "Range Rover Evoque. Production of the Evoque started on 4 July 2011, at Land Rover's Halewood manufacturing plant in Liverpool, with the first customer deliveries in September.[26][27]", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The next generation of Mitsubishi Evo will be notably smaller than the last version according to company president Osamu Masuko.", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. A \"Final Edition\" (FE) trim was offered after Mitsubishi announced that they will stop production of the Lancer Evolution. In the 2015 model year, the FE trim was made. It had special production badges that were put on the center console indicating which number it is of the 1,600 made for the U.S. Being based on the GSR trim, a 5-speed manual transmission was mandatory. It also featured a black roof, \"Final Edition\" emblems, darker Enkei wheels and power was turned up a bit from 291 hp to 303 hp. As mentioned above, only 1,600 units were made for the U.S.", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. Soon after the end of the Lancer Evolution's production run, Mitsubishi announced that the already-outdated CY2A Lancer (of which the Lancer Evolution is based on) would cease production in 2016 with no successor, ending Mitsubishi's involvement in the highly-competitive compact car segment.", "Motor Trend Car of the Year. However, receiving Motor Trend's recognition is no guarantee of success. This was the case of the nostalgic 2002 Ford Thunderbird, which did not meet expectations and was pulled from the market three years later.[12]", "Range Rover Evoque. UK models went on sale in quarter four 2013.[19]", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The Evolution II was upgraded in December 1993, and was produced until February 1995. It consisted mainly of handling improvements, including minor wheelbase adjustments, lighter front swaybar that connected via swaybar links to the front struts, bodywork tweaks including a larger spoiler, and tires that were 10 mm (0.4 in) wider. This Evolution also has a 50 l (13.2 US gal; 11.0 imp gal) fuel tank. Power output was increased to 256 PS (188 kW; 252 hp) from the same engine and torque was unchanged for both GSR and RS models.", "Honda Element. The final model year for the car was 2011 and production ended that April.", "Range Rover. This table excludes Range Rover Sport and Evoque. The total figure is from 2009, excluding those sold prior to that year.", "Mitsubishi Eclipse. Mitsubishi Motors quietly updated its 4G63 engine in 1998 and 1999. The crankshaft is more precisely shaved and cut compared to previous years. It is identical to that used in the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, which was not yet sold in North America until 2003. The thrust bearings have been revised to a \"split\" type to allow better lubrication and self-alignment with the crankshaft. It also had improved tuning & functionality, thanks to a new ECU, which was similar to Lancer Evolution ECUs. Although originally deactivated to protect the drivetrain, it included advanced features such as launch control, boost control, adjustable rev-limit, fuel system control and even fuel and boost map selection for certain Mitsubishi Heavy Industries turbochargers.", "Range Rover Evoque. In 2014, Chinese automotive Joint-venture company Landwind revealed the Landwind X7, which shares major resemblance to the Evoque. JLR complained to authorities in order to try to stop its production. However, authorities did nothing to stop it, and in 2015, it went on sale in China.", "Motor Trend Car of the Year. Introduced in 1970 for one year and then brought back in 1976 due to differences between imports and American cars. This was discontinued after the 1999 model year when the line between what is a domestic vehicle and what is not became problematic.", "Mitsubishi Lancer. In some European markets, the Lancer began to take the place of the Carisma in 2004. It is powered by a 1.3-liter SOHC 16-valve 4G13 engine producing 82 PS (60 kW) at 5,000 rpm and 120 N·m (89 lb·ft) of torque at 4,000 rpm. The next engine in the range is the 1.6-liter SOHC 4G18 engine producing 98 PS (72 kW) at 5,000 rpm and 150 N·m (111 lb·ft) at 4,000 rpm. Finally, there is the 2.0-liter DOHC 4G63 producing 135 PS (99 kW) at 5,750 rpm and 176 N·m (130 lb·ft) at 4,500 rpm.", "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. According to Mitsubishi Motors of North America (info from evolutionm.net) the total production sales in the U.S. for the Evolution VIII (2003-2005) was 12,846. In 2003 the production sales for the GSR was 7,167 which was the Only 2003 model year. In 2004 production sales for the GSR was 1,254 and for the RS was 263 for a total of 1,517 for the 2004 model year. In 2005 production sales for the GSR was 2,880, for the RS was 282, and for the MR was 1000 for a total of 4,162 for the 2005 model year.", "Range Rover Evoque. The vehicle was unveiled in 2012 at the Geneva Motor Show.[25] After debuting as the 2012 Land Rover Range Rover Evoque Convertible Concept, the production version was revealed in November 2015, while the model years start from 2017.", "V8 engine. Mitsubishi\nIn 1999, Mitsubishi Motors developed an alloy-headed 4.5Â L V8, dubbed the 8A8, with double overhead camshafts and gasoline direct injection (GDI) technology for use in its Proudia and Dignity models. Financial pressures forced the company to discontinue sales of both these vehicles after only fifteen months.[citation needed]", "Automotive industry in China. Both Jaguar Land Rover and Jiangling Motors had filed design patents for the Evoque and the X7, respectively, but both patents were annulled in 2016. The patent for the exterior design of the Evoque in China was declared invalid in April by the Chinese intellectual property regulator, because the car was unveiled before the patent was filed in China in November 2011. The nullification happened at the request of Jiangling Motors. The X7's patent was annulled on May 16 at Jaguar Land Rover's request, because the design was too related to the Evoque's design.[57]" ]	[ 0.8662109375, 3.474609375, 1.5791015625, 3.431640625, -0.97119140625, -3.521484375, -2.517578125, -1.28515625, -3.69140625, -3.64453125, -6.86328125, -2.609375, -3.306640625, -2.697265625, -3.625, -3.265625, -0.92431640625, -3.177734375, -4.5625, -6.58984375, -2.482421875, -3.626953125, -4.6640625, -4.41015625, -5.46875, -3.486328125, -5.55078125, -7.80859375, -3.53515625, -0.98779296875, -7.796875, -6.25390625 ]
who wrote when someone stops loving you by little big town	[ "When Someone Stops Loving You. \"When Someone Stops Loving You\" is a song recorded by American country group Little Big Town from their eighth studio album, The Breaker (2017). The song was released to country radio as the album's third single on June 26, 2017. \"When Someone Stops Loving You\" was written by Hillary Lindsey, Chase McGill, and Lori McKenna.", "Little Big Town. The band released \"Better Man\", which was written by singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, on October 20, 2016, as the lead single to their upcoming eighth studio album, The Breaker, that was released on February 24, 2017. Initially masking the song's writer, the band revealed that Swift wrote the song. The song's music video, directed by Reid Long and Becky Fluke, was released November 1, 2016. The band would follow up with a new single \"When Someone Stops Loving You,\" on February 17, 2017. The song was inspired by a story Sean Lynch detailed to the band during a tour stop in 2016.", "He Stopped Loving Her Today. Producer Billy Sherrill introduced Jones to the song in 1978[3][full citation needed] but, according to Sherrill and Jones himself, the singer hated the song when he first heard it. In Bob Allen's biography of the singer, Sherrill states, \"He thought it was too long, too sad, too depressing and that nobody would ever play it...He hated the melody and wouldn't learn it.\"[4][full citation needed] Sherrill also claims that Jones frustrated him by continually singing the song to the melody of the Kris Kristofferson hit \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\".[5][full citation needed] In the Same Ole Me retrospective, Sherrill recalls a heated exchange during one recording session: \"I said 'That's not the melody!' and he said 'Yeah, but it's a better melody.' I said 'It might beâ€”Kristofferson would think so too, it's his melody!'\" In the same documentary, Sherrill claims that Jones was in such bad physical shape during this period that \"the recitation was recorded 18 months after the first verse was\" and added that the last words Jones said about \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" was \"Nobody'll buy that morbid son of a bitch\". Although he had disliked \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" when it was first offered to him, Jones ultimately gave the song credit for reviving his flagging career, stating that \"a four-decade career had been salvaged by a three-minute song.\"[6][full citation needed] It was as much a tour de force for the producer was for the singer, featuring all the hallmarks of Sherrill's symphonic approach to country production, featuring cresting strings and dramatic flourishes. Had it not been for Sherrill, it is unlikely the song would have ever been recorded, such was his belief in the song, although he did share some of Jones' misgivings initially; in his 1995 memoir, Jones recalled, \"Putnam and Braddock killed the song's main character too soon in their early versions. Billy kept telling them to kill the guy at a different time and then have the woman come to his funeral...He gave the song to me, and I carried it for more than a year, also convinced that it needed rewriting. Billy had a notebook about an inch thick that was nothing but rewrites for 'He Stopped Loving Her Today.'\"[7][full citation needed]", "He Stopped Loving Her Today. By 1980, Jones had not had a number one single in six years and many critics began to write him off. However, the music industry was stunned in July when \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" shot to number one on the country charts. The song was written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman and tells the story of a friend who has never given up on his love; he keeps old letters and photos from back in the day and hangs on to hope that she would \"come back again\". The song reaches its peak in the chorus, revealing that he indeed stopped loving her when he died and the woman does returnâ€”for his funeral. In a different singer's hands, the song might have sounded irreverent but Jones' interpretation, buoyed by his delivery of the line \"...first time I'd seen him smile in years\", gives it a realism.", "Little Big Town. A second contract, this time with Monument Records Nashville, began in 2002. The band's first album, Little Big Town, was released that year. It produced the singles \"Don't Waste My Time\" and \"Everything Changes\", which peaked at 33 and 42 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Westbrook's father died in 2002, just after the group's first album was released. Fairchild and Sweet both divorced their spouses shortly afterward, and the group exited Monument when the label's Nashville branch was dissolved. The four members all took up day jobs to earn additional money, although they continued to tour as well.[1]", "I Can't Stop Loving You. Gibson wrote both \"I Can't Stop Loving You\" and \"Oh, Lonesome Me\" on June 7, 1957, in Knoxville, Tennessee.[2] \"I sat down to write a lost love ballad,\" Gibson said in Dorothy Horstman's 1975 book Sing Your Heart Out, Country Boy. \"After writing several lines to the song, I looked back and saw the line 'I can't stop loving you.' I said, 'That would be a good title,' so I went ahead and rewrote it in its present form.\"[3]", "Little Big Town. After a recording deal with the Mercury Nashville Records label which produced no singles or albums, Little Big Town released its self-titled debut on Monument Records in 2002. It produced two minor country chart singles before the group left the label. By 2005, the group had been signed to Equity Music Group, an independent record label owned by Clint Black. Their second album, The Road to Here, was released that year, and received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). A Place to Land, their third album, was released via Equity, then re-released via Capitol Nashville after Equity closed in 2008. Five more albums have followed for Capitol: The Reason Why (2010), Tornado (2012), Pain Killer (2014), Wanderlust (2016), and The Breaker (2017). All of their albums have accounted for 24 singles on Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay, including the No.Â 1 singles \"Pontoon\", \"Girl Crush\", and \"Better Man\" along with the top 10 hits \"Boondocks\", \"Bring It On Home\", \"Little White Church\", \"Tornado\", and \"Day Drinking\".", "I Can't Stop Loving You. \"I Can't Stop Loving You\" is a popular song written and composed by country singer, songwriter and musician Don Gibson, who first recorded it on December 30, 1957, for RCA Victor Records. It was released in 1958 as the B-side of \"Oh, Lonesome Me\", becoming a double-sided country hit single. At the time of Gibson's death in 2003, the song had been recorded by more than 700 artists.[2]", "George Jones. By 1980, Jones had not had a number one single in six years and many critics began to write him off. However, the singer stunned the music industry in April when \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" was released and shot to number one on the country charts, remaining there for 18 weeks. The song was written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman and tells the story of a friend who has never given up on his love; he keeps old letters and photos from back in the day and hangs on to hope that she would \"come back again\". The song reaches its peak in the chorus, revealing that he indeed stopped loving her—when he died—and the woman does return—for his funeral. Jones' interpretation, buoyed by his delivery of the line \"...first time I'd seen him smile in years\", gives it a mournful, gripping realism. It is consistently voted as the greatest country song of all time, along with \"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry\" by Hank Williams and \"Crazy\" by Patsy Cline.[citation needed]", "When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You. Written and produced solely by the artist himself, the song was unusual for having no distinct melody, no bridge and no distinct chorus and for its length.However, it did have near melodic consistencies, such as \"Memories of the things we did/Some we're proud of, some we hid\"..\"If you loved me with all of your heart/You'd never take a million dollars to part\". He would use the instrumental of this song as both an instrumental track (with several Gaye ad-libs) and as the reprise of the album to end it.", "Irma Thomas. She then began recording on the Minit label, working with songwriter and producer Allen Toussaint on songs including \"It's Raining\" and \"Ruler of My Heart\", which was later reinterpreted by Otis Redding as \"Pain in My Heart\". Imperial Records acquired Minit in 1963, and a string of successful releases followed. These included \"Wish Someone Would Care\", her biggest national hit; its B-side \"Breakaway\", written by Jackie DeShannon and Sharon Sheely (later covered by Tracey Ullman, among others); \"Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand)\", co-written by a young Randy Newman and future country star Jeannie Seely; and its B-side, \"Time Is on My Side\", a song previously recorded by Kai Winding and later by the Rolling Stones.[2]", "Better Man (Little Big Town song). Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe rated the song \"A\", saying that \"It’s a concept that is grounded in so much truth that I’m amazed I’ve never heard it approached this way before\" and \"The writers do a great job of capturing both why [the song's narrator] stayed so long and why she had to leave, and all of the conflicting feelings that go along with that.\"[9] Taste of Country writer Billy Dukes also praised the song, saying that \"This song isn’t as jarring as some of the quartet’s most recent hits. In fact, the mistreatment of women is only vaguely alluded to — there’s no one line that burns the hair off the back of your neck. Jay Joyce’s arrangement is soft but not stark. It’s among his more mainstream productions. Still, it’s clear Fairchild’s protagonist is reeling from a love that went very, very wrong.\"[10]", "When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You. The song was a six-minute-long opus that has been considered the centerpiece of the Here, My Dear album. As if offering confessional testimony to his wife, Gaye airs his side of the story of how his ill-fated marriage to the sister of his record label boss Berry Gordy collapsed.", "When Did You Stop Loving Me. \"When Did You Stop Loving Me\" debuted at number 62 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of May 1, 1993.", "He Stopped Loving Her Today. Alan Jackson sang the song during George Jones' funeral service on May 2, 2013. George Strait and Jackson sang the song as a tribute during the 2013 CMA Awards on November 6, 2013.", "When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You. But no matter how optimistic he seemed, he always reflected back on his marriage to Anna and how at one point, she called the cops on him for a domestic dispute. The title is not spoken until the final verse, when Marvin croons in his trademark falsetto about where did the love go in their relationship.", "Little Big Town. Little Big Town performed harmony vocals on David Nail's 2014 album, I'm a Fire, on the song \"When They're Gone (Lyle County)\", co-written by Brett Eldredge. They were also featured on Miranda Lambert's 2014 album, Platinum, on \"Smokin' and Drinkin'\", a song which the band was going to record themselves;[12] it debuted on Billboard's Country Airplay chart at number 38 after their performance at the CMA Awards in 2014.", "Little Big Town. In March 2010, the group released a new single titled \"Little White Church\", as the lead-off single to their fourth studio album and first completely new album on Capitol Nashville, The Reason Why, which was released on August 24, 2010. \"Little White Church\" peaked at number 6 on the country chart. The album produced two additional singles in \"Kiss Goodbye\" and the title track, but both failed to reach the top 40 of Hot Country Songs.", "Boondocks (song). \"Boondocks\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music group Little Big Town. It was released in May 2005 as the first single from their album The Road to Here. It became their first Top 10 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs charts.[2] It was written by Karen Fairchild, Kimberly Roads, Phillip Sweet, Jimi Westbrook and Wayne Kirkpatrick.", "Little Big Town. Little Big Town's fifth studio album, Tornado, was released on September 11, 2012. It was also their first album to be produced by Jay Joyce. \"Pontoon\" was released as the album's lead single on April 30, 2012, and became their first number one hit on Hot Country Songs in September 2012. It was their first single to receive a Platinum certification. The title track was released as the album's second single on October 1, 2012. It reached number 2 on the Country Airplay chart in 2013. At the 55th Grammy Awards, \"Pontoon\" won the Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance.[8] The album was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2012.[9]", "He Stopped Loving Her Today. The success of \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" led CBS Records to renew Jones' recording contract and sparked new interest in the singer. Jones earned the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance in 1980. The Academy of Country Music awarded the song Single of the Year and Song of the Year in 1980. It also became the Country Music Association's Song of the Year in both 1980 and 1981. The song became so synonymous with Jones that few singers dared to cover it. Jones recorded the song again with producer Keith Stegall for the 2005 album Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't. A recording of Johnny Cash performing the song is featured on the 2003 collection Unearthed and Trent Summar & the New Row Mob recorded it on 2006's Horseshoes & Hand Grenades.", "When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You. \"When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You\" is a 1978 song recorded by singer Marvin Gaye for his Here, My Dear album, following his 1976 divorce when he was ordered to give half the takings of his next album to ex-wife Anna Gaye.[1] In the album, he \"poured his emotions into songs agonisingly documenting their relationship's rise and fall.\"[1]", "Buddy Holly. In September, Holly returned to Clovis for a new recording session, which yielded \"Reminiscing\" and \"Come Back Baby\". During the session, he ventured into producing by recording Lubbock DJ Waylon Jennings. Holly produced the single \"Jole Blon\" and \"When Sin Stops (Love Begins)\" for Jennings.[35] Holly became increasingly interested in the New York music, recording, and publishing scene. Santiago and he settled in Apartment 4H of the Brevoort Apartments, at 11 Fifth Avenue in Greenwich Village, where he recorded a series of acoustic songs, including \"Crying, Waiting, Hoping\" and \"What to Do\".[36] The inspiration to record the songs is sometimes attributed to the ending of his relationship with McGuire.[37] In October, Holly recorded tracks for Coral; these were backed by saxophonist Boomie Richman and an 18-piece orchestra composed of former members of the NBC Symphony Orchestra. The three-and-a-half-hour session produced \"It Doesn't Matter Anymore\", \"Raining in My Heart\", \"Moondreams\" (written by Petty), and \"True Love Ways\".[38]", "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It). \"Falling in Love Again\" was Kevin Ayers’ final release on Island Records. The flip side, \"Everyone Knows the Song\", was an Ayers original. After the release of this single, Ayers signed to Harvest Records, and both tracks became part of his 1976 album, Yes We Have No Mañanas (So Get Your Mañanas Today). The single was also re-released a few months later by Harvest in parts of Europe but featuring the Ayers original \"The Owl\" on the B-side.", "Little Big Town. In 2005, Little Big Town was signed to Equity Music Group, a label started and partially owned by country music singer Clint Black.[1] Their third single, \"Boondocks\", was released in May, peaking at No. 9 on the country charts in January 2006. It served as the first of four singles from the group's second album, The Road to Here, which was released on October 4, 2005. \"Bring It On Home\", the second single from the album, became Little Big Town's first top 5 hit on Hot Country Songs. It was followed by \"Good as Gone\" and \"A Little More You\", both of which were top 20 hits. By the end of 2006, The Road to Here had been certified Platinum in the United States. Unlike their first album, the group's members co-wrote the majority of the songs on The Road to Here along with Wayne Kirkpatrick, who also produced it. In 2007, the group sang backing vocals on John Mellencamp's Freedom's Road album.[5]", "Little Big Town. The second single from the album, \"Girl Crush\", was released December 15, 2014. Some radio stations were reported to have pulled \"Girl Crush\" from their playlists, in response to concerns from listeners who interpreted the song's lyrics to be about lesbianism. In response, Fairchild said, \"That’s just shocking to me, the close-mindedness of that, when that’s just not what the song was about…But what if it were? It’s just a greater issue of listening to a song for what it is.\" In addition, the label created a short commercial in which the band discusses the song and its actual meaning.[17] Billboard consulted several radio program directors on its panel and found only one who detailed a specific complaint from a listener.[18] The song became their second No. 1 on a Billboard chart in May 2015 and their highest showing on the Billboard Hot 100 after gaining exposure on \"The Voice\" and the 50th Annual ACM Awards. The album's third single and the title track, \"Pain Killer\", released to country radio on August 24, 2015.", "Exile on Main St.. After the release of Exile on Main St, Allen Klein sued the Rolling Stones for breach of settlement because five songs on the album were composed while Jagger and Richards were under contract with his company, ABKCO: \"Sweet Virginia\", \"Loving Cup\", \"All Down the Line\", \"Shine a Light\" and \"Stop Breaking Down\" (written by Robert Johnson but re-interpreted by Jagger and Richards). ABKCO acquired publishing rights to the songs, giving it a share of the royalties from Exile on Main St, and was able to publish another album of Rolling Stones songs, More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies).[33]", "When Did You Stop Loving Me. \"When Did You Stop Loving Me\" is a song written by Donny Kees and Monty Holmes and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in April 1993 as the third and final single from his album Pure Country. The song reached both number 6 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.[1]", "Little Big Town. Little Big Town's first record deal was with Mercury Nashville Records, although the band was dropped from the label's roster without releasing a single or album.[1][2] In 2001, they sang backing vocals on Collin Raye's album Can't Back Down,[3] while Sweet and Roads co-wrote the song \"Back Where I Belong\" on Sherrié Austin's 2001 album Followin' a Feelin'.[4]", "I Just Can't Stop Loving You. \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\" is a 1987 duet ballad by Michael Jackson and Siedah Garrett, and was the first single released from his seventh album, Bad. The song was written by Jackson, and co-produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. It reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100, R&B and adult contemporary charts.", "Famous in a Small Town. \"Famous in a Small Town\" is a song written by Travis Howard and co-written and recorded by American country music artist Miranda Lambert. It was released in April 2007 as the second single from her album Crazy Ex-Girlfriend. It was Lambert's second Top 20 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 2008.", "Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground. All songs were written by Jack White, except \"Stop Breaking Down\" by Robert Johnson." ]	[ 8.546875, 4.83984375, -4.44140625, -4.6171875, -1.7685546875, -3.810546875, -0.806640625, -1.2568359375, -2.458984375, -3.580078125, -5.53515625, -0.72216796875, -4.65625, -6.37109375, -4.17578125, -4.8203125, -0.455078125, -2.412109375, 1.8115234375, -0.384521484375, -3.888671875, -0.67041015625, -5.69140625, -4.453125, -0.220703125, -1.912109375, -4.25, -1.1865234375, -0.343505859375, -3.734375, -2.94921875, -5.1875 ]
where was friday night lights filmed tv show	[ "Friday Night Lights (TV series). All five seasons of Friday Night Lights were filmed in Austin and Pflugerville.[18] With the show yielding roughly $33 million a year in revenue,[19] other states courted the production company after the state of Texas failed to pay all the rebates it had promised to the show's producers.[18] The Texas legislature authorized funding to match the offers of other states, and the production company preferred to stay near Austin, so the show remained in Texas.[19]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Filming for the show's pilot began in February 2006 in Austin, Texas. Berg said he required filming the pilot and eventually the show in Texas as \"a deal breaker\" in order to agree to participate weekly in the project. The show features homages to its Texas heritage. In the pilot, Berg featured former Texas Longhorns football coach Mack Brown as a Dillon booster and had a caller to the fictional Panther Radio compare Panthers' coach Eric Taylor to Brown.[11] The pilot referred to much of the surrounding area in its scenes. Football scenes were filmed at Pflugerville High School's Kuempel Stadium and at the RRISD Complex. The Dillon Panther football team and coaches' uniforms were based on the uniforms of the Pflugerville Panthers. Some of the scenes were filmed at Texas School for the Deaf.[12]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Some scenes were filmed outside Texas. On June 20, 2010, scenes were filmed at Temple University, which was to portray the fictional Braemore College. An episode from Julie's senior year in high school was filmed in the Boston area, at Boston College,[21] Boston University, and Tufts University.", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Friday Night Lights is unusual for using actual locations rather than stage sets and sound stage. These factors together with reliance on filming hundreds of locals as extras, gives the series an authentic feel and look.[17]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Some scenes at fictional Oklahoma Tech University were filmed at Gregory Gym at The University of Texas at Austin.[22]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Friday Night Lights is an American drama television series about a high school football team in the fictional town of Dillon, Texas. It was developed by Peter Berg and executive produced by Brian Grazer, David Nevins, Sarah Aubrey and Jason Katims, based on the 1990 nonfiction book by H. G. Bissinger, adapted as the 2004 film of the same name. The series' primary setting, Dillon, is a small, close-knit community in rural Texas. Team coach Eric Taylor (Kyle Chandler) and his family, Tami, Julie and Grace, are featured. The show uses this small-town backdrop to address many issues facing contemporary American culture, including family values, school funding, racism, drugs, abortion and lack of economic opportunities.", "Friday Night Lights (season 5). The season was produced by Brian Grazer's Imagine Television company, Peter Berg's Film 44 company and Universal Media Studios and filmed in Pflugerville, Texas.", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). The series borrowed the uniforms, cheerleaders, fans and stadium of the Pflugerville Panthers. Producers shot Pflugerville games and used them as game footage in the series.[8] University of Southern California football announcers Peter Arbogast and Paul McDonald provided off-screen commentary during the football game sequences. The facilities, colors and bobcat logos of Texas State University in San Marcos were used as the setting and creative inspiration for the fictional Texas Methodist University. The show features the fictional Herrmann Field, named for George Herrmann, the head coach of the Pflugerville Panthers.", "Jesse Plemons. In 2006, when he was 18 years old, Plemons joined the ensemble cast of NBC's television series Friday Night Lights, filmed in Austin, Texas, detailing the fictional events surrounding a high school football team in fictional Dillon, Texas. In the show's first season, his character Landry Clarke provided comic relief as the best friend of football quarterback Matt Saracen, though Landry himself was not on the team.[11] Among the cast and crew, the joke was that Plemons played football better than most of the other actors, even though his character was one of the few who did not play.[11]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Friday Night Lights was inspired by H.G. \"Buzz\" Bissinger's non-fiction book Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream (1990) and the 2004 film based on it. The book, which explores the 1988 season of the Permian Panthers, a high school football team in Odessa, Texas, was a factual work of documentary journalism. The people featured were not renamed in the book.[8] The Universal Pictures film, which stars Billy Bob Thornton and was directed by Peter Berg, Bissinger's second cousin, based its characters on the residents of Odessa c. 1988.", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). He decided to set the series in a fictional town of Dillon, Texas, with some characteristics of Odessa. The football team was given the Panthers name. Berg deliberately carried elements from the film to the series, particularly for the pilot, which was closely related to the film.[10] He cast Connie Britton as the wife of head coach Eric Taylor, and Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity, a major businessman and football booster, in roles similar to those they played in the film.", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). As a show about the community of Dillon, Texas, Friday Night Lights has an ensemble cast. The show features Panthers' football coach Eric Taylor (Kyle Chandler), who strives to balance his work, family, status in a sometimes confrontational community and his personal ambitions. His family – wife Tami Taylor (Connie Britton), a guidance counselor turned principal at Dillon High, and teenage daughter Julie Taylor (Aimee Teegarden) – are also central to the show. Coach Taylor and Tami are the only two characters to appear in every episode.", "Dillon, Texas. The town became better known on the television series Friday Night Lights, starring Kyle Chandler as Dillon High School's head football coach Eric Taylor, in the fictional town of Dillon, Texas. [2]", "Friday Night Lights (film). Friday Night Lights is a 2004 American sports drama film, directed by Peter Berg. The film follows the coach and players of a high school football team in the Texas city of Odessa, which supported and was obsessed with them. The book on which it was based, Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream (1990) by H. G. Bissinger, followed the story of the 1988 Permian High School Panthers football team as they made a run towards the state championship. A television series of the same name premiered on October 3, 2006 on NBC. The film won the Best Sports Movie ESPY Award and was ranked number 37 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the Best High School Movies.[1]", "Friday Night Lights (film). As preseason practice begins for the Permian High School football team in August 1988, the town of Odessa, Texas has high expectations for the players and their coach Gary Gaines to win a state championship with their star running back James \"Boobie\" Miles. The quarterback, Mike Winchell, runs under the expectation of handing off the ball to Miles on most plays. Fullback Don Billingsley struggles with his ball handling and is abused by his alcoholic father Charles, who won a state championship with Permian. The players frequently party as they deal with the pressures of Odessa's expectations.", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). The producers used a documentary-style filming technique. Three cameras were used for each shoot and entire scenes were shot in one take. In contrast, most productions film a scene from each angle and typically repeat the scene several times while readjusting lighting to accommodate each shot. The first takes usually made the final cut. By filming a scene all at once, the producers tried to create an environment for the actors that was more organic and allowed for the best performances.[20]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). In the last episode, East Dillon wins the state championship after Coach Taylor and Vince share a moment of respect for each other. Coach Taylor then moves with his wife to Philadelphia as she accepts the job as Dean of Admissions at a prestigious school, and the show ends showing them living happily. Tim and Tyra talk about their dreams and a potential future at his new home site. Julie is engaged to Matt and lives with him in Chicago. Vince is the quarterback of the Dillon Panthers \"Superteam\", consisting of Both East and West Dillon High School athletes, joined by Buddy Jr., Tinker, and possibly Hastings. Jess is living in Dallas, and helping to student coach a team and is following her dreams. Billy is expecting twins with Mindy. Luke Cafferty is seen with Becky at the bus depot departing for the Army. The second to the last scene is of Tim and Billy, taking a break while putting up the frame of Tim's new house. They sit back, crack open a beer, and Billy toasts, \"Texas Forever?\" to which Tim responds emphatically, \"Texas Forever\" and they clink their beers. The series ends with Eric coaching a new high school team in Philadelphia (in a noticeably smaller stadium than those in Texas). After practice, Eric recites the phrase: \"Clear eyes, full hearts...\" After not getting the normal response of \"Can't lose,\" he says, \"We'll deal with that later.\" Tami then shows up and the two walk off the field as the lights turn off.", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). This freedom was complemented by filming without rehearsal and without extensive blocking. Camera operators were trained to follow the actors, rather than having the actors stand in one place with cameras fixed around them. The actors knew that the filming would work around them. Executive producer Jeffrey Reiner described this method as \"no rehearsal, no blocking, just three cameras and we shoot.\"[15]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Initially targeted at the youth market, the show emphasized the football element. NBC teamed with social networking site Bebo to create a site that allowed students to upload video and photos, as well as create blogs about their local football teams. Students who participated were eligible for one of 10 $5,000 scholarships. NBC had negotiated with Bebo for network and series promotion on Beboâ€™s network of youth-oriented sites including Piczo, Hi5, Tickle, Ringo, and FastWeb.[23]", "List of Friday Night Lights episodes. Friday Night Lights is an American sports drama television series developed by Peter Berg from a book and film of the same name. The series details events surrounding a high school football team from a fictional town called Dillon: a small, close-knit community in rural Texas. Particular focus is given to team coach Eric Taylor (Kyle Chandler) and his family.[1]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Working in this fashion profoundly influenced everyone involved with the show. Series star Kyle Chandler said: \"When I look back at my life, I'm going to say, 'Wow, [executive producer] Peter Berg really changed my life.'\"[16] Executive producer and head writer Jason Katims echoed this sentiment, saying: \"When I first came on [the FNL] set, I thought, it’s interesting – this is what I imagined filmmaking would be, before I saw what filmmaking was.\"[17]", "Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream. A movie version of Friday Night Lights was made and then released in the United States on October 6, 2004. It starred Billy Bob Thornton as Permian Coach Gary Gaines. The film was a box office and critical success and, in turn, spawned the critically acclaimed NBC television series of the same name, which ran five seasons from 2006â€“2011.[citation needed]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). NBC also paired with Toyota to create the \"Hometown Sweepstakes\", in which students could earn cash grants of up to $50,000 for their school’s athletics program. It was open to high school students ages 14 to 18 and was designed to draw people to the show’s official website, where they could download AOL Instant Messenger icons, screensavers and desktop wallpaper. Students who registered could also download free movie theater passes to special early screenings of the pilot episode. These movie theater screenings took place in 50 cities nationwide and ran until a week before the show premiered on NBC.[26]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Though Friday Night Lights never garnered a sizable audience,[6] it was a critical success, lauded for its realistic portrayal of Middle America and deep exploration of its central characters. The show appeared on a number of best lists and was awarded a Peabody Award, a Humanitas Prize, a Television Critics Association Award and several technical Primetime Emmy Awards. At the 2011 Primetime Emmy Awards, the show was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series. Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton also scored multiple nominations for the Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress awards for a drama series. Executive producer Jason Katims was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series. Chandler and Katims each won the Emmy in 2011.[7]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Berg's observation of local high school students while preparing to film the movie inspired his development of some of the characters. For example, Jason Street, the character whose promising football career is ended by a spinal injury in the pilot, was inspired by a local event. David Edwards, a football player from San Antonioâ€™s Madison High, was paralyzed during a November 2003 game. Berg was at the game when this accident occurred; he was profoundly affected by Edwards' injury and how it overturned his life. Berg set up a similar incident in the pilot.[13]", "Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream. Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream is a 1990 non-fiction book written by H. G. Bissinger. The book follows the story of the 1988 Permian High School Panthers football team from Odessa, Texas, as they made a run towards the Texas state championship. While originally intended to be a Hoosiers-type chronicle of high school sports that holds together a small town, the final book ended up being critical about life in the town of Odessa. It was later adapted for television and film.", "Friday Night Lights (season 2). The season was produced by NBC Universal Television, Imagine Television, and Film 44, and was aired on NBC in the United States. Peter Berg, Sarah Aubrey, David Nevins, Brian Grazer, and Jason Katims continued to serve as executive producers, with Jeffrey Reiner, and John Cameron serving as co-executive producers. Writers included Katims, producers David Hudgins and Bridget Carpenter, consulting producers Kerry Ehrin, Patrick Massett, and John Zinman, supervising producers Carter Harris and Elizabeth Heldens, and Aaron Rahsaan Thomas. Katims also served as showrunner. Regular directors throughout the season include Reiner, Jonas Pate, and David Boyd. Theme song music was composed by W. G. Snuffy Walden. Songs from Explosions in the Sky were also used throughout the season.", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Produced by NBCUniversal, Friday Night Lights premiered on October 3, 2006, and aired for two seasons on NBC. Although the show had garnered critical acclaim and passionate fans, the series suffered low ratings and was in danger of cancellation after the second season. To save the series, NBC struck a deal with DirecTV to co-produce three more seasons; each subsequent season premiered on DirecTV's 101 Network, with NBC rebroadcasts a few months later.[2] The series ended its run on The 101 Network on February 9, 2011, after five seasons.[3][4][5]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 28, 2007, and in region 2 on October 29, 2007.[84] Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes and a featurette titled \"Behind The Lights: Creating The First Season of Friday Night Lights\".[85]", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Julie looks for support first from her parents, and then from her old boyfriend Matt Saracen, who is living in Chicago and attending art school. Julie drives up to spend some time with him, but leaves still confused about her future. Tim is up for parole, and with the help of Coach Taylor and Buddy Garrity, is approved for early release. Buddy gives him a job as a bartender at his bar. Tim is angry with his brother Billy and threatens to move to Alaska to work on a pipeline but Tyra Collette comes back for a visit to Dillon and tells him he needs to repair his relationship with Billy. After they spend the night together, she asks Tim to show her his land, and the episode closes with Tyra asking, \"Alaska, Tim?\" to which Tim smiles a guilty smile.", "Friday Night Lights (film soundtrack). Explosions in the Sky joined the project after receiving an email from producer Brian Reitzell that said \"he was working on a new movie and he was wondering if [the band] would be interested in doing music for it.\" The members were familiar with the book on which the movie was based, and were raised in its setting of West Texas. Despite having access to \"all sorts of rare equipment\", the band stuck to its usual songwriting style.[3] The prominent track \"Your Hand in Mine\" was adapted from the 2003 album The Earth Is Not a Cold Dead Place.", "Friday Night Lights (TV series). Season two begins with Coach Taylor living and working in Austin as an assistant coach at fictional TMU, while wife Tami remains in Dillon with daughter Julie and newborn baby Gracie. Tami is struggling with the demands of the new baby and Julie's rebellious behavior. The Panthers' new coach, Bill McGregor, creates friction between Smash and Matt by showing blatant favoritism to Smash, drives Tim so hard he passes out during practice from dehydration and is hospitalized, alienates assistant coach Jason Street by his condescending manner, and alienates Boosters president Buddy Garrity by barring him from team practices. When Smash and Matt actually come to blows on the field and a crucial game is won by Smash, Buddy engineers the firing of the new coach and persuades Taylor that both the team and his family are suffering in his absence. Taylor agrees to return." ]	[ 6.91796875, 7.55859375, 5.99609375, 1.8212890625, 6.12109375, 5.76171875, 5.26171875, 4.6796875, 3.5625, 2.82421875, 4.67578125, 3.953125, 3.44140625, 3.14453125, 2.279296875, 1.2861328125, 1.73046875, 0.8935546875, -1.7744140625, 2.548828125, -1.6513671875, -0.50634765625, -0.293212890625, -0.76513671875, 1.8505859375, 0.361572265625, -2.3515625, -0.2001953125, -1.296875, 0.92822265625, -0.465087890625, 0.2010498046875 ]
diary of a wimpy kid holly hills actor	[ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules. Fox 2000 greenlit the sequel and Zachary Gordon returned as Greg Heffley.[9] Steve Zahn (Frank Heffley) and Rachael Harris (Susan Heffley) also returned. The film was directed by David Bowers and the screenplay was written by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah. Principal photography began in Vancouver in August 2010.[citation needed] A few new characters appeared in the film, including Peyton List as Holly Hills. The trailer was seen with Gulliver's Travels.[citation needed] The film was released on March 25, 2011.[10]", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Holly is portrayed by Peyton R. List.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series). Rodrick Rules is the second film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. It was released on March 25, 2011 and is based on the second book, Rodrick Rules with scenes from The Last Straw. Principal photography began on August 23, 2010 and was completed on October 27, 2010, with filming taking place in Vancouver and New Westminster. Rodrick Rules was directed by David Bowers, with Zachary Gordon reprising his role as Greg Heffley. New main characters include Holly Hills (Peyton List), Grandpa (Terence Kelly), and Bill Walter (Fran Kranz). Edward Shearmur composes the original score for the film.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days is the third film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. It was released on August 3, 2012 and is based on the third book The Last Straw and the fourth book Dog Days. The film was directed by David Bowers and features the same familiar cast of characters, introducing a few new ones, and also focusing on lesser characters not elaborated on in previous films, including Frank Heffley (Steve Zahn), Mr. Robert Jefferson (Alf Humphreys) and Holly Hills (Peyton List). Dog Days is the first film in the series not to be released in March.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film). Brad Simpson stated he anticipated a sequel movie if the first film is a success. \"Our writing staff are writing a sequel right now, \"Rodrick Rules,\" which would be based on the second book\" ... \"And, you know, we hope that the people to see a second movie, so that we are in position of going again right away and making another film. I certainly know that the fans would like to see all the books made into movies.\" Fox 2000 greenlit the sequel and Zachary Gordon returned as Greg Heffley. Steve Zahn (Frank Heffley) and Rachael Harris (Susan Heffley) will also return. The film was directed by David Bowers and the screenplay was written by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah. Principal photography began in Vancouver August 2010. A few new characters appeared in the film, including Peyton List as Holly Hills. The trailer was seen with Gulliver's Travels. The website created for the first was updated for the sequel featuring pictures of the cast and a short synopsis of the film. The film was released on March 25, 2011. Talks of a sequel were announced after the release of the first, but was not officially announced until May 12, 2010, announcing that it would be released March 25, 2011.[5] Filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia and New Westminster, British Columbia from August 23 to October 27, 2010.[6] The mall scene was filmed at Park Royal Mall in West Vancouver.[7] Director Thor Freudenthal was replaced by director David Bowers (Flushed Away and Astro Boy).", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Holly Elizabeth Hills is the name of one of Greg's classmates; an older girl who primarily serves as Greg's unrequited romantic interest and also Heather Hills' younger sister. She is the youngest daughter of Mr. Hills and Mrs. Hills. A minor character, she earns a prominent role in The Last Straw as the object of Greg's most recent infatuation. He is continuously motivated to impress her to no avail. Virtually oblivious to Greg's existence or identity (Greg stops trying to impress her after she mistakes him for Fregley), she appears to take an interest in Rowley's sweetness, judging by an enthusiastic message which she had signed in his yearbook (as opposed to the note that she had written for the envious Greg). She seldom appears afterwards. Greg's interest in her is seemingly damaged by events such as this and he starts showing an interest in other girls, including Holly's older sister Heather.", "Peyton List (actress, born 1998). Peyton Roi List[1] (born April 6, 1998[2]) is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Emma Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series Jessie and its spinoff Bunk'd, and for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. List appeared in various films and television episodes as a young child and modeled for tween magazines and companies. In 2011, she joined the cast of Jessie as Emma Ross, the eldest of four siblings that are being cared for by a young nanny. In 2015, she reprised the role in the spinoff series Bunk'd. She starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Swap in 2016.", "Peyton List (actress, born 1998). List starred in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days. She had a major role as Holly Hills, the crush of Greg. From 2011 to 2015, she starred as Emma Ross, the eldest of four children, on the Disney Channel series Jessie alongside Debby Ryan and her Diary of a Wimpy Kid co-star Karan Brar. On February 25, 2015, it was announced that Jessie would end after its fourth season, and that List, along with Brar and Skai Jackson, would reprise their roles in the spinoff series Bunk'd.[9]", "Greg Heffley. Holly Hills is Greg's crush, who was introduced in Rodrick Rules. Greg stated that Holly was the \"fourth prettiest\" girl in his grade and is very attractive.", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Heather Hills is the attractive elder sister of Holly Elizabeth Hills, with whom Rodrick is infatuated. A minor character in the books, but the main antagonist in the third film, Heather is only featured in several books as the object of Greg's unrequited infatuation. However, she seems oblivious to this. A student attending Westmore High School with Rodrick, she has had several minor occupations throughout the course of the books, during each of which Rodrick fecklessly attempts to grab her attention or to impress her.", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Whereas her personality is hardly explored in the books, Holly's role was increased in film adaptions, debuting in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules as a newcomer to Greg's middle school with whom he is instantly besotted. She is depicted as being friendly and good-natured. The relationship she shares with Greg and Rowley is emphasized and exaggerated in the film portrayals, to the extent it can be assumed that the feelings Greg has for her may be mutual. She reappears in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days. Her family is portrayed as being wealthy and her sister shown to be tyrannical, spoiled, and selfish.", "Greg Heffley. In the movies, things play out differently. In Rodrick Rules, Holly Hills moved to Greg's school and Greg did things to get her to notice him, making a fool of himself half the time. When Holly called him Fregley, Greg did not lose interest and instead was simply upset. At Leisure Towers, Holly talked with Greg outside, saying that she was at her Grandfather's place at the retirement community building. Holly apologized to Greg about calling him Fregley, and Greg pretended that he did not know anything about that. She tells him that she can relate to him about her siblings giving her a hard time. She is more mature than her siblings. Greg and Holly become friends in the end.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film). The Heffley family attends a party at a roller rink, where Greg Heffley reunites with his best friend Rowley Jefferson, meets a new girl at school named Holly Hills who Greg instantly has a crush on, and reveals he passed on the Cheese Touch. During the party, his older brother Rodrick embarrasses Greg by suggesting that he ask Holly to skate with him and then interfering with Couples Skate by persuading a crowd of violent teenagers to enter the rink, along with replacing \"Always\" by Atlantic Starr with a heavy metal song. This prompts Greg's parents, Frank and Susan (who misunderstand this) to speak to Greg on the rink's public address system and then carry him off the rink. Greg, extremely angry with Rodrick for humiliating him, tries to tackle him, but he misses and in turn, lands in Taylor Pringle's birthday cake. She and her friends then furiously proceed to beat up Greg as the intro starts.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film). A few weeks later, Greg's best friend, Rowley Jefferson, takes Greg to the local country club, where his family are members of. Greg enjoys the lifestyle there and the fact that his crush, Holly Hills, teaches tennis there and he doesn't have to go to the book club.", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Maddox Selsam is a boy who lives in the middle of nowhere. He is not allowed to have any screen time, and does not have a TV at his house. He enjoys playing with his Legos and practicing his violin. He met Greg in Double Down when he found Greg's balloon for the Balloon Brigade at his school.", "Zachary Gordon. His film credits (2007â€“2008) include Sex and Death 101, Lower Learning, the Garry Marshall film Georgia Rule (for which he won the \"Young Artist Award\" for his portrayal of Ethan), The Brothers Bloom, as Young Bloom, and alongside Nicolas Cage in National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007) and many others. Gordon has been credited with numerous voice-over roles including \"Brad Spolyt\" in The Chubbchubbs Save Xmas, \"Ricky Garcia\" in Project Gilroy, \"San San\" in Nick Jr.'s Ni Hao, Kai-Lan and The Mighty B! He is a series regular as the voice of Gil, one of the lead roles in the Nickelodeon series, Bubble Guppies. Gordon has voice cameo acted as Baby Melman in the animated film, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, Kotaro in Afro Sumurai: Resurrection, and Young Tony Stark in The Super Hero Squad Show. In 2010, he played Greg Heffley in the film Diary of a Wimpy Kid. In 2011 he appeared as Papi Jr. in Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 and as Paws in Disney's The Search for Santa Paws.", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Lenwood Heath only appears in The Last Straw. He is a rebellious teenager, who was Greg's father's arch-enemy for about three months before he was sent to military academy. This resulted in him becoming a fine young man who works at the movie theater. In the Dog Days film, he is portrayed by Tom Stevens, and is seen working as a lifeguard at the pool the Heffleys are attending.", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Francisco \"Frank\" Heffley is Greg's overreactive but well-meaning father. He is interested in U.S. history, and his replica of a Civil War battlefield is a plot point in the series.[5] Frank is edgy around Rowley,[5] does not appreciate Greg's skill at video games, loathes heavy metal,[4] and adolescents.[6] In Rodrick Rules, during Thanksgiving dinner, Frank turns up the thermostat to make everyone leave. He tries to toughen Greg up and threatens to send him to a military academy in The Last Straw, although ultimately this does not come to fruition, much to Greg's relief.[6] However, Greg and Frank grow together in Dog Days. Frank is portrayed by Steve Zahn in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. In Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, he is played by Tom Everett Scott.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a 2010 American live-action/animated comedy film directed by Thor Freudenthal and based on Jeff Kinney's book of the same name.[4][5][6] The film stars Zachary Gordon and Devon Bostick. Robert Capron, Rachael Harris, Steve Zahn, and Chloë Grace Moretz also have prominent roles. It is the first film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series, and was followed by three sequels, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2011), Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012) and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017).[7] The film earned $75.7 million on a $15 million budget. It is the only film in the series to be directed by Freudenthal, who was replaced by David Bowers for the rest of the installments. The film was theatrically released on March 19, 2010 in the United States by 20th Century Fox.", "Brett Dier. In 2010, he had a cameo appearance in Diary of a Wimpy Kid as a breakdancer. He made appearances in Made: The Movie and Meteor Storm. He had a recurring role in Mr. Young as Hutch. He was in another TV movie, Mega Cyclone, as Will Newamr. In 2012, he had a role in Space Twister. In another recurring role, he was Brandon Kelly in The L.A. Complex. He also had a guest starring role in an episode of the television show Blackstone.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film). The final part of their punishment is they have to stay at their grandfather's retirement home, in which Greg finds out that Holly is visiting her grandmother. Holly tells Greg that she can relate to Greg about siblings giving her a hard time; however, siblings will eventually get over it. Holly also reveals she is more patient and mature than her two sisters.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series). Jeff Kinney announced that a film based on the first book would be produced by 20th Century Fox. The film was released on March 19, 2010, moved up from an April 2 release date.[17] It was directed by Thor Freudenthal, who also directed Hotel for Dogs. The film starred Zachary Gordon as Greg, Robert Capron as Rowley (Greg's best friend), Steve Zahn as Frank (Greg's father), Rachael Harris as Susan (Greg's mother), Devon Bostick as Rodrick (Greg's older brother), Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny (Greg's younger brother), Chloë Grace Moretz as a new character named Angie, and Grayson Russell as Fregley.[4][18]", "Josh Hutcherson. After moving to Hollywood in 2002, Hutcherson appeared in various television commercials.[1] He landed his first major acting role as Nicky Harper in the 2002 pilot episode of House Blend, followed by minor roles in an episode of ER and the pilot episode of Becoming Glen.[17] The following year, he played leading role Charlie Logan in the television film Miracle Dogs, which was released on Animal Planet.[18] The film, Hutcherson's first, received a 79 percent approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.[19] Later that year, he starred opposite Peter Falk and Tim Daly in the television film, Wilder Days,[20] playing Falk's grandson who accompanies him on a turbulent road trip. Daly was impressed with the young Hutcherson, remarking, \"He's an exceptional kid. He's a really good actor, and he's very smart and confident in himself.\"[2] Hutcherson's next role was as a boy dressed as Robin in his first feature film appearance, the well-reviewed independent film American Splendor,[21] which won the grand jury prize at the Sundance Film Festival.[22] His character in 2004's fantasy film The Polar Express, young Hero Boy, was created by motion-capture of his facial expressions and body movements.[23] The film starred Tom Hanks in the lead role and received mixed reviews from critics.[24] In the animated fantasy film Howl's Moving Castle, he voiced the character of Markl, working alongside two other lead characters Christian Bale and Billy Crystal.[25] All of his dialogue for the film was recorded in about eight consecutive hours.[16]", "Freddie Highmore. Alfred Thomas \"Freddie\" Highmore[1] (born 14 February 1992) is an English actor. He made his professional acting debut in the comedy film Women Talking Dirty (1999). He is known for his roles in the films Finding Neverland (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), and The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008), and in the television series Bates Motel and The Good Doctor. For his roles in the first two, he won two consecutive Critics' Choice Movie Awards for Best Young Performer.", "Devon Bostick. Devon Bostick (born November 13, 1991) is a Canadian actor best known for playing the lead role of Simon in the Atom Egoyan directed film Adoration, Brent in Saw VI, Rodrick Heffley in the first three Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies and Jasper Jordan on The CW show The 100 from 2014 to 2017.", "Robert Capron. Robert B. Capron Jr. (born July 9, 1998)[1] is an American actor, voice artist, film producer, comedian and film director who is best known for starring as Rowley Jefferson, Greg Heffley's best friend, in the first three installments of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series.", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Rodrick is infamous for his stereotypical rebellious nature, feigning illness in Rodrick Rules so as to be allowed to remain at home to throw a chaotic house party during his parents' absence, only for the evidence to appear in newly developed photographs that are quickly discovered by the boys' parents. He bullies Greg a lot and pulls awful pranks that ruins Greg's and his family's life. Rodrick also possesses incompetent tendencies, as his school assignments are notoriously crude and idiotic. He assumes that Abraham Lincoln was the author of To Kill a Mockingbird and, with Greg's aid, bases a science presentation around the hypothesis of whether or not plants sneeze. His spelling abilities are also poor, and he devotes a lot of time to tormenting Greg. In the books, Rodrick owns and drives a white van, which sports his band's name written in large black letters, on either side of it and lacks any back seats, the reason being that Rodrick needs room for his band equipment. In the movie series, the van is revealed to be a 1996 Chevrolet Astro AWD van, which also sports a diaper's pin drawn on the rear doors. In Rodrick Rules, Greg is haunted by the fact that Rodrick knows about his most mortifying experience during the summertime. This haunts him when he returns to school. However, his fears are quickly eased after the story becomes distorted to Greg's advantage due to it being passed around by so many people (Ã la Chinese Whispers), temporarily boosting his popularity. By the end of the film adaptation of Rodrick Rules, he is much closer to Greg, and his actions to him becomes much less aggressive. This is also shown in the film adaptation of Dog Days when Rodrick thanks Greg for getting him a gig at Heather Hills' Sweet 16. In the film series based on the books, Rodrick is played by Devon Bostick. In the film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, Rodrick is played by Charlie Wright. Actually, Rodrick's name is usually spelled Roderick with an E, but his parents spelled it wrong on the birth certificate.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid. Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a 2010 American comedy directed by Thor Freudenthal and based on Jeff Kinney's book.[12][13][14] The film was released on March 19, 2010.[15] It was released on DVD, iTunes, and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010.[16] The movie stars Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley, Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley (Dad), Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley (Mom), Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, and Connor & Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Greg's brother.", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Max Mudd (born July 20th, 2001) is Preston Mudd's younger cousin and a world-wide popstar along with his cousins Preston, Chase, Marty, and his friend Christopher Brownfield in their band PW5. Max Mudd is the lead singer, as well as keyboardist, background vocalist, guitarist, and drummer. He is called the \"Next King of Pop.\" He has a jherri curl like Michael Jackson's, bears some resemblance to 1984 Michael Jackson in the face, and sounds mostly like Jackson when he sings. He and PW5 have already released three no. 1 albums since October 2016 (\"Midnight Rider\", \"Price of Fame\", and \"Behind the Mask\"). He has performed concerts with many artists including Loded Diper, Hall & Oates, and Van Halen. He is set to star in Season 3 of Stranger Things and made a cameo appearance in a Criminal Minds episode. He has co-produced all three of PW5's albums, as well as Loded Diper's \"Exploded Diper\" alongside co-producers Joe Elliott and Mutt Lange. Mudd also sang backing vocals and played guitar on some of the tracks. PW5 has the most-streamed song of all-time Behind the Mask (Michael Jackson song), and has won 18 grammy awards over the past two years. Max Mudd is friends with Bruno Mars and has also worked with Def Leppard and The Weeknd on various projects. He is friends with President Donald Trump.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series). Diary of a Wimpy Kid was released March 19, 2010,[2] as it moved up from a previously scheduled April 2 release date.[3] Principal production began on September 21, 2009 and was completed on October 16, 2009. The film was directed by Thor Freudenthal and starred Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley, Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley, Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley, Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, Grayson Russell as Fregley, Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell, and Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta. It is the only film in the series to be directed by Freudenthal. The Original Score for the movie was composed by Theodore Shapiro.", "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters. Angie Steadman only appears as an additional character in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film. She is in seventh grade, has a pink streak of hair, works for the school newspaper, and hates middle school, calling it an \"intellectual wasteland.\" In the film, Greg and Rowley meet her under the bleachers during a game of \"Gladiator\". She gets along with Rowley, but starts a rocky relationship with Greg after he egotistically declines her offer to join the school newspaper. Greg later tells the whole school he ate the cheese instead of Rowley and she compliments and accepts him when she sees that Greg is learning the errors of his ways. In the film, she is portrayed by Chloë Grace Moretz.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid 2: Rodrick Rules) is a 2011 American comedy film[4] based on Jeff Kinney's book of the same name with a couple elements from The Last Straw. The film stars Zachary Gordon and Devon Bostick. Robert Capron, Rachael Harris, Steve Zahn, and Peyton List also have prominent roles. The film was released on March 25, 2011 by 20th Century Fox. The film earned $72.4 million on a $21 million budget. It is the second film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series preceded by 2010's Diary of a Wimpy Kid and followed by 2012's Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days." ]	[ 3.849609375, 2.666015625, 3.828125, 3.646484375, 3.791015625, 0.56103515625, 8.28125, 4.03125, -1.990234375, -1.3115234375, -2.685546875, -4.1015625, 0.091064453125, -0.392822265625, -4.4296875, -1.5693359375, -1.4150390625, -0.98779296875, 1.7353515625, -2.61328125, -2.8828125, 0.7529296875, -4.79296875, -3.2890625, -0.394287109375, -0.873046875, 0.8505859375, 1.9013671875, -2.107421875, 1.5048828125, -0.53515625, 2.02734375 ]
term for a member state of the swiss confederation	[ "Confederation. Switzerland, officially known as the Swiss Confederation,[26][27][28] is an example of a modern country that traditionally refers to itself as a confederation. This is due to the fact that the official (and traditional) name of Switzerland in German (the majority language of the Swiss) is Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (literally \"Swiss Comradeship by Oath\"), an expression which was translated into the Latin Confoederatio Helvetica (Helvetic Confederation).", "Federation. A confederation, in modern political terms, is usually limited to a permanent union of sovereign states for common action in relation to other states.[4] The closest entity in the world to a confederation at this time is the European Union. While the word \"confederation\" was officially used when the present Canadian federal system was established in 1867, the term refers only to the process and not the resulting state since Canadian provinces are not sovereign and do not claim to be. In the case of Switzerland, while the country is still officially called the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica, Confédération suisse) this is also now a misnomer since the Swiss cantons lost their sovereign status in 1848.[5]", "Switzerland. Switzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/), officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.[1][2][note 1] The federal republic is situated in Western-Central Europe,[note 4] and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) (land area 39,997 km2 (15,443 sq mi)). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva.", "Swiss Federal Constitution. The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (SR 10, German: Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft (BV), French: Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse (Cst.), Italian: Costituzione federale della Confederazione Svizzera (Cost.), Romansh: Constituziun federala da la Confederaziun svizra (help·info))[1] of 18 April 1999 (SR 101)[2] is the third and current federal constitution of Switzerland. It establishes the Swiss Confederation as a federal republic of 26 cantons (states). The document contains a catalogue of individual and popular rights (including the right to call for popular referenda on federal laws and constitutional amendments), delineates the responsibilities of the cantons and the Confederation and establishes the federal authorities of government.", "President of the Swiss Confederation. The President of the (Swiss) Confederation[1] (German: Bundespräsident(in), French: Président(e) de la Confédération, Italian: Presidente della Confederazione, Romansh: President(a) da la Confederaziun) is the presiding member of the seven-member Swiss Federal Council, Switzerland's executive. Elected by the Federal Assembly for one year, the President of the Confederation chairs the meetings of the Federal Council and undertakes special representational duties. Primus inter pares, the president has no powers over and above the other six councillors and continues to head her/his department. Traditionally the duty rotates among the members in order of seniority and the previous year's vice-president becomes president.", "President of the Swiss Confederation. As first among equals, the Federal Council member serving as President of the Confederation is not the Swiss head of state. However, the entire Federal Council is the collective head of state.", "Switzerland as a federal state. A federal central government was set up to which the cantons gave up certain parts of their sovereign rights, retaining the rest. The Federal Assembly was made up of two houses- Council of States (StÃ¤nderat), composed of two deputies from each canton (44 members at the time) and the National Council (Nationalrat) made up of deputies elected three years, in the proportion of one for every 20,000 citizens or fraction over 10,000 from each canton. The Federal Council or executive (Bundesrat) consisted of seven members elected by the Federal Assembly. In the 1848 Constitution, the entire Federal Council was granted the \"supreme executive and directorial authority of the Confederation\".[4] Each member of the Federal Council heads one of seven executive departments. The chairman of the Council also holds the title of President of the Swiss Confederation for a one-year term, with the position rotating among the members of the Federal Council.", "President of the Swiss Confederation. In addition to the control of his or her own department, the president carries out some of the representative duties that are normally carried out by a single head of state in other democracies. For example, since joining the United Nations, Swiss presidents have on occasion spoken at inaugural sessions of the General Assembly along with other visiting heads of state and government.[4][5] However, because the Swiss have no single head of state, the country carries out no state visits. When traveling abroad, the president does so only in their capacity as head of their department. Visiting heads of state are received by the seven members of the Federal Council together, rather than by the President of the Confederation. Treaties are signed on behalf of the full Council, with all Federal Council members signing letters of credence and other documents of the kind.", "President of the Swiss Confederation. The Swiss president is not – as are, for example, the Presidents in Austria or Germany – the head of state of the country: under the Swiss Federal Constitution, the Federal Council doubles as a collective head of state and head of government.[3] When a tied vote occurs in the council (which sometimes happens, because the six Federal Councillors who are not president vote first), the president – as the chair of the council – casts the deciding vote (or may abstain).", "Swiss Federal Constitution. Prior to 1798, the Swiss Confederacy was a confederation of independent states, not a federal state, and as such was based on treaties rather than a constitution. The Helvetic Republic of 1798–1803 had a constitution largely drawn up by Peter Ochs, in 1803 replaced by the Act of Mediation, which was in turn replaced by the Federal Treaty of 1815, which restored the Confederacy, while the individual cantons drew up cantonal constitutions, in most respects based on the Ancien Régime \nof the 18th century, but with notable liberal innovations in the constitutions of the new cantons of St. Gallen, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud and Geneva. The new cantonal constitutions in many cases served as precedents for the later federal constitution.[3]", "Swiss Federal Constitution. The general provisions contained in Title 1 (articles 1–6) define the characteristic traits of the Swiss state on all of its three levels of authority: federal, cantonal and municipal. They contain an enumeration of the constituent cantons, affirm cantonal sovereignty within the bounds of the Constitution and list the national languages – German, French, Italian and Romansh. They also commit the state to the principles of obedience to law, proportionality, good faith and respect for international law, an explicit claim for subsidiarity, before closing with a reference to individual responsibility.", "Switzerland. The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration.[52]", "Languages of Switzerland. To avoid having to translate the name of Switzerland in the four national languages,[note 2] Latin is used on the coins of the Swiss franc (Helvetia or Confoederatio Helvetica) and on Swiss stamps (Helvetia). The country code top-level domain for Switzerland on the internet is .ch, the abbreviation of the Latin name of the Confoederatio Helvetica (Swiss Confederation). The Federal Palace of Switzerland bears the inscription Curia Confoederationis Helveticae.", "Switzerland. The Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was neologized and introduced gradually after the formation of the federal state in 1848, harking back to the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic, appearing on coins from 1879, inscribed on the Federal Palace in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal.[22] (for example, the ISO banking code \"CHF\" for the Swiss franc, and the country top-level domain \".ch\", are both taken from the state's Latin name). Helvetica is derived from the Helvetii, a Gaulish tribe living on the Swiss plateau before the Roman era.", "Montevideo Convention. Switzerland, although not a member of the European Union, adheres to the same principle, stating that \"neither a political unit needs to be recognized to become a state, nor does a state have the obligation to recognize another one. At the same time, neither recognition is enough to create a state, nor does its absence abolish it.\"[15]", "Presidency. The President of Switzerland is a current member of Switzerlandâ€™s executive branch, which is the seven-member Swiss Federal Council. Presidential power in Switzerland is limited, consistent with its commitment to direct democracy. Any Swiss citizen eligible to be a member of the National Council can be elected; candidates do not have to register for the election or to actually be members of the National Council. Unlike most countries, where the presidential term can be up to eight years (two four-year terms), the President of the Swiss Confederation is only appointed one year at a time. The President of the Confederation chairs the meetings of the Federal Council and undertakes special representational duties, while continuing to head his or her department. The Swiss president is not the Head of State of the country; the Federal Council administers both the Head of State and the Head of Government, which emphasizes that the executive power is not concentrated on only one person. Traditionally the duty of presidency rotates among the members in order of seniority and the previous year's vice president becomes president.[7]", "Switzerland. Switzerland has existed as a state in its present form since the adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848. The precursors of Switzerland established a protective alliance at the end of the 13th century (1291), forming a loose confederation of states which persisted for centuries.", "President of the Swiss Confederation. The president is elected by the Federal Assembly from the Federal Council for a term of one year.[2][6][3]", "Citizenship. Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation state, but the term can also apply at the subnational level. Subnational entities may impose requirements, of residency or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity, or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as \"citizens\" of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the fundamental basis of Swiss citizenship is citizenship of an individual commune, from which follows citizenship of a canton and of the Confederation. Another example is Åland where the residents enjoy a special provincial citizenship within Finland, hembygdsrätt.", "Swiss people. Although the modern state of Switzerland originated in 1848, the period of romantic nationalism, it is not a nation-state, and the Swiss are not usually considered to form a single ethnic group, but a confederacy (Eidgenossenschaft) or Willensnation (\"nation of will\", \"nation by choice\", that is, a consociational state), a term coined in conscious contrast to \"nation\" in the conventionally linguistic or ethnic sense of the term.", "Switzerland. The Swiss Confederation consists of 20 cantons and 6 half cantons:[52][59]", "President of the Swiss Confederation. The constitutional provisions relating to the organization of the Federal Government and Federal Administration are set out in Section 1 Organisation and Procedure of Chapter 3 Federal Council and Federal Administration of the Title 3 Confederation, Cantons and Communes of the Swiss Federal Constitution[2] at articles 174 to 179. Article 176 specifically relates to the Presidency.", "Treaty of Paris (1815). The Swiss Confederation had been internationally recognised as an independent neutral state at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. During the Napoleonic Wars it failed to remain neutral, as some cantons had been annexed into other states and, under French influence, the Act of Mediation was signed and the Swiss Confederation was replaced by the more centralised Helvetic Republic which was allied to France. With the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, the Cantons of Switzerland started the process of constructing a new, less centralised constitution.[25]", "Switzerland. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation; it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world.[9] In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to numerous international organisations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably not part of the European Union, the European Economic Area or the Eurozone. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties.", "List of national and state libraries. The member states of the Swiss Confederation are the 26 cantons of Switzerland. The cantonal libraries (de) (German Kantonsbibliothek, French Bibliothèque cantonale, Italian Biblioteca cantonale, Romansh Biblioteca chantunala) are:", "Switzerland as a federal state. The judiciary (Bundesgericht) was made up of eleven members elected for three years by the Federal Assembly. The Bundesgericht was chiefly confined to civil cases in which the Confederation was a party, but also took in great political crimes. All constitutional questions are however reserved for the Federal Assembly.", "Latin. Switzerland adopts the country's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages. For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH, which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica, the country's full Latin name.", "Switzerland. The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, depending on the population of each canton. Members of both houses serve for 4 years and only serve as members of parliament part-time (so-called \"Milizsystem\" or Citizen legislature).[54] When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.[52]", "Zürich. On 1 May 1351, the citizens of Zürich had to swear allegiance before representatives of the cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, the other members of the Swiss Confederacy. Thus, Zürich became the fifth member of the Confederacy, which was at that time a loose confederation of de facto independent states. Zürich was the presiding canton of the Diet from 1468 to 1519. This authority was the executive council and lawmaking body of the confederacy, from the Middle Ages until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848. Zürich was temporarily expelled from the confederacy in 1440 due to a war with the other member states over the territory of Toggenburg (the Old Zürich War). Neither side had attained significant victory when peace was agreed upon in 1446, and Zürich was readmitted to the confederation in 1450.[26]", "Switzerland–European Union relations. The relations between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) are framed by a series of bilateral treaties whereby the Swiss Confederation has adopted various provisions of European Union law in order to participate in the Union's single market, without joining as a member state. All but one (the microstate Liechtenstein) of Switzerland's neighbouring countries are EU member states.", "Switzerland. Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[61][62] Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations[61] and it was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states.[61] Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s.[61] However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.[63]", "Switzerland. In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, but is not a member of the European Economic Area. An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but not advanced since the EEA was rejected in December 1992[29] when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum on the EEA. There have since been several referendums on the EU issue; due to a mixed reaction from the population the membership application has been frozen. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to conform with that of the EU, and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been completely surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland, a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies.[27]" ]	[ -0.3154296875, -0.239990234375, -2.12890625, -0.280029296875, -0.11517333984375, -2.353515625, 0.8359375, -2.75, -2.943359375, -2.39453125, -2.015625, 1.0673828125, -3.541015625, -2.26953125, -4.24609375, 0.58935546875, -3.9765625, 0.7568359375, -4.6015625, 0.96240234375, -2.55859375, -3.419921875, -5.203125, -3.515625, 1.552734375, -0.2073974609375, -5.7890625, -0.90283203125, -2.98046875, -2.623046875, -4.75390625, -4.01171875 ]
who was the movie the iceman based on	[ "Richard Kuklinski. Michael Shannon plays Kuklinski in the 2012 film The Iceman based on Anthony Bruno's book The Iceman: The True Story of a Cold-Blooded Killer.[34] The film also stars Winona Ryder as Kuklinski's wife (renamed Deborah), Ray Liotta as Roy DeMeo, Stephen Dorff as Richard's younger brother Joey, and Chris Evans as Robert \"Mr. Softee\" (renamed \"Mr. Freezy\") Pronge.", "David Schwimmer. David Schwimmer appeared in the cast of The Iceman (film) in 2013 as Josh Rosenthal, a mobster who was brought up by the notorious Roy Demeo and part of the Gambino Family. The movie starred Michael Shannon as Richard Kuklinski", "Iceman (Marvel Comics). In the films, X-Men, X2, X-Men: The Last Stand, and X-Men: Days of Future Past, he is played by Shawn Ashmore. Bobby is one of the first students to reach out to Rogue and begins a romantic relationship with her. In X2, he has an uneasy friendship/rivalry with Pyro. His relationship with his family is also strained, and his brother actually turns Bobby in to the police out of jealousy. In X-Men: The Last Stand, his relationship with Rogue appears to be deteriorating, strained by their inability to have physical contact and by his close friendship with Kitty Pryde. During a battle with Pyro, now working for Magneto's Brotherhood, he achieves the ability to transform into his ice form from the comics. In the original dystopian timeline of X-Men: Days of Future Past,[122] Iceman is more powerful, transforming into ice and travelling on ice slides, but is nevertheless killed while fighting the Sentinels. After Kitty and Wolverine change the timeline, Iceman is seen once again in a relationship with Rogue at the Xavier Mansion. Bobby's scenes vary in the Days of Future Past known as The Rogue Cut, where he is killed by Sentinels while helping Rogue and Magneto to escape.[123]", "Richard Kuklinski. Kuklinski was given the nickname \"The Iceman\" for his method of freezing a victim to mask the time of death. During his criminal career, fellow mobsters called him \"the one-man army\" or \"the devil himself\"[3] due to his fearsome reputation and imposing physique of 6'5\" (196 cm) and 270 pounds (122 kg). Kuklinski lived with his wife and children in the New Jersey suburb of Dumont. His family was apparently unaware of Kuklinski's double life and crimes.[4]", "Iceman (Marvel Comics). Iceman (Robert Louis \"Bobby\" Drake) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and is a founding member of the X-Men. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The X-Men #1 (September 1963).", "Richard Kuklinski. Kuklinski earned the nickname \"The Iceman\" because of his experiments in disguising the time of death of his victims by freezing their corpses in an industrial freezer. Later, he told Carlo that he got the idea from fellow hitman Robert Pronge, nicknamed \"Mister Softee\", who drove a Mister Softee truck to appear inconspicuous. Pronge taught Kuklinski the different methods of using cyanide to kill his victims. Kuklinski also claimed to have purchased remotely detonated hand grenades from Pronge. Pronge allegedly asked him to carry out a hit on Pronge's own wife and child, which would have been against Kuklinski's stated code against killing women and children. In 1984, Pronge was found shot to death in his truck.", "Iceman (Marvel Comics). Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in X-Men #1 (September 1963). Lee later admitted that Iceman was created essentially as a copy of the Human Torch, only using the opposite element for his power.[1]", "Richard Kuklinski. In 1985 a division of the New Jersey Criminal Justice Department created a task force composed of federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, including New Jersey Attorney General's office and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, dedicated to arresting and convicting Richard Kuklinski. The task force, nicknamed \"Operation Iceman\", based its case almost entirely on the testimony of undercover agent Dominick Polifrone and the evidence built by New Jersey State Police detective Pat Kane, who began the case against Kuklinski six years earlier.[5][21]", "The Ice Storm (film). The Ice Storm was first brought to the attention of producer James Schamus by his wife, literary scout Nancy Kricorian, who knew Rick Moody from Columbia University's MFA program. Schamus has said, \"It's an astonishingly cinematic book... But, because of its truly literary qualities, people may have missed its extraordinary cinematic possibilities.\"[3] Philosopher Slavoj Žižek has stated that Schamus was also inspired by one of Žižek’s books[which?] at the time of writing the screenplay: \"When James Schamus was writing the scenario, he told me that he was reading a book of mine and that my theoretical book was inspiration.\"[4]", "Richard Kuklinski. On September 25, 1983, Kuklinski made another significant mistake when Louis Masgay was found dead near a town park off Clausland Mountain Road in Orangetown, New York, with a bullet hole in his head. Kuklinski, as he had done many times before, attempted to disguise Masgay's time of death by storing his corpse in an industrial freezer for two years. This time, Kuklinski did not allow the body to thaw completely before he dumped it. The Rockland County medical examiner found ice crystals inside the body on a warm September day. Had the body thawed completely before discovery, the medical examiner stated that he probably would have never noticed Kuklinski's trickery.[3] This discovery helped authorities to deduce that Kuklinski used a freezer as part of his modus operandi and led them to give Kuklinski the nickname \"Iceman\".[5][6]", "Iceman (Marvel Comics). Robert Louis \"Bobby\" Drake was born in Floral Park, Long Island, New York, to William Robert Drake and Madeline Beatrice Bass-Drake. His father is Irish-American Catholic, and his mother is Jewish.[9] Bobby's powers first manifested when he was on a date with Judy Harmon, and a local bully by the name of Rocky Beasely tried to take Judy away for himself. Knowing Judy could not put up a good fight, Bobby pointed his hand at Beasely and encased him in a block of ice. Later, the local townspeople, having heard of the incident, came looking for him in the form of an angry mob. The local sheriff had no choice but to put Bobby in jail for his own \"protection\". While Bobby sat in his cell at the sheriff station, the outer wall was blown open, and a young man named Scott Summers walked in and offered to take Bobby with him. After Bobby turned him down, the two mutants got into a short battle, which was soon ended by the arrival of Professor Charles Xavier.[10]", "Val Kilmer. During a brief hiatus, he backpacked throughout Europe before going on to play the lead character in the 1985 comedy Real Genius. He turned down a role in David Lynch's Blue Velvet[19] before being cast as naval aviator \"Iceman\" in the action film Top Gun alongside Tom Cruise. Top Gun grossed a total of $344,700,000 worldwide and made Kilmer a major star.[20] Following roles in the television films The Murders in the Rue Morgue and The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains, Kilmer played Madmartigan in the fantasy Willow; he met his future wife, co-star Joanne Whalley, on the film's set. Kilmer starred in the Colorado Shakespeare Festival production of Hamlet in 1988. In 1989, Kilmer played the lead in both Kill Me Again, again opposite Whalley, and in TNT's Billy the Kid.", "The Ice Storm (film). The Ice Storm is a 1997 American drama film directed by Ang Lee, based on the 1994 novel The Ice Storm by Rick Moody.", "Chuck Liddell. Liddell's moniker 'The Iceman' was coined by his trainer, John Hackleman, of Liddell's calm and relax temperament before fights.[52]", "Lee Majors. He also appeared in several films during the 1970s. The TV movie Francis Gary Powers: The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident (1976, as Francis Gary Powers), the Viking film The Norseman (1978) co-starring Cornel Wilde, the horror thriller Killer Fish (1979), the action movie Steel (1979), opposite Jennifer O'Neill, and the political thriller Agency (1980), starring Robert Mitchum.", "Christopher John Boyce. The story of their case was told in Robert Lindsey's best-selling 1979 book The Falcon and the Snowman. This book was turned into a film of the same title in 1985 by director John Schlesinger starring Timothy Hutton as Boyce and Sean Penn as Lee.", "Demolition Man (film). Hungarian science fiction writer István Nemere says that most of Demolition Man is based on his novel Holtak harca (Fight of the Dead), published in 1986. In the novel, a terrorist and his enemy, a counter-terrorism soldier, are cryogenically frozen and awakened in the 22nd century to find violence has been purged from society. Nemere claimed that a committee proved that 75% of the film is identical to the book. He chose not to initiate a lawsuit, as it would have been too expensive for him to hire a lawyer and fight against major Hollywood forces in the United States. He also claimed that Hollywood has plagiarized works of many Eastern European writers after the fall of the Iron Curtain, and that he knows the person he claims to be responsible for illegally selling his idea to the filmmakers.[12]", "Ray Liotta. In the 2010s, Liotta appeared in Date Night, with Steve Carell, Charlie St. Cloud with Zac Efron, the independent drama Snowmen, and The River Sorrow, which stars Liotta as a detective alongside Christian Slater and Ving Rhames. He starred alongside Brad Pitt and James Gandolfini in the 2012 Andrew Dominik film Killing Them Softly[21] and the 2013 Ariel Vromen film The Iceman features Liotta as the character of Roy DeMeo.[22] He had a supporting role in Muppets Most Wanted (2014).[17]", "Ötzi. In 2010, it was proposed that Ötzi died at a much lower altitude and was buried higher in the mountains, as posited by archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti of the Sapienza University of Rome and his colleagues.[66] According to their study of the items found near Ötzi and their locations, it is possible that the iceman may have been placed above what has been interpreted as a stone burial mound but was subsequently moved with each thaw cycle that created a flowing watery mix driven by gravity before being re-frozen.[67] While archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl of the University of Innsbruck agrees that the natural process described probably caused the body to move from the ridge that includes the stone formation, he pointed out that the paper provided no compelling evidence to demonstrate that the scattered stones constituted a burial platform.[67] Moreover, biological anthropologist Albert Zink argues that the iceman's bones display no dislocations that would have resulted from a downhill slide and that the intact blood clots in his arrow wound would show damage if the body had been moved up the mountain.[67] In either case, the burial theory does not contradict the possibility of a violent cause of death.", "Ice King. Novelist Lev Grossman, in an interview with NPR, praised the backstory of the Ice King and the exploration of his condition, noting that his origin is \"psychologically plausible\". He also stated \"My dad has been going through having Alzheimer's, and he's forgotten so much about who he used to be. And I look at him and think this cartoon is about my father dying.\"[3]", "Jim Brown. Ice Station Zebra (1968) was also for MGM, an expensive adventure movie based on a novel by Alistair MacLean where Brown supported Rock Hudson, Patrick McGoohan and Ernest Borgnine.", "Chris Evans (actor). He next starred opposite Michael Shannon in The Iceman, replacing James Franco, who had dropped out.[28] Evans wore a long wig and grew out a beard for the role.[29] He starred in South Korean director Bong Joon-ho's English-language film Snowpiercer.[30]", "Ötzi. Ötzi (German pronunciation: [ˈœtsi] ( listen); also called the Iceman, the Similaun Man, the Man from Hauslabjoch, the Tyrolean Iceman, and the Hauslabjoch mummy) is a nickname given to the well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived between 3400 and 3100 BCE.[2] The mummy was found in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, hence the nickname \"Ötzi\", near Similaun mountain and Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy.[3][better source needed] He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic Europeans. His body and belongings are displayed in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy.", "Iceman (Marvel Comics). Iceman was featured in two self-titled limited comic book miniseries, one in 1984-85 written by J. M. DeMatteis and another in the 2000s by Andy Lanning and Dan Abnett, with art by Karl Kerschl. DeMatteis said of the first series, \"It was my idea, so there was no one to blame but myself. I'll just say that it was a mistake and if the series made any sense whatsoever it was due to [editor] Bob Budiansky. That was a case where the editor's input was really needed - and Bob was a big help.\"[2]", "Iceman (Marvel Comics). Iceman is Roberto Trefusis in the miniseries Marvel 1602, a member of the group of \"witchbreeds\" founded by Carlos Javier and led by Scotius Summerisle. He is the nephew of naval commander Sir Francis Drake. As in the Marvel Universe, he generates ice and can assume a physical ice form.", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (film). In 1963, at the height of the Cold War, professional thief-turned CIA agent Napoleon Solo extracts Gaby Teller, daughter of Dr. Udo Teller, an alleged Nazi scientist-turned United States collaborator at the end of World War II, from East Berlin, evading KGB operative Illya Kuryakin. He later reports to his superior, Sanders, who reveals that Gaby's maternal uncle Rudi works in a shipping company owned by Alexander and Victoria Vinciguerra, a wealthy Nazi sympathizer couple who intend to use Teller to build their own private nuclear weapon and give it to lingering Nazi elements. Due to the potentially world-ending nature of this crisis, the CIA and KGB have reluctantly teamed up, and Solo and Kuryakin are ordered to stop the Vinciguerras from succeeding, with both men secretly assigned to steal Udo Teller's research for their respective governments.", "Jan-Michael Vincent. Vincent worked with Traci Lords in the 1991 suspense film Raw Nerve. He also co-starred with Clint Howard in the 1996 black comedy/horror film Ice Cream Man, which had very limited theatrical release but did eventually reach cult status via home video as an unintentional comedy.", "Marathon Man (film). Director Schlesinger said that Marathon Man was successful not only because it had elements of escapism, but also because the audience easily identified with Babe Levy. Schlesinger said that he \"is definitely someone that you can root for. The film is about his survival in a grim and hostile world. In our present age of anxiety we can all identify with characters who are not trying to get ahead but simply to survive.\"[21]", "Iceman (Marvel Comics). Soon, Iceman participated in the final battle against the Marauders, the Acolytes, and Predator X. He was one of the X-Men who came running in to fight Predator X after it swallowed Wolverine whole. However, he also witnesses his mentor, Professor Xavier, \"killed\" by Bishop's bullet, which was not meant for him.[75]", "Aunjanue Ellis. Ellis is best known for her roles in films Men of Honor (2000), The Caveman's Valentine (2001), Undercover Brother (2002), Ray (2004), The Express (2008), The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009) and The Help (2011). On television, Ellis had regular role in the ABC police drama series High Incident (1996â€“97), and later co-starred in a number of short-lived dramas. She had recurring roles on The Practice, True Blood, and The Mentalist, and played roles in a number of made for television movies, such as Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story (2009) and Abducted: The Carlina White Story (2013).", "Gary Oldman. In 1991, Oldman starred in his first US blockbuster, playing Lee Harvey Oswald in Oliver Stone's JFK. According to Oldman, very little was written about Oswald in the script. Stone gave him several plane tickets, a list of contacts and told him to do his own research.[31] Oldman met with Oswald's wife, Marina, and her two daughters to prepare for the role.[32] The following year, he starred as Count Dracula in Francis Ford Coppola's romance-horror Bram Stoker's Dracula. A commercially successful film adaptation of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel,[33] it was a box office success worldwide. Oldman's performance was recognised as the best male performance of 1992 by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, which awarded Oldman the Best Actor award.[34] Oldman would later become a popular portrayer of villains:[15] he played violent pimp Drexl Spivey in the Tony Scott-directed, Quentin Tarantino-written True Romance (1993), a role which MSN Movies described as \"one of cinema's most memorable villains\";[35] a sadistic prison warden in Murder in the First (1995), futuristic corporate tyrant Jean-Baptiste Emanuel Zorg in The Fifth Element (1997), and Dr. Zachary Smith/Spider Smith in the commercially successful but critically panned Lost in Space (1998). Oldman was considered for two roles in Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction (1994), but neither were realised: Tarantino contemplated Oldman as gangster Jules Winnfield (played by Samuel L. Jackson),[36] while TriStar executives recommended him for drug dealer Lance (portrayed by Eric Stoltz).[37][38]", "Marathon Man (film). Marathon Man is a 1976 American suspense-thriller film directed by John Schlesinger. It was adapted by William Goldman from his 1974 novel of the same name and stars Dustin Hoffman, Laurence Olivier, Roy Scheider, William Devane and Marthe Keller. The music score was composed by Michael Small." ]	[ 4.7578125, 0.56591796875, -1.501953125, 0.78466796875, 1.4287109375, -1.3701171875, 1.927734375, 0.01006317138671875, -3.29296875, -0.11334228515625, 0.76611328125, -1.4775390625, -3.072265625, -0.016021728515625, -6.65234375, -1.884765625, -4.1015625, 0.51611328125, -6.1796875, -3.96484375, -4.48046875, -1.2861328125, -0.39599609375, -1.55859375, 0.6240234375, -2.927734375, -6.1328125, -5.50390625, -1.64453125, -6.75, -5.2578125, -5.765625 ]
what is the meaning of the word autism	[ "Autism. The New Latin word autismus (English translation autism) was coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1910 as he was defining symptoms of schizophrenia. He derived it from the Greek word autós (αὐτός, meaning \"self\"), and used it to mean morbid self-admiration, referring to \"autistic withdrawal of the patient to his fantasies, against which any influence from outside becomes an intolerable disturbance\".[220]", "Autism. Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by troubles with social interaction and communication.[1] Often there is also restricted and repetitive behavior.[1] Parents usually notice signs in the first two or three years of their child's life.[1][3] These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism reach their developmental milestones at a normal pace and then worsen.[9]", "Special education. Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), refers to a range of conditions. These conditions involve challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication. They also involve unique strengths and differences. For instance, there are persons with both low- and high-functioning autism (which some claim is identical to Aspergerâ€™s syndrome.", "Autism. The word autism first took its modern sense in 1938 when Hans Asperger of the Vienna University Hospital adopted Bleuler's terminology autistic psychopaths in a lecture in German about child psychology.[221] Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as Asperger syndrome, though for various reasons it was not widely recognized as a separate diagnosis until 1981.[219] Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first used autism in its modern sense in English when he introduced the label early infantile autism in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities.[37] Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner's first paper on the subject, notably \"autistic aloneness\" and \"insistence on sameness\", are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum of disorders.[52] It is not known whether Kanner derived the term independently of Asperger.[222]", "Autism. Autism is one of the five pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which are characterized by widespread abnormalities of social interactions and communication, and severely restricted interests and highly repetitive behavior.[20] These symptoms do not imply sickness, fragility, or emotional disturbance.[23]", "Central nervous system disease. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and persistent deficits in social interaction and communication.[7]", "Autism. Autism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder[19] that first appears during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without remission.[20] People with autism may be severely impaired in some respects but normal, or even superior, in others.[21] Overt symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months, become established by age two or three years,[22] and tend to continue through adulthood, although often in more muted form.[23] It is distinguished not by a single symptom, but by a characteristic triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction; impairments in communication; and restricted interests and repetitive behavior. Other aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis.[24] Autism's individual symptoms occur in the general population and appear not to associate highly, without a sharp line separating pathologically severe from common traits.[25]", "People-first language. In the autism community, many self-advocates and their allies prefer terminology such as “Autistic,” “Autistic person,” or “Autistic individual” because we understand autism as an inherent part of an individual’s identity...It is impossible to affirm the value and worth of an Autistic person without recognizing his or her identity as an Autistic person. Referring to me as “a person with autism,” or “an individual with ASD” demeans who I am because it denies who I am...When we say “person with autism,” we say that it is unfortunate and an accident that a person is Autistic. We affirm that the person has value and worth, and that autism is entirely separate from what gives him or her value and worth. In fact, we are saying that autism is detrimental to value and worth as a person, which is why we separate the condition with the word “with” or “has.” Ultimately, what we are saying when we say “person with autism” is that the person would be better off if not Autistic, and that it would have been better if he or she had been born typical.[29]", "Autism. Diagnosis is based on behavior, not cause or mechanism.[25][113] Under the DSM-5, autism is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These deficits are present in early childhood, typically before age three, and lead to clinically significant functional impairment.[3] Sample symptoms include lack of social or emotional reciprocity, stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language, and persistent preoccupation with unusual objects. The disturbance must not be better accounted for by Rett syndrome, intellectual disability or global developmental delay.[3] ICD-10 uses essentially the same definition.[20]", "Stranger anxiety. According to the American Psychiatric Association, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is defined as “a developmental disorder characterized by troubles with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior”.[15] There is a significant overlap between the behaviors that characterize ASD and those observed in stranger anxiety, which makes diagnoses and research more difficult.[15] However, individuals with ASD often have a rigid understanding of the world and behave in a very rule-based and compartmentalized manner, depending on their placement on the spectrum. Thus, the social interactions and stranger approaches seen in children are often modeled from their caretakers and are based on the rules they are told.", "Asperger syndrome. Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger's, is a developmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests.[3] As a milder autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it differs from other ASDs by relatively normal language and intelligence.[6] Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and unusual use of language are common.[7][8] Signs usually begin before two years old and typically last for a person's entire life.[3]", "Asperger syndrome. People identifying with Asperger syndrome may refer to themselves in casual conversation as aspies (a term first used in print by Liane Holliday Willey in 1999).[120] The word neurotypical (abbreviated NT) describes a person whose neurological development and state are typical and is often used to refer to non-autistic (or allistic) people. The Internet has allowed individuals with AS to communicate with each other in a way that was not previously possible because of their rarity and geographic dispersal, forming a subculture composed of people with Asperger's. Internet sites like Wrong Planet have made it easier for individuals to connect.[12]", "Autism. The manifestations of autism cover a wide spectrum, ranging from individuals with severe impairments—who may be silent, developmentally disabled, and locked into hand flapping and rocking—to high functioning individuals who may have active but distinctly odd social approaches, narrowly focused interests, and verbose, pedantic communication.[130] Because the behavior spectrum is continuous, boundaries between diagnostic categories are necessarily somewhat arbitrary.[43] Sometimes the syndrome is divided into low-, medium- or high-functioning autism (LFA, MFA, and HFA), based on IQ thresholds,[131] or on how much support the individual requires in daily life; these subdivisions are not standardized and are controversial. Autism can also be divided into syndromal and non-syndromal autism; the syndromal autism is associated with severe or profound intellectual disability or a congenital syndrome with physical symptoms, such as tuberous sclerosis.[132] Although individuals with Asperger syndrome tend to perform better cognitively than those with autism, the extent of the overlap between Asperger syndrome, HFA, and non-syndromal autism is unclear.[133]", "Special education. Autism is known as a disability that impairs the social interactions and communication skills of a person. People who are autistic tend to think and act differently than others. Many children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) find themselves comfortable with a device in their hands.Â For students with autism, there are apps called \"visual scene displays\" that are most helpful for children who are having difficulty with verbal skills, according to Jules Csillag, a speech-language pathologist who focuses on special ed tech. Apps such as SceneSpeak and Speech with Milo help autistic children develop storytelling skills with text-to-speech voice and interactive storybooks. Using apps like these in a classroom can improve autistic student's verbal skills.[71]", "Glossary of psychiatry. Autistic thinking is a term used to refer to thinking not in accordance with consensus reality that emphasizes preoccupation with inner experience. See also #Dereistic thinking. More generally, it means thinking that is guided by internal wishes and desires regardless of external real-world factors.[6]:p. 76", "Autism. Of the five PDD forms, Asperger syndrome is closest to autism in signs and likely causes; Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder share several signs with autism, but may have unrelated causes; PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS; also called atypical autism) is diagnosed when the criteria are not met for a more specific disorder.[126] Unlike with autism, people with Asperger syndrome have no substantial delay in language development.[127] The terminology of autism can be bewildering, with autism, Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS often called the autism spectrum disorders (ASD)[6] or sometimes the autistic disorders,[128] whereas autism itself is often called autistic disorder, childhood autism, or infantile autism. In this article, autism refers to the classic autistic disorder; in clinical practice, though, autism, ASD, and PDD are often used interchangeably.[120] ASD, in turn, is a subset of the broader autism phenotype, which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic-like traits, such as avoiding eye contact.[129]", "Autism. Social deficits distinguish autism and the related autism spectrum disorders (ASD; see Classification) from other developmental disorders.[23] People with autism have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted. Noted autistic Temple Grandin described her inability to understand the social communication of neurotypicals, or people with normal neural development, as leaving her feeling \"like an anthropologist on Mars\".[26]", "Asperger syndrome. Named after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger (1906–1980), Asperger syndrome is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of autism,[113] though a syndrome like it was described as early as 1925 by Grunya Sukhareva (1891–1981).[114] As a child, Asperger appears to have exhibited some features of the very condition named after him, such as remoteness and talent in language.[115][116] In 1944, Asperger described four children in his practice[8] who had difficulty in integrating themselves socially. The children lacked nonverbal communication skills, failed to demonstrate empathy with their peers, and were physically clumsy. Asperger called the condition \"autistic psychopathy\" and described it as primarily marked by social isolation.[4] Fifty years later, several standardizations of AS as a medical diagnosis were tentatively proposed, many of which diverge significantly from Asperger's original work.[117]", "Asperger syndrome. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Asperger syndrome (AS) as one of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which are a spectrum of psychological conditions that are characterized by abnormalities of social interaction and communication that pervade the individual's functioning, and by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior. Like other psychological development disorders, ASD begins in infancy or childhood, has a steady course without remission or relapse, and has impairments that result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain.[30] ASD, in turn, is a subset of the broader autism phenotype, which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic-like traits, such as social deficits.[31] Of the other four ASD forms, autism is the most similar to AS in signs and likely causes, but its diagnosis requires impaired communication and allows delay in cognitive development; Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder share several signs with autism but may have unrelated causes; and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) is diagnosed when the criteria for a more specific disorder are unmet.[32]", "Glossary of psychiatry. Today the term is used most often to refer to a specific developmental syndrome (see autism spectrum).[6]:p. 76", "Child development. Autism and speech delay are usually correlated. Problems with verbal language are the most common signs seen in autism. Early diagnosis and treatment of autism can significantly help the child improve their speech skills. Autism is recognized as one of the five pervasive developmental disorders, distinguished by problems with language, speech, communication and social skills that present in early childhood. Some common autistic syndromes are the following, being limited to no verbal speech, echolalia or repeating words out of context, problems responding to verbal instruction and may ignore others who speak directly.", "Autism. The emergence of the autism rights movement has served as an attempt to encourage people to be more tolerant of those with autism.[173] Through this movement, people hope to cause others to think of autism as a difference instead of a disease. Proponents of this movement wish to seek \"acceptance, not cures.\"[174] There have also been many worldwide events promoting autism awareness such as World Autism Awareness Day, Light It Up Blue, Autism Sunday, Autistic Pride Day, Autreat, and others.[175][176][177][178][179] There have also been many organizations dedicated to increasing the awareness of autism and the effects that autism has on someone's life. These organizations include Autism Speaks, Autism National Committee, Autism Society of America, and many others.[180] Social-science scholars have had an increased focused on studying those with autism in hopes to learn more about \"autism as a culture, transcultural comparisons... and research on social movements.\"[181] Media has had an influence on how the public perceives those with autism. Rain Man, a film that won 4 Oscars including Best Picture, depicts a character with autism who has incredible talents and abilities.[182] While many autistics don't have these special abilities, there are some autistic individuals who have been successful in their fields.[183][184][185]", "Autism. Some studies have reported diagnoses of autism in children due to a loss of language or social skills, as opposed to a failure to make progress, typically from 15 to 30 months of age. The validity of this distinction remains controversial; it is possible that regressive autism is a specific subtype,[9][35][1][134] or that there is a continuum of behaviors between autism with and without regression.[135]", "Self-awareness. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental disabilities that can adversely impact social communication and create behavioral challenges (Understanding Autism, 2003).[53] \"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. These disorders are characterized, in varying degrees, by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors.\"[54] ASDs can also cause imaginative abnormalities and can range from mild to severe, especially in sensory-motor, perceptual and affective dimensions.[55] Children with ASD may struggle with self-awareness and self acceptance. Their different thinking patterns and brain processing functions in the area of social thinking and actions may compromise their ability to understand themselves and social connections to others.[56] About 75% diagnosed autistics are mentally handicapped in some general way and the other 25% diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome show average to good cognitive functioning.[57] When we compare our own behavior to the morals and values that we were taught, we can focus more attention on ourselves which increases self-awareness. To understand the many effects of autism spectrum disorders on those afflicted have led many scientists to theorize what level of self-awareness occurs and in what degree. Research found that ASD can be associated with intellectual disability and difficulties in motor coordination and attention. It can also result in physical health issues as well, such as sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances. As a result of all those problems, individuals are literally unaware of themselves.[58] It is well known that children suffering from varying degrees of autism struggle in social situations. Scientists at the University of Cambridge have produced evidence that self-awareness is a main problem for people with ASD. Researchers used functional magnetic resonance scans (FMRI) to measure brain activity in volunteers being asked to make judgments about their own thoughts, opinions, preferences, as well as about someone else's. One area of the brain closely examined was the ventromedial pre-frontal cortex (vMPFC) which is known to be active when people think about themselves.[59]", "Autism. About a third to a half of individuals with autism do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs.[34] Differences in communication may be present from the first year of life, and may include delayed onset of babbling, unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not synchronized with the caregiver. In the second and third years, children with autism have less frequent and less diverse babbling, consonants, words, and word combinations; their gestures are less often integrated with words. Children with autism are less likely to make requests or share experiences, and are more likely to simply repeat others' words (echolalia)[35][36] or reverse pronouns.[37] Joint attention seems to be necessary for functional speech, and deficits in joint attention seem to distinguish infants with ASD:[13] for example, they may look at a pointing hand instead of the pointed-at object,[27][36] and they consistently fail to point at objects in order to comment on or share an experience.[13] Children with autism may have difficulty with imaginative play and with developing symbols into language.[35][36]", "Asperger syndrome. Some autistic people have advocated a shift in perception of autism spectrum disorders as complex syndromes rather than diseases that must be cured. Proponents of this view reject the notion that there is an \"ideal\" brain configuration and that any deviation from the norm is pathological; they promote tolerance for what they call neurodiversity.[121] These views are the basis for the autistic rights and autistic pride movements.[122] There is a contrast between the attitude of adults with self-identified AS, who typically do not want to be cured and are proud of their identity; and parents of children with AS, who typically seek assistance and a cure for their children.[123]", "High-functioning autism. High-functioning autism (HFA) is a term applied to people with autism who are deemed to be cognitively \"higher functioning\" (with an IQ of 70 or greater) than other people with autism.[1][2] Individuals with HFA or Asperger syndrome may exhibit deficits in areas of communication, emotion recognition and expression, and social interaction.[3] HFA is not a recognized diagnosis in the DSM-5 or the ICD-10.", "Autism. A few examples of autistic symptoms and treatments were described long before autism was named. The Table Talk of Martin Luther, compiled by his notetaker, Mathesius, contains the story of a 12-year-old boy who may have been severely autistic.[216] Luther reportedly thought the boy was a soulless mass of flesh possessed by the devil, and suggested that he be suffocated, although a later critic has cast doubt on the veracity of this report.[217] The earliest well-documented case of autism is that of Hugh Blair of Borgue, as detailed in a 1747 court case in which his brother successfully petitioned to annul Blair's marriage to gain Blair's inheritance.[218] The Wild Boy of Aveyron, a feral child caught in 1798, showed several signs of autism; the medical student Jean Itard treated him with a behavioral program designed to help him form social attachments and to induce speech via imitation.[219]", "Asperger syndrome. As a pervasive developmental disorder, Asperger syndrome is distinguished by a pattern of symptoms rather than a single symptom. It is characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction, by stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior, activities and interests, and by no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or general delay in language.[33] Intense preoccupation with a narrow subject, one-sided verbosity, restricted prosody, and physical clumsiness are typical of the condition, but are not required for diagnosis.[19] Suicidal behavior appears to occur at rates similar to those without ASD.[34]", "Autism. The first category focuses on deficits in social cognition. Simon Baron-Cohen's empathizing–systemizing theory postulates that autistic individuals can systemize—that is, they can develop internal rules of operation to handle events inside the brain—but are less effective at empathizing by handling events generated by other agents. An extension, the extreme male brain theory, hypothesizes that autism is an extreme case of the male brain, defined psychometrically as individuals in whom systemizing is better than empathizing.[105] These theories are somewhat related to Baron-Cohen's earlier theory of mind approach, which hypothesizes that autistic behavior arises from an inability to ascribe mental states to oneself and others. The theory of mind hypothesis is supported by the atypical responses of children with autism to the Sally–Anne test for reasoning about others' motivations,[105] and the mirror neuron system theory of autism described in Pathophysiology maps well to the hypothesis.[92] However, most studies have found no evidence of impairment in autistic individuals' ability to understand other people's basic intentions or goals; instead, data suggests that impairments are found in understanding more complex social emotions or in considering others' viewpoints.[106]", "Autism. Kanner's reuse of autism led to decades of confused terminology like infantile schizophrenia, and child psychiatry's focus on maternal deprivation led to misconceptions of autism as an infant's response to \"refrigerator mothers\". Starting in the late 1960s autism was established as a separate syndrome.[225]", "History of Asperger syndrome. Asperger syndrome (AS) is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of autism.[1] It was named in honor of Hans Asperger (1906â€“80), who was an Austrian psychiatrist and pediatrician. An English psychiatrist, Lorna Wing, popularized the term \"Asperger's syndrome\" in a 1981 publication; the first book in English on Asperger syndrome was written by Uta Frith in 1991 and the condition was subsequently recognized in formal diagnostic manuals later in the 1990s.[1]" ]	[ 4.63671875, 1.3837890625, 1.5322265625, 1.3505859375, -0.00196075439453125, 0.37890625, -0.068115234375, 0.0889892578125, -1.1552734375, -1.7392578125, -1.0302734375, -1.7451171875, -1.71484375, -1.2197265625, -0.1986083984375, -0.1964111328125, -3.15234375, -4.203125, -1.7734375, -0.5927734375, -1.5341796875, -3.822265625, -2.615234375, -2.185546875, -3.78125, -4.82421875, -1.966796875, -3.21875, -3.869140625, -1.96484375, -2.3125, -2.408203125 ]
what did april and jacksons baby die from	[ "April Kepner. At first April and Jackson do not tell their friends about their marriage, but later they do because of a new rule at the hospital. Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son's elopement with April, and the fact that there wasn't a prenuptial agreement. They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement. Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views in the way their children should be raised religious. Not long after their fight, April realizes she is pregnant. April and Jackson's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2, and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth. Jackson believes that termination is the best option, however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long. They scheduled an induction for the next day, at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby's death certificate, which is too hard for the couple to bear. April doesn't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle, while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancÃ© the night before. They decide to give birth to the baby via induction at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then. She gave birth to Samuel Norbert Avery, and he died a few hours after birth. In the following weeks after Samuel's death, April and Jackson find it hard to be around each other and be intimate with one another. After April tries to seduce Jackson in a supply closet, Jackson asks if she is sure she wants this so soon after the death of their son, leaving April to storm out in anger. In the series 11 finale April decides to join Owen Hunt for 3 months as a trauma surgeon with the army; this not being well received by Jackson. But after April states she needs this in order to grieve Samuel - Jackson lets her leave. Over the following months April lengthens her stay in the army, this having a strain on her and Jackson's marriage as Jackson can rarely get a hold of her or talk to her over the phone. On Christmas Day after already being away for some time, April announces to Jackson while on video chat that she is staying for a longer service period, Jackson becomes angry with April but the conversation is cut short by sounds of gunfire and explosions from April's base camp, leaving her to terminate the call; meanwhile Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home. On Valentine's Day April returns to the hospital surprising Jackson, and they embrace in the foyer.", "Jackson Avery. Faced with a huge decision, April winds up choosing Jackson over Matthew and they run out of her wedding together. However, April begins to panic over her decision, though she still chooses to drive away with Jackson. When April comes to believe that they have made a regrettable decision in running away from her wedding together, Jackson proposes to her and they elope. They keep their marriage a secret from the rest of the hospital staff, because of a new rule at the hospital restricting staff fraternization. Jackson's ex-girlfriend Stephanie feels especially betrayed because of how Jackson left her. Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son's elopement with April, and the fact that there wasn't a prenuptial agreement to protect the Avery family fortune. They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement. Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views about the way their children should be raised in respect to religion. Soon after their fight, April realizes she is pregnant. April and Jackson's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2, and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth. Jackson believes that termination is the best option, however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long .They scheduled an induction for the next day, at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby's death certificate, which is too hard for the couple to bear. April doesn't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle, while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancÃ©e the night before. They decide to give birth to the baby via induction termination at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then. She gives birth to Samuel Norbert Avery and he passes away shortly after birth. In the series 11 finale April announces to Jackson that she is leaving with Owen Hunt to be a trauma surgeon in the army - something she says she wants to do in order to properly grieve for their son; after initial refusal from Jackson he lets her go, but is left wondering what to do in order to grieve for himself. Over passing months April and Jackson only have few opportunities talking to one another. After discussions over the phone via facetime, April announces to Jackson that she is lengthening her service time, meaning she will be staying for a further few months; before Jackson can express his disgust at this, gunfire and explosions are heard at April's base camp, leaving her to quickly terminate the call. Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home to Seattle. On Valentine's Day April returns to the hospital where she and Jackson embrace in the foyer. In season 12, their marriage begins to fall apart and they grow estranged. In episode 11, they file for a civil divorce. After their divorce is finalized, April reveals that they are expecting another child.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 11). Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) and Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) enjoy the exciting ride of preparing for their baby’s arrival, but differences in opinions on how to raise their child create tension that proves to be more than they can handle. April wishes to raise their baby in a Christian home, but Jackson isn’t a believer and thinks it’s silly. During one of the ultrasounds, osteogenesis imperfecta, a lethal birth defect, is detected. Of course, the news breaks their hearts, but April wishes to carry the baby to full-term believing that abortion is a sin. Jackson wishes to abort knowing that if they carry to full-term, it will only be that much more devastating when their baby dies. They end up having a boy, named Samuel, who dies moments after birth.", "April Kepner. In Season 12, April and Jackson go through divorce proceedings started by Jackson. The morning before they sign the divorce papers, April discovers that she is expecting a second baby. She does not inform Jackson, and he is told by Arizona Robbins, which leads to additional tension. After Catherine Avery convinces Jackson to fight for full custody of his unborn child, April takes out a restraining order against him. The Averys' lawyer asks for all documentation of their marriage, when reading through their wedding vows, Jackson realizes that they should fix the situation for their child. He and April decide to raise their son or daughter together as friends. Complications arise when April's water breaks and when rushed to the hospital, she appears to be in critical condition; however she survives the delivery (via c-section) and she and Jackson are shown their new daughter.", "Jackson Avery. At the end of the eighth season, April and Jackson's friendship evolved into an intimate relationship: \"I thought they were going to be able to walk the line of staying on the friendship side of things. What they have is kind of really unique and organic in the world of Grey’s Anatomy – two genders in a completely platonic, wholesome, pleasant and productive relationship/friendship. Who is to say that has to end?\"[14] In the ninth season, Jackson started a relationship with intern Stephanie Edward. Williams gave his insight: \"That's a relationship that is fun, light, and no strings attached. She's sweet. She's funny. They aren't bogged down by these big notions of each other.[16] Jackson later declares his love for April at her wedding to EMT Matthew. They get married and have a child together, but he dies shortly after birth. They are now divorced, but April is newly pregnant. In the present, April has just given birth to a baby girl, and it seems to have made them closer.", "Grey's Anatomy. Season 11 begins with new surgical residents coming to the hospital. Meredith is struggling with the idea that Maggie is actually her half sister because of her mother's romance with Dr. Weber. Callie and Arizona's relationship falls through after realising they both want different things at the time. April and Jackson learn heartbreaking news that their baby has a lethal birth defect, where April decides that she will carry the baby till full term no matter the consequences. They end up having a boy, Samuel, who dies shortly after birth.", "April Kepner. Months later, Hunt goes to visit April, who had moved back to her parents' farm in Moline, Ohio. In the wake of the tragic aviation accident, he offers her an attending position at the hospital. When she gets back to Seattle Grace, she resumes her sexual relationship with Avery, despite claiming she wants to re-virginise. April has a pregnancy scare and Jackson promises that he will be there every step of the way, even marry her, if she tests positive. When April finds out that she is not pregnant, she is overjoyed, but inadvertently hurts Jackson's feelings by saying that they dodged a bullet, seemingly thrilled that they don't have to get married anymore. Jackson breaks up with April.", "Stonewall Jackson. Thomas's sister Elizabeth (age six) died of typhoid fever on March 6, 1826, with two-year-old Thomas at her bedside. His father also died of a typhoid fever on March 26. Jackson's mother gave birth to Thomas's sister Laura Ann the day after Jackson's father died.[12] Julia Jackson thus was widowed at 28 and was left with much debt and three young children (including the newborn). She sold the family's possessions to pay the debts. She declined family charity and moved into a small rented one-room house. Julia took in sewing and taught school to support herself and her three young children for about four years.", "Jackson Avery. After the accident, Dr. Avery stays at Seattle Grace and continues his work in plastic surgery. He and Dr. Kepner continue a sexual relationship, although April frets about the indiscretion to her faith until she believes she is pregnant. When told about the baby, Dr. Avery proposes to her and she accepts, promising her the fairytale wedding she has always wanted. As it turns out, the pregnancy was false and the couple break up before announcing the news of their engagement to the rest of the staff. As a means to avoid each other, the two doctors decide to each bring a date to Dr. Bailey's wedding selecting this date for each of them, both of which are interns. At the end of the wedding, Stephanie (Jerrika Hinton) the intern and Jackson have sex in his car, after affirming how their relationship was supposed to be merely professional. Shortly afterwards he tells April he is sleeping with Stephanie and even though she is crushed she thanks him for telling her the truth. It is hinted that Jackson is still in love with April when she turns to him for dating advice and he shows signs of jealousy but they manage to reestablish their friendship. When the hospital faces a financial crisis, Jackson's mom Catherine agrees to invest in the hospital via the Harper Avery foundation on the condition that Dr. Avery become the new chairman. The board (at Jackson's prompting) later renames the hospital Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Matthew and April get engaged but at the wedding, Jackson realizes he still loves her and stands up professing his love.", "Jackson Avery. As the end of the fifth year of residency is near, the surgical residents, including Jackson, prepare for their board certifications as they prepare for fellowships they plan on joining. The night before taking the exam, Jackson and the virgin April have sexual intercourse. Though April is confused because she broke the promise she made to Jesus to stay a virgin, the two of them are under stress and they have sex again during their exams. During the exam, Jackson is supported by his mother Catherine (Debbie Allen), who happens to be a tester at the exams. Jackson, Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, and Alex Karev eventually pass their exam, while April fails. Although Jackson has true feelings for her, she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her. In the season eight finale, Jackson reveals to April that he is taking the position at Tulane Medical Center, despite feeling sick for leaving Seattle Grace Mercy West and her behind. As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies, the former chief of surgery Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) organizes his annual dinner for them. The eighth season ends with Avery, Karev, Kepner, and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang, who are victims of an aviation accident that kills Lexie and eventually Mark.", "Perfect Storm (Grey's Anatomy). April questions her engagement to Matthew when she believes that Jackson has died in the bus explosion. Callie, April and Bailey load patients into the hospital as Owen and Avery struggle to get a woman out who’s pleading with them to find her young daughter. After these three emerge from the bus Avery looks back and sees a little girl’s shoe on the ground. Avery finds the little girl hiding inside the bus which explodes and he later emerges from the flames with the little girl in his arms", "April Kepner. April suggests to Jackson that they each take a date to Bailey's wedding in an attempt to move on. Jackson takes intern Stephanie; the two bond and eventually have sex. When Jackson tells April that he is sleeping with somebody else, she is visibly crushed and tells him that they can't be friends again until she has gotten over him. In the next episode, a very attractive paramedic named Matthew (Justin Bruening) asks April out for coffee and they start seeing each other. Shortly afterwards she turns to Jackson for dating advice and it is hinted that Jackson is still in love with her when he shows signs of jealousy but Jackson overcomes his jealousy and they then re-establish their friendship. She confesses to Matthew that she is not a virgin anymore as she led him to believe and he breaks up with her because she lied to him. However, in the next episode, Matthew forgives April and they get back together. He asks her to marry him through a flash mob and she says yes. In the season 9 finale, April thinks she lost Jackson when a bus blew up and tells him she loves him, but he only has a few injuries. She remains engaged to Matthew while Jackson dates Stephanie. At the wedding, Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love. Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later it is revealed that they have secretly eloped.", "Steel Magnolias. Shelby successfully delivers a baby boy, Jackson Jr., but begins showing signs of kidney failure and starts dialysis. She celebrates July Fourth, around the time Jackson Jr. turns one, by successfully receiving a donated kidney from M'Lynn, allowing Shelby to seemingly resume a normal life. Four months later, on Halloween, Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and M'Lynn throw Annelle a surprise wedding shower, as she is now engaged to Sammy. Shelby is unavailable to attend due to a conflicting schedule with her nursing job, and is later found by Jackson unconscious on the porch of her house. Shelby is rushed to the hospital, where it is determined that her body rejected the new kidney, and she is now in a coma. The doctors inform the family that Shelby is likely to remain comatose indefinitely, and they all jointly decide to take her off life support. At the funeral, after the other mourners have left, M'Lynn breaks down in hysterics in front of Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and Annelle, but is comforted by them.", "Stephanie Edwards (Grey's Anatomy). The character was described by Hinton as \"innovative\"[1] who strives to be the best. The love triangle between Jackson (Jesse Williams) and April (Sarah Drew), her relationship with neurosurgery mentor Amelia Shepherd (Caterina Scorsone), her childhood illness as well as her struggles as a burnout have been focal points of her character.", "Andrew Jackson. Later that year, their mother Elizabeth secured the brothers' release. She then began to walk both boys back to their home in the Waxhaws, a distance of some 40 miles (64 km). Both were in very poor health. Robert, who was far worse, rode on the only horse that they had, while Andrew walked behind them. In the final two hours of the journey, a torrential downpour began which worsened the effects of the smallpox. Within two days of arriving back home, Robert was dead and Andrew in mortal danger.[19][20] After nursing Andrew back to health, Elizabeth volunteered to nurse American prisoners of war on board two British ships in the Charleston harbor, where there had been an outbreak of cholera. In November, she died from the disease and was buried in an unmarked grave. Andrew became an orphan at age 14. He blamed the British personally for the loss of his brothers and mother.[21]", "Shoeless Joe Jackson. As he aged, Jackson began to suffer from heart trouble. In 1951, at the age of 64, Jackson died of a heart attack.[28] He was the first of the eight banned players to die, and is buried at Woodlawn Memorial Park in Greenville.[30] Prior to his death, he was scheduled to be interviewed on television to set the record straight about reports that he was living in poverty, but died before the interview could take place. He had no children, but he and his wife raised two of his nephews.", "Jackson Avery. Jackson Avery, M.D. is a fictional character from ABC prime time medical drama, Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by actor Jesse Williams.[1] The character was created by series creator and executive producer, Shonda Rhimes. He was introduced in season six, episode 5, \"Invasion\" as a former surgical resident from Mercy West Medical Center when it merges with Seattle Grace Hospital. Williams initially appeared as a recurring cast member,[2] and was later promoted to a series regular in season seven.[3] The character's focal storyline involved his attempt to fit in at his new work environment, and trying to finding his own successes, instead of riding on the coattails of his famous family name. The character has also had significant romances with Lexie Grey and Stephanie Edwards. He was married but is now divorced to April Kepner. The couple had a child, Samuel Avery, who died soon after birth. However, the pair have a daughter, Harriett, who was not named after Catherine much to her dismay. She was conceived prior to the divorce. Dr. Avery later becomes a member of the board of directors at the newly established, Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, and is the current chairman.", "Personal Jesus (Grey's Anatomy). Aprilâ€™s patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiance, Matthew, proving to be more than an awkward situation as she helps deliver their baby. She offers Mathew an apology for her past actions, but realises that he has moved on from her and is happy with his life. Mathew's fiance suffers from an internal bleed and is rushed into surgery. April later watches him deal with her unexpected death and is informed about the death of her other patients. She ends up in the shower with Roy, an intern after she finds herself questioning her faith.", "The Softer Side. A 13-year-old boy named Jackson collapses after playing in a basketball game. He is admitted to Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital, mainly because of his genetic mosaicism (46, XX/XY); when he was born, it was found that half the cells in his body are male and the other half female. The parents decided to raise their child as male and lately began giving him testosterone, disguised as \"vitamins\". After a variety of tests, nothing is found, but Jackson suffers fluid build-up in his pericardium and his palms turn red.", "List of Chicago Med characters. In the season 2, April is infected with Tuberculosis from a needle stick in the ED and has to deal with the ramifications in her personal and professional life. In the season 2 fall finale it was revealed she that she is pregnant.[7] However, the treatment for her tuberculosis put her in a difficult position as the medication was potentially harmful to the fetus. She refused to have an abortion due to her Catholic faith.", "Song Beneath the Song. When Torres again goes into cardiac arrest, Montgomery delivers her daughter at twenty-three weeks's gestation. The baby is initially unable to breathe, so with Sloan's support, Robbins steps in and is able to revive her. Across the operating room, Torres's condition begins to improve. Once the surgery is complete, the doctors deal with their own affairs; Sloan's former partner Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) commits to her new relationship with resident Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams); Lexie's sister (and series main character) Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo, primary series star) confesses that she was jealous of Torres's pregnancy, which prompts her husband Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) to promise that they will have a child together; Altman tells Yang that she can no longer teach her; Sloan and Robbins bond over their shared parenthood. Later, as Robbins keeps a vigil by Torres's bedside, the hallucinatory Torres is able to rouse her recovering self. As she regains consciousness, Torres accepts Robbins's proposal.", "Sun-Hwa Kwon. Later, she and Jin help Claire in catching a bird. When Desmond thwarts their plans, Sun encourages Claire to investigate. The next day, Sun is involved in the investigation of the apparent deaths of Nikki and Paulo. At first, she suspects food poisoning, but later blames the Others, referencing the time she was almost kidnapped. She learns that it was merely a staged act, planned by Sawyer. She threatens that the next grave dug will be his if Jin finds out, and slaps him. She also returns the diamonds he gave her, branding them as worthless on the island. Since then, Sun refuses to speak directly to Sawyer. After Juliet migrates to the camp, Sun demands to know about pregnancy on the island, and is shocked to learn that women die during pregnancy. Juliet takes Sun to the Staff station, where she uses the medical equipment to determine a date of conception; Sun learns that she conceived on the island, making Jin the father, but leaving Sun with less than two months to live before her second trimester.", "Billie Jean. Following the letters, Jackson received a parcel containing a photograph of the fan, as well as a letter and a gun. Jackson was horrified; the letter asked that the pop singer kill himself on a certain day and at a specific time. The fan would do the same once she had killed their baby. She wrote that if they could not be together in this life, then they would be in the next. To the mother's dismay, Jackson had the photograph of the woman framed and hung above the dining room table of their family home. Afterwards, the Jacksons discovered that the fan had been sent to a psychiatric hospital.[6]", "Anna Devane. Leora needed another surgery, but David did not want it. Anna signed off the papers without him and Dr. Joe Martin continued with the surgery. Leora did not make it through and David blamed the Martins, who he thought where trying to claim revenge for his past acts against them, for Leora's death. Anna tried to help him, but he pushed her farther away. Anna turned to Jackson again for comfort. On the day of the funeral, Anna told David he had to let go. Weeks later he plotted to wipe the memories of the Martin family at the July 4th celebration, but Anna was able to stop him. In the cabin, they fought and cried together and realized they could not mourn the life of their daughter without each other. When they fall to the floor holding each other, a little girl is seen at the doorway, unseen by them. She smiles to herself and walks out of the cabin, shutting the door behind her.", "J.T. Hellstrom. He becomes engaged to Victoria. At the time, Victoria was expecting a baby that may be either J.T.'s child or the child of her estranged husband, and Colleen's father, Brad Carlton. J.T. assures her that the paternity of Victoria's child will make no difference for him and his plans for their life together. When Victoria is hit by a fallen rock during the Clear Springs explosion, she is left comatose. The doctors suggest that they do an emergency C-section to save Victoria, leaving the baby's chances slim. Victor wants to save Victoria and her mother Nikki Newman wants to save the baby. J.T. is left frustrated, as he does not have a say in what happens to his fiance or \"his\" son. The decision is made after Victoria's condition takes a turn for the worse, and the baby is delivered via C-section while she is still comatose. A paternity test done when blood is removed for medical tests proved that J.T. is the father of Victoria's son. With Victoria still comatose, J.T. decides that their son needs a name. He names the baby Reed, after Victoria's mother's maiden name, and because a reed is strong and bends with the wind.", "Billie Jean. Jackson's biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli promoted the theory that \"Billie Jean\" was derived from a real life experience the singer faced in 1981. The Magic & The Madness documents how a young woman wrote Jackson a letter, which informed the singer that he was the father of one of her twins.[6][7] Jackson, who regularly received letters of this kind, had never met the woman in question and ignored it. The woman, however, continued to send Jackson more letters, which stated that she loved him and wanted to be with him. She wrote of how happy they would be if they raised the child together. She pondered how Jackson could ignore his own flesh and blood. The letters disturbed the singer to the extent that he suffered nightmares.[6]", "Thiamine deficiency. In the acute form, the baby develops dyspnea and cyanosis and soon dies of heart failure. These symptoms may be described in infantile beriberi:", "April Kepner. April Kepner was born in Columbus, Ohio on April 23, 1982.[8] Her mother Karen is a teacher and her father Joe is a farmer. She is the second of four daughters; her sisters are Libby, Kimmie, and Alice. Kepner is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital. She joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals, alongside Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), Reed Adamson (Nora Zehetner), and Charles Percy (Robert Baker). Kepner is first shown to possess a red diary, in which she writes all her feelings and thoughts which is stolen by Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh). Grey uses the personal information written in the notebook to unnerve and blackmail Kepner but later apologizes. After she made a mistake that led to a patient's death, she is fired. However, Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) rehires her when he becomes the new Chief of Surgery. As she is not confident anymore, she spends her time doing errands for Shepherd and develops a crush on him, earning her the nickname \"Shepherd's flunky\". In the season six finale, she discovers the body of her best friend Reed Adamson, who has been shot. She later runs into the shooter, Gary Clark, who lets her go after she tells him about her life after remembering a technique she says she learned from Oprah. Following the shooting, Kepner and Avery move into Meredith Grey's (Ellen Pompeo) house.", "Lucky Spencer. Jackson submitted those scenes for the 38th Daytime Emmy Awards,[98] where he won his fourth Daytime Emmy Award and first win as Outstanding Supporting Actor.[141] The scenes were compared to classics such as Judith Light's performance of Karen Wolek's courtroom confession scene on One Life to Live[63][98] and Kim Zimmerâ€™s performance of Reva Shayne's fountain scene on Guiding Light.[52][142] Jackson's on-screen chemistry with Erin Chambers (Siobhan) also had a positive reception at the end of 2010.[92] However the following year they were rated the No. 6 Worst Soap Opera Couple of 2011 by Zap2it, who stated: \"We spent 2011 desperately clinging to those few early memories, as Siobhan transformed from an appealing character into a shrill, insecure harpy (...) Try as Jackson and Chambers might, the actors were unable to salvage an ounce of their prior appeal as a couple.\"[143] On the other hand, the entertainment website named Jackson No. 3 of the Top 10 Male Entertainers that year.[144] Jackson had a range of emotional work in 2011 that received acclaim, including the scenes following the death of Lucky's son Jake,[145][146] a storyline met by criticism by some fans.[147] In 2012, Jackson won his fifth Daytime Emmy Award[141][148] for his scenes where Lucky tells Luke that Luke was the driver that hit Jake and confronts him about his drinking.[149] When Jackson was nominated, On-Air On-Soaps stated:", "Andrew Jackson. Jackson died at his plantation on June 8, 1845, at the age of 78, of chronic dropsy and heart failure.[292] According to a newspaper account from the Boon Lick Times, \"[he] fainted whilst being removed from his chair to the bed ... but he subsequently revived ... Gen. Jackson died at the Hermitage at 6 o'clock P.M. on Sunday the 8th instant. ... When the messenger finally came, the old soldier, patriot and Christian was looking out for his approach. He is gone, but his memory lives, and will continue to live.\"[293] In his will, Jackson left his entire estate to his adopted son, Andrew Jackson Jr., except for specifically enumerated items that were left to various friends and other family members.[294]", "Sudden infant death syndrome. A 2010 study looked at 554 autopsies of infants in North Carolina that listed SIDS as the cause of death, and suggested that many of these deaths may have been due to accidental suffocation. The study found that 69% of autopsies listed other possible risk factors that could have led to death, such as unsafe bedding or sleeping with adults.[53]", "50 Cent. On October 13, 1996, Jackson's girlfriend, Shaniqua Tompkins, gave birth to son Marquise Jackson[180] Tompkins later sued him for $50Â million, saying that he said that he would take care of her for life. The suit, with 15 causes of action, was dismissed by a judge who called it \"an unfortunate tale of a love relationship gone sour.\".[181][182] The two have bickered for years, and have even taken their feud to social media many times.[183][184]" ]	[ 2.671875, 2.4765625, 0.80029296875, 0.6943359375, -0.376220703125, 0.595703125, -0.248046875, -2.8359375, -1.5634765625, -2.03515625, -1.02734375, -2.30078125, -3.7109375, -3.580078125, -1.009765625, -3.68359375, -1.7333984375, -4.80078125, -3.427734375, -1.287109375, -3.34765625, -6.89453125, -1.8837890625, -5.921875, -6.6953125, -4.9140625, -2.390625, -2.001953125, -6.5234375, -2.201171875, -4.0625, -5.46875 ]
when is the last time google maps was updated	[ "Google Maps. On February 6, 2017, Google Maps for Android was updated with new UI including improvement of transit times, traffic data, local places and recommendations feature.[114]", "Google Maps. On November 15, 2017, Google announced a significant update to the Google Maps formatting. Locations and points of interests will change based on the perceived user intent. The example they used was of a driver seeing gas stations on their map where a transit user using Google Maps in the same location would get train stations.[117]", "Google Maps. On February 21, 2014 Google introduced a new Google Maps interface, but did not become the default interface until April 29th, 2015.", "Google Maps. It was announced on October 11 that Google updated 250,000 miles of roads in the US.[98]", "Google Maps. On October 16, 2017, Google Maps was updated with accessible imagery of several planets and moons such as Titan, Mercury, and Venus, as well as direct access to imagery of the Moon and Mars.[115][116]", "Google Maps. The current redesigned version of the desktop application was made available in 2013, alongside the \"classic\" (pre-2013) version. Google Maps for Android and iOS devices was released in September 2008 and features GPS turn-by-turn navigation along with dedicated parking assistance features. In August 2013, it was determined to be the world's most popular app for smartphones, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it at least once.[6]", "Google Maps. Google announced on its Google Maps blog on May 15, 2013 that a new upgraded version of Google Maps is available for use by those registered Google users who request an invitation. The new Google Maps can create a customized map that is specific to the behavior of each user, revealing highlights that are based on the information that is entered, and providing useful local information such as restaurants. A new feature is a carousel that gathers all Google Maps imagery in one location and contains an Earth view that directly integrates the 3D experience from Google Earth into the new maps. The new version is also more closely connected to Google+ and the local businesses that are displayed are based on each user's Google+ network. Advertisements in the new Google Maps have been redesigned and short sections of advertisements are placed directly onto the map itself, alongside the business name.[104][105]", "Google Maps. On April 19, 2011, Map Maker was added to the American version of Google Maps, allowing any viewer to edit and add changes to Google Maps. This provides Google with local map updates almost in real time instead waiting for digital map data companies to release more infrequent updates.", "Google Maps. On January 29, 2013, Google Maps was updated to include a map of North Korea.[100]", "Google Maps. From January 2006, Google Maps featured road maps for the United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, and certain cities in the Republic of Ireland. Coverage of the area around Turin was added in time for the 2006 Winter Olympics. On January 23, Google Maps was updated to use the same satellite image database as Google Earth. On March 12, Google Mars[56] was launched, which features a draggable map and satellite imagery of the planet Mars. In April, Google Local was merged into the main Google Maps site. On April 3, version 2 of the Maps API was released.[57] On June 11, Google added geocoding capabilities to the API, satisfying the most developer-requested feature for this service.[58] On June 14, Google Maps for Enterprise was officially launched.[59] As a commercial service, it features intranet and advertisement-free implementations. Also in June, textured 3D building models were added into Google Earth.[60]", "Google Maps. On April 23, 2013, Street View was launched in Hungary and Lesotho, expanding the coverage of Google Maps' 360-degree mapping imagery to fifty countries. During the same time period, Google also completed the \"largest single update of Street View imagery\" ever, with photos of over 350,000 miles (560,000Â km) of road across fourteen countries.[102]", "Google Maps. On January 29, 2007, Local Universal results were upgraded and more data included in the main Google results page.[65] On February 28, Google Traffic info was officially launched to automatically include real-time traffic flow conditions to the maps of 30 major cities in the United States.[66] On March 8, the Local Business Center was upgraded.[67] On May 16, Google rolled out Universal search results, including more Map information on the main Google results page.[68] On May 18, Google added neighborhood search capabilities.[69] On May 29, Google driving directions support was added to the Google Maps API.[70] The same day saw the launch of Street View, which gave a ground-level 360-degree view of streets in the major cities of the United States.[71]", "Google Maps. On June 27, 2016, Google rolled out new satellite imagery worldwide sourced from Landsat 8, comprising over 700 trillion pixels of new data.[112] In September 2016, Google Maps acquired mapping analytics startup Urban Engines.[113]", "Google Maps. On May 25, 2007, Google released Google Street View, a new feature of Google Maps which provides 360Â° panoramic street-level views of various locations. On the date of release, the feature only included five cities in the US. It has since expanded to thousands of locations around the world. In July 2009, Google began mapping college campuses and surrounding paths and trails.", "Google Maps. On March 19, 2009 Street View was launched in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.[88] In May, a new Google Maps logo was introduced.[89] In early October, Google replaced Tele Atlas as their primary supplier of geo spatial data in the US version of Maps and use their own data.[90] Later that month, the railroad design was updated,[citation needed] and maps in several areas were changed to include paper streets and lot lines showing up on the map interface.[citation needed]", "Google Maps. On June 19, reviews were allowed to be added directly to businesses on Google Maps.[72] On June 28, draggable driving directions were introduced.[73] On July 31, support for the hCard microformat was announced.[74] On August 21, Google announced a simple way to embed Google Maps into other websites.[75] On September 13, 54 new countries were added to Google Maps in Latin America and Asia.[76]", "Google Maps. On April 29, 2015, users of the classic Google Maps were forwarded to the new Google Maps with the option to revert removed from the interface. The old url schemes also forwarded to the new Google Maps, making it impossible for users to use the classic version. However, on various blogs users have found workarounds to continue using the classic Google Maps.[110] One blogger also launched a petition directed to Google CEO Larry Page, asking him to give back the option to use the classic Maps, which has received over 17,000 signatures.", "Google Maps. In November 2016, Google announced the discontinuation of Google Map Maker as of March 2017.[161]", "Google Maps. On January 22, 2008, Google expanded the Local One box from three business listings to ten.[80] On February 20, Google Maps allowed searches to be refined by User Rating and neighborhoods.[81] On March 18, Google allowed end users to edit business listings and add new places;[82] the following day, unlimited category options were added to the Local Business Center.[83] On April 2, Google added contour lines to the Terrain view.[84] In April, a button to view recent Saved Locations was added to the right of the search field.[citation needed] In May, a \"More\" button was added alongside the \"Map\", \"Satellite\", and \"Terrain\" buttons, permitting access to geographically related photos on Panoramio and articles on Wikipedia.[citation needed] On May 15, Google Maps was ported to Flash and ActionScript 3 as a foundation for richer internet applications.[citation needed] On July 22, walking directions were added.[85] On August 4, Street View expanded to Japan and Australia.[85] On August 5, the user interface was redesigned.[85]", "Google+. \"Location sharing has moved to Google Maps\" appeared in Plus on March 27, 2017.", "Google Maps. On February 11, 2010, Google Maps Labs was added. On March 11, 2010, Street View in Hong Kong and Macau were launched.[91] On May 25, 2010, public transportation routing for Denmark was added by integrating with Rejseplanen.dk.[92] As of DecemberÂ 2010[update] Internet Explorer 7.0+, Firefox 3.6+, Safari 3.1+, and Google Chrome are supported.[93]", "Google Maps. In 2013 Google started phasing out the 'My Places' features, including 'my maps'. My Places is not included in the 'New Google Maps' for browsers, or in the Android app since version 7 launched in July 2013. Currently users can revert to 'Classic Maps' from web browsers to access, edit, and download their maps, this will not be possible once the option to revert to classic maps is removed. Google initially stated that the feature would be returned to future versions of the mobile app when version 7 was launched.[151] However, since then there have been no indications that google plans to do so, and as of version 7.7 in March 2014, the feature has not been added. Many users have complained about the lack of this feature, with no response from Google.[152] Some users have downloaded prior versions of the Google Maps app, before version 7, which still support 'My Maps', though the feature can be unreliable.[153]", "Google Maps. As of October 2010, the Google map viewer updates its zoom bar to allow the user to zoom all the way when centered over areas that support higher zoom levels. In the classic version, customized (split) Map and Street View views can be saved as parametrized URL links and shared by users. In the 2013 redesigned version, a much smaller overview window becomes interactive upon hovering it and enables a user to change the location and rotate the Street View and save a parametrized view, as well.", "Google Maps. In April 2005, Google created Google Ride Finder using Google Maps. In June 2005, Google released the Google Maps API. In July 2005, Google began Google Maps and Google Local services for Japan, including road maps. On July 22, 2005, Google released \"Hybrid View\". Together with this change, the satellite image data was converted from plate carrée to Mercator projection, which makes for a less distorted image in the temperate climes latitudes. In July 2005, in honor of the thirty-sixth anniversary of the Apollo Moon landing, Google Moon was launched. In September 2005, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Google Maps quickly updated its satellite imagery of New Orleans to allow users to view the extent of the flooding in various parts of that city. (Oddly, in March 2007, imagery showing hurricane damage was replaced with images from before the storm; this replacement was not made on Google Earth, which still uses post-Katrina imagery.)[54][55]", "Google Maps. On May 30, 2012, Google Places was replaced by Google+ Local, which now integrates directly with the Google+ service to allow users to post photos and reviews of locations directly to its page on the service. Additionally, Google+ Local and Maps also now feature detailed reviews and ratings from Zagat, which was acquired by Google in September 2011.[96]", "Google Maps. The Android app was first released in September 2008,[24][25] though the GPS-localization feature had been in testing on cellphones since 2007.[26][27][28] Google Maps was Apple's solution for its mapping service on iOS until the release of iOS 6 in September 2012, at which point it was replaced by Apple Maps,[29][30] with Google releasing its own Google Maps standalone app on the iOS platform the following December.[31][32]", "Google Maps. The Google Maps apps on Android and iOS have many features in common, including turn-by-turn navigation, street view, and public transit information.[33] Updates in June 2012 and May 2014 enabled functionality to let users save certain map regions for offline access,[34][35][36][37] while updates in 2017 have included features to actively help U.S. users find available parking spots in cities,[38][39][40][41] and to give Indian users a two-wheeler transportation mode for improved traffic accessibility.[42][43]", "Google Maps. On March 27, 2013, Google launched Google Maps Engine Lite, a simplified version of its commercial Maps Engine product which is meant to eventually replace the My Maps feature.[101]", "Google Maps. In March 2011, indoor maps were added to Google Maps for Android, giving users the ability to navigate themselves within buildings such as airports, museums, shopping malls, big-box stores, universities, transit stations, and other public spaces (including underground facilities). In July 2013, a revised version of Google Maps added support for Apple iOS devices, including iPads and iPhones.[146] Google encourages owners of public facilities to submit floor plans of their buildings in order to add them to the service.[147] Map users can view different floors of a building or subway station by clicking on a level selector that is displayed near any structures which are mapped on multiple levels.", "Google Maps. Google Maps began as a C++ desktop program designed by Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen at Where 2 Technologies. In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google, which converted it into a web application. After additional acquisitions of a geospatial data visualization company and a realtime traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005.[1] The service's front end utilizes JavaScript, XML, and Ajax. Google Maps offers an API that allows maps to be embedded on third-party websites,[2] and offers a locator for urban businesses and other organizations in numerous countries around the world. Google Map Maker allowed users to collaboratively expand and update the service's mapping worldwide but was discontinued from March, 2017. However, crowdsourced contributions to Google Maps were not discontinued as the company announced those features will be transferred to Google Local Guides program.[3]", "Google Maps. In July, Google started including Google Maps business listings in the form of Local OneBoxes in the main Google search results.[61] In December, Google integrated a feature called Plus Box into the main search results.[62] On December 19 Google added a feature that lets one add multiple destinations to their driving directions.[63] Beginning in February 2007, buildings and subway stops are displayed in Google Maps \"map view\" for parts of New York City, Washington, D.C., London, San Francisco, and some other cities.[64]", "Google Street View in Europe. On February 9, 2010, Norway and Finland were added, with coverage of much of southern Norway and most of Finland. Imagery was updated for parts of the UK as well." ]	[ 3.658203125, 2.8984375, 0.2958984375, 0.058990478515625, 4.15234375, 0.62451171875, 0.290283203125, 0.414794921875, 1.9912109375, 1.515625, -0.411865234375, 0.5361328125, 0.5400390625, -1.6708984375, -0.38916015625, -1.529296875, -0.0714111328125, 0.1190185546875, 0.4775390625, -3.328125, 0.70166015625, -1.330078125, 1.0771484375, 0.45703125, -0.47265625, -1.298828125, 1.998046875, -0.86328125, -0.34033203125, 3.1171875, -1.685546875, -1.7421875 ]
when do you apply for college in the us	[ "College admissions in the United States. College admissions in the United States refers to the process of applying for entrance to institutions of higher education for undergraduate study at one of the nation's 2,675 schools.[1][2][3] Generally, the college search begins in the student's eleventh grade of high school[4] with most activity taking place during the twelfth grade, although students at top high schools often begin the process during their tenth grade or earlier. In addition, there are considerable numbers of students who transfer from one college to another, as well as adults older than high school age who apply to college.", "College admissions in the United States. The admissions process usually begins during a student's eleventh grade when a student meets with a guidance counselor, selects some colleges, and perhaps visits a few campuses. The summer before twelfth grade is a time when many students finalize application plans and perhaps begin writing essays. Further, they decide whether to apply by early or regular decision. International students may need to take tests showing English-language proficiency such as the TOEFL, IELTS, or PTE Academic.[39] The twelfth grade is when applications are submitted. The CSS can be submitted by October first of the student's twelfth grade, while the FAFSA becomes available on the web after January first.[40]", "College admissions in the United States. Many schools have implemented a system through which students can apply at a time other than the most common usual deadline of January first of the twelfth grade, to lighten the load on students and admissions officers. Several reports suggest an increase in early admissions.", "College admissions in the United States. Some colleges offer this type of admission, typically used by schools with large numbers of applicants, which means that colleges are continually receiving applications and making decisions, typically within four to six weeks after application.[74] It allows prospective students to apply at any time between the fall and spring and to receive their result a few weeks later. One benefit is that if a student is accepted early in the school year, there is less anxiety about acceptance for the rest of the year.[74] Rolling admission schools are also beneficial to students who are rejected from all the schools they applied regularly to, yet still wish to enroll without taking a gap year. Guidance counselors suggest that rolling admissions should not be used late in twelfth grade since financial aid money may have already been distributed, and few slots may be left for September.[74] One advisor suggests that if a college offers rolling admissions and is on a student's list, then it should be applied to as soon as rolling admissions becomes available for that year.[74] Another report suggested that rolling admissions was more characteristic of noncompetitive colleges.[144]", "College admissions in the United States. The application process takes considerable time and planning since it involves multiple steps, with choices to be made and deadlines to be met. Students file separate applications to each school, although the Common Application expedites the process in many instances. Most undergraduate institutions admit students to the entire college and not to a particular department or major, unlike many European universities and American graduate schools, although some undergraduate programs such as architecture or engineering may require a separate application at some universities. As a general rule, applying to two-year county and community colleges is much easier than to a four-year school, often requiring only a high school transcript or minimum test score.", "University and college admission. In the United States of America, high school students apply to four-year liberal arts colleges and universities, where undergraduate students may earn a Bachelor's degree. Others attend community colleges, which almost always admit all students with high school diplomas. These students may acquire a technical degree, a two-year Associate degree, and/or prepare for transfer to four-year institutions. Non-traditional students are usually students over the age of 22 who pursue studies in higher education. Students may apply to many institutions using the Common Application. There is no limit to the number of colleges or universities to which a student may apply, though an application must be submitted for each. Fees are generally charged for each admissions application, but can be waived based on financial need.", "College admissions in the United States. Millions of high school students apply to college each year. While the number of graduates from high school peaked temporarily at 3.3 million in 2008, then to 3.4 million in 2014,[5] numbers have been forecast to decline through 2015 and then rebound thereafter.[6] Still, the number of students enrolled in college is expected to increase through 2020 when there will be approximately 23 million students in college.[6] About a quarter of twelfth graders apply to seven or more schools, paying an average of $40 per application.[6] Fewer than half of all students entering college graduate in four years[7] and slightly over half graduate from college during their lifetimes.[7]", "College admissions in the United States. Students are usually notified of a college's decision in April, sometimes in the last two weeks of March, unless they had applied using an early approach, and are usually notified by email,[259] although some colleges still send \"fat\" envelopes (usually an acceptance) or \"thin\" envelopes (usually a rejection). A trend appears to be declining percentages of acceptances to leading schools.[291] There are indications that the percentage of students who say \"yes\" to an offer of admission (the yield) has been declining, from 49 percent in 2001 to 43 percent in 2009.[5] Admitted students may also be awarded financial aid. There are two kinds of financial aid: need-based aid, awarded entirely on the financial specifics of the student's family, and merit-based aid, given to students judged to show exceptional academic promise. Several reports confirm that accepted students who are dissatisfied with an aid offer should contact the college to see if the offer can be improved.[96][114] International students who have been accepted should complete an I-20 form.[39] A disappointing aid package may be appealed with a polite call to the school's financial aid office, while being thankful for any funds that have already been offered.[114] In some cases, it is possible to bargain with a school for a more generous aid package, particularly if there is a more generous offer from a second school that the first school sees as a competitor. One report suggested that even by May 2012, 375 colleges still had space for first-year or transfer applicants for the fall of 2012.[292] Twelfth graders accepted to college are expected to maintain good grades during the spring; for example, one hundred high school applicants accepted to Texas Christian University, whose grades plummeted in the spring of their twelfth grade as a symptom of senioritis, received so-called \"fear of God\" letters from an admissions dean asking them to explain themselves, and threatening to rescind offers of admission.[293]", "College admissions in the United States. Advisors counsel that applicants should meet deadlines,[74][210][70] spend time researching colleges,[74] be open-minded,[73] have fun,[73] communicate what \"resonates\" to the applicant about a particular school,[137] not fall in love with one or two colleges,[69] follow directions precisely[70] and make sure to click the \"submit\" button.[15] Rudeness towards staff members, feigning enthusiasm, and being pretentious are other turnoffs reported by admissions officers.[70] There is strong consensus among counselors and advisors that starting the college search early is vital. One recommends starting early in the twelfth grade;[73] another suggests that even this is too late, and that the process should begin during the eleventh grade and summer before twelfth grade.[137] And sources suggest that students who begin the process earlier tend to earn more acceptance letters.[74] Another advantage of beginning early is so that applications can be proofread for mistakes.[137] Advisors suggest that emails should be sent to specific persons in the admissions office, not to a generalized inbox.[15] Advisors suggest that applicants sending in paper applications should take care that handwriting is legible, particularly email addresses.[15] Advisors counsel that mistakes or changes should be explained somewhere in the application; for example, an adviser at Grinnell College suggested that a record need not be perfect but there must be an \"explanation for any significant blip.\"[15][69] Advisors suggest that applicants should \"own up to any bad behavior\" such as suspensions since schools are \"dutybound to report them\", and suggest that a person should \"accept responsibility and show contrition for \"lessons learned,\" according to one view.[15][211] Disciplinary actions are usually reported to the colleges by the high school as a matter of course. Advisors suggest that the application should help a student position themselves to create a unique picture.[69] It helps, according to one advisor, if a person knows himself or herself, because that enables an applicant to communicate effectively with a prospective school.[137] A report in the New York Times in 2016 suggested that some universities were considering changing their admissions guidelines to be more inclusive of less affluent applicants, to put less emphasis on standardized test and AP scores, and to put more emphasis on determining \"which students' community-service projects are heartfelt and which are merely window dressing\"; the report suggested that college admissions policies were often \"cited as a culprit in sleep deprivation, anxiety and depression among students.\"[212][213]", "College admissions in the United States. Generally early action is similar to early decision except the decision is not binding,[151] so a student could apply to multiple colleges.[74] The time frame is similar: apply by early November, get a decision by mid-December,[151] although specific deadlines vary by school. It allows a student to compare competing offers.[157] The exception is that there are four colleges – Harvard, Princeton, Stanford, and Yale—which have a single-choice early action program, meaning that an applicant can only apply early action to one school. Early action can be the best choice for students who know they prefer one particular school and have done everything possible to secure admission since a student will know the result of the application sooner,[74] and to varying extents allows a student to compare aid offers from different schools.[70] One report suggested that non-binding early action programs continued to be highly popular, and noticed that three schools––Harvard, Princeton, and the University of Virginia—which had abandoned early admissions programs in 2006, reestablished them in 2011 after other colleges failed to follow their lead.[144] Generally fewer schools offer the early action program but ones that do include Georgetown University, MIT, and Boston College.[157] One account suggested that early action did not give as much of an \"admissions edge\" as early decision because it was non-binding.[156]", "Higher education in the United States. Students can apply to some colleges using the Common Application. With a few exceptions, most undergraduate colleges and universities maintain the policy that students are to be admitted to (or rejected from) the entire college, not to a particular department or major. (This is unlike college admissions in many European countries, as well as graduate admissions.) Some students, rather than being rejected, are \"wait-listed\" for a particular college and may be admitted if another student who was admitted decides not to attend the college or university. The five major parts of admission are ACT/SAT scores, grade point average, college application, essay, and letters of recommendation. The SAT's usefulness in the admissions process is controversial. It may or may not be biased, and it may or may not serve as a check on grade inflation in secondary schools. Nevertheless, some colleges are making the SAT optional for applying students.[125][126]", "University and college admission. In Canada, students applying from high school generally hear word back from a college or university between late March and late May, though offers of admission may be extended to high achievers (through GPA or other submissions) as early as Novemberâ€“January. Internationals/US applicants are likely to receive an offer or rejection by early April, depending on the original submission of documents. In some cases, an institution may offer admission in a high schoolers Grade 11 year, if monetary fees are sent in early.", "College admissions in the United States. Regular admission is a good choice for students who are unsure where they would like to go.[74] One advantage is that it can help students who have improved their grades substantially in the fall of twelfth grade, since decisions are not made until March of that year.[74] In addition, it offers students more time to make their decision about a college under somewhat less pressure than an early method. The fairly dominant view is that regular admission is more likely to result in higher offers of financial aid, particularly if students are admitted to several institutions that present different aid offers. Accordingly, one offer can be used as leverage to try to get a better offer at another institution,[145] particularly if there are competing multiple acceptances.[100] Several reports suggested that a \"growing number of colleges\" including Harvard, Cornell, and Carnegie-Mellon have stated publicly that they will consider matching offers from competing colleges.[100][145] Kim Clark explained:", "College admissions in the United States. Numerous reports suggest that more students are applying using early decision or early action approaches.[139] Schools such as Duke University, Haverford College, and the University of Chicago reported increases in early applications in 2011.[139] While early applications had been used by many students in elite prep schools and top high schools primarily in the northeastern United States, they are being used by a more diverse group of students including foreigners and minority applicants to apply to more colleges.[139] A downside of applying early is an inability to compare competing aid packages from different schools, but to an extent this can be mitigated if parents and students ask the college for a fairly firm estimate of expected costs before applying by an early method.[70] Several sources suggested that early admissions programs favor students from wealthier families since there was no need to compare financial aid offers.[58][66] Adviser Michele Hernandez suggested that the early decision and early action candidate pools were \"much more homogeneous\" with most applicants being affluent white students.[141] High-end academic applicants tended to want to have a choice, while minority applicants needed to compare scholarship offers from different colleges; accordingly, these latter two groups tended to avoid early applications.[141] According to Hernandez, Ivy League financial aid packages were similar whether one applied early admission or regular admission, since the Ivies are 100% need blind meaning that they do not take into account an applicant's ability to pay.[142] Early applicants are urged to submit applications in September and October, and not wait until November, so staff more time to consider the application.[143] There has been controversy surrounding early admissions programs, since there have been reports that most of those accepted in early admissions tended to be white, from good high schools and having upscale family incomes.[144] A report in US News suggested that early admissions approaches were not advised for students who were obviously under or over qualified, dependent on financial aid, undecided, behind in their college search plans, or late bloomers.[145]", "University and college admission. In many countries, prospective university students apply for admission during their last year of high school or community college. In some countries, there are independent organizations or government agencies to centralize the administration of standardized admission exams and the processing of applications.", "College admissions in the United States. Typically counselors will suggest an applicant apply to a mix of the different types of schools, usually having at least one safety school, but the numbers of the others are up to students and families. Andover's counseling director recommends that a student apply to a minimum of two \"solid\" schools and two \"probable\" schools.[61] Many high schools subscribe to an online service called Naviance, which, among other things, can help a student gauge the likelihood of admission to a particular college.[62] It is based on a student's grades and test scores in comparison to the admissions results from students from previous years applying to that particular college (see diagram).[62] Naviance uses a scattergram to graphically illustrate the chances for a student from a particular high school being admitted into a particular college or university.[4] In addition, counselors can help a student consider different types of colleges, such as liberal arts colleges, research universities, and specialty schools.[63] A report in Time magazine in 2013 suggested that it was almost impossible for poor students to gain admission to elite universities,[64] and that the percentage of students at 28 elite colleges coming from less affluent households was relatively constant at around 10% from 2001 to 2009, based on a study that included all eight Ivy League schools.[65] The difficulty of admissions to elite universities has sometimes prompted accusations:", "College admissions in the United States. College advisers suggest that parents keep financial records, including tax forms, business records, to use when applying for financial aid,[106] and complete the FAFSA online, using income and tax estimates (usually based on previous years), early in January of their college-bound student's twelfth grade.[96] Admissions officers can see the names of up to nine other colleges a student has applied to. According to several reports, some colleges may deny admission or reduce aid based on their interpretation of the order of colleges on the FAFSA;[107][108][109] accordingly, several sources recommend that colleges be listed alphabetically on the FAFSA to obscure any preferences.[110][111] The earliest that the FAFSA form can be filled out is January first of twelfth grade; in contrast, the CSS Profile can be filled out earlier during the preceding fall.[112] There are reports that many parents make mistakes when filling out the FAFSA information, and mistakes include failing to hit the \"submit\" button, visiting an incorrect FAFSA website, such as the deceptively-named fafsa.com,[113] leaving some fields blank instead of properly entering a zero, spelling names or entering social security numbers or estimating tax data incorrectly.[96] Since FAFSA formulas assume 20% of a student's assets can be used for college expenses as opposed to 6% of a parent's assets, advisors recommend moving funds from student to parent accounts before filing the FAFSA, including moving funds to a parent-controlled 529 plan tax-advantaged account.[114] Filing taxes early is recommended, but using estimates for FAFSA from previous years is possible provided the numbers are updated later after taxes are filed.[114] There are no fees for applying on the FAFSA site. According to one source, the best time to begin searching for scholarships is before the twelfth grade, to guarantee meeting deadlines.[96] Several reports confirm that it is important to file aid forms such as the CSS Profile early in the school year.[112][114]", "University and college admission. During the first few months (September to December) of the final year of school or sixth form college (age 17/18) or after having left school, applicants register on the UCAS website and select five courses at higher education institutes (fewer choices are permitted for the more competitive subjects such as medicine and veterinary medicine). If the applicant is still at school, his or her teachers will give him or her predicted grades for their A-level, Highers or IB subjects, which are then used for the application. If the applicant has already left school, he or she applies with results already obtained. The applicant must provide a personal statement describing in their own words why they want to study that particular subject and why they would be a committed student,[9] and their school must provide an academic reference.[10] Some universities (e.g. Oxford, Cambridge, Manchester, Imperial College, King's College London or University College London) and some disciplines (e.g. medicine) routinely require shortlisted candidates to attend an interview and/or complete special admissions tests[11] before deciding whether to make an offer. In the absence of tests and interviews, the personal statement and reference can be decisive, as many students are likely to apply to competitive courses with similar predicted and actual grades.", "College admissions in the United States. There are many reports that many applicants fail to apply for financial aid when they are qualified for it; one estimate was that 1.8 million students in 2006 who would have qualified for aid did not apply for it.[105] Applying for financial aid is recommended by almost all college admissions advisers, even for middle- and upper-class families applying to private colleges.[10] Each college has its own criteria for determining financial need and loans.[70] One advisor counseled against letting the sticker price of a college dissuade a student from applying, since many of the top colleges have strong endowments allowing them to subsidize expenses, such that the colleges are less expensive than so-called \"second tier\" or state colleges.[10]", "College admissions in the United States. Foreign (non-US citizen) students applying from another country form a large and growing percentage of applicants (including accepted applicants) to American universities.[214] According to Andover counseling director Sean Logan, applications to American universities from foreign students have increased dramatically in the past decade.[61] International applications are typically similar to domestic ones but with additional complications. Most international applicants do not receive a GPA score or transcript from their school.[215] Most will not normally take SAT or ACT exams, so these must be arranged. Most American universities are happy to accept international and foreign qualifications such as the International Baccalaureate or IB, or British A Levels,[216] although it is often up to the applicant to elaborate on the meaning of these qualifications.[217] Non-native English speakers may be asked to provide English language qualifications. If a university requires or offers an interview, these can normally be conducted over the phone or with alumni residing in the applicant's country, according to Uni in the USA,[218] a guide book catering to the growing number of British students seeking to study in the United States.[219] International applicants often must cope with higher tuition fees and less available financial aid, although this varies significantly by college. Further, international applicants also have to apply for a student visa, which can be a complex and time-consuming process.[220]", "College admissions in the United States. The admission process is a complicated dance of supply and demand for colleges. And this spring, many institutions have accepted fewer applicants, and placed more on waiting lists, until it becomes clear over the next few weeks how many spots remain.", "College admissions in the United States. One adviser suggested that students who are wait-listed \"work the wait list\" by staying in touch with the admissions office to make sure they know the student will attend if accepted,[11] and possibly take steps such as forwarding new grades and making a subsequent college visit,[69] or send a one-page letter or 60-second video describing a strong desire to attend and the reasons.[295][301] A former dean of admissions at Franklin and Marshall College suggests that students not view the wait list letter as a \"polite denial\" but rather as a possible opportunity.[69] A second report in 2011 confirmed this, and it suggested that private colleges without \"billion-dollar endowments or 40,000 applicants\" were finding that the period from May to the start of classes in fall was a time of uncertainty, with many institutions seeking new applicants, and unsure how many of the applicants that had promised to attend would, in fact, show up in the fall.[303] What can happen is that institutions at the top of the \"food chain\" accept students from their wait lists, and these students in turn sacrifice their deposit to schools lower down the chain, generating vacancies and uncertainty.[303] A downside to wait lists is that by the time a student is accepted, there may be much less money available for scholarships or grants.[11] There was a report in The Wall Street Journal of a few colleges, such as Franklin & Marshall, that deliberately waitlisted overqualified students on the assumption that, even if accepted, they would almost certainly not enroll.[136] The alleged purpose was to boost the admissions yield rate––the percentage of students who accept a college's admissions offer––as a means to improve the college's overall performance on the influential US News college rankings.[136]", "College admissions in the United States. New developments in college admissions include increased numbers of applications, increased interest by students in foreign countries in applying to American universities,[8] more students applying by an early method,[5] applications submitted by Internet-based methods including the Common Application,[9] increased use of consultants, guidebooks, and rankings, and increased use by colleges of waitlists.[5] One estimate was that 80 percent of applications were submitted online in 2009.[5]", "College admissions in the United States. This can be an important factor in some situations, sometimes a \"driving factor\",[61] since a college may be more likely to say yes to a student likely to matriculate. Accordingly, it has been advised to become knowledgeable about schools being applied to, and \"tailor each application accordingly.\"[130] College visits (including overnight ones),[260] interviews, attending College Fair days,[260] comments in the essay, contacting college faculty members, answering and opening emails,[260][261] place position of the college on the FAFSA form or its FAFSA position,[107][108][109][262] and other indications of interest can be a factor for many colleges concerned about their yieldâ€”the percent of students who accept an offer of enrollment.[19][136] According to Andover's college counseling director Sean Logan, it is important to have numerous contact points with colleges to show demonstrated interest: visiting, phone contact, emailing, visits to websites (including number of clicks as well as length of time on the website), whether a college visit included a tour and interview, and whether a college-recommended off-campus personal interview was done.[61] Schools such as Connecticut College and Emory University have been credited as \"popularizing the yield game\" by refusing well-qualified students who failed to show much real interest in attending, as a way to boost their yield scores.[136] One top high school student was waitlisted at a \"likely\" college[263] for showing lack of interest:", "Education in the United States. Like high school, the four undergraduate grades are commonly called freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years (alternatively called first year, second year, etc.). Students traditionally apply for admission into colleges. Schools differ in their competitiveness and reputation. Admissions criteria involve the rigor and grades earned in high school courses taken, the students' GPA, class ranking, and standardized test scores (Such as the SAT or the ACT tests). Most colleges also consider more subjective factors such as a commitment to extracurricular activities, a personal essay, and an interview. While colleges will rarely list that they require a certain standardized test score, class ranking, or GPA for admission, each college usually has a rough threshold below which admission is unlikely.[citation needed]", "College admissions in the United States. Four-year colleges offer Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degrees. These are primarily undergraduate institutions, although some might have limited programs at the graduate level. Graduates of the tuition-free United States service academies receive both a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission.", "College admissions in the United States. Advisors typically ask students to begin to see potential colleges in terms of four types:", "University and college admission. Students apply to one or more colleges or universities by submitting an application which each college evaluates using its own criteria. The college then decides whether or not to extend an offer of admission (and possibly financial aid) to the student. The majority of colleges admit students to the college as a whole, and not to a particular academic major, although this may not be the case in some specialized programs such as engineering and architecture. The system is decentralized: each college has its own criteria for admission, even when using a common application form (the most widely used is The Common Application).", "College admissions in the United States. While there is general agreement that chances for admission are higher for students who are prepared to pay the full price, there are indications that this has been even more prevalent in the past few years given economic uncertainty and rising college costs,[270] particularly at schools without large endowments. Half of admissions officers at both public universities and a third of officers at four-year colleges were actively seeking students who could \"pay full price\" and did not need financial aid, according to one survey of 462 admissions directors and managers in 2011.[271] The report suggested that full-pay students tended to have lower high school grades and test scores than other students, compared to other applicants, on average.[271] Two other reports confirmed that public university admissions officers were actively seeking out-of-state and international students since they paid higher rates for tuition.[26][271] Another report found that one in ten admissions officers had said that their college admitted full-pay students despite their having lower average grades and test scores.[26] Reports vary about whether the financial neediness of applicants impacts admissions chances; one suggested that applicants with strong academic credentials or talents are more likely to get financial aid, but that depending on the college, \"borderline admits\" needing money were most vulnerable;[272] a second report was that \"colleges like rich students\".[272] George Washington University, despite claiming to have need blind admissions, was more likely to waitlist financially needy applicants, according to one report.[273] One view was that financial aid depends on how a specific student compares with other students:", "College admissions in the United States. Colleges use a variety of methods to evaluate applicants. One source noted that four of every five colleges accept more than half of all applicants, and three-fourths of students who apply to colleges are accepted by their first choice college.[223] Depending on the size and values of the school, admissions criteria can vary from being almost entirely formulaic to involving significant subjective judgment regarding the student's \"fit\" for the institution.[224] Criteria vary considerably by school, and one view is that the \"great deal of inconsistency across institutions\" sometimes gave an incorrect impression that \"student selection is arbitrary.\"[224] Criteria include standardized test scores (generally ACT and/or SAT), class rank, grades (as shown in the high school transcript), degree of extracurricular involvement, and leadership potential. One report suggested that the most important criteria, in order of importance, were", "Education in the United States. Depending upon their circumstances, they may begin school in pre-kindergarten, kindergarten or first grade. They normally attend 12 grades of study over 12 calendar years of primary/elementary and secondary education before graduating and earning a diploma that makes them eligible for admission to higher education. Education is mandatory until age 16 (18 in some states).", "College admissions in the United States. Many open slots for students at many private universities begin to fill up early in the last year of school. In 2001 it was estimated that a third of slots for next year's first-year class were filled by December, which was an increase from one-fifth a decade earlier.[136] Estimates made around 2011 suggested that 45% of positions were taken by December.[139][140] There are reports for specific schools filling up by December 2011 for the 2012â€“2013 first-year class. For example, American University filled 31% of its class; Columbia 45%, Davidson 40%, Emory 32%, Hamilton 38%, Kenyon 29%, Middlebury 45%, Sarah Lawrence 21%, Smith 20%, and others.[140]" ]	[ 3.30859375, 2.572265625, 2.619140625, 0.78857421875, 0.47119140625, 1.98828125, -0.1558837890625, -0.176025390625, -0.353515625, 0.375, -1.8154296875, 0.3701171875, -2.4296875, 0.9052734375, 0.175537109375, -2.35546875, 0.1534423828125, 1.2392578125, -0.336181640625, -1.6689453125, -0.9541015625, -3.16796875, -0.490478515625, -3.89453125, -0.76513671875, -2.080078125, -3.4453125, -0.00734710693359375, -3.869140625, -2.79296875, -2.953125, -1.548828125 ]
rivers that flow through the garden of eden	[ "Garden of Eden. A river flowed from Eden to water the garden, and from there it divided to make four streams.", "Garden of Eden. The first is named the Pishon, and this winds all through the land of Havilah where there is gold. The gold of this country is pure; bdellium and cornelian stone are found there. The second river is named the Gihon, and this winds all through the land of Cush. The third river is named the Tigris, and this flows to the east of Ashur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.", "Garden of Eden. Genesis 2:10–14 lists four rivers in association with the garden of Eden: Pishon, Gihon, the Tigris, and the Euphrates. It also refers to the land of Cush—translated/interpreted as Ethiopia, but thought by some to equate to Cossaea, a Greek name for the land of the Kassites.[12] These lands lie north of Elam, immediately to the east of ancient Babylon, which, unlike Ethiopia, does lie within the region being described.[13] In Antiquities of the Jews, the first-century Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Pishon as what \"the Greeks called Ganges\" and the Geon (Gehon) as the Nile.[14]", "History of gardening. The biblical Book of Genesis mentions the Tigris and Euphrates as two of the four rivers bounding the Garden of Eden.[6] No specific place has been identified, although there are many theories.", "Pishon. The Pishon (Hebrew: פִּישׁוֹן‎ Pîšōn) is one of four rivers (along with Hiddekel (Tigris), Phrath (Euphrates) and Gihon) mentioned in the Biblical Book of Genesis. In that passage, these rivers are described as arising within the Garden of Eden. The Pishon is described as encircling \"the entire land of Havilah.\"[1]", "River Eden, Cumbria. The river was known to the Romans as the Itouna, as recorded by the Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) in the 2nd century AD. This name derives from the Celtic word ituna, meaning water,[1] or rushing.[2] Thus there is no relation to the biblical Garden of Eden.", "River Eden, Cumbria. The River Eden is a river that flows through the Eden District of Cumbria, England, on its way to the Solway Firth.", "Four corners of the world. In Christianity and Judaism, the Old Testament (Genesis 2:8-14) identifies the Garden of Eden, and the four rivers as the Tigris, Euphrates, Pishon, and Gihon. The Tigris runs to Assyria, the Euphrates to Armenia, the Pishon to Havilah or Elam, and the Gihon to Ethiopia.[1][2][3]", "Kubla Khan. Mount Amara is in the same region as Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile river. Ethiopian tradition says that the Blue Nile is the River Gihon of the Bible, one of the four rivers that flow out of the Garden of Eden in the Book of Genesis, which says that Gihon flows through the Kingdom of Kush, the Biblical name for Ethiopia and Sudan. In fact the Blue Nile is very far from the other three rivers mentioned in Genesis 2:10â€“14, but this belief led to the connection in 18th and 19th century English literature between Mount Amara and Paradise.[94]", "River Eden, Cumbria. The steep-sided dale of Mallerstang[3] later opens out to become the Vale of Eden. The river flows through Kirkby Stephen and Appleby-in-Westmorland, and receives the water of many becks flowing off the Pennines to the east, and longer rivers from the Lakes off to the west, including the River Lyvennet, River Leith and River Eamont, which arrives via Ullswater and Penrith.", "Garden of Eden. Although the Garden of Eden is considered to be mythological by most scholars,[19][20][21][22][23][24] there have been other suggestions for its location:[25] for example, at the head of the Persian Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the sea;[26] and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau.[27][28][29][30] British archaeologist David Rohl claims it may have been located in Iran, and in the vicinity of Tabriz, but this suggestion has not caught on with scholarly sources.[31]", "Tigris. The Tigris appears twice in the Old Testament. First, in the Book of Genesis, it is the third of the four rivers branching off the river issuing out of the Garden of Eden.[6] The second mention is in the Book of Daniel, wherein the prophet states he received one of his visions \"when I was by that great river the Tigris\".[13]", "Garden of Eden. Much like records of the great flood, the creation story and the account of the confusion of languages, the story of Eden echoes the Mesopotamian myth of a king, as a primordial man, who is placed in a divine garden to guard the Tree of life.[8] The Hebrew Bible depicts Adam and Eve as walking around the Garden of Eden naked due to their innocence.[9] Eden and its rivers may signify the real Jerusalem, the Temple of Solomon, or the Promised Land. It may also represent the divine garden on Zion, and the mountain of God, which was also Jerusalem. The imagery of the Garden, with its serpent and cherubim, has been compared[by whom?] to the images of the Solomonic Temple with its copper serpent (the nehushtan) and guardian cherubs.[10][need quotation to verify]", "River Eden, Cumbria. The Eden rises in Black Fell Moss, Mallerstang, on the high ground between High Seat, Yorkshire Dales and Hugh Seat. Here it forms the boundary between the counties of Cumbria and North Yorkshire. Two other great rivers arise in the same peat bogs here, within a kilometre of each other: the River Swale and River Ure.", "River Eden, Cumbria. Continuing north, it passes close to the ancient stone circle known as Long Meg and Her Daughters and through the sparsely populated beef and dairy farming regions of the vale of Cumbria on the Solway Plain. After flowing through Wetheral, where it is crossed by Corby Bridge, a Grade I listed railway viaduct of 1834, it merges with the River Irthing from the east, followed by the River Petteril and River Caldew from the south, as it winds through Carlisle.", "River Eden, Cumbria. Its junction with the River Caldew in north Carlisle marks the point where Hadrian's Wall crosses the Eden, only five miles before both reach their end at the tidal flats. It enters the Solway Firth near the mouth of the River Esk after a total distance of approximately 81 miles (130Â km).", "Mahd adh Dhahab. There is a possibility that the Cradle of Gold is mentioned in the Biblical story of the Garden of Eden in The Book of Genesis. - \"And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. The name of the first is Pishon: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.\" Research by archaeologists Juris Zarins of Missouri State University and Farouk El-Baz of Boston University indicates that the Pishon River may be the now dried up river bed that once flowed 600 miles north east from the Mahd adh-Dhahab area of the Hejaz c. 3000 BC.[1]", "River Eden, Cumbria. It starts life as Red Gill Beck, then becomes Hell Gill Beck, before turning north and joining with Ais Gill Beck to become the River Eden. (Hell Gill Force, just before it meets Ais Gill Beck, is the highest waterfall along its journey to the sea).", "Passaic River. The river, and especially its Great Falls, plays a large part in William Carlos Williams's epic poem Paterson.", "Wyoming. Several rivers begin in or flow through the state, including the Yellowstone River, Bighorn River, Green River, and the Snake River.", "River Eden, Cumbria. The river supports Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra).[4][5] The river and its tributaries are designated a Special Area of Conservation under the European Union's Habitats Directive. The area protected by the SAC includes Ullswater.[5]", "Heraclitus. The assertions of flow are coupled in many fragments with the enigmatic river image:[43]", "Garden of Eden. \"The Garden of Eden\" by Thomas Cole (c. 1828)", "Adam and Eve. American painter Thomas Cole painted The Garden of Eden (1828), with lavish detail of the first couple living amid waterfalls, vivid plants, and attractive deer.[64]", "Garden of Eden. The Garden of Eden motifs most frequently portrayed in illuminated manuscripts and paintings are the \"Sleep of Adam\" (\"Creation of Eve\"), the \"Temptation of Eve\" by the Serpent, the \"Fall of Man\" where Adam takes the fruit, and the \"Expulsion\". The idyll of \"Naming Day in Eden\" was less often depicted. Much of Milton's Paradise Lost occurs in the Garden of Eden. Michelangelo depicted a scene at the Garden of Eden in the Sistine Chapel ceiling. In the Divine Comedy, Dante places the Garden at the top of Mt. Purgatory. For many medieval writers, the image of the Garden of Eden also creates a location for human love and sexuality, often associated with the classic and medieval trope of the locus amoenus.[49] One of oldest depictions of Garden of Eden is made in Byzantine style in Ravenna, while the city was still under Byzantine control. A preserved blue mosaic is part of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia. Circular motifs represent flowers of the garden of Eden.", "Normandy. Rivers in Normandy include:", "Margaret Ogola. In an analysis of The River and the Source, Tom Odhiambo writes:", "Plantain Garden River. The Plantain Garden River is a river in the parish of St Thomas on the island of Jamaica. It is the only major river in Jamaica that does not flow in a northerly or southerly direction.", "Pennines. For much of their length the Pennines form the main watershed in northern England, dividing east and west. The rivers Eden, Ribble, Dane and tributaries of the Mersey (including the Irwell, Tame and Goyt) flow westwards towards the Irish Sea. On the eastern side of the watershed, the rivers Tyne, Tees, Wear, Swale, Ure, Nidd, Wharfe, Aire, Calder and Don rise in the region and flow eastwards to the North Sea. The River Trent, however, rises on the western side of the Pennines before flowing around the southern end of the range and up the eastern side; together with its tributaries (principally the Dove and Derwent) it thus drains both east and west sides of the southern end to the North Sea.", "Garden of Eden. The Garden of Eden (Hebrew גַּן עֵדֶן, Gan ʿEḏen) or (often) Paradise, is the biblical \"garden of God\", described most notably in the Book of Genesis chapters 2 and 3, and also in the Book of Ezekiel.[2][3] Genesis 13:10 refers to the \"garden of God\" (not called Eden by name),[4] and the \"trees of the garden\" are mentioned in Ezekiel 31.[5] The Book of Zechariah and the Book of Psalms also refer to trees and water in relation to the temple without explicitly mentioning Eden.[6]", "Panama. The Río Chepo, another source of hydroelectric power, is one of the more than 300 rivers emptying into the Pacific. These Pacific-oriented rivers are longer and slower-running than those on the Caribbean side. Their basins are also more extensive. One of the longest is the Río Tuira, which flows into the Golfo de San Miguel and is the nation's only river that is navigable by larger vessels.", "Agus River. In Maranao mythology, Lake Lanao once threatened to drown the people of Sebangan with its ever-rising waters. The Archangel Gabriel is thought to have made the Agus river in order to drain the lake.[12]" ]	[ 2.736328125, 5.1640625, 6.453125, 5.2578125, 4.46875, 1.86328125, 3.091796875, 6.04296875, 3.671875, 2.068359375, 3.638671875, 3.072265625, -1.2822265625, 0.061676025390625, -0.015380859375, -0.178466796875, 2.564453125, -1.1708984375, -6.48046875, -5.90625, -1.224609375, -6.34375, -4.7109375, -4.46875, -3.5078125, -7.9765625, -10.734375, -3.43359375, -2.939453125, -3.20703125, -8.9296875, -5.48046875 ]
who plays larry culpepper in the dr pepper commercial	[ "James M. Connor. In late-2014 Connor appeared as Larry Culpepper in Dr. Pepper TV commercials tied to the NCAA college football playoffs. Connor has also contributed voiceovers for a few videogames,[2] namely Marvel Heroes (2013), The 3rd Birthday (2011), Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009), and Gun (2005).", "Dr Pepper. After appearing in a series of commercials, David Naughton had his breakthrough film role as the main character in the John Landis film An American Werewolf in London. Another famous \"I'm a Pepper\" dancer was Ray Bolger, the actor who played the Scarecrow in the film The Wizard of Oz.[citation needed]", "Dr Pepper. On January 1, 2008, the company unveiled a new TV ad campaign featuring the Cheers theme song (\"Where Everybody Knows Your Name\") performed by Gary Portnoy.", "Dr Pepper. Outside the United States, Squeeze's Glenn Tilbrook and Chris Difford played for a Dr Pepper advert in the UK with the slogan, \"Hold out for the out of the ordinary.\"", "David Hart (actor). David Hart (born February 6, 1954) is an American actor and singer best known for his portrayal of Sgt. Parker Williams on the smash-hit television series In the Heat of the Night. He also appeared in numerous commercials including IHop Restaurants, Maxwell House Coffee, Coors Light Silver Bullets, John Deere, and GE. In addition, David has appeared in numerous films and continues to perform in theater around the country, most recently performing as Charlemagne in Pippin and Oscar in The Odd Couple.", "Justin Guarini. Since 2015, Guarini has been starring as Lil' Sweet in Diet Dr Pepper television commercials, and web marketing.[37][38][39] In 2016, Dr Pepper \"promoted\" tunes for a Lil' Sweet \"album\" with video clips, promotional pictures of the character, and the character's own Twitter page.[40][41] All commercials and clips are available on Dr Pepper's YouTube channel.", "Larry Bryggman. Arvid Laurence \"Larry\" Bryggman (born December 21, 1938) is an American actor.", "Dr Pepper. The \"Be a Pepper\" series referred to fans of Dr Pepper as \"Peppers\", and often featured large, sequential, crowd dance scenes, intricately choreographed by Tony Stevens[45] and led onscreen by actor David Naughton. A recurring jingle was:", "Karn Evil 9. As of September 2007, First Impression Part 2 is heard in a commercial for Dr Pepper.", "Woody Harrelson. Woodrow Tracy \"Woody\" Harrelson[1][2] (born July 23, 1961)[3] is an American actor, activist, and playwright. He is a two-time Academy Award nominee and has won one Emmy Award out of seven nominations. His breakout role came in 1985, joining the television sitcom Cheers as bartender Woody Boyd, for which he earned five Emmy Award nominations (one win). Some notable film characters include basketball hustler Billy Hoyle in White Men Can't Jump, one-handed bowler Roy Munson in Kingpin, Haymitch Abernathy in The Hunger Games film series, Pepper Lewis in The Cowboy Way, Tallahassee in Zombieland, serial killer Mickey Knox in Natural Born Killers, magazine publisher Larry Flynt in The People vs. Larry Flynt, country singer Dusty in A Prairie Home Companion, magician/mentalist Merritt McKinney in Now You See Me and the Colonel in War for the Planet of the Apes.", "Paul Hipp. Hipp wrote and produced several songs sung by Hilary Duff for the John Cusack and Ben Kingsley vehicle War, Inc.. He co-starred in Two Tickets to Paradise (2006), along with writer/director D. B. Sweeney and John C. McGinley, and Ed Harris and appeared in director Ernst Gossner's South of Pico (2007). He also co-starred in the Showtime pilot Manchild alongside Kevin Smith, John Corbett and James Purefoy. He was guest star on the TV shows Scrubs, CSI: NY, CSI: Miami, The Closer, Without a Trace and Ugly Betty.", "Meadowlark Lemon. Lemon appeared alongside Fred \"Curly\" Neal, Marques Haynes and his other fellow Globetrotters in a live-action Saturday-morning television show, The Harlem Globetrotters Popcorn Machine, in 1974â€“1975, which also featured Rodney Allen Rippy and Avery Schreiber.[17]", "Dr Pepper. Several ads for Diet Cherry Vanilla Dr Pepper appeared on television in 2005. In one, a young woman on a blind date at a restaurant, who sips into the beverage, suddenly makes her date, restaurant patrons, and even a waitress all part of a musical sequence involving The Muppets version of the song \"Mah Nà Mah Nà\".", "Dr Pepper. This became grist for a number of pop culture references and parodies. One of the first was a July 1981 sketch on the program SCTV, in which an overly-excited injured man (Eugene Levy) extols the work of a \"Dr Shekter\" (Rick Moranis) who has been treating him. Levy and a group of patients wearing casts and crutches engage in their own elaborate dancing and singing (\"Wouldn't you like to see my doctor, too?\"), which Shekter first uses as an opportunity to explain his work, and then grows alarmed (\"These people should not be dancing!\"). In the 1982 sex farce Beach Girls, the slogan became \"I'm a popper, he's a popper...\" Wreck-Gar parodied the slogan in The Return of Optimus Prime.", "Dr Pepper. The 1980s \"Out of the Ordinary\" advertising campaign involved a series of postapocalyptic commercials featuring a space cowboy and an alien sidekick seeking \"something different\" from a simple generic cola.[49] The campaign also produced commercials featuring the movie creature Godzilla, where citizens of a Japanese town offered Dr Pepper as a libation. The commercials were prominently featured during the 1986 syndication of The Canned Film Festival, which was sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company.", "Leonardo DiCaprio. Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (/dɪˈkæprioʊ/; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor, film producer, and environmental activist.[2] DiCaprio began his career by appearing in television commercials in the late 1980s. He next had recurring roles in various television series, such as the soap opera Santa Barbara and the sitcom Growing Pains.", "Dr Pepper. Dr Pepper's \"Be You\" advertising campaign centered on commercials featuring pairs of popular musicians, including LeAnn Rimes with Reba McEntire, Paulina Rubio with Celia Cruz, Thalía with Tito Puente, B2K with Smokey Robinson, Anastacia with Cyndi Lauper, Patricia Manterola with Ana Gabriel, and LL Cool J with Run-D.M.C. The campaign also featured individual musicians, notably Garth Brooks.", "Ving Rhames. Rhames appeared in Striptease (1996) as the wisecracking bodyguard Shad, Bringing Out the Dead (1999), then reprised his Luther Stickell role for Mission: Impossible 2 (2000). He played Johnnie Cochran in American Tragedy (2000), the ex-con boyfriend of Jodie's mother in the John Singleton film Baby Boy, portrayed a gay drag queen in the television movie Holiday Heart, contributed his voice for the character of Cobra Bubbles in Lilo & Stitch (2002) and the subsequent TV series, and played a stoic cop fighting zombie hordes in Dawn of the Dead (2004) and Day of the Dead (2008) remakes. Rhames has also appeared in a series of television commercials for RadioShack, usually performing with Vanessa L. Williams.", "Meadowlark Lemon. In 1983, Lemon appeared in a Charmin toilet paper commercial alongside Mr. Whipple (actor Dick Wilson).", "Erik von Detten. In 1995, when he was 13, Von Detten provided the voice of the villainous toy-destroyer Sid Phillips in the hit movie Toy Story. In 1996, he starred in the ABC family original movie Christmas Every Day. He starred as Wally Cleaver in the 1997 movie Leave It to Beaver and also starred as the title character in the Disney Channel original movie Brink! in 1998. Von Detten has also appeared in a theatrical release as the jerk Josh Bryant in The Princess Diaries in 2001. In addition, he has made several television appearances in shows like Dinotopia (2002), the first celebrity edition of the ABC reality show The Mole, the third season's Celebrity Mole Hawaii (2003), in which he was runner-up, as well as Disney Channel's So Weird, and Fox's Malcolm in the Middle. Von Detten has also played the part of Chris Savage in the short-lived sitcom Complete Savages. In 2007, he made his stage debut in the children's play The Christmas Princess[7] in Santa Monica. In 2009, he was featured in the music video \"Wanted\" by pop singer Jessie James. In 2010, he made a brief cameo appearance in Toy Story 3 reprising his role as Sid Phillips, who is now a garbageman in his 20s.[8]", "Dr Pepper. Dr Pepper has also been featured outside the \"I'm a Pepper\" motif. An example is in the video game Pikmin 2, where one of the collectible treasures is a Dr Pepper bottle cap (it is labeled as the \"Drought Ender\"). Also, an empty Dr Pepper bottle is featured in the book Ragweed by Newbery Medal-winning author Avi; the bookâ€™s illustrator, Brian Floca, is the son of a Dr Pepper bottler. Several of the classic non-\"I'm a Pepper\" commercials featured prominent movie stars, one being a television advertisement with Chris Rock as a child enjoying a Dr Pepper.", "Zaxby's. In late 2007, the chain began running a series of commercials featuring celebrities eating Zaxby's menu items. The celebrities of 2007/2008 included Laverne and Shirley stars Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams, Bobby Allison, Diana DeGarmo, Herschel Walker, Evander Holyfield, Elijah Kelley, Lorenzo Lamas, Cody Linley, Jerry Rice, John Schneider, Alyson Stoner, Kerri Strug, Richard Thomas, Richard Karn, Reginald VelJohnson, David Garrard, and Spud Webb. In 2009, celebrities included Orange County Choppers Paul Teutul, Sr. and Michael Teutul, Béla Károlyi, Fred Willard, Paul Sorvino, and Mike Ditka. 2010 and 2011 celebrities included Doris Roberts, E! News host Giuliana Rancic Jaime Pressly, Ryan Stiles, and musician Little Richard. In 2012, the chain featured celebrities Rachel Dratch, Chris Kattan, Jill Hennessy, Lee Ann Womack, and National Football League linebacker Clay Matthews in its commercials. Zaxby's 2013 commercials featured David Alan Grier and Waylon Payne, with comedian Wayne Brady and actress Leigh-Allyn Baker.[6]", "Ed Helms. Helms starred in the 2011 film Cedar Rapids and co-starred in the blockbuster The Hangover film trilogy as Stuart Price. He had minor roles, including Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, Blackballed: The Bobby Dukes Story, Meet Dave, Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay, I'll Believe You, Evan Almighty, Semi-Pro and, with Office co-star Jenna Fischer, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story. In 2009, Helms appeared in The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard, directed by Neal Brennan and starring Jeremy Piven, and in 2012, he voiced the Once-ler in The Lorax. He played the lead role, Rusty Griswold, in the 2015 film Vacation, a sequel/spin-off of the National Lampoon's Vacation series.[24] The movie began shooting in September 2014 in Helms' native Atlanta, with Christina Applegate playing Rusty's wife Debbie Griswold.[25] In 2015, Helms starred in Jessie Nelson's movie, Love the Coopers.[26]. 2017 he stars in The Clapper (film), as Eddie Krumble who works as a paid audience member for infomercials and experiences a whirlwind of, unwanted overnight fame, after a late-night talk show host publicies his frequent infomercial appearances.", "Brian Part. Part also landed commercials for Dawn dishwashing liquid and Shasta Cola. His stage work includes Desperate Hours[clarification needed] alongside Anthony Caruso and a lead part in the musical Forrest Lights with his wife Kathryn E. Part.", "Ving Rhames. Irving Rameses \"Ving\" Rhames (born May 12, 1959) is an American actor of screen and stage known for his roles as Luther Stickell in the Mission: Impossible film series, as well as Pulp Fiction, Don King: Only in America, Rosewood, Con Air, Dawn of the Dead, and Bringing Out the Dead, as well as the voice of Cobra Bubbles in the 2002 film Lilo & Stitch. Rhames is a Golden Globe Award winner, as well as an Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominee.", "Can I Get A.... Chris Penn appears in the video as a bartender. Jermaine Dupri also makes a cameo.", "Dr Pepper. In 2011, rapper Pitbull appeared in a commercial with the slogan \"Let's have a real good time.\"", "List of Curb Your Enthusiasm recurring roles. Doctor Morrison (Philip Baker Hall, Seasons 4, 7) is a doctor who treats Larry for a cut he got when Mel Brooks hit him in the head with a door in \"Mel's Offer.\" He returned in \"The Hot Towel\" to treat a hand injury Larry received due to a hot towel on a flight that Larry thought was \"put in the microwave\". He ended up giving Larry his personal number to ease the communication between the two, but regretted the decision instantly. He first appeared in \"Mel's Offer.\"", "Chris Parnell. While on SNL, Parnell appeared in numerous sketches, and commercial parodies, and performed memorable impressions of various celebrities. Among his notable sketches are \"Lazy Sunday\", a rap video he shot with Andy Samberg about buying cupcakes and going to see The Chronicles of Narnia, and \"More Cowbell\". He has also performed raps about hosts Jennifer Garner, Britney Spears, Kirsten Dunst and Ashton Kutcher. On the DVD commentary for the West Coast version of the 30 Rock episode \"Live Show\", Tina Fey and Beth McCarthy Miller noted that Parnell was nicknamed \"The Ice Man\" while working at SNL, because of his apparent immunity to breaking, citing the \"more cowbell\" sketch in which he was the only actor not to break.[citation needed]", "Alexander Ludwig. Ludwig began his career at the age of nine when he featured in a Harry Potter toy commercial, a job that enabled him to sign on with an agent and obtain more commercial work.[1] Later he was cast in movies such as Air Bud: World Pup (2000), MXP: Most Extreme Primate (2003), Scary Godmother: The Revenge of Jimmy (2005), Eve and the Fire Horse (2005), The Sandlot: Heading Home (also known as The Sandlot 3) (2007). In addition to cinema, Ludwig has also worked in television. He has performed in movies made for television, such as A Little Thing Called Murder (2006), and television series such as The Dead Zone.[1] Ludwig obtained his leading role in The Seeker: The Dark Is Rising (2007) after a \"gruelling audition process.\"[2] By his count, he had 16 auditions before finally being cast.[6]", "Dr Pepper. Dr Pepper made several appearances in the 1994 Robert Zemeckis major motion picture Forrest Gump, as it was the beverage of choice for the movie's namesake lead character, played by Tom Hanks. In one of the film's Dr Pepper scenes, Forrest's narrative suggests, \"The best part about goin' to the White House was, they had all the food and drink that you wanted ... I must have had me 15 Dr Peppers.\" When subsequently asked by the President how he felt, Forrest gave an honest answer of \"I gotta pee.\" Although, arguably the film's largest product placement installation, the depiction of Dr Pepper was perhaps not always accurate as, in another scene during the 1972 New Year's Eve celebration which Forrest attends, he drinks a Dr Pepper with a logo that was inconsistent with the timeline of the film.", "Harry Enfield. Enfield appeared in some television commercials before becoming famous, including one made in 1987 for Tetley. Enfield's commercials include a series made in 1996 for Dime Bar. One commercial in this series had Enfield as a yokel refusing a Dime bar—smooth on the outside, crunchy on the inside—because he preferred armadillos—smooth on the inside, crunchy on the outside. Later Enfield, with Paul Whitehouse, starred in a series of commercials for Hula Hoops as The Self-Righteous Brothers, characters from Enfield's television show. In 2004 Enfield starred in a series of commercials for Burger King in the Paraguay as Dr. Angus, a character intended to promote the company's newest hamburger. Two more characters from Enfield's TV series, Mr Cholmondley-Warner and Grayson, also appeared in commercials, for Mercury Communications.[10] Also in 2004 Enfield provided the voice of \"The Roaming Gnome\" character used in Travelocity's U.S. advertising campaign. Enfield was also in commercials for Worthington Bitter." ]	[ 4.1015625, -0.256591796875, -1.091796875, 0.97314453125, -5.5703125, -1.6201171875, -3.921875, -2.2421875, -4.33203125, -3.00390625, -6.1953125, -6.0703125, -4.7578125, -1.638671875, -4.15234375, -1.314453125, -0.80126953125, -6.00390625, -7.10546875, -6.03515625, -1.3720703125, -4.921875, -5.515625, -5.44140625, -3.896484375, -4.88671875, -0.75537109375, -7.53125, -4.0234375, -3.888671875, -2.234375, -5.91796875 ]
how much did real madrid buy ronaldo from manchester united	[ "Real Madrid C.F.. On 1 June 2009, Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrid's presidency.[59] Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term, buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking (in pound sterling) sum of £56 million,[60] and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million.[61]", "Cristiano Ronaldo. Ahead of the 2009–10 season, Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time, of £80 million (€94 million).[146] His contract, which ran until 2015, was worth €11 million per year and contained a €1 billion buy-out clause.[147][148] At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu, surpassing the 25-year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli.[149][150] Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7, the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United,[151] Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt,[152] which was presented to him by the former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano.[153]", "Real Madrid C.F.. In June 2009, the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €94 million (£80 million) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo.[137][138] The fee of €77.5 million (100 billion lire) for Zinedine Zidane's transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid. This record (in pound sterling) had been broken previously in June 2009, for a few days, when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan for €67m (£65 million). The transfer of Tottenham Hotspur's Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly the new world record signing, with the transfer price expected at around €100 million.[72] In January 2016, documents pertaining to Bale's transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418.[139] The club's sale record came on 26 August 2014, when Manchester United signed Ángel Di María for €75 million.[140]", "List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics. The club's record sale came in July 2009, when they sold Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £80 million.[55]", "2000s (decade). In 2009, the World football transfer record was set by Spanish football club Real Madrid when it purchased Manchester United's Cristiano Ronaldo for £80 million (€93 million). Manchester United veteran Sir Bobby Charlton said the world-record offer shocked him:", "List of Real Madrid C.F. records and statistics. The club's record sale came on 26 August 2014, when they sold Ángel Di María to Manchester United for a British record fee of £59.7 million.", "Messi–Ronaldo rivalry. On 11 June 2009, Manchester United accepted an offer of £80 million (€94 million) for Ronaldo to be transferred to Barcelona's El Clásico rivals Real Madrid.[89][90] The transfer was confirmed on 1 July.[91][92] At the end of the year, Messi was awarded the Ballon d'Or by a record margin of 240 points.[93][94]", "List of Real Madrid C.F. records and statistics. Real Madrid's record signings are Gareth Bale and Cristiano Ronaldo. Bale, who signed for the club from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee which according to media reports is £86 million in September 2013. Ronaldo, who signed from Manchester United for a fee of £80 million in July 2009.", "Progression of the British football transfer fee record. On 11 June 2009, Manchester United announced that they had accepted an £80,000,000 bid from Real Madrid for Cristiano Ronaldo. The transfer was completed on 1 July 2009, setting not only a new British transfer record, but also a new world record (either in pounds or euros).[4] In turn, that record was broken on 1 September 2013 when Real announced that their £85.3 million (€100 million) purchase of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur had been completed.[5]", "A.C. Milan. The sale of Kaká to Real Madrid in 2009 broke the eight-year-old world football transfer record held by Zinedine Zidane, costing the Spanish club €67 million[87] (about £56 million[88]). That record, however, lasted for less than a month, broken by Cristiano Ronaldo's £80 million transfer.[89] This record, however, is in terms of nominal British pound rates, not adjusted to inflation or the real value of the euro. Madrid bought Zidane for €77.5 million in 2001,[90][91] about £46 million at that time.", "List of most expensive association football transfers. Zidane's record stood for 8 years, the longest since the 1940s. Real Madrid continued with the Galácticos policy by buying Kaká from Milan for €67 million (£56 million),[146] which was the world record in pound sterling. However, both world record in euro and in pound sterling were broke by Real themselves when signing Cristiano Ronaldo for £80m (€94m) from Manchester United in the same transfer window,[135][147] 4 years later Real Madrid broke the record again after completed the signing of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur in 2013. Although Real initially insisted that the transfer cost €91.59 million, slightly less than the Ronaldo fee, the deal was widely reported to be around €100 million (around £85.1 million).[148][149] Documents leaked in 2016 by Football Leaks revealed that installments brought the final Bale fee up to a total of €100,759,418.[135][150] In 2016, Manchester United eventually took the record away from Real Madrid, signing French midfielder Paul Pogba for €105 million (£89 million), [151] four years after having released him to Juventus for training compensation.", "La Liga. Four of the last six world transfer records (in euro) have been set by Real Madrid, signing Luís Figo,[33] Zinedine Zidane,[34] Cristiano Ronaldo[35] (plus a deal for Kaká days before Ronaldo[36] which fell just below a world record due to the way the fee was calculated)[37] and finally Gareth Bale, who was bought for £85.3 million (€103.4 million / $140 million) from Tottenham Hotspur in 2013.[38]", "Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). Having signed for Real Madrid for €46 million, his jersey sales broke all records on the first day, such was the obsession and hype surrounding him. Ronaldo was part of the Galácticos era, which included Zinedine Zidane, Luís Figo, Roberto Carlos, Raúl and David Beckham.[27] He was sidelined through injury until October 2002 but the fans kept on chanting his name. Ronaldo scored twice in his debut for Real Madrid. He received a standing ovation at the Santiago Bernabéu. That same reception was observed on the night of the final game of the season against Athletic Bilbao, where Ronaldo scored again to seal his first season with 23 league goals and the La Liga title for 2003.[6] He also won an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 and Spanish Super Cup in 2003.[6]", "Transfer (association football). It took two weeks for the record to be broken when Luís Figo made a controversial £37 million move from Barcelona to fierce rivals Real Madrid.[179][189] From that time through the 2015–16 season, Real Madrid held the record, with the next players to subsequently break the record being Zinedine Zidane in 2001 when he signed for £46 million from Juventus,[179] Kaká from Milan for just under £60 million in 2009,[190] and £80 million transfer of Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United in the same year,[179] lastly being Gareth Bale in 2013, who became the first player to cost €100 million when he transferred from Tottenham Hotspur. Manchester United claimed the record in 2016 when they spent €105 million for Paul Pogba, who returned to the club after four seasons at Juventus.[191] This record was broken in 2017 when Paris Saint-Germain spent €222 million to sign Neymar from Barcelona.[192]", "Transfer (association football). Ronaldo moved the following year to Inter Milan from Barcelona for a fee of £17 million,[183] which was followed in 1998 by the shock transfer of his fellow countryman Denílson from São Paulo of Brazil to Real Betis of Spain for a fee of approximately £21 million.[179][181][184]", "Messi–Ronaldo rivalry. Ronaldo spent six years at Manchester United, helping them win three consecutive Premier League titles between 2006 and 2009,[59] an FA Cup in 2004, and reach two UEFA Champions League finals in 2008 and 2009, scoring United's goal in the former. He departed United having scored 118 goals in 292 appearances, before he became the world's most expensive player when he moved to Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth £80 million (€94 million). During the 2007–08 Premier League season, he scored a record 31 goals in a 38-game season,[60] including his first senior hat-trick in a 6–0 win against Newcastle United.[61][62]", "Gareth Bale. On 1 September 2013, Spanish club Real Madrid announced that they had reached an agreement for the transfer of Bale,[84] signing a six-year deal in a then world record deal.[85] The Spanish press (and Real Madrid TV) reported that Bale had cost £77 million (€91 million), while the British press reported a world record transfer fee of £85.3 million (€100 million), which would be above Cristiano Ronaldo's transfer record fee of £80 million (€94 million).[86][87][88][89][90][91] However, in January 2016, documents pertaining to the transfer were leaked by Football Leaks which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100.8 million (£85.1 million).[92] Bale's record was surpassed in August 2016 by Paul Pogba's record fee of €105 million (£89.2 million).[93] Bale was assigned the number 11 shirt at Madrid.[94]", "Cristiano Ronaldo. Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira, Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15. He underwent an operation to treat his condition, and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP, before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003. After winning his first trophy, the FA Cup, during his first season in England, he helped United win three successive Premier League titles, a UEFA Champions League title, and a FIFA Club World Cup. By age 22, he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23, he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2009, Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer[note 3] when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth €94 million (£80 million).", "Cristiano Ronaldo. Ronaldo became Manchester United's first-ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003–04 season.[27] His transfer fee of £12.24 million made him, at the time, the most expensive teenager in English football history.[28] Although he requested the number 28, his number at Sporting, he received the number 7 shirt, which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best, Eric Cantona and David Beckham.[29][30] Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo.[30] A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager, Alex Ferguson, of whom he later said, \"He's been my father in sport, one of the most important and influential factors in my career.\"[31]", "Gareth Bale. On 1 September 2013, Bale was transferred to Real Madrid for an undisclosed fee. Press at the time reported the transfer value at figures between €91 million and €100 million. In January 2016, documents pertaining to the transfer were leaked which confirmed a then-world record transfer fee of €100.8 million, eclipsing the previous record fee of £80 million (€94 million) the club paid for Cristiano Ronaldo in 2009. Bale played an integral role in his first season at Real Madrid, helping the club to win the 2013–14 Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League, scoring in both finals. The following season, he won the UEFA Super Cup and scored in a third major final to help the club win the FIFA Club World Cup. Two years later, he was a key player in another Champions League run, winning the 2015–16 title and being elected to the UEFA Squad of the Season. He was also a finalist in the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award. In 2016, ESPN ranked Bale twelfth on its list of the world's most famous athletes.", "Real Madrid C.F.. A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid \"is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives, the players, are well-known. We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club. There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid.\"[188] In 2010, Forbes evaluated Real Madrid's worth to be around €992 million (US$1.323 billion), ranking them second after Manchester United, based on figures from the 2008–09 season.[189][190] According to Deloitte, Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period, ranking first.[191]", "List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics. The club's first British record sale came in March 1949, when Derby County paid £24,500 for Johnny Morris. However, 35 years passed before Manchester United next broke the record for the biggest sale by a British club; the sale of Ray Wilkins to Milan for £1.5 million in June 1984 was also the club's first million-pound sale. Another British record followed two years later with the sale of Mark Hughes to Barcelona for £2.5 million. The club's record sale increased fivefold in the space of two transfers over the next 15 years; first with the £7 million sale of Paul Ince to Internazionale in 1995, and then the 2001 transfer of Jaap Stam to Lazio for £15.25 million.[48] Manchester United broke the world transfer record for the first time in July 2009 with the £80 million sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid.[55]", "Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer). On 18 January 2007, it was reported that Ronaldo agreed terms with A.C. Milan for a transfer of €8.05 million.[33] Ronaldo was forced to pay for the remaining period on his contract which tied him to Real Madrid, only because the latter did not agree to release him, while Milan were not ready to pay such a sum. On 25 January, Ronaldo flew from Madrid to Milan to watch the team play in a cup tie against Roma. Statements on the club's website said that Ronaldo was in Milan for a medical, and that a meeting had been arranged for Monday with Real Madrid officials to discuss and finalize his transfer to the Milanese club. On 26 January, Ronaldo successfully completed his medical tests at the Milanello training complex under the supervision of club doctors, and the transfer completed on 30 January[34] and got the squad number 99. He made his debut as a substitute on 11 February 2007, during the 2–1 victory over Livorno. The next game at Siena, on 17 February, Ronaldo scored twice and assisted on a third goal in his first start for Milan, as they won 4–3. In his first season, Ronaldo scored seven goals in 14 appearances.[24]", "Buyout clause. As of October 2017, the seven largest buyout clauses are those of the Real Madrid players Cristiano Ronaldo, Karim Benzema (€1 billion each); Isco, Marco Asensio (€700 million);[1][2][3] Gareth Bale, James Rodríguez and Luka Modrić (€500 million each).[4][5]", "Zinedine Zidane. In 2001, Zidane joined Real Madrid for a world record fee of 150 billion Italian lire,[47][48] (about €77.5 million by fixed exchange rate; a reported 12.8 billion pesetas[49]) in installments,[50] and signed a four-year contract. The latest addition to the Galácticos era of global stars signed by Real Madrid every year, in his first season at the club Zidane scored a famous match-winning goal, a volley hit with his weaker foot, in Madrid's 2–1 win over Bayer Leverkusen in the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final, completing his personal quadruple.[51] The goal has been cited as one of the greatest in Champions League history.[52][53][54]", "Real Madrid C.F.. After winning the 2014 Champions League, Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas, midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez.[76] The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla, the club's 79th official trophy.[77] During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window, Real Madrid sold two players key in the previous season's successes: Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United. This decision from the club was surrounded by controversy, with Cristiano Ronaldo stating, \"If I was in charge, maybe I would have done things differently,\" while Carlo Ancelotti admitted, \"We must start again from zero.\"[78][79]", "Cristiano Ronaldo. Real Madrid's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo's future at the club.[212][213][214] At the start of the 2013–14 season, however, he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018, with a salary of €17 million net, making him briefly the highest-paid player in football.[215][216] He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale, whose world record transfer fee of €100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior.[217] Together with striker Karim Benzema, they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed \"BBC\", an acronym of Bale, Benzema, and Cristiano.[218] After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign, Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career.[219] By late November, he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country, including hat-tricks against Galatasaray, Sevilla, Real Sociedad, Northern Ireland, and Sweden.[220][221][222][223][224] He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances, his highest year-end goal tally.[225] His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or, an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, for the first time in his career.", "Mark Hughes. On 1 September 2008, Manchester City were taken over by the Abu Dhabi United investment group,[45] who made large amounts of transfer funds available to Hughes, allowing City to break the British transfer record and sign Robinho from Real Madrid for £32.5 million.[46] Hughes was very active in the January 2009 transfer window, signing Wayne Bridge from Chelsea, Craig Bellamy from West Ham and Shay Given from Newcastle, as well as Nigel de Jong from Hamburger SV. City finished tenth in Hughes' first season with the club, as well as reaching the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup. City's home form was among the best in the League, but their away form was among the worst.[47]", "List of Juventus F.C. records and statistics. The sale of Zinedine Zidane to Real Madrid of Spain from Juventus in 2001 was the world football transfer record at the time, costing the Spanish club around â‚¬77.5 million (150 billion lire).[78][79]", "Real Madrid C.F.. It was under Florentino Pérez's first presidency (2000–2006) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the world's richest professional football club.[181] The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001, and sold the rest to four corporations: Repsol YPF, Mutua Automovilística de Madrid, Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL. The sale eradicated the club's debts, paving the way for it to buy the world's most expensive players, such as Zinedine Zidane, Luís Figo, Ronaldo and David Beckham. The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development, a move which in turn increased their value, and then bought the site.[48] The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property, to be considered a form of state subsidy.[182]", "Manchester City F.C.. Thaksin's purchase prompted a period of transfer spending at the club,[85] spending in around £30 million,[86] whereas over the previous few seasons net spending had been among the lowest in the division. A year later, this investment was itself dwarfed by larger sums. On 1 September 2008, Abu Dhabi-based Abu Dhabi United Group Investment and Development Limited completed a takeover of Manchester City. The deal, worth a reported £200 million, was announced on the morning of 1 September. It sparked various transfer \"deadline-day\" rumours and bids such as the club's attempt to gazump Manchester United's protracted bid to sign Dimitar Berbatov from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee in excess of £30 million.[87][88]\nMinutes before the transfer window closed, the club signed Robinho from Real Madrid for a British record transfer fee of £32.5 million.[89]\nThe wealth of the new owners meant that in the summer of 2009, the club was able to finance the purchase of several experienced international players prior to the new season, spending more than any other club in the Premier League.[90]", "UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations. Despite the most recent report showing 8% growth in La Liga revenues, the highest of any European league, the overwhelming majority of the extra money went to the two dominant clubs, Real Madrid and Barcelona, primarily due to their ability to negotiate separate TV deals.[23] During the summer of 2009, Real Madrid paid a world record transfer fee of £80 million for Cristiano Ronaldo. Despite being the world’s second richest club according to the Forbes' List, heavy spending on two other players, Kaká and Karim Benzema, with their associated high wages, trebled Real's net financial debt from €130 million on 30 June 2008 to €326.7 million on 30 June 2009, as the signing Raúl Albiol, Benzema, Kaká, Ronaldo and some minor players to the 2009–10 squad were included in the 2008–09 financial year.[24] Madrid's signing one additional big name, Xabi Alonso in August 2009, made the net financial debt only drop from €326.7 million to €244.6 million on 30 June 2010, still higher than previous eight seasons. The net asset/equity, however, increased from €195.9 million to €219.7 million.[25][26][27]" ]	[ 5.28515625, 3.837890625, 3.591796875, 4.953125, 5.640625, -2.142578125, 4.77734375, 3.44140625, 4.0078125, 0.87548828125, 3.599609375, 0.396728515625, 1.873046875, 0.92529296875, -0.340576171875, 3.21484375, -1.8720703125, 5.0234375, 1.89453125, -2.103515625, -2.85546875, 1.7080078125, 1.9638671875, 1.65234375, -4.30859375, -3.6875, 0.787109375, -5.1953125, -4.50390625, -3.51171875, -2.359375, -1.0859375 ]
where is the oldest oceanic crust found in the atlantic	[ "Oceanic crust. The oldest large scale oceanic crust is in the west Pacific and north-west Atlantic - both are about up to 180-200 million years old. However, parts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea are remnants of the much older Tethys ocean, at about 270 and up to 340 million years old.[20][21][22]", "Earth. As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than 7015315576000000000♠100 Ma old in age. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and has an estimated age of 7015631152000000000♠200 Ma.[116][117] By comparison, the oldest dated continental crust is 7017127177128000000♠4030 Ma.[118]", "Crust (geology). Earth has probably always had some form of basaltic crust, but the age of the oldest oceanic crust today is only about 200 million years. In contrast, the bulk of the continental crust is much older. The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth have ages in the range from about 3.7 to 4.28 billion years [6][7] and have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia, in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield, and on other cratonic regions such as those on the Fennoscandian Shield. Some zircon with age as great as 4.3 billion years has been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane.", "Oceanic crust. The age of the oceanic crust can be used to estimate the (thermal) thickness of the lithosphere, where young oceanic crust has not had enough time to cool the mantle beneath it, while older oceanic crust has thicker mantle lithosphere beneath it.[18] The oceanic lithosphere subducts at what are known as convergent boundaries. These boundaries can exist between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and oceanic lithosphere on another, or between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and continental lithosphere on another. In the second situation, the oceanic lithosphere always subducts because the continental lithosphere is less dense. The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere, so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old.[19] The process of super-continent formation and destruction via repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Wilson cycle.", "Mid-ocean ridge. Age of oceanic crust. The red is most recent, and blue is the oldest.", "Oceanic crust. Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges. As plates diverge at these ridges, magma rises into the upper mantle and crust. As it moves away from the ridge, the lithosphere becomes cooler and denser, and sediment gradually builds on top of it. The youngest oceanic lithosphere is at the oceanic ridges, and it gets progressively older away from the ridges.[16]", "African Plate. The New England hotspot in the Atlantic Ocean has probably created a short line of mid- to late-Tertiary age seamounts on the African Plate but appears to be currently inactive.[5]", "Oceanic crust. Although a complete section of oceanic crust has not yet been drilled, geologists have several pieces of evidence that help them understand the ocean floor. Estimations of composition are based on analyses of ophiolites (sections of oceanic crust that are thrust onto and preserved on the continents), comparisons of the seismic structure of the oceanic crust with laboratory determinations of seismic velocities in known rock types, and samples recovered from the ocean floor by submersibles, dredging (especially from ridge crests and fracture zones) and drilling.[8] Oceanic crust is significantly simpler than continental crust and generally can be divided in three layers. According to mineral physics experiments, at lower mantle pressures, oceanic crust becomes denser than the surrounding mantle.[9]", "Mid-ocean ridge. The oceanic crust is made up of rocks much younger than the Earth itself. Most oceanic crust in the ocean basins is less than 200 million years old. The crust is in a constant state of \"renewal\" at the ocean ridges. Moving away from the mid-ocean ridge, ocean depth progressively increases; the greatest depths are in ocean trenches. As the oceanic crust moves away from the ridge axis, the peridotite in the underlying mantle cools and becomes more rigid. The crust and the relatively rigid peridotite below it make up the oceanic lithosphere.", "Oceanic crust. Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate. It is composed of the upper oceanic crust, with pillow lavas and a dike complex, and the lower oceanic crust, composed of troctolite, gabbro and ultramafic cumulates.[1][2] The crust overlies the solidified and uppermost layer of the mantle. The crust and the solid mantle layer together constitute oceanic lithosphere.", "Plate tectonics. In 1947, a team of scientists led by Maurice Ewing utilizing the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's research vessel Atlantis and an array of instruments, confirmed the existence of a rise in the central Atlantic Ocean, and found that the floor of the seabed beneath the layer of sediments consisted of basalt, not the granite which is the main constituent of continents. They also found that the oceanic crust was much thinner than continental crust. All these new findings raised important and intriguing questions.[48]", "Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. The Iceland plume is a mantle plume under Iceland that carries hot material from the deep within Earth's mantle upwards to the crust. The rising hot material weakens the lithosphere, making the separation of plates easier.[6] The flow of hot plume material creates volcanism under the continental lithosphere. Iceland extends across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent plate boundary, and it separates the Eurasian and North American plates. The ages of the earliest volcanic rocks from this plume lie in the late Paleocene, and both sides of the Atlantic Ocean contain these rocks.[7] Since these rocks have been dated to the late Paleocene, this lines up with the time of breakup of the North Atlantic continent, so some think it could have been a contributing factor.[7]", "Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. Rocks from the North Atlantic Igneous Province have been found in Greenland, the Irminger Basin, Faroe Islands, Vøring Plateau (off Norway), Faroe-Shetland Basin, Hebrides, Outer Moray Firth and Denmark.[2] The supercontinent known as Pangea existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras and began to rift around 200 million years ago.[3][4] Pangea had three major phases of breakup. The first major phase began in the Early-Middle Jurassic, taking place between North America and Africa.[5] The second major phase of breakup began in the Early Cretaceous. The South Atlantic Ocean opened around 140 million years ago as Africa separated from South America, and about the same time, India separated from Antarctica and Australia, forming the central Indian Ocean.[citation needed] The final major phase of breakup occurred in the early Cenozoic, as Laurentia separated from Eurasia.[5] As the two plates broke free from each other, the Atlantic Ocean continued to expand.[5]", "Oceanic crust. Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima, which is rich in iron and magnesium. It is thinner than continental crust, or sial, generally less than 10 kilometers thick; however it is denser, having a mean density of about 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter[3] as opposed to continental crust which has a density of about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter.[4]", "Acadian orogeny. Avalonian terranes that constitute Avalonia are the modern day countries Northern France and Ardennes of Belgium, England, Wales, southeastern Ireland, eastern Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick and some coastal parts of New England. The basement consisted of Late Precambrian age arc rocks, and is believed to come from the margin of Gondwana, sometime in the Early Ordovician.[6] Avalonia rifted from Gondwana, during the onset of igneous activity in the Ardennes, Wales, and SE Ireland that consumed the Tornquist Sea oceanic crust. It drifted in a northerly direction and probably collided with Baltica in the Late Ordovician, and then with Laurentia in the Late Devonian. Evidence for this is consistent with paleomagnetic data which place Avalonia at a temperate latitude during the Ordovician and in a subtropical latitude during the Late Ordovician through the Devonian.[6]", "Atlantic Ocean. The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea, both of which were initiated by the eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), one of the most extensive and voluminous large igneous provinces in Earth's history associated with the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, one of Earth's major extinction events.[39] Theoliitic dikes, sills, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa, eastern North America, and northern South America. The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5×106 km2 (1.7×106 sq mi) of which 2.5×106 km2 (9.7×105 sq mi) covered what is now northern and central Brazil.[40]", "Mid-ocean ridge. The mid-ocean ridge systems form new oceanic crust. As crystallized basalt extruded at a ridge axis cools below Curie points of appropriate iron-titanium oxides, magnetic field directions parallel to the Earth's magnetic field are recorded in those oxides. The orientations of the field in the oceanic crust preserve a record of directions of the Earth's magnetic field with time. Because the field has reversed directions at irregular intervals throughout its history, the pattern of geomagnetic reversals in the ocean crust can be used as an indicator of age.[5] Likewise, the pattern of reversals together with age measurements of the crust is used to help establish the history of the Earth's magnetic field.", "Seabed. Where sedimentation is very light, such as in the Atlantic ocean, especially in the northern and eastern Atlantic, the original tectonic activity can be clearly seen as straight line \"cracks\" or \"vents\" thousands of kilometers long.[original research?]", "Continental crust. In contrast to the persistence of continental crust, the size, shape, and number of continents are constantly changing through geologic time. Different tracts rift apart, collide and recoalesce as part of a grand supercontinent cycle.[5] There are currently about 7 billion cubic kilometers of continental crust, but this quantity varies because of the nature of the forces involved. The relative permanence of continental crust contrasts with the short life of oceanic crust. Because continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust, when active margins of the two meet in subduction zones, the oceanic crust is typically subducted back into the mantle. Continental crust is rarely subducted (this may occur where continental crustal blocks collide and overthicken, causing deep melting under mountain belts such as the Himalayas or the Alps). For this reason the oldest rocks on Earth are within the cratons or cores of the continents, rather than in repeatedly recycled oceanic crust; the oldest intact crustal fragment is the Acasta Gneiss at 4.01 Ga, whereas the oldest oceanic crust (located on the Pacific Plate offshore of Kamchatka) is from the Jurassic (~180 Ma). Continental crust and the rock layers that lie on and within it are thus the best archive of Earth's history.[1][6]", "Atlantic Ocean. In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous (133–130 Ma) intensive magmatism of the Paraná–Etendeka Large Igneous Province produced by the Tristan hotspot resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5×106 to 2.0×106 km3 (3.6×105 to 4.8×105 cu mi). It covered an area of 1.2×106 to 1.6×106 km2 (4.6×105 to 6.2×105 sq mi) in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and 0.8×105 km2 (3.1×104 sq mi) in Africa. Dyke swarms in Brazil, Angola, eastern Paraguay, and Namibia, however, suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas. Associated offshore basaltic flows reach as far south as the Falkland Islands and South Africa. Traces of magmatism in both offshore and onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147–49 Ma with two peaks between 143–121 Ma and 90–60 Ma.[46]", "Oceanic crust. The oceanic crust displays a pattern of magnetic lines, parallel to the ocean ridges, frozen in the basalt. A symmetrical pattern of positive and negative magnetic lines emanates from the mid-ocean ridge.[23] New rock is formed by magma at the mid-ocean ridges, and the ocean floor spreads out from this point. When the magma cools to form rock, its magnetic polarity is aligned with the then-current positions of the magnetic poles of the Earth. New magma then forces the older cooled magma away from the ridge. This process results in parallel sections of oceanic crust of alternating magnetic polarity.", "Iapetus Ocean. With the development of plate tectonics in the 1960s, geologists such as Arthur Holmes and John Tuzo Wilson concluded that the Atlantic Ocean must have had a precursor before the time of Pangaea. Wilson also noticed that the Atlantic had opened at roughly the same place where its precursor ocean had closed. This led him to his Wilson cycle hypothesis.[3]", "Island. Oceanic islands are islands that do not sit on continental shelves. The vast majority are volcanic in origin, such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.[8] The few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. Examples are Saint Peter and Paul Rocks in the Atlantic Ocean and Macquarie Island in the Pacific.", "Seafloor spreading. At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (and in other areas), material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other, a phenomenon first observed as continental drift. When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912, he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust. This was impossible: oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust. Accordingly, Wegener's theory wasn't taken very seriously, especially in the United States.", "Plate tectonics. As explained above, tectonic plates may include continental crust or oceanic crust, and most plates contain both. For example, the African Plate includes the continent and parts of the floor of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The distinction between oceanic crust and continental crust is based on their modes of formation. Oceanic crust is formed at sea-floor spreading centers, and continental crust is formed through arc volcanism and accretion of terranes through tectonic processes, though some of these terranes may contain ophiolite sequences, which are pieces of oceanic crust considered to be part of the continent when they exit the standard cycle of formation and spreading centers and subduction beneath continents. Oceanic crust is also denser than continental crust owing to their different compositions. Oceanic crust is denser because it has less silicon and more heavier elements (\"mafic\") than continental crust (\"felsic\").[8] As a result of this density stratification, oceanic crust generally lies below sea level (for example most of the Pacific Plate), while continental crust buoyantly projects above sea level (see the page isostasy for explanation of this principle).", "Abyssal plain. Oceanic crust, which forms the bedrock of abyssal plains, is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges (a type of divergent boundary) by a process known as decompression melting.[20] Plume-related decompression melting of solid mantle is responsible for creating ocean islands like the Hawaiian islands, as well as the ocean crust at mid-ocean ridges. This phenomenon is also the most common explanation for flood basalts and oceanic plateaus (two types of large igneous provinces). Decompression melting occurs when the upper mantle is partially melted into magma as it moves upwards under mid-ocean ridges.[21][22] This upwelling magma then cools and solidifies by conduction and convection of heat to form new oceanic crust. Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a tectonic plate, usually associated with seafloor spreading. The age of oceanic crust is therefore a function of distance from the mid-ocean ridge.[23] The youngest oceanic crust is at the mid-ocean ridges, and it becomes progressively older, cooler and denser as it migrates outwards from the mid-ocean ridges as part of the process called mantle convection.[24]", "Central Atlantic magmatic province. The Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) is the Earth's largest continental large igneous province, covering an area of roughly 11 million km2. It is composed mainly of basalt that formed prior to the breakup of Pangaea in the Mesozoic Era, near the end of the Triassic and the beginning of the Jurassic periods. The subsequent breakup of Pangaea created the Atlantic Ocean and provided a legacy of basaltic dikes, sills, and lavas over a vast area around the present central North Atlantic Ocean, including large deposits in northwest Africa, southwest Europe, as well as northeast South and southeast North America (found as continental thoeliitic basalts in subaerial flows and intrusive bodies). The name and CAMP acronym were proposed by Andrea Marzoli (Marzoli et al. 1999) and adopted at a symposium held at the 1999 Spring Meeting of the American Geophysical Union.", "Seafloor spreading. As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time. Older seafloor is therefore colder than new seafloor, and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy. If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust, a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed. The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust. Today, the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted. However, the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific is also home to one of the world's most active spreading centres (the East Pacific Rise) with spreading rates of up to 13Â cm/yr. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a \"textbook\" slow-spreading centre, while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading. The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced.[7]", "Continental crust. The continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. This layer is sometimes called sial because its bulk composition is more felsic compared to the oceanic crust, called sima which has a more mafic bulk composition. Changes in seismic wave velocities have shown that at a certain depth (the Conrad discontinuity), there is a reasonably sharp contrast between the more felsic upper continental crust and the lower continental crust, which is more mafic in character.", "Paleomagnetism. The oldest rocks on the ocean floor are 200 mya â€“ very young when compared with the oldest continental rocks, which date from 3.8 billion years ago. In order to collect paleomagnetic data dating beyond 200 mya, scientists turn to magnetite-bearing samples on land to reconstruct the Earth's ancient field orientation.", "Continental crust. There is little evidence of continental crust prior to 3.5 Ga, and there was relatively rapid development on shield areas consisting of continental crust between 3.0 and 2.5 Ga.[4] All continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many eons.[4] This process has been and continues today primarily as a result of the volcanism associated with subduction.", "Deep Sea Drilling Project. As for the purpose of the scientific exploration, one of the most important discoveries was made when the crew drilled 17 holes at 10 different locations along an oceanic ridge between South America and Africa. The retrieved core samples provided strong proof for continental drift and seafloor renewal at rift zones.[5] This confirmation of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift strengthened the proposal of a single, ancient land mass, which is called Pangaea. The samples gave further evidence to support the plate tectonics theory, which at the time attempted to explain the formation of mountain ranges, earthquakes, and oceanic trenches.[6] Another discovery was how youthful the ocean floor is in comparison to Earth's geologic history. After analysis of samples, scientists concluded that the ocean floor is probably no older than 200 million years.[7][2] This is in comparison with the 4.5 billion-year age of the Earth." ]	[ 5.48046875, 1.6201171875, 0.9990234375, -1.1767578125, -0.1871337890625, 0.2215576171875, -1.22265625, -2.32421875, -2.056640625, -2.888671875, -3.314453125, -0.4296875, 1.1650390625, -3.349609375, -2.38671875, -0.7333984375, -2.181640625, -1.8017578125, 1.919921875, -1.6142578125, -2, -2.357421875, -2.8046875, -3.619140625, -2.09375, 0.1917724609375, -3.78125, -0.346923828125, -3.111328125, -3.400390625, -2.201171875, -3.28515625 ]
when was the first bullet train in japan	[ "1964 Summer Olympics. The start of operations for the first Japanese \"bullet train\" (the Tokaido Shinkansen) between Tokyo Station and Shin-Ōsaka Station was scheduled to coincide with the Olympic games. The first regularly scheduled train ran on October 1, 1964, just nine days before the opening of the games, transporting passengers 515 kilometers (320 mi) in about four hours, and connecting the three major metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka.", "Shinkansen. The Shinkansen (新幹線, new trunk line), colloquially known in English as the bullet train, is a network of high-speed railway lines in Japan operated by five Japan Railways Group companies. Starting with the Tōkaidō Shinkansen (515.4 km, 320.3 mi) in 1964,[1] the network has expanded to currently consist of 2,764.6 km (1,717.8 mi) of lines with maximum speeds of 240–320 km/h (150–200 mph), 283.5 km (176.2 mi) of Mini-shinkansen lines with a maximum speed of 130 km/h (80 mph), and 10.3 km (6.4 mi) of spur lines with Shinkansen services.[2] The network presently links most major cities on the islands of Honshu and Kyushu, and Hakodate on northern island of Hokkaido, with an extension to Sapporo under construction and scheduled to commence in March 2031.[3]", "High-speed rail. The first Shinkansen trains, the 0 Series Shinkansen, built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries—in English often called \"Bullet Trains\", after the original Japanese name Dangan Ressha (弾丸列車)—outclassed the earlier fast trains in commercial service. They traversed the 515 km (320 mi) distance in 3 hours 10 minutes, reaching a top speed of 210 km/h (130 mph) and sustaining an average speed of 162.8 km/h (101.2 mph) with stops at Nagoya and Kyoto.", "Shinkansen. The first Shinkansen trains, the 0 series, ran at speeds of up to 210 km/h (130 mph), later increased to 220 km/h (137 mph). The last of these trains, with their classic bullet-nosed appearance, were retired on 30 November 2008. A driving car from one of the 0 series trains was donated by JR West to the National Railway Museum in York, England in 2001.[14]", "History of rail transport. The first electrified high-speed rail Tōkaidō Shinkansen was introduced in 1964 between Tokyo and Osaka in Japan. Since then high-speed rail transport, functioning at speeds up and above 300 km/h, has been built in Japan, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan (Republic of China), the United Kingdom, South Korea, Scandinavia, Belgium and the Netherlands. The construction of many of these lines has resulted in the dramatic decline of short haul flights and automotive traffic between connected cities, such as the London–Paris–Brussels corridor, Madrid–Barcelona, Milan–Rome–Naples, as well as many other major lines.[citation needed]", "Shinkansen. The popular English name bullet train is a literal translation of the Japanese term dangan ressha (弾丸列車), a nickname given to the project while it was initially being discussed in the 1930s. The name stuck because of the original 0 Series Shinkansen's resemblance to a bullet and its high speed.", "High-speed rail. After initial feasibility tests, the plan was fast-tracked and construction of the first section of the line started on 20 April 1959.[21] In 1963, on the new track, test runs hit a top speed of 256 km/h (159 mph). Five years after the beginning of the construction work, in October 1964, just in time for the Olympic Games, the first modern high-speed rail, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen, was opened between the two cities.", "Shinkansen. Following the end of World War II, high-speed rail was forgotten for several years while traffic of passengers and freight steadily increased on the conventional Tōkaidō Main Line along with the reconstruction of Japanese industry and economy. By the mid-1950s the Tōkaidō Line was operating at full capacity, and the Ministry of Railways decided to revisit the Shinkansen project. In 1957, Odakyu Electric Railway introduced its 3000 series SE Romancecar train, setting a world speed record of 145 km/h (90 mph) for a narrow gauge train. This train gave designers the confidence that they could safely build an even faster standard gauge train. Thus the first Shinkansen, the 0 series, was built on the success of the Romancecar.", "High-speed rail. Speed was only a part of the Shinkansen revolution: the Shinkansen offered high-speed rail travel to the masses. The first Bullet trains had 12 cars and later versions had up to 16,[22] and double-deck trains further increased the capacity.[23][24]", "History of rail transport. Japan developed its first railway line in 1872 with technical and materiel assistance provided by several western nations such as Britain and America.", "Shinkansen. The Tōkaidō Shinkansen began service on 1 October 1964, in time for the first Tokyo Olympics.[12] The conventional Limited Express service took six hours and 40 minutes from Tokyo to Osaka, but the Shinkansen made the trip in just four hours, shortened to three hours and ten minutes by 1965. It enabled day trips between Tokyo and Osaka, the two largest metropolises in Japan, changed the style of business and life of the Japanese people significantly, and increased new traffic demand. The service was an immediate success, reaching the 100 million passenger mark in less than three years on 13 July 1967, and one billion passengers in 1976. Sixteen-car trains were introduced for Expo '70 in Osaka. With an average of 23,000 passengers per hour in each direction in 1992, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen is the world's busiest high-speed rail line.[13]", "Rail transport. The first electrified high-speed rail Tōkaidō Shinkansen was introduced in 1964 between Tokyo and Osaka in Japan. Since then high-speed rail transport, functioning at speeds up and above 300 km/h, has been built in Japan, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan (Republic of China), the United Kingdom, South Korea, Scandinavia, Belgium and the Netherlands. The construction of many of these lines has resulted in the dramatic decline of short haul flights and automotive traffic between connected cities, such as the London–Paris–Brussels corridor, Madrid–Barcelona, Milan–Rome–Naples, as well as many other major lines.[citation needed]", "High-speed rail. After the successful introduction of the Japanese Shinkansen in 1964, at 210 km/h (130 mph), the German demonstrations up to 200 km/h (120 mph) in 1965, and the proof-of-concept jet-powered Aérotrain, SNCF still ran its fastest trains at only 160 km/h (99 mph).[19]", "Maglev. Construction of Chuo Shinkansen began in 2014. It was expected to begin operations by 2027.[100] The plan for the Chuo Shinkansen bullet train system was finalized based on the Law for Construction of Countrywide Shinkansen. The Linear Chuo Shinkansen Project aimed to operate the Superconductive Magnetically Levitated Train to connect Tokyo and Osaka by way of Nagoya, the capital city of Aichi, in approximately one hour at a speed of 500 km/h (310 mph).[101] The full track between Tokyo and Osaka was to be completed in 2045.[102][103]", "Shinkansen. Since 1970, development has also been underway for the Chūō Shinkansen, a planned maglev line from Tokyo to Osaka. On 21 April 2015, a seven-car L0 series maglev trainset set a world speed record of 603 km/h (375 mph).[5]", "Shinkansen. The Shinkansen name was first formally used in 1940 for a proposed standard gauge passenger and freight line between Tokyo and Shimonoseki that would have used steam and electric locomotives with a top speed of 200 km/h (120 mph). Over the next three years, the Ministry of Railways drew up more ambitious plans to extend the line to Beijing (through a tunnel to Korea) and even Singapore, and build connections to the Trans-Siberian Railway and other trunk lines in Asia. These plans were abandoned in 1943 as Japan's position in World War II worsened. However, some construction did commence on the line; several tunnels on the present-day Shinkansen date to the war-era project.", "Shinkansen. During Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to Tokyo in December 2006, Japan assured cooperation with India in creating a high-speed link between New Delhi and Mumbai.[65] In January 2009, the then Railway Minister Lalu Prasad rode a bullet train travelling from Tokyo to Kyoto.[66]", "High-speed rail. For four decades from its opening in 1964, the Japanese Shinkansen was the only high-speed rail service outside of Europe. In the 2000s a number of new high-speed rail services started operating in East Asia.", "High-speed rail. Japanese National Railways (JNR) engineers then began to study the development of a high-speed regular mass transit service. In 1955, they were present at the Lille's Electrotechnology Congress in France, and during a 6-month visit, the head engineer of JNR accompanied the deputy director Marcel Tessier at the DETE (SNCF Electric traction study department).[19] JNR engineers returned to Japan with a number of ideas and technologies they would use on their future trains, including alternating current for rail traction, and international standard gauge.[citation needed]", "Shinkansen. Because of the risk of earthquakes, the Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS) (earthquake warning system) was introduced in 1992. It enables automatic braking of bullet trains in the case of large earthquakes.", "Shinkansen. Japan was the first country to build dedicated railway lines for high-speed travel. Because of the mountainous terrain, the existing network consisted of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge lines, which generally took indirect routes and could not be adapted to higher speeds. Consequently, Japan had a greater need for new high-speed lines than countries where the existing standard gauge or broad gauge rail system had more upgrade potential.", "Shinkansen. In December 2009, then transport minister Seiji Maehara proposed a bullet train link to Haneda Airport, using an existing spur that connects the Tōkaidō Shinkansen to a train depot. JR Central called the plan \"unrealistic\" due to tight train schedules on the existing line, but reports said that Maehara wished to continue discussions on the idea.[50] The current minister has not indicated whether this proposal remains supported. While the plan may become more feasible after the opening the Chuo Shinkansen (sometimes referred to as a bypass to the Tokaido Shinkansen) frees up capacity, construction is already underway for other rail improvements between Haneda and Tokyo station expected to be completed prior to the opening of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, so any potential Shinkansen service would likely offer only marginal benefit beyond that.", "High-speed rail. In general, travel by high-speed rail has been demonstrated to be remarkably safe. The first high-speed rail network, the Japanese Shinkansen has not had any fatal accidents involving passengers since it began operating in 1964.[82]", "Rail Budget. In 2014 budget, Railway Minister D. V. Sadananda Gowda announced the first bullet train and 9 High-Speed Rail routes.[7]", "High-speed rail. High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, new lines in excess of 250 kilometres per hour (160 miles per hour) and existing lines in excess of 200 kilometres per hour (120 miles per hour) are widely considered to be high-speed, with some extending the definition to include lower speeds in areas for which these speeds still represent significant improvements.[1] The first such system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was widely known as the bullet train. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design.", "Refrigerator car. In 1966, JNR developed \"resa 10000\" and \"remufu 10000\" type refrigerated cars that could travel at 62 mph (100 km/h) They were used in fish freight express trains. \"Tobiuo\" (Flying fish) train from Shimonoseki to Tokyo, and \"Ginrin\" (Silver scale) train from Hakata to Tokyo, were operated.", "Maglev. On 15 November 2014, The Central Japan Railway Company ran eight days of testing for the experimental maglev Shinkansen train on its test track in Yamanashi Prefecture. One hundred passengers covered a 42.8 km (26.6 mi) route between the cities of Uenohara and Fuefuki, reaching speeds of up to 500 km/h (310 mph).[73]", "High-speed rail. Japan in the 1950s was a populous, resource-limited nation that for security reasons did not want to import petroleum, but needed a way to transport its millions of people in and between cities.", "Shinkansen. Among the key people credited with the construction of the first Shinkansen are Hideo Shima, the Chief Engineer, and Shinji Sogō, the first President of Japanese National Railways (JNR) who managed to persuade politicians to back the plan. Other significant people responsible for its technical development were Tadanao Miki, Tadashi Matsudaira, and Hajime Kawanabe based at the Railway Technology Research Institute (RTRI), part of JNR. They were responsible for much of the technical development of the first line, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen. All three had worked on aircraft design during World War II.[10]", "JR Kyoto Line. The line now called the JR Kyoto Line opened in 1876, only four years after the opening of the first railway in Japan. On July 26, 1876, the Japanese Government Railways opened the section between Ōsaka and Mukōmachi with an intermediate station at Takatsuki. On August 9, 1876, Yamazaki Station, Ibaraki Station and Suita Station opened. Kyoto Station opened on February 6, 1877.", "Maglev. The commercial automated \"Urban Maglev\" system commenced operation in March 2005 in Aichi, Japan. The Tobu Kyuryo Line, otherwise known as the Linimo line, covers 9 km (5.6 mi). It has a minimum operating radius of 75 m (246 ft) and a maximum gradient of 6%. The linear-motor magnetically levitated train has a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). More than 10 million passengers used this \"urban maglev\" line in its first three months of operation. At 100 km/h (62 mph), it is sufficiently fast for frequent stops, has little or no noise impact on surrounding communities, can navigate short radius rights of way, and operates during inclement weather. The trains were designed by the Chubu HSST Development Corporation, which also operates a test track in Nagoya.[84]", "Maglev. L0 Series train type undergoing testing by the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) for eventual use on the Chūō Shinkansen line set a world speed record of 603 km/h (375 mph) on 21 April 2015.[64] The trains are planned to run at a maximum speed of 505 km/h (314 mph),[104] offering journey times of 40 minutes between Tokyo (Shinagawa Station) and Nagoya, and 1 hour 7 minutes between Tokyo and Osaka.[105]" ]	[ 6.515625, 4.0546875, -0.36083984375, -0.355224609375, 0.5908203125, 1.326171875, -1.0478515625, -2.28125, -2.74609375, -0.67822265625, -0.7802734375, -0.95703125, -1.16015625, -3.78515625, -2.84765625, -1.447265625, -1.841796875, -2.46484375, -2.337890625, -4.06640625, -4.23046875, -3.48828125, -1.6923828125, -3.060546875, 3.1640625, -5.296875, -2.642578125, -3.365234375, -4.10546875, -2.736328125, -3.80859375, -3.884765625 ]
provided the voice of the geico insurance company gecko in its tv ad debut	[ "GEICO advertising campaigns. The company's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot, The Gecko, an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency, modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore. The gecko first appeared in 1999, during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors.[8] The original commercial features the Gecko, voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer, who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters \"This is my final plea: I am a gecko, not to be confused with GEICO, which could save you hundreds on car insurance. So, STOP CALLING ME!\", before licking his eye. Later \"wrong number\" ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko. In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood[9] (which portray him as a representative of the company), the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent, because it would be unexpected, according to Martin Agency's Steve Bassett. In 2010s commercials, the gecko's accent is more working-class, perhaps in an effort to further \"humanize\" him.[10] \"As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better, we did a few things,\" says Steve Bassett, creative director at The Martin Agency. \"We wanted to make him a little more guy-next-door. And he looks a lot more real than he's looked before.\"[8] Chelsea Clinton, daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then-Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013.[11] He had since became GEICO's longest-running mascot, appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. In another series of ads, a GEICO pitchman is played by actor Jerry Lambert in an extremely bland and understated way, parodying the stereotype of an insurance man, such as reading to a group of uninterested children from a book of fairy tales about insurance, watching a view of cats in the living room where a gecko is standing on the couch, relaxing on a hot tub with a couple, and a flashback about \"Honk If You Like\". In one segment, he reads a supposed e-mail from a viewer saying it would be \"da bomb\" (i.e., something good), if the Gecko would do a dance called \"The Robot\". Cut to the Gecko doing that dance smoothly and gracefully (to the tune of a not-for-public-sale melody called \"Sweet World\" by a group called Omega Men,[13] which was used in the arcade video game In the Groove 2) and then back to the insurance salesman attempting to do the same dance, seemingly more stiffly than an actual robot would. The newest commercial featuring the GEICO gecko depicts the Gecko receiving a business suit from the salesman, in order to present a more professional appearance, but he declines.", "GEICO. The Government Employees Insurance Company (GEICO /ˈɡaɪkoʊ/) is an American auto insurance company headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland. It is the second largest auto insurer in the United States, after State Farm.[3] It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway that as of 2017 provided coverage for more than 24 million motor vehicles owned by more than 15 million policy holders. GEICO writes private passenger automobile insurance in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. GEICO sells its policies through local agents, called GEICO Field Representatives, over the phone directly to the consumer, and through their website. Its mascot is a gold dust day gecko with a Cockney accent, voiced by English actor Jake Wood. GEICO is well known in popular culture for its advertising, having made a large number of commercials intended to entertain viewers.", "Jake Wood. Wood starred in the 1989 Yellow Pages TV Advert, entitled \"Party Party\" and, as of the 2010s, has been the voice of the GEICO gecko ads on American television. Wood also featured alongside Cobent CTO and ex-Metal Hammer journalist Tony Dillon as part of a team presenting Click, a computer games magazine on VHS video in the early 1990s.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. From mid-June 2013 to late 2014, a family of TV ads came on where one person reads a GEICO ad, which has the well-known tagline (often with the Gecko in it as well) and a second person says \"Everybody knows that.\" to which the first person says, \"Well, did you knowÂ ...\" followed by an amusing (and fictional) \"fact\" which is then illustrated in a cutaway scene.[35] Prior to Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker?, the closing line was temporarily changed to \"GEICO: 15 minutes could save you... well, you know.\"", "GEICO advertising campaigns. From early-2012 to early 2013, GEICO had a family of commercials where bluegrass pickers named Ronnie (played by director/musician Alex Harvey) and Jimmy (played by actor/comedian Timothy Ryan Cole) talk about how happy saving money on insurance can make someone do certain things intended to be humorous:", "Michael Winslow. He was also featured in a commercial for GEICO Insurance during their \"we hired a celebrity\" ad campaign.[10]", "Don LaFontaine. In 2006, GEICO began an advertising campaign in which actual customers told their own stories of GEICO experiences, accompanied by a celebrity who helped them make the story interesting. LaFontaine was featured as the celebrity in one of these ads which began airing in August 2006. In the commercial, he was introduced by the voice-over as \"that announcer guy from the movies\", with his name printed on-screen to identify him. He began his telling of the customer's story with his trademark \"In a world...\". LaFontaine credited the spot as life-changing for having exposed his name and face to a significant audience, noting, \"There goes any anonymity I might have had...\"[11]", "GEICO advertising campaigns. GEICO advertising campaigns are known for using surreal humor and satire, often featuring distinctive characters such as the company's mascot, the GEICO gecko.[1] The advertising strategy incorporates a saturation-level amount of print (primarily mail circulars) and television parody advertisements, as well as radio advertisements. A common line used by GEICO is \"15 minutes could save you 15% or more on car insurance.\"[2]", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Many of the most prominent TV ad campaigns, such as the GEICO Gecko, the GEICO Cavemen, the Rhetorical Questions campaign featuring Mike McGlone, Maxwell the Pig, and the GEICO Hump Day Camel were developed by The Martin Agency.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. MADtv also made a sketch parodying these ads using characters of Elmo (who was performed by Frank Caeti) and Carlos Mencia (who was played by Johnny Sanchez).", "GEICO Cavemen. The GEICO Cavemen are trademarked characters of the auto insurance company GEICO, used in a series of television advertisements that aired beginning in 2004. The campaign was created by Joe Lawson and Noel Ritter while working at The Martin Agency. According to an episode of the public radio show 99% Invisible, \"It's so easy a caveman could do it\" was first coined by Ritter.[1] The inspiration for the campaign came from Pastoralia[2], a short story by George Saunders â€“ the story revolves around two employees, a man and a woman, who work as \"cave-people\" for a failing theme park. In 2004, GEICO began an advertising campaign featuring Neanderthal-like cavemen in a modern setting.[3] The premise of the commercials is that GEICO advertises that using their website is \"so easy, a caveman could do it\"; and that this slogan offends several cavemen, who not only still exist in modern society but live as intelligent, urbane bachelors. The first three GEICO commercials to feature cavemen were \"Apartment\", \"Apology\", and \"Boom Mic\".", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Another common theme is misdirection, in which the commercial appears to be about an unrelated product (or, in fact, may not even be a commercial), suddenly changing to become a plug for GEICO. The commercials use a variety of fictional characters such as Speed Racer, Chatty Cathy, Jed Clampett, and Bill Dutchess. Other commercials relate to a hair loss doctor who has saved by switching to GEICO, a nature show about a fish, workout with Tony Little, and a soap opera of a couple who are breaking up. Another set of GEICO ads involved a fictional reality show called \"Tiny House\" in which contestants were forced to live in a half-scale house.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Since 2017 on ESPN, the VO's tagline: \"You had one job, brought to you by GEICO\" and referee Shaun Irving blows his whistle to do jobs right.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Actor Scott Whyte has made a series of commercial parodies, calling the company, \"Schmeiko\", while performing a series of impressions.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Introduced in 2 August 2007, this series of ads features an E! True Hollywood Story-type show about famed fictional characters such as Fred Flintstone, Jed Clampett, and even a Cabbage Patch Kid named Ben Winkler claiming to have their cars (the Flintmobile, Jed's 1923 Oldsmobile truck, and a Plymouth Reliant/Dodge Aries, respectively) insured by GEICO, featuring interviews with made-up investigators (however, the Ben Winkler spot does not have an interview). These commercials were voiced over by narrator David O'Brien.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Since late 2016, a series of TV ads shows two people talking about GEICO, and one of them saying he/she should \"take a closer look\" at it; the camera then focuses on an inanimate object or animal in the background, which starts talking about the insurance company.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. In another ad campaign, a character would be breaking bad news to another (such as a baseball manager replacing a struggling pitcher with a reliever), but then offers helpfully, \"I've got good news: I just saved a bunch of money on my car insurance by switching to GEICO!\" That news, of course, is of no immediate use at all to the other character(s). Some of the ads were parodies and/or featured celebrities including, for example, Esteban; one featured the popular anime character Speed Racer. The exchange became parodied for a time while the ads were popular. One of the most watched \"I've got good news\" spots was a soap opera parody featuring television actor Sebastian Siegel.", "Andrés Cantor. In 2010, Cantor was featured in the Mike McGlone series of GEICO commercials where he is introduced as an announcer who could make any sport exciting. Subsequently, the camera cuts to him animatedly announcing a chess match.[14]", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Animated advertisements were part of the early GEICO Direct ads as well as the \"Dumb Things\" campaign. The 15-second long commercials, animated by Bill Plympton, featured a curious little man walking up to an object and eventually getting hurt due to his curiosity of the object.[6] One of the commercials, for example, involved him finding a cannon and pressing a button, causing a resulting cannonball to fire out and stick to his face. The original saying in the commercial was \"You could still save money on car insurance. Even if you made a few mistakes.\"; later modified to \"We all do dumb things. Paying too much for car insurance doesn't have to be one of them.\"[7]", "GEICO advertising campaigns. The success of those ads resulted in the launch of an interactive website written and produced by GEICO's in-house creative team at GEICO Garage. The site includes cameo appearances by Lauren Wallace and drivers Mike Wallace, his daughter Chrissy Wallace, Speed TV's Tommy Kendall, Paul Tracy, Christian Fittipaldi and Max Papis.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Starting in 2008, GEICO has aired a series of TV ads featuring two paper-banded stacks of U.S. bills with a pair of big, googly eyes on top. Kash, who never says anything, just sits and stares at people (in a manner intended to be unsettling), set to a remix of a Rockwell/Michael Jackson song, \"Somebody's Watching Me\" by Mysto & Pizzi.", "Jake Wood. Jake Dylan Wood (born 12 July 1972) is a British actor, best known in his native United Kingdom for playing Max Branning in long-running BBC soap opera EastEnders and in the United States as the voice of the GEICO gecko.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. The ads were so successful that the commercial actors are appearing in a successful series of interactive websites written and produced by GEICO's in-house creative team at Caveman's Crib and most recently, iHeartcavemen. A spin-off TV series, titled Cavemen and starring new actors, debuted on ABC in October 2007[12] to overwhelmingly negative critical reaction. It was canceled after only six episodes were aired.", "Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner. The two appeared in many different advertisements for Shell, Honey Nut Cheerios and Wile E. appears without the bird in adverts for the Energizer Bunny. In 2012, both Wile E. and Road Runner appeared in a GEICO commercial, in which the wandering gecko is lost. While he is doing so, he nearly gets crushed with an anvil, and then a piano. Just after this happens, Road Runner runs up to him, says his trademark phrase, \"Beep beep!\" and goes on his way. The gecko then gets confused about the Road Runner's catchphrase by saying \"Meep, meep.\" Suddenly, Wile E., chasing the Road Runner, runs up, sees the gecko and imagines him as his dinner, but while doing so, is driven into the ground by a falling ACME safe. The commercial ends with the gecko concluding, \"What a strange place.\"", "GEICO. GEICO has many well-known ad campaigns. In 2012 GEICO spent over $1.1 billion in advertising, or 6.8% of its revenue.[12] All are made and produced by The Martin Agency, which is based in Richmond, Virginia. GEICO ads have featured several well-known mascots, including:", "GEICO advertising campaigns. A popular series of well-received advertisements uses cavemen as pitchmen. Also developed by the Martin Agency, the ads center on Neanderthal-like cavemen, no different from modern-day individuals (outside of somewhat prehistoric facial features), encountering either an ad or commercial with the tagline \"GEICO: so easy a caveman could do it,\" followed by their disgust with the supposed stereotype of caveman stupidity. The ads posit a world where cavemen are still alive and active members of society in the present day, behaving and living nothing at all like the stereotypical caveman. The main characters presented in the ads are affluent, educated, and cultured, eating at fancy restaurants, going to exclusive parties, and seeing their therapists (portrayed in the commercials by two-time Oscar-nominated actress Talia Shire). The humor revolves around the relative normality of the cavemen's presence and their reactions to the stereotype represented in the ads, and their attempts at defending themselves from the stereotype.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. The parody pitch crossed over to the Caveman campaign in 2007, in a 10-second spot that appears to be a talking heads news interview, but features the popular caveman.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Since 2018, there has been a new campaign that breaks the fourth wall revealing the actors are actually in an advertisement for GEICO, as revealed by spokesman David Ebert.", "GEICO. There are also GEICO ads that feature stories from GEICO customers about situations in which the company assisted them, but are translated by celebrities like Little Richard and Joan Rivers. Film trailer announcer Don LaFontaine appeared in one such ad, shortly before his death. The tag announcer for these spots was D. C. Douglas. GEICO is also an official sponsor of the National Hockey League and themed commercials for that always feature members of the hometown Washington Capitals.", "GEICO advertising campaigns. Investor Warren Buffett, chairman and CEO of GEICO parent Berkshire Hathaway, has stated that he would spend $2 billion on GEICO ads if he could,[3] approximately double the spending in 2012, which was $1.1 billion, over twice that of second place Progressive Corporation, with 6.8% of premiums going into commercials. In 2016, GEICO was the top spending brand in the United States, with over $1.4 billion in advertising, ousting second place Verizon and previous leader AT&T.[4] However, this is offset by not paying agents commissions, since GEICO uses a direct to consumer model. This has resulted in GEICO being the second largest auto insurer in the United States (behind State Farm).[5]", "GEICO advertising campaigns. From late 2014 to 2017, a family of commercials featured people doing irrelevant or weird actions, while in the end the long-time endboard narrator says, \"If (you're) [. . .], you [. . .]. It's what you do. If you want to save 15% or more on car insurance, you switch to GEICO. It's what you do.\" When the ads appear in a movie theater before the previews start, the second line would be replaced with, \"If you're in the movie theater, you silence your cell phone. It's what you do.\"" ]	[ 4.72265625, -0.1368408203125, 2.16015625, 2.8359375, -2.32421875, -1.30078125, -1.1787109375, -1.6533203125, -2.279296875, -0.73095703125, -1.6416015625, -0.765625, -2.830078125, -2.37890625, -0.5107421875, 1.7119140625, -2.765625, -1.3310546875, -3.546875, -0.97021484375, -1.48828125, -3.48046875, 2.10546875, -3.029296875, -4.21875, -5.31640625, -1.517578125, -4.375, -4.05078125, -2.140625, -4.60546875, -4.28515625 ]
where in the constitution is the vice president's duties	[ "Vice President of the United States. The vice presidency was established primarily to provide a successor in the event of the president's death, disability, or resignation.[4][13] Vice presidents have two constitutionally mandated duties: to serve as President of the Senate (but without a vote, unless the Senate is evenly divided), and to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates during a joint session of Congress.[4] Other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.[14][15]", "Vice President of the United States. The role of the vice presidency evolved during the 20th century into more of an executive branch position, and today the vice president is widely seen as an integral part of a president's administration, and presides over the Senate only infrequently.[4] The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both.[5][6][7] The modern view of the vice president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress.[5]", "Article Two of the United States Constitution. The Vice President also has an oath of office, but it is not mandated by the Constitution and is prescribed by statute. Currently, the Vice Presidential oath is the same as that for Members of Congress.", "Vice President of the United States. The Vice President of the United States (informally referred to as VPOTUS, or Veep) is a constitutional officer in the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States as the President of the Senate under Article I, Section 3, Clause 4, of the United States Constitution, as well as the second highest executive branch officer, after the President of the United States.[3] In accordance with the 25th Amendment, he is the highest-ranking official in the presidential line of succession, and is a statutory member of the National Security Council under the National Security Act of 1947.", "Vice President of the United States. Under the American system the president is both head of state and head of government, and the ceremonial duties of the former position are often delegated to the vice president. The vice president is often assigned the ceremonial duties of representing the president and the government at state funerals or other functions in the United States. This often is the most visible role of the vice president, and has occasionally been the subject of ridicule, such as during the vice presidency of George H. W. Bush. The vice president may meet with other heads of state or attend state funerals in other countries, at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support but cannot send the president personally.", "Presidency. In the United States, the vice president is the second in command of the country and also presides as the President of the Senate. The vice president may break tie votes in the Senate chamber and also may be assigned additional duties by the president.[8] The vice president is sometimes chosen for election purposes, to help counterbalance the presidential candidate's weakness. For many vice presidents their duties have not been strenuous, but, more recently these duties have increased as more responsibilities are delegated by the president. In the case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice president. The vice president's salary, as of 2011, is $230,700.[9] The vice president position of the United States is unique in that \"it is the only office that participates in two of the three branches of government.\"[10]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Section Three provides that the Vice President is the President of the Senate. Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for President, this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the Vice President by the Constitution. When serving in this capacity, the Vice President, who is not a member of the Senate, may cast tie-breaking votes. Early in the nation's history, Vice Presidents frequently presided over the Senate. In modern times, the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated. Through March 30, 2017, a tie-breaking vote has been cast 258 times[39] by 36 different Vice Presidents.[citation needed]", "Federal government of the United States. The vice president is the second-highest official in rank of the federal government. The office of the vice president's duties and powers are established in the legislative branch of the federal government under Article 1, Section 3, Clauses 4 and 5 as the President of the Senate; this means that he or she is the designated presiding officer of the Senate. In that capacity, the vice president has the authority (ex officio, for they are not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. As first in the U.S. presidential line of succession, the vice president's duties and powers move to the executive branch when becoming president upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president, which has happened nine times in U.S. history. Lastly, in the case of a Twenty-fifth Amendment succession event, the vice president would become acting president, assuming all of the powers and duties of president, except being designated as president. Accordingly, by circumstances, the Constitution designates the vice president as routinely in the legislative branch, or succeeding to the executive branch as president, or possibly being in both as acting president pursuant to the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Because of circumstances, the overlapping nature of the duties and powers attributed to the office, the title of the office and other matters, such has generated a spirited scholarly dispute regarding attaching an exclusive branch designation to the office of vice president.[12][13]", "Vice President of the United States. As President of the Senate (Article I, Section 3, Clause 4), the vice president has two primary duties: to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over and certify the official vote count of the Electoral College. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats. The Democrats had the majority from January 3 to noon January 20 with Al Gore's tie-breaking vote. Dick Cheney's tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority until June 6, 2001 when Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party.", "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.", "Vice President of the United States. To be Constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation's vice president, a person must, according to the 12th Amendment, meet the eligibility requirements to become president (which are stated in Article II, Section 1, Clause 5). Thus, to serve as vice president, an individual must:", "Vice president. In government, a vice president is a person whose primary responsibility is to act in place of the president on the event of the president's death, resignation or incapacity. Vice presidents are either elected jointly with the president as their running mate, or more rarely, appointed independently after the president's election.", "Vice President of the United States. No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end, when an 11-member committee on \"Leftover Business\" proposed a method of electing the president and vice president, and recommended that the vice president succeed the executive in the event of a vacancy in that position, but would otherwise serve as the president of the Senate, casting a vote only to break a tie. Although delegates approved establishing the office, with both its executive and senatorial functions, not many understood the extent of the vice president's duties. Only a few states had an analogous position. Among those that did, New York's constitution provided that, \"The lieutenant-governor shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the Senate, and, upon an equal division, have a casting voice in their decisions, but not vote on any other occasion.\"[9]", "Vice President of the United States. As the Senate president, the vice president presides over its deliberations (or delegates this task to a member of the Senate), but is allowed to vote only when it is necessary to break a tie.[3] While this vote-casting prerogative has been exercised chiefly on legislative issues, it has also been used to break ties on the election of Senate officers, as well as on the appointment of Senate committees.[4] In this capacity, the vice president also presides over joint sessions of Congress.[3]", "Presiding Officer of the United States Senate. The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility by the Constitution of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president. The vice president has the authority (ex officio, for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Early Vice Presidents took an active role in regularly presiding over proceedings of the body, with the President pro tempore only being called on during the Vice President's absence. During the 20th century, the role of the vice president evolved into more of an executive branch position. Now, the vice president is usually seen as an integral part of a president's administration and presides over the Senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed.[1]", "Vice President of India. The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India after the President.[2] Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that \"there shall be a Vice-President of India.\" The Vice-President acts as President in the absence of the President due to death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations.", "Article Two of the United States Constitution. The head of the Executive Branch is the President. Although also named in this first clause, the Vice President is not constitutionally vested with any executive power. Nonetheless, the Constitution dictates that the President and Vice President are to be elected at the same time, for the same term, and by the same constituency. The framers' intent was to preserve the independence of the executive branch should the person who was Vice President succeed to the duties of the presidency.[citation needed]", "Vice President of the United States. Although Article VI requires that the vice president take an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the US Constitution, unlike the president, the United States Constitution does not specify the precise wording of the oath of office for the vice president. Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789; the current form, which is also recited by Senators, Representatives and other government officers, has been used since 1884:", "List of Vice Presidents of the United States. The United States Constitution assigns few powers or duties to the vice president.[2] The Vice President's primary function is to succeed to the presidency if the President dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office. Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way: eight (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson) through the president's death, and one (Gerald Ford) through the president's resignation. In addition, the Vice President serves as the President of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[1]", "Vice-President of India. The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India after the President.[2] Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that \"there shall be a Vice-President of India.\" The Vice-President acts as President in the absence of the President due to death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations.", "Vice President of the United States. Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 and Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution both authorize the House of Representatives to serve as a \"grand jury\" with the power to impeach high federal officials, including the vice president, for \"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.\" Similarly, Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 and Article II, Section 4 both authorize the Senate to serve as a court with the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. No vice president has ever been impeached.", "President of the United States. Under Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president, in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet, may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.", "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It is hard to imagine a better group to work with the vice president to examine whether the president is able to discharge the duties of the office. When there are questions about the president’s ability to fulfill his or her constitutional responsibilities, it is in the country’s best interest to have a mechanism in place that works effectively.[29]", "Vice president. The primary responsibility of the vice president of a club or organization is to be prepared to assume the powers and duties of the office of the president in the case of a vacancy in that office.[9] If the office of President becomes vacant, the vice president (or in clubs with multiple vice presidents, the VP that occupies the highest-ranking office), will assume the office of president, with the lower vice presidents to fill in the remaining vice presidencies, leaving the lowest vice presidency to be filled by either election or appointment.[9] If the bylaws of a club specifically provide of the Officer title of President-Elect, that officer would assume the powers and duties of the president upon vacancy of that office only if specified in the bylaws.[9]", "United States Senate. Under the Constitution, the Vice President serves as President of the Senate. He or she may vote in the Senate (ex officio, for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) in the case of a tie, but is not required to.[33] For much of the nation's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the Vice President's principal duties (the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for President and Vice President and to open the certificates \"in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,\" so that the total votes could be counted). Since the 1950s, Vice Presidents have presided over few Senate debates. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as swearing in new senators, joint sessions, or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination, or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated.", "Vice President of the United States. The extent of any informal roles and functions of the vice president depend on the specific relationship between the president and the vice president, but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration's policies, adviser to the president, and being a symbol of American concern or support. The influence of the vice president in this role depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration. Dick Cheney, for instance, was widely regarded as one of President George W. Bush's closest confidants. Al Gore was an important adviser to President Bill Clinton on matters of foreign policy and the environment. Often, vice presidents are chosen to act as a \"balance\" to the president, taking either more moderate or radical positions on issues.", "Vice President of the United States. Except for this tie-breaking role, the Standing Rules of the Senate vest no significant responsibilities in the vice president. Rule XIX, which governs debate, does not authorize the vice president to participate in debate, and grants only to members of the Senate (and, upon appropriate notice, former presidents of the United States) the privilege of addressing the Senate, without granting a similar privilege to the sitting vice president. Thus, as Time magazine wrote during the controversial tenure of Vice President Charles G. Dawes, \"once in four years the Vice President can make a little speech, and then he is done. For four years he then has to sit in the seat of the silent, attending to speeches ponderous or otherwise, of deliberation or humor.\"[17]", "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States. The oath of office of the Vice President of the United States is the oath or affirmation that the Vice President of the United States takes upon assuming the vice-presidency but before he or she begins the execution of the office. Just before the president-elect takes the oath of office on Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect will step forward on the inaugural platform and repeat the oath of office. Although the United States Constitution—Article II, Section One, Clause 8—specifically sets forth the oath required by incoming presidents, it does not do so for incoming vice presidents. The constitution—Article VI, Clause 3— simply requires that they, along with all other government officers (federal and state; elected and appointed), pledge to support the Constitution. Since 1937, Inauguration Day has been January 20 (was March 4), a change brought about by the 20th amendment to the Constitution, which had been ratified four years earlier. The vice president's swearing-in ceremony also moved that year, from the Senate chamber inside the Capitol, to the presidential inaugural platform outside the building.[1]", "Vice President of the United States. The vice president is indirectly elected, together with the president, to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College. The Office of the Vice President assists and organizes the vice president's official functions.", "Vice president. Most governments with vice presidents have one person in this role at any time, although in some countries there are two or more vice presidentsâ€“an extreme case being Iran's 12 vice presidents. If the president is not present, dies, resigns, or is otherwise unable to fulfill their duties, the vice president will generally serve as president. In many presidential systems, the vice president does not wield much day-to-day political power, but is still considered an important member of the cabinet. Several vice presidents in the Americas hold the position of President of the Senate; this is the case, for example, in Argentina, the United States, and Uruguay. The vice president sometimes assumes some of the ceremonial duties of the president, such as attending functions and events that the actual president may be too busy to attend; the Vice President of the United States, for example, often attends funerals of world leaders on behalf of the president.", "Vice President of the United States. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.", "Vice President of India. The article 69 of the Constitution of India provides the Oath or Affirmation for the Office of Vice President as follows:-\n\"I, ________ do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to solemnly affirm the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter.\"\nThe President administers the oath of office and secrecy to the Vice-President." ]	[ 4.8359375, 2.9296875, 1.0517578125, 3.890625, 2.517578125, 1.701171875, 4.33203125, 5.08203125, 4.7890625, 2.646484375, 2.1328125, 0.97265625, 3.234375, 1.9599609375, 3.0546875, 2.625, 1.88671875, 2.345703125, 3.869140625, 2.533203125, 2.296875, 1.0673828125, 0.150634765625, 0.6416015625, 1.7587890625, 1.041015625, 1.8388671875, 1.490234375, 0.480712890625, 1.513671875, 0.19189453125, 3.271484375 ]
who invented the first car to run on gasoline	[ "History of the automobile. George F. Foss of Sherbrooke, Quebec built a single-cylinder gasoline car in 1896 which he drove for 4 years, ignoring city officials' warnings of arrest for his \"mad antics.\"[7]", "History of the automobile. Early experimenters used gases. In 1806, Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an engine powered by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture.[18] In 1826, Englishman Samuel Brown tested his hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in south-east London. Belgian-born Etienne Lenoir's Hippomobile with a hydrogen-gas-fuelled one-cylinder internal combustion engine made a test drive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont in 1860, covering some nine kilometres in about three hours.[19] A later version was propelled by coal gas. A Delamare-Deboutteville vehicle was patented and trialled in 1884.", "Car. In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893, on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield.[28][29] The Studebaker Automobile Company, subsidiary of a long-established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to build cars in 1897[30]:p.66 and commenced sales of electric vehicles in 1902 and gasoline vehicles in 1904.[31]", "History of the automobile. In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine, which he placed on a pushcart, building four progressively sophisticated combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine[citation needed]. The car's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine, an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering, a clutch and brakes.", "History of the automobile. About 1870, in Vienna, Austria (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire), inventor Siegfried Marcus put a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline. Today, this car is known as \"the first Marcus car\". In 1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a low-voltage ignition system of the magneto type; this was his only automotive patent. This design was used for all further engines, and the four-seat \"second Marcus car\" of 1888/89. This ignition, in conjunction with the \"rotating-brush carburetor\", made the second car's design very innovative. His second car is on display at the Technical Museum in Vienna. During his lifetime he was honored as the originator of the motorcar but his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II. Because Marcus was of Jewish descent, the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed, his name expunged from future textbooks, and his public memorials removed, giving credit instead to Karl Benz.[20]", "History of the automobile. In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen.", "Charles Duryea. Charles Edgar Duryea (December 15, 1861 – September 28, 1938) was the engineer of the first-ever working American gasoline-powered car and co-founder of Duryea Motor Wagon Company.[1] He was born near Canton, Illinois, the son of George Washington Duryea and Louisa Melvina Turner and died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but spent most of his life working in Springfield, Massachusetts. It was in Springfield that Charles and his brother, Frank, produced and road-tested America's first gasoline-powered car.[2][page needed]", "Texas oil boom. In 1879, Karl Benz was granted the first patent on a reliable gasoline-powered engine in Germany.[27] In 1885, he produced the first true gasoline automobile, the Benz Patent Motorwagen.[28] The new invention was quickly refined and gained popularity in Germany and France, and interest grew in the United Kingdom and the United States. In 1902, Ransom Olds created the production line concept for mass-producing lower-cost automobiles.[29] Henry Ford soon refined the concept so that by 1914, middle-class laborers could afford automobiles built by Ford Motor Company.[30]", "Ethanol fuel in the United States. In 1896, Henry Ford designed his first car, the \"Quadricycle\" to run on pure ethanol.[27] In 1908, the revolutionary Ford Model T was capable of running on gasoline, ethanol or a combination.[27][28][29] Ford continued to advocate for ethanol fuel even during the prohibition, but lower prices caused gasoline to prevail.[27]", "Carburetor. Frederick William Lanchester of Birmingham, England, experimented with the wick carburetor in cars. In 1896, Frederick and his brother built the first gasoline-driven car in England, a single cylinder 5 hp (3.7 kW) internal combustion engine with chain drive. Unhappy with the car's performance and power, they re-designed the engine the following year using two horizontally-opposed cylinders and a newly-designed wick carburetor.", "Hydrogen vehicle. In 1807 Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed the first hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine.[56] In 1965, Roger Billings, then a high school student, converted a Model A to run on hydrogen.[57] In 1970 Paul Dieges patented a modification to internal combustion engines which allowed a gasoline-powered engine to run on hydrogen US 3844262 .", "1800s (decade). In 1807, Isaac de Rivas made a hydrogen gas-powered vehicle, the first vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine.[6]\nJames Watt creates first steam engine based on Newcomen's design.", "Charles Duryea. On September 20, 1893, the Duryea Brothers road-tested the first-ever, working American gasoline-powered automobile in a portion of Springfield, Massachusetts that is now Chicopee, Massachusetts.[citation needed] The Duryea's \"motor wagon\" was a used horse drawn buggy that the brothers had purchased for $70 and into which they had installed a 4 HP, single cylinder gasoline engine. The car (buggy) had a friction transmission, spray carburetor and low tension ignition.[3] Frank Duryea test drove it again on November 10[3] — this time in a prominent location: past their garage at 47 Taylor Street in Springfield.[citation needed] The next day it was reported[3] by The Republican newspaper with great fanfare.[citation needed]", "Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle. Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed in 1806 the De Rivaz engine, the first internal combustion engine, which ran on a hydrogen/oxygen mixture.[3] Étienne Lenoir produced the Hippomobile in 1863. Paul Dieges patented in 1970 a modification to internal combustion engines which allowed a gasoline-powered engine to run on hydrogen.[4]", "History of the automobile. In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile.[2] This is also considered to be the first \"production\" vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile was powered by a single[citation needed] cylinder four-stroke engine.", "History of the automobile. The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos Jedlik, one of the inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Planté, who invented the lead–acid battery in 1859.[citation needed]", "Charles Duryea. Charles Duryea and his brother Frank (1869â€“1967) were initially bicycle makers in Washington, D.C., but later became world-renowned as the first American gasoline-powered car manufacturers, headquartered in Springfield, Massachusetts. Generally speaking, Charles engineered the automobiles, while Frank built, tested and raced them.[citation needed]", "History of the electric vehicle. Gasoline cars became even easier to operate thanks to the invention of the electric starter by Charles Kettering in 1912,[29] which eliminated the need of a hand crank for starting a gasoline engine, and the noise emitted by ICE cars became more bearable thanks to the use of the muffler, which Hiram Percy Maxim had invented in 1897. Finally, the initiation of mass production of gas-powered vehicles by Henry Ford brought their price down.[30] By contrast, the price of similar electric vehicles continued to rise; by 1912, an electric car sold for almost double the price of a gasoline car.[11]", "Car. In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success, with Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860.[32] Santler from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first gasoline-powered car in the country in 1894,[33] followed by Frederick William Lanchester in 1895, but these were both one-offs.[33] The first production vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its first car in 1897, and they bore the name Daimler.[33]", "Ford Motor Company. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz (Benz Patent-Motorwagen). More efficient production methods were needed to make automobiles affordable for the middle class, to which Ford contributed by, for instance, introducing the first moving assembly line in 1913 at the Ford factory in Highland Park.[citation needed]", "Car. In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the automotive industry in France. In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a gasoline-powered vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler powered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100 km (1,300 miles) from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again. They were attached to the first Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle race, but finished 6 days after the winning cyclist, Charles Terront.", "Car. The first design for an American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent (U.S. Patent 549,160) for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of cars in the United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911.", "Petrol engine. The first practical petrol engine was built in 1876 in Germany by Nikolaus August Otto, although there had been earlier attempts by Étienne Lenoir, Siegfried Marcus, Julius Hock and George Brayton.[1] The first petrol combustion engine (one cylinder, 121.6 cm3 displacement) was prototyped in 1882 in Italy by Enrico Bernardi. British engineer Edward Butler constructed the first petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine. Butler invented the spark plug, ignition magneto, coil ignition and spray jet carburetor, and was the first to use the word petrol.[2]", "History of the internal combustion engine. The first practical engine, Lenoir's, ran on illuminating gas (coal gas). It wasn't until 1883, that Daimler created an engine that ran on liquid petroleum, a fuel called Ligroin which has a chemical makeup of Hexane-N. The fuel is also known as petroleum naptha.", "Hybrid electric vehicle. William H. Patton filed a patent application for a gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid 1889.[34][35] He went on to test and market the Patton Motor Car, a gas-electric hybrid system used to drive tram cars and small locomotives. A gasoline engine drove a generator that served to charge a lead acid battery in parallel with the traction motors. A conventional series-parallel controller was used for the traction motors. A prototype was built in 1889, an experimental tram car was run in Pullman, Illinois in 1891, and a production locomotive was sold to a street railway company in Cedar Falls, Iowa in 1897.[36][37]", "History of the automobile. It is generally acknowledged[according to whom?] that the first really practical automobiles with petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886,[21] and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved – with the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back – that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.[22]", "Car. In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a \"New Rational Combustion Engine\". In 1897, he built the first diesel engine.[1] Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success.", "Gasoline. The first automotive combustion engines, so-called Otto engines, were developed in the last quarter of the 19th century in Germany. The fuel was a relatively volatile hydrocarbon obtained from coal gas. With a boiling point near 85 °C (octanes boil about 40 °C higher), it was well suited for early carburetors (evaporators). The development of a \"spray nozzle\" carburetor enabled the use of less volatile fuels. Further improvements in engine efficiency were attempted at higher compression ratios, but early attempts were blocked by knocking (premature explosion of fuel).", "Auto racing. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles. The first organized contest was on April 28, 1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier.[3] It ran 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne.", "Automotive industry in New Zealand. There is debate about who made the first petrol driven vehicle. Timaru engineer Cecil Wood made a petrol engine in 1897, but later made an unsubstantiated claim to have created and driven a three-wheel vehicle in 1896 followed by a four-wheel vehicle in 1898.[18] His first independently confirmed vehicles date from 1901.", "Tractor. In 1892, John Froelich invented and built the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor in Clayton County, Iowa, US.[8][9][10] A Van Duzen single-cylinder gasoline engine was mounted on a Robinson engine chassis, which could be controlled and propelled by Froelich's gear box.[11] After receiving a patent, Froelich started up the Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company and invested all of his assets. However, the venture was very unsuccessful, and by 1895 all was lost and he went out of business.[12][13][14][15]", "Gasoline direct injection. The first post-World War I example of direct gasoline injection was on the Hesselman engine invented by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925.[6][7] Hesselman engines used the ultra lean burn principle and injected the fuel in the end of the compression stroke and then ignited it with a spark plug, it was often started on gasoline and then switched over to run on diesel or kerosene. The Hesselman engine was a low compression design constructed to run on heavy fuel oils." ]	[ 3.845703125, 2.5234375, 5.1328125, 4.67578125, 5.3203125, 1.060546875, 5.73828125, 4.75, 4.85546875, 4.30078125, 1.955078125, 2.099609375, 3.955078125, 2.255859375, 4.78515625, 2.0390625, 4.79296875, 2.71484375, 3.482421875, 5.296875, 1.744140625, 5.1171875, 3.154296875, 0.59814453125, 0.2169189453125, 4.21875, 2.845703125, 1.001953125, -0.199462890625, 1.8505859375, 0.40283203125, 2.91796875 ]
who plays the ballet teacher in grown ups 2	[ "Grown Ups (film). A sequel, titled Grown Ups 2, was released on July 12, 2013. Dennis Dugan, the director of the first film, returned as director. The main cast, including Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles, except Rob Schneider. New cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger. The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up.[15] Like its predecessor, Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews[16] but was still a box office hit.[17]", "Cameron Boyce. In June 2010, Boyce co-starred as Keith Feder, the spoiled son of Adam Sandler's character, in the comedy film Grown Ups, and appeared later that same year showing off his dance skills on the web series. The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers.[8]", "April Rose Haydock. From 2011 to 2014 April Rose wrote and hosted MAXIM weekly web series.[3] April is an original cast member of MTV2 series Guy Code now entering its fourth season [3] and its sister spinoff MTV's Girl Code entering its third season.[3] April Rose is the host for MTV Spring Break 2014 from Cancun Mexico alongside Guy Code castmate Andrew Schultz. April Rose was cast as Kasey Knox 'Hot Dance Teacher' in the feature film Grown Ups 2 where she plays a Russian dance instructor and girlfriend of Tommy Cavanaugh played by Stone Cold Steve Austin.[3] April became an on-air contributor for Speed live coverage of the Barrett-Jackson Auction in 2011. She stayed with them as they transitioned to Fox Sports Networks.[3] April has been an on-air contributor for Comcast SportsNet Chicago since 2009. She also hosts and writes a Chicago-based Hockey show that airs on Comcast SportsNet Chicago called Chicago Face-Off with April Rose that will run through 8 episodes featuring a different Chicago Blackhawks player each week.[4]", "Grown Ups 2. Grown Ups 2 is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and co-produced by Adam Sandler, who also starred in the film. It is the sequel to the 2010 film Grown Ups. The film co-stars Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Nick Swardson, and Salma Hayek. The film is produced by Adam Sandler's production company Happy Madison Productions and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film was released on July 12, 2013. The film grossed roughly $247 million on an $80 million budget. It was nominated for nine Razzies at the 2014 Golden Raspberry Awards.", "David Henrie. Henrie appeared in Grown Ups 2 (2013), opposite Taylor Lautner and Adam Sandler.[28] In 2014, Henrie played the lead in 1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story, the true story of a young basketball player who suffered a catastrophic stroke as a freshman at Gettysburg College but, through determination and an indomitable spirit, returned to the court for one remarkable moment in the last game of his senior year.[29] Later that year, Henrie guest starred in the ABC show Mind Games.[30]", "Grown Ups (film). Roxanne settles on staying at the lake house over going to the fashion show. The friends decide to visit a water park, where Bean learns to drink milk out of a carton and Marcus repeatedly flirts with Jasmine and Amber, having bought them skimpy bikinis. The families cause mayhem throughout the park; Rob shoves a ride attendant down a water slide when the latter insults Bridget for being less attractive than her sisters; Eric ignores Donna's warning about a chemical in the kiddie pool that turns urine blue, and chaos results when the urine is revealed; the spouses spot and attempt to attract a muscleman, but he is laughed off due to his high-pitched Canadian accent; and at the zip line attraction, Lenny and the group meet Dickie again, accompanied by his own group of friends and former teammates, including Wiley (Steve Buscemi), who is severely injured after crashing into a shed while sliding down the zip line by his feet. Lenny teaches his son how to shoot a perfect shot during basketball, and the friends then end the night by sharing a dance with their spouses. The next day, Roxanne picks up Lenny's phone and confronts him on lying about canceling their flight trip before she agreed on staying. Eventually, everyone concedes into admitting their own truths about how they feel with their lives. On their final day at the lake house, Lenny accepts the rematch once and for all, and plays against their former opponents. At the game-deciding shot, Lenny purposely misses to allow Dickie's team to get a proper win. Before the end of the film, Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette, but with a larger crowd of people this time. Everyone fearfully takes off, and a still paralyzed Wiley gets his foot impaled by the arrow.", "Steve Buscemi. Buscemi often plays characters that are neurotic and paranoid. He has frequently appeared in Adam Sandler films such as Airheads, Billy Madison, The Wedding Singer, Big Daddy, Mr. Deeds, I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry, Grown Ups, Grown Ups 2, and The Cobbler[18] and has worked with Tim Burton, Quentin Tarantino, producer Jerry Bruckheimer, Jim Jarmusch, Robert Rodriguez, and Michael Bay. He has said of his work, \"I don't think of myself as having a career. I think of having jobs. When I work, I want to have good jobs. I want to do interesting films. I also want to make a living. You don't always work on the things that you can put your heart into, so it's good to work on things that you can get into one hundred percent.\"[9]", "Grown Ups 2. Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film one star out of four, saying, \"Mystifyingly, the movie manages to emerge plot-free. Instead, it offers a succession of humorless gross-out gags, fat jokes, suggestive posturing, bullying, belches and pratfalls. Life is simple – and gross – in Sandlerville.\"[34] Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film half a star out of four, saying, \"The movie lurches from one gross-out scene to another, flipping the bird at continuity and logic. It honestly seems as if Sandler and his team descended on a random suburb, halfheartedly improvising and moving on when they got bored.\"[35] Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying, \"Grown Ups 2 isn’t merely mindless. At times it seems to actually drain IQ points from its viewers while wasting a talented cast of “Saturday Night Live” alums, who are all capable of being much smarter and so much funnier.\"[36] Andy Webster of The New York Times gave the film one out of five stars, saying, \"This is pap, plain and simple: scattered raunch-lite devoid of emotional resonance. At best, it sells itself on the spectacle of a TV show’s cast reunion—and even then it disappoints. With the debacles of That's My Boy and Jack and Jill, Mr. Sandler has increasingly squandered his comic capital. His onetime SNL brethren do themselves few favors—beyond a paycheck—by working in his orbit.\"[37] Peter Keough of The Boston Globe gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying, \"Apparently the world demanded another family-friendly version of The Hangover, one that combined scatological comedy with smarmy sentimentality.\"[38]", "Grown Ups 2. Filming of Grown Ups 2 began on May 2, 2012, in Massachusetts, United States and ended on July 15, 2012.[5] Columbia Pictures and Happy Madison Productions distributed the film. The film was written by Adam Sandler, Fred Wolf and Tim Herlihy and directed by Dennis Dugan, Sandler's longtime collaborator.[6] The film was released on July 12, 2013 in the United States. It was released on August 9, 2013 in the United Kingdom.[7] Rob Schneider did not reprise his role from the first film because of scheduling conflicts and his wife was pregnant during production.[8]", "Grown Ups (film). In 1978, five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship. Afterwards, they celebrate at a rented lake house. The friends' coach, Robert Ferdinando (Blake Clark), whom they nickname \"Buzzer\", encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game. Thirty years later, Lenny (Adam Sandler) has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife, fashion designer Roxanne (Salma Hayek), and his three childrenâ€”daughter Becky (Alexys Nycole Sanchez) and two sons Greg (Jake Goldberg) and Keith (Cameron Boyce). The boys act very spoiled in his vicinity, much to his annoyance. Eric (Kevin James) claims he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company, and is also disappointed in his wife Sally (Maria Bello) for continuing to breastfeed Bean (Morgan Gingerich), one of his two children, the other being Donna (Ada-Nicole Sanger). Kurt (Chris Rock) is a stay-at-home father with two children, Andre and Charlotte (Nadji Jeter and China Anne McClain). His wife Deanne (Maya Rudolph), the primary breadwinner of the family, is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother, Ronzoni (Ebony Jo-Ann). Rob (Rob Schneider), nicknamed Carrot, has been divorced three times and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget (Madison Riley, Jamie Chung, and Ashley Loren). His current wife, Gloria (Joyce Van Patten), is 30 years older than him. Marcus (David Spade) is a slacker and lothario. All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion throughout the film: Lenny for being rich, Eric for being overweight, Kurt for being skinny and useless, Rob for his continuous use of the joke \"Maize!\" and for having a much older wife, and Marcus for being sexually juvenile.", "Grown Ups 2. The film is the first film sequel that Adam Sandler has starred in. The movie also has a role played by WWE hall of famer Steve Austin.[9] Stand-up comedian Chris Hardwick confirmed a cameo as an ice cream vendor via his Facebook page.[10] Additionally, the film features a cameo appearance by sportscaster Michael Kay and includes Shaquille O'Neal as a cop.[11] On July 10, 2012, it was announced Arnold Schwarzenegger's son, Patrick, would be appearing as one of the frat brothers.[12] Oliver Cooper was offered a role as one of the fraternity brothers but had to back out due to scheduling conflicts.[13]", "Grown Ups (film). Grown Ups was produced by Sandler's production company Happy Madison Productions and was distributed by Columbia Pictures.[2] Sandler, Rock, Schneider, and Spade all joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in the 1990â€“1991 season; supporting cast including Colin Quinn, Maya Rudolph, Tim Meadows, and Norm Macdonald have also been SNL cast members. It grossed $271 million and led to a sequel, Grown Ups 2 (2013).", "Adam Sandler. Sandler appeared in Grown Ups, alongside Kevin James, Chris Rock, Rob Schneider, and David Spade. Sandler and Dickie Roberts scribe Fred Wolf wrote the script and Dennis Dugan directed the film.[15]", "Grown Ups 2. Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald gave the film one out of four stars, saying, \"Nobody escapes untainted by the foul stench of Grown Ups 2; it’s bad enough to make you look askance at Salma Hayek, Maria Bello, and Maya Rudolph, all of whom deserve a chance to do something funny other than pose as wives exuding various degrees of sexiness.\"[39] Richard Roeper gave the film one and a half stars, saying, \"When Taylor Lautner is the funniest thing in a movie starring Adam Sandler and Chris Rock, we're in trouble.\"[40] Randy Cordova of The Arizona Republic gave the film one out of five stars, saying, \"In its own way, \"Grown Ups 2\" sets the bar really high. After all, it’s hard to imagine another comedy coming along this year that is this abrasive and free of laughs. It’s like everyone involved intentionally tried to create a horrible movie.\"[41] Alonso Duralde of The Wrap wrote, \"Yes, it's time for another visit to the Adam Sandler Death-of-Cinema Fun Factory, the big-screen version of a terrible sitcom where laugh tracks are replaced by the co-stars chuckling at their own awful material.\"[42] Adam Nayman of The Globe and Mail gave the film two out four stars, saying, \"None of the stars are trying very hard, and so the most memorable presences are the cameos: If nothing else, Grown Ups 2 will go down as the only film in history to find room for Steve Buscemi alongside \"Stone Cold\" Steve Austin.\"[43]", "Grown Ups 2. After dropping off their kids, Lenny, Eric, Kurt, and Marcus form as a group and spend the day roaming around town, reminiscing about the amazing summers they used to have when they were little and Lenny's bully, Tommy Cavanaugh. Lenny argues that he could take Tommy as a little boy and he can still take him. Eventually, the friends go to see Becky's ballet recital, where Lenny runs into Tommy, whom Lenny is visibly terrified of. Tommy threatens that if Lenny ever lies again about being able to beat him up, he'll publicly beat Lenny up.", "Julie Walters. In 2001, Walters won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000). In 2002, she again won a BAFTA for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son.[citation needed]", "Jane Krakowski. Krakowski grew up immersed in the local theater scene as a result of her parents' activities, saying in one interview: \"Instead of hiring baby sitters, they brought me along with them.\"[2] She took ballet lessons at age four, but later stopped because she had the wrong body shape, instead moving more towards Broadway dancing.[5] She attended the Professional Children's School in New York City and Rutgers University, New Brunswick.[9][10]", "Grown Ups (film). The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the \"Best Line from a Movie\" category, which it won for the line \"I want to get chocolate wasted!\", delivered by Becky, played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez.[citation needed]", "Grown Ups (film). Grown Ups is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and stars Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade and Rob Schneider. It depicts five friends of a high school basketball team reuniting for a July Fourth weekend after learning of the passing of their coach.", "Grown Ups 2. Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film one out of four stars, saying, \"For all its warm and fuzzy notions of family and community, Grown Ups 2... has a desperate reliance on nasty jokes about pee, poo and – with surprising frequency – gay panic.\"[28] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly, who gave the film a B, said, \"In certain ways, Grown Ups 2 marks a return to classically Sandlerian infantile anarchy.\"[29] Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying, \"Grown Ups 2 looks like it was a lot of fun to make. And the last laugh is on us.\"[30] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film two out of five stars, saying, \"Like most Adam Sandler movies, it’s exactly like most Adam Sandler movies... This movie stars all Sandler’s buddies and gleefully embraces lowbrow crudity even while promoting loving family values.\"[31] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a D–, saying, \"Largely free of Sandler’s usual schmaltz and lame romance, it’s pure plotless, grotesque high jinks, bizarre and inept in a way that’s fascinating without ever being all that funny.\"[32] Nick Schager of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review, saying \"A few decent one-liners notwithstanding, the movie comes off as willfully uninspired.\"[33]", "Honey, I Blew Up the Kid. Honey, I Blew Up the Kid is a 1992 American comedy science fiction film and the sequel to the 1989 film Honey, I Shrunk the Kids. Directed by Randal Kleiser and released by Walt Disney Pictures, the film stars Rick Moranis, Marcia Strassman, Robert Oliveri and Amy O'Neill, who reprise their roles as Wayne, Diane, Nick, and Amy Szalinski respectively, as well as newcomer Keri Russell as Mandy Park, Nick's love interest and babysitter of Adam, the Szalinskis' new two-year-old son, whose accidental exposure to Wayne's new industrial-sized growth machine causes him to gradually grow to enormous size. Made only three years after Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, this film is set three years after the events depicted in the previous film. It was filmed in 1991.", "Grown Ups 2. Grown Ups 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 5, 2013.[46]", "Dance Academy. Dance Academy is narrated mainly from the perspective of Tara Webster (Xenia Goodwin), a newly accepted first year student at the National Academy of Dance in Sydney, which also doubles as a Year 10-12 high school for the dancers. Throughout the series, she learns to better her ballet technique, as well as learn contemporary ballet and hip-hop dance; while creating lifelong friendships and experiencing many hardships. In the first series, Tara soon befriends fellow students Kat (Alicia Banit) and Ethan Karamakov (Tim Pocock), Sammy Lieberman (Tom Green), Abigail Armstrong (Dena Kaplan) and Christian Reed (Jordan Rodrigues), as well as eventually getting to know her teacher Ms. Raine (Tara Morice).[5][6]", "Adam Sandler. Sandler's recent comedy films, including Grown Ups and Grown Ups 2, have received strongly negative reviews.[22] In reviewing the latter, critic Mark Olsen of The Los Angeles Times remarked that Sandler had become the antithesis of Judd Apatow; he was instead \"the white Tyler Perry: smart enough to know better, savvy enough to do it anyway, lazy enough not to care.\"[23]", "Step Up 2: The Streets. Step Up 2: The Streets is a 2008 American dance film. It is the sequel to the 2006 film Step Up from Touchstone Pictures. The film was directed by Jon M. Chu and choreographed by Jamal Sims, Nadine \"Hi Hat\" Ruffin and Dave Scott. Patrick Wachsberger and Erik Feig of Summit Entertainment produced with Adam Shankman and Jennifer Gibgot of Offspring Entertainment.", "Adam Cooper (dancer). Adam Cooper was born 22 July 1971 in Tooting, London to a musician father and a social worker mother.[3] He has an older brother, Simon Cooper, who is also a dancer and they trained at the same schools.[4] From a young age, he and his brother studied tap and ballet at the Jean Winkler School of Dance in Tooting. They also played various musical instruments and sang in a choir. At age 11, Cooper won a place at ArtsEd, a specialist performing arts school in London where he studied classical ballet, character, modern, tap, jazz and contemporary dance, as well as singing, acting and stage combat. After completing his secondary education at the school, aged 16, he was accepted into the Royal Ballet Upper School.[5][6][7]\nAt his graduation performance he played the lead role of Young Man in Ashton's Les Deux Pigeons (ballet) (Two Pigeons).[8]", "Grown Ups 2. John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter said, \"Throughout, gags are cartoonishly broad and afforded so little time for setup and delivery we seem to be watching less a story than a catalog of tossed-out material.\"[23] Andrew Barker of Variety said, \"Among the slackest, laziest, least movie-like movies released by a major studio in the last decade, \"Grown Ups 2\" is perhaps the closest Hollywood has yet come to making Ow! My Balls! seem like a plausible future project.\"[24] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film one out of four stars, saying, \"The temptation arises to say something nice about \"Grown Ups 2\" just because it doesn't cause injury. But no, it's a bad movie, just old-school bad, the kind that's merely lousy and not an occasion for migraines or night sweats.\"[25] Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film zero out of four stars, saying, \"Adam Sandler scrapes the bottom of the barrel—and then he pukes into it—with Grown Ups 2, a lazily cribbed-together swamp of pointless and unfunny sketches that makes 2010’s Grown Ups look like Citizen Kane.\"[26] Matt Patches of Time Out New York gave the film one out of five stars, saying, \"In the first five minutes, a deer walks into the star's bedroom and urinates on his face. It's all downhill from there.\"[27]", "Grown Ups 2. Maria Bello said in an interview, \"People have talked about it and we’ve heard it might happen, but I don’t know if there is a script, I don’t know what there is. But I hope so because, boy, it’s fun to work with those guys.\"[47]", "Jessica Brown Findlay. Brown Findlay trained with the National Youth Ballet and the Associates of the Royal Ballet, and at age 15, she was invited to dance with the Kirov at the Royal Opera House for a summer season.[9] She attended Furze Platt Senior School in Maidenhead. At the end of her GCSEs, she was accepted to a number of ballet schools, but chose to go to the Arts Educational School, because of the A-level courses it provided and its pastoral care. Brown Findlay attended for two years; in her second year, she had three operations on her ankles, the last of which went wrong. After being told she could never dance again, Brown Findlay decided to embark upon a career in acting, something she had always considered but had never tried.[10] After encouragement from an art teacher, she finished her education at Arts Educational School, Tring Park[10] and then moved on to a Fine Art course at the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design.[1][9] In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair, Brown Findlay stated, \"Growing up, I was completely in love and infatuated with ballet. Ballet was my life completely\". However, after three ankle operations, she was forced to leave dancing behind and ended up at university in London, where she discovered the stage, to which she says, \"Acting was the element from ballet that I actually loved and missed the most\".[8]", "Grown Ups 2. Three years after the events of the first film, Lenny Feder has relocated his family back to his Connecticut hometown of Stanton where he and his friends grew up.", "Kate Williams (actress). Williams is currently a teacher and director on the Acting degree course at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in Clapham. She directed the 2009 graduating acting students in Les Belles Soeurs by Michel Tremblay.", "All Grown Up!. A total of twelve All Grown Up! DVDs have been released:" ]	[ 3.126953125, -2.357421875, 2.017578125, 6.1171875, -2.2734375, 0.0772705078125, -2.5234375, -2.2421875, 1.6005859375, 0.69677734375, 1.56640625, 1.3291015625, -0.490478515625, 1.166015625, 0.56103515625, -3.06640625, -2.94921875, -1.041015625, -0.2783203125, -1.23046875, -3.494140625, -3.97265625, -1.5634765625, -0.51611328125, -5.890625, -3.2578125, -1.44140625, 0.1278076171875, -2.251953125, 0.36279296875, -4.83203125, -8.8984375 ]
who does mr jones in animal farm represent	[ "Jones (Animal Farm). Mr. Jones of Manor Farm is a fictional character in George Orwell's allegorical novel Animal Farm. Jones is an allegory for Tsar Nicholas II. Jones is overthrown by the animals of his farm, who represent Bolshevik and liberal revolutionaries.", "Jones (Animal Farm). Mr. Jones had once been a capable farmer, but in the aftermath of a very damaging lawsuit he had become quite disheartened with his lot in life, as well as an alcoholic. This led to his neglect of both the animals and buildings of Manor Farm. Instigated by Old Major, the animals rebel by driving out Mr. Jones, his wife and his workers, and remove him from power, supposedly ending the days of extreme hunger and labor.", "Jones (Animal Farm). At the start of the final chapter, after 'years passed', Jones is mentioned to have died in a home for alcoholics. By this time, most of the animals on the Farm were either born after the Rebellion; many of the remaining animals who were called to the barn by Old Major have died as well. It is mentioned that most of the deceased or exiled were forgotten - Snowball 'was forgotten' as was Boxer, excepting 'the few who had known him'. The days before the Rebellion have been forgotten as well. Only a few pigs, Moses the Raven (who was his 'special pet'), Clover and Benjamin remember Jones. The pigs and Moses obviously have no inclination to bring their former master up - they don't even mention Snowball, who was a scapegoat for a long number of years. Clover is an old and rather sick mare, past the retirement age that no longer existed. Benjamin is merely more cynical.", "Jones (Animal Farm). In the second chapter, an exiled Jones now lives at the Red Lion Inn, where is feeling sorry for himself and commisserating with sympathetic and perplexed farmers (and more drinking). One day, the animals are at work when they see several humans on Animal Farm, not only their former masters but some neighboring farmers such as Frederick and Pilkington, and all agree that Jones and his farmhands are attempting to recapture the farm. He is defeated by Snowball's tactics. Many of the men are frightened by the organized animal defense, and the animals suffer only one death. Frightened, Jones flees the farm for good.", "Animal Farm. When Major dies, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and consider it a duty to prepare for the Rebellion. The animals revolt, driving the drunken, irresponsible farmer Mr Jones, as well as Mrs Jones and the other human caretakers and employees, off the farm, renaming it \"Animal Farm\". They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, \"All animals are equal\".", "Napoleon (Animal Farm). Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend is a fictional character and the main antagonist in George Orwell's Animal Farm.[2] He is described as \"a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar\" who is \"not much of a talker\" and has \"a reputation for getting his own way\". While he is at first a common farm pig, he exiles Snowball, another pig, who is his rival for power, and then takes advantage of the animals' uprising against their masters to eventually become the tyrannical \"President\" of Animal Farm, which he turns into a dictatorship. Napoleon's greatest crime, however, is his complete transformation into Mr. Jones (original owner of Animal Farm), although Napoleon is a much more harsh and stern master than Mr. Jones is made out to be.[3][4]", "Jones (Animal Farm). Tony Robinson portrayed Jones in the 1994 featurette Down on Animal Farm, a documentary about the making of the 1954 adaptation.[1]", "Benjamin (Animal Farm). He is also quite significant in that he is not quite a horse (the working class) and yet definitely not a leader like the pigs, although his intellect is at least equal to theirs, this implies that Benjamin is a symbol of the intelligentsia who during the revolution and its aftermath are very much aware of what is going on, but do nothing about it. Although he is aware of their mistreatment (especially that of Boxer) and can see how the basic rules of their society are changing, he is unwilling to act on it in any way that would threaten his security.", "Jones (Animal Farm). In the 1954 animated adaptation of the novel, Jones was voiced by Maurice Denham, who provided all voices bar the narration. The story is fairly faithful to the novel, except Jones never leaves the area and instead remains in his local pub. When the other major farmers decide to make an attempt to seize Animal Farm, Jones offers to join them but is turned down. Instead, he acquires a large quantity of dynamite and destroys the windmill and himself (due to being drunk). Pete Postlethwaite portrayed Jones in the 1999 live-action film, as a brutish yokel, although his alcoholism is toned down. In this film, he and Mrs. Jones destroy the windmill.", "Animal Farm. Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins to purge the farm with his dogs, killing animals he accuses of consorting with his old rival. When some animals recall the Battle of the Cowshed, Napoleon (who was nowhere to be found during the battle) frequently smears Snowball as a collaborator of Farmer Jones, while falsely representing himself as the hero of the battle. \"Beasts of England\" is replaced with an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals remain convinced that they are better off than they were under Mr Jones.", "Benjamin (Animal Farm). Some interpret Benjamin as representing the aged population of Russia, because he is old and cynical. Others feel that he represents the Menshevik intelligentsia as he is just as intelligent, if not more so, than the novel's pigs, yet he is marginalized. He is very cynical about the Revolution and life in general. It has also been argued that he represents the skeptical people who believed that Communism would not help the people of Russia, but who did not criticize it fervently enough to lose their lives. His Biblical name could also imply that he represents the Jewish populace of Russia whose lives were not remotely improved under Joseph Stalin's leadership.", "Pilkington (Animal Farm). Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood Farm is a fictional human character in George Orwell's satirical novel Animal Farm.", "List of Toy Story characters. Mr. Jones is an iguana appearing in \"Toy Story of Terror!,\" owned by the manager of Sleep Well Motel, Ron. He is loyal to his master and is trained to secretly steal toys from customers so that his master can sell the toys off the Internet. During the majority of the special, he is seen snatching most of Bonnie's toys away in a flash through the air shafts and ventilation systems. Eventually, he accidentally swallowed Mr. Potato Head's left arm and Combat Carl's right hand. However, he is forced to regurgitate them out after Jessie tricks him into ripping off the curtain, revealing Ron's scheme to Bonnie and her mother. It is unknown what happens to him afterwards, although it is implied that he will be sent to Animal Control.", "Animal Farm. The revolt of the animals against Farmer Jones is Orwell's analogy with the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. The Battle of the Cowshed has been said to represent the allied invasion of Soviet Russia in 1918,[52] and the defeat of the White Russians in the Russian Civil War.[53] The pigs' rise to pre-eminence mirrors the rise of a Stalinist bureaucracy in the USSR, just as Napoleon's emergence as the farm's sole leader reflects Stalin's emergence. The pigs' appropriation of milk and apples for their own use, \"the turning point of the story\" as Orwell termed it in a letter to Dwight Macdonald,[50] stands as an analogy for the crushing of the left-wing 1921 Kronstadt revolt against the Bolsheviks,[54] and the difficult efforts of the animals to build the windmill suggest the various Five Year Plans. The puppies controlled by Napoleon parallel the nurture of the secret police in the Stalinist structure, and the pigs' treatment of the other animals on the farm recalls the internal terror faced by the populace in the 1930s.[55] In chapter seven, when the animals confess their nonexistent crimes and are killed, Orwell directly alludes to the purges, confessions and show trials of the late 1930s. These contributed to Orwell's conviction that the Bolshevik revolution had been corrupted and the Soviet system become rotten.[56]", "Squealer (Animal Farm). Squealer is a fictional character, a pig, in George Orwell's Animal Farm. He plays the secondary antagonist to Napoleon, the pigs' leader. He serves as Napoleon's second-in-command and the farm's minister of propaganda, and is described in the book to be an effective and very convincing orator. In the book, he is described as merely a fat pig, but in the 1954 film, he is a pink pig, whereas in the 1999 film, he is a Tamworth pig who wears a monocle.", "Napoleon (Animal Farm). Although Napoleon exhorts the other animals to fight and die for the good of the farm, he himself is a coward and a lazy one at that, in contrast to Snowball, who was more concerned with the welfare of his animal friends than his power. Napoleon uses corrupt historical revisionism to portray himself as a hero, claiming responsibility for the animals' victory in the Battle of the Cowshed, when in reality it was Snowball who had performed heroic acts in this battle. Snowball's acts are denigrated through baldfaced lies about him collaborating with Jones all along and openly supporting Jones during the battle. Snowball was wounded in the back by buckshot, but it is claimed Napoleon inflicted the wounds with his teeth. Napoleon spends most of his time inside, giving his orders through other pigs, like the cunning orator Squealer, who helps spread support for him and changes the commandments. Napoleon declares the farm a republic, and a president is elected; as the only candidate, Napoleon is elected unanimously.", "Snowball (Animal Farm). Snowball is a character in George Orwell's Animal Farm. He is largely based on Leon Trotsky and describes how he led the opposition against Joseph Stalin (Napoleon), though he also includes elements of Vladimir Lenin. He is shown as a pink pig on the movie poster for the 1999 film Animal Farm, and is voiced by Kelsey Grammer.", "Boxer (Animal Farm). During Old Major's speech, which inspired the principles of Animalism, a specific reference is made to how Boxer would be turned into glue under Farmer Jones' rule, thus implying that it would not happen to him under Animalism. \"You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will send you to the knacker, he will cut your throat and boil you down for the fox-hounds.\" [3]", "Old Major. Shortly after his death, the animals rise in revolt and oust the humans from power. This rebellious act is so quick that many do not realize it has happened until it is over. The animals drive Jones and the farmhands off the farm and remove many of the implements of his rule.", "Old Major. Old Major (also called Willingdon Beauty, his name used when showing) is the first major character described by George Orwell in Animal Farm. This \"purebred\" of pigs is a kind, grandfatherly philosopher of change.", "Benjamin (Animal Farm). Benjamin is a donkey in George Orwell's novel Animal Farm.[1] He is also the oldest of all the animals (he is alive in the last scene of the novel). He is less straightforward than most characters in the novel, and a number of interpretations have been put forward to which social class he represents as regards to the Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union. (Animal Farm is an allegory for the evolution of Communism in Russia, with each animal representing a different social class, e.g. Boxer represents the working class.)", "Animal Farm. Years pass, and the windmill is rebuilt along with construction of another windmill, which makes the farm a good amount of income. However, the ideals which Snowball discussed, including stalls with electric lighting, heating and running water are forgotten, with Napoleon advocating that the happiest animals live simple lives. In addition to Boxer, many of the animals who participated in the Revolution are dead, as is Farmer Jones, who died in another part of England. The pigs start to resemble humans, as they walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are abridged to a single phrase: \"All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.\"", "Lance Corporal Jones. On informal occasions, Jones is often accompanied by Mrs Fox, his love-interest. Mrs Fox is a busty middle-aged widow, and a regular customer at Jones' butcher's shop. He has also been known to court the attention of Mrs. Prosser on occasion. In the final episode Jones and Mrs. Fox get married.", "Snowball (Animal Farm). Snowball believes in a continued revolution: he argues that in order to defend Animal Farm, he must strengthen the reality of Old Major's dream of a life without humans and that they must stir up rebellions in other farms throughout England. However, Napoleon always disagrees with any ideas that Snowball has because he does not want Snowball to lead Animal Farm and gain more popularity than himself.", "Old Major. Old Major proposes a solution to the animals' desperate plight on Manor Farm under the Jones administration and inspires thoughts of a rebellion. The actual time of the revolt is unsaid; it could be tomorrow or several generations down the road. Old Major dies three days after delivering his speech and the animals, stirred up by this speech, set to work immediately on the bringing about of the Rebellion.", "Pascal and Maximus. Howard originally envisioned Maximus as the \"ultimate super-cop\", jokingly referring to the character as \"the Tommy Lee Jones of horses\".[3] Attempting to make Maximus feel like a \"fresh\" character, the filmmakers researched several historical horses from both animated and live-action films to ensure that the character would be unique and different enough from his predecessors. Greno explained that \"Maximus ... could have easily slipped into the category of, 'Oh, I've seen that before.'\"[3] To prevent this, the filmmakers referenced \"a board with photos of all the different animated horses that had been done\".[4] Howard explained that Maximus was originally conceived as a \"pretty serious\" character, but eventually developed into a funnier and more likeable horse as the animators continued to draw him with dog-like attributes.[3] Both Pascal and Maximus, who according to the Austin American-Statesman are responsible for providing the film with the majority of its comic relief,[5][6] were eventually written into the film by screenwriter Dan Fogelman.[7] Analyzing the characters' roles in the film, HitFix observed that \"There's a simplicity to it all that I admire, and you throw in a few anthropomorphized animals so everyone laughs a lot, and that's the Disney recipe\".[8] One critic wrote about Maximus:[9]", "Anthems in Animal Farm. As Napoleon became more powerful, he replaced \"Animal Farm!\" with another anthem, again written by Minimus. The anthem praised and glorified Napoleon, attributing many of the successes on the farm to him, even though he had little or no role in them. The poem marked the general happy feeling towards the rule of Napoleon at the time in the book and was painted on the wall of the big barn opposite the Seven Commandments. It was capped by a portrait of Napoleon drawn by Squealer in white paint.", "Boxer (Animal Farm). Boxer is described as a hardworking, but naive and ignorant horse in George Orwell's Animal Farm. He is shown as the farm's most dedicated and loyal labourer as well. Boxer serves as an allegory for the Russian working-class who helped to oust Tsar Nicholas and establish the Soviet Union, but were eventually betrayed by the Stalinists.", "Animal Farm. The pigs Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Major's ideas into \"a complete system of thought\", which they formally name Animalism, an allegoric reference to Communism. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer partake in activities associated with the humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading), which were explicitly prohibited by the Seven Commandments. Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an allusion to the Soviet government's revising of history in order to exercise control of the people's beliefs about themselves and their society.[48]", "Boxer (Animal Farm). Boxer is a bit dim-witted and can only remember four letters of the alphabet at a time, but sees the importance of education and aspires to learn the rest of the alphabet during his retirement (which never happens). Boxer is a loyal supporter of Napoleon, and he listens to everything the self-appointed ruler of the farm says and assumes, sometimes with doubt, that everything Napoleon tells the farm animals is true, hence \"Napoleon is always right.\"", "Pilkington (Animal Farm). Pilkington is based on Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Mr Pilkington has a larger but more unkempt farm, and is on bad terms with Mr Frederick of Pinchfield Farm. Frederick's farm is adjacent to Animal Farm on the opposite side, to which Animal Farm acts as a buffer zone, sandwiched between Pinchfield and Foxwood. Frederick is in ways the antithesis of Pilkington; he is comparatively poorer and has less land than Pilkington; however Pinchfield is more efficiently run and more productive than Foxwood. Despite the bickering between Frederick and Pilkington, there are two factors both respectfully agree upon: they are frightened of the animal revolution that deposed Mr Jones, the original owner, fearing that their own animals may stage similar revolutions on their farmsteads, and both continue to call \"Animal Farm\" by its original name of \"Manor Farm\", as they believe the name \"Animal Farm\" is an unofficial endorsement of the animal revolution. Mr Pilkington at first offered to buy Napoleon's pile of surplus timber, but the timber is also sought after by Mr. Frederick, which Napoleon instigates the trade war by spreading messages of \"Death to Pilkington\". Napoleon plays both sides by feigning friendship with Pilkington to get Frederick to pay a higher price for the timber. Through Napoleon's human aide Mr. Whymper, Napoleon furiously learns that Frederick got the timber for free as he paid in counterfeit money. Napoleon orders the slogan \"Death to Pilkington\" changed to \"Death to Frederick\". Immediately after the bum deal, Frederick and his men invade Animal Farm, killing many animals and ultimately destroying the windmill with blasting powder. Napoleon parlays his new \"Death to Frederick\" slogan into an attempt to rebuild relations with Pilkington by sending a message for aid against a common enemy, but this proves too little too late as the \"Death to Pilkington\" slogans are recent memory, and Napoleon gets a sole response from Pilkington which reads \"Serves you right\".", "Animal Farm. Old Major, the old boar on the Manor Farm, summons the animals on the farm together for a meeting, during which he refers to humans as \"enemies\" and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called \"Beasts of England\"." ]	[ 6.79296875, -0.38232421875, -0.3447265625, -1.044921875, 0.0557861328125, 2.16015625, 0.94970703125, -2.240234375, 0.038848876953125, 0.90283203125, 1.212890625, -2.2265625, -2.138671875, 0.408203125, -2.767578125, -1.841796875, -2.53515625, -1.900390625, -3.859375, -3.984375, 0.5703125, -1.259765625, -1.9560546875, -4.1640625, -3.361328125, -3.826171875, -4.26953125, -3.1640625, -2.94921875, -3.32421875, -1.86328125, -2.83984375 ]
when did the lead singer of inxs die	[ "INXS: Never Tear Us Apart. INXS: Never Tear Us Apart is based on the band's rise to stardom, and focuses on the events leading up to the death of its then-lead singer, Michael Hutchence, in November 1997.[3]", "Michael Hutchence. Michael Kelland John Hutchence (22 January 1960 – 22 November 1997) was an Australian musician and actor. He was a founding member, lead singer and lyricist of rock band INXS from 1977 until his death in November 1997. He was a member of short-lived pop rock group Max Q and recorded solo material which was released posthumously. He acted in feature films, including Dogs in Space (1986), Frankenstein Unbound (1990) and Limp (1997). According to rock-music historian Ian McFarlane, \"Hutchence was the archetypal rock showman. He exuded an overtly sexual, macho cool with his flowing locks, and lithe and exuberant stage movements.\"[2] Hutchence won the 'Best International Artist' at the 1991 BRIT Awards with INXS winning the related group award.", "Michael Hutchence. INXS decided to continue without Hutchence and, on 14 November 1998, they performed at Mushroom Records' 25th anniversary concert – recorded as Mushroom 25 Live – with Jimmy Barnes handling vocals. In June 1999 U.S. singer Terence Trent D'Arby provided vocals for INXS at the opening of facilities for 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.[2] From May 2000 they performed with former Noiseworks front man, Jon Stevens, who officially joined in 2002 to start recording a new INXS album but the sessions only provided one track and Stevens left in 2003.[48] In 2005, INXS took their search for a lead singer to Rock Star: INXS, a reality TV show on CBS. The winner was Canadian singer J.D. Fortune – they subsequently released Switch on 29 November and Original Sin in October 2010.[48]", "Michael Hutchence. Hutchence and INXS went on a world tour to support the April 1997 release of Elegantly Wasted, both the album and its related singles having had less chart success than their prior releases.[2] During the tour, Yates planned to visit Hutchence with his daughter and Yates's three children, but Geldof was seeking legal action to prevent the visit.[38] The final leg of their 20th anniversary tour was to be in Australia in November and December. However, on the morning of 22 November 1997, Hutchence, aged 37, was found dead in Room 524 at the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Double Bay, Sydney.[2][39]", "INXS: Never Tear Us Apart. In the early 1980s in Perth, Western Australia, The Farriss Brothers are playing covers at a club with Michael Hutchence on vocals. They are eventually kicked out of the club and their current manager changes the band name to INXS after seeing an IXL commercial then seeing an X and an S then combined them. The cops start searching their house for drugs and find a half smoked roach. Other band members are Jon Farriss , Andrew Farriss, Garry Gary Beers, Kirk Pengilly, and Tim Farriss. They eventually sign on to a record label thanks to Chris Murphy who becomes their new manager. He eventually gets a U.S. tour for three months. Flashbacks show a younger Hutchence being bullied at school and joins the Farriss Brothers band as lead singer. Hutchence starts to date Michele Bennett. He breaks up with her then starts going out with Kylie Minogue.", "Michael Hutchence. After a period of inactivity and releases that received lukewarm reviews, INXS recorded the band's 10th official album, Elegantly Wasted, in 1996, produced by Bruce Fairbairn and Andrew Farriss.", "Earth, Wind & Fire. On July 30, 1993 former Phenix Horns saxophonist Don Myrick was fatally shot by the Los Angeles Police Department in a case of mistaken identity.[89] Then on October 13, former lead vocalist Wade Flemons died from cancer in Battle Creek, Michigan.[90]", "Alice in Chains. After they toured as part of Cantrell's solo band in 1998, Sean Kinney and Queensrÿche guitarist Chris DeGarmo formed a new band called Spys4Darwin. Mike Inez and Sponge lead vocalist Vin Dombroski joined the supergroup soon after. The band released their first and only album in 2001, a 6-track EP entitled Microfish.[106] In June 2001, Mike Inez joined Zakk Wylde's Black Label Society for the remaining dates of Ozzfest, following the departure of bassist Steve Gibb due to medical reasons.[107] Inez joined the band again for their West Coast and Japanese tour in 2003.[108]", "Michael Hutchence. On 22 November 2007, the 10th anniversary of Hutchence's death, the original members of INXS created a tribute page on their official website. Rhett revealed to Woman's Day magazine that he was going to the Supreme Court to try to overturn the verdict of suicide, as he does not want Tiger growing up thinking her father intentionally left her.", "The Boatman's Call. Cave performed \"Into My Arms\" at the 1997 funeral of INXS vocalist Michael Hutchence, an old friend from Cave's youth, and requested that the TV cameras be shut off for his performance out of respect for Hutchence. The song \"People Ain't No Good\" was also featured in the movie Shrek 2. In October 2010, the album was listed in the topÂ 30 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums.[1]", "Michael Hutchence. In 1987, Hutchence provided vocals for Richard Clapton's album Glory Road which was produced by Jon Farriss.[10] INXS released Kick in October, which provided the band with worldwide popularity, it peaked at No. 1 in Australia,[9] No. 3 on the US Billboard 200,[19] No. 9 in UK,[20] and No. 15 in Austria.[21] It was an upbeat, confident album that yielded four Top 10 U.S. singles, \"New Sensation\", \"Never Tear Us Apart\", \"Devil Inside\" and No. 1 \"Need You Tonight\".[18] \"Need You Tonight\" peaked No. 2 on the UK charts,[20] No. 3 in Australia,[9] and No. 10 in France.[22] The song is not lyrically complex, it is Hutchence's performance where \"he sings in kittenish whisper, gently drawing back with the incredible lust of a tiger hunting in the night ... Hutchence knows the prey will eventually come to him\" that makes the song \"as sexy and funky as any white rock group has ever been\".[23] They toured heavily behind the album throughout 1987 and 1988. The video, directed by Lowenstein, for the 1987 INXS track \"Mediate\" (which played after the video for \"Need You Tonight\") replicated the format of Bob Dylan's video for \"Subterranean Homesick Blues\", even in its use of apparently deliberate errors. In September 1988 the band swept the MTV Video Music Awards with the video for \"Need You Tonight/Mediate\" winning in five categories.[24]", "Never Tear Us Apart. After his death in 1997, Michael Hutchence's coffin was carried out of St. Andrews Cathedral by the remaining members of INXS and younger brother Rhett as \"Never Tear Us Apart\" was played in the background.", "Michael Hutchence. Late in 1986, before commencing work on a new INXS album and while supposedly taking an eight-month break, their management decided to stage the Australian Made tour as a series of major outdoor concerts across the country. The roster featured INXS, Jimmy Barnes (Cold Chisel), Models, Divinyls, Mental as Anything, The Triffids and I'm Talking.[8] To promote the tour, Hutchence and Barnes shared vocals on: The Easybeats cover \"Good Times\" and \"Laying Down the Law\" which Barnes cowrote with Beers, Andrew Farriss, Jon Farriss, Hutchence and Pengilly.[16] \"Good Times\" was used as the theme for the concert series of 1986–1987.[8] It peaked at No. 2 on the Australian charts,[9] and months later was featured in the Joel Schumacher film The Lost Boys and its soundtrack,[17] allowing it to peak at No. 47 in the U.S. on 1 August 1987.[18] Divinyls' lead singer, Chrissie Amphlett enjoyed the tour and reconnected with Hutchence, \"[he] was a sweet man, who said in one interview that he wanted me to have his baby.\"[8]", "Michael Hutchence. Hutchence and INXS faced reduced commercial success with Full Moon, Dirty Hearts, especially in the U.S. The band took time off to rest and be with their families, while Hutchence remained in the public eye through his romances.[2][33] He commenced work on a self-titled solo album in the mid-1990s.[2] During this time, his relationship with Christensen ended when he renewed his friendship with UK television presenter Paula Yates.[34] He had met Yates in 1985, during an interview for her program, The Tube; her marriage with The Boomtown Rats' lead singer and Live Aid organiser, Geldof, was already in crisis. Yates interviewed Hutchence again in 1994 for her Big Breakfast show, and their affair was soon uncovered by the British press.[33] By that time, Geldof and Yates had three daughters, Fifi Trixibelle, Peaches Honeyblossom and Little Pixie and had married in 1986.[35] Media scrutiny was intense and Hutchence assaulted a photographer who had followed the couple. Yates' separation from Geldof in February 1995 sparked a public and at times bitter custody battle over their daughters. They divorced in May 1996.[36] On 22 July, Yates gave birth to Hutchence's only child, their daughter Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily Hutchence,[37] who Yates claimed was delivered in their bathroom. Like her half-sisters, she was christened with an unusual name. Pixie chose Heavenly, Hutchence picked Hiraani, and Yates provided Tiger Lily; she was called Tiger and Hutchence described her as \"just what we ordered\".", "Michael Hutchence. Welcome to Wherever You Are was released in August 1992 but INXS did not tour to support the album. It received good critical reviews and went to No. 1 in the UK[20] and in Sweden; No. 2 in Australia and Switzerland, and No. 3 in Norway;[28] but had less chart success in the U.S. peaking at No. 16.[19] Also in August 1992, Helena Christensen and Hutchence were walking after drinking heavily when he refused to move for a taxi.[29] The taxi driver then assaulted him, causing him to fall backwards and hit his head on the roadway. Hutchence suffered a fractured skull in the altercation.[30] Hutchence did not immediately seek medical assistance for the injury, instead waiting several days before seeing a doctor. As a result, Hutchence's fractured skull left him with an almost complete loss of the sense of smell and significant loss of taste.[31] This led to periods of depression and increased levels of aggression; he had not fully recovered after two weeks in a Copenhagen hospital. According to INXS bandmate Beers, Hutchence pulled a knife and threatened to kill him during the 1993 recording of Full Moon, Dirty Hearts on the isle of Capri. \"Over those six weeks, Michael threatened or physically confronted nearly every member of the band. Suicide blonde, right?\"[32]", "1980s in music. Australian rock band INXS achieved international success during the decade with a series of hit recordings, including the albums Listen Like Thieves (1985), Kick (1987), and the singles \"Original Sin\" (1984), \"Need You Tonight\" (1987), \"Devil Inside\" (1988) and \"New Sensation\" (1987).[61][62][63][64]", "Michael Hutchence. On 19 May, INXS won seven awards at the 1984 Countdown Music and Video Awards ceremony, including 'Best Songwriter' for Hutchence and Andrew, and 'Most Popular Male' for Hutchence.[2][11] They performed \"Burn for You\", dressed in Akubras (a brand of hats) and Drizabones (a brand of outdoor coats/oilskin jackets) followed by Hutchence and Morris singing \"Jackson\" to close.[11] INXS performed five songs for the July Oz for Africa concert, in conjunction with the Live Aid benefit organised by Irish musician, Bob Geldof.[12] Two of their songs, \"What You Need\" and \"Don't Change\", were also in the BBC broadcast and are contained on Live Aid's four DVD boxed set released in 2004.[13]", "Michael Hutchence. Hutchence, the Farriss brothers, Kerny, Sanders, Beers and Kennelly briefly performed as The Vegetables, singing \"We Are the Vegetables\".[8] Ten months later, they returned to Sydney, where they recorded a set of demos.[5] The Farriss Brothers regularly supported hard rockers Midnight Oil on the pub rock circuit, and were renamed as INXS in 1979.[8] Their first performance under the new name was on 1 September at the Oceanview Hotel in Toukley.[5] In May 1980, the group released their first single, \"Simple Simon\"/\"We Are the Vegetables\" which was followed by the debut album, INXS, in October.[2] Their first TopÂ 40 Australian hit on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart, \"Just Keep Walking\", was released in September.[9] During the 1980s, Hutchence resided at the apartment block at the end of Kirketon Road, Darlinghurst, Sydney.", "Michael Hutchence. In 1990, INXS released X, which spawned more international hits such as \"Suicide Blonde\" and \"Disappear\" (both Top 10 in the US).[18] \"Suicide Blonde\" peaked at No. 2 in Australia and No. 11 in the UK.[20] Hutchence and Kylie Minogue attended the premiere of her 1989 film, The Delinquents, which depicts her in a platinum blonde wig. Hutchence, with Andrew Farriss, wrote the song after Minogue used the phrase, suicide blonde, to describe her look during filming.[27] Hutchence won the 'Best International Artist' at the 1991 BRIT Awards with INXS winning the related group award.[2] Hutchence provided vocals for pub rockers Noiseworks' album, Love Versus Money (1991).[10]", "The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company. Michael Hutchence of INXS aged 37 was found dead at the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Double Bay, Sydney on 22 November 1997 in Room 524", "Michael Hutchence. On 20 August 2005, Melbourne's The Age reported on the disposition of Hutchence's estate and assets, estimated at between $10 to $20Â million but containing virtually nothing. The remainder of his estate had been sold off and swallowed in legal fees. Millions of dollars in property and other assets, including ongoing royalties from INXS, were held in 'The Vocals Trust', a complex arrangement of international companies and trusts, of which Hutchence was not a beneficiary. Gordon Fisher, who set up the arrangement, stated that Hutchence used this structure to keep his wealth from his \"thieving relatives\" and \"girlfriends\". Others linked with this scheme are Andrew Young, Tony Alford, Andrew Paul and Colin Diamond, some of whom have had their financial and personal credibility questioned.[51]", "The Orioles. Lead singer Albert “Diz” Russell died November 16, 2016 from congestive heart failure at the age of 83.[8]", "Michael Hutchence. In 1986, Hutchence acted as Sam the lead male role, in the Australian film Dogs in Space, directed by long-time INXS music video collaborator Richard Lowenstein. Sam's girlfriend, Anna, was portrayed by Saskia Post as a \"fragile peroxide blonde in op-shop clothes\".[14] Some events are based on Lowenstein's life when sharing a home in a Melbourne inner suburb with friend Sam Sejavka (Beargarden) when Sam was in the band The Ears,[15] in the late 1970s. Hutchence provided four songs on the film's soundtrack. A cover version of \"Rooms for the Memory\", a song by Whirlywirld (a post punk band that included Ollie Olsen),[2] was released as a solo single. It peaked at No.Â 11 in February 1987.[2][9] Back in 1979, both INXS and Whirlywirld had played at the Crystal Ballroom, in Fitzroy Street, St Kilda, which featured in the film.[14] According to music journalist and author, James Cockington, \"St Kilda was about drugs. Fitzroy Street was the smack capital of Melbourne, with heroin being openly traded on the footpath.\"[14]", "L.A. Guns. On 30 March 2014, Sleaze Roxx announced that original singer Michael Jagosz died, aged 48, on 9 March 2014.[88] In September 2014, the band revealed that Griffin had departed and Kweens had returned.[89]", "INXS: Never Tear Us Apart. Yates becomes pregnant and gives birth to their daughter Tiger Lily and they become a family. Murphy also resigns from INXS. The band and Hutchence get back together to make \"Elegantly Wasted\" and start touring again. After practice, in preparation for their 20th anniversary tour, Hutchence goes to his hotel room on November where he makes various calls, including checking up on the progress of a potential custody agreement between Bob and Paula, which would allow Paula to bring Tiger and her other daughters to Australia for Christmas. However Paula informs Michael that the custody hearing is being adjourned until 17 December and that consequently she would not be bringing their daughter (not wanting to separate Tiger from her sisters) out to Australia. Hutchence angrily phones Geldof, blaming him for the outcome of the hearing and ranting, \"She's not your wife anymore!\". He then falls into depression and calls Michele for help. The next day at practice, INXS turns on the TV only to see the news of Hutchence's suicide. Tim is especially devastated as he and Michael had an argument and never had the chance to make up. The movie ends with actual clips of the real INXS playing live.", "INXS: Never Tear Us Apart. Murphy advises them to write an album full of singles where he has Hutchence and Andrew writing the songs. They write the single Need You Tonight and they call the album Kick. Murphy sells the album without record label's consent. The album eventually becomes a hit. Hutchence breaks up with Minogue and begins dating supermodel Helena Christensen. While he and Christensen are out one night, he suffers a sucker punch to the face. He falls and hits his head making him lose his senses of smell and taste, as well as causing dark mood swings. Realising that they are not popular anymore, Murphy suggest that they either turn to Grunge music, but they say no. The band takes time off to spend time with their families, while Hutchence begins an affair with Paula Yates, who is married to Bob Geldof. The couple are followed around by the press so much that Hutchence punches a camera man. Paula and Bob go through a public and messy divorce, with Bob being awarded full custody of their three daughters.", "Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. Lead singer and trumpeter Mike Gibbons died on 2 April 2016.", "The Dells. Original Dells vocalist Johnny Funches died of pneumonia on January 23, 1998, at the age of 62.", "The Temptations. In late 2015 both Bruce Williamson and Joe Herndon announced their departures from the group.[61] Williamson's replacement, Larry Braggs, was lead singer of Tower of Power from 2000-13[62][63] Herndon's replacement on bass is Willie Green, who had previously toured with former Temptations Richard Street and Ali-Ollie Woodson.[64] Dennis Edwards died in a Chicago hospital on February 1, 2018, two days before his 75th birthday. He had been battling with meningitis before his death", "INXS: Never Tear Us Apart. INXS: Never Tear Us Apart is a two-part Australian miniseries about the rock band INXS and was originally telecast on 9 February 2014, and concluded on 16 February 2014, produced by Shine Australia and airing on the Seven Network.[1][2]", "Small Faces. Jimmy McCulloch's stint with Small Faces only lasted for a few months in late 1977.[53] Shortly after leaving, he started a band called Wild Horses with Brian Robertson, Jimmy Bain and Kenney Jones.[72] He and Jones both left the band before they issued any recordings.[72] McCulloch then became a member of The Dukes, who issued one album in 1979.[53] That same year, McCulloch died at the age of twenty-six from a heroin overdose in his flat in Maida Vale.[53]", "Ian Curtis. Curtis, who suffered from epilepsy and depression, took his own life on 18 May 1980, on the eve of Joy Division's first North American tour and shortly before the release of their second album. His suicide resulted in the band's dissolution and the subsequent formation of New Order. Curtis was known for his bass-baritone voice, dance style, and songwriting typically filled with imagery of desolation, emptiness, and alienation." ]	[ 4.87890625, 7.1171875, 0.6181640625, 3.845703125, 0.0538330078125, -1.3203125, -3.357421875, -5.91015625, 1.7431640625, 0.6806640625, -1.4130859375, 1.931640625, -0.79638671875, -1.0087890625, 0.8359375, -4.203125, -1.33984375, -0.86181640625, -1.49609375, 3.50390625, -2.978515625, -0.861328125, -2.57421875, -5.34375, -0.96533203125, -2.15625, -3.162109375, -5.29296875, -4.75, -4.28125, -5.625, -4.015625 ]
problem of water pollution with arsenic is maximum in which state of india	[ "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. In West Bengal, India, water is mostly supplied from rivers. Groundwater comes from deep tubewells, which are few in number. Because of the low quantity of deep tubewells, the risk of arsenic poisoning in West Bengal is comparatively less.[16] According to the World Health Organisation, \"In Bangladesh, West Bengal (India), and some other areas most drinking-water used to be collected from open dug wells and ponds with little or no arsenic, but with contaminated water transmitting diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, cholera, and hepatitis. Programmes to provide 'safe' drinking-water over the past 30 years have helped to control these diseases, but in some areas they have had the unexpected side-effect of exposing the population to another health problem—arsenic.\"[17] The acceptable level as defined by WHO for maximum concentrations of arsenic in safe drinking water is 0.01 mg/L. The Bangladesh government's standard is a fivefold greater rate, with 0.05 mg/L being considered safe. WHO has defined the areas under threat: Seven of the twenty districts of West Bengal have been reported to have ground water arsenic concentrations above 0.05 mg/L. The total population in these seven districts is over 34 million while the number using arsenic-rich water is more than 1 million (above 0.05 mg/L). That number increases to 1.3 million when the concentration is above 0.01 mg/L. According to a British Geological Survey study in 1998 on shallow tube-wells in 61 of the 64 districts in Bangladesh, 46 percent of the samples were above 0.01 mg/L and 27 percent were above 0.050 mg/L. When combined with the estimated 1999 population, it was estimated that the number of people exposed to arsenic concentrations above 0.05 mg/L is 28-35 million and the number of those exposed to more than 0.01 mg/L is 46-57 million (BGS, 2000).[17]", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. In Bihar, Groundwater in 13 districts have been found to be contaminated with Arsenic with quantities exceeding 0.05Â mg/L. All these districts are situated close to large rivers like Ganga and Gandak.[19]", "Groundwater pollution. The metalloid arsenic can occur naturally in groundwater, as seen most frequently in Asia, including in China, India and Bangladesh.[2] In the Ganges Plain of northern India and Bangladesh severe contamination of groundwater by naturally occurring arsenic affects 25% of water wells in the shallower of two regional aquifers.", "North 24 Parganas district. North 24 Parganas is one of the nine severely Arsenic affected district in West Bengal. On the basis of updated survey conducted by School of Environmental Studies (SOES), Jadavpur University, out of total 22 administrative blocks in 22, 21 and 16 blocks arsenic above the 10 μg/L (WHO Recommended value of arsenic in drinking water), 50 μg/L (Indian standard value of arsenic in drinking water) and 300 μg/L (the concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions) was noted respectively.", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a form of groundwater pollution which is often due to naturally occurring high concentrations of arsenic in deeper levels of groundwater. It is a high-profile problem due to the use of deep tubewells for water supply in the Ganges Delta, causing serious arsenic poisoning to large numbers of people. A 2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than 70 countries are probably affected by arsenic poisoning of drinking water. The problem became serious health concern after mass poisoning of water in Bangladesh.[1] Arsenic contamination of ground water is found in many countries throughout the world, including the US.[2]", "Water pollution in India. Water pollution is a major environmental issue in India. The largest source of water pollution in India is untreated\nsewage.[1] Other sources of pollution include agricultural runoff and unregulated small scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water in India are polluted.[2][3]", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. The issue came to international attention in 1995.[12][13][14] The study conducted in Bangladesh involved the analysis of thousands of water samples as well as hair, nail, and urine samples. They found 900 villages with arsenic above the government limit.", "Groundwater pollution. The natural arsenic pollution occurs because aquifer sediments contain organic matter that generates anaerobic conditions in the aquifer. These conditions result in the microbial dissolution of iron oxides in the sediment and, thus, the release of the arsenic, normally strongly bound to iron oxides, into the water. As a consequence, arsenic-rich groundwater is often iron-rich, although secondary processes often obscure the association of dissolved arsenic and dissolved iron.[citation needed]. Arsenic is found in groundwater most commonly as the reduced species arsenite and the oxidized species arsenate, being the acute toxicity of arsenite somewhat greater than that of arsenate.[16] Investigations by WHO indicated that 20% of 25,000 boreholes tested in Bangladesh had arsenic concentrations exceeding 50 Î¼g/l.[1]", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. One solution is \"By using surface water and instituting effective withdrawal regulation. West Bengal and Bangladesh are flooded with surface water. We should first regulate proper watershed management. Treat and use available surface water, rain-water, and others. The way we're doing [it] at present is not advisable.\"[16] Another avenue would be looking at the nutrition content which is also seen to be responsible for mitigating the effects of Arsenic. Malnutrition is seen to increase the adverse effects of arsenic.[18]", "Water pollution in India. A joint study by PGIMER and Punjab Pollution Control Board in 2008, revealed that in villages along the Nullah, fluoride, mercury, beta-endosulphan and heptachlor pesticide were more than permissible limit (MPL) in ground and tap water. Plus the water had high concentration of COD and BOD (chemical and biochemical oxygen demand), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic and chlorpyrifos pesticide. The ground water also contains nickel and selenium, while the tap water has high concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium.[12]", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. Bangladesh is the most affected country by arsenic poisoning through drinking water. Govt. and other agencies like UNICEF installed wells to provide fresh water in underdeveloped areas of Bangladesh, but later on they found disease related to consumption of this water. About 7-11 million wells or hand pumped wells are providing arsenic polluted water to local people. 20% of the total deaths are related to arsenic related cancer here.[7][8][9]", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. Arsenic contamination of the groundwater in Bangladesh is a serious problem. Prior to the 1970s, Bangladesh had one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world. Ineffective water purification and sewage systems as well as periodic monsoons and flooding exacerbated these problems. As a solution, UNICEF and the World Bank advocated the use of wells to tap into deeper groundwater. Millions of wells were constructed as a result. Because of this action, infant mortality and diarrheal illness were reduced by fifty percent. However, with over 8 million wells constructed, approximately one in five of these wells is now contaminated with arsenic above the government's drinking water standard.", "Arsenic. Extensive arsenic contamination of groundwater has led to widespread arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh[98] and neighboring countries. It is estimated that approximately 57 million people in the Bengal basin are drinking groundwater with arsenic concentrations elevated above the World Health Organization's standard of 10 parts per billion (ppb).[99] However, a study of cancer rates in Taiwan[100] suggested that significant increases in cancer mortality appear only at levels above 150 ppb. The arsenic in the groundwater is of natural origin, and is released from the sediment into the groundwater, caused by the anoxic conditions of the subsurface. This groundwater was used after local and western NGOs and the Bangladeshi government undertook a massive shallow tube well drinking-water program in the late twentieth century. This program was designed to prevent drinking of bacteria-contaminated surface waters, but failed to test for arsenic in the groundwater. Many other countries and districts in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam and Cambodia, have geological environments that produce groundwater with a high arsenic content. Arsenicosis was reported in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand in 1987, and the Chao Phraya River probably contains high levels of naturally occurring dissolved arsenic without being a public health problem because much of the public uses bottled water.[101] In Pakistan, more than 60 million people are exposed to arsenic polluted drinking water indicated by a recent report of Science (journal). Podgorski’s team investigated more than 1200 samples and more than 66% samples exceeded the WHO minimum contamination level.[102]", "Environmental issues in India. India has major water pollution issues. Discharge of untreated sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained.[18] The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.[18]", "Water pollution in India. A 2007 study found that discharge of \nuntreated sewage is the single most important source of pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained.[citation needed]", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. Nepal is subject to a serious problem with arsenic contamination. The problem is most severe in the Terai region, the worst being near Nawalparasi District, where 26 percent of shallow wells failed to meet WHO standard of 10 ppb. A study by Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Environment in the Kathmandu Valley showed that 72% of deep wells failed to meet the WHO standard, and 12% failed to meet the Nepali standard of 50 ppb.[32]", "Water pollution in India. Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves solid waste and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands. The annual average precipitation in India is about 4000 billion cubic metres.[6] From this, with the state of Indian infrastructure in 2005, the available water resource through the rivers is about 1869 billion cubic meters. Accounting to uneven distribution of rain over the country each year, water resources available for utilization, including ground water, is claimed to be about 1122 billion cubic meters. Much of this water is unsafe, because pollution degrades water quality. Water pollution severely limits the amount of water available to Indian consumers, its industry and its agriculture.", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. Six such SAR plants, funded by the World Bank and constructed by Ramakrishna Vivekananda Mission, Barrackpore & Queen's University Belfast, UK are operating in West Bengal. Each plant has been delivering more than 3,000 litres of arsenic and iron-free water daily to the rural community. The first community water treatment plant based on SAR technology was set up at Kashimpore near Kolkata in 2004 by a team of European and Indian engineers led by Bhaskar Sen Gupta of Queen's University Belfast for TiPOT.[38][39][40][41]", "Groundwater pollution. Arsenic and fluoride have been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the most serious inorganic contaminants in drinking-water on a worldwide basis.[1]", "North 24 Parganas district. The maximum arsenic contamination level found in this district is 2830Î¼g/L in the Baduria block.[citation needed]", "List of pollution-related diseases. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element and can be found in food, water, or air. There are also industrial sources of arsenic, including mining and smelting.[6] \"People are exposed to elevated levels of inorganic arsenic through drinking contaminated water, using contaminated water in food preparation and irrigation of food crops, industrial processes, eating contaminated food and smoking tobacco. Long-term exposure to inorganic arsenic... can lead to chronic arsenic poisoning. Skin lesions and skin cancer are the most characteristic effects.\" [7]", "Bangladesh. Bangladeshi water is frequently contaminated with arsenic because of the high arsenic content of the soilâ€”up to 77 million people are exposed to toxic arsenic from drinking water.[111][112]", "Water pollution in India. Sewage discharged from cities,towns and some villages is the predominant cause of water pollution in India.[1] Investment is needed to bridge the gap between sewage India generates and its treatment capacity of sewage per day.[6] Major cities of India produce 38,354 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage, but the urban sewage treatment capacity is only 11,786 MLD.[7] A large number of Indian rivers are severely polluted as a result of discharge of domestic sewage.", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. In the Ganges Delta, the affected wells are typically more than 20 meters and less than 100 meters deep.[citation needed] Groundwater closer to the surface typically has spent a shorter time in the ground, therefore likely absorbing a lower concentration of arsenic; water deeper than 100 m is exposed to much older sediments which have already been depleted of arsenic.[11]", "Environmental issues in India. Other sources of water pollution include agriculture run off and small scale factories along the rivers and lakes of India. Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture in northwest have been found in rivers, lakes and ground water.[22] Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves all sorts of solid garbage and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands.", "Water pollution in India. In 2010 the water quality monitoring found almost all rivers with high levels of BOD (a measure of pollution with organic matter). The worst pollution, in decreasing order, were found in river Markanda (490 mg/l BOD), followed by river Kali (364), river Amlakhadi (353), Yamuna canal (247), river Yamuna at Delhi (70) and river Betwa (58). For context, a water sample with a 5-day BOD between 1 and 2 mg O/L indicates a very clean water, 3 to 8 mg O/L indicates a moderately clean water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater than 20 mg O/L indicates ecologically-unsafe, polluted water.", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. Contaminated Water Could Poison 60 Million in Pakistan in 2017 With 'Alarmingly High' Arsenic Levels. 50-60 million people are consuming highly contaminated water which is above 50 ppb (WHO recommended is 10 ppb). A recent report (Science, 2017) Shows more the investigation of 1200 samples was carried out and approximately more than 66% samples contained arsenic above WHO recommended limit.[6]", "Arsenic contamination of groundwater. Fallon, Nevada has long been known to have groundwater with relatively high arsenic concentrations (in excess of 0.08 mg/L).[29] Even some surface waters, such as the Verde River in Arizona, sometimes exceed 0.01 mg/L arsenic, especially during low-flow periods when the river flow is dominated by groundwater discharge.[30]", "Water pollution in India. Even though India revised its National Water Policy in 2002 to encourage community participation and decentralize water management, the country's complex bureaucracy ensures that it remains a \"mere statement of intent.\" Responsibility for managing water issues is fragmented among a dozen different ministries and departments without any coordination. The government bureaucracy and state-run project department has failed to solve the problem, despite having spent many years and $140 million on this project.[19]", "Groundwater pollution. Arsenic in groundwater can also be present where there are mining operations or mine waste dumps that will leach arsenic.", "Arsenic. In the United States, arsenic is most commonly found in the ground waters of the southwest.[103] Parts of New England, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and the Dakotas are also known to have significant concentrations of arsenic in ground water.[104] Increased levels of skin cancer have been associated with arsenic exposure in Wisconsin, even at levels below the 10 part per billion drinking water standard.[105] According to a recent film funded by the US Superfund, millions of private wells have unknown arsenic levels, and in some areas of the US, more than 20% of the wells may contain levels that exceed established limits.[106]", "Electricity sector in India. In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.[54][55] Almost all rivers, lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Water pollution also adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and supply of electricity is essential for addressing India's water pollution and associated environmental issues." ]	[ 3.142578125, 1.3203125, -0.849609375, -0.4716796875, -2.033203125, -3.490234375, -2.56640625, -3.22265625, -1.0556640625, 1.150390625, -0.962890625, -3.017578125, -1.685546875, -3.509765625, -3.30859375, 0.5478515625, -3.58203125, -0.11761474609375, -4.1328125, -0.438232421875, -6.484375, -2.62109375, -4.04296875, -2.625, -3.94921875, -2.642578125, -2.03125, -2.97265625, -4.75, -3.421875, -3.431640625, -4.25 ]
how much energy from the sun reaches earth	[ "Solar energy. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year.[10] In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year.[11][12] Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass.[13] The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,[14]", "Sunlight. The total amount of energy received at ground level from the Sun at the zenith depends on the distance to the Sun and thus on the time of year. It is about 3.3% higher than average in January and 3.3% lower in July (see below). If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth–Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1050 W/m2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1120 W/m2.[5] In terms of energy, sunlight at Earth's surface is around 52 to 55 percent infrared (above 700 nm), 42 to 43 percent visible (400 to 700 nm), and 3 to 5 percent ultraviolet (below 400 nm).[6] At the top of the atmosphere, sunlight is about 30% more intense, having about 8% ultraviolet (UV),[7] with most of the extra UV consisting of biologically damaging short-wave ultraviolet.[8]", "Solar constant. At most about 75% of the solar energy actually reaches the earth's surface,[16] as even with a cloudless sky it is partially reflected and absorbed by the atmosphere. Even light cirrus clouds reduce this to 50%, stronger cirrus clouds to 40%. Thus the solar energy arriving at the surface can vary from 550 W/m² with cirrus clouds to 1025 W/m² with a clear sky.", "Ray Kurzweil. In 2008, Kurzweil said in an expert panel in the National Academy of Engineering that solar power will scale up to produce all the energy needs of Earth's people in 20 years. According to Kurzweil, we only need to capture 1 part in 10,000 of the energy from the Sun that hits Earth's surface to meet all of humanity's energy needs.[69]", "Solar energy. The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere.[5] Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.[6] Most of the world's population live in areas with insolation levels of 150–300 watts/m², or 3.5–7.0 kWh/m² per day.[citation needed]", "Sunlight. Sunlight takes about 8.3Â minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun. A photon starting at the center of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle would take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to get to the surface.[3]", "Watt. Based on the average total solar irradiance[25] of 1.366 kW/m2, the total power of sunlight striking Earth's atmosphere is estimated at 174 PW (see: solar constant).", "Earth's energy budget. The total amount of energy received per second at the top of Earth's atmosphere (TOA) is measured in watts and is given by the solar constant times the cross-sectional area of the Earth. Because the surface area of a sphere is four times the cross-sectional surface area of a sphere (i.e. the area of a circle), the average TOA flux is one quarter of the solar constant and so is approximately 340 W/m².[1][9] Since the absorption varies with location as well as with diurnal, seasonal and annual variations, the numbers quoted are long-term averages, typically averaged from multiple satellite measurements.[1]", "Earth's energy budget. Of the ~340 W/m² of solar radiation received by the Earth, an average of ~77 W/m² is reflected back to space by clouds and the atmosphere and ~23 W/m² is reflected by the surface albedo, leaving ~240 W/m² of solar energy input to the Earth's energy budget. This gives the earth a mean net albedo of 0.29.[1]", "World energy consumption. Most of the world's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via solar PV/thermal, wind, hydro- or wave power. The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter (see solar constant), though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun. This value, after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth, is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89,000Â TW, reaches the Earth's surface.[23]", "Solar constant. The angular diameter of the Earth as seen from the Sun is approximately 1/11,700 radians (about 18 arc-seconds), meaning the solid angle of the Earth as seen from the Sun is approximately 1/175,000,000 of a steradian. Thus the Sun emits about 2.2 billion times the amount of radiation that is caught by Earth, in other words about 3.86Ã—1026 watts.[10]", "Sun. The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. The solar constant is equal to approximately 7003136800000000000♠1,368 W/m2 (watts per square meter) at a distance of one astronomical unit (AU) from the Sun (that is, on or near Earth).[55] Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 7003100000000000000♠1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.[56] Sunlight at the top of Earth's atmosphere is composed (by total energy) of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light.[57] The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70% of solar ultraviolet, especially at the shorter wavelengths.[58] Solar ultraviolet radiation ionizes Earth's dayside upper atmosphere, creating the electrically conducting ionosphere.[59]", "Solar constant. The Earth receives a total amount of radiation determined by its cross section (π·RE²), but as it rotates this energy is distributed across the entire surface area (4·π·RE²). Hence the average incoming solar radiation, taking into account the angle at which the rays strike and that at any one moment half the planet does not receive any solar radiation, is one-fourth the solar constant (approximately 340 W/m²). The amount reaching the Earth's surface (as insolation) is further reduced by atmospheric attenutation, which varies. At any given moment, the amount of solar radiation received at a location on the Earth's surface depends on the state of the atmosphere, the location's latitude, and the time of day.", "Earth's orbit. In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around January 3, and the aphelion around July 4 (for other eras, see precession and Milankovitch cycles). The changing Earthâ€“Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9%[8] in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. However, this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere.[9]", "Earth's energy budget. Photosynthesis has a larger effect: photosynthetic efficiency turns up to 2% of incoming sunlight into biomass, for a total photosynthetic productivity of earth between ~1500â€“2250 TW (~1%+/-0.26% solar energy hitting the Earth's surface)[12].", "Gravitational wave. In theory, the loss of energy through gravitational radiation could eventually drop the Earth into the Sun. However, the total energy of the Earth orbiting the Sun (kinetic energy + gravitational potential energy) is about 1.14×1036 joules of which only 200 watts (joules per second) is lost through gravitational radiation, leading to a decay in the orbit by about 1×10−15 meters per day or roughly the diameter of a proton. At this rate, it would take the Earth approximately 1×1013 times more than the current age of the Universe to spiral onto the Sun. This estimate overlooks the decrease in r over time, but the majority of the time the bodies are far apart and only radiating slowly, so the difference is unimportant in this example.[citation needed]", "Photovoltaics. The 122 PW of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is plentiful—almost 10,000 times more than the 13 TW equivalent of average power consumed in 2005 by humans.[132] This abundance leads to the suggestion that it will not be long before solar energy will become the world's primary energy source.[133] Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m2) among renewable energies.[132]", "Solar energy. In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575–49,837 EJ per year (see table below).[4]", "Solar irradiance. Average annual solar radiation arriving at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is roughly 1361 W/m2.[24] The Sun's rays are attenuated as they pass through the atmosphere, leaving maximum normal surface irradiance at approximately 1000 W /m2 at sea level on a clear day. When 1361 W/m2 is arriving above the atmosphere (when the sun is at the zenith in a cloudless sky), direct sun is about 1050 W/m2, and global radiation on a horizontal surface at ground level is about 1120 W/m2.[25] The latter figure includes radiation scattered or reemitted by atmosphere and surroundings. The actual figure varies with the Sun's angle and atmospheric circumstances. Ignoring clouds, the daily average insolation for the Earth is approximately 6 kWh/m2 = 21.6 MJ/m2.", "Greenhouse effect. Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation. Of the total amount of solar energy available at the top of the atmosphere, about 26% is reflected to space by the atmosphere and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds. Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the surface of Earth. Because the Earth's surface is colder than the photosphere of the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed. Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby warming it. In addition to the absorption of solar and thermal radiation, the atmosphere gains heat by sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface. The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the part radiated downwards is absorbed by the surface of Earth. This leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere were absent.", "Earth's energy budget. To quantify Earth's heat budget or heat balance, let the insolation received at the top of the atmosphere be 100 units (100 units=about 1,360 watts per square meter facing the sun), as shown in the accompanying illustration. Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere. The 65 remaining units are absorbed: 14 within the atmosphere and 51 by the Earthâ€™s surface. These 51 units are radiated to space in the form of terrestrial radiation: 17 directly radiated to space and 34 absorbed by the atmosphere (19 through latent heat of condensation, 9 via convection and turbulence, and 6 directly absorbed). The 48 units absorbed by the atmosphere (34 units from terrestrial radiation and 14 from insolation) are finally radiated back to space. These 65 units (17 from the ground and 48 from the atmosphere) balance the 65 units absorbed from the sun in order to maintain zero net gain of energy by the Earth.[8]", "Earth. In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around 3 January, and its aphelion around 4 July. These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. The changing Earthâ€“Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.9%[n 20] in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.[191]", "Solar energy. Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones.[7] Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C.[8] By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.[9]", "Earth's energy budget. The geothermal heat flux from the Earth's interior is estimated to be 47 terawatts.[10] This comes to 0.087Â watt/square metre, which represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 terawatts of incoming solar radiation.[11]", "Sunlight. Researchers can measure the intensity of sunlight using a sunshine recorder, pyranometer, or pyrheliometer. To calculate the amount of sunlight reaching the ground, both the eccentricity of Earth's elliptic orbit and the attenuation by Earth's atmosphere have to be taken into account. The extraterrestrial solar illuminance (Eext), corrected for the elliptic orbit by using the day number of the year (dn), is given to a good approximation by[4]", "Earth's energy budget. Earth's energy budget accounts for the balance between energy Earth receives from the Sun,[2] and energy Earth radiates back into outer space after having been distributed throughout the five components of Earth's climate system and having thus powered the so-called \"Earthâ€™s heat engine\".[3] This system is made up of earth's water, ice, atmosphere, rocky crust, and all living things.[4]", "Earth's orbit. Earth's orbit is the trajectory along which Earth travels around the Sun. The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million km (92.96 million mi),[1] and one complete orbit takes 365.256 days (1 sidereal year), during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km (584 million mi).[2] Earth's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167.", "Sun. The Sun is by far the brightest object in the Earth's sky, with an apparent magnitude of −26.74.[45][46] This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star, Sirius, which has an apparent magnitude of −1.46. The mean distance of the Sun's center to Earth's center is approximately 1 astronomical unit (about 150,000,000 km; 93,000,000 mi), though the distance varies as Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in July.[47] At this average distance, light travels from the Sun's horizon to Earth's horizon in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds, while light from the closest points of the Sun and Earth takes about two seconds less. The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life[c] on Earth by photosynthesis,[48] and drives Earth's climate and weather.", "Earth's energy budget. Received radiation is unevenly distributed over the planet, because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions. The atmosphere and ocean work non-stop to even out solar heating imbalances through evaporation of surface water, convection, rainfall, winds, and ocean circulation. Earth is very close to be (but not perfectly) in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable. Globally, over the course of the year, the Earth system —land surfaces, oceans, and atmosphere— absorbs and then radiates back to space an average of about 240 watts of solar power per square meter. Anything that increases or decreases the amount of incoming or outgoing energy will change global temperatures in response.[6]", "Solar constant. The actual direct solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere fluctuates by about 6.9% during a year (from 1.412 kW/m² in early January to 1.321 kW/m² in early July) due to the Earth's varying distance from the Sun, and typically by much less than 0.1% from day to day. Thus, for the whole Earth (which has a cross section of 127,400,000 km²), the power is 1.730×1017 W (or 173,000 terawatts),[9] plus or minus 3.5% (half the approximately 6.9% annual range). The solar constant does not remain constant over long periods of time (see Solar variation), but over a year the solar constant varies much less than the solar irradiance measured at the top of the atmosphere. This is because the solar constant is evaluated at a fixed distance of 1 Astronomical Unit (AU) while the solar irradiance will be affected by the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. Its distance to the Sun varies annually between 147.1·106 km at aphelion and 152.1·106 km at perihelion.", "Earth. Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year. This gives an apparent movement of the Sun eastward with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1°/day, which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the meridian. The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km/s (107,200 km/h; 66,600 mph), which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about 12,742 km (7,918 mi), in seven minutes, and the distance to the Moon, 384,000 km (239,000 mi), in about 3.5 hours.[3]", "Earth. The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about 7000500000000000000♠5 Bys. Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 AU (150 million km; 93 million mi), which is about 250 times its present radius.[82][88] Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius. Most, if not all, remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun's increased luminosity (peaking at about 5,000 times its present level).[82] A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth's orbit will eventually decay due to tidal effects and drag, causing it to enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized.[88]" ]	[ 3.2421875, 3.40625, 3.6875, 2.20703125, 2.31640625, 2.541015625, 2.0546875, 0.408935546875, 2.1015625, 2.15234375, 2.099609375, 1.0546875, 1.12109375, 2.75, 0.85595703125, -1.095703125, 3.400390625, -1.26953125, 1.2890625, -1.0986328125, 1.4755859375, 1.8720703125, 0.32373046875, 0.6689453125, -2.416015625, -2.375, -2.16015625, 1.8544921875, 1.15234375, -0.72705078125, -1.5546875, -0.4365234375 ]
who is the owner of tom and jerry	[ "Tom and Jerry. In 1986, MGM was purchased by WTBS founder Ted Turner. Turner sold the company a short while later, but retained MGM's pre-1986 film library, thus Tom and Jerry became the property of Turner Entertainment Co. (where the rights stand today via Warner Bros.), and have in subsequent years appeared on Turner-run stations, such as TBS, TNT, Cartoon Network, The WB, Boomerang, and Turner Classic Movies.", "Tom and Jerry. In 2001, a new television special titled Tom and Jerry: The Mansion Cat premiered on Boomerang. It featured Joe Barbera (who was also a creative consultant) as the voice of Tom's owner, whose face is never seen. In this cartoon, Jerry, housed in a habitrail, is as much of a house pet as Tom is, and their owner has to remind Tom to not \"blame everything on the mouse\".", "List of Tom and Jerry characters. Tom's new owners are Rick and Ginger, a middle-class couple similar to George and Joan. Much like the original couple, the husband is more sympathetic towards Spike while the wife favors Tom. Rick is stouter in appearance when compared to George. Unlike Joan and George, their faces are never seen.", "List of Tom and Jerry characters. An overweight, average height, middle-aged, bald white man became Tom's owner in three of the thirteen cartoons in Down and Outing, High Steaks and Sorry Safari. He has very severe anger issues and is repeatedly violent towards Tom for his actions.", "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1961, MGM resumed the release of new Tom and Jerry shorts, and production moved to Rembrandt Films in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic) under the supervision of Gene Deitch. Deitch's Tom and Jerry cartoons are vastly inferior to the original Hanna and Barbera style of animation.[original research?] In 1963, the production of Tom and Jerry returned to Hollywood under Chuck Jones and his Sib Tower 12 Productions studio (later absorbed by MGM and renamed MGM Animation/Visual Arts). Jones' group also produced its own works, winning an Oscar for The Dot and the Line, as well as producing the classic television version of Dr. Seuss's How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (with the voice of Boris Karloff) in 1966. Tom and Jerry folded in 1967, and the animation department continued with television specials and one feature film, The Phantom Tollbooth.", "Tom and Jerry. Producer Fred Quimby, who ran the MGM animation studio, quickly pulled Hanna and Barbera off the other one-shot cartoons they were working on, and commissioned a series featuring the cat and mouse. Hanna and Barbera held an intra-studio contest to give the pair a new name by drawing suggested names out of a hat; animator John Carr won $50 with his suggestion of Tom and Jerry, at the time best known as the name of a Christmastime mixed drink.[10] The Tom and Jerry series went into production with The Midnight Snack in 1941, and Hanna and Barbera rarely directed anything but the cat-and-mouse cartoons for the rest of their tenure at MGM. Barbera would create the story for each short while Hanna would supervise production.", "Tom (Tom and Jerry). Thomas \"Tom\" Cat is a fictional character and one of the title characters (the other being Jerry Mouse) in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's series of Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoon short films. Created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, Tom is a blue/grey anthropomorphic domestic short-haired cat who first appeared in the 1940 MGM animated short Puss Gets the Boot.[1] Tom was originally known as \"Jasper\" during his debut in that short;[2] however, beginning with his next appearance in The Midnight Snack he is known as \"Tom\" or \"Thomas\".[3]", "Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry. Although they both win because of the tie, J.W. says according to the contract, since they tied, they have to do the race all over again. Tom and Jerry proceed to attack J.W. in retaliation, then seize the key to the mansion from him. J.W., angry and disoriented, decides that Hollywood stands for family entertainment, whereupon the pharaoh-like President of Hollywood appears to incinerate J.W. for his inappropriate change of heart, and makes Irving the new producer and head of Globwobbler Studios. Meanwhile, Tom and Jerry share their new mansion peacefully, until Tom's previous owner shows up and pretends like she owns the house, demanding Tom dispose of Jerry.", "Tom and Jerry. Whereas Hanna-Barbera's shorts generally took place in and outside of a house, Deitch's shorts opted for more exotic locations, such as a 19th-century whaling ship, the jungles of Nairobi, an Ancient Greek acropolis, or the Wild West. In addition, Mammy Two-Shoes was replaced as Tom's owner by Clint Clobber, a bald, overweight, short-tempered, middle-aged white man who was also much more brutal and violent in punishing Tom's actions as compared to previous owners, by beating and thrashing Tom repeatedly, stomping on his hand, searing his head with a grill, forcing him to drink an entire carbonated beverage, slamming his fingers with a lunchbox lid and even wrapping a shotgun over his head and firing it.", "Tom and Jerry Tales. Tom and Jerry co-creator Joseph Barbera served as an executive producer before his death, and received story credit on some short cartoons, of the show's first season, produced by Warner Bros. Animation in 2005. Each episode consists of three short cartoons with approximately the same runtime as the original theatrical shorts. Also, each of the three shows that air in a 30-minute episode have some type of theme.", "List of Tom and Jerry characters. An unnamed thin white lady became Tom's owner in Buddies Thicker Than Water. Gene Deitch opted not to use Mammy's character in his shorts, as he felt a \"stereotypical black housekeep\" character \"didn't work in a modern context.\"[1] Chuck Jones would also use her in The Unshrinkable Jerry Mouse and in the re-animated version of Saturday Evening Puss. She also appeared in the movie Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry. Like many other early human characters, her face was never shown.", "List of Tom and Jerry characters. The detective is a detective who is the owner of Tom (and presumably Jerry too). In his absence, Tom and Jerry work as sleuths themselves, in the process using his name and fame. He appeared in \"Feline Fatale\", \"One of a Kind\", \"Haunted Mouse\", \"Sleuth or Consequences\", \"Poof!\", \"Bone Dry\", \"Cat Napped\", and \"Curse Case Scenario\".", "Jerry Mouse. Hanna and Barbera served as writer/directors of the Tom and Jerry cartoons until 1956, when they also became the producers.[6] Fourteen Tom and Jerry cartoons between 1940 and 1954 were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons, with seven of the shorts winning that award.[7]:32 MGM shut down its animation department in 1957, but new Tom and Jerry cartoons were produced by Gene Deitch and later Chuck Jones during the 1960s. Jerry would also appear in later Tom and Jerry productions made for television, a series of direct-to-video features, and Tom and Jerry: The Movie, a 1992 theatrical film.[8] Later productions eschewed much of the violence the 1940s and 1950s shorts were known for, and in several of the television shows Jerry was given a red bow tie and a kinder disposition.[9]", "Jerry Mouse. The name \"Jerry\" was chosen by MGM animator John Carr, who submitted \"Tom and Jerry\" as potential names for the duo after an important Loews Inc. distributor in Texas asked for follow-ups to Puss Gets the Boot.[1] While the idea of a cat-and-mouse duo was considered shopworn by the 1940s,[1] Hanna and Barbera decided to expand upon the standard expected hunter/prey relationship. Their Jerry Mouse, an \"incurable scene stealer\",[3] served more or less as the protagonist of most of the films; instead of being a \"cowering victim\" of his pursuer, Tom, he took delight in besting, and often torturing, his antagonist (though sometimes, Tom is just following orders or is even just minding his own business and is antagonized by Jerry).[1] Hanna and Barbera considered Tom and Jerry \"the best of enemies\", whose rivalry hid an unspoken amount of mutual respect.[3]", "Tom and Jerry. Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short films created in 1940, by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. It centers on a rivalry between its two title characters, Tom and Jerry, and many recurring characters, based around slapstick comedy.", "Nibbles (Tom and Jerry). Tom and Jerry comic books have been out of print in the United States since 1991. Not surprisingly, as time passes, fewer English-speaking staffers working on modern Tom and Jerry products remember the comics and the continuity they introduced. For this reason, the character's name has sometimes changed back to Nibbles in new product, notably the Tom and Jerry movies, Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring, and the new TV series, Tom and Jerry Tales. The reference books Hanna-Barbera Cartoons by Michael Mallory and The Hanna-Barbera Treasury by Jerry Beck refer to the character only as Nibbles, without mentioning his alternate name at all.", "Tom and Jerry. One of the biggest trends for Saturday morning television in the 1980s and 1990s was the \"babyfication\" of older, classic cartoon stars, and on March 2, 1990, Tom and Jerry Kids, co-produced by Turner Entertainment Co. and Hanna-Barbera Productions (which would be sold to Turner in 1991) debuted on Fox Kids and for a few years, aired on British children's block, CBBC. It featured a youthful version of the famous cat-and-mouse duo chasing each other. As with the 1975 H-B series, Jerry wears his red bowtie, while Tom now wears a red cap. Spike and his son Tyke (who now had talking dialogue) and Droopy and his son Dripple, appeared in back-up segments for the show, which ran until November 18, 1994. Tom and Jerry Kids was the last Tom and Jerry cartoon series produced in 4:3 (full screen) aspect ratio.", "Tom and Jerry. In 1961, MGM revived the Tom and Jerry franchise, and contracted European animation studio Rembrandt Films to produce thirteen Tom and Jerry shorts in Prague, Czechoslovakia.[11][12][13][14] All thirteen shorts were directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder.[11][14] Deitch himself wrote most of the cartoons, with occasional assistance from Larz Bourne and Eli Bauer. Stěpan Koniček provided the musical score for the Deitch shorts. Sound effects were produced by Tod Dockstader. The majority of vocal effects and voices in Deitch's films were provided by Allen Swift.[15]", "Tom and Jerry. On October 1, 1992, the first international release of Tom and Jerry: The Movie arrived when the film was released overseas to theatres in Europe[31] and then domestically by Miramax Films on July 30, 1993,[32] with future video and DVD releases that would be sold under Warner Bros., which, following Disney's acquisition of Miramax and Turner's subsequent merger with Time Warner, had acquired the film's distribution rights. Barbera served as creative consultant for the picture, which was produced and directed by Phil Roman. A musical film with a structure similar to MGM's blockbusters, The Wizard of Oz and Singin' in the Rain. In 2001, Warner Bros. (which had, by then, merged with Turner and assumed its properties) released the duo's first direct-to-video movie, Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring, in which Tom covets a ring that grants mystical powers to the wearer, and has become accidentally stuck on Jerry's head. It would mark the last time Hanna and Barbera co-produced a Tom and Jerry cartoon together, as William Hanna died shortly after The Magic Ring was released.", "Tom (Tom and Jerry). His full name, \"Tom Cat\", is based on \"tomcat\", a phrase which refers to male cats. He is very rarely heard speaking with the exception of a few cartoons (such as 1943's The Lonesome Mouse and Tom and Jerry: The Movie). His only notable vocal sounds outside of this are his various screams whenever he is subject to pain or panic. He is continuously after Jerry Mouse, for whom he sets traps, many of which backfire and cause damage to him rather than Jerry. His trademark scream was provided by creator William Hanna.", "List of Tom and Jerry characters. George and Joan are an average middle class white couple, who debuted in the 1954 short Pet Peeve. They are the new owners of Tom and Spike, but Tom likes to keep Joan company and Spike likes to keep George company. Joan is often seen either cooking or sitting on her armchair knitting or sewing a dress with Tom keeping her company. George, on the other hand, hates the monthly bills and complains that they're too expensive. But when he's not complaining about the bills, he is sitting in his armchair or on the sofa reading the newspaper wearing his smart purple or grey suit and Spike is keeping him company. Both George and Joan are very kind and polite towards each other and Tom and Spike. In Pet Peeve, George and Joan decided that they keep Jerry as a pet because he is easy to look after and doesn't eat too much (George and Joan do not know Jerry's secret: He eats a lot more than Tom and Spike combined, which explains the amount of food he has in his mouse hole shown later) and tell Tom and Spike to leave. However, in later shorts with George and Joan, Tom and Spike still happily live with them and Jerry is not known by the couple and he is not a pet anymore.", "List of Tom and Jerry characters. A gold cat owner of a show of demonstration and participation. He is arrogant (sometimes), has a rancher accent, and is sometimes presented as an enemy to Tom. Purportedly inspired by legendary Southern California car dealer Cal Worthington. He is voiced by Phil Hartman.", "Tom and Jerry. After the last of the Deitch cartoons were released, Chuck Jones, who had been fired from his thirty-plus year tenure at Warner Bros. Cartoons, started his own animation studio, Sib Tower 12 Productions (later renamed MGM Animation/Visual Arts), with partner Les Goldman. Beginning in 1963, Jones and Goldman went on to produce 34 more Tom and Jerry shorts, all of which carried Jones' distinctive style (and a slight psychedelic influence).", "Hanna-Barbera. Meanwhile at Hanna-Barbera, David Kirschner was appointed new CEO, with Hanna and Barbera remaining as co-chairmen of the company.[26] In 1990, under Kirschner's direction, the studio formed Bedrock Productions, a unit for various movies and TV shows for adults and children.[27] Great American put Hanna-Barbera, along with Ruby-Spears, up for sale after being less successful and burdened in debt. New cartoon shows of Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures, The Adventures of Don Coyote and Sancho Panda, Tom and Jerry Kids, Wake, Rattle, and Roll (later as Jump, Rattle, and Roll), Rick Moranis in Gravedale High and Midnight Patrol: Adventures in the Dream Zone first aired for broadcast.", "Ben & Jerry's. Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc, trading and commonly known as Ben & Jerry's, is an American company that manufactures ice cream, frozen yogurt, and sorbet. It was founded in 1978 in Burlington, Vermont, and sold in 2000 to Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever. Today it operates globally as a fully owned subsidiary of Unilever. Its present-day headquarters is in South Burlington, Vermont, with its main factory in Waterbury, Vermont.", "Tom and Jerry. Tom (named \"Jasper\" in his debut appearance) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat. (\"Tom\" is a generic name for a male cat.) He is usually but not always, portrayed as living a comfortable, or even pampered life, while Jerry (named \"Jinx\" in his debut appearance) is a small, brown, house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom. Despite being very energetic, determined and much larger, Tom is no match for Jerry's wits. Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size, approximately the equivalent of Tom's, lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts. Although cats typically chase mice to eat them, it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to eat Jerry. Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry, sometimes in revenge, and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry. By the final \"fade-out\" of each cartoon, Jerry usually emerges triumphant, while Tom is shown as the loser.", "Eggnog. \"Tom and Jerry is a form of hot eggnog [cocktail] that was once popular.\"[20] The Tom and Jerry was invented by British journalist Pierce Egan in the 1820s, using brandy and rum added to eggnog and served hot, usually in a mug or a bowl. It is a traditional Christmastime cocktail in the United States.", "Jerry Mouse. Jerry Mouse is a fictional character and one of the title characters (the other being Tom Cat) in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's series of Tom and Jerry theatrical cartoon short films. Created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, Jerry is a brown anthropomorphic house mouse, who first appeared as a mouse named Jinx in the 1940 MGM animated short Puss Gets the Boot.[1] Hanna gave the mouse's original name as \"Jinx\",[2] while Barbera claimed the mouse went unnamed in his first appearance.[1]", "Tom and Jerry. Some of Jones' Tom and Jerry cartoons are reminiscent of his work with Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner, included the uses of blackout gags and gags involving characters falling from high places. Jones co-directed the majority of the shorts with layout artist Maurice Noble. The remaining shorts were directed by Abe Levitow and Ben Washam, with Tom Ray directing two shorts built around footage from earlier Tom and Jerry cartoons directed by Hanna and Barbera, and Jim Pabian directed a short with Maurice Noble. Various vocal characteristics were made by Mel Blanc and June Foray. These shorts contain a memorable opening theme, in which Tom first replaces the MGM lion, then is trapped inside the \"O\" of his name.[21]", "Tom and Jerry. Tom and Jerry remained popular throughout their original theatrical run, even when the budgets began to tighten in the 1950s and the pace of the shorts slowed slightly. However, after television became popular in the 1950s, box office revenues decreased for theatrical films, and short subjects. At first, MGM combated this by going to all-CinemaScope production on the series. After MGM realized that their re-releases of the older cartoons brought in just as much money as the new cartoons did, the studio executives decided, much to the surprise of the staff, to close the animation studio. The MGM cartoon studio was shut down on May 15, 1957, and the last of the 114 Hanna-Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts, Tot Watchers, was released on August 1, 1958. Hanna and Barbera established their own television animation studio, Hanna-Barbera Productions, on July 7, 1957, which went on to produce hit TV shows, such as The Flintstones, Yogi Bear, The Jetsons and Scooby-Doo.", "List of Tom and Jerry characters. Beatie and Hildie are witch sisters who act as Tom and Jerry's medieval owners.", "Tom and Jerry. Mammy Two Shoes is a heavy-set middle-aged mammy who often has to deal with the mayhem generated by the lead characters. Voiced by character actress Lillian Randolph, she is often seen as the owner of Tom. Her face was only shown once, very briefly, in Saturday Evening Puss. Mammy's appearances have often been edited out, dubbed, or re-animated as a slim white woman in later television showings, since her character is a mammy archetype now often regarded as racist.[6] She was mostly restored in the DVD releases of the cartoons, with an introduction by Whoopi Goldberg explaining the importance of African-American representation in the cartoon series, however stereotyped." ]	[ 5.359375, 3.671875, 4.6875, 2.91015625, 0.0489501953125, 1.6650390625, 0.79931640625, 0.85107421875, 4.41015625, 0.72607421875, 2.248046875, 4.05078125, 1.2109375, 1.6796875, 1.1962890625, -1.263671875, 0.7041015625, -0.1099853515625, 2.7890625, 0.0253753662109375, 2.978515625, 1.6220703125, 1.6123046875, -0.6689453125, -1.7587890625, -1.3466796875, -0.05859375, -0.464111328125, -1.4794921875, 3.26953125, 3.951171875, 5.015625 ]
who paid for the atlanta falcons new stadium	[ "Atlanta Falcons. In an effort to replace the aging Georgia Dome and potentially host a future Super Bowl, team owner Arthur Blank proposed a deal with the city of Atlanta to build a new state-of-the-art stadium not far from where the Georgia Dome is located. Blank will contribute $800 million and the city of Atlanta will contribute an additional $200 million via bonds backed by the city's hotel/motel tax towards the construction of a retractable roof stadium. Blank will contribute additional money for cost overruns if it is needed. The team will provide up to $50 million towards infrastructure costs that weren't included in the construction budget and to retire the remaining debt on the Georgia Dome. In addition, Blank's foundation and the city will each provide $15 million for development in surrounding neighborhoods. Though the total cost of the stadium was initially estimated to be around $1 billion,[33] the total cost was revised to $1.5 billion according to Blank.[34] In March 2013, the Atlanta City Council voted 11â€“4 in favor of building the stadium.[35] The retractable roof Mercedes-Benz Stadium broke ground in May 2014, and became the third home stadium for the Falcons and the first for the new Atlanta United FC Major League Soccer club upon opening in 2017.", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. On March 7, 2013, the Atlanta Falcons and the city of Atlanta agreed to build the new downtown stadium. The maximum public contribution for the project is $200 million, coming from the hotel-motel tax in Atlanta and unincorporated Fulton County. The Atlanta City Council officially approved the stadium on March 19, 2013. The council voted, 11â€“4, in favor of the use of city hotel-motel taxes to pay $200 million toward construction costs and potentially several times that toward costs of financing, maintaining and operating the stadium through 2050.[33] On May 21, 2013, the NFL approved a $200 million loan to the Falcons organization for the purpose of building the stadium.[34]", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. In April 2012, Populous released a new price estimate of $947.7 million, which was significantly higher than the previous proposal of $700 million.[24] In April 2012, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that if a deal is reached, the new stadium's construction would be expected to begin in 2014, with the Falcons to begin regular-season play in 2017.[25][26] The proposed location of the new stadium is a large parking lot in Atlanta's Vine City neighborhood, which is less than a mile north of the Georgia Dome's current location.[27] Once construction is complete, the Georgia Dome would subsequently be demolished.[26]", "SunTrust Park. The new stadium was constructed in a public/private partnership with a project budget of $622 million.[9][15] Cobb-Marietta Coliseum & Exhibit Hall Authority issued up to $397 million in bonds for the project.[16] The county raised $368 million through bonds, $14 million from transportation taxes, and $10 million cash from businesses in the Cumberland Community Improvement District.[9] The Braves contributed the remaining money for the park and The Battery Atlanta.[9] In March 2015, a security filing from Braves owners Liberty Media allotted $672 million for SunTrust Park and $452 million for The Battery Atlanta, which adds up to a total cost of above $1.1 billion.[17] The Braves will spend $181 million over 30 years to help pay off the county’s bonds on the project.[18]", "Centennial Olympic Stadium. After the closing ceremony of the 1996 Paralympics, the stadium was officially leased by the Atlanta Braves. Private entities, including NBC and other Olympic sponsors, agreed to pay a large sum of the cost to build Centennial Olympic Stadium (approximately $170 million of the $209 million bill). The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games (ACOG) sought to build the stadium in a way that it could be converted to a new baseball stadium, and ACOG paid for the conversion.[6] This was considered a good agreement for both the Olympic Committee and the Braves, because there would be no use for a permanent 85,000 seat track and field stadium in Downtown Atlanta since the 71,000 seat Georgia Dome had been completed 4 years earlier by the state of Georgia and became the home of the National Football League's Atlanta Falcons. The Braves had already been exploring opportunities for a new venue to replace Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium.", "The Home Depot. Company co-founder Arthur Blank also purchased the Atlanta Falcons franchise of the National Football League in February 2002, although The Home Depot made no association with the team until April 2017, when The Home Depot acquired the naming rights to a 13-acre park to be built adjacent to the Falcons' new stadium, Mercedes-Benz Stadium. The Home Depot Backyard is set to be built on the site formerly occupied by the Georgia Dome.[63]", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. Opened in 2017, Mercedes-Benz Stadium is owned by the state of Georgia through the Georgia World Congress Center Authority, and operated by AMB Group, the parent organization of the Falcons and Atlanta United. The total cost is estimated at $1.6 billion, as of June 2016.[15] The stadium officially opened on August 26 with a Falcons preseason game against the Arizona Cardinals, despite the retractable roof system being incomplete.[16][17]", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. On August 21, 2015, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that Mercedes-Benz would acquire the naming rights for the stadium, and this was later confirmed by a press conference at the stadium site on August 24. Under the stadium deal with the city of Atlanta and the Georgia World Congress Center Authority, the Falcons organization controls the stadium's naming rights and receives all related revenue. Then-Mercedes-Benz USA CEO Steve Cannon, who would subsequently join the Falcons' organization in 2016 as CEO of AMB Group,[58] stated that the sponsorship would last 27 years, calling it the largest marketing deal in Mercedes-Benz' history, but Cannon would not disclose the full value of the deal. Mercedes-Benz also holds a 10-year naming rights contract for the former Louisiana Superdome signed in 2011.[59]", "Georgia Dome. In 2006, the Atlanta Falcons and the Georgia World Congress Center Authority announced a $300 million renovation to the Georgia Dome. The project was separated into two stages. The first stage, which took place before the 2007 NFL season, focused on updating the premium seating areas, including the creation of eight 'super-suites' as well as an owners' club.[10] In 2008, the exterior of the stadium was repainted, replacing the original teal and maroon color scheme with a red, black, and silver theme to match the Falcons' team colors; the stadium's original teal seats were replaced with red seats in the lower and upper levels and black seats in the middle level. The entrance gates and concourses were also renovated and updated before the 2008 football season.[11][12] In 2009, the video screens in both end zones were relocated to a new exterior monument sign on Northside Drive. The interior end zones each received a new and considerably wider High Definition video screen that significantly enhances views of replays, as well as graphics and digital presentations. A new sound system was installed in the same year, replacing the previous system that was nearly 20 years old.", "SunTrust Park. The Braves were in talks in 2013 with the recreational authority to extend the team's original lease, Plant said, but those talks broke down.[25] Atlanta mayor Kasim Reed said the city could not afford to support the kind of renovations the Braves desired, especially while already funding Mercedes-Benz Stadium for the National Football League's Atlanta Falcons.[25]", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. In January 2015, the Falcons announced the sale of personal seat licenses (PSL) costing up to $45,000 per seat, depending on the section of the stadium. The most expensive tickets is priced at $385 per game, in addition to one-time PSL fees, for the first three years.[57]", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. On August 24, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that an official deal could be reached on the construction of a new stadium by the end of 2012.[28] They also reported on September 10 that Atlanta mayor Kasim Reed said site improvements could likely bump the total cost to $1.2 billion; however, that does not increase the actual building cost, which still remains at an estimated $948 million.[29]", "Georgia Dome. The Georgia Dome originally used AstroTurf artificial surface for its football events. In 2003, Arthur Blank, the new owner of Atlanta Falcons, funded the installation of the new infilled FieldTurf artificial surface system.[9]", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. In a live broadcast on August 24, 2015, owner Arthur Blank announced that the new title of the stadium would be Mercedes-Benz Stadium. As the New Orleans Saints, the Falcons' archrivals in the NFC South, play in the Mercedes-Benz Superdome, this gave the division two stadiums that were sponsored by the same company. A new logo was also introduced. Steve Cannon, then CEO of Mercedes-Benz USA, also spoke at the event about the company's corporate move from New Jersey to Atlanta. Other speakers included Georgia Governor Nathan Deal and Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed.", "Georgia Dome. On April 16, 2014 it was announced by Arthur Blank, owner of the Atlanta Falcons, that he had secured the rights to a new Major League Soccer franchise that ultimately began play in 2017. The new team, later unveiled as Atlanta United FC, along with the Atlanta Falcons, will become the primary tenants of Mercedes-Benz Stadium, scheduled to open in time for the start of the 2017 NFL season.[34]", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. In May 2010, it was reported by multiple news outlets that the Atlanta Falcons were interested in demolishing the Georgia Dome and replacing it with a newly constructed open-air stadium.[18][19][20] The team was pursuing a new stadium because of the team's desire to play outdoors, as well as Falcons team owner Arthur Blank's interest in hosting another Super Bowl.[19] The stadium was also pursued as a possible bid for a venue of an upcoming FIFA World Cup.[21]", "AT&T Stadium. Originally estimated to cost $650 million, the stadium's current construction cost was $1.15 billion,[21] making it one of the most expensive sports venues ever built. To aid Cowboys owner and general manager Jerry Jones in paying the construction costs of the new stadium, Arlington voters approved the increase of the city's sales tax by 0.5%, the hotel occupancy tax by 2%, and car rental tax by 5%. The City of Arlington provided over $325 million (including interest) in bonds as funding,[21][22] and Jones covered any cost overruns. Also, the NFL provided the Cowboys with an additional $150 million loan, following its policy for facilitating financing for the construction of new stadiums.[23]", "Turner Field. After the 1996 Olympics were complete the stadium was leased by the Atlanta Braves. Private entities, including NBC and other Olympic sponsors, agreed to pay a large sum of the cost to build Centennial Olympic Stadium (approximately $170 million of the $209 million bill). The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games (ACOG) sought to build the stadium in a way that it could be converted to a new baseball stadium, and ACOG paid for the conversion.[3] This was considered a good agreement for both the Olympic Committee and the Braves. The 71,228 seat Georgia Dome had been completed four years earlier by the state of Georgia, so there was no need for another large stadium in downtown Atlanta. Furthermore, the Braves had already been exploring opportunities for a new stadium. The Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority owns Turner Field and leased it to the Braves, who operated the stadium. The end of the Braves' most recent lease in 2016 coincided with the team's departure for SunTrust Park.[10]", "Atlanta Falcons. The Atlanta Falcons franchise began on June 30, 1965, when NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle granted ownership to 41-year-old Rankin Smith Sr. Smith, an Executive Vice President of Life Insurance Company of Georgia at the time, paid $8.5 million the highest price in NFL history at the time for a franchise.[4] Former commissioner Pete Rozelle and Smith made the deal in about five minutes and the Atlanta Falcons brought the largest and most popular sport to the city of Atlanta. The Atlanta expansion franchise became the 15th NFL franchise, and they were awarded the first pick in the 1966 NFL draft as well as the final pick in each of the first five rounds.[8] The Falcons drafted All-American linebacker Tommy Nobis from the University of Texas with the first pick of the draft, making him the first-ever Falcon. The league also held the 1966 NFL Expansion Draft six weeks later in which the Falcons selected unprotected players from existing franchises. Although the Falcons selected many good players in those drafts, they still were not able to win right away.[4]", "Atlanta Falcons. In 1965, after the Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium (then known simply as Atlanta Stadium) was built, the city of Atlanta felt the time was right to start pursuing professional football. One independent group which had been active in NFL exhibition promotions in Atlanta applied for franchises in both the American Football League and the National Football League, acting entirely on its own with no guarantee of stadium rights. Another group reported it had deposited earnest money for a team in the AFL.[7]", "Michael Vick. On August 27, Falcons owner Arthur Blank said at a press conference that the Falcons would seek to recover a portion of Vick's signing bonus. He said the team had no immediate plans to cut ties with Vick, citing salary-cap issues.[26] It initially appeared that Goodell had cleared the way for the Falcons to release Vick, since he ruled that Vick's involvement in gambling activity breached his contract. On August 29, the Falcons sent a letter to Vick demanding that he reimburse them for $20 million of his $37 million bonus.[27] The case was sent to arbitration, and on October 10, an arbitrator ruled that Vick had to reimburse the Falcons for $19.97 million. The arbitrator agreed with the Falcons' contention that Vick knew he was engaging in illegal activity when he signed his new contract in 2004, and that he had used the bonus money to pay for the operation.[28]", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. In January 2015, the Falcons announced the hiring of Daktronics, a South Dakota-based firm, to build the stadium's electronics display. The announced features included a circular 58-by-1,100-foot (18 by 335 m) circular LED board that would ring the opening of the stadium's roof, and would be \"three times as large as the current largest single display board in the NFL\" installed at EverBank Field in Jacksonville (also built by Daktronics). In addition, the company installed more than 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of other LED boards, including field-level advertising boards for soccer games.[44]", "Turner Field. After negotiations broke down, the team began planning a new stadium, SunTrust Park. The stadium would be built in southern Cobb County, with an Atlanta address, located \"near the geographic center of the Braves' fan base.\"[15] The new stadium was constructed in a public/private partnership.[16] The projected cost was $672 million.[12] It occupies 15 acres (6.1 ha) of a 60-acre (24 ha) lot, with the remainder of the space devoted to parking, green space, and mixed-use development. The new stadium is part of a 60-acre development called The Battery Atlanta.[11][12] Although Cobb County is not presently served by MARTA, the Braves use a \"circulator\" bus system to shuttle fans to and from the stadium.[14] Construction on SunTrust Park broke ground on September 16, 2014.[17] Had SunTrust Park been behind schedule, the Braves had the option (but ultimately declined) to extend their lease at Turner Field up to 5 years.[18] Braves executive vice president Mike Plant has stated that capital maintenance would be much less at SunTrust Park.[19] While Turner Field was designed from the ground up with the Braves in mind, Plant said that it required higher capital maintenance costs in the long run because it was value engineered for the 1996 Summer Olympics. Plant estimates that capital maintenance costs at SunTrust Park will be no more than $80 million after 30 years – less than half of the $150 million in capital maintenance needed for Turner Field after 17 years.[19]", "Michael Vick. The Atlanta Falcons sought to recover a portion of Vick's $37 million 2004 signing bonus. A reduced amount of $20 million was awarded to the Falcons in binding legal arbitration, which Vick disputed. The sides agreed to reduce the amount to between $6.5 and $7.5 million.[132] The bankruptcy court was advised of this Vick-Falcons settlement agreement on April 3, 2009.", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. On June 18, 2013, it was announced that the Falcons have completed a full conceptual design of the proposed new stadium, and that they have secured the initial approval to proceed with the schematic design phase. According to Doug Farrar's Shutdown Corner, \"The stadium will seat approximately 70,000 people, with 180 luxury suites and 7,500 club seats.\" The main agency involved will be 360 Architecture, partnered with three other architectural firms.[35]", "Expansion of Major League Soccer. The league announced it was awarding an expansion franchise in Atlanta to Atlanta Falcons owner and Home Depot co-founder Arthur Blank on April 16, 2014, with plans to begin play in 2017. The team shares the Mercedes-Benz Stadium, which was completed in 2017, with the Falcons.[57] Discussions between Blank and MLS had \"accelerated\" following approval of the stadium plans in late 2013.[55]", "Mercedes-Benz Superdome. On October 3, 2011, it was announced that German automaker Mercedes-Benz purchased naming rights to the stadium. The new name took effect on October 23, 2011.[8] At that time, it was the third stadium that has naming rights from Mercedes-Benz (and first in the United States), after the Mercedes-Benz Arena, the stadium of Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart, in Stuttgart, Germany, and the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Shanghai, China. Atlanta's Mercedes-Benz Stadium (home of the Falcons, who, like the Saints, play in the NFC South), which opened in 2017, became the fifth stadium (and second in the NFL) to bear the name of the German automaker.", "Atlanta Falcons. With everyone running in different directions, some local businessmen worked out a deal and were awarded an AFL franchise on June 7, 1965, contingent upon acquiring exclusive stadium rights from city officials. NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle, who had been moving slowly in Atlanta matters, was spurred by the AFL interest and headed on the next plane down to Atlanta to block the rival league's claim on the city of Atlanta.[4] He forced the city to make a choice between the two leagues. By June 30, the city picked Rankin Smith and the NFL.", "Turner Field. According to Braves team president John Schuerholz, Turner Field required $150 million in renovation costs merely for structural upkeep (i.e., not for fan experience improvements). He estimated that fan improvement renovations would have cost an additional $200 million.[12] The Braves were in talks in 2013 with the Recreational Authority over extending the team's original lease, Plant said, but those talks broke down. Atlanta mayor Kasim Reed said the city could not afford to support the kind of renovations the Braves desired.[14]", "Mercedes-Benz Stadium. The city has agreed to contribute $200 million in stadium bonds, but with additional tax revenues[55] and with the state of Georgia contributing $40 million for parking expansion, public spending is expected to reach near $600 million.[56]", "Georgia Dome. In 2010, the Georgia World Congress Center Authority announced plans for a new stadium with a retractable roof just south of the Georgia Dome, with the new stadium receiving approval from the city of Atlanta, Fulton County, and Georgia state governments in 2013 and broke ground and commenced construction in 2014. The Falcons' final game in the Dome was the 2016 NFC Championship Game on January 22, 2017, with a 44–21 victory over the Green Bay Packers. The stadium's final public event took place on March 4 and 5, 2017 with back-to-back Monster Jam shows.[16] Demolition of the Georgia Dome was to begin shortly after the stadium's final event; however, due to construction delays caused by the complexity of Mercedes-Benz Stadium's eight-panel retractable roof, demolition of the Georgia Dome was postponed until the new stadium's certificate of occupancy could be issued. GWCCA officials stated that the Georgia Dome would remain nominally operational until Mercedes-Benz Stadium is ready; however, the Dome's artificial turf had been removed prior to the announcement of the new stadium's delay.[17] The Georgia Dome site will become greenspace for tailgating at Mercedes-Benz Stadium and other community events; a 600-car parking garage and a high rise convention center hotel are also planned for the site.[18] On April 21, 2017, GWCCA officials announced that The Home Depot acquired the naming rights to the 13-acre park to be built on part of the Georgia Dome site.[19] On June 9, 2017, Steve Cannon, CEO of the Falcons' parent company AMB Group, stated that construction officials were confident that Mercedes-Benz Stadium will be ready in time for the Falcons' preseason games, and the process of decommissioning the Georgia Dome had resumed, with the Dome scheduled for implosion on November 20, 2017 at 7:30 am.[6]", "SunTrust Park. Two weeks after the Atlanta Braves announced the new stadium project, the Cobb County Commission held a public hearing to vote on whether to approve the plan.[79] Citizens who both supported and opposed the plan began crowding into the meeting hall hours before the 7 p.m. hearing was to begin, many sporting \"Cobb: Home of the Braves\" T-shirts.[79] After a one-hour public comment on the new stadium project the Cobb County Commission voted 4–1 to approve a memorandum of understanding with the Atlanta Braves.[79] On May 27, 2014, the Cobb County Commissioners voted unanimously, 5–0, on the operating agreement that bound the county to borrow up to $397 million to build the new stadium.[9]" ]	[ 4.5546875, 4.33203125, 1.1640625, 2.423828125, 3.2265625, 1.6328125, 3.451171875, 1.47265625, 1.97265625, -0.96826171875, -0.95458984375, 0.37841796875, 0.11224365234375, -0.0877685546875, 0.31298828125, -0.395263671875, 2.814453125, 1.6015625, -0.80615234375, -1.5439453125, -5.29296875, 0.1868896484375, 1.0888671875, -4.87109375, 0.092529296875, -0.3369140625, 0.1568603515625, -1.3603515625, -3.140625, -2.4609375, 1.2275390625, -0.13330078125 ]
why do scientists use the international system of units (si)	[ "Measurement. The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI from the French language name Système International d'Unités) is the modern revision of the metric system. It is the world's most widely used system of units, both in everyday commerce and in science. The SI was developed in 1960 from the metre-kilogram-second (MKS) system, rather than the centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system, which, in turn, had many variants. During its development the SI also introduced several newly named units that were previously not a part of the metric system. The original SI units for the seven basic physical quantities were:[8]", "International System of Units. The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) systems (specifically the inconsistency between the systems of electrostatic units and electromagnetic units) and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them. The General Conference on Weights and Measures (French: Conférence générale des poids et mesures – CGPM), which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875, brought together many international organisations to establish the definitions and standards of a new system and standardise the rules for writing and presenting measurements. The system was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the CGS. Since then, the SI has been adopted by all countries except the United States, Liberia, and Burma.[2]", "International System of Units. The International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units (ampere, kelvin, second, metre, kilogram, candela, mole) and a set of twenty decimal prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. The system also specifies names for 22 derived units for other common physical quantities like lumen, watt, etc.", "International System of Units. Many non-SI units continue to be used in the scientific, technical, and commercial literature. Some units are deeply embedded in history and culture, and their use has not been entirely replaced by their SI alternatives. The CIPM recognised and acknowledged such traditions by compiling a list of non-SI units accepted for use with SI, which are grouped as follows:[3]:123–129[12]:7–11[Note 1]", "List of scientists whose names are used as SI units. List of scientists whose names are used as SI units is the list of those scientists whose names are assigned as the names of the international units by the International Committee for Weights and Measures. The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Système international d'unités) is the most widely used system of units of measurement. There are seven base units and 22 derived units[1] (excluding compound units). These units are used both in science and in commerce. Two of the base units and 17 of the derived units are named after scientists.[2] By this convention, their names are immortalised. Below is the list of the scientists whose names are used as SI units.", "International System of Units. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) has described SI as \"the modern metric system\".[3]:95 Changing technology has led to an evolution of the definitions and standards that has followed two principal strands â€“ changes to SI itself, and clarification of how to use units of measure that are not part of SI but are still nevertheless used on a worldwide basis.", "Units of measurement. Different systems of units are based on different choices of a set of base units. The most widely used system of units is the International System of Units, or SI. There are seven SI base units. All other SI units can be derived from these base units.", "International System of Units. The reliability of the SI depends not only on the precise measurement of standards for the base units in terms of various physical constants of nature, but also on precise definition of those constants. The set of underlying constants is modified as more stable constants are found, or other constants may be more precisely measured. For example, in 1983, the metre was redefined to be the distance of light propagation in vacuum in an exact fraction of a second. Thus, the speed of light is now an exactly defined constant of nature.", "Metric system. The International System of Units (Système international d'unités or SI) is the current international standard metric system and is also the system most widely used around the world. It is an extension of Giorgi's MKSA system—its base units are the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela and mole.[7]\nThe MKS (Metre, Kilogram, Second) system came into existence in 1889, when artefacts for the metre and kilogram were fabricated according to the convention of the Metre. Early in the 20th century, an unspecified electrical unit was added, and the system was called MKSX. When it became apparent that the unit would be the ampere, the system was referred to as the MKSA system, and was the direct predecessor of the SI.", "Measurement. The metric system is a decimal system of measurement based on its units for length, the metre and for mass, the kilogram. It exists in several variations, with different choices of base units, though these do not affect its day-to-day use. Since the 1960s, the International System of Units (SI) is the internationally recognised metric system. Metric units of mass, length, and electricity are widely used around the world for both everyday and scientific purposes.", "International System of Units. In 1960, the 11th CGPM synthesized the results of the 12-year study into a set of 16 resolutions. The system was named the International System of Units, abbreviated SI from the French name, Le Système International d'Unités.[3]:110[61]", "Units of measurement. As of the 21st Century, multiple unit systems are used all over the world such as the United States Customary System, the British Customary System, and the International System. However, the United States is the only industrialized country that has not yet completely converted to the Metric System. The systematic effort to develop a universally acceptable system of units dates back to 1790 when the French National Assembly charged the French Academy of Sciences to come up such a unit system. This system was the precursor to the metric system which was quickly developed in France but did not take on universal acceptance until 1875 when The Metric Convention Treaty was signed by 17 nations. After this treaty was signed, a General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) was established. The CGPM produced the current SI system which was adopted in 1954 at the 10th conference of weights and measures. Currently, the United States is a dual-system society which uses both the SI system and the US Customary system.[2]", "International System of Units. The units and unit magnitudes of the metric system which became the SI were improvised piecemeal from everyday physical quantities starting in the mid-18th century. Only later were they moulded into an orthogonal coherent decimal system of measurement.", "Metric system. The metric system is an internationally recognised decimalised system of measurement. It is in widespread use, and where it is adopted, it is the only or most common system of weights and measures. It is now known as the International System of Units (SI). It is used to measure everyday things such as the mass of a sack of flour, the height of a person, the speed of a car, and the volume of fuel in its tank. It is also used in science, industry and trade.", "International System of Units. The SI base units are the building blocks of the system and all the other units are derived from them. When Maxwell first introduced the concept of a coherent system, he identified three quantities that could be used as base units: mass, length and time. Giorgi later identified the need for an electrical base unit, for which the unit of electric current was chosen for SI. Another three base units (for temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity) were added later.", "Units of measurement. A number of metric systems of units have evolved since the adoption of the original metric system in France in 1791. The current international standard metric system is the International System of Units (abbreviated to SI). An important feature of modern systems is standardization. Each unit has a universally recognized size.", "Units of measurement. The definition, agreement, and practical use of units of measurement have played a crucial role in human endeavour from early ages up to the present. A multitude of systems of units used to be very common. Now there is a global standard, the International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system.", "Units of measurement. Science, medicine, and engineering often use larger and smaller units of measurement than those used in everyday life. The judicious selection of the units of measurement can aid researchers in problem solving (see, for example, dimensional analysis).", "Metrology. The International System of Units (SI) defines seven base units: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.[24] By convention, each of these units are considered to be mutually independent of each other; however, in reality they are interdependent given some definitions contain other base SI Units.[25] All other SI units are derived from the seven base units.[26]", "International System of Units. Metrologists carefully distinguish between the definition of a unit and its realisation. The definition of each base unit of the SI is drawn up so that it is unique and provides a sound theoretical basis on which the most accurate and reproducible measurements can be made. The realisation of the definition of a unit is the procedure by which the definition may be used to establish the value and associated uncertainty of a quantity of the same kind as the unit. A description of the mise en pratique[Note 3] of the base units is given in an electronic appendix to the SI Brochure.[25][3]:168â€“169", "Metric system. Although SI, as published by the CGPM, should, in theory, meet all the requirements of commerce, science, and technology, certain customary units of measure have acquired established positions within the world community. In order that such units are used consistently around the world, the CGPM catalogued such units in Tables 6 to 9 of the SI brochure. These categories are:[2]", "Metric system. The International System of Units is the modern metric system. It is based on the Metre-Kilogram-Second-Ampere (MKSA) system of units from early in the 20th century. It also includes numerous coherent derived units for common quantities like power (watt) and irradience (lumen). Electrical units were taken from the International system then in use. Other units like those for energy (joule) were modeled on those from the older CGS system, but scaled to be coherent with MKSA units. Two additional base units, degree Kelvin equivalent to degree Centigrade for thermodynamic temperature, and candela, roughly equivalent to the international candle unit of illumination, were introduced. Later, another base unit, the mole, a unit of mass equivalent to Avogadro's number of specified molecules, was added along with several other derived units.", "International System of Units. The published mise en pratique is not the only way in which a base unit can be determined: the SI Brochure states that \"any method consistent with the laws of physics could be used to realise any SI unit.\"[3]:111 In the current (2016) exercise to overhaul the definitions of the base units, various consultative committees of the CIPM have required that more than one mise en pratique shall be developed for determining the value of each unit.[citation needed] In particular:", "Metrication in the United States. Although customary units are used more often than metric units in the U.S., the SI system is used extensively in some fields such as science, medicine, the military, automobile production and repair, and international affairs. Post 1994 federal law also mandates most packaged consumer goods be labeled in both customary and metric units.[4]", "Metric system. The SI Brochure also catalogues certain non-SI units that are widely used with the SI in matters of everyday life or units that are exactly defined values in terms of SI units and are used in particular circumstances to satisfy the needs of commercial, legal, or specialised scientific interests. These units include:[7]", "International System of Units. General rules[Note 2] for writing SI units and quantities apply to text that is either handwritten or produced using an automated process:", "System of measurement. In the United States, metric units are used almost universally in science, widely in the military, and partially in industry, but customary units predominate in household use. At retail stores, the liter is a commonly used unit for volume, especially on bottles of beverages, and milligrams, rather than grains, are used for medications. Some other standard non-SI units are still in international use, such as nautical miles and knots in aviation and shipping.", "International System of Units. The basic units of the metric system, as originally defined, represented common quantities or relationships in nature. They still do â€“ the modern precisely defined quantities are refinements of definition and methodology, but still with the same magnitudes. In cases where laboratory precision may not be required or available, or where approximations are good enough, the original definitions may suffice.[13]", "SI base unit. The International System of Units (SI) defines seven units of measure as a basic set from which all other SI units can be derived. The SI base units and their physical quantities are the metre for measurement of length, the kilogram for mass, the second for time, the ampere for electric current, the kelvin for temperature, the candela for luminous intensity, and the mole for amount of substance.", "International System of Units. A French-inspired initiative for international cooperation in metrology led to the signing in 1875 of the Metre Convention also called Treaty of the Metre by 17 nations.[50][35]:353â€“354 Initially the convention only covered standards for the metre and the kilogram. In 1921, the Metre Convention was extended to include all physical units, including the ampere and others thereby enabling the CGPM to address inconsistencies in the way that the metric system had been used.[42][3]:96", "Measurement. Measurement is a cornerstone of trade, science, technology, and quantitative research in many disciplines. Historically, many measurement systems existed for the varied fields of human existence to facilitate comparisons in these fields. Often these were achieved by local agreements between trading partners or collaborators. Since the 18th century, developments progressed towards unifying, widely accepted standards that resulted in the modern International System of Units (SI). This system reduces all physical measurements to a mathematical combination of seven base units. The science of measurement is pursued in the field of metrology.", "Centimetre–gram–second system of units. The units gram and centimetre remain useful as prefixed units within the SI system, especially for instructional physics and chemistry experiments, where they match the small scale of table-top setups. However, where derived units are needed, the SI ones are generally used and taught instead of the CGS ones today. For example, a physics lab course might ask students to record lengths in centimetres, and masses in grams, but force (a derived unit) in newtons, a usage consistent with the SI system." ]	[ 1.7802734375, 2.505859375, 1.89453125, 1.181640625, 4.0546875, 0.0197601318359375, -1.7275390625, 0.8671875, 0.330810546875, 0.224853515625, -1.041015625, -0.6083984375, -0.87060546875, 2.0703125, 0.79296875, -0.99853515625, -1.033203125, -2.220703125, -0.135498046875, 0.5205078125, -0.267333984375, -1.1865234375, -0.428955078125, 0.703125, 1.07421875, -3.66015625, -0.117919921875, -1.5263671875, -0.045806884765625, -1.5166015625, -0.59326171875, -2.541015625 ]
what is the purpose of embalming a dead body	[ "Embalming. Embalming is meant to temporarily preserve the body of a deceased person. Regardless of whether embalming is performed, the type of burial or entombment, and the materials used – such as wood or metal coffins and vaults – the body of the deceased will eventually decompose. Modern embalming is done to delay decomposition so that funeral services may take place or for the purpose of shipping the remains to a distant place for disposition.", "Embalming. Embalming is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (in its modern form with chemicals) to forestall decomposition. The intention is to keep them suitable for public display at a funeral, for religious reasons. It helps preserve the body for many years.[1] The three goals of embalming are sanitization, presentation preservation and in some cases restoration. Embalming has a very long and cross-cultural history, with many cultures giving the embalming processes a greater religious meaning.", "Decomposition. Embalming is the practice of delaying decomposition of human and animal remains. Embalming slows decomposition somewhat, but does not forestall it indefinitely. Embalmers typically pay great attention to parts of the body seen by mourners, such as the face and hands. The chemicals used in embalming repel most insects, and slow down bacterial putrefaction by either killing existing bacteria in or on the body themselves or by \"fixing\" cellular proteins, which means that they cannot act as a nutrient source for subsequent bacterial infections. In sufficiently dry environments, an embalmed body may end up mummified and it is not uncommon for bodies to remain preserved to a viewable extent after decades. Notable viewable embalmed bodies include those of:", "Embalming. A successful viewing of the body is considered to be helpful in the grieving process.[8][9] Embalming has the potential to prevent mourners from having to deal with the rotting and eventual putrescence of the corpse.[10]", "Embalming. Badly decomposing bodies, trauma cases, frozen, or drowned bodies, and those to be transported over long distances also require special treatment beyond that for the \"normal\" case. The restoration of bodies and features damaged by accident or disease is commonly called restorative art or demi-surgery, and all qualified embalmers have some degree of training and practice in it. For such cases, the benefit of embalming is startlingly apparent. In contrast though, many people have unreasonable expectations of what a dead body should look like, due to the unrealistic portrayal of \"dead\" bodies (usually by live actors) in movies and television shows.[according to whom?] Viewers generally have an unrealistic expectation that a body undergoing decomposition should look as it did before death. Ironically, the work of a skilled embalmer often results in the deceased appearing natural enough that the embalmer appears to have done nothing at all. Normally a better result can be achieved when a photograph and the decedent's regular make-up (if worn) are available to help make the deceased appear more as they did when alive.", "Embalming. Embalming is also a general legal requirement for international repatriation of human remains (although exceptions do occur) and by a variety of laws depending on locality, such as for extended time between death and final disposition or above-ground entombment.", "Embalming chemicals. Embalming chemicals are a variety of preservatives, sanitising and disinfectant agents, and additives used in modern embalming to temporarily prevent decomposition and restore a natural appearance for viewing a body after death. A mixture of these chemicals is known as embalming fluid and is used to preserve bodies of deceased persons for both funeral purposes and in medical research in anatomical laboratories. The period for which a body is embalmed is dependent on time, expertise of the embalmer and factors regarding duration of stay and purpose.", "Embalming. After the body is rewashed and dried, a moisturizing cream is applied to the face, hands and arms. The body will usually sit for as long as possible for observation by the embalmer. After being dressed for visitation or funeral services, cosmetics are applied to make the body appear more lifelike and to create a \"memory picture\" for the deceased's friends and relatives. For babies who have died, the embalmer may apply a light cosmetic massage cream after embalming to provide a natural appearance; massage cream is also used on the face to prevent them from dehydrating, and the infant's mouth is often kept slightly open for a more natural expression. If possible, the funeral director uses a light, translucent cosmetic; sometimes, heavier, opaque cosmetics are used to hide bruises, cuts, or discolored areas. Makeup is applied to the lips to mimic their natural color. Sometimes a very pale or light pink lipstick is applied on males, while brighter colored lipstick is applied to females. Hair Gels or baby oil is applied to style short hair; while hairspray is applied to style longer hair. Powders (especially baby powder) are applied to the body to eliminate odors, and it is also applied to the face to achieve a matte and fresh effect to prevent oiliness of the corpse. Mortuary cosmetizing is not done for the same reason as make-up for living people; rather, it is designed to add depth and dimension to a person's features that lack of blood circulation has removed. Warm areas – where blood vessels in living people are superficial, such as the cheeks, chin, and knuckles – have subtle reds added to recreate this effect, while browns are added to the palpabrae (eyelids) to add depth, especially important as viewing in a coffin creates an unusual perspective rarely seen in everyday life. During the viewing, pink-colored lighting is sometimes used near the body to lend a warmer tone to the deceased's complexion.", "Embalming. Embalming chemicals are a variety of preservatives, sanitizers, disinfectant agents, and additives used in modern embalming to temporarily delay decomposition and restore a natural appearance for viewing a body after death. A mixture of these chemicals is known as embalming fluid, and is used to preserve deceased individuals, sometimes only until the funeral, other times indefinitely.", "Embalming. Any clothing on the body is removed and set aside, and any personal effects such as jewelry are inventoried. A modesty cloth is sometimes placed over the genitalia. The body is washed in a germicidal soap. During this process the embalmer bends, flexes, and massages the arms and legs to relieve rigor mortis. The eyes are posed using an eye cap that keeps them shut and in the proper expression. The mouth may be closed via suturing with a needle and ligature, using an adhesive, or by setting a wire into the maxilla and mandible with a needle injector, a specialized device most commonly used in North America and unique to mortuary practice. Care is taken to make the expression look as relaxed and natural as possible, and ideally a recent photograph of the deceased while still living is used as a reference. The process of closing the mouth and eyes, shaving, etc. is collectively known as setting the features.Features may also be set after the completion of the arterial embalming process, which allows the embalmer to clean and remove any purge the occurs during the embalming process.", "Burial. Embalming is the practice of preserving a body against decay and is used in many cultures. Mummification is a more extensive method of embalming, further delaying the decay process.", "Embalming. Modern embalming is most often performed to ensure a better presentation of the deceased for viewing by friends and relatives.", "Embalming. Interest in, and demand for, embalming grew steadily in the 19th century largely for sentimental reasons. People wished to be buried at far-off locations, and mourners wanted the chance to display the body for visitors to pay their last respects to. Another motive behind embalming at this time was to prevent the spread of disease while being able to prepare for burial without unseemly haste. After Lord Nelson was killed during the Battle of Trafalgar, his body was preserved in brandy and spirits of wine mixed with camphor and myrrh for over two months. At the time of his state funeral in 1805, his body was found to still be in excellent condition and completely plastic.[6]", "Embalming. In the United Kingdom, viewing the deceased prior to the funeral is a common practice and embalming will be recommended to prevent any natural deterioration of the remains which would cause further distress to family and friends. It is not uncommon however for a person's coffin to return home or to be received into a place of religious worship prior to burial or cremation. In this instance the embalming process will carried out.", "Embalming. The deceased is placed on the mortuary table in the supine anatomical position with the head elevated by a head rest. The first step in embalming is to verify the permissions and requests of the family to careful plan the preparation whilst reviewing the medical certificate of death, and then verify the identity of the body (normally via wrist or leg tags). At this point, embalmers commonly perform an evaluation of the deceased's condition, noting things such as lividity, rigor mortis, skin condition, edema, swelling, intravenous injection sites, presence of fecal matter and by far the most important; checking for signs of tissue gas. The embalmer should always verify the condition of the body to create the proper care and treatment plan. The embalming procedure is a surgical one, requiring intensive planning, evaluation and chemical selection.", "Embalming. The roles of a funeral director and an embalmer are different, depending on the licensing body for a region in which the Funeral Director and/or Embalmer operate. A funeral director arranges for the final disposition of the deceased, and may or may not prepare (including embalming) the deceased for viewing (or other legal requirements). An embalmer is someone who has been trained in the art and science of, and may or may not have any contact with the family, although many people fill both roles. The term mortician is becoming outdated, but may refer to a someone who is a funeral director, an embalmer, or in some cases, both. Embalming training commonly involves formal study in anatomy, thanatology, chemistry, and specific embalming theory (to widely varied levels depending on the region of the world one lives in) combined with practical instruction in a mortuary with a resultant formal qualification granted after the passing of a final practical examination and acceptance into a recognized society of professional embalmers.", "Embalming chemicals. Modern embalming is not done with a single fixative. Instead, various chemicals are used to create a mixture, called an arterial solution, which is uniquely generated for the needs of each case. For example, a body needing to be repatriated overseas needs a higher index (percentage of diluted preservative chemical) than one simply for viewing (known in the United States and Canada as a funeral visitation) at a funeral home before cremation or burial.", "Embalming. The modern method of embalming involves the injection of various chemical solutions into the arterial network of the body to primary disinfect and slow the decomposition process. William Harvey, the 17th century English physician who was the first to detail the system of blood circulation, made his discoveries by injecting coloured solutions into corpses.", "Embalming chemicals. Embalming fluid acts to fix (denature) cellular proteins, meaning that they cannot act as a nutrient source for bacteria; embalming fluid also kills the bacteria themselves. Formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde fixes tissue or cells by irreversibly connecting a primary amine group in a protein molecule with a nearby nitrogen in a protein or DNA molecule through a -CH2- linkage called a Schiff base. The end result also creates the simulation, via color changes, of the appearance of blood flowing under the skin.", "Embalming. Embalming caught on in the United States during the American Civil War, as a result of sentimental issues involving foreign officials and servicemen dying far from home, and the need for their remains to be returned home for local burial. This period starting at about 1861 is known as the Funeral period of embalming and is marked by a separation of the fields of embalming by funeral directors and embalming (anatomical wetting) for medical and scientific purposes.[1] Dr. Thomas Holmes received a commission from the Army Medical Corps to embalm the corpses of dead Union officers to return to their families. Military authorities also permitted private embalmers to work in military-controlled areas. The passage of Abraham Lincoln's body home for burial was made possible by embalming, and it brought the possibilities and potential of embalming to a wider public notice.", "Embalming. Anatomical embalming is performed into a closed circulatory system. The fluid is usually injected with an embalming machine into an artery under high pressure and flow, and allowed to swell and saturate the tissues. After the deceased is left to sit for a number of hours, the venous system is generally opened and the fluid allowed to drain out, although many anatomical embalmers do not use any drainage technique.", "Ancient Egyptian funerary practices. The preservation of a dead body was critical if the deceased wanted a chance at acceptance into the afterlife. Within the Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul, ka, which represented vitality, leaves the body once the person dies.[24] Only if the body is embalmed in a specific fashion will ka return to the deceased body, and rebirth will take place.[20] The embalmers received the body after death, and in a systematized manner, prepared it for mummification. The family and friends of the deceased had a choice of options that ranged in price for the preparation of the body, similar to the process at modern funeral homes. Next, the embalmers escorted the body to ibw, translated to “place of purification,” a tent in which the body was washed, and then per nefer, “the House of Beauty,” where mummification took place.[20]", "Embalming. Alternative methods of preservation, such as ice packing or laying the body on so called 'cooling boards', gradually lost ground to the increasingly popular and effective methods of embalming. By the mid 19th century, the newly emerging profession of businessmen-undertakers - who provided funeral and burial services - began adopting embalming methods as standard.", "Embalming. A photograph of the deceased in good health is often sought to guide the embalmer's hand in restoring the body to a more lifelike appearance. Blemishes and discolorations (such as bruises, in which the discoloration is not in the circulatory system, and cannot be removed by arterial injection) occasioned by the last illness, the settling of blood, or the embalming process itself are also dealt with at this time (although some embalmers utilize hypodermic bleaching agents, such as phenol-based cauterants, during injection to lighten discoloration and allow easier cosmetizing). It is also common for the embalmer to perform minor restoration of the deceased's appearance with tissue building chemicals and a hypodermic syringe. Tissue Building chemicals (Tissue Builders) become solid with the introduction of liquids such as water or interstitial fluids. Commonly the area where the Spheoid and Temporal bones meet; this can also be referred to the temples. In the event of trauma or natural depressions on the face or hands, tissue builder is also used to return those regions of the face to the expectations of the family. This process is normally only completed with consent of the family, however, it may vary based on regional regulation and law.", "Embalming. Perhaps the ancient culture that had developed embalming to the greatest extent was Egypt. As early as the First Dynasty (3200 BC), specialized priests were in charge of embalming and mummification. They did so by removing organs, ridding the body of moisture, and covering the body with natron.[2] The Ancient Egyptians believed that preservation of the mummy empowered the soul after death, the latter of which would return to the preserved corpse.", "Embalming. Embalming autopsy cases differs from standard embalming because the nature of the post-mortem examination irrevocably disrupts the circulatory system, due to the removal of the organs and viscera. In these cases, a six-point injection is made through the two iliac or femoral arteries, subclavian or axillary vessels, and common carotids, with the viscera treated separately with cavity fluid or a special embalming powder in a viscera bag, \"shake and bake\". The treatment of autopsied viscera vary on the regulation and laws of the region. Many regions require the viscera to be further dissected in the form of one inch by one inch, treated in cavity fluid until well fixed (persevered), drained of cavity fluid and placed in the thoracic and abdominal cavities in alternating layers of an embalming compound (known as Harding compound)and viscera. In many morgues in the United States, Canada and New Zealand, the necessary vessels are carefully preserved during the autopsy;[citation needed] in countries where embalming is less common, such as Australia[citation needed] and Japan,[citation needed] they are routinely excised.", "Embalming. A new method for embalming, developed in 1992 by Walter Thiel, uses a different set of chemicals and salts. This method produces bodies with no detectable odor and much better color preservation, as well as flexible limbs.[13][14]", "Embalming. Embalming is distinct from taxidermy. Embalming preserves the human body intact, whereas taxidermy is the recreation of an animal's form often using only the creature's skin mounted on an anatomical form. Embalming also differs from Anatomical Wetting in which medical specimens (including cadavers) are preserved for further study and research. Anatomical Wetting does not concern with the overall appearance and uses different chemicals than a traditional funerary embalming.", "Embalming chemicals. Embalming fluid is injected into the arterial system of the deceased. Many other bodily fluids may also be displaced and removed from the body using the arterial system and in the case of cavity treatment aspirated from the body and replaced with a specialty fluid known as cavity fluid.", "Morgue. A morgue or mortuary (in a hospital or elsewhere) is used for the storage of human corpses awaiting identification or removal for autopsy or respectful burial, cremation or other method. In modern times corpses have customarily been refrigerated to delay decomposition.[1]", "Funeral. Mummification is the drying of bodies to preserve them. The most famous practitioners were ancient Egyptiansâ€”many nobles and highly ranked bureaucrats had their corpses embalmed and stored in luxurious sarcophagi inside their funeral mausoleums. Pharaohs stored their embalmed corpses in pyramids.[91]", "Burial. Exhumation of human remains occur for a number of reasons unrelated to the burial location, including identification of the deceased or as part of a criminal investigation. If an individual dies in suspicious circumstances, the police may request exhumation in order to determine the cause of death. Exhumations may also occur as part of grave robbing, or as an act of desecration to show disrespect. In rare, historical cases (e.g. Pope Formosus or Oliver Cromwell), a body may be exhumed for posthumous execution, dissection, or gibbeting. Notable individuals may be exhumed to answer historical questions. Many Ancient Egyptian mummies have been removed for study and public display. Exhumation enables archaeologists to search the remains to better understand human culture." ]	[ 5.32421875, 4.66015625, 3.2109375, 2.55859375, 2.626953125, 1.28515625, 4.5859375, 2.248046875, 3.576171875, 2.533203125, 2.630859375, 2.94921875, 2.26953125, 2.48046875, 3.0234375, 0.303955078125, -0.0246429443359375, 2.220703125, 0.30126953125, 2.44140625, 1.43359375, 0.72705078125, -0.29736328125, 2.361328125, 0.607421875, 0.1253662109375, -1.3359375, 2.1875, 1.4462890625, -4.42578125, -0.52734375, -3.220703125 ]
who is the actress that plays hillary on the young and the restless	[ "Mishael Morgan. Marie-Charms Mishael Morgan (born July 15, 1986) known professionally as Mishael Morgan, is a Trinidadian-Canadian actress known for the role of Hilary Curtis on CBS Daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless.", "Mishael Morgan. In May 2013, Morgan was cast as Hilary Curtis in the CBS daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless.[7] On June 11, 2018, Morgan confirmed earlier reports that she would be leaving the soap.[8] Morgan's representation later confirmed that Morgan opted to leave after unsuccessful attempts to negotiate for a raise in salary.[9]", "Devon Hamilton and Hilary Curtis. Devon Hamilton and Hilary Curtis are fictional characters and a supercouple from the American CBS soap opera, The Young and the Restless.[2][3] Devon Hamilton, portrayed by Bryton James is the biological grandson of the show's iconic matriarch, Katherine Chancellor, portrayed by Jeanne Cooper and the adopted son of Neil Winters and Drucilla Winters, played by Kristoff St. John and Victoria Rowell. Hilary Curtis, portrayed by Mishael Morgan was introduced in 2013 as woman looking for revenge on Neil and the Winters family for Neil's part in her mother's death.", "Devon Hamilton and Hilary Curtis. Writer Gingersnap praised the decision to pair the African American Hilary with an African American male, instead of reverting to the typical interracial pairing. She declared \"Urban drama, angst, and sexy off the charts chemistry galore has come right back to Y&R with a fiery diligence!\" While Gingersnap insisted that there was nothing wrong with interracial love, she said \"I'm sick of black women being valued and rewarded only when white [men] desire them and vice versa for black men.\" The writer also credited James and Morgan's acting with making her believe that Devon is Hilary's \"soul mate\" and likened the pairing to the \"brown skinned Romeo Montague to brown skinned Juliet Capulet.\" She continued, \"You know a couple is worth weight in pure gold if the actors can have great eye sex.… Even if they only have a three minute scene without uttering dialogue to one another. It's that abyssal deep.\"[60] She later explained of the couple: \"Alas Hilary and Devon's story brought seeded a hope that brown skinned woman could be coveted by a brown skinned man, desirable, wanted and appreciated. Devon worshiped Hilary like a queen, a goddess. To see these characters show affection, to kiss was beautiful, a representation humanizing an experience rarely depicted, shedding light on Hilary and Devon as a phenomenon, as a promised beacon in the predominately white driven daytime world.\"[61] Ashley Dionne said that the pairing gave fans \"the audacity to hope.\" While previous writing regimes did not recognize it, \"Devon Hamilton is a catch\" Dionne stated. \"James has proven that along with the sometimes emotional storylines he's been given, he can also be the romantic daytime hunk his fans knew he would be if given the chance.\"[62] Sean O'Brien from Soap Opera Spy applauded James and Morgan for their consistent portrayal. \"They've taken scripts from various writers and created solid on-screen chemistry.\" he stated. O'Brien continued, \"When all snarky provocative paragraphs have ended, the honest assertion of this scribe is that ‘Hevon’ is great entertainment!\"[63] Soaps In Depth praised the duo's \"painfully honest\" break-up in 2017.[64] Meanwhile, Sean O'Brien argued that the plot seemed \"trumped up.\" He continued that if not for the writers' obvious intentions on changing the couple's dynamic, the \"overreaction\" from Devon wouldn't \"add up.\" He argued that the writers \"pushed Devon to act out of character\" to push Devon and Mariah together.[65]", "Mckenna Grace. Mckenna Grace (born June 25, 2006)[1] is an American child actress. She is known for playing the role of Jasmine Bernstein in the comedy series Crash & Bernstein (2012–2014) and Faith Newman in the soap opera The Young and the Restless (2013–2015). She has also starred in films, such as Mr. Church (2016), Independence Day: Resurgence (2016), Gifted (2017), and How to Be a Latin Lover (2017).[2][3]", "Mckenna Grace. She had a recurring role, as Faith Newman, on The Young and the Restless between 2013 and 2015.[6] In 2015, she had a recurring role on the CBS series CSI: Cyber.[6]", "Devon Hamilton and Hilary Curtis. On April 5, 2015, the couple's fan site Hevon Nation launched the \"More for Hevon\" Twitter campaign in hopes of increasing the pairing's airtime. While The Young and the Restless had been the number 1 ranked daytime drama for over 20 years, the fan site attributed the show's long term success to the large portion of African American viewers. \"We need to let CBS Daytime and YR know that receiving kudos for having black characters on their roster isn't enough. Where is the airtime? Where is the writing? Where is the investment?\"[88] While the campaign was initially scheduled to last for a week, the fans extended the campaign beyond the launch week to get attention of the producers to fix the situation. Participants who could not participate live due to other obligations were instructed to use TweetDeck to schedule Tweets to be sent out at specific times during the hours in which the series aired on a daily basis. The tweets were directed towards CBS Daytime as a whole including vice president Angelica McDaniel and Chuck Pratt.[89] The fan site cited Pratt's controversial interview with Michael Logan as the reason for launching the campaign. \"We saw the blatant lack of airtime and scenes. It was clear that the Winters and Devon/Hilary were not on Prattâ€™s list of characters to write for.\"[87] By July 2015, the problems with airtime seemed to have worsened with James and Morgan being featured in only 12 out of 65 episodes during the months of April and June. Another bulletin from the site accused the producers of harboring \"unconscious bias\" incorrectly assuming viewers can't root for pairings who don't look like them. \"It's not intentional. Most times it's not malicious. It's racism's gentler, kinder little brother. However, how else can you explain a couple as popular and beloved as Hevon being back burned and essentially erased at the height of their popularity?\"[90] The site owners also questioned the decision from a business standpoint considering the recent successes of prime time drama Empire and comedy Black-ish both of which had ethnically diverse casts.[87]", "Hillary Scott. Scott has two tattoos, a music note on her right foot and the number 14 on her right wrist. The 14 has two meanings. It represents the age at which she decided music is what she wanted to do for a living and the age difference between her and her younger sister Rylee Jean Scott.[24]", "Ellen Pompeo. Pompeo along with Shonda Rhimes, and the leads of Rhimes' ABC Thursday line-up shows Scandal, How to Get Away With Murder, Kerry Washington and Viola Davis, appeared in an ad campaign for the 2016 US election supporting Hillary Clinton, comparing her to the protagonists of those series.[55] In the video, the actresses note that Olivia Pope, Annalise Keating and Meredith Grey are “brilliant” and “complex” women who fight for justice and give voice to the voiceless. Rhimes, Davis, Pompeo, and Washington each take turns speaking as they praise the presidential candidate and conclude: \"Our characters are on television; the real world has Hillary Clinton.\" Clinton responded to the video with a tweet saying, “Talk about a power lineup. Thank you for being on this team!\"[56]", "Devon Hamilton. Devon's most significant and popular pairing proved to be his romantic pairing with Hilary Curtis (Mishael Morgan). The couple faces several obstacles before they even become a couple including Hilary's \"denial\"[55] of her feelings and Hilary's misunderstood attraction to her boss Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) which sends Devon into the arms of the gold digging supermodel Esmeralda (Briana Nicole Henry).[55] Jean Passanante said \"Esmeralda is unabashedly attracted to Devon's money, perhaps as much as she is to Devon himself.\" Devon thinks he has missed his chance with Hilary after seeing her with Jack.[56] Writer Shelly Altman insisted that the duo shared a mutual attraction but they would need to overcome yet another and \"very surprising obstacle!\"[55] That obstacle comes in the form of Hilary's short lived romance and sudden marriage to Neil.[57] James viewed the situation differently then he did Devon's affair with Tyra because at the time, he was very young, still only a teenager when it occurred. In the triangle with Neil and Hilary, Devon is an adult and he can come at Neil as an equal.[58] Despite unflattering circumstances, the pairing was a hit with most fans and critics which James accredited to the writers for \"taking the time, and letting the fans get invested in really caring about Devon and Hilaryâ€™s feelings for each other.\"[34][59] According to James, Devon believes he has found \"true love\" with Hilary. Devon and Hilary face a long uphill battle once their affair is exposed.[51] James was \"thrilled\" to finally get the opportunity to play a more \"traditional soap\" story like Devon and Hilary's affair.[28] Devon and Hilary married in August 2015 with their wedding airing over the course of 4 episodes.[60]", "Hillary Scott. Scott was born in Nashville, Tennessee, to country music artist Linda Davis and Lang Scott, a musician and entrepreneur. Her family is Scottish-Native American[citation needed]. She has a younger sister named Rylee Jean (2000). Scott was homeschooled on the road for kindergarten. She attended elementary school and high school at Donelson Christian Academy where she graduated in 2004. She lived with her grandparents during that time while her parents were on the road touring. After joining her mom on stage for a Christmas show, she was convinced to pursue a music career. Scott decided at age 14 to become a country singer, and her sister, Rylee, is 14 years younger than her; so she has a tattoo of the number 14 in honor of those two things.[1]", "Devon Hamilton and Hilary Curtis. Though he hesitates to trust, Devon and Hilary team up with Neil and Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) to develop Neville's miracle drug. Meanwhile, Hilary also convinces Devon to donate to Jack and Neil's foundation in support of rehabilitation centers and she also vies for a seat on the board of directors but Devon interferes fearing the trouble she could cause. Hilary's health begins to decline and she collapses in Devon's arms and they learn she is dying. Devon fires Neville and gets another doctor to save his wife. It is later revealed that Hilary bribed a lab technician to falsify reports to rush the drug to market. To avoid a lawsuit, Devon and Hilary settle out of court with the victims of the failed medical trial. In September 2016, Devon buys the GC Buzz and makes plans to shut it down until Hilary convinces him to keep it on the air and just change the way they tell stories. Devon goes a step further and decides to make Hilary lead anchor. Hilary becomes obsessed with keeping viewers happy and spiking ratings which goes against Devon's wishes of telling stories without destroying peoples lives.[48] Meanwhile, Devon enlist Hilary's new assistant Mariah Copeland (Camryn Grimes) to help keep Hilary on the straight and narrow. Hilary and Mariah clash over how to handle the revelation that her mother Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) has secretly been raising her ex-husband Nick's (Joshua Morrow) presumed dead son. When Hilary edits an interview with Sharon's husband Dylan McAvoy (Steve Burton) to smear Sharon to get back at Mariah, a furious Devon fires her. According to Bryton James, Devon reaches his breaking point because \"She's literally twisting people's words, and Devon won't stand for that.\"[48] While Hilary doesn't take back the job when Devon offers after a failed attempt at hiring Mariah, they reconcile and Devon buys a new home for the two of them. The plot featured a guest appearance from Housewives of Beverly Hills star Erika Girardi as the couple's real-estate agent.[49] After Lily exposes that Hilary has been lying about fielding other job offers to trick Devon into rehiring her, the couple agrees to a fresh start and being completely honest. But when Mariah exposes that Hilary lied about being responsible for her fall during a charity gala, a furious Devon leaves Hilary.[50] Hilary doesn't know what to expect when Devon disappears because they've always been able to \"hash things out\" by talking—but this time he wasn't interested in an explanation. Neil gets Hilary to understand that her consistent dishonesty might have push Devon away for good. As Hilary struggles to figure how to reconcile with Devon, she learns Devon has been badly injured in a car accident.[50] However, Devon does not remember the incident due to a concussion, and Hilary is quite relieved but still worried she will lose in the end.[51] Devon regains his memory and leaves Hilary but convinces her to co-host GC Buzz with Mariah. According to James, Devon is testing himself \"and see if he can be strong enough and smart enough\" to separate his personal life from business.[52] Devon is shocked when Hilary serves him with divorce papers that don't include a big settlement James explained. But Hilary's prior threats about taking half of his fortune make Devon question her sincerity. According to Morgan, Hilary's motives are innocent—she wants to reassure Devon that she was never after his money and that she is still the woman he fell in love with. Though she wants to be proven \"right\", Mishael Morgan said that Hilary is terrified that she will lose \"the love of her life\" if Devon signs. Instead, Devon offers Hilary a $250 million divorce settlement if she signs -- \"It's a test\" James revealed. Morgan described the dynamic as \"a game of chess.\"[53] Devon and Hilary ultimately divorce in April 2017.", "Kate Walsh (actress). During the 2016 election, Walsh was a supporter of Hillary Clinton, publicly endorsing her and campaigning for her several times in California, Arizona, and Virginia.[43]", "Ryan Michelle Bathe. Ryan Michelle Bathe (pronounced ba-THAY, born July 27, 1976) is an American actress, known for her roles on television.", "Tracey E. Bregman. From April to June 2010, while still portraying Lauren, Bregman took on double-duty with The Young and the Restless, as she also portrayed Sheila Carter's sister, Sarah. When it was introduced in 1985, she was the first actress to be awarded the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series (then known as the \"Outstanding Ingenue in a Drama Series\"), being nominated for the same award again in 1987 and for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in both 2006 and 2008. In, 2010, she also appeared alongside her Y&R co-star, Christian LeBlanc, in the music video for Reba McEntire's single, \"I Keep On Loving You\".", "Hillary Scott. Hillary Dawn Scott-Tyrrell (born April 1, 1986), known professionally as Hillary Scott, is an American singer and songwriter. She is the co-lead singer of Lady Antebellum, a country music group that was formed in 2006, and is signed to Capitol Nashville. With her family, she released the top 10 album, Love Remains, in 2016.", "Tracey E. Bregman. Tracey Elizabeth Bregman[1] (born May 29, 1963) is an American soap opera actress. She is best known for the role of Lauren Fenmore on The Young and the Restless (1983–1995, 2000, 2001–present) and The Bold and the Beautiful (1992, 1993, 1994, 1995–1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007).", "Alexandra Daddario. Daddario made her television debut at the age of 16, when she played victimized teen Laurie Lewis in the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children. Her first major role was as Annabeth Chase in the fantasy adventure film Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010).[13] She also had a recurring role as Neal Caffrey's love interest Kate Moreau in the USA Network's procedural drama series White Collar. In 2011, she co-starred in Hall Pass and had a recurring role as Rachel in NBC's comedy-drama series Parenthood.[14]", "Sharon Case. The show's former head writer and executive producer Maria Arena Bell has been highly criticized for the \"destruction\" of Sharon. Jillian Bowe, a writer of the website Zap2It said that the character was \"beloved\" but Bell had \"assassinated\" her \"via one ill-conceived storyline and/or romance after another.\"[33] Tommy Garrett of Canyon News praised Case, and wrote that: \"Maria Bell knows that consummate actress Sharon Case plays the consummate heroine Sharon Newman with aplomb.\"[34] Garret also has described Case's performance as \"flawless\" playing a \"role of a lifetime and giving the performance of a lifetime.\"[35] Case has received several awards for her work on The Young and the Restless. Canyon News suggested that her performance needed more Emmy attention.[36] The character has tackled issues such as infidelity and rape, and in recent years, mental health social issues like kleptomania and most notably bipolar disorder. Case continues to play Sharon today.", "Jerry O'Connell. O'Connell co-wrote and appeared in a video parody called \"Young Hillary Clinton\", satirizing Hillary Clinton's 2008 primary campaign.[11] On February 2, 2008, O'Connell hosted VH1's Pepsi Smash Super Bowl Bash, which aired the night before Super Bowl XLII and featured musical guests Maroon 5 and Mary J. Blige.[12][13] On April 28, 2008, he appeared as a guest star on ABC's Samantha Who?. In late 2008 O'Connell starred in Fox's Do Not Disturb, co-starring Niecy Nash, but Fox cancelled the show after only three episodes.[14][15]", "Catherine Bach. After the series ended, Bach had roles in a number of low-profile films. From 1992 to 1994, she starred in the Canadian family drama series, African Skies.[19] In 2006, she guest-starred on Monk, and in 2010 had a small cameo in the comedy film You Again. In 2012, Bach joined the cast of CBS daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless in the recurring role of Anita Lawson.[3]", "Eileen Davidson. In July 2008, Eileen was downgraded to recurring status at The Bold and the Beautiful. She returned to The Young and the Restless full-time as Ashley on September 26, 2008. In 2012, Nelson Branco announced that Sony Pictures Entertainment wanted Davidson on both The Young and the Restless and Days of Our Lives, but that Y&R would not share the actress, leading Sony to terminate her contract with them. Thus, it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Kristen Blake DiMera on Days of Our Lives.[11]", "Hillary Scott. After high school she attended Middle Tennessee State University to help her music career grow and to also improve it. During her time at MTSU, Scott worked with singer-songwriter Victoria Shaw and earned some publicity, but was unable to secure a contract with a major label.[2] She auditioned for American Idol twice, but failed to make it through to the judges round in both cases.[3] Then she met future bandmates Charles Kelley and later, Dave Haywood, in May 2006. She ran into Kelley at a Nashville bar and recognized him from his MySpace page, where she had been listening to his music. She introduced herself to Kelley and complimented him on his music, which led to his deciding that they should get together with Haywood and write songs. The first song they wrote was \"All We'd Ever Need\". The song was originally written for her to perform; she convinced Kelley it should be a duet, which led to the forming of Lady Antebellum. The group first performed together in August 2006 and signed a record deal with Capitol Nashville in 2007.[4] Scott claims that being lead singer of Lady Antebellum, as opposed to being a solo artist, lessens the pressure on her on stage.[5]", "Alyvia Alyn Lind. Alyvia Alyn Lind is an American child actress. She is best known for roles of Faith Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless since 2011, and young 9-year-old Dolly Parton in the made-for-television movies Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors and Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love.", "Adrienne Frantz. Adrienne Danielle Frantz (born June 7, 1978[1]) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She appeared as Amber Moore in The Bold and the Beautiful (1997–2005, 2010–2012) and The Young and the Restless (2006–2010, 2013).", "Melody Thomas Scott. Melody Thomas Scott (born April 18, 1956) is an American actress best known for playing Nikki Newman on the soap opera The Young and the Restless.[1]", "Eileen Davidson. Eileen Marie Davidson[1] (born June 15, 1959) is an American actress, reality star, author and former model, best known for her performances in television soap operas. Davidson is best known for her roles in soap operas as Kristen DiMera on NBC's Days of Our Lives, and Ashley Abbott on CBS's The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful.", "Devon Hamilton and Hilary Curtis. Mishael Morgan herself credited fans as the reason for the couple's existence.[72] Less than a year after they first shared the screen together, and even before they were officially a couple, Devon and Hilary had amassed a very vocal fan base. By July 2014, James, Morgan and the pairing of Devon and Hilary made their debuts in online fan polls from We Love Soaps and TVSource Magazine.[73][74] In September 2014, Devon and Hilary debuted on the CBS Soaps in Depth fan poll.[75] The duo peaked would eventually peak at #1 on the TVSource poll in November 2014 and January 2015 on both the couples and the actors polls.[76][77] \"Hevon\" were voted the #1 couple in the February 23, 2015 issue of CBS Soaps In Depth interrupting Cane and Lily's nearly three year long reign on top of the poll while James and Morgan were both voted #1 on the \"Top 5\" actors and actresses polls.[10][78] The pairing ranked at #10 on We Love Soaps list of the 25 Most Popular Couples for the year and were the only Y&R pairing to rank in the top 10, and the only African American to make the list overall.[79] Devon and Hilary won the Fan Favorite Award for \"Most Romantic Duo\" at the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards in 2015.[80] Morgan admitted that she thought her character would be killed off in the plane crash while James said that their substantial fan base made them safe.[5] 64% of Soaps In Depth readers believed Devon and Hilary could make a relationship work, despite their past. Most readers thought the pair had strong \"enough chemistry\" to survive anything.[81] While the affair turned some viewers against the pairingâ€”most viewers began rooting for the couple again once the affair was exposed.[15] Lauren R. of Chicago was \"thrilled\" at the focus on the couple's internal marital struggles in early 2017. \"The chemistry is smoking between them, whether it's during a steamy love scene or a heated argument!\" However, the viewer criticized the writers as the duo disappeared for several weeks with no follow up after.[71] Gingersnp of Femfilmrogue said \"'Hevon' were so popular, they topped polls and covered soap magazines, becoming the Angie and Jesse of our generation.\"[82]", "Christel Khalil. She is best friends with Bryton James, who portrays her character's brother, Devon Hamilton on The Young and the Restless.[18][19] She is also friends with The Young and the Restless co-stars, Tammin Sursok(former co-star)[20] Mishael Morgan and Nadine Heimann.[21] In October 2015, she modeled for Heimann's non-profit, True Connection.[22][23]", "The Young and the Restless characters (2015). Elise Moxley, portrayed by Jensen Buchanan, was introduced in November 2015.", "Eva Marcille. Eva Marcille Pigford (born October 30, 1984), known professionally as Eva Marcille, is an American actress, TV host and fashion model, who most recently played the role of Tyra Hamilton on the soap opera The Young and the Restless. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.", "Vanessa Marano. Vanessa Nicole Marano[1] (born October 31, 1992[2]) is an American actress. She has starred in television movies and had recurring roles in such series as Without a Trace, Gilmore Girls, Ghost Whisperer, Scoundrels, Grey's Anatomy and The Young and the Restless. From 2011-2017, she starred as Bay Kennish on the Freeform television series Switched at Birth." ]	[ 7.9765625, 5.03515625, 5.296875, -1.712890625, -1.29296875, -2.484375, -2.48046875, -3.5, -3.427734375, 1.1318359375, -3.521484375, -1.0732421875, -2.271484375, 0.859375, -3.32421875, -3.66015625, -1.37109375, -2.642578125, -3.283203125, -3.92578125, -2.19140625, -3.283203125, -3.03515625, -1.7392578125, -2.12890625, -1.5126953125, -1.716796875, -0.59130859375, -2.732421875, -2.841796875, -0.294189453125, -0.84130859375 ]
who wrote i did it my way lyrics	[ "My Way. \"My Way\" is a song popularized in 1969 by Frank Sinatra. Its lyrics were written by Paul Anka and set to the music of the French song \"Comme d'habitude\" co-composed and co-written (with Jacques Revaux), and performed in 1967 by Claude François. Anka's English lyrics are unrelated to the original French song. The song was a success for a variety of performers including Sinatra, Elvis Presley, and the Sex Pistols. Sinatra's version of \"My Way\" spent 75 weeks in the UK Top 40, a record which still stands.", "My Way. In 2002 American rapper Jay-Z released a hip-hop version of \"My Way\" titled \"Did it my way\" on his album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse.[22]", "My Way. In 1968, then-unknown singer-songwriter David Bowie was asked by his music publisher to write English lyrics for the original French song. As Bowie relates on his VH1 Storytellers live album, his version, Even a Fool Learns to Love, was \"rejected out of hand, quite rightly, I feel,\" and was never recorded. Later, he reworked the chords of the French song and turned it into Life on Mars?, a track on his 1971 album Hunky Dory, and included the note \"inspired by Frankie\" (referring to My Way singer Frank Sinatra) in the liner notes.[21]", "My Way. Dutch singer and painter Herman Brood covered the song. It was part of his posthumous greatest hits album My Way (2001). The title song was released on single and became his first No. 1 single in the Dutch top 40.[citation needed]", "My Way. In 2005, Italian diva Mina made an intimate interpretation of \"My Way\" on her Sinatra tribute album \"L'allieva\".", "Send Me on My Way. Originally released as a rough version on 1992's Cruel Sun, it was rerecorded in 1994 for their second album, When I Woke.[2] Root's frontman, Michael Glabicki, wrote the lyrics, and its other members – Liz Berlin, John Buynak, Jim Dispirito, Jim Donovan, Patrick Norman and Jennifer Wertz – contributed to the track.[2]", "I'm on My Way (Dean Parrish song). \"I'm on My Way\" is a song and single by American soul singer, Dean Parrish. Written by Doug Morris and Eliot Greenberg, it was first released in the US 1967 without any chart success. [1] It was released in the UK in 1975 and found chart success due to its popularity with the Northern soul scene.", "My Way. In the midst of Sinatra's multiple runs on the UK Singles Chart, Welsh singer Dorothy Squires also released a rendition of \"My Way\" in Summer 1970. Her recording reached number 25 on the UK Singles Chart and re-entered the chart twice more during that year.", "My Way (Frank Sinatra album). My Way is an album by American singer Frank Sinatra, released in 1969.[3]", "My Way. In 2012 Anka revised the lyrics of the song for Chris Mann's debut album Roads. In Mann's version the song is presented from the perspective of a young man looking to the future instead of an older man reflecting on his life.", "My Way. Sex Pistols' bassist Sid Vicious did a punk rock version of the song, in which a large body of the words were changed and the arrangement was sped up. The orchestral backing was arranged by Simon Jeffes.", "My Way. Frank Sinatra recorded his version of the song on December 30, 1968, and it was released in early 1969 on the album of the same name and as a single. It reached No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart in the US. In the UK, the single achieved a still unmatched record, becoming the recording with the most weeks inside the Top 40, spending 75 weeks from April 1969 to September 1971. It spent a further 49 weeks in the Top 75 but never bettered the No. 5 slot achieved upon its first chart run.[7]", "Roy Orbison. I'm sure we had to study composition or something like that at school, and they'd say 'This is the way you do it,' and that's the way I would have done it, so being blessed again with not knowing what was wrong or what was right, I went on my own way....So the structure sometimes has the chorus at the end of the song, and sometimes there is no chorus, it just goes...But that's always after the factâ€”as I'm writing, it all sounds natural and in sequence to me.\"", "The Great Space Coaster. 6. My Way (Comme D'Habitude)\n(Lyrics By (English) – Paul Anka Lyrics By (French) – Gilles Thibault Music By – C. Francois, J. Revaux)", "My Way (Frank Sinatra album). My Way was recorded and mixed at EastWest Studios, then called Oceanway Recording. Later it was remixed and reissued by Concord Records in 2009 to mark its 40th Anniversary. Two bonus tracks were included, and new liner notes from Bono. The bonus tracks were a rehearsal of \"For Once in My Life\" from 1969, for Sinatra's eponymous Emmy Award nominated 1969 television special, Sinatra, and a live 1987 performance of \"My Way\" at the Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas.", "She's a Lady. The single's B-side track was \"My Way\" whose lyrics were also written by Paul Anka.", "The Way I Am (Eminem song). It features the first beat Eminem produced on his own, featuring an ominous bass line, a piano loop, and bell chimes. In the song, Eminem lashes out at people he feels are putting too much pressure on him, including overzealous fans and record executives expecting him to top the success of his hit single \"My Name Is\", though in fact he went on to do so with \"The Real Slim Shady,\" as well as other songs. He delivers each line extremely aggressively, almost shouting them out, representing the angry, resentful tone taken by the lyrics. The song contains the line \"When a dude's gettin bullied and shoots up his school, and they blame it on Marilyn...\", referring to either Eric Harris or Dylan Klebold, the bullied perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre which took place the previous year, and the resulting media backlash against Marilyn Manson. The song has also been remixed by Danny Lohner featuring Marilyn Manson, who has performed the song with Eminem live on stage. The song reached number 8 in the United Kingdom, while in the United States it did not fare as well, not charting on the top 50. In 2005 it was re-released on the album Curtain Call: The Hits. \"The Way I Am\" was certified Gold in Sweden, selling over 20,000 copies.[1]", "Life on Mars (song). In 1968, Bowie wrote the lyrics \"Even a Fool Learns to Love\", set to the music of a 1967 French song \"Comme d'habitude\", composed by Claude François and Jacques Revaux. Bowie's version was never released, but Paul Anka bought the rights to the original French version and rewrote it into \"My Way\", the song made famous by Frank Sinatra in a 1969 recording on his album of the same name. The success of the Anka version prompted Bowie to write \"Life on Mars?\" as a parody of Sinatra's recording.[1] In notes for iSelect, a compilation that accompanied a June 2008 issue of The Mail on Sunday,[4] Bowie described how he wrote the song:", "My Way (Calvin Harris song). On 6 September 2016, Harris uploaded the artwork for \"My Way\" without the song title to his Twitter and Instagram accounts, causing people to believe that this was hinting at a new song being in the works.[5] Harris announced the single along with its official artwork to his Twitter page on 12 September 2016, five days prior to its release.[2]", "It's My Life (Bon Jovi song). \"It's My Life\" is also notable for its line referencing fellow New Jerseyan Frank Sinatra: \"My heart is like an open highway / Like Frankie said / I did it 'My Way'.\" Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora apparently had a disagreement over those lines, with Bon Jovi recalling:[3]", "My Way (Calvin Harris song). The music video for the song was released to YouTube on 28 October 2016 through Calvin Harris official Vevo account.[11] It was directed by long-time collaborator, Emil Nava.", "My Way (Calvin Harris song). — Harris, during an interview with iHeartRadio.[4]", "Baby, I Love Your Way. \"Baby, I Love Your Way\" is a song written and performed by English singer Peter Frampton. It was released in September 1975 and was first featured on Frampton's 1975 album, Frampton. The song segues from the previous track \"Nassau\".", "My Way. The Pogues' Shane MacGowan recorded a punk cover of the song, reaching No. 29 on the UK singles chart.[citation needed]", "My Way. In 1970 British singer Samantha Jones won the music festival held in Belgian Knokke-Heist with a version of \"My Way\", which subsequently reached #4 on the Dutch charts.[citation needed]", "History of socialism. The \"Frank Sinatra\" doctrine was his reversal of the Brezhnev doctrine. Sinatra sang \"My Way\", and the doctrine named for him was that each Warsaw Pact country could find its own \"way\" of doing things.", "The Way (Ariana Grande song). \"The Way\" can be seen as the reboot of Grande's singing career, steering her toward an older demographic and a different musical genre than where she originally began. In January 2013, she met with producer Harmony Samuels, at which point he presented her with a demo of the song that featured the vocals of co-writer Jordin Sparks, whom the song was originally intended.[9] The beat he'd created for the single, samples Brenda Russell's \"A Little Bit of Love either directly or indirectly, via Big Pun's \"Still Not a Player\". Grande immediately connected with the sound and asked Mac Miller to feature on the song with her, to which he responded, \"Sounds like a hit to me.\" [10] The song was recorded that same month, and caught the attention of Republic Records VP Charlie Walk when he heard it being played from Republic co-founder Monte Lipman's office. \"It was 8:00 one night, and I heard a song coming from Monte's office through my wall. He called me down and I played a video, a DIY of Ariana Grande. We heard the song and I immediately made the decision to set it up [and] put the song out.\" [11]", "Do It Yourself (Ian Dury & the Blockheads album). All lyrics written by Ian Dury; all music composed by Chaz Jankel except where indicated.", "My Way. Back in New York, Anka re-wrote the original French song for Sinatra, subtly altering the melodic structure and changing the lyrics:", "Send Me on My Way. In February 2013, in an interview with Songfacts, Glabicki recalled entering the band's studio – a warehouse with big windows – on a sunny day, picking up a guitar and just writing the song amidst \"a very, very happy feeling\" in which \"there was a lot of happiness in the room\"[5] In the same interview, he said that Toni Childs was an influence on the song.[5]", "The Way I Am (Eminem song). The chorus adapts lines from the song \"As the Rhyme Goes On\" from Eric B. and Rakim's debut album Paid in Full in which Rakim raps,", "My Way (Calvin Harris song). Harris stated on the British radio station Heart and other interviews, that the lyrics are about his career in the grocery store he used to work in and how it prevented him from moving to London to progress in his music production.[9] Despite this, there are some rumors the song is about his ex-girlfriend Taylor Swift." ]	[ 4.16015625, -0.09857177734375, 2.181640625, -1.720703125, -2.63671875, -0.92138671875, -1.775390625, -3.1875, -1.9736328125, -0.0290679931640625, -1.1220703125, -0.2100830078125, -3.876953125, -0.982421875, -3.0234375, -0.7509765625, -2.88671875, -1.50390625, -2.02734375, 1.25, -2.666015625, -1.6123046875, -6.01953125, -2.888671875, -3.083984375, -4.0703125, -3.791015625, -3.33984375, 0.056121826171875, -2.65625, -5.94140625, 0.12322998046875 ]
what is the role of american nurses association	[ "American Nurses Association. The association is a professional organization representing registered nurses (RNs) in the United States through its 54 constituent member associations.[7] The ANA is involved in establishing standards of nursing practice, promoting the rights of nurses in the workplace, advancing the economic and general welfare of nurses.[8]", "American Nurses Association. The American Nurses Association (ANA) is a professional organization to advance and protect the profession of nursing. It started in 1896 as the Nurses Associated Alumnae and was renamed the American Nurses Association in 1911.[1] It is based in Silver Spring, Maryland[2] and Pamela F. Cipriano is the current president.", "American Nurses Association. The ANA states nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.[3]", "American Nurses Association. ANA also has three subsidiary organizations: (1) American Academy of Nursing, to serve the public and nursing profession by advancing health policy and practice through the generation, synthesis, and dissemination of nursing knowledge,(2) American Nurses Foundation, the charitable and philanthropic arm, and (3) American Nurses Credentialing Center, which credentials nurses in their specialty and credentials facilities that exhibit nursing excellence.[9]", "American Nurses Association. Initial organizational plans were made for the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States of America on September 2, 1896 at Manhattan Beach Hotel near New York City.[4] On February 11â€“12, 1897 those plans were ratified in Baltimore, Maryland at a meeting that coincided with the annual conference of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses.[5] Isabel Hampton Robb served as the first president. A major early goal of the organization was the enhancement of nursing care for American soldiers.[6]", "Surgical nursing. The role of professional associations is to protect, increase and promote common interests of their members. They provide opportunities such as networking, clinical education and research grants. Each Australian State has their own group which form a subdivision of ACORN (Australian College of Perioperative Nurses). Western Australiaâ€™s group is the Operating Nurses Association of Western Australia (ORNA). Both ACORN and ORNA have a website which provides information about their organisation. These websites are: www.acorn.org.au and ornawa.org [16]", "Nursing. Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient's family and other team members, that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life. In the United States and the United Kingdom, advanced practice nurses, such as clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners, diagnose health problems and prescribe medications and other therapies, depending on individual state regulations. Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of a multidisciplinary health care team such as therapists, medical practitioners and dietitians. Nurses provide care both interdependently, for example, with physicians, and independently as nursing professionals.", "Nursing management. The American Organization of Nurse Executives is a professional association for directors of nursing.", "Nursing. The American Nurses Credentialing Center, the credentialing arm of the American Nurses Association, is the largest nursing credentialing organization and administers more than 30 specialty examinations.[94]", "Nursing. Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Nurses practice in many specialties with differing levels of prescription authority. Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional role has shaped the public image of nurses as care providers. However, nurses are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings depending on training level. In the postwar period, nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials, and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing.[1][2]", "Nursing. Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.", "American Diabetes Association. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) is a United States-based association working to fight the consequences of diabetes and to help those affected by diabetes. The association funds research to manage, cure and prevent diabetes (including type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes); delivers services to hundreds of communities; provides information for both patients and health care professionals; and advocates on behalf of people denied their rights because of diabetes.", "American Heart Association. The American Heart Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke. Originally formed in New York City in 1924 as the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease,[1] it is currently headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The American Heart Association is a national voluntary health agency.", "Nursing. Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations.", "National Association for the Support of Long Term Care. The National Association for the Support of Long Term Care (NASL) is a United States trade association of ancillary providers of products and services to the post acute care industry. This includes nursing homes, assisted living, home care, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, independent living, adult day care, hospice and long term care hospitals. NASL represents and advocates for its members on legislative and regulatory issues that impact the quality of care to patients in long term care settings. NASL is headquartered in Washington, D.C.", "Nursing. Nursing is the nation's largest health care profession, with more than 3.1 million registered nurses nationwide.[82] Of all licensed RNs, 2.6 million or 84.8% are employed in nursing. Nurses comprise the largest single component of hospital staff, are the primary providers of hospital patient care, and deliver most of the nation's long-term care. The primary pathway to professional nursing, as compared to technical-level practice, is the four-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree. Registered nurses are prepared either through a BSN program; a three-year associate degree in nursing; or a three-year hospital training program, receiving a hospital diploma. All take the same state licensing exam. (The number of diploma programs has declined steadily—to less than 10 percent of all basic RN education programs—as nursing education has shifted from hospital-operated instruction into the college and university system.)", "National Healthcareer Association. Certified technicians work alongside licensed nurses and/or doctors. These positions would include individuals working as a phlebotomist, EKG technician, clinical medical assistant, patient care technicians, medical laboratory assistants, medical transcriptionists, medical administrative assistants, billing and coding specialists, mental health technicians, and surgical/operating room technicians. Many hospitals, private practices, and organizations throughout the country require national certification as a competence standard. [5] The National Healthcareer Association is a part of the National Organization for Competency Assurance.[7][8] The National Healthcareer Association helps set performance ethics standards among health care professionals, establish education requirements, and set guidelines for national certifications.[5]", "Nursing. Nurses practice in a wide range of settings, from hospitals to visiting people in their homes and caring for them in schools to research in pharmaceutical companies. Nurses work in occupational health settings[51] (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics and physician offices, nurse-led clinics, long-term care facilities and camps. They also work on cruise ships and in military service. Nurses act as advisers and consultants to the health care and insurance industries. Many nurses also work in the health advocacy and patient advocacy fields at companies such as Health Advocate, Inc. helping in a variety of clinical and administrative issues.[52] Some are attorneys and others work with attorneys as legal nurse consultants, reviewing patient records to assure that adequate care was provided and testifying in court. Nurses can work on a temporary basis, which involves doing shifts without a contract in a variety of settings, sometimes known as per diem nursing, agency nursing or travel nursing. Nurses work as researchers in laboratories, universities, and research institutions. Nurses have also been delving into the world of informatics, acting as consultants to the creation of computerized charting programs and other software.", "Nursing. Individuals who are assistant nurses follow orders from a registered nurse. They report back to the licensed nurse about a patient's condition. Assistant nurses are always supervised by a licensed registered nurse.", "Association of periOperative Registered Nurses. The first groups of organized OR nurses were concerned with many of the same issues AORN and the profession of OR nursing face today, including standardizing OR techniques and education programs and promoting friendship among OR nurses. Between 1916 and 1949, several OR nursing groups formed in various parts of the United States, leading to the formal recognition of AORN as a national association. Major milestones in the association's history include:", "Nursing. Canadian nurses hold a lot of responsibility in the medical field and are considered vital. According to the Canadian Nurses Association, \"They expect RNs to develop and implement multi-faceted plans for managing chronic disease, treating complex health conditions and assisting them in the transition from the hospital to the community. Canadians also look to RNs for health education and for strategies to improve their health. RNs assess the appropriateness of new research and technology for patients and adjust care plans accordingly\".", "Nursing diagnosis. NANDA-International formerly known as the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association is the primary organization for defining, distribution and integration of standardized nursing diagnoses worldwide. NANDA-I has worked in this area for nearly 40 years to ensure that diagnoses are developed through a peer-reviewed process requiring standardised levels of evidence, definitions, defining characteristics, related factors and/or risk factors that enable nurses to identify potential diagnoses in the course of a nursing assessment. NANDA-I believes that it is critical that nurses are required to utilise standardised languages that provide not just terms (diagnoses) but the embedded knowledge from clinical practice and research that provides diagnostic criteria (definitions, defining characteristics) and the related or etiologic factors upon which nurses intervene. NANDA-I terms are developed and refined for actual (current) health responses and for risk situations, as well as providing diagnoses to support health promotion. Diagnoses are applicable to individuals, families, groups and communities. The taxonomy is published in multiple countries and has been translated into 18 languages; it is in use worldwide. As research in the field of nursing continues to grow, NANDA-I continually develops and adds new diagnostic labels.", "Nursing. In the US, scope of practice is determined by the state or territory in which a nurse is licensed. Each state has its own laws, rules, and regulations governing nursing care. Usually the making of such rules and regulations is delegated to a state board of nursing, which performs day-to-day administration of these rules, licenses nurses and nursing assistants, and makes decisions on nursing issues. In some states, the terms \"nurse\" or \"nursing\" may only be used in conjunction with the practice of a registered nurse (RN) or licensed practical or vocational nurse (LPN/LVN).", "National Healthcareer Association. The National Healthcareer Association (NHA) is a national professional certification agency for healthcare workers in the United States.[3] Granting credentials in more than 8 allied health specialties, it is an organizational member of the National Organization for Competency Assurance (NOCA).[4] The National Healthcareer Association partners with educational institutions nationwide with over 350,000 certified individuals. It is one of the largest certification and continuing education providers.[5] The National Healthcareer Association works with health training institutions, hospitals, unions, and the US Defense Department through DANTES; it has approved over 2400 training/testing locations throughout the US and in several countries. These institutions offer allied health programs and use the national certification as their \"End Of Program Credential.\" Healthcare professional certification is different from a license such as a Registered Nurse, or a licensed practical nurse. Although certification is not state mandated and/or regulated in all 50 states, most employers and industry organizations prefer their employees to be certified.[6]", "Nursing. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.", "American Diabetes Association. The mission of the ADA is to prevent and cure diabetes and to improve the lives of all people affected by diabetes.[3] To fulfill this mission, the association funds research, publishes scientific findings, provides information and other services to people with diabetes, their families, health professionals and the public. The association is also actively involved in advocating for scientific research and for the rights of people with diabetes.[3] The association acts on its mission through a number of critical programs and activities that are directed to a broad range of constituents, including consumers, research scientists, health care professionals, corporations and communities.", "Nursing. RNs are the largest group of health care workers in the United States, with about 2.7 million employed in 2011.[85] It has been reported[by whom?] that the number of new graduates and foreign-trained nurses is insufficient to meet the demand for registered nurses; this is often referred to as the nursing shortage and is expected[by whom?] to increase for the foreseeable future. There are data to support the idea that the nursing shortage is a voluntary shortage.[citation needed] In other words, nurses are leaving nursing of their own volition. In 2006 it was estimated that approximately 1.8 million nurses chose not to work as a nurse. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 296,900 healthcare jobs were created in 2011. RNs make up the majority of the healthcare work force, therefore these positions will be filled primarily by nurses. The BLS also states that by 2020, there will be 1.2 million nursing job openings due to an increase in the workforce, and replacements. (Rosseter, 2012).", "Nursing. Having an independent organization that defends the rights of nurses and to follow up nurses' problems was the long time wishes of Iranian nurses. Before Islamic revolution in 1979, efforts in this respect finally led to the establishment of the Iranian Nurses Association and activities were taken in this respect. After the victory of Islamic revolution, this association also canceled its activities and after that, number of associations mainly with political and professional formation was established, but the main problem of nurses was still present. Gradually in the year 1994 with the efforts of numbers of persons mostly nursing students and faculty member, the preliminary step was taken for the establishment of nursing organization. This preliminary nucleus started its work in the name of Nursing Coordination council with the instruction of students.", "National Association for the Support of Long Term Care. Every NASL member is active on one of four working committees: Medical Products, Medical Services, Information Technology and Diagnostic Testing. NASL committees and leadership participate in and manage national and industry-wide coalitions, host and sponsor national and state education sessions, and the support the development of healthcare policy.", "Nursing in Australia. As of 1 July 2010, nurses are regulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, an agency under the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) under the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme. The practice of nursing was previously governed by state and territorial nursing regulation authorities. The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council (ANMAC) was established in 1992 and works with these authorities to facilitate a national approach to nursing and midwifery regulation. Which has now been superseded by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA).", "Nursing. RNs are not limited to employment as bedside nurses. They are employed by physicians, attorneys, insurance companies, governmental agencies, community/public health agencies, private industry, school districts, ambulatory surgery centers, among others. Some registered nurses are independent consultants who work for themselves, while others work for large manufacturers or chemical companies. Research nurses conduct or assist in the conduct of research or evaluation (outcome and process) in many areas such as biology, psychology, human development, and health care systems.", "Nursing. Nurses are not truly doctor's assistants. This is possible in certain situations, but nurses more often are independently caring for their patients or assisting other nurses.[38] Registered Nurses treat patients, record their medical history, provide emotional support, and provide follow-up care. Nurses also help doctors perform diagnostic tests. Nurses are almost always working on their own or with other nurses. Nurses will assist doctors in the emergency room or in trauma care when help is needed.[39]" ]	[ 4.859375, 4.89453125, 3.111328125, 3.525390625, 1.7548828125, -0.046478271484375, -3.001953125, 1.494140625, 0.398681640625, -2.1640625, -2.611328125, -4.57421875, -4.44921875, -4.26953125, -3.955078125, -5.09375, -3.02734375, -4.5546875, -6.50390625, -1.2578125, -5.05859375, -1.4326171875, -3.974609375, -0.728515625, -4.390625, -2.845703125, -4.98046875, -4.828125, -2.00390625, -7.37890625, -5.25390625, -5.58984375 ]
south africa’s legislative capital (in which the national parliament meets) is	[ "Parliament of South Africa. Parliament sits in Cape Town, even though the seat of government is in Pretoria. This dates back to the foundation of the Union, when there was disagreement among the four provinces as to which city would be the national capital. As a compromise, Cape Town was designated the legislative capital, Bloemfontein the judicial capital, and Pretoria the administrative capital. The African National Congress (ANC) government has proposed moving Parliament to Pretoria, arguing that the present arrangement is cumbersome as ministers, civil servants and diplomats must move back and forth when Parliament is in session.", "South Africa. South Africa has no legally defined capital city. The fourth chapter of the Constitution of South Africa, states that \"The seat of Parliament is Cape Town, but an Act of Parliament enacted in accordance with section 76(1) and (5) may determine that the seat of Parliament is elsewhere.\"[97] The country's three branches of government are split over different cities. Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament, is the legislative capital; Pretoria, as the seat of the President and Cabinet, is the administrative capital; and Bloemfontein, as the seat of the Supreme Court of Appeal, is the judicial capital, while the Constitutional Court of South Africa sits in Johannesburg. Most foreign embassies are located in Pretoria.", "Cape Town. As the seat of the Parliament of South Africa, it is also the legislative capital of the country.[8] It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. The city is famous for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. As of 2014[update], it is the 10th most populous city[clarification needed] in Africa and home to 64% of the Western Cape's population.[9] It is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates[10] to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design.[11] In 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times[12] and the British Daily Telegraph.[13]", "Constitution of South Africa. Chapter 4 defines the structure of Parliament, the legislative branch of the national government. Parliament consists of two houses, the National Assembly (the lower house), which is directly elected by the people, and the National Council of Provinces (the upper house), which is elected by the provincial legislatures.", "Parliament of South Africa. The Parliament of South Africa is South Africa's legislature and under the country's current Constitution is composed of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces.[1]", "Government of South Africa. The bicameral Parliament of South Africa makes up the legislative branch of the national government. It consists of the National Assembly (the lower house) and the National Council of Provinces (the upper house). The National Assembly consists of 400 members elected by popular vote using a system of party-list proportional representation. Half of the members are elected from parties' provincial lists and the other half from national lists.[vague]", "South Africa. The National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of party-list proportional representation. The National Council of Provinces, the upper house, consists of ninety members, with each of the nine provincial legislatures electing ten members.", "Pretoria. Pretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng, South Africa. It is one of the country's three capital cities, serving as the seat of the executive branch of government (Cape Town is the legislative capital and Bloemfontein the judicial capital). Pretoria has a reputation for being an academic city with three universities and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) located in its eastern suburbs, the city also hosts the South African Bureau of Standards making the city a hub for research. Pretoria is the central part of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including Centurion and Soshanguve. There have been proposals to change the name of Pretoria itself to Tshwane, and the proposed name change has caused some controversy.", "Provinces of South Africa. South Africa has two houses of parliament: the National Assembly, and the National Council of Provinces.[3] The second exists to ensure that the interests of each province are protected in the laws passed by the National Assembly.", "National Council of Provinces. The National Council of Provinces (NCOP) is the upper house of the Parliament of South Africa under the (post-apartheid) constitution which came into full effect in 1997. It replaced the former Senate, but is very similar to that body, and to many other upper houses of legislatures throughout the world, in that its purpose is to represent the governments of the provinces, rather than directly representing the people.[1]", "Parliament of South Africa. However, many Capetonians have spoken out against such a move, accusing the ANC of trying to centralise power. Under the Constitution, there is provision for Parliament to sit elsewhere than Cape Town on grounds of public interest, security or convenience and Parliament is permitted to provide in its rules and orders for sittings outside Cape Town. Rule 24 of the National Assembly Rules accordingly allows the Speaker to direct that the House will sit at 'a place other than the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town' after consulting the Leader of the House and the Chief Whip of each party represented in the House. Rule 21 of the rules of the National Council of Provinces allows the Council to pass a resolution providing for it to sit elsewhere.", "Lusaka. As the national capital, Lusaka is the seat of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, epitomized by the presence of the National Assembly (parliament), the State House (office of the President), and the High Court. The Parliament is situated at the Parliament complex, which features a 15-story building. The city is also the capital of Lusaka Province, the smallest and most populous of the country's nine provinces, and forms an administrative district run by Lusaka City Council. In 2007, the mayor was Steven Chilatu (PF), and the deputy mayor was Mary Phiri.", "Provinces of South Africa. Each province is governed by a unicameral legislature. The size of the legislature is proportional to population, ranging from 30 members in the Northern Cape to 80 in KwaZulu-Natal. The legislatures are elected every five years by a system of party-list proportional representation; by convention, they are all elected on the same day, at the same time as the National Assembly election.[4]", "Parliament of South Africa. When the Union of South Africa was established in 1910,[4] the Parliament was bicameral and consisted of the King or the Queen, the Senate, and the House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad).", "26th South African Parliament. The 26th South African Parliament is the fifth Parliament of South Africa to convene since the introduction of multiracial government in South Africa in 1994. It was elected in the general election of 7 May 2014 and consists of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces. The National Assembly contains 400 members, while the National Council of Provinces contains 90 members. Members of Parliament were sworn in on 21 May 2014.[1] The 26th parliament first convened on 21 May 2014 to elect Jacob Zuma as the fifth democratically elected President of South Africa.[2] It was formally opened by president Zuma's State of the Nation Address in a joint sitting on 17 June 2014.[3]", "Pretoria. The Boer Republics of the ZAR and the Orange River Colony were united with the Cape Colony and Natal Colony in 1910 to become the Union of South Africa. Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital and Bloemfontein served as the judicial capital. Between 1910 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal. (As the capital of the ZAR, Pretoria had superseded Potchefstroom in that role.) On 14 October 1931, Pretoria achieved official city status.[6] When South Africa became a republic in 1961, Pretoria remained its administrative capital.", "Union Buildings. The Boer Republics of the ZAR and the Orange Free State were united with the Cape Colony and Natal Colony in 1910 to become the Union of South Africa. Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital. Between 1860 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal, superseding Potchefstroom in that role. The new Union required a governmental building which could signify unity and host the new government.", "Union Buildings. The Union Buildings share duties with Cape Town as the seat of the South African Government. Pretoria shares duties with Cape Town and Bloemfontein as the capital cities of South Africa.", "Parliament of South Africa. The buildings of the Cape Parliament went on to house the Parliament of South Africa, after union.[2][3]", "Air transports of heads of state and government. The President of South Africa travels in a Boeing 737 (BBJ) operated by the South African Air Force's 21 Squadron, which is based at AFB Waterkloof near Pretoria; the executive capital, i.e. the seat of the executive branch of the South African government.", "Johannesburg. Johannesburg (/dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/; Afrikaans: [jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ]; also known as Jozi, Joburg and Egoli) is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world.[8] It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa.[9] While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade.[citation needed]", "Politics of South Africa. South Africa is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, wherein the President of South Africa, elected by parliament, is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament, the Council of Provinces and the National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Government is three-tiered, with representatives elected at the national, provincial and local levels.", "Constitution of South Africa. The Interim Constitution provided for a Parliament made up of two houses: a 400-member National Assembly, directly elected by party-list proportional representation, and a ninety-member senate, in which each of the nine provinces was represented by ten senators, elected by the provincial legislature. The Constitutional Assembly consisted of both houses sitting together, and was responsible for drawing up a final constitution within two years. The adoption of a new constitutional text required a two-thirds supermajority in the Constitutional Assembly, as well as the support of two-thirds of senators on matters relating to provincial government. If a two-thirds majority could not be obtained, a constitutional text could be adopted by a simple majority and then put to a national referendum in which sixty per cent support would be required for it to pass.", "Parliament of South Africa. The predecessor of the Parliament of South Africa, before the 1910 Union of South Africa, was the bicameral Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope. This was composed of the House of Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper house). It dated back to the beginnings of Cape independence in 1853, and was elected according to the multi-racial Cape Qualified Franchise system, whereby suffrage qualifications were applied equally to all males, regardless of race.", "Member of parliament. The Parliament of the Netherlands is known as the Staten-Generaal, States General. It is bicameral, divided in two Kamers (Chambers). The Senate is known in Dutch as the Eerste Kamer (First Chamber) and its members as \"senatoren\", senators. The House of Representatives, known in Dutch as the Tweede Kamer (Second Chamber), is the most important one. The important debates take place here. Also, the Second Chamber can edit proposed laws with amendments and it can propose laws itself. The Senate does not have these capabilities. Its function is a more technical reviewing of laws. It can only pass a law or reject it. Both chambers are in The Hague which is the seat of parliament but not the official capital of the Netherlands, which is Amsterdam.", "South African environmental law. National legislative and executive competence is provided for in section 44 of the Constitution, which states that Parliament may pass legislation on any matter, including a matter referred to in Schedule 4, but excluding a matter in Schedule 5 unless it is a matter in which it is specifically authorised to intervene. Among the reasons for which it may intervene within a functional area listed in Schedule 5 are the following, which are relevant to environmental concerns:", "Pretoria. The founding of Pretoria as the capital of the South African Republic can be seen as marking the end of the Boers' settlement movements of the Great Trek.", "Politics of South Africa. The Republic of South Africa is a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The President of South Africa serves both as head of state and as head of government. The President is elected by the National Assembly (the lower house of the South African Parliament) and must retain the confidence of the Assembly in order to remain in office. South Africans also elect provincial legislatures which govern each of the country's nine provinces.", "Cape Town. Cape Town (Afrikaans: Kaapstad, [ˈkɑːpstat]; Xhosa: Ekapa) is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg.[6] It is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province.[7]", "South Africa. Each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislature, which is elected every five years by party-list proportional representation. The legislature elects a Premier as head of government, and the Premier appoints an Executive Council as a provincial cabinet. The powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the Constitution; these topics include such fields as health, education, public housing and transport.", "South African environmental law. South Africa has nine provinces, each with its own provincial government, which possesses legislative and executive authority. The legislative authority of a province vests in its provincial legislature, which section 104 of the Constitution states may pass legislation not only in respect of the functional areas listed in Schedule 4 and 5, but also in respect of “any matter outside those functional areas, and that is expressly assigned to the province by national legislation.”[72]", "Limpopo. The current premier of Limpopo Province is Stanley Mathabatha, representing the African National Congress." ]	[ 7.61328125, 7.58203125, 6.44921875, -0.9052734375, 1.0576171875, 0.34619140625, -2.236328125, 3, -1.2578125, -1.5185546875, 4.41796875, 2.669921875, 0.264892578125, -0.8935546875, -2.5078125, 4.86328125, 3.404296875, 2.224609375, 3.064453125, -4.19140625, 1.84765625, 0.259521484375, -4.03125, 0.93359375, -7.20703125, -4.09375, 0.92431640625, -1.0078125, -0.34375, -1.24609375, -2.45703125, -4.03125 ]
what defcon level is the us at right now	[ "DEFCON. Different branches of the U.S. Armed Forces (i.e. U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard) and different bases or command groups can be activated at different defense conditions. In general, there is no single DEFCON status for the world or country and it may be set to only include specific geographical areas. According to Air & Space/Smithsonian, as of 2014, the worldwide DEFCON level has never been more severe than DEFCON 3. The DEFCON 2 levels in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis and 1991 Gulf War were not worldwide.[4]", "DEFCON. During the attacks of September 11, 2001, the U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld ordered the increased DEFCON level to 3, and also a stand-by for a possible increase to DEFCON 2.[13]", "DEFCON. The defense readiness condition (DEFCON) is an alert state used by the United States Armed Forces.[1]", "DEFCON. The DEFCON level is controlled primarily by the U.S. president and the U.S. Secretary of Defense through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combatant Commanders; each DEFCON level defines specific security, activation and response scenarios for the personnel in question.", "DEFCON. The DEFCON system was developed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and unified and specified combatant commands.[2] It prescribes five graduated levels of readiness (or states of alert) for the U.S. military. It increases in severity from DEFCON 5 (least severe) to DEFCON 1 (most severe) to match varying military situations.[1]", "DEFCON. DEFCONs should not be confused with similar systems used by the U.S. military, such as Force Protection Conditions (FPCONS), Readiness Conditions (REDCONS), Information Operations Condition (INFOCON) and its future replacement Cyber Operations Condition (CYBERCON),[5] and Watch Conditions (WATCHCONS), or the former Homeland Security Advisory System used by the United States Department of Homeland Security.", "DEFCON. After NORAD was created, the command used different readiness levels (Normal, Increased, Maximum) subdivided into eight conditions, e.g., the \"Maximum Readiness\" level had two conditions \"Air Defense Readiness\" and \"Air Defense Emergency\".[7] In October 1959, the JCS Chairman informed NORAD \"that Canada and the U.S. had signed an agreement on increasing the operational readiness of NORAD forces during periods of international tension.\"[7] After the agreement became effective on 2 October 1959,[7] the JCS defined a system with DEFCONs in November 1959 for the military commands.[2] The initial DEFCON system had \"Alpha\" and \"Bravo\" conditions (under DEFCON 3) and Charlie/Delta under DEFCON 4, plus an \"Emergency\" level higher than DEFCON 1 with two conditions: \"Defense Emergency\" and the highest, \"Air Defense Emergency\" (\"Hot Box\" and \"Big Noise\" for exercises).[7]", "DEFCON. Following the axe murder incident at Panmunjom on August 18, 1976, readiness levels for American forces in South Korea were increased to DEFCON 3, where they remained throughout Operation Paul Bunyan.[12]", "Twilight Struggle. Whenever a coup attempt is made on a battleground country, the DEFCON degrades one level. If the DEFCON reaches one, the player whose turn it is loses. Some events cause the DEFCON to change also. The DEFCON level sets restrictions on where players can attempt coups and realignments (e.g. players may only coup and realign in Europe when the DEFCON is at five, while they remain possible in less stable regions such as Africa and Latin America at lower DEFCON). At the end of each turn, the DEFCON improves one level.", "DEFCON. During the Cuban Missile Crisis on October 22, 1962, the U.S. Armed Forces (with the exception of United States Army Europe (USAREUR)) were ordered to DEFCON 3. On October 24, Strategic Air Command (SAC) was ordered to DEFCON 2, while the rest of the U.S. Armed Forces remained at DEFCON 3. SAC remained at DEFCON 2 until November 15.[8]", "Military communications. The alert measurement systems are various states of alertness or readiness for the armed forces used around the world during a state of war, act of terrorism or a military attack against a state. They are known by different acronyms, such as DEFCON, or defense readiness condition, used by the U.S. Armed Forces.", "DEFCON. On January 15, 1991, the Joint Chiefs of Staff declared DEFCON 2 in the opening phase of Operation Desert Storm during the Persian Gulf War.[9]", "DEFCON. Defense readiness conditions vary between many commands and have changed over time,[2] and the United States Department of Defense uses exercise terms when referring to the DEFCONs.[6] This is to preclude the possibility of confusing exercise commands with actual operational commands.[6] On 12 January 1966, NORAD \"proposed the adoption of the readiness conditions of the JCS system\", and information about the levels was declassified in 2006:[7]", "DEFCON. DEFCONs are a subsystem of a series of Alert Conditions, or LERTCONs, which also include Emergency Conditions (EMERGCONs).[3]", "DEFCON. Over the following days, the various forces reverted to normal status with the Sixth Fleet standing down on November 17.[11]", "Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks. 10:53: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld orders the U.S. military placed at DEFCON 3, for the first time since the Yom Kippur War in 1973.", "Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino. The DEF CON hacker convention took place at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino from 2011 to 2014.", "DEFCON. On October 6, 1973, Egypt and Syria launched a joint attack on Israel resulting in the Yom Kippur War. The U.S. became concerned that the Soviet Union might intervene, and on October 25, U.S. forces, including Strategic Air Command, Continental Air Defense Command, European Command and the Sixth Fleet, were placed at DEFCON 3.", "Threat (computer). The spread over a network of threats can lead to dangerous situations. In military and civil fields, threat level as been defined: for example INFOCON is a threat level used by USA. Leading antivirus software vendors publish global threat level on their websites.[15][16]", "Force Protection Condition. In United States military security, Force Protection Condition (FPCON for short) is a terrorist threat system overseen by the United States Department of Defense directive, and describes the number of measures needed to be taken by security agencies in response to various levels of terrorist threats against military facilities, as opposed to DEFCON, which assesses the amount of military forces needed to be deployed in a situation with a certain likelihood of attack against the civilian population. The decision on what level of FPCON to implement is affected by the current threat of terrorism towards military facilities and personnel, the amount of security forces available, and current relationships between the United States and the world, which may affect the chances of an attack. FPCON was previously known as THREATCON, until it was renamed in June 2001 due to confusion with United States State Department system of threat assessment.", "Red. Red is the color of a severe terrorist threat level in the United States, under the Homeland Security Advisory System.", "Homeland Security Advisory System. The threat level has been raised to Severe only once, which applied only to flights coming from the United Kingdom:", "UK Threat Levels. The current level was reduced to Severe on the afternoon of 17 September 2017/[2] It had been raised to Critical following the 2017 Parsons Green bombing on 15 September.[3]", "Syrian Civil War. In response to the downing of a Syrian government Su-22 plane by a U.S. fighter jet near the town of Tabqah in Raqqa province on 18 June 2017, Russia announced that U.S.-led coalition warplanes flying west of the Euphrates would be tracked by Russian anti-aircraft forces in the sky and on the ground and treated as targets; furthermore, the Russian military said they suspended the hotline (the \"deconfliction\" line) with their U.S. counterparts based in Al Udeid.[481] Nevertheless, a few days later, the U.S. military stated that the deconfliction line remained open and that Russia had given the U.S. a prior notification of its massive cruise missile strike from warships in the Mediterranean that was conducted on 23 June 2017, despite the fact that the U.S. was not among those countries mentioned as being forewarned in Russia′s official report on the strike.[482] On 27 June 2017, U.S. defence minister Jim Mattis told the press: ″We deconflict with the Russians; it's a very active deconfliction line. It's on several levels, from the chairman of the Joint Chiefs and the secretary of state with their counterparts in Moscow, General Gerasimov and Minister Lavrov. Then we've got a three-star deconfliction line that is out of the Joints Chiefs of Staff out of the J5 there. Then we have battlefield deconfliction lines. One of them is three-star again, from our field commander in Baghdad, and one of them is from our CAOC, our Combined Air Operations Center, for real-time deconfliction.″[483]", "Homeland Security Advisory System. Other official terrorism warnings issued without raising the threat level above Elevated:", "Threat Level Midnight. â€”Cindy White, IGN[10]", "Homeland Security Advisory System. A September 2009 report from the HSAS Task Force found that the \"current system had functioned reasonably well\" for institutional audiences, but that the \"system's ability to communicate useful information in a credible manner to the public is poor\", and that \"there is a disturbing lack of confidence in the system.\" The task force recommended that future threats be more narrowly targeted by \"specific region and sector under threat\", rather than \"elevating the alert status of the nation as a whole\", and that the number of levels be reduced from five to three to acknowledge that \"the new baseline for the United States is guarded.\" The task force was divided on whether to recommend abandonment of color-coding in the system, but asserted that if such a coding remains in use, \"substantial reform is required.\"[24]", "DEFCON. According to documents declassified in 2016, the move to DEFCON 3 was motivated by Central Intelligence Agency reports indicating that the Soviet Union had sent a ship to Egypt carrying nuclear weapons along with two other amphibious vessels.[10] Soviet troops never landed, though the ship supposedly transporting nuclear weapons did arrive in Egypt. Further details are unavailable and may remain classified.", "Homeland Security Advisory System. There were no published criteria for the threat levels, and thus no independent way to tell whether the current threat level was accurate. The threat levels Green (low risk) and Blue (general risk) were never used. The evidence cited to justify changes in threat levels had been stated vaguely (see below) and its sources seldom been revealed. Supporters of the system defended this by stating that providing detailed, current intelligence about terror organizations would endanger the ability to gather similar information in the future.", "Z Nation. A group must transport Murphy from New York to the world's last known functioning Centers for Disease Control research lab in California. However, Murphy harbors a dark secret that threatens them all.[6]", "Homeland Security Advisory System. New York City's threat level was High from the system's introduction.[26] On a nationwide level, it has been raised to High five times:", "UK Threat Levels. The previous threat level to that was Severe having been reduced to that level[4] following an increase to Critical after the Manchester Arena bombing of 22 May 2017.[5]" ]	[ 0.1641845703125, 0.8720703125, -1.4033203125, 0.423828125, 1.0927734375, -2.87109375, -0.8408203125, -0.4951171875, -4.13671875, -0.37109375, -3.134765625, -4.4921875, -1.5966796875, -4.24609375, -3.517578125, 0.2291259765625, -5.92578125, -0.73681640625, -4.35546875, -2.494140625, -3.447265625, -4.77734375, -3.79296875, -2.908203125, -5.88671875, -6.203125, -6.4140625, -2.78125, -4.37109375, -6.74609375, -4.8046875, -4.91796875 ]
what is the loft of a standard sand wedge	[ "Sand wedge. The modern sand wedge is often the heaviest iron in a player's bag, with most weighing nearly 40 ounces (1.1 kg). Traditionally it also had the highest loft at 56 degrees (55–56 being most common), although that distinction now goes to the lob wedge, which often has a loft of 60 degrees or more. It usually has one of the shortest shafts, between 33 inches (84 cm) and 36 inches (91 cm), though in some sets the sand wedge has a longer shaft than the pitching wedge.", "Wedge (golf). A sand wedge is a type of golf club with a specialized design intended to help the player play the ball from soft lies such as sand bunkers. It has a loft of about 56°, and about 10° of \"bounce\".", "Wedge (golf). The modern sand wedge still uses the ideas of high mass, high loft, and bounce angle, but the modern sand wedge clubhead has much higher mass than earlier designs, up to 40oz (2.5 lb, 1.13 kg), to drive the clubhead through the firmer sand found in many courses. There can also be differences in shaft length; while some sand wedges follow the systematic progression of shorter shaft lengths for higher lofts, many sand wedges are longer than the adjacent lofted wedges. This encourages the player to hit sand wedge shots \"fat\" (the club hits the ground before the ball), which on a firm lie is generally bad, but in the case of a ball embedded or buried in soft bunker sand this will get the clubhead all the way under the ball to lift it out. The resulting plume of sand from such a shot was made famous by Sarazen as the \"explosion shot\" and is a common sight in televised golf events.", "Sand wedge. As its name suggests, a sand wedge is used most often to extract the ball from a sand bunker. However, the features which make it useful for this purpose are advantageous in other soft lies such as thick rough, soggy ground, or mud. It's also used from firmer grass lies for lobs or chips, generally onto the green. It can also be used as any other short iron would; with a full swing, a skilled golfer can typically hit a sand wedge between 80–100 yards (70–90 m). Tour players often use a lob wedge (60° wedge) to get out of bunkers with controlled trajectory and lots of spin.", "Wedge (golf). Sarazen's new club, including the wide, angled sole, was ruled legal by both R&A and USGA authorities, and the club itself and its basic design concepts became widely copied by other golfers and by club manufacturers. As irons became more standardized in the 20s through the 40s, the wide sole of the sand wedge was copied on other mid- and high-lofted irons to add mass, which compensates for the progressively shorter shaft lengths to provide a similar feel across all the irons with a given swing. The highest-lofted irons got the most additional weight, resulting in the widest soles, giving these clubs the same eponymous wedge-shaped profile as the sand wedge. This led to the tradition of calling these high-lofted irons \"wedges\", regardless of the amount of bounce (angle of the sole to the ground) that the sole provided.", "Wedge (golf). As its name suggests, a sand wedge is used most often to extract the ball from a bunker. However, the features which make it useful for this purpose are advantageous in other soft lies such as thick rough, soggy ground or mud. While the high angle of bounce can make it difficult to use on firm lies (the sole will raise the leading edge of the club which can result in the player hitting the ball edge-on; a \"thin\" or \"skulled\" shot), it can be used much as any other \"short iron\" would; with a \"full swing\", a skilled golfer can typically hit a sand wedge between 80 and 100 yards, and with a chip shot, a sand wedge can produce short \"lobs\" of between 20 and 60 yards.", "Wedge (golf). A pitching wedge is the lowest-lofted of the named wedges, used to hit a variety of short-range shots. The modern pitching wedge has a loft of around 48Â° (exact lofts vary by clubmaker and player preference) and little or no \"bounce\" (angle of the sole to the ground).", "Wedge (golf). The concept of the gap wedge originated when the loft angles of irons were reduced as a result of the higher launch angles of modern \"cavity-back\" irons for a given loft, and also from amateur players' desire for greater range. The pitching wedge was de-lofted along with the numbered irons from about 50–52° to about 45–48°; however, sand wedges remained the same, because their 54–58° loft is part of their design which makes them effective at cutting through sand. This results in a \"gap\" of about 8–10° between the pitching wedge and sand wedge, which can result in a difference in carry distance of up to 40 yards between these two clubs. To fill this \"gap\" in loft and distance, some golfers began carrying an additional wedge in the 50–54° range. This club was often the pitching wedge or 9-iron from the player's older \"muscle-back\" set, but as the practice became more common, manufacturers began designing wedges specifically for this role. While clubmakers invented different names for this club, such as \"approach wedge\" (Callaway), \"attack wedge\" (TaylorMade), \"dual wedge\" (Cleveland) and \"utility wedge\" (Karsten Manufacturing - PING), the term \"gap wedge\" is typically used in conversation to describe a wedge in this general loft range, and is used by some manufacturers such as Adams Golf. Some are simply identified by their loft angle and bounce; a \"52-8\" wedge is a gap wedge with 52° of loft and 8° of bounce.", "Pitching wedge. These clubs are most commonly used with a full swing to produce high-altitude shots such as approaches to the green or lifting the ball over trees. They are also commonly used to \"lay up\" in front of a hazard or to create a better lie for the next shot, and for recovery from firmer rough or sometimes from sand when the ball is lying on top of the surface. The loft of a particular pitching wedge follows the progression of the numbered irons of the same set, and these sets can have subtle differences in the loft progression and starting loft of the set, so the loft of pitching wedges can vary widely between sets. The loft of a pitching wedge generally falls between 42 and 49 degrees, but the launch angle and the average carry distance of the club between sets are typically similar. Pitching wedges can also have between zero and 10 degrees of bounce, though most pitching wedges have very low bounce (only 2 or 3 degrees) as other wedges like gap wedges or sand wedges are more traditionally suited for play out of hazards or soft lies where high bounce is desired.", "Golf club. Wedges are a subclass of irons with greater loft than the numbered irons (generally starting at 47°–48° of loft, above the 9-iron's 44°–45°), and other features such as high-mass club heads and wide soles that allow for easier use in tricky lies. Wedges are used for a variety of short-distance, high-altitude, high-accuracy \"utility\" shots, such as hitting the ball onto the green (\"approach\" shots), placing the ball accurately on the fairway for a better shot at the green (\"lay-up\" shots), or hitting the ball out of hazards or rough onto the green (chipping). There are five types of wedges, with lofts ranging from 45° to 64°: pitching wedge (PW, 48–50°), gap wedge (GW, also \"approach\", \"attack\", \"utility\", or \"dual\" wedge, typically 52–54°), sand wedge (SW, 55–56°), lob wedge (LW, 58°–60°), and ultra lob wedge (sometimes called the \"flop wedge\" or FW, 64°–68°).", "Wedge (golf). A gap wedge is the next higher-lofted wedge after the pitching wedge, and is usually used in a similar manner. It is a newer wedge and so is one of the least standardized as to its purpose and thus its design, but lofts for gap wedges are centered on 52Â° and have a moderate amount of bounce.[8]", "Wedge (golf). As a result, since the mid-80s the number of wedges available to players has grown from 2 (pitching and sand) to 5 (adding gap, lob and ultra lob), most of which are now available in a wide array of lofts and bounces to allow a player to \"fine-tune\" their short game with the wedges that best meet their needs. In some cases, with the high degree of customization, companies have done away with the traditional names for each club, and instead simply label each club with its loft and bounce angles. A 52-8 wedge, for example, would have 52 degrees of loft and 8 degrees of bounce, generally placing it in the \"gap wedge\" class. Most players carry three or four wedges on the course, and sometimes more, usually sacrificing one or two of their long irons and/or higher-lofted fairway woods to meet the 14-club limit.", "Wedge (golf). The modern sand wedge, the first of the clubs to be called a wedge, was developed by Gene Sarazen after flying in Howard Hughes' private plane. Sarazen noticed the flaps on the wings that were lowered on takeoff to help create lift, and surmised that the same could be done to a high-lofted golf club to help the clubhead cut through and then lift out of the sand (bringing the ball with it).[4][5] He built his first prototype in 1931 by taking a niblick and soldering extra lead to its sole to add mass, then adjusting the angle of the sole to about 10 degrees from level with the ground, which he found to be the optimal angle to prevent the clubhead either digging deeply into the sand or skimming (bouncing) along the top. The resulting clubhead profile was roughly wedge-shaped as opposed to the blade-like style of high-lofted irons, hence the name. He brought his new club to compete in the 1932 British Open, but kept it hidden from the authorities to avoid having it ruled illegal.[2] He won that tournament with a then-record score of 283 (the sum of four rounds of play),[6] and also won the subsequent 1932 U.S. Open with a final-round score of 66 that would stand as a tournament record for almost 30 years.", "Wedge (golf). The specifics of the gap wedge's design differ more between various examples than other wedges because the club is newer and so has a less well-defined traditional purpose. With the nominal loft of 52°, a gap wedge can be used for almost any shot in which the player would normally use their pitching wedge, but needs lesser distance; a full swing with a gap wedge will carry about 90–110 yards depending on the many inherent variables. A key area of variation between different gap wedges is in the bounce angle; typically the more bounce the club has, the better its performance in soft lies and tall grass, but the worse it will perform on firm or tight lies, and vice versa. Many players use a bounce of between 5° and 8°, making this club a blend of the characteristics of the neighboring pitching and sand wedges, allowing it to be used for certain bunker shots while not sacrificing its utility on firmer ground. However, gap wedges are available from 48–56° loft and with 0° to 12° of bounce, allowing a player to select the club with the exact characteristics they feel they'll need.", "Sand wedge. A sand wedge, or sand iron, is a type of golf club, an open-faced wedge primarily designed for getting out of sand bunkers. It has the widest sole of any wedge, which provides the greatest amount of bounce, allowing the club head to glide through sand and avoid digging in. After Gene Sarazen had success in 1935 with a new club that he had invented for sand play, its popularity quickly grew. The club can be advantageous in other soft lies—such as thick rough, soggy ground, or mud—and is also used from firmer grass lies for lobs or chips.", "Sand wedge. Second, the angled sole lifts the leading edge off the ground at the bottom of the swing, preventing the club from digging in to softer lies—e.g., sand, muddy ground, and thick grass—instead tending to skim over the surface. This in turn allows players more flexibility when addressing the ball; the player can line the ball up in the centre of their stance and take a normal swing in which the club will skim over the turf before contact with the ball, or alternatively they can move the ball rearward in their stance (towards the right foot for a right-handed player) and strike the ball earlier in the swing. The natural consequence of such a correctly executed shot is that the club face has less loft at contact, so the ball is launched at a lower angle for more distance. Without bounce, such a shot will generally cause the club to dig into the ground after it contacts the ball, even if executed correctly. With such a high-lofted club, the player is prevented from following through on their swing and can be injured.", "Pitching wedge. Though technically a wedge, pitching wedges are generally treated as if they were numbered irons. This is for a number of reasons: first, before the term \"wedge\" became common for high-loft short irons, the pitching wedge was actually numbered as the \"10-iron\" of a matched set, and to this day it follows the normal loft progression of the numbered irons. Also, even though it has been named a wedge, many matched iron sets for retail sale include the pitching wedge even when not including other wedges. Finally, the loft of modern irons has been reduced compared to older designs. This is both to compensate for cavity-back iron designs that launch the ball higher for a given loft, and to increase the distance carried by each club for the average golfer's clubhead speed. (Professionals now also use similar designs, preserving the gap in hitting distance between the amateur golfer and the pro.) As a result the loft of the pitching wedge decreased along with the numbered irons from a traditional loft of between 48–54° to between 45–50°, similar to that of an older 8-iron. Many pitching wedges have a loft close to 50°.", "Wedge (golf). The lob wedge is a club with a loft of around 60Â°, typically the highest in a player's bag. It is used for specialized shots requiring either extreme launch angle, short carry distance and/or no rolling distance after impact.[9][10]", "Wedge (golf). The pitching wedge is descended from the \"niblick\", an obsolete blade-style club with a high loft. As the older naming system gave way to numbered sets in the mid- to late 1930s, the standardization of loft angles led to a split in the niblick's normal range of lofts, to create the 9-iron (with a loft at the time of about 48–50°) and a new club lofted around 52–54°. Some manufacturers such as MacGregor kept with the numbering system and labelled this club the \"10-iron\", while other makers, seeking to capitalize on the usefulness of this club in the \"short game\", named the club the \"pitching wedge\" to associate it with the relatively new sand wedge and its similar utility for close-in shots. The term \"pitching wedge\" is now used by virtually all manufacturers and players to describe this club; Karsten Manufacturing (maker of the PING brand) simply labels their pitching wedges \"W\" for \"wedge\".", "Wedge (golf). In the sport of golf, a wedge is a subset of the iron family of golf clubs designed for special use situations. As a class, wedges have the highest lofts, the shortest shafts, and the heaviest clubheads of the irons. These features generally aid the player in making accurate short-distance \"lob\" shots, to get the ball onto the green or out of a hazard or other tricky spot. In addition, wedges are designed with modified soles that aid the player in moving the clubhead through soft lies, such as sand, mud, and thick grass, to extract a ball that is embedded or even buried.[1] Wedges come in a variety of configurations, and are generally grouped into four categories; pitching wedges, sand wedges, gap/approach wedges and lob wedges.", "Wedge (golf). Gene Sarazen won the 1932 British and US Open tournaments with a new club he had invented that was specialized for sand play. He is hailed as the inventor of the modern sand wedge, which he developed by taking a niblick (9-iron), soldering additional metal underneath the leading edge to create a wide, heavy sole on the club, and then experimenting with the angle that the sole made to level ground. The resulting club had a wedge-shaped profile, and offered better loft to escape from deep or sloped bunkers (unlike the older low-lofted \"jigger\" traditionally used for bunker shots), while not \"digging in\" to the soft sand like a lofted iron such as the niblick would normally do.", "Sand wedge. Other clubs, especially short irons and other wedges, now incorporate a small degree of bounce to assist in plays from the rough or other soft lies, but the sand wedge will typically have the highest amount of bounce of any club in a player's bag. There are however exceptions; Callaway Golf for instance markets a \"Big Bertha\" line of irons in which the lob wedge has significantly higher bounce than the sand wedge.", "Wedge (golf). An ultra lob wedge is a specialization of the lob wedge with an extremely high loft, as high as 70Â°. Synonyms are generally marketing terms and include the \"flop wedge\" and \"final wedge\". When included in a club set, it generally has the highest loft of the set. It is used for specialized, extremely high-angle shots such as from the \"lip\" of a bunker. This wedge is generally made by specialty companies, and some argue that their purpose is redundant, as a regular lob wedge can be \"opened\" for extra loft in situations calling for such a high launch angle. However, these shots are very tricky to make as they require substantial changes to a player's normal swing mechanics.", "Sand wedge. The main distinguishing difference of the club from most others, however, is a feature called bounce. On most other irons, the sole of the club is perpendicular to the shaft, meaning it is roughly parallel to the ground when the club is at rest, allowing the leading edge to get between the ball and the ground more easily. A sand wedge however is designed with the sole of the club at an angle to the ground in the same position, lifting the leading edge of the club off the ground. This design accomplishes three things:", "Sand wedge. Gene Sarazen began to win tournaments in 1935 with a new club he had invented that was specialized for sand play. He is hailed as the inventor of the sand wedge, though its history goes about 3 years further back than that. Spoon clubs offered varying degrees of loft and allowed players to scoop their ball out of sand traps and deep rough. As manufacturers became more and more innovative with club design, new types of wedges appeared. Some had concave faces, others featured deeply grooved faces, but not all of these designs conformed to USGA and R&A regulations, and many were banned. With the concave-faced wedge having been outlawed in 1931, Sarazen designed his sand wedge with a straight face. Another modification that he made was to add extra lead to the front edge of the club face, allowing it to cut through the sand more smoothly. After he won the 1932 British and U.S. Opens with the help of his new club, its popularity quickly grew.", "Wedge (golf). The lob wedge can be used for any shot requiring a short carry distance (typically 10–50 yards), and/or a very high launch angle, which also results in high backspin and thus little rolling distance after impact. Such shots include tight approaches to the green, shots from close to a tree or other tall obstruction, shots to gain a more favorable lie on the fairway, and certain bunker shots. The high launch angle and thus long carry time can be an impediment in high winds, but skilled golfers can use the long \"hang time\" of a lob wedge shot to take advantage of a favorable wind. The wedge typically has low to moderate bounce (0–4°) for fairway and other firm lies, but because of its high loft even 2–3° of bounce will counterbalance the downward force of the wedge's striking face, making a club with this configuration useful in sand as well. Players will often use a lob wedge to play from a sand trap adjacent to the green, instead of \"opening\" a sand wedge (a more difficult shot to make accurately). It can be used with a full swing from the fairway or rough to carry about 40–60 yards, but it's more commonly used with a chip shot from very close to the green, to carry 10–40 yards and \"drop\" the ball into an exact spot on the green.", "Sand wedge. Lastly, when playing from a bunker, the ball may have buried itself deeply into the sand (depending on the sand's consistency and the degree of impact, the ball may be completely submerged). To lift it out, the club head must contact the ball from underneath, meaning the leading edge of the club must sometimes be 1 or 2 inches (3 or 5 cm) under the surface of the sand at contact. The angle of the sole counteracts the natural downward pressure of the club face digging itself ever deeper into the sand, making it easier to swing the club down under the surface of the sand and then lift the club—and the ball—back out again.", "Wedge (golf). The class of wedges grew out of the need for a better club for playing soft lies and short shots. Prior to the 1930s, the best club for short \"approach\" shots was the \"niblick\", roughly equivalent to today's 9-iron or pitching wedge in loft; however the design of this club, with a flat, angled face and virtually no \"sole\", made it difficult to use in sand and other soft lies as it was prone to dig into soft turf. The club most often used for bunker shots was called the \"jigger\"; it was used similarly to today's pitching wedge, and had a similar short shaft, but its loft was closer to the \"mashie\" of the day (equivalent to today's 4-iron).[2][3] The lower loft prevented the club \"digging in\" to soft lies, but the low launch angle and relatively high resistance to the club moving through the sand to \"dig out\" a buried ball made recovery from a bunker with this club very difficult. The club was also not ideal for approach shots from a bunker near the green, as a chip shot made with this club tended to roll for most of its distance.", "Wedge (golf). The modern pitching wedge is typically used from the fairway or rough for \"approach\" or \"lay-up\" shots requiring a distance of between 100 and 125 yards (exact distance will vary, as with any golf club's distance, on a number of variables such as exact club design, player skill and swing speed, and course conditions). It can also be used to play a ball from a bunker when the ball has not buried itself into the sand and the player needs more distance on the shot than their sand wedge can provide. With an abbreviated \"chip shot\" swing, a pitching wedge can produce high-accuracy shots in the 30â€“70 yard range, and with a putting motion, the club can be used for \"bump and run\" shots from the rough or fringe onto the green.", "Sand wedge. First, this design generally requires more material, which increases the weight of the club head for more momentum and places that weight low and forward in the club head for higher launches.", "Wedge (golf). Newer designs of wedges, especially the sand wedge, have changed the shape of the sole slightly to reduce the bounce along the heel (hosel side) and provide a more curved leading edge. This newer shape allows for the golfer to \"open\" the clubface for short, high-backspin chip shots that \"stick\" on the green or even roll backwards, without the wide heel lifting the bottom edge of the club at address or the additional angle providing too much bounce.", "Pitching wedge. A pitching wedge is a wedge used to hit a shot with higher and shorter trajectory than a 9-iron and a lower and longer trajectory than a gap wedge." ]	[ 5.21484375, 4.2265625, 0.456787109375, -0.88427734375, -2.130859375, -2.373046875, 0.200927734375, 2.6171875, 1.32421875, 2.4296875, 0.4140625, 0.75, -1.201171875, -0.06085205078125, -1.763671875, -1.111328125, -0.658203125, 0.4287109375, 1.716796875, -2.412109375, -2.330078125, -4.39453125, -1.0576171875, -2.201171875, -2.88671875, 0.58740234375, -1.8037109375, -0.6435546875, -3.576171875, -4.09765625, -4.2734375, -7.35546875 ]
who has more power chief of staff or secretary of state	[ "Secretary of state. The position is widely regarded as the most senior in the Cabinet. In the presidential line of succession the Secretary of State falls first among Cabinet officers, and fourth overall. The Secretary of State is also, in protocol, the first Cabinet member in the order of precedence, immediately preceding any former presidents and former first ladies, who are followed by the rest of the Cabinet.", "United States Department of State. The Secretary of State is the chief executive officer of the Department of State and a member of the Cabinet that answers directly to, and advises, the President of the United States. The secretary organizes and supervises the entire department and its staff.", "United States Department of State. The Department is led by the Secretary of State, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The Secretary of State is the first Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession, after the President pro tempore of the Senate.", "United States Secretary of State. As the highest-ranking member of the cabinet, the Secretary of State is the third-highest official of the executive branch of the Federal Government of the United States, after the President and Vice President and is fourth in line to succeed the Presidency, coming after the Vice President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the President pro tempore of the Senate. Six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President. Others, including Henry Clay, William Seward, James Blaine, William Jennings Bryan, John Kerry, and Hillary Clinton have been unsuccessful presidential candidates, either before or after their term of office as Secretary of State.", "Chief secretary (India). The post of Chief Secretary of a State Government is equivalent to Vice Chief of the Army Staff/Commanders and officers in the rank of full General and its equivalents in the Indian Armed Forces, and are listed as such in the Order of Precedence.[31][32]", "Secretary of state (U.S. state government). Secretary of state is an official in the state governments of 47 of the 50 states of the United States, as well as Puerto Rico and other U.S. possessions. In Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, this official is called the secretary of the commonwealth. In states that have one, the secretary of state is the chief clerk of the state, and is often the primary custodian of important state records. In the states of Alaska, Hawaii, and Utah, there is no secretary of state; in those states many duties that a secretary of state might normally execute fall within the domain of the lieutenant governor. Like the lieutenant governor, in most states the secretary of state is in the line of succession to succeed the governor, in most cases immediately behind the lieutenant governor. In three states with no lieutenant governor (Arizona,[1] Oregon and Wyoming) as well as the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, the secretary of state is first in the line of succession in the event of a gubernatorial vacancy.", "United States Secretary of State. The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the U.S. Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs.[4][5]", "United States Department of War. Root's successor as Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, returned to the traditional secretary-bureau chief alliance, subordinating the chief of staff to the adjutant general, a powerful office since its creation in 1775. Indeed, Secretary Taft exercised little power; President Theodore Roosevelt made the major decisions. In 1911, Secretary Henry L. Stimson and Major General Leonard Wood, his chief of staff, revived the Root reforms. The general staff assisted them in their efforts to rationalize the organization of the army along modern lines and in supervising the bureaus.[12]", "Secretary of state. The title secretary of state or state secretary[1] is commonly used for senior or mid-level posts in governments around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple secretaries of state in the government.", "White House Chief of Staff. The White House Chief of Staff has traditionally been the highest-ranking non-elected employee of the White House. The Chief of Staff position is the successor to the earlier role of the President's private secretary. The role was formalized as the Assistant to the President in 1946 and acquired its current title in 1961. The current official title is Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff.", "State constitutional officer. 47 of the 50 states have a secretary of state. 35 of those states popularly elect the secretary of the state, while in the other states either the governor appoints or the legislature elects the secretary of state.[11] Because the foreign policy of the United States is handled at the federal level, the duties of the position are very different from those of the United States Secretary of State. In many states, the secretary of state is the chief elections officer. Other duties vary from state to state.[12]", "Secretary of state. Presently, each secretary of State acts merely as a deputy minister, having only the powers delegated to him by his minister.", "White House Chief of Staff. Most White House chiefs of staff are former politicians, and many continue their political careers in other senior roles. Lyndon Johnson's chief of staff W. Marvin Watson became the Postmaster General later in LBJ's term. Richard Nixon's Chief of Staff Alexander Haig, a career U.S. Army officer with his capstone military position being CINCUSEUCOM/SACEUR, later became Secretary of State under Ronald Reagan. Cheney later became a Congressman for Wyoming, Secretary of Defense under George H. W. Bush and vice president in the George W. Bush administration. Donald Rumsfeld was another chief of staff for Ford and subsequently served as Secretary of Defense both in the Ford administration and decades later, also in the George W. Bush administration. Rahm Emanuel left the House of Representatives to become Barack Obama's chief of staff and subsequently became Mayor of Chicago. Jack Lew, President Obama's fourth chief of staff, was later appointed Secretary of the Treasury.", "Secretary of state. In many countries, a secretary of state is a mid-level post. It is usually a politically appointed position, although in some countries, such as Germany and Sweden, it can be filled by a member of the executive bureaucracy (civil service) as a political appointment. In the Holy See, the administrative body of the Catholic Church, the Cardinal Secretary of State coordinates all the departments of the Roman Curia (and is thus equivalent to a prime minister). In the United Kingdom, a secretary of state is a member of the cabinet appointed by the Queen on the advice of the prime minister (and thus equivalent to a cabinet minister). The United States Secretary of State is the foreign minister of the federal government of the United States while in most of the individual U.S. states the secretary of state is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions, often including overseeing elections.", "Secretary of state. In the United Kingdom, a secretary of state is a cabinet minister in charge of a government department (though not all departments are headed by a secretary of state, e.g. HM Treasury is headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer). Secretaries of state are appointed directly by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, and are responsible, along with other Cabinet members, for the collective government of the United Kingdom. There is in theory only one office of Secretary of State,[7] and legislation generally refers only to \"the Secretary of State\". In practice, there are a number of secretaries of state, each of whom can exercise some of the functions of the Secretary of State,[7] and are formally titled \"Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for ...\". These positions can be created without primary legislation.", "Secretary of state. In the United States federal government, \"Secretary of State\" refers to the official responsible for executing the non-military and non-homeland security aspects of foreign policy, the analogue of the foreign secretary or foreign minister of a country that has one or the other. The U.S. Secretary of State is head of the United States Department of State. He or she is responsible for the administration of United States Embassies and their subsidiary units throughout the world.", "Secretary of state. In most of the individual states of the United States, the Secretary of State is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions. The specific powers and duties of this office depend on the constitution and laws of the particular state, but they often include responsibility for overseeing elections within the state. In three states (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia), the position is called \"Secretary of the Commonwealth\". In Connecticut, this office is called the \"Secretary of the State\".", "Secretary of state. The top civil servant in a government department is called Secretary-General (secretaris-generaal).", "Secretary of State (United Kingdom). In the United Kingdom, a secretary of state (SofS) is a Cabinet minister in charge of a government department (though not all departments are headed by a Secretary of State, e.g. HM Treasury is headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer).", "Chief secretary (India). Chief Secretaries are chosen by the state's Chief Minister.[26][27][28][29][30] State Chief Secretaries are IAS officers generally equivalent in rank to a Secretary to Government of India and are placed 23rd on Indian Order of Precedence.[31][32]", "Chief secretary (India). Chief Secretaries and Advisers to Administrators of Union Territories, in general, are junior in rank compared to the Chief Secretaries of States. The office bearers generally are of the rank Joint Secretary to Government of India and its equivalents. However, in NCT of Delhi and UT of Chandigarh, the topmost civil servant is either of the ranks of Secretary to Government of India and its equivalents or Additional Secretary to Government of India and its equivalents.", "Secretary of state. The now long-established terms \"Department ...\" and \"Secretary of State\" were preceded (for two months following the effective date of the Constitution) by the narrower title Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the corresponding departmental name; the change reflected the addition of some miscellaneous domestic responsibilities.[2]", "Secretary of state (U.S. state government). In several states the secretary of state is also in charge of monitoring the activities of lobbyists. While some might regard this as a natural extension of the role as chief elections officer, the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia, who is not in charge of elections in that state, is nonetheless responsible for regulating lobbying.", "White House Chief of Staff. Assistant to the president became a rank generally shared by the chief of staff with such senior aides as deputy chiefs of staff, the White House counsel, the White House press secretary, and others. This new system did not catch on immediately. Democrats Kennedy and Johnson still relied on their appointments secretaries instead, and it was not until the Nixon administration that the chief of staff took over maintenance of the President's schedule. This concentration of power in the Nixon and Ford White House (whose last chief of staff was Dick Cheney) led presidential candidate Jimmy Carter to campaign in 1976 with the promise that he would not appoint a chief of staff. And indeed, for the first two and a half years of his presidency, he appointed no one to the post.[4][5]", "United States Secretary of State. The current Secretary of State is Mike Pompeo. On March 13, 2018, President Donald Trump dismissed Rex Tillerson and nominated Pompeo, then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, to replace Tillerson.[7][8] Tillerson announced later that day that his last day at the State Department would be March 31, 2018.[9]", "Secretary of state (U.S. state government). Several states have given their secretary of state at least one responsibility that is shared by no other state's secretary:", "United States Secretary of State. The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and Attorney General, are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments.[6] Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level (currently $205,700).[3]", "White House Office. The issues that confront the United States at any one time can not be dealt with by the President alone, and therefore he (or she) must draw on the expertise to administration and even within an administration as one chief of staff may differ from a predecessor or successor. While Chiefs of Staff may differ in the degree of policy advice they provide a President, they are at base the managers of the White House staff system. At least in theory, they are the coordinators bringing the pieces together; they are the tone-setters and disciplinarians making for good organizational order, and often act as the gatekeeper for the President, overseeing every person, document and communication that goes to the President.[1]", "Colin Powell. Powell announced his resignation as Secretary of State on November 15, 2004. According to The Washington Post, he had been asked to resign by the president's chief of staff, Andrew Card.[58] Powell announced that he would stay on until the end of Bush's first term or until his replacement's confirmation by Congress. The following day, Bush nominated National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice as Powell's successor. News of Powell's leaving the Administration spurred mixed reactions from politicians around the world — some upset at the loss of a statesman seen as a moderating factor within the Bush administration, but others hoping for Powell's successor to wield more influence within the cabinet.", "Gerald Ford. Ford's transition chairman and first Chief of Staff was former congressman and ambassador Donald Rumsfeld. In 1975, Rumsfeld was named by Ford as the youngest-ever Secretary of Defense. Ford chose a young Wyoming politician, Richard Cheney, to replace Rumsfeld as his new Chief of Staff; Cheney became the campaign manager for Ford's 1976 presidential campaign.[70]", "Chief of Staff of the United States Army. The senior leadership of the Department of the Army consists of two civilians, the Secretary of the Army (Head of the department and subordinate to the Secretary of Defense) and the Under Secretary of the Army, and two military officers, the Chief of Staff of the Army and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army.", "Secretary to Government of India. The post of Secretary in the Union government[19][20][21] is equivalent to chief secretaries of state governments and to Vice Chief of the Army Staff/commanders and officers in the rank of full general and its equivalents in the Indian Armed Forces,[22] in Indian Armed Forces and are listed as such on the order of precedence.[15][16][17][18]." ]	[ 0.341064453125, 2.14453125, 0.034271240234375, 0.77490234375, 0.16357421875, 1.2890625, 0.168701171875, -4.04296875, -0.90869140625, 0.11895751953125, -0.2135009765625, -0.1014404296875, -0.8779296875, 0.285400390625, 0.8349609375, 0.23193359375, -0.341552734375, -1.1630859375, -0.1717529296875, -1.283203125, -2.26953125, -0.90771484375, -0.29541015625, -0.41064453125, -0.259765625, -2.02734375, 0.3642578125, -1.654296875, -5.40234375, -3.30078125, -1.326171875, -0.318359375 ]
the first step in a purchase decision in the hierarchy of effects model is	[ "AIDA (marketing). As consumers move through the hierarchy of effects they pass through both a cognitive processing stage and an affective processing stage before any action occurs. Thus the hierarchy of effects models all include Cognition (C)- Affect (A)- Behaviour (B) as the core steps in the underlying behavioral sequence.[6] Some texts refer to this sequence as Learning → Feeling → Doing.", "Advertising management. Hierarchical models are linear sequential models built on an assumption that consumers move through a series of cognitive and affective stages culminating in the purchase decision. The common theme among these models is that advertising operates as a stimulus and the purchase decision is a response. A number of hierarchical models can be found in the literature including Lavidge's hierarchy of effects, DAGMAR and AIDA and other variants. Some authors have argued that, for advertising purposes, the hierarchical models have dominated advertising theory,[47] and that, of these models, the AIDA model is one of the most widely applied.[48]", "AIDA (marketing). The AIDA model is just one of a class of models known as hierarchy of effects models or hierarchical models, all of which imply that consumers move through a series of steps or stages when they make purchase decisions. These models are linear, sequential models built on an assumption that consumers move through a series of cognitive (thinking) and affective (feeling) stages culminating in a behavioural stage (doing e.g. purchase or trial) stage.[1]", "Advertising management. As consumers move through the hierarchy of effects they pass through both a cognitive processing stage and an affective processing stage before any action occurs. Thus the hierarchy of effects models all include Cognition (C)- Affect (A)- Behaviour (B) as the core steps in the underlying behavioral sequence.[49] The underlying behavioral sequence for all hierarchy models is as follows:", "Buyer decision process. Problem/Need-recognition is the first and most important step in the buying decision. Without the recognition of the need, a purchase cannot take place. The need can be triggered by internal stimuli (e.g. hunger, thirst) or external stimuli (e.g. advertising).[6]Â Maslow held that needs are arranged in a hierarchy. According to Maslow's hierarchy, only when a person has fulfilled the needs at a certain stage, can he or she move to the next stage. The problem must be the products or services available. It's how the problem must be recognized.", "AIDA (marketing). All hierarchy of effects models exhibit several common characteristics. Firstly, they are all linear, sequential models built on an assumption that consumers move through a series of steps or stages involving cognitive, affective and behavioral responses that culminate in a purchase.[30] Secondly, all hierarchy of effects models can be reduced to three broad stages - Cognitive→ Affective (emotions)→Behavioral (CAB).[31]", "AIDA (marketing). The common thread among all hierarchical models is that advertising operates as a stimulus (S) and the purchase decision is a response (R). In other words, the AIDA model is an applied stimulus-response model. A number of hierarchical models can be found in the literature including Lavidge's hierarchy of effects, DAGMAR and variants of AIDA. Hierarchical models have dominated advertising theory,[4] and, of these models, the AIDA model is one of the most widely applied.[5]", "Brand awareness. Brand awareness is a standard feature of a group of models known as hierarchy of effects models. Hierarchical models are linear sequential models built on an assumption that consumers move through a series of cognitive and affective stages, beginning with brand awareness (or category awareness) and culminating in the purchase decision. [36] In these models, advertising and marketing communications operate as an external stimulus and the purchase decision is a consumer response.", "Brand awareness. The hierarchy of effects developed by Lavidge in the 1960s is one of the original hierarchical models. It proposes that customers progress through a sequence of six stages from brand awareness through to the purchase of a product.[40]", "Consumer behaviour. The first stage of the purchase decision process begins with problem recognition (also known as category need or need arousal). This is when the consumer identifies a need, typically defined as the difference between the consumer's current state and their desired or ideal state. A simpler way of thinking about problem recognition is that it is where the consumer decides that he or she is 'in the market' for a product or service to satisfy some need or want. The strength of the underlying need drives the entire decision process.", "AIDA (marketing). Other theorists, including Christian Betancur (2014) [37] and Rossiter and Percy (1985) [38] have proposed that need recognition should be included as the initial stage of any hierarchical model. Betancur, for example, has proposed a more complete process: NAITDASE model (in Spanish: NAICDASE). Betancur's model begins with the identification of a Need (the consumer's perception of an opportunity or a problem). Following the Attention and Interest stages, consumers form feelings of Trust (i.e., Confidence). Without trust, customers are unlikely to move forward towards the Desire and Action stages of the process. Purchase is not the end stage in this model, as this is not the goal of the client; therefore, the final two stages are the Satisfaction of previously identified and agreed needs and the Evaluation by the customer about the whole process. If positive, it will repurchase and recommend to others (Customer's loyalty).", "AIDA (marketing). The basic AIDA model is one of the longest serving hierarchical models, having been in use for more than a century. A major deficiency of the AIDA model, and other hierarchical models, is the absence of post-purchase effects such as satisfaction, consumption, repeat patronage behaviour and other post-purchase behavioural intentions such as referrals or participating in the preparation of online product reviews.[8] In order to redress these deficiencies, some of the more contemporary hierarchical models modify or expand the basic AIDA model in order to include post purchase stages. Other variants feature adaptations designed to accommodate the role of new, digital and interactive media, including social media and brand communities. However, all follow the basic sequence which includes Cognition- Affect- Behaviour.[9]", "Buyer decision process. These five stages are a framework to evaluate customers' buying decision process. While many consumers pass through these stages in a fixed, linear sequence, some stages such as evaluation of alternatives may occur throughout the purchase decision. [5] The time and effort devoted to each stage depends on a number of factors including the perceived risk and the consumer's motivations. In the case of an impulse purchase, such as the purchase of a chocolate bar as a personal treat, the consumer may spend minimal time engaged in information search and evaluation and proceed directly to the actual purchase.[6]", "Advertising management. The literature offers numerous variations on the basic path to persuasion. The basic AIDA model is one of the longest serving models. Contemporary hierarchical models often modify or expand the basic AIDA model, resulting in additional steps, however, all follow the basic sequence which includes Cognition- Affect- Behaviour.[51] Some of these newer models have been adapted to accommodate consumer's digital media habits. Selected hierarchical models follow:", "Analytic hierarchy process. An AHP hierarchy is a structured means of modeling the decision at hand. It consists of an overall goal, a group of options or alternatives for reaching the goal, and a group of factors or criteria that relate the alternatives to the goal. The criteria can be further broken down into subcriteria, sub-subcriteria, and so on, in as many levels as the problem requires. A criterion may not apply uniformly, but may have graded differences like a little sweetness is enjoyable but too much sweetness can be harmful. In that case the criterion is divided into subcriteria indicating different intensities of the criterion, like: little, medium, high and these intensities are prioritized through comparisons under the parent criterion, sweetness. Published descriptions of AHP applications often include diagrams and descriptions of their hierarchies; some simple ones are shown throughout this article. More complex AHP hierarchies have been collected and reprinted in at least one book.[28] More complex hierarchies can be found in a special talk page for this article.", "Analytic hierarchy process. As can be seen in the material that follows, using the AHP involves the mathematical synthesis of numerous judgments about the decision problem at hand. It is not uncommon for these judgments to number in the dozens or even the hundreds. While the math can be done by hand or with a calculator, it is far more common to use one of several computerized methods for entering and synthesizing the judgments. The simplest of these involve standard spreadsheet software, while the most complex use custom software, often augmented by special devices for acquiring the judgments of decision makers gathered in a meeting room.", "Analytic hierarchy process. The first step in the analytic hierarchy process is to model the problem as a hierarchy. In doing this, participants explore the aspects of the problem at levels from general to detailed, then express it in the multileveled way that the AHP requires. As they work to build the hierarchy, they increase their understanding of the problem, of its context, and of each other's thoughts and feelings about both.[26]", "Buyer decision process. At this stage, consumers evaluate different products/brands on the basis of varying product attributes, and whether these can deliver the benefits that the customers are seeking.[6] This stage is heavily influenced by one's attitude, as \"attitude puts one in a frame of mind: liking or disliking an object, moving towards or away from it\".[6] Another factor that influences the evaluation process is the degree of involvement. For example, if the customer involvement is high, then he/she will evaluate a number of brands; whereas if it is low, only one brand will be evaluated.", "Buyer decision process. The buying decision process is the decision-making process used by consumers regarding market transactions before, during, and after the purchase of a good or service. It can be seen as a particular form of a cost–benefit analysis in the presence of multiple alternatives.[1][2]", "AIDA (marketing). Three broad stages implicit in all hierarchy of effects models:[32]", "AIDA (marketing). The marketing and advertising literature has spawned a number of hierarchical models.[27] In a survey of more than 250 papers, Vakratsas and Ambler (1999) found little empirical support for any of the hierarchies of effects.[28] In spite of that criticism, some authors have argued that hierarchical models continue to dominate theory, especially in the area of marketing communications and advertising.[29]", "Analytic hierarchy process. Once the hierarchy is built, the decision makers systematically evaluate its various elements by comparing them to each other two at a time, with respect to their impact on an element above them in the hierarchy. In making the comparisons, the decision makers can use concrete data about the elements, but they typically use their judgments about the elements' relative meaning and importance. It is the essence of the AHP that human judgments, and not just the underlying information, can be used in performing the evaluations.[5]", "Consumer behaviour. The black box model considers the buyer's response as a result of a conscious, rational decision process, in which it is assumed that the buyer has recognized a problem, and seeks to solve it through a commercial purchase. In practice some purchase decisions, such as those made routinely or habitually, are not driven by a strong sense of problem-solving. Such decisions are termed low-involvement and are characterized by relatively low levels of information search/ evaluation activities. In contrast, high involvement decisions require a serious investment of time and effort in the search/ evaluation process.[19] Low involvement products are typically those that carry low levels of economic or psycho-social risk. High involvement products are those that carry higher levels of risk and are often expensive, infrequent purchases.[20] Regardless of whether the consumer faces a high or low involvement purchase, he or she needs to work through a number of distinct stages of a decision process.", "Consumer behaviour. The purchase decision begins with the problem recognition stage which occurs when the consumer identifies a need, typically defined as the difference between the consumer's current state and their desired state. The strength of the need drives the entire decision process. Information search describes the phase where consumers scan both their internal memory and external sources for information about products or brands that will potentially satisfy their need. The aim of the information search is to identify a list of options that represent realistic purchase options. Throughout the entire process, the consumer engages in a series of mental evaluations of alternatives, searching for the best value. Towards the end of the evaluation stage, consumers form a purchase intention, which may or may not translate into an actual product purchase.[21] Even when consumers decide to proceed with an actual purchase, the decision-process is not complete until the consumer consumes or experiences the product and engages in a final post purchase evaluation; a stage in which the purchaser's actual experience of the product is compared with the expectations formed during the information search and evaluation stages. The stages of the decision process normally occur in a fixed sequence.[22] However it should be noted that information search and evaluation can occur throughout the entire decision process, including post-purchase.", "Consumer behaviour. The decision model assumes that purchase decisions do not occur in a vacuum. Rather, they occur in real time and are affected by other stimuli, including external environmental stimuli and the consumer's momentary situation. The elements of the model include: interpersonal stimuli (between people) or intrapersonal stimuli (within people), environmental stimuli and marketing stimuli.[18] Marketing stimuli include actions planned and carried out by companies, whereas environmental stimuli include actions or events occurring in the wider operating environment and include social factors, economic, political and cultural dimensions. In addition, the buyer's black box includes buyer characteristics and the decision process, which influence the buyer's responses.", "Buyer decision process. In an early study of the buyer decision process literature, Frank Nicosia (Nicosia, F. 1966; pp 9â€“21) identified three types of buyer decision-making models. They are the univariate model (He called it the \"simple scheme\".) in which only one behavioural determinant was allowed in a stimulus-response type of relationship; the multi-variate model (He called it a \"reduced form scheme\".) in which numerous independent variables were assumed to determine buyer behaviour; and finally the \"system of equations\" model (He called it a \"structural scheme\" or \"process scheme\".) in which numerous functional relations (either univariate or multi-variate) interact in a complex system of equations. He concluded that only this third type of model is capable of expressing the complexity of buyer decision processes. In chapter 7, Nicosia builds a comprehensive model involving five modules. The encoding module includes determinants like \"attributes of the brand\", \"environmental factors\", \"consumer's attributes\", \"attributes of the organization\", and \"attributes of the message\". Other modules in the system include, consumer decoding, search and evaluation, decision, and consumption.", "Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development. Within an order of hierarchical complexity, a person must count before they add (subtask 1). Note that this only requires one previous task action be acquired. They must add (subtask 2) before they multiply (subtask 3). The concrete order of hierarchical complexity requires the two primary order addition and primary order multiplication to be coordinated as with long multiplication or distributivity. Furthermore, previous theories of stage have confounded the stimulus and response in assessing stage by simply scoring responses and ignoring the task or stimulus.[citation needed]", "Supply-chain operations reference. The metrics in the Model are hierarchical, just as the process elements are hierarchical. Level 1 Metrics are created from lower level calculations. (Level 1 Metrics are primary, high level measures that may cross multiple SCOR processes. Level 1 Metrics do not necessarily relate to a SCOR Level 1 process (PLAN, SOURCE, MAKE, DELIVER, RETURN). Lower level calculations (Level 2 metrics) are generally associated with a narrower subset of processes. For example, Delivery Performance is calculated as the total number of products delivered on time and in full based on a commit date.", "Information cascade. Marketers also use the idea of cascades to attempt to get a buying cascade started for a new product. If they can induce an initial set of people to adopt the new product, then those who make purchasing decisions later on may also adopt the product even if it is no better than, or perhaps even worse than, competing products. This is most effective if these later consumers are able to observe the adoption decisions, but not how satisfied the early customers actually were with the choice. This is consistent with the idea that cascades arise naturally when people can see what others do but not what they know.[14]", "Analytic hierarchy process. So far, we have looked only at default priorities. As the Analytical Hierarchy Process moves forward, the priorities will change from their default values as the decision makers input information about the importance of the various nodes. They do this by making a series of pairwise comparisons.", "AIDA (marketing). Using a hierarchical system, such as AIDA, provides the marketer with a detailed understanding of how target audiences change over time, and provides insights as to which types of advertising messages are likely to be more effective at different junctures. Moving from step to step, the total number of prospects diminishes. This phenomenon is sometimes described as a \"purchase funnel.\" A relatively large number of potential purchasers become aware of a product or brand, then a smaller subset becomes interested, with only a relatively small proportion moving through to the actual purchase. This effect is also known as a “customer funnel,” “marketing funnel,” or “sales funnel.” [15]", "Analytic hierarchy process. These steps are more fully described below." ]	[ 1.0498046875, -1.1669921875, -0.10443115234375, 1.130859375, 1.951171875, 2.69921875, -0.642578125, 2.48046875, 0.252197265625, 0.11285400390625, -4.09765625, -3.662109375, -2.826171875, -5.00390625, -4.4765625, -5.4765625, -0.46923828125, -2.345703125, -3.2109375, -2.5078125, -4.6171875, -2.689453125, -3.140625, -2.267578125, -2.548828125, -2.33984375, -8.046875, -5.95703125, -5.25, -5.84375, -4.421875, -5.90625 ]
what episode does blaine and kurt get back together	[ "Kurt Hummel. Despite all this, Kurt and Blaine do get back together in a romaintic relationship in the first episode of the fifth season, Love Love Love, which is incidentally the same episode that Blaine proposes marriage. Kurt says yes immediately.", "Kurt Hummel. When Kurt returns, he finds that Blaine is in a relationship with Karofsky. Despite everything that goes on in the beginning of the sixth season, Kurt and Blaine get back together in the beginning of the episode, A Wedding. Later in the same episode, Brittany and Sue Sylvester persuade the couple to get married at Brittany and Santana's wedding to make a double gay wedding.", "Blaine Anderson. In the season premiere, \"Love Love Love\", Blaine and Kurt agree to be boyfriends again. Blaine still wants to marry Kurt, and stages an elaborate and successful marriage proposal at Dalton Academy where he and Kurt first met, accompanied by New Directions, and all their rival show choir groups, including the Warblers. He auditions for NYADA and is accepted. New Directions comes in second at Nationals, and is disbanded by Sue for not being champions. Blaine graduates as class valedictorian, and then moves to New York to be with Kurt. They start off living together, but though they remain engaged, Blaine ultimately moves out because the two of them realize they still need their own space. The relationship between them goes through rocky patches, including Blaine's insecurity when Kurt becomes popular at school, and when an influential socialite and NYADA supporter hears Blaine perform and takes an interest in his future career, though she is not impressed by Kurt and ultimately tries to break them up, though she fails and ultimately supports them both. Their engagement is strengthened by having weathered these storms, and Blaine moves back in with Kurt.", "Blaine Anderson. Blaine returns to Lima after Kurt ended their engagement, having become so despondent that his schoolwork suffered and he was cut by NYADA. He becomes the coach of the Dalton Academy Warblers, and begins dating Dave Karofsky after a chance encounter at the local gay bar. Kurt, having realized he still loves Blaine and regretting that he ended the engagement, arranges for his NYADA off-campus semester to be in Lima, helping Rachel to coach a reinstated New Directionsâ€”Will had left McKinley High to coach Vocal Adrenaline. Unfortunately, by the time he arrives, Blaine and Karofsky are already a couple, and there is further strain between Kurt and Blaine as coaches of rival show choirs. In \"The Hurt Locker, Part Two\", Sue, who \"ships Klaine\" and is desperate for Kurt and Blaine to reunite, locks them both in a fake elevator and refuses to let them leave until they kiss. After resisting for a great many hours, Blaine and Kurt share a passionate kiss, but do not reunite afterward. In \"Transitioning\", Blaine sings a duet with Kurt, \"Somebody Loves You\", and afterward, kisses Kurt. The following day, Blaine, knowing that he is still in love with Kurt, breaks up with Karofsky; however, Kurt is still seeing an older man, Walter. In \"A Wedding\", Kurt tells Walter that he is going to Brittany and Santana's wedding with Blaine, not him, and on Walter's advice, returns to Blaine; the two again become a couple. At the wedding, Brittany insists that Kurt and Blaine get married alongside her and Santana. Though skeptical at first, Kurt and Blaine agree and get married, with Burt officiating the joint ceremony. Dalton Academy burns down in \"The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester\", and the Warblers who transfer to McKinley are accepted into New Directions, with Blaine joining Rachel and Kurt as the coaches of the combined glee club. In the series finale, \"Dreams Come True\", after New Directions wins Nationals, Blaine and Kurt leave for New York, with Blaine attending NYU and Kurt returning to NYADA along with a reinstated Rachel. The episode jumps ahead to 2020, and Blaine and Kurt are shown to be actors and a celebrity married couple; they also visit schools to entertain and talk about acceptance. Rachel, who is married to Jesse, is pregnant with Blaine and Kurt's child.", "Kurt Hummel. Kurt heads back to New York while Blaine finishes high school back in Lima. Eventually, midway through the fifth season, Blaine graduates and moves in with Kurt. They have difficulties and agree that it would be best for them to continue with their engagement but as Blaine lives somewhere else for now as they both need their space. They eventually do move back in with each other in the season five finale.", "Kurt Hummel. In the season premiere, \"Love, Love, Love\", Kurt, who is still in Lima, agrees to get back together with Blaine. Emboldened, Blaine decides to ask Kurt to marry him, which he does in an extravagant proposal at Dalton Academy, in the spot where the two met. Kurt accepts.[53] He is back in New York in \"Tina in the Sky with Diamonds\", and gets a job at the diner where Rachel and Santana are working. He then returns to Lima in \"The Quarterback\" for his stepbrother Finn's funeral and subsequent memorial, and he grieves with his parents and friends.[54]", "Blaine Anderson. Considering Blaine and Kurt's potential future together, Murphy planned to treat them the same as all other Glee relationships, by making their pairing \"as flawed and as exposed as everyone else's.\"[40] This sentiment was re-iterated by executive producer Brad Falchuk, after the characters kissed for the first time. He revealed that their relationship would not run smoothly, and observed that once couples start dating, \"Everything goes to hell.\"[46] Colfer suggested that Kurt returning to McKinley may cause difficulties in their relationship, but noted \"Distance makes the heart grow fonder, right? Thatâ€™s what they tell me. So even if they do go through some bumps in the road, it would be very realistic.\"[46] In a Q&A with Billboard on the day \"Born This Way\" ran with Kurt's McKinley return, Criss stated that Blaine and Kurt were \"in the honeymoon stages\" of their relationship, and would still be \"at the end of the [second] season\".[57]", "Kurt Hummel. In a July 2012 interview with E! News, Colfer elaborated in regard to the progression of the Kurt-Blaine relationship in the show's fourth season. Colfer said, \"I would like to do something besides say 'I love you,' and I think Darren [Criss] and I agree on that. We're ready for the next step. They've been together for a while. Let's throw some spice and drama into that.\"[74] In September 2012, Criss echoed Colfer's sentiment, \"We're like an old married couple now. Let's shake it up!\"[75]", "Blaine Anderson. After learning of Kurtâ€™s ignorance of sexual matters, Blaine visits Kurt's father, Burt (Mike O'Malley), and prompts him to give Kurt \"the talk\" about sex.[12] As the Warblers prepare to perform at the Regional show choir competition, Kurt admits that he is jealous of how many solos Blaine gets. At a subsequent group meeting, Kurt arrives late and announces that the group's mascot canary is dead; he sings \"Blackbird\" in honor of the bird. While Kurt is singing, Blaine has a revelation, and later tells Kurt that he reciprocates his feelings and kisses him. At Regionals, the two sing a duet of \"Candles\" by Hey Monday. The Warblers lose to New Directions, but while Kurt is very disappointed, Blaine tells him that even though they lost, in reality, they won each other which makes losing Regionals worth it.[13] After Kurt transfers back to McKinley, he invites Blaine to be his date at his junior prom in \"Prom Queen\"; both are shocked when Kurt wins Prom Queen due to having received an overwhelming number of unwanted write-in votes in the secret balloting. Karofsky, the Prom King, leaves to avoid dancing with a guy in the traditional dance between King and Queen, and Kurt dances with Blaine instead.[14] After Kurt returns from Nationals in New York, he and Blaine admit their love for one another.[15]", "Blaine Anderson. Kurt begins to mend their relationship in \"Thanksgiving\", just before New Directions loses at Sectionals to the Warblers, and they spend Christmas together in New York City.[29][30] Though he and Kurt continue to be on good terms, Blaine finds himself developing a crush on his best friend, Sam, which he knows will come to nothing as he knows Sam is not gay; the two of them team up to find evidence that the Warblers cheated at Sectionals, which means New Directions will be competing at Regionals. He ends up going to the Sadie Hawkins dance with Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz), who has developed a crush on him, but as friends only.[31] When Kurt comes to Lima for the wedding of glee club director Will (Matthew Morrison) and Emma (Jayma Mays)—which Emma flees—he and Blaine make out beforehand, and sleep together afterward, though they do not resume a permanent relationship.[32]", "Kurt Hummel. During the season, Kurt and Blaine have broken up but eventually reunite in time for Brittany and Santana's wedding. At the two's insistence, Kurt and Blaine get married alongside them. In 2020, they are still married and are a celebrity couple. Rachel is pregnant with their child who is assumed to be a girl.", "Kurt Hummel. Before production on the second season began, Murphy confirmed that Kurt would be paired with a new romantic interest.[67] According to Chord Overstreet, his character Sam Evans was originally intended to become Kurt's love interest. However, Sam's storyline was later adjusted to pair him with glee club member Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron) after producers observed the chemistry between Overstreet and Agron.[68] Kurt was subsequently paired with another new character, Blaine Anderson, a member of the rival show choir group the Dalton Academy Warblers, who is initially a mentor for Kurt. Murphy was unsure at first whether their relationship would become a romantic one, and stated that he wished to gauge public response to their friendship before planning future developments. He commented, \"Part of me thinks he should be the boyfriend, part of me thinks he should just be the mentor. I didn't want to decide that until we got into sort of the middle of the season.\"[69] Kurt transfers from McKinley High to Dalton Academy and falls in love with Blaine, though Blaine only considers him a close friend. However, when Kurt sings the Beatles song \"Blackbird\" in \"Original Song\", Blaine finally realizes his true feelings and the two kiss, marking the start of the relationship. Criss noted, \"We all want to see Kurt happy, and like all great love stories, if you have two people that can be together you've got to hold it up.\"[70] When imagining Blaine and Kurt's potential future together, Murphy expected to treat them the same as all other Glee relationships by making their pairing \"as flawed and as exposed as everyone else's.\"[71] This plan was confirmed by Falchuk after the characters kissed for the first time,[72] though he later clarified: \"They're solid. They have problems—you have two stars dating each other, there's going to be some competition there.\"[73] In the second-season finale, they each tell the other, \"I love you\", and early in the third season they decide to have sex for the first time.[43][48] The Kurt–Blaine relationship has been well received by critics, and they were named \"one of the most beloved TV couples of the millennium\" late in the second season by Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post.[2]", "Blaine Anderson. Blaine and Kurt's relationship has been generally well received. They were named Favorite TV Couple at the 2010 AfterElton.com Visibility Awards,[66] and have been lauded for \"leading the way\" in representing gay teenagers on television by Entertainment Weekly.[82] Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post referred to them as \"one of the most beloved TV couples of the millennium\".[2] When they \"finally solidified what their relationship actually is\" in the episode \"Silly Love Songs\", IGN's Robert Canning noted that his opinion of Blaine improved. He commented: \"I love that the [serenading of Jeremiah] blew up in Blaine's face. The character has always come off to me as annoyingly arrogant, but \"Silly Love Songs\" humanized the guy. Guess I may have to like him now.\"[108] Their first kiss, in the episode \"Original Song\", was met with critical acclaim. Mark Perigard of The Boston Herald wrote, \"It was utterly, sweetly romantic, and Criss sold the hell out of the moment. It's long overdue and it will silence the growing legion of critics out there who were unhappy with the pace of this story.\"[109] Entertainment Weekly's Mandi Bierly was so impressed with the scene that she was initially concerned it may be a dream sequence, \"because we don't get romantic, unapologetic first kisses like that between young gay characters on network TV.\" She wrote, \"Relationships aren't easy. Theyâ€™ll make mistakes. But if they stay true to themselves, and continue to be as open and honest with each other, we're in for something special.\"[110] Kevin Fallon of The Atlantic thought the kiss was \"sweet\", and stated that he was pleased that it attracted no controversy whatsoever.[111] Aly Semigran of MTV praised the interaction between Blaine and Kurt. She called the kiss scene a \"sweet, real and, shockingly, un-hyped moment\", and praised Criss and Colfer for \"handl[ing] it with dignity and honesty\".[112]", "Kurt Hummel. At Dalton, Kurt joins the Warblers. When the Warblers and New Directions meet at the show choir Sectionals competition, they tie for first place, making both groups eligible for Regionals.[37] Kurt and Blaine become good friends, and Kurt soon falls in love with Blaine, though Blaine is initially oblivious to Kurt's regard. However, in the episode \"Original Song\", Blaine realizes his true feelings for Kurt, and they share a kiss.[38] To Kurt's disappointment, the Warblers lose to New Directions at the Regionals competition.[39] He transfers back to McKinley in \"Born This Way\" after Karofsky starts an anti-bullying club with glee club member Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), and personally assures Kurt that he regrets his earlier threats.[40][41]", "The Break Up (Glee). In a July 2012 interview with E! News, Colfer elaborated in regard to the progression of the Kurt-Blaine relationship in the show's fourth season. Colfer said, \"I would like to do something besides say 'I love you,' and I think Darren [Criss] and I agree on that. We're ready for the next step. They've been together for a while. Let's throw some spice and drama into that.\" Colfer quipped that he did not know what was in store for the couple, \"I hear mixed things. I hear they're still together but then maybe they're breaking up.\"[1] In a September 2012 interview with the same publication, on whether the couple would breakup or not in the show's fourth season, Criss stated, \"I don't know. We still have episodes to shoot.\" Criss ultimately echoed Colfer's sentiment, \"We're like an old married couple now. Let's shake it up!\"[2] Prior to the episode's debut, series co-creator Ryan Murphy dubbed it \"the best episode we have ever done\".[3]", "Blaine Anderson. Blaine Anderson is introduced in the episode \"Never Been Kissed\" as the lead soloist of the Dalton Academy Warblers a cappella musical group. He meets Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), a member of the rival glee club New Directions. When Kurt asks if Blaine is gay, Blaine matter-of-factly says he is; Kurt tells Blaine that he is being bullied at school for being gay, and Blaine reveals that he too was harassed at his old school, so he transferred to Dalton Academy, which enforces a no-bullying policy. Blaine befriends Kurt, and helps him stand up to his tormentor, Dave Karofsky (Max Adler).[6][7] When the threats and violence against Kurt reach a dangerous level, he transfers to Dalton Academy.[8] He falls in love with Blaine,[9] who is initially oblivious to Kurt's feelings even as their friendship grows. Blaine enlists Kurt's help to serenade his crush Jeremiah (Alexander Nifong), the assistant manager at a local Gap store. Jeremiah is subsequently fired and rebuffs Blaine. Kurt confesses his feelings, and Blaine tells Kurt that he cares for him, but is terrible at romance and does not want to risk damaging their friendship.[10]", "Kurt Hummel. The love story involving Kurt and Blaine was met with critical acclaim, especially the events in the \"Original Song\" episode where the characters first kissed. Katie Morgan of Billboard stated, \"It sure took them long enough, but we're so glad to finally see Kurt happy.\"[100] The Boston Herald's Mark Perigard wrote, \"It was utterly, sweetly romantic, and Criss sold the hell out of the moment. Itâ€™s long overdue and it will silence the growing legion of critics out there who were unhappy with the pace of this story and why Kurt always seemed to be stuck in pure misery.\"[101] Kevin Fallon of The Atlantic thought the kiss was \"sweet\" and said that he was pleased that it attracted no controversy whatsoever.[102] Semigran praised the interaction between Kurt and Blaine, and characterized the kiss scene as a \"sweet, real and, shockingly, un-hyped moment\". She went on to commend the acting in the scene, and wrote that both actors \"handled it with dignity and honesty\".[103]", "Blaine Anderson. Kurt and Blaine make the decision to have sex for the first time in \"The First Time\" episode; many critics were enthusiastic about the fact that a gay couple was being given such a storyline. Canning said that Kurt and Blaine's \"attempts to get a little wild\", and \"trying to grow up faster than they should\", were \"the better parts of the episode as they felt the most realistic\".[118] Futterman praised their departure from the bar as a \"very faithful and honest scene\".[119] VanDerWerff and BuddyTV contributor John Kubicek both had issues with Blaine's characterization. The latter asserted that he \"just behaves however the writers need him to behave in order for the scene to work\", while the former said that Blaine's season three storyline \"hasn’t been bad by any means, but it does feel like Darren Criss is playing someone who’s quite a bit different from the guy he was playing last season\".[120] Bell was impressed by the way the characters' relationship \"inspires gay youth in a way that we haven't seen on network television yet\" and called them \"amazing role models for all teens\", and The Atlantic writer Kevin Fallon said it was \"remarkable\" and a \"milestone\" that \"the decision by gay teen characters to lose their virginities is given equal weight to that of a straight couple\".[121]", "Blaine Anderson. The Kurtâ€“Blaine relationship, sometimes referred to by the portmanteau \"Klaine\" by Glee fans and the media,[54] developed slowly. As the series showrunner, Murphy felt tasked with keeping the two apart as long as possible.[40] He was initially unsure whether the relationship would become a romantic one, and intended to gauge public response to their friendship before planning future developments. He commented, \"Part of me thinks he should be the boyfriend, part of me thinks he should just be the mentor. I didn't want to decide that until we got into sort of the middle of the season.\"[39] In December 2010, Colfer said, \"Fans really want it to happen. It's funny how many people want to see these boys hook up. We'll see.\"[55] Based on the characters' chemistry and the \"immediate outcry\" from fans who wanted to see them as a couple, Murphy decided to have Blaine become Kurt's love interest. Criss noted: \"We all want to see Kurt happy, and like all great love stories, if you have two people that can be together you've got to hold it up.\"[56]", "Kurt Hummel. In \"The First Time\", Kurt and Blaine discuss whether or not to have sex. When Blaine goes to Dalton to invite the Warblers to see him in West Side Story, he is pursued by a new warbler Sebastian Smythe (Grant Gustin). Sebastian convinces Kurt and Blaine to go with him to a local gay bar—he supplies the fake IDs—and spends half the night dancing with Blaine. When they leave, a drunk and aroused Blaine urges Kurt to have sex with him in the back seat of the car. Kurt refuses, and Blaine walks home. He later tells Kurt that he was just nervous about the possibility of their first time, and that he cares nothing for Sebastian. They kiss onstage in the empty auditorium, and Kurt proposes that they go over to Blaine's house for the night, where they have sex together for the first time.[48] In the episode \"Michael\", New Directions and the Warblers compete for the right to perform Michael Jackson's music at Regionals by singing his song \"Bad\". Sebastian, who has been unsuccessful in his attempts to steal Blaine from Kurt, throws a slushie laced with rock salt at Kurt, but Blaine jumps in front of Kurt and is badly injured by it; the cornea in his right eye is deeply scratched and requires surgery.[49] Neither group ultimately uses Jackson's music at Regionals, and New Directions wins the competition. Later, Kurt succeeds in becoming a finalist for NYADA, as does Rachel.[50]", "Blaine Anderson. Blaine had briefly joined the Cheerios when it looked like New Directions would be disbanding after their Sectionals loss, and cheerleading coach Sue (Jane Lynch) blackmails Blaine into rejoining; Blaine and Sam hatch up a plan to bring Sue down from the inside.[1] Blaine eventually confesses to Sam that he has feelings for him, to which Sam assures him that he is somewhat flattered by Blaine's honesty and attraction, and that it would not change the fact that Blaine is still Sam's best friend.[33] Blaine still loves Kurt and asks Burt for his permission to propose to Kurt, but Burt tells him they're too young to marry, and advises him to wait.[34] Blaine remains determined, however, and while shopping for a ring, he meets Jan (Patty Duke), a lesbian jeweler who has been with her partner Liz (Meredith Baxter) for over thirty years. Jan offers to be a mentor to him, and Blaine and Kurt later have dinner with Jan and Liz, where Jan and Liz explain how their relationship evolved over the years and their experience with the growing mainstream acceptance of gay people.[35] New Directions wins at Regionals, and Will and Emma get married immediately afterward, with the glee club, plus some graduates including Kurt, in attendance. Blaine is shown, after the ceremony is over, holding a jewelry box behind his back.[35]", "Kurt Hummel. To begin the show's fourth season, Kurt moves to New York while Blaine continues to go to high school in Ohio, though he and Blaine remain a couple. However, after Blaine cheats on him, Kurt breaks up with Blaine. The two later agree to remain friends, though.Kurt is unwilling to resume their relationship. That winter, Kurt begins to see Adam Crawford, a senior at his new school, NYADA. Despite this, Kurt has sex with Blaine when in Ohio to attend a wedding, putting into question whether Kurt still wants to be with Blaine.", "Blaine Anderson. While Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter was pleased Blaine's season three transfer to McKinley in the first episode increased Criss' screen time with Colfer and the New Directions cast, she stated that the move \"screams of co-dependency.\"[113] In contrast, Entertainment Weekly's Abby West found it romantic, and noted: \"Blaine and Kurt, with their budding love and witty, pseudo-urbane ways, are my favorite couple to watch. ... I look forward to hearing [Blaine] sing more, watching him bump up against the insular Glee clubbers, and seeing him show off his non-uniform attire.[114] Several reviewers were unhappy with the second episode's revelation that Blaine was a junior, not a senior like Kurt, as had been implied in the previous season. VanDerWerff wrote that Blaine \"seems to have simultaneously gotten younger and had a complete personality transplant over the summer\", Billboard's Rae Votta noted \"the continuity-bending plot point that he's somehow a Junior and not a Senior like his boyfriend\", and Samantha Urban of The Dallas Morning News allowed her exasperation to show: \"Oh really, Glee? Blaine's a junior? Blaine's younger than Kurt? Fine. FINE.\"[115][116][117]", "Blaine Anderson. Prior to the production of season two, rumors circulated that upcoming episodes would feature a love interest for Kurt.[40] Initial fan and media speculation suggested that Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) was created to fill this role; however, according to Overstreet, Sam's storyline quickly paired him with Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron) as a result of the chemistry the producers detected between him and Agron.[41] In September 2010, it was confirmed that Criss would join the show in a \"much-talked-about new gay role\".[42] Media speculation suggested that Blaine would be Kurt's new love interest.[40] His original character description was: \"a cute and charismatic gay student from a rival Glee club named the Dalton Academy Warblersâ€”will maintain a strictly platonic friendship with McKinley High's most out and proud pupil. But could that change as the season progresses? Yes, it could.\"[42] Murphy stated that Blaine's arc would be a significant one. He explained, \"He sort of becomes Kurt's mentor and then maybe love [...] Kurt really admires him and respects him.\"[43]", "Blaine Anderson. In the first episode of the fourth season, \"The New Rachel\", Blaine becomes the lead singer of New Directions and successfully prompts Kurt to follow his New York City dreams.[25] In addition, Blaine successfully runs for senior class president with Sam (Chord Overstreet), and the two subsequently develop a friendship.[26] Kurt inadvertently pulls away from Blaine due to his Vogue.com internship; distraught and feeling isolated from his friends, Blaine cheats on Kurt.[26][27] After confessing to Kurt of his infidelity, Kurt severs all ties.[27] New Directions' Nationals trophy is stolen by Hunter Clarington (Nolan Gerard Funk), the new captain of the Dalton Academy Warblers.[28] When Blaine goes to Dalton Academy to retrieve it, Hunter and Sebastian attempt to seduce Blaine into returning to the Warblers. Blaine becomes conflicted, believing that he does not belong in New Directions.[28] Sam ultimately convinces him that, despite having done a bad thing to Kurt, Blaine is still a good person and an important member of New Directions.[28]", "Blaine Anderson. Blaine duetted with Kurt on Frank Loesser's \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\", which was included on Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album and reached number 53 in Canada.[80][81] It was reportedly the most downloaded track of the album, and called \"by far the gayest thing that has ever been on TV\" by Colfer. Murphy expressed his pride in the number for \"push[ing] the envelope a bit.\"[82] Jessica Ronayne of Zap2it called the duet one of the Christmas episode's few saving graces.[83] Blaine and Kurt also duetted on Neon Trees' \"Animal\" and Hey Monday's \"Candles\",[84][85] which peaked at 62 and 71 in the U.S. respectively.[78][86] In an April 2011 interview, Criss stated that he did not feel established enough within the cast to make song suggestions, but had mentioned liking \"Animal\" to Murphy, who included it in a script soon thereafter.[67] Blaine shared a duet of \"Don't You Want Me\" by The Human League with Rachel, which Reiter deemed a musical highlight of the episode \"Blame It on the Alcohol\".[87] It was included on Glee: The Music, Volume 5, and peaked at number 44 in Australia.[79][88]", "Blaine Anderson. Kurt and Blaine attend a party hosted by New Directions co-captain Rachel Berry (Lea Michele). The attendees play spin the bottle, which results in Rachel and Blaine kissing. In the aftermath, Blaine wonders whether he might be bisexual, and goes on a date with Rachel. When she kisses him again while they are both sober, he concludes that he is indeed gay, which relieves Kurt.[11]", "Love, Love, Love (Glee). The episode received mixed to positive reviews, with many critics highlighting Blaine and Kurt's storyline and the episode's ending scene. Upon its initial airing, this episode was viewed by 5.06 million American viewers and garnered a 2.0/5 Nielsen rating/share in the 18â€“49 age group. The total viewership and ratings for this episode were down slightly from the previous episode, \"All or Nothing\".", "Kurt Hummel. At the beginning for the sixth season, it seems as though Kurt and Blaine have broken off the engagement due to difficulties living together and Blaine has moved back to Lima. Kurt later regrets this and decides to continue his schooling in Lima, to try to win Blaine back.", "Love, Love, Love (Glee). Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) and Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) rekindle their relationship with a performance of \"Got to Get You into My Life\", and Blaine decides to move forward with his plan to propose to Kurt. He and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) rally New Directions, Vocal Adrenaline, the Dalton Academy Warblers and the Haverbrook Deaf Choir to participate in Blaine's proposal through a performance of \"Help!\".", "Blaine Anderson. In the second season episode \"Sexy\", Blaine reveals he has a strained relationship with his father.[60]", "Kurt Hummel. In \"Dance with Somebody\", Kurt feels that Blaine has been distant, and confides in a boy named Chandler he meets at the local music store. The two hit it off instantly with their common interest of moving to New York after high school. Kurt begins texting Chandler quite often soon after that. Rachel thinks he's being in the wrong that Kurt is cheating on Blaine instead of talking to Blaine about the rut they are in. Blaine finds out about Chandler and is extremely hurt. Both Kurt and Blaine sing Whitney songs to express how they feel about their situation with Blaine singing It's Not Right but It's Okay and Kurt singing I Have Nothing as an apology. Eventually after having a talk in Emma's office, the two make up and are stronger than ever.[51] In \"Goodbye\", Blaine is worried that he and Kurt will not make it as a couple after Kurt graduates and moves off to New York. Kurt reassures him that they will be okay as a couple. After graduation, Kurt, Rachel and Finn's letters from the New York schools they applied to come in. Kurt does not get accepted to NYADA.[52]" ]	[ 6.51953125, 6.45703125, 4.82421875, 3.525390625, 4.6796875, 4.35546875, 1.138671875, 0.95263671875, 2.837890625, 3.060546875, 1.6650390625, 1.91015625, 2.45703125, 4.28515625, 0.1590576171875, 3.38671875, 1.0419921875, 1.2900390625, -1.408203125, 1.8037109375, 0.876953125, 0.84814453125, 0.38818359375, -1.236328125, 2.90625, 0.273681640625, 0.90771484375, 0.1878662109375, 2.24609375, 1.3232421875, -1.0732421875, 2.677734375 ]
who plays green goblin in amazing spider man 2	[ "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (also released as The Amazing Spider-Man 2: Rise of Electro in some markets)[5] is a 2014 American superhero film featuring the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. The film was directed by Marc Webb and was produced by Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach. It is the fifth theatrical Spider-Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment, and is the sequel to 2012's The Amazing Spider-Man. It is also the second and final film in The Amazing Spider-Man franchise. The studio hired James Vanderbilt to write the screenplay and Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci to rewrite it.[6][7] The film stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy, Dane DeHaan as Green Goblin / Harry Osborn, Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz as Peter's parents, and Sally Field as Aunt May, with the addition of Paul Giamatti as Rhino / Aleksei Sytsevich and Jamie Foxx as Electro / Max Dillon.", "Catalysts (The Spectacular Spider-Man). Written by Andrew Robinson and directed by the series' co-developer Victor Cook, \"Catalysts\" marked the first appearance of Green Goblin in the series. The villain's design followed the show's color scheme by emphasizing the color green and was based primarily on initial designs by Alex Ross for the character in the 2002 film Spider-Man. Performers Steven Blum and Vanessa Marshall began their roles as Green Goblin and Mary Jane Watson, respectively.", "Catalysts (The Spectacular Spider-Man). Green Goblin was voiced by Steve Blum. Blum has starred in several different video games and animated series as a voice actor and, at the time of the episode's broadcast, had been about to star as the titular character of the then-forthcoming animated series Wolverine and the X-Men on Nicktoons Network.[13]", "Norman Osborn. Norman Osborn was featured in a trilogy of live-action films directed by Sam Raimi and played by Willem Dafoe. Osborn was the main antagonist in the first Spider-Man film. He later made cameo appearances in Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Spider-Man 3 (2007) as a halluincation in Harry's head.[151][152] After the success of Marc Webb's 2012 Spider-Man film reboot, The Amazing Spider-Man, which featured many references to Osborn, the character appeared in the sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, portrayed by Chris Cooper.[153]", "Harry Osborn. The character has appeared in many adaptations of Spider-Man outside of the comic books, including various cartoons and video games. He is portrayed in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy by James Franco, and 2014's The Amazing Spider-Man 2 by Dane DeHaan.", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Actor J. K. Simmons expressed interest in reprising his role as J. Jonah Jameson from Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy should the studio offer it to him.[29] In October 2012, Electro was rumored as the next villain.[30] Jamie Foxx was given the role.[31][32][33] That December, Foxx confirmed that he was cast as the character, and during an interview with MTV, explained that the redesign of the character would be more grounded as well as details of his depiction, which were based upon the Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Electro.[34] On December 3, 2012, Marc Webb revealed that Dane DeHaan was chosen to play Harry Osborn.[35] Paul Giamatti was confirmed as a cast member in February 2013.[36] Felicity Jones confirmed her involvement with the film under an undisclosed role.[37] Giamatti also indicated in an October 2013 interview that he would return in The Amazing Spider-Man 3 as well.[38] On February 27, 2013, Chris Cooper was cast as Norman Osborn.[39]", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Felicity Jones portrays Felicia, Norman's assistant at Oscorp, and later Harry's. While Jones was only credited as Felicia in the final film, her surname was revealed as \"Hardy\" in a marketing video for the film releasing on digital HD formats, in reference to Black Cat's alter ego Felicia Hardy.[17] Marton Csokas portrays Ashley Kafka, the head of Ravencroft Institute, and Chris Cooper portrays Norman Osborn, the founder of Oscorp and Harry Osborn's father. B. J. Novak appears as Alistair Smythe, Dillon's boss and an Oscorp employee. Denis Leary reprises his role as George Stacy from the first film, where he appears as a ghost in Peter's visions, while Kari Coleman, Charlie DePew, Skyler Gisondo, and Jacob Rodier reprise their roles as Helen Stacy, Philip Stacy, Howard Stacy, and Simon Stacy, respectively. Spider-Man co-creator, Stan Lee, has a cameo appearance as a guest at Peter and Gwen's graduation ceremony. Michael Massee reprises his role as the \"Man in the Shadows\" from the first film, with the character now credited as \"Gustav Fiers (The Gentleman)\". Aidy Bryant appears as a woman dressed as the Statue of Liberty. J.D. Walsh appears as an online instructor demonstrating how batteries work.", "Norman Osborn. The character has been in various top villain lists as one of Spider-Man's greatest enemies and one of the greatest comic book villains of all time. The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, inspire real-world structures (such as theme park attractions), and be referenced in a number of media. Osborn has been adapted to serve as Spider-Man's adversary in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations. The character has been portrayed in film by Willem Dafoe in the 2002 film Spider-Man and Chris Cooper in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Among others, actors Neil Ross, Alan Rachins, Steven Weber and Josh Keaton provided Osborn's voice in the animated Spider-Man series of 1981, 1994, 2008, 2012 and 2017.", "Green Goblin. The Green Goblin is the alias of several fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first and best known incarnation is Norman Osborn, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko to be the archenemy of Spider-Man. The Green Goblin is a Halloween-themed supervillain whose weapons resemble bats, ghosts and jack-o'-lanterns. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: \"Of all the costumed villains who've plagued Spider-Man over the years, the most flat-out unhinged and terrifying of them all is the Green Goblin.\"[1] The Green Goblin has appeared in several films including 2002's Spider-Man as Norman Osborn, and 2007's Spider-Man 3 and 2014's The Amazing Spider-Man 2 as Harry Osborn.", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. The sequel's villain was teased in the 2012 film.[19] Webb stated that the origin story would further unfold in the second installment.[20] In June 2012, Webb said he was unsure whether he would return,[21] though it was confirmed on September 28, 2012, that he would return to direct the sequel.[22][23] He stated that he \"wanted to create a universe that not only can withstand but anticipate future storylines\" while also \"working in and of itself for one movie.\"[24] Andrew Garfield had also expressed hope to reprise his role,[25] and in September 2012, it was confirmed that he would do so.[22][23] Emma Stone was later confirmed to be reprising her role as Gwen Stacy, having signed a contract for two Amazing Spider-Man sequels.[10][26][27] The original costume and mask from The Amazing Spider-Man was altered and has lens in the mask, making the eyes bigger. The web shooters were also modified.[28]", "Emma Stone. In 2014, Stone reprised the role of Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider-Man 2. In an interview with Total Film, the actress explained that her character was not dependent on the film's protagonist. \"She saves him more than he saves her. She's incredibly helpful to Spider-ManÂ ... He's the muscle, she's the brains.\"[79] Her performance was well received by critics;[80] an Empire reviewer praised her for standing out in the film: \"Stone is the Heath Ledger of this series, doing something unexpected with an easily dismissed supporting character.\"[81] The role earned her the Favorite Movie Actress award at the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards.[82] Later that year, Stone took on a role in Woody Allen's romantic comedy Magic in the Moonlight, a modest commercial success.[83] A. O. Scott criticized her role, and pairing with Colin Firth, describing it as \"the kind of pedantic nonsense that is meant to signify superior intellect\".[84]", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Criticism went towards its script, length, and overabundance of characters.[112][113][114] However, the special effects, chemistry between Stone and Garfield, Dane DeHaan's performance, the action scenes, and Hans Zimmer's musical score received praise.[115][116] Foxx's portrayal of Max Dillon/Electro was met with mixed reviews.[117]", "Catalysts (The Spectacular Spider-Man). Meanwhile, a mysterious, Halloween themed green and purple costumed, and psychotic supervillain named Green Goblin breaks into an Oscorp laboratory late at night and steals several pieces of equipment, including a glider. With the equipment, Goblin flies off and attacks a group of thieves who are working for the crime lord the \"Big Man.\" He uses some stolen money as incentive for them if they work for him and they accept. Now armed with personal terrorists, he crashes and holds up a black tie dinner party orchestrated by the \"Big Man\" in his alter ego as philanthropist L. Thompson Lincoln. Lincoln is unimpressed and sics his guards on the Goblin and his terrorists, but they are defeated easily. Air Force Colonel John Jameson tries to fight them, too, but is also taken down.", "Catalysts (The Spectacular Spider-Man). The episode received generally positive reception from television critics. Eric Goldman of IGN, gave it an 8.0 (\"Impressive\"), writing that \"[w]hile not among the very best episodes, this was still another fun and involving installment of the show.\" Goldman gave a mixed response about Green Goblin — noting that he is \"perhaps a bit hyper sensitive on how he's portrayed\" — considering the design, while similar to the comics, be more of an exact version of it; Goldman considered the character's personality was \"a bit too evocative of the Joker,\" the iconic villain from DC's Batman comics, but believed that his \"malice side\" worked. On the topic of Mary Jane, Goldman praised her for being \"much like Stan Lee created her – a quick witted, fun loving girl.\" He also applauded the mysterious factors of Green Goblin's true identity.[11]", "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film). The Amazing Spider-Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, and sharing the title of the character's longest-running comic book. It is the fourth theatrical Spider-Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment, and a reboot of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man 2002-2007 trilogy preceding it. The film was directed by Marc Webb. It was written by James Vanderbilt, Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves and it stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy, Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curtis Connors, Denis Leary as NYPD Captain George Stacy, along with Martin Sheen and Sally Field as the uncle and aunt of Peter Parker, Ben Parker and May Parker. The film tells the story of Peter Parker, a teenager from New York who becomes Spider-Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider. Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated lizard, from spreading a mutation serum to the city's human population.", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. On July 17, 2013, Sony released a clip from the film with the first released footage of Jamie Foxx as Electro to encourage attendance at the panel, at the San Diego Comic-Con International.[81] At the panel they premiered a four-minute trailer, which was not publicly released but eventually leaked on the internet. Viral marketing for the film included a version of the Daily Bugle on the blogging service Tumblr, which included references to Kate Cushing, Detective Stan Carter, the \"Big Man\", Izzy Bunsen, Joy Mercado,[82][83] Donald Menken, the Vulture, Hydro-Man, Spencer Smythe, Ned Leeds,[84][85][86] Anne Weying, J. Jonah Jameson,[87] Shocker, Alistair Smythe, Doctor Octopus, Eddie Brock,[88] The Enforcers, and Puma.[89][90] Marc Webb posted a photo on Twitter with a message written in Dwarven language revealing that the first trailer would debut prior to 3D screenings of The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug.[91][92]", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. However, between December 2013 and the release of The Amazing Spider-Man 2 in May 2014, Garfield and Webb revealed that while they would both return for the third film, neither was certain of their involvement in the fourth, with Webb adding he would certainly not be directing.[150][151][152] Following the mixed critical reviews and franchise-low box office performance of The Amazing Spider-Man 2, the future of the franchise was unclear. By July 2014, Orci had left the third film to work on Star Trek Beyond,[153] The Amazing Spider-Man 3, which would have included Chris Cooper returning as Norman Osborn[154][155] and focused on Peter recovering from Gwen's death,[156] was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018, and The Amazing Spider-Man 4 was moved to a later, unknown date.[147]", "Green Goblin. The Green Goblin has appeared in many Spider-Man related media.", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. While working in an OsCorp laboratory, Max shocks himself by accident and falls into a tank of genetically-engineered electric eels. They attack him, and he mutates into a living electric generator. Meanwhile, Peter attempts to maintain a friendship with Gwen, but she reveals that she may move to England for schooling. Before they can discuss it, Dillon wanders into Times Square, accidentally causing a blackout, and is stopped by Spider-Man after a battle. Dillon is taken to the Ravencroft Institute, where he is studied by German scientist Dr. Kafka. Meanwhile, the first symptoms of Harry's illness are showing, and he uses the device Norman gave him to deduce that Spider-Man's blood could help save him. He asks Peter, who has been selling photos of Spider-Man to the Daily Bugle, to aid him in finding Spider-Man. Peter refuses, unsure of what effects the transfusion would have. Although he later comes to Harry as Spider-Man, he still refuses, and Harry becomes resentful towards Spider-Man. OsCorp vice-president Donald Menken frames Harry for covering up Dillon's accident, removes him as CEO and takes control of Oscorp. Harry's assistant, Felicia Hardy, informs him of equipment that could help him, so he makes a deal with Dillon, who now calls himself \"Electro,\" to get him back inside the OsCorp building. There he finds a suit of armor and other equipment made by Norman, as well as venom from the now-destroyed genetically-altered spiders. The venom accelerates Harry's illness, and transforms him into a goblin-like creature, but the suit's built-in emergency protocol restores his health and cures his disease.", "Spider-Man (2002 film). Spider-Man is a 2002 American superhero film directed by Sam Raimi, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and the first film in the Spider-Man trilogy. The film stars Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker, a high school student living in New York City, who turns to crimefighting as Spider-Man after developing spider-like super powers. Spider-Man also stars Kirsten Dunst as Peter's love interest Mary Jane Watson, Willem Dafoe as Norman Osborn, the secret identity of his foe Green Goblin, Rosemary Harris and Cliff Robertson as Aunt May and Uncle Ben, James Franco as Peter's best friend Harry Osborn, and J. K. Simmons as J. Jonah Jameson, the editor-in-chief and publisher of the Daily Bugle.", "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film). Gwen's father and a New York City Police Department captain who hunts both Spider-Man out of distrust and the Lizard for his rampage.[28] Leary explained that he did not know much about Spider-Man in the comics and was \"more of a Batman guy. Not the '60s [TV version] but the really dark Batman. But my wife was a Spider-Man nut, which was why I went to Tobey Maguire ones.\"[29] He added that long before he was cast as George Stacy his friend Jeff Garlin, a Spider-Man fan, \"said to me, 'The first time I met you, I thought you were George Stacy!' This was like 30 years ago. I was like, 'What?!'\"[29] Director Webb said of his casting, \"[W]e all trust Denis Leary. He's got this attitude, but you love him. In this movie, he puts pressure on Peter Parker. He's on Spider-Man's case, but you understand him. I've said this before, but good drama comes from competing ideas of what's good.\"[30]", "Catalysts (The Spectacular Spider-Man). \"Catalysts\" became available on the DVD The Spectacular Spider-Man, Volume 3, on March 17, 2009, alongside the episodes \"Reaction\" and \"The Uncertainty Principle.\"[15] The volume featured episodes that detailed Green Goblin as a prominent character.[16] It became available on the full season DVD box set entitled The Spectacular Spider-Man: The Complete First Season DVD Review, which featured every other episode of season one for the series.[17]", "C. Thomas Howell. Howell appeared in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man.[10]", "Spider-Man (2002 film). Bruce Campbell, a long-time colleague of director Sam Raimi, has a cameo as the announcer at the wrestling ring Peter takes part in. Years later, Jeffrey Henderson, who worked on the storyboards for the cancelled Spider-Man 4 movie, released information regarding which villains would appear within the movie. One of those included Bruce Campbell's character's progression into Quentin Beck / Mysterio.[22][23] Ted Raimi, Sam Raimi's actor brother, plays a small role as editor's assistant Hoffman. Sam Raimi himself appeared off-screen, throwing popcorn at Peter as he enters the arena to wrestle Bonesaw McGraw.[24] Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee also has a cameo, in which he asks Peter, \"Hey kid, would you like a pair of these glasses? They're the kind they wore in X-Men.\" The scene was cut, and Lee only briefly appears in the film to grab a young girl from falling debris during the battle between Spider-Man and the Green Goblin in Times Square. R&B/soul singer Macy Gray appears as herself. One of the stunt performers in the film is actor Johnny Tri Nguyen.[9] Robert Kerman, best known for his performances in pornographic and exploitation films, has a bit part as a tugboat captain. Lucy Lawless makes a cameo as a punk rock girl. It was also intended for Hugh Jackman to make an appearance in the film as Logan / Wolverine, reprising the role from 2000's X-Men, but a dispute between Sony and 20th Century Fox over the characters' film rights prevented it from happening.[25] The novelization of Spider-Man identifies Liz Allan as the character portrayed by Sally Livingstone.", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. The Los Angeles Times said, \"[The film is] overstuffed with plot lines, set pieces and villains, although stars Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone do their best to give the movie heart.\"[118] Tim Robey of The Telegraph said, \"Marc Webb's Spider-Man sequel is overstuffed with high-voltage villains, but the sparks between Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone save the day\".[119] Simon Reynolds of Digital Spy said, \"Peter's past, present and future all intertwine in a sequel that offers bang for your buck. That said you can't help [but] feel the franchise bean counters at work here thanks to all the ominous foreshadowing and unresolved character arcs. Too many cooks and all that ...\".[120] Kim Newman of Empire scored the film three out of five stars, saying: \"A few too-broad gags aside—and even these are in the funky spirit of '60s Marvel—this is a satisfying second issue with thrills, heartbreak, gasps, and a perfectly judged slingshot ending.\"[121] Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter said, \"The eponymous hero hits his super-heroic stride here, as does Andrew Garfield in the role, especially when Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker learns there's always some fine print in a contract with this many benefits. The plot gets itself tangled up in multiple villain strands, but in the main, this installment is emotionally weightier and more satisfying than its predecessor.\"[122] Guy Lodge of Variety said, \"Redundancy remains a problem, but this overlong superhero sequel gets by on sound, fury and star chemistry.\"[123] Richard Roeper gave the film a B+, stating that \"It's about 20 minutes too long and it's overstuffed with too many characters and too many subplots, but there's enough good stuff in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 to warrant optimism about the next chapter of the franchise.\"[124] A negative review came from Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, giving the film two stars out of four, he said: \"Things go wrong quickly with Amazing 2. Am I the only one who hates the word Amazing to describe a movie that isn't? Just asking.\"[125] IGN reviewer Daniel Krupa gave 6.9/10 and wrote, \"Amazing Spider-Man 2 gets a lot right, yet there's a constant awkwardness to the machinery of its plot; you can almost hear the cogs turning. However, what's worse is that at times it becomes overtly patronising: there are flashing screens and computer voice-overs constantly telling you what something is or what something is doing, just in case the people in the back rows aren't paying attention, which feels at odds with the film's emotional intelligence.[126]", "Norman Osborn. The Green Goblin debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14.[3] At this time his identity was unknown, but he proved popular and reappeared in later issues, which made a point of his secret identity. According to both Stan Lee and John Romita, Sr., who replaced Ditko as the title's artist, Lee always wanted the Green Goblin to be someone Peter Parker knew, while Ditko wanted his civilian identity to be someone who hadn't yet been introduced.[4][5][6] Lee elaborated: \"Steve wanted him to turn out to be just some character that we had never seen before. Because, he said, in real life, very often a villain turns out to be somebody that you never knew. And I felt that that would be wrong. I felt, in a sense, it would be like cheating the reader. ... if it's somebody you didn't know and had never seen, then what was the point of following all the clues? I think that frustrates the reader.\"[6] However, Lee prefaced this statement by admitting that, due to his self-professed poor memory, he may have been confusing the Green Goblin with a different character,[6] and in an earlier essay he had said that he could not remember whether Norman Osborn being the Green Goblin was his idea or Ditko's.[7] Ditko has maintained that it was his idea, even claiming that he had decided on it before the first Green Goblin story was finished, and that a character he drew in the background of two panels of The Amazing Spider-Man #23 was meant to be Norman Osborn (who is not introduced until issue #37).[2][8]", "Green Goblin. Several other characters would take on the Green Goblin identity, and writer Roger Stern later introduced the Hobgoblin to replace the Green Goblin as Spider-Man's archenemy.[12] In addition, a retcon during the \"Clone Saga\" determined that the original Green Goblin survived the events of The Amazing Spider-Man #122 and had been playing a behind-the-scenes role in Spider-Man's adventures since then.", "Harry Osborn. Harry Osborn is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics Universe. The character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. He is Peter Parker's best friend, the son of Norman Osborn, and second incarnation of Green Goblin.", "Norman Osborn. Norman Osborn is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko, and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (cover dated July 1964) as the original and most well-known incarnation of the Green Goblin.", "Harry Osborn. For a while, Harry's life seems back on track; his company begins turning profits once more, and he develops a romance with Liz Allan after they meet at the wedding of Betty Brant and Ned Leeds. Not long after the two are married, and eventually they have their son Normie Osborn named in memory of the boy's grandfather. Harry also gives his blessing to the marriage of Peter and Mary Jane Watson. However, Harry starts regaining his memories when he is blackmailed by the original Hobgoblin (Roderick Kingsley) with a package which contains evidence that his father was the original Green Goblin. When Hobgoblin learns he had raided all of Norman's hideouts, he leaves Harry alone, knowing he had nothing more to offer him. Later, Harry is forced to act as Green Goblin a few times, once to defeat the second Hobgoblin (Jason Macendale). This Hobgoblin is seeking the Goblin Formula that gave the Green Goblin superhuman strength; Harry is able to defeat him by doubling back during an aerial chase and emptying his entire supply of pumpkin bombs onto Hobgoblin. Harry even wonders if he could use the Green Goblin persona for a career as a superhero but Peter convinces him that Green Goblin had too much baggage for such a role. Harry buries the Green Goblin menace within his mind once more and focuses on his business and family.[volume & issue needed]", "Green Goblin. The Green Goblin debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14.[3] At this time his identity was unknown, but he proved popular and reappeared in later issues, which made a point of his secret identity. According to both Stan Lee and John Romita, Sr., who replaced Ditko as the title's artist, Lee always wanted the Green Goblin to be someone Peter Parker knew, while Ditko wanted his civilian identity to be someone who hadn't yet been introduced.[4][5][6] Lee elaborated: \"Steve wanted him to turn out to be just some character that we had never seen before. Because, he said, in real life, very often a villain turns out to be somebody that you never knew. And I felt that that would be wrong. I felt, in a sense, it would be like cheating the reader. ... if it's somebody you didn't know and had never seen, then what was the point of following all the clues? I think that frustrates the reader.\"[6] However, Lee prefaced this statement by admitting that, due to his self-professed poor memory, he may have been confusing the Green Goblin with a different character,[a][6] and in an earlier essay he had said that he could not remember whether Norman Osborn being the Green Goblin was his idea or Ditko's.[7] Ditko has maintained that it was his idea, even claiming that he had decided on it before the first Green Goblin story was finished, and that a character he drew in the background of a single panel of Amazing Spider-Man #23 was meant to be Norman Osborn (who is not introduced until issue #37).[2][8]", "Green Goblin. In his first appearances, the Green Goblin seems to be a normal man (albeit very nimble and athletic) who gets his powers from his many gadgets. In later appearances, it is established that due to the \"Goblin Formula\", Norman and any successor to the Goblin persona possesses superhuman strength (lifting 9 tons under optimal conditions), increased speed, reflexes, endurance, and healing rate. Though much slower than the likes of Wolverine, he can regenerate damaged tissue and organs. However, if seriously wounded, it would leave scars on his body. His intelligence has been enhanced to gifted levels, though at the price of his sanity. His involvement with the Gathering of the Five loosened his grip on reality, though he is able to maintain his sanity via chemically treated dermal patches. When not impaired by mental illness, Osborn is a cunning businessman, masterful strategist, and highly skilled in electronics, mechanics, engineering and chemistry. The Green Goblin is armed with a variety of bizarre devices. He travels on his bat-shaped \"Goblin Glider\", an incredibly fast and maneuverable rocket glider equipped with various armaments. Other weapons the Goblin uses include incendiary Pumpkin Bombs, smoke- and gas-emitting grenades resembling ghosts and jack-'o'-lanterns, razor-edged boomerang-like throwing weapons called razor bats and gloves woven with micro-circuited filaments which channel pulsed discharges of electricity at nearly 10,000 volts. He wears a green costume underneath bulletproof chainmail with an overlapping purple tunic. His mask has a built-in gas filter to keep him safe from his own gasses." ]	[ 7.23828125, 1.193359375, 2.111328125, -2.787109375, 0.48095703125, 0.765625, 2.3828125, -1.041015625, 2.869140625, 0.79345703125, -2.32421875, -0.46533203125, -3.498046875, -4.26171875, 0.7236328125, 0.78857421875, -0.88916015625, -4.32421875, -0.2354736328125, 0.3662109375, -0.919921875, -5.30078125, -2.232421875, -1.08203125, 1.3828125, -0.054962158203125, -2.03515625, -1.228515625, -0.7802734375, -1.6416015625, 0.1602783203125, -3.794921875 ]
what kind of government do they have in spain	[ "Politics of Spain. The form of government in Spain is a parliamentary monarchy,[1] that is, a social representative, democratic, constitutional monarchy in which the monarch is the head of state, while the prime minister—whose official title is \"President of the Government\"—is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government, which is integrated by the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and other ministers, which collectively form the Cabinet, or Council of Ministers. Legislative power is vested in the Cortes Generales (General Courts), a bicameral parliament constituted by the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, administering justice on behalf of the King by judges and magistrates. The Supreme Court of Spain is the highest court in the nation, with jurisdiction in all Spanish territories, superior to all in all affairs, except in constitutional matters, which are the jurisdiction of a separate court, the Constitutional Court.", "Government of Spain. The Government of Spain (Spanish: Gobierno de EspaÃ±a) is the central government which leads the executive branch and the General State Administration of Spain. The Government consists of the Prime Minister and the Ministers; the Prime Minister of Spain has overall direction of the Ministers and can appoint or terminate their appointments freely. The Government is responsible before the Parliament (Cortes Generales), and more precisely of the Congress of the Deputies, a body which elects the Prime Minister or dismisses him through a motion of censure. This is because Spain is a parliamentary system established by the Constitution of 1978.", "Spain. Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales (General Courts). The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers of Spain presided over by the Prime Minister, nominated and appointed by the monarch and confirmed by the Congress of Deputies following legislative elections. By political custom established by King Juan Carlos since the ratification of the 1978 Constitution, the king's nominees have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress.", "Politics of Spain. All autonomous communities have a parliamentary form of government, with a clear separation of powers. Their legislatures represent the people of the community, exercising legislative power within the limits set forth in the constitution of Spain and the degree of devolution that the community has attained. Even though the central government has progressively transferred roughly the same amount of competences to all communities, devolution is still asymmetrical. More power was devolved to the so-called \"historical nationalities\" — the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia. (Other communities chose afterwards to identify themselves as nationalities as well). The Basque Country, Catalonia and Navarre have their own police forces (Ertzaintza, Mossos d'Esquadra and the Chartered Police respectively) while the National Police Corps operates in the rest of the autonomous communities. On the other hand, two communities (the Basque Country and Navarre) are \"communities of chartered regime\", that is, they have full fiscal autonomy, whereas the rest are \"communities of common regime\", with limited fiscal powers (the majority of their taxes are administered centrally and redistributed among them all for fiscal equalization).", "Politics of Spain. At the national level, executive power in Spain is exercised only by \"the Government\". (The King is the head of state, but the constitution does not attribute to him any executive faculties). The Government is composed by a prime minister, known as the \"president of the Government\" (Spanish: presidente del gobierno), one or more deputy prime ministers, known as \"vice-presidents of the Government\" (Spanish: vicepresidentes del gobierno) and all other ministers. The collegiate body composed by the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and all other ministers is called the Council of Ministers. The Government is in charge of both domestic and foreign policy, as well as defense and economic policies.[9] As of 21 December 2011, the prime minister of Spain is Mariano Rajoy, president of the People's Party, having been the leader of the opposition from 2004 to 2011.", "Monarchy of Spain. The constitution defines the government's responsibilities.[21] The government consists of the President of the Government and ministers of state. The government conducts domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration, and the defense of the nation all in the name of the king. Additionally, the government exercises executive authority and statutory regulations.[21] The most direct prerogative the monarch exercises in the formation of Spanish governments is in the nomination and appointment process of the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno de EspaÃ±a).[21][44][45] Following the General Election of the Cortes Generales (Cortes), and other circumstances provided for in the constitution, the king meets with and interviews the political party leaders represented in the Cortes, and then consults with the Speaker of the Congress (who, in this instance, represents the whole of the Cortes Generalas).", "Government of Spain. According to Article 98 of the Spanish Constitution and Article 1.2 of the Government Law, the Government of Spain is composed of:", "Politics of Spain. Regional government functions under a system known as the state of autonomies, a highly decentralized system of administration based on asymmetrical devolution to the \"nationalities and regions\" that constitute the nation, and in which the nation, via the central government, retains full sovereignty. Exercising the right to self-government granted by the constitution, the \"nationalities and regions\" have been constituted as 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities. The form of government of each autonomous community and autonomous city is also based on a parliamentary system, in which executive power is vested in a \"president\" and a Council of Ministers elected by and responsible to a unicameral legislative assembly.", "Government of Spain. According to Article 97 of the Constitution and Article 1.1 of the Government Act, \"the Government directs domestic and foreign policy, the civil and military administration and the defense of the State. It exercises the executive function and the regulatory regulation according to the Constitution and the laws\".", "Politics of Spain. The names of the executive government and the legislature vary between communities. Some institutions are restored historical bodies of government of the previous kingdoms or regional entities within the Spanish crown — like the Generalitat of Catalonia — while others are entirely new creations. In some, both the executive and the legislature, though constituting two separate institutions, are collectively identified with a specific name. It should be noted, though, that a specific denomination may not refer to the same branch of government in all communities; for example, \"Junta\" may refer to the executive office in some communities, to the legislature in others, or to the collective name of all branches of government in others.", "Prime Minister of Spain. Title IV of the Constitution defines the government and its responsibilities.[7] The government consists of the President of the Government and ministers of state. The government conducts domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration, and the defense of the nation all in the name of the king on behalf of the people. Additionally, the government exercises executive authority and statutory regulations.[7]", "Politics of Spain. The constitution also guarantees certain degree of autonomy to two other \"local\" entities: the provinces of Spain (subdivisions of the autonomous communities) and the municipalities (subdivisions of the provinces). If the communities are integrated by a single province, then the institutions of government of the community replace those of the province. For the rest of the communities, provincial government is held by Provincial Deputations or Councils. With the creation of the autonomous communities, deputations have lost much of their power, and have a very limited scope of actions, with the exception of the Basque Country, where provinces are known as \"historical territories\" and their bodies of government retain more faculties. Except in the Basque Country, members of the Provincial Deputations are indirectly elected by citizens according to the results of the municipals elections and all of their members must be councilors of a town or a city in the province. In the Basque Country direct elections do take place.", "Politics of Spain. Legislative power is vested in the Spanish Parliament, the Cortes Generales. (Literally \"General Courts\",[13] but rarely translated as such. \"Cortes\" has been the historical and constitutional name used since Medieval Times. The qualifier \"General\", added in the Constitution of 1978, implies the nationwide character of the Parliament, since the legislatures of some autonomous communities are also labeled \"Cortes\").[14] The Cortes Generales are the supreme representatives of the Spanish people. This legislature is bicameral, integrated by the Congress of Deputies (Spanish: Congreso de los Diputados) and the Senate (Spanish: Senado). The General Courts exercise the legislative power of the State, approving the budget and controlling the actions of the government. As in most parliamentary systems, more legislative power is vested in the lower chamber, the Congress of the Deputies.[9] The Speaker of Congress, known as \"president of the Congress of Deputies\" presides a joint-session of the Cortes Generales.", "Politics of Spain. The politics of Spain takes place under the framework established by the Constitution of 1978. Spain is established as a social and democratic Sovereign country,[1] wherein the national sovereignty is vested in the people, from which the powers of the state emanate.[1]", "Politics of Spain. Spain's political system is a multi-party system, but since the 1990s, two parties have been predominant in politics, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the People's Party (PP). Regional parties, mainly the Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ-PNV) from the Basque Country, and Convergence and Union (CiU) and the Republican's Left Party (ERC) from Catalonia, have also played key roles in Spanish politics. Members of the Congress of Deputies are selected through proportional representation, and the government is formed by the party or coalition that has the confidence of the Congress, usually the party with the largest number of seats. Since the Spanish transition to democracy, there have not been coalition governments; when a party has failed to obtain absolute majority, minority governments have been formed.", "Politics of Spain. The State, that is, the central government, has progressively and asymmetrically devolved or transferred power and competences to the autonomous communities after the constitution of 1978 came into effect. Each autonomous community is governed by a set of institutions established in its own Statute of Autonomy. The Statute of Autonomy is the basic organic institutional law, approved by the legislature of the community itself as well as by the Cortes Generales, the Spanish Parliament. The Statutes of Autonomy establish the name of the community according to its historical identity; the delimitation of its territory; the name, organization and seat of the autonomous institutions of government; and the competences that they assume and the foundations for their devolution or transfer from the central government.", "Spain. Spain is organisationally structured as a so-called Estado de las Autonomías (\"State of Autonomies\"); it is one of the most decentralised countries in Europe, along with Switzerland, Germany and Belgium;[85] for example, all autonomous communities have their own elected parliaments, governments, public administrations, budgets, and resources. Health and education systems among others are managed by the Spanish communities, and in addition, the Basque Country and Navarre also manage their own public finances based on foral provisions. In Catalonia, the Basque Country, Navarre and the Canary Islands, a full-fledged autonomous police corps replaces some of the State police functions (see Mossos d'Esquadra, Ertzaintza, Policía Foral/Foruzaingoa and Policía Canaria).", "Monarchy of Spain. However, Title IV of the constitution vests the administration of the armed forces and formulation of national defense policy with the President of the Government, a civil officer who is nominated and appointed by the king, confirmed by the elected Congress of Deputies and, as such, is representative of the Spanish people.", "Monarchy of Spain. The Monarchy of Spain (Spanish: Monarquía de España), constitutionally referred to as the Crown (la Corona), is a constitutional institution and historic office of Spain.[1] It used to be also called the Hispanic Monarchy (Monarquía Hispánica).[2]", "Politics of Spain. Spain is a multi-party constitutional parliamentary democracy. According to the constitution, political parties are the expression of political pluralism, contributing to the formation and expression of the will of the people, and are an essential instrument of political participation.[21] Their internal structure and functioning must be democratic. The Law of Political Parties of 1978 provides them with public funding whose quantity is based on the number of seats held in the Cortes Generales and the number of votes received.[9] Since the mid-1980s two parties dominate the national political landscape in Spain: the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista Obrero EspaÃ±ol) and the People's Party (Spanish: Partido Popular).", "Federalism. Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\".[35] The country has been quoted as being \"an extraordinarily decentralized country\", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending,[36] 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system.[37] The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that, in many respects, Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal.[38]", "Monarchy of Spain. In the political life of Spain, the king would already be familiar with the various political leaders in a professional capacity, and perhaps less formally in a more social capacity, facilitating their meeting following a General Election. Conversely, nominating the party leader whose party maintains a plurality and who are already familiar with their party manifesto facilitates a smoother nomination process. In the event of coalitions, the political leaders would customarily have met beforehand to hammer out a coalition agreements before their meeting with the king. Once appointed, the President of the Government forms an administration whose ministers are appointed and removed by the king on the president's advice. No minister may take up his appointment until after they give their oath of office to obey the constitution with loyalty to the king.[1]", "Monarchies in Africa. As an autonomous community of Spain, the Canaries have a substantial degree of autonomy. The community government is organized as a parliamentary system with a President elected from amongst the members of Parliament. The community government has autonomy concerning a wide range of competencies, including over natural resources and tourism as well as a unique fiscal system. It shares power concerning agriculture and trade with the central government in Spain, and has the responsibility to oversee the implementation of actions taken by the central government in the competencies which the community government does not have autonomy. Each island also has a substantial degree of autonomy from the community government to control its own local affairs.[18]", "Republicanism in Spain. The anti-Franco opposition failed in their attempts to provoke the dictators downfall, and after his death they started a process of negotiation with the government that led to the Spanish transition to democracy, in which Spain chose a democratic parliamentary monarchy as the form of government, with the support of groups that had previously advocated a republic, like the PSOE and the PCE. In 1977, after the first democratic general elections since the Francoist dictatorship, the Spanish Republican government-in-exile, maintained since the end of the Civil War, dissolved itself and officially recognized the post-Franco democracy.[3] Republicanism in Spain since 1976, principally during the Transition, was represented by the Acción Republicana Democrática Española (ARDE), the Republican Left, and the Spanish Republican Party. However, the Communist Party (PCE) and its coalition the United Left have resumed advocating for a Third Spanish Republic. There are also other regional parties advocating republicanism.", "Politics of Spain. The prime ministers proposes the deputy prime ministers and the other ministers, which are then appointed by the King. The number and the scope of competences of each of the Ministries is established by the prime minister. Ministries are usually created to cover one or several similar sectors of government from an administrative function. Once formed, the Government meets as the \"Council of Ministers\", usually every Friday at the Palace of Moncloa in Madrid, the official residence of the prime minister who presides over the meetings, even though, on exceptions they can be held in any other Spanish city. Also, on exceptions, the meeting can be presided by the King of Spain, by request of the prime minister, in which case, the Council informs the King of the State's affairs.", "Politics of Spain. The constitution[16] establishes that after elections, the King, after consulting with all political groups represented in the Congress of Deputies, proposes a candidate to the \"presidency of the Government\" or prime ministership through the Speaker of Congress. The candidate then presents the political program of his or her government requesting the Congress's confidence. If the Congress grants him confidence by absolute majority, the King then nominates him formally as \"president of the Government\"; if he or she fails to obtain absolute majority, the Congress waits 48 hours to vote again, in which case, a simple majority suffices. If he or she fails again, then the King presents other candidates until one gains confidence. However, if after two months no candidate has obtained it, then the King dissolves the Cortes Generales and calls for new elections with the endorsement of the Speaker of Congress.[16] In practice, the candidate has been the leader of the party that obtained the largest number of seats in the Congress. Since the constitution of 1978 came into effect, there have not been any coalition governments, even if the party with the largest number of seats has failed to obtained absolute majority, though in such cases the party in government has had to rely on the support of minority parties to gain confidence and to approve the State's budgets.", "Politics of Spain. Spanish municipal administration is highly homogenous; most of the municipalities have the same faculties, such as managing the municipal police, traffic enforcement, urban planning and development, social services, collecting municipal taxes, and ensuring civil defense. In most municipalities, citizens elect the municipal council, which is responsible for electing the mayor, who then appoints a board of governors or councilors from his party or coalition. The only exceptions are municipalities with under 50 inhabitants, which act as an open council, with a directly elected major and an assembly of neighbors. Municipal elections are held every four years on the same date for all municipalities in Spain. Councilors are allotted using the D'Hondt method for proportional representation with the exception of municipalities with under 100 inhabitants where block voting is used instead. The number of councilors is determined by the population of the municipality; the smallest municipalities having 5, and the largest — Madrid — having 57.", "Politics of Spain. The Spanish monarch, currently, Felipe VI, is the head of the Spanish State, symbol of its unity and permanence, who arbitrates and moderates the regular function of government institutions, and assumes the highest representation of Spain in international relations, especially with those who are part of its historical community.[3] His title is King of Spain, although he can use all other titles of the Crown. The Crown, as a symbol of the nation's unity, has a two-fold function. First, it represents the unity of the State in the organic separation of powers; hence he appoints the prime ministers and summons and dissolves the Parliament, among other responsibilities. Secondly, it represents the Spanish State as a whole in relation to the autonomous communities, whose rights he is constitutionally bound to respect.[4]", "Politics of Spain. In 1976 he designated Adolfo Suárez as prime minister — \"president of the Government\" — with the task of convincing the regime to dismantle itself and to call for elections to a Constituent Assembly. He accomplished both tasks, and the first democratically elected Constituent Cortes since the Second Spanish Republic met in 1977. In 1978 a new democratic constitution was promulgated and approved by referendum. The constitution declared Spain a constitutional parliamentary monarchy with H.M. King Juan Carlos I as Head of State. Spain's transformation from an authoritarian regime to a successful modern democracy was a remarkable achievement, even creating a model emulated by other countries undergoing similar transitions.[33]", "Prime Minister of Spain. The Spanish head of government is known, in Spanish, as the Presidente del Gobierno. Literally translated, the title is \"President of the Government\"[4][5] but nevertheless the office-holder is commonly referred to in English as the \"prime minister\", the usual term for the head of government in a parliamentary system. However Spanish translations for parliamentary heads of government will follow the original titles used; thus, for example:", "Government of Spain. The Government's performance is governed by the following operating principles:", "Government of Spain. In accordance with article 11 of the Law of the Government, \"to be a member of the Government it is required to be Spanish, adult, to enjoy the rights of active and passive suffrage, as well as not to be disabled to exercise employment or public office by sentence Judicial firm. \"" ]	[ 7.25, 6.40625, 4.82421875, 1.7890625, 3.787109375, 1.931640625, 1.1826171875, 3.31640625, 1.177734375, 0.378662109375, 1.388671875, 1.5537109375, 3.6640625, 3.60546875, 4.1796875, 2.302734375, 2.568359375, 0.209228515625, 1.578125, 2.978515625, 3.37890625, 1.380859375, -0.92822265625, -2.080078125, 0.716796875, 1.6884765625, 1.9853515625, 2.37890625, 3.240234375, -0.36083984375, 1.068359375, -0.228271484375 ]
where is womens rugby world cup being held	[ "Women's Rugby World Cup. The 2017 World Cup was hosted by the Irish Rugby Football Union, which governs the sport on an All-Ireland basis. Games were held in Dublin in the Republic of Ireland and in Belfast in Northern Ireland.[11][12]", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. The 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup was the eighth edition of the Women's Rugby World Cup and was held in Ireland in August 2017, with New Zealand becoming champions by beating England 41-32 in the final, held on 26 August. Matches were held in Dublin and Belfast.[1] The pool stages were held at University College Dublin with the semi finals and finals held at Queen's University and Kingspan Stadium in Belfast.[2]", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. On 2 March 2015, it was announced that the Irish Rugby Football Union had submitted a bid to host to Women's Rugby World Cup in August 2017.[5] The Irish bid was the only one made to host the event. On 13 May 2015 it was announced that Ireland would host the event in Dublin and Belfast.[6]", "Women's Rugby World Cup. The Women's Rugby World Cup is the premier international competition in rugby union for women. The tournament is organised by the sport's governing body, World Rugby. The championships are currently held every four years; the event was most recently held in Ireland in 2017.[1] World Rugby has reset the tournament on a new four-year cycle to avoid conflict with the Olympics and Women's World Cup Sevens; World Cups will thus be held every four years after 2017.[2]", "Women's Rugby World Cup. A record four countries expressed interest in hosting the 2010 World Cup. After considering bids from England, Germany, Kazakhstan and South Africa, the IRB announced that the 2010 event would take place in England.[9] The tournament was staged in London, with the final played at the Twickenham Stoop.[10]", "Women's Rugby World Cup. For the 2021 edition, six hosting bids were announced: Australia, New Zealand, France, England, Wales and Portugal.[13]", "Women's Rugby World Cup. The next event was originally scheduled to take place in Amsterdam but ended up being moved to Scotland. Eleven countries competed in the tournament with the English meeting the United States in the final for the second time however, in this instance England emerged as winners.[6]", "Women's rugby union. The highest profile women’s rugby tournament is the Women’s Rugby World Cup. The Women’s World Cup began in 1991, and has generally been played every four years. The most recent Women’s World Cup was held in Ireland in 2017, where New Zealand were the winners. The most successful nations in the Women’s World Cup have been New Zealand, which has won it five times, and England, which has reached the final seven times.", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. The pool draw took place on 9 November 2016 at Belfast.[9]", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. The tournament took place three rather than four years after the previous Women's Rugby World Cup because World Rugby wanted to move away from clashing with other events.[3] The event will return to a four-year cycle after 2017.[4]", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup Final. The 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup Final was a rugby union match to determine the winner of the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup, played between reigning champions England and New Zealand on 26 August 2017 at Kingspan Stadium in Belfast. New Zealand won the Rugby World Cup for a record fifth time, beating England 41â€“32.", "Women's Rugby World Cup. The 1998 tournament became the first women's world cup officially sanctioned by the International Rugby Board. Amsterdam, who were originally scheduled to host the previous world cup, hosted the largest ever tournament with all matches played at the new National Rugby Centre in the cityâ€™s west end.[7] The tournament also saw a record sixteen teams compete. New Zealand, who withdrew from the previous tournament, also competed. The final saw New Zealand defeat the United States and claim their first world cup title.", "Women's Rugby World Cup. Prior to the first Women's Rugby World Cup officially sanctioned by the International Rugby Board there had been three previous tournaments of a similar nature. The first of these was an event held in August 1990 in New Zealand. Though not considered a world cup, the tournament was referred to as the World Rugby Festival for Women. The competition included teams representing the United States, the Netherlands, Russia, and the hosts, New Zealand â€“ who emerged as winners after defeating the United States in the final.", "Rugby World Cup Sevens. The 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens tournament for both men and women's teams was held from Friday 20 July 2018 to Sunday 22 July 2018 in AT&T Park, San Francisco in the United States. Unlike previous Rugby World Cup Sevens tournaments and the annual World Rugby Sevens Series events, in each of the genders, both competitions were played in knock-out only formats.", "Women's Rugby World Cup. The tournament has grown considerably in the past fifteen years although television audiences and event attendance still remain relatively low, especially in comparison to other women's world cup events. The final of the 2006 event in Canada was broadcast in a number of countries and streamed live via the internet.", "Women's Rugby World Cup. The 2006 World Cup took place in Edmonton, Canada, and was the first major international rugby union tournament and women's world cup held in North America. New Zealand defeated England in the final to win their third successive world cup title.[8]", "Rugby union. The first Women's Rugby World Cup was held in Wales in 1991, and was won by the United States.[147] The second tournament took place in 1994, and from that time through 2014 was held every four years. The New Zealand Women's team then won four straight World Cups (1998, 2002, 2006, 2010)[167] before England won in 2014. Following the 2014 event, World Rugby moved the next edition of the event to 2017, with a new four-year cycle from that point forward.[168] New Zealand are the current World Cup holders.", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. Ireland, the host nation, had already qualified automatically by finishing in the top seven teams at the 2014 tournament before being announced as hosts. A further six teams (England, Canada, France, New Zealand, USA and Australia) qualified automatically as top seven finishers at the 2014 tournament.[8] Italy and Wales qualified as the top two teams across the 2015 and 2016 Women's Six Nations excluding England, France, and Ireland. The remaining three qualifiers (Hong Kong, Spain and Japan) were determined by the end of 2016.", "Women's Rugby World Cup. The first tournament referred to as the Women's Rugby World Cup was held in 1991 and hosted by Wales. Twelve countries were divided into four groups of three. The United States, against expectations, took the first championship with a 19–6 victory over England.[5] In the Plate competition Canada prevailed over Spain 18–4. Following the first tournament it was decided to move the tournament schedule to the year prior to the next men's world cup therefore reducing the quadrennial cycle to just three years.", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. 9th & 10th Playoff", "2017 Women's Rugby League World Cup. The 2017 Women's Rugby League World Cup was the fifth staging of the Women's Rugby League World Cup and was held in Australia between 16 November and 2 December 2017. Pool and semi-final matches was held at Southern Cross Group Stadium in Sydney, with the final held at Brisbane Stadium. The final was played as a double-header with the men's final.[1][2]", "Women's rugby union. Rugbyfest 1990 pointed the way to the next big leap forward—the first women's rugby world cup, which took place in Wales the following year. Timed to coincide with the second men's world cup being held in England it did not meet with official approval from World Rugby (then known as the International Rugby Football Board), a decision which threatened the competition and was a factor in the New Zealand RFU not supporting their entry. However, this did not stop the New Zealanders from taking part—nor Wales, the United States, England, France, Canada, Sweden, USSR, Japan, Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. 7th & 8th Playoff", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. 5th & 6th Playoff", "Women's Rugby World Cup. Certain matches in the 2017 WRWC knockout phases drew strong TV viewership in England and France, and were broadcast live in the United States.[18]", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. 11th & 12th Playoff", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. On 4 June 2015 it was announced that Garrett Tubridy had been appointed tournament director for the event.[7]", "2017 Women's Rugby World Cup. 9th v 12th and 10th v 11th", "Rugby union. The English-based Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU), responsible for women's rugby in England, Scotland Ireland and Wales, was founded in 1983, and is the oldest formally organised national governing body for women's rugby.[146] This was replaced in 1994 by the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW) in England with each of the other Home Nations governing their own countries.[146] The premier international competition in rugby union for women is the Women's Rugby World Cup, first held in 1991.[147] From 1994 through 2014, it was held every four years.[147] Following the 2014 event, a new four-year cycle was instituted, with the Women's World Cup held in the middle year of the men's World Cup cycle. The new Women's World Cup cycle began in 2017, with future competitions every four years thereafter.", "Women's Rugby World Cup. The 2010 event maintained the number of teams participating at twelve, with regional qualifying tournaments.[15] In previous tournaments teams were selected by the IRB based on international performances as opposed to qualification via regional tournaments.", "Women's rugby union. The inaugural Women’s Rugby World Cup Sevens tournament took place in Dubai together with the men’s tournament in 2009. Australia defeated New Zealand 15–10 in extra-time to become the first to win the Women's Rugby World Cup.", "Rugby World Cup Sevens. The IRB made a submission to the International Olympic Committee in 2005 for rugby sevens to become an Olympic sport. However, the submission failed because committee members felt IRB needed to improve promotion of the women's game.[citation needed] To that end, the IRB implemented the first women's Rugby World Cup Sevens tournament in 2009.[4]\nThe 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens was held in Dubai during the first weekend of March 2009 and included a separate women's tournament. Cumulative attendance was 78,000.[4]" ]	[ 5.52734375, 8.9921875, 3.771484375, 6.4296875, 4.0546875, 3.6328125, 2.900390625, 6.09765625, 2.86328125, -1.267578125, 4.2109375, 3.353515625, 3.107421875, 4.8359375, 2.134765625, 5.33203125, 4.3984375, 2.931640625, 2.0859375, -3.080078125, 8.328125, 3.23046875, -3.02734375, -3.048828125, 1.544921875, -3.07421875, -2.033203125, -2.564453125, 2.681640625, -2.6796875, 4.125, 2.703125 ]
who has given first the idea of starting open university	[ "Open University. The Open University was founded by the Labour government under Prime Minister Harold Wilson. Wilson was a strong advocate, using the vision of Michael Young. Planning commenced in 1965 under Minister of State for Education Jennie Lee, who established a model for the OU as one of widening access to the highest standards of scholarship in higher education, and set up a planning committee consisting of university vice-chancellors, educationalists and television broadcasters, chaired by Sir Peter Venables. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Assistant Director of Engineering at the time James Redmond, had obtained most of his qualifications at night school, and his natural enthusiasm for the project did much to overcome the technical difficulties of using television to broadcast teaching programmes.", "Distance education. The Open University in the United Kingdom was founded by the-then Labour government led by Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, based on the vision of Michael Young. Planning commenced in 1965 under the Minister of State for Education, Jennie Lee, who established a model for the Open University (OU) as one of widening access to the highest standards of scholarship in higher education, and set up a planning committee consisting of university vice-chancellors, educationalists and television broadcasters, chaired by Sir Peter Venables. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Assistant Director of Engineering at the time, James Redmond, had obtained most of his qualifications at night school, and his natural enthusiasm for the project did much to overcome the technical difficulties of using television to broadcast teaching programmes.[citation needed]", "Open University. Wilson envisioned The Open University as a major marker in the Labour Party's commitment to modernising British society. He believed that it would help build a more competitive economy while also promoting greater equality of opportunity and social mobility. The planned utilisation of television and radio to broadcast its courses was also supposed to link The Open University to the technological revolution underway, which Wilson saw as a major ally of his modernization schemes. However, from the start Lee encountered widespread scepticism and even opposition from within and without the Labour Party, including senior officials in the DES; her departmental head Anthony Crosland; the Treasury; Ministerial colleagues, such as Richard Crossman; and commercial broadcasters. The Open University was realized due to Lee's unflagging determination and tenacity in 1965â€“67, the steadfast support from Wilson, and the fact that the anticipated costs, as reported to Lee and Wilson by Arnold Goodman, seemed very modest. By the time the actual, much higher costs became apparent, it was too late to scrap the fledgling open university.[19]", "Distance education. The Open University revolutionised the scope of the correspondence program and helped to create a respectable learning alternative to the traditional form of education. It has been at the forefront of developing new technologies to improve the distance learning service[25] as well as undertaking research in other disciplines. Walter Perry was appointed the OU's first vice-chancellor in January 1969, and its foundation secretary was Anastasios Christodoulou. The election of the new Conservative government under the leadership of Edward Heath, in 1970; led to budget cuts under Chancellor of the Exchequer Iain Macleod (who had earlier called the idea of an Open University \"blithering nonsense\").[26] However, the OU accepted its first 25,000 students in 1971, adopting a radical open admissions policy. At the time, the total student population of conventional universities in the United Kingdom was around 130,000.[citation needed]", "Open University. In 1982 the OU announced the establishment of a business school supported by the Foundation for Management Education and the British Institute of Management. In 1983 the Open University Business School was founded with 1,600 students enrolled onto the first two courses â€“ The Effective Manager and Personnel Selection and Interviewing.[citation needed]", "National Open University of Nigeria. The National Open University was initially established on 22 July 1983 as springboard for open and distance learning in Nigeria. It was suspended by the government on 25 April 1984. However, its resuscitation was begun on 12 April 2001 by the former President of Nigeria, Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo. At take off of the university, pioneer student enrollment stood at 32,400.[5]", "Open University. The Open University (OU) is a public distance learning and research university, and one of the biggest universities in the UK for undergraduate education. The majority of the OU's undergraduate students are based throughout the United Kingdom and principally study off-campus; many of its courses (both undergraduate and postgraduate) can also be studied anywhere in the world.[5] There are also a number of full-time postgraduate research students based on the 48-hectare university campus[6][7] where they use the OU facilities for research, as well as more than 1000 members of academic and research staff and over 2500 administrative, operational and support staff.[8] The OU was established in 1969 and the first students enrolled in January 1971.[9] The university administration is based at Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, in Buckinghamshire, but has administration centres in other parts of the United Kingdom. It also has a presence in other European countries. The university awards undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as non-degree qualifications such as diplomas and certificates or continuing education units.", "Open University. In year 2000, the Open University was the first to host an online \"virtual\" graduation ceremony in the United Kingdom together with an audience at the OU's campus in Milton Keynes. Twenty-six students in eight countries, from the United States of America to Hong Kong, were presented for their master's degrees in the online graduation, including, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) â€“ Tim Berners-Lee one of the founders of the World Wide Web on whom was conferred an honorary doctorate.[36]", "Open University. In October 2006 the OU joined the Open educational resources movement with the launch of OpenLearn. A growing selection of current and past distance learning course materials will be released for free access, including downloadable versions for educators to modify (under the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA licence), plus free collaborative learning-support tools.", "Distance education. Athabasca University, Canada's Open University, was created in 1970 and followed a similar, though independently developed, pattern.[27] The Open University inspired the creation of Spain's National University of Distance Education (1972)[28] and Germany's FernUniversität in Hagen (1974).[29] There are now many similar institutions around the world, often with the name \"Open University\" (in English or in the local language).[citation needed]", "Open University. Since 2013, the OU has set up a MOOC platform called FutureLearn which is now the UK's largest provider of free online courses.", "Open University. The OU works with some schools to introduce A-Level students to OU study and in 2009â€“10 3% of undergraduates were under 18 years old.", "Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University. Open University system is flexible in terms of admission, choice of courses, duration and age requirements, teaching methods and evaluation procedures. Thus it offers an alternative channel to those who missed the opportunities for higher education. The university caters specially to women, working people and those who want to improve their academic qualifications and Professional skills. The university lays special focus on socially disadvantaged and geographically isolated people who never had access to higher education earlier.", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present). Wilson regarded with special pride setting up the Open University as a model for Europe. Plans were drafted by Jennie Lee, the Minister for the Arts; she had Wilson's full support. He saw the Open University as a major marker of the Labour Party's commitment to modernisation. He emphasized that it would strengthen a more competitive economy while also fostering greater equality of opportunity and social mobility. He especially favoured heavy use of technology, such as television and radio broadcast of its courses. There were strong doubters and opponents in the government and in commercial broadcasting; Wilson outmaneuvered them to get the budget approved, even though its sums proved far too small.[41]", "Open University. Cumulatively, by the end of 2009â€“10 the OU had educated more than 1.5 million students and awarded 819,564 qualifications after successful assessment.[21]", "Open University. Originally the BA was the only undergraduate degree, and it was unnamed. The modern OU grants degrees of Bachelor of Arts (BA), Science (BSc), Laws (LLB) and Engineering (BEng); the BA and BSc may be named (following a specified syllabus) or unnamed (constructed of courses chosen by the student) degrees.", "Jeremy Bentham. Bentham and his ideas can nonetheless be seen as having inspired several of the actual founders of the University. He strongly believed that education should be more widely available, particularly to those who were not wealthy or who did not belong to the established church; in Bentham's time, membership of the Church of England and the capacity to bear considerable expenses were required of students entering the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. As the University of London was the first in England to admit all, regardless of race, creed or political belief, it was largely consistent with Bentham's vision. There is some evidence that, from the sidelines, he played a \"more than passive part\" in the planning discussions for the new institution, although it is also apparent that \"his interest was greater than his influence\".[60] He failed in his efforts to see his disciple John Bowring appointed professor of English or History, but he did oversee the appointment of another pupil, John Austin, as the first professor of Jurisprudence in 1829.", "Open University. Like other UK universities, the OU actively engages in research. The OU's Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute has become particularly well known to the public through its involvement in space missions. In October 2006, the Cassini-Huygens mission including 15 people from the OU received the 2006 \"Laurels for Team Achievement Award\" from the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA). Cassini-Huygens' successful completion of its seven-year, two billion-mile journey in January 2005 to Saturn ended with Huygens landing farther away from Earth than any previous probe or craft in the history of space exploration. The first instrument to touch Saturn's moon Titan was the Surface Science Package containing nine sensors to investigate the physical properties of Titan's surface. It was built by a team at the OU led by Professor John Zarnecki.", "Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University. The university was established in August 1982 by Act of the State Legislature. It was inaugurated by the President of India. The Founder & First Vice Chancellor of the University was Prof. G. Ram Reddy. The University was renamed as \"Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University\" on 24 October 1991 after the Architect of the Indian Constitution Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar on the occasion of his birth centenary. The principal aim of the University is to provide an opportunity to those who are not in a position to avail themselves of the facilities for higher education through regular on-campus study at conventional colleges/universities. It adopts a flexible approach to eligibility, age of entry,choice of courses, method of learning, conduct of exams and operation of educational programmes.The Univ makes use of a variety of learning media including Radio, TV,film, audio cassette and the printed study material, besides arranging contact and counselling programmes and Sc 'Practicals' which makes for the traditional teacher-student interaction. The University functions through anetwork of 117 Study Centres located in the twin-cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and all the districts of the State. The Study Centres are located in selected colleges throughout the State from which they drawtheir counselling staff who are experienced members of their teachingstaff. The students receive guidance and counselling from the Counsellors at the Study Centres. The BSc students are expected to complete 30practicals in each subject at the Study Centre. Students Enrollment (1999â€“2000) 63,046 (men 43,276, women 19,770).", "Open University. The OU uses a variety of methods for teaching, including written and audio materials, the Internet, disc-based software and television programmes on DVD. Course-based television broadcasts by the BBC, which started on 3 January 1971, ceased on 15 December 2006.[25] Materials comprise originally authored work by in-house and external academic contributors, and from third-party materials licensed for use by OU students. For most modules, students are supported by tutors (\"Associate Lecturers\") who provide feedback on their work and are generally available to them at face-to-face tutorials, by telephone, and/or on the Internet. A number of short courses worth ten credits are now available that do not have an assigned tutor but offer an online conferencing service (Internet Forum) where help and advice is offered through conferencing \"Moderators\".", "Open University. In the 2006â€“07 TV series Life on Mars, Sam Tyler received messages from the real world via Open University programmes late at night.", "Open University. The OU has over two million alumni, including:", "Open University. Milton Keynes (main campus), United Kingdom", "Open University. With more than 174,000 students enrolled, including around 31% of new undergraduates aged under 25 and more than 7,400 overseas students,[10] it is the largest academic institution in the United Kingdom (and one of the largest in Europe) by student number, and qualifies as one of the world's largest universities. Since it was founded, more than 2 million students have studied its courses.[10] It was rated top university in England and Wales for student satisfaction in the 2005,[11] 2006[12] and 2012[13] United Kingdom government national student satisfaction survey, and second in the 2007 survey.[14] Out of 132 universities and colleges, the OU was ranked 43rd (second quartile) in the Times Higher Education Table of Excellence in 2008, between the University of Reading and University of the Arts London; it was rated highly in Design, Art History, English, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Computer Science, Development Studies, Social Policy and Social Work and Sociology.[15] It was ranked 47th in the country and 630th in the world by the Center for World University Rankings in 2016.[16]", "Massive open online course. The first MOOCs emerged from the open educational resources (OER) movement. The term MOOC was coined in 2008 by Dave Cormier of the University of Prince Edward Island in response to a course called Connectivism and Connective Knowledge (also known as CCK08). CCK08, which was led by George Siemens of Athabasca University and Stephen Downes of the National Research Council, consisted of 25 tuition-paying students in Extended Education at the University of Manitoba, as well as over 2200 online students from the general public who paid nothing.[12] All course content was available through RSS feeds, and online students could participate through collaborative tools, including blog posts, threaded discussions in Moodle, and Second Life meetings.[13][14][15] Stephen Downes considers these so-called cMOOCs to be more \"creative and dynamic\" than the current xMOOCs, which he believes \"resemble television shows or digital textbooks.\"[12]", "Open University. The OU's youngest graduate so far is a 15-year-old boy from Wales who gained a BSc First Class Honours in 2014.[49]", "Jeremy Bentham. Bentham is widely associated with the foundation in 1826 of London University (the institution that, in 1836, became University College London), though he was 78 years old when the University opened and played only an indirect role in its establishment. His direct involvement was limited to his buying a single Â£100 share in the new University, making him just one of over a thousand shareholders.[60]", "Distance education. The first completely online courses for graduate credit were offered by Connected Education, starting in the Fall of 1985, leading to the MA in Media Studies from The New School.[48] The first new and fully online university was founded in 1994 as the Open University of Catalonia, headquartered in Barcelona, Spain. In 1999 Jones International University was launched as the first fully online university accredited by a regional accrediting association in the US.[49]", "Honorary degree. The practice dates back to the Middle Ages, when for various reasons a university might be persuaded, or otherwise see fit, to grant exemption from some or all of the usual statutory requirements for the awarding of a degree. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford.[8] He later became Bishop of Salisbury.[9]", "Open University. As well as degrees in named subject, the Open University also grants \"Open\" Bachelor's degrees where the syllabus is designed by the students by combining any number of Open University modules up to 300 credits for an Open degree and 360 credits for an Open honours degree â€“ the main restriction on which courses can be included is that there must be at least 60 at level 3 for the \"ordinary degree\" and 120 at level 3 for honours and in both cases no more than 120 at level 1. The Open degree may be awarded as a Bachelor of Arts Open or a Bachelor of Science Open either with or without honours. Without honours, at least 150 credits at level 1 and above and 60 credits at level 2 and above are required in the field, either art or science, for the Open degree to carry that name. For a degree with honours, no more than 120 credits at level 1, 120 credits at level 2 and above and 120 credits at level 3 and above are required.", "Distance education. Referred to as \"People's University\" by Charles Dickens because it provided access to higher education to students from less affluent backgrounds, the External Programme was chartered by Queen Victoria in 1858, making the University of London the first university to offer distance learning degrees to students.[11][12] Enrollment increased steadily during the late 19th century, and its example was widely copied elsewhere.[13] This program is now known as the University of London International Programme and includes Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Diploma degrees created by colleges such as the London School of Economics, Royal Holloway and Goldsmiths.[12]", "University of Oxford. Robert Boyle, a founder of modern chemistry, never formally studied or held a post within the university, but resided within the city to be part of the scientific community and was awarded an honorary degree.[193] Notable scientists who spent brief periods at Oxford include Albert Einstein[194] developer of general theory of relativity and the concept of photons; and Erwin Schrödinger who formulated the Schrödinger equation and the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. Structural engineer Roma Agrawal, responsible for London's iconic Shard, attributes her love of engineering to a summer placement during her undergraduate physics degree at Oxford." ]	[ 3.677734375, 0.7021484375, 0.84716796875, -1.8525390625, -1.0869140625, -2.12890625, -2.015625, -0.01445770263671875, -3.193359375, -0.8046875, -4.5703125, -5.52734375, -4.58203125, -3.18359375, -5.671875, -6.0625, -4.80859375, -2.041015625, -1.9775390625, -2.095703125, -3.203125, -7.55078125, -5.9609375, -2.73046875, -3.06640625, -4.546875, -3.25, -4.265625, -4.296875, -4.8828125, -4.43359375, -4.41796875 ]
where are descending tracts found in the spinal cord	[ "Spinal cord. Motor information travels from the brain down the spinal cord via descending spinal cord tracts. Descending tracts involve two neurons: the upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN).[12] A nerve signal travels down the upper motor neuron until it synapses with the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord. Then, the lower motor neuron conducts the nerve signal to the spinal root where efferent nerve fibers carry the motor signal toward the target muscle. The descending tracts are composed of white matter. There are several descending tracts serving different functions. The corticospinal tracts (lateral and anterior) are responsible for coordinated limb movements.[12]", "Reticular formation. The reticulospinal tracts, also known as the descending or anterior reticulospinal tracts, are extrapyramidal motor tracts that descend from the reticular formation[38] in two tracts to act on the motor neurons supplying the trunk and proximal limb flexors and extensors. The reticulospinal tracts are involved mainly in locomotion and postural control, although they do have other functions as well.[39] The descending reticulospinal tracts are one of four major cortical pathways to the spinal cord for musculoskeletal activity. The reticulospinal tracts works with the other three pathways to give a coordinated control of movement, including delicate manipulations.[40] The four pathways can be grouped into two main system pathways â€“ a medial system and a lateral system. The medial system includes the reticulospinal pathway and the vestibulospinal pathway, and this system provides control of posture. The corticospinal and the rubrospinal tract pathways belong to the lateral system which provides fine control of movement.[41]", "Lateral corticospinal tract. Descending motor pathways carry motor signals from the brain down the spinal cord and to the target muscle or organ. They typically consist of an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron. The lateral corticospinal tract is a descending motor pathway that begins in the cerebral cortex, decussates in the pyramids of the lower medulla[1] (also known as the medulla oblongata or the cervicomedullary junction, which is the most posterior division of the brain[2]) and proceeds down the contralateral side of the spinal cord. It is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract.", "Spinal cord. The anterior corticospinal tract descends ipsilaterally in the anterior column, where the axons emerge and either synapse on lower ventromedial (VM) motor neurons in the ventral horn ipsilaterally or descussate at the anterior white commissure where they synapse on VM lower motor neurons contralaterally . The tectospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal descend ipsilaterally in the anterior column but do not synapse across the anterior white commissure. Rather, they only synapse on VM lower motor neurons ipsilaterally. The VM lower motor neurons control the large, postural muscles of the axial skeleton. These lower motor neurons, unlike those of the DL, are located in the ventral horn all the way throughout the spinal cord.", "Spinal cord. The midbrain nuclei include four motor tracts that send upper motor neuronal axons down the spinal cord to lower motor neurons. These are the rubrospinal tract, the vestibulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract and the reticulospinal tract. The rubrospinal tract descends with the lateral corticospinal tract, and the remaining three descend with the anterior corticospinal tract.", "Neural pathway. Descending motor pathways travel form the cerebral cortex to the lower spinal cord.[5]", "Exhalation. The neurological pathway for involuntary respiration is called the bulbospinal pathway. It is also referred to as the descending respiratory pathway.[9] “The pathway descends along the spinal ventralateral column. The descending tract for autonomic inspiration is located laterally, and the tract for autonomic expiration is located ventrally.”[12] Autonomic Inspiration is controlled by the pontine respiratory center and both medullary respiratory centers. In our case, the VRG controls autonomic exhalation. Signals from the VRG are sent along the spinal cord to several nerves. These nerves include the intercostals, phrenic, and abdominals.[9] These nerves lead to the specific muscles they control. The bulbospinal pathway descending from the VRG allows the respiratory centers to control muscle relaxation, which leads to exhalation.", "Spinal cord. The spinal cord ends at the level of vertebrae L1–L2, while the subarachnoid space —the compartment that contains cerebrospinal fluid— extends down to the lower border of S2.[13] Lumbar punctures in adults are usually performed between L3–L5 (cauda equina level) in order to avoid damage to the spinal cord.[13] In the fetus, the spinal cord extends the full length of the spine and regresses as the body grows.", "Spinothalamic tract. In the spinal cord, the spinothalamic tract has somatotopic organization. This is the segmental organization of its cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral components, which is arranged from most medial to most lateral respectively.", "Pyramidal tracts. The nerve axons traveling down the tract are referred to as efferent nerve fibers of the upper motor neurons. These axons travel down the tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord until they reach the vertebral level of the muscle that they will innervate.[5] At this point, the axons synapse with lower motor neurons. The majority of axons do not directly synapse with lower motor neurons, but instead synapse with an interneuron that then synapses with a lower motor neuron. This generally occurs in the anterior grey column.[2] Nerve axons of the lateral corticospinal tract that did not cross over in the medulla oblongata do so at the level of the spinal cord they terminate in.[6]", "Spinal cord. Cortical upper motor neurons originate from Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 and then descend in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, through the crus cerebri, down through the pons, and to the medullary pyramids, where about 90% of the axons cross to the contralateral side at the decussation of the pyramids. They then descend as the lateral corticospinal tract. These axons synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horns of all levels of the spinal cord. The remaining 10% of axons descend on the ipsilateral side as the ventral corticospinal tract. These axons also synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horns. Most of them will cross to the contralateral side of the cord (via the anterior white commissure) right before synapsing.", "Pyramidal tracts. The pyramidal tracts are named because they pass through the pyramids of the medulla oblongata. The corticospinal fibers when descending from the internal capsule to the brain stem, converge to a point from multiple directions giving the impression of an inverted pyramid.", "Motor neuron. White matter tracts are bundles of axons and serve as means to propagate nerve impulses on a large scale. These are found in the spinal cord and appear white from the myelin surrounding axons. While these tracts exist for both efferent and afferent nerves, efferent nerves will carry signals down the spinal cord toward their effector target. These tracts also serve as the place of origin for lower motor neurons. There are seven major white matter motor tracts to be found in the spinal cord and are listed below:[11]", "Large intestine. The descending colon is the part of the colon from the splenic flexure to the beginning of the sigmoid colon. One function of the descending colon in the digestive system is to store feces that will be emptied into the rectum. It is retroperitoneal in two-thirds of humans. In the other third, it has a (usually short) mesentery.[18] The arterial supply comes via the left colic artery. The descending colon is also called the distal gut, as it is further along the gastrointestinal tract than the proximal gut. Gut flora are very dense in this region.", "Sense of balance. MVN and IVN are in the medulla, LVN and SVN are smaller and in pons. SVN, MVN, and IVN ascend within medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). LVN descend the spinal cord within the lateral vestibulospinal tract and end at sacrum. MVN also descend the spinal cord, within the medial vestibulospinal tract, ending at lumbar 1.[11][12]", "Upper motor neuron lesion. These are the neural tracts which descend in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, carrying signals for voluntary movement of skeletal muscle. From their origin in the primary motor cortex, these nerves pass via the corona radiata to gather in the internal capsule before crossing over to the opposite side (decussation) in the medullary pyramids and proceeding down the spinal cord to meet lower motor neurons in the anterior grey column.", "Pyramidal tracts. The term pyramidal tracts refers to upper motor neurons that originate in the cerebral cortex and terminate in the spinal cord (corticospinal) or brainstem (corticobulbar). Nerves emerge in the cerebral cortex, pass down and may cross sides in the medulla oblongata, and travel as part of the spinal cord until they synapse with interneurons in the grey column of the spinal cord.[2]", "Central nervous system. Schematic image showing the locations of a few tracts of the spinal cord.", "Spinothalamic tract. Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglion have axons that lead from the skin into the dorsal spinal cord where they ascend or descend one or two vertebral levels via Lissauer's tract and then synapse with secondary neurons in either the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando or the nucleus proprius. These secondary neurons are called tract cells.", "Group C nerve fiber. C fibers synapse to second-order projection neurons in the spinal cord at the upper laminae of the dorsal horn in the substantia gelatinosa.[5] The second-order projection neurons are of the wide dynamic range (WDR) type, which receive input from both nociceptive terminals as well as myelinated A-type fibers.[5] There are three types of second order projection neurons in the spinothalamic tract: wide dynamic range (WDR), high threshold (HT), and low threshold (LT).[6] These classifications are based on their responses to mechanical stimuli.[6] The second-order neurons ascend to the brain stem and thalamus in the ventrolateral, or anterolateral, quadrant of the contralateral half of the spinal cord, forming the spinothalamic tract.[1] The spinothalamic tract is the main pathway associated with pain and temperature perception, which immediately crosses the spinal cord laterally.[1] This crossover feature is clinically important because it allows for identification of the location of injury.", "Pyramidal tracts. The pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. These are aggregations of efferent nerve fibers from the upper motor neurons that travel from the cerebral cortex and terminate either in the brainstem (corticobulbar) or spinal cord (corticospinal) and are involved in the control of motor functions of the body.", "Spinal cord. Although the spinal cord cell bodies end around the L1/L2 vertebral level, the spinal nerves for each segment exit at the level of the corresponding vertebra. For the nerves of the lower spinal cord, this means that they exit the vertebral column much lower (more caudally) than their roots. As these nerves travel from their respective roots to their point of exit from the vertebral column, the nerves of the lower spinal segments form a bundle called the cauda equina.", "Spinal cord. Spinal cord. Brachial plexus. Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection.", "Spinal cord. Spinal cord. Brachial plexus. Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection.", "Vertebral column. The spinal cord terminates in the conus medullaris and cauda equina.", "Pyramidal tracts. The corticospinal tract conducts impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. It is made up of a lateral and anterior tract. The corticospinal tract is involved in voluntary movement. The majority of fibres of the corticospinal tract cross over in the medulla oblongata, resulting in muscles being controlled by the opposite side of the brain. The corticospinal tract also contains Betz cells (the largest pyramidal cells), which are not found in any other region of the body.", "Spinal cord. The function of lower motor neurons can be divided into two different groups: the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior cortical spinal tract. The lateral tract contains upper motor neuronal axons which synapse on dorsal lateral (DL) lower motor neurons. The DL neurons are involved in distal limb control. Therefore, these DL neurons are found specifically only in the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements within the spinal cord. There is no decussation in the lateral corticospinal tract after the decussation at the medullary pyramids.", "Spinal cord. The spinal cord is elliptical in cross section, being compressed dorsolaterally. Two prominent grooves, or sulci, run along its length. The posterior median sulcus is the groove in the dorsal side, and the anterior median fissure is the groove in the ventral side.", "Pain. These A-delta and C fibers connect with \"second order\" nerve fibers in the central gelatinous substance of the spinal cord (laminae II and III of the dorsal horns). The second order fibers then cross the cord via the anterior white commissure and ascend in the spinothalamic tract. Before reaching the brain, the spinothalamic tract splits into the lateral, neospinothalamic tract and the medial, paleospinothalamic tract.[53]", "Spinal cord. From the levels of L2 to T1, proprioceptive information enters the spinal cord and ascends ipsilaterally, where it synapses in Clarke's nucleus. The secondary neuronal axons continue to ascend ipsilaterally and then pass into the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. This tract is known as the dorsal spinocerebellar tract.", "Spinal cord. Cross-section through the spinal cord at the mid-thoracic level.", "Spinal cord. In the fetus, vertebral segments correspond with spinal cord segments. However, because the vertebral column grows longer than the spinal cord, spinal cord segments do not correspond to vertebral segments in the adult, particularly in the lower spinal cord. For example, lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments are found between vertebral levels T9 and L2, and the spinal cord ends around the L1/L2 vertebral level, forming a structure known as the conus medullaris." ]	[ 3.42578125, 2.708984375, 4.421875, 2.7109375, 3.115234375, 1.4736328125, 1.3525390625, -2.98828125, 0.057647705078125, 0.1256103515625, 1.9853515625, -0.958984375, -0.62841796875, -3.802734375, 3.302734375, 2.466796875, 0.47119140625, -2.49609375, 1.7587890625, -3.228515625, -1.138671875, -3.529296875, -4.1640625, -4.1640625, -2.658203125, -1.12890625, -0.06951904296875, -3.109375, -1.0576171875, -0.58837890625, -3.38671875, -2.427734375 ]
when did the sale of ivory become illegal	[ "Ivory. In 2007 eBay, under pressure from the International Fund for Animal Welfare, banned all international sales of elephant-ivory products. The decision came after several mass slaughters of African elephants, most notably the 2006 Zakouma elephant slaughter in Chad. The IFAW found that up to 90% of the elephant-ivory transactions on eBay violated their own wildlife policies and could potentially be illegal. In October 2008, eBay expanded the ban, disallowing any sales of ivory on eBay.", "Ivory. Owing to the rapid decline in the populations of the animals that produce it, the importation and sale of ivory in many countries is banned or severely restricted. In the ten years preceding a decision in 1989 by CITES to ban international trade in African elephant ivory, the population of African elephants declined from 1.3 million to around 600,000. It was found by investigators from the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) that CITES sales of stockpiles from Singapore and Burundi (270 tonnes and 89.5 tonnes respectively) had created a system that increased the value of ivory on the international market, thus rewarding international smugglers and giving them the ability to control the trade and continue smuggling new ivory.[14][15]", "African elephant. In 1989, CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) banned international trade in ivory to fight this massive illegal trade. After the ban came into force in 1990, major ivory markets were eliminated. As a result, African elephant populations experienced a decline in illegal killing, particularly where they were appropriately protected. This allowed some elephant populations to recover. Nevertheless, within countries where wildlife management authorities are greatly under-funded, poaching is still a significant problem.", "Ivory trade. Born Free Foundation CEO Will Travers said that, \"Even if we managed to close down all the unregulated markets around the world, there would still be a demand for illegal ivory coming from countries such as China and Japan.\"[5] To demonstrate the lack of ivory controls in China, the EIA leaked an internal Chinese document showing how 121 tonnes of ivory from its own official stockpile (equivalent to the tusks from 11,000 elephants) could not be accounted for, a Chinese official admitting \"this suggests a large amount of illegal sale of the ivory stockpile has taken place.\"[15][40][41] However, a CITES mission recommended that CITES approve China's request, and this was supported by WWF and TRAFFIC.[42] China gained its \"approved\" status at a meeting of the CITES Standing Committee on 15 July 2008.[43][44] China's State Council has announced that China is banning all ivory trade and processing activities by the end of 2017. The commercial processing and sale of ivory will stop by 31 March 2017.[45] The announcement was welcomed by conservation group WWF, who called it a \"historic announcement... signalling an end to the world's primary legal ivory market and a major boost to international efforts to tackle the elephant poaching crisis.\" [46]", "Ivory trade. International trade in Asian elephant ivory was banned in 1975 when the Asian elephant was placed on Appendix One of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). By the late 1980s, it was believed that only around 50,000 remained in the wild.[5][84]", "Ivory trade. Finally at that October meeting of CITES after heated debates, the African elephant was put on Appendix One of CITES, and three months later in January 1990 when the decision was enacted, the international trade in ivory was banned.[3][6][11][12]", "Ivory trade. China and Japan bought 108 tonnes of ivory in another \"one-off\" sale in November 2008 from Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. At the time, the idea was that these legal ivory sales may depress the price, thereby removing poaching pressure, an idea supported by both TRAFFIC and WWF.[47] Illegal ivory continues to flow into Japan's ivory market,[48] but since 2012, the demand for ivory has decreased as a result of new consumer awareness through education about the connection between buying ivory and the killing of elephants.[49]", "Ivory. The national and international trade in ivory of threatened species such as African and Asian elephants is illegal.[7] The word ivory ultimately derives from the ancient Egyptian âb, âbu (\"elephant\"), through the Latin ebor- or ebur.[8]", "Ivory trade. It is widely accepted that the ivory ban worked. The poaching epidemic that had hit so much of the African elephants' range was greatly reduced. Ivory prices plummeted and ivory markets around the world closed, almost all of which were in Europe and the USA. It has been reported that it was not simply the act of the Appendix One listing and various national bans associated with it, but the enormous publicity surrounding the issue prior to the decision and afterwards, that created a widely accepted perception that the trade was harmful and now illegal.[5][7][11][13][14][15] Richard Leakey stated that stockpiles remained unclaimed in Kenya and it became cheaper and easier for authorities to control the killing of elephants.[5]", "Ivory. In June 2015 more than a ton of confiscated ivory was crushed in New York's Times Square by the Wildlife Conservation Society to send a message that the illegal trade will not be tolerated. The ivory, confiscated in New York and Philadelphia, was sent up a conveyor belt into a rock crusher. The Wildlife Conservation Society has pointed out that the global ivory trade leads to the slaughter of up to 35,000 elephants a year in Africa.", "Ivory trade. Ivory has been traded for hundreds of years by people in regions such as Greenland, Alaska, and Siberia. The trade, in more recent times, has led to endangerment of species, resulting in restrictions and bans. Ivory was formerly used to make piano keys and other decorative items because of the white color it presents when processed but the piano industry abandoned ivory as a key covering material in the 1980s.", "African elephant. China was the biggest market for poached ivory but announced they would phase out the legal domestic manufacture and sale of ivory products in May, 2015, and in September 2015 China and the U.S.A. \"said they would enact a nearly complete ban on the import and export of ivory.\"[62] In response Chinese consumers moved to purchasing their ivory through markets in Laos, leading conservation groups to request pressure be put on Laos to end the trade.[63]", "Ivory trade. Forty-nine tonnes of ivory was registered in these three countries, and Japan's assertion that it had sufficient controls in place was accepted by CITES and the ivory was sold to Japanese traders in 1997 as an \"experiment\".[33]", "Ivory. Fossil walrus ivory from animals that died before 1972 is legal to buy and sell or possess in the United States, unlike many other types of ivory.[42]", "Ivory trade. On October 6, 2017, the UK government announced plans to ban the sales and exportation of ivory in areas of the United Kingdom.[89]", "Ivory. China was the biggest market for poached ivory but announced they would phase out the legal domestic manufacture and sale of ivory products in May, 2015, and in September 2015 China and the U.S. \"said they would enact a nearly complete ban on the import and export of ivory.\"[36] The Chinese market has a high degree of influence on the elephant population.[37][38]", "Ivory trade. In 1986 and 1987, CITES registered 89.5 and 297 tonnes of ivory in Burundi and Singapore respectively. Burundi had one known live wild elephant and Singapore had none. The stockpiles were recognised to have largely come from poached elephants.[9][10] The CITES Secretariat was later admonished by the USA delegate for redefining the term \"registration\" as \"amnesty\".[6] The result of this was realised in undercover investigations by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), a small underfunded NGO, when they met with traders in Hong Kong.[6][9] Large parts of the stockpiles were owned by international criminals behind the poaching and illegal international trade. Well-known Hong Kong-based traders such as Wang and Poon were beneficiaries of the amnesty, and elephant expert Iain Douglas-Hamilton commented on the Burundi amnesty that it \"made at least two millionaires\".[10] EIA confirmed with their investigations that not only had these syndicates made enormous wealth, but they also possessed huge quantities of CITES permits with which they continued to smuggle new ivory, which if stopped by customs, they produced the paper permit. CITES had created a system which increased the value of ivory on the international market, rewarded international smugglers and gave them the ability to control the trade and continue smuggling new ivory.[6][9]", "Ivory trade. In 2002, another 60 tonnes of ivory from South Africa, Botswana and Namibia was approved for sale, and in 2006, Japan was approved as a destination for the ivory. Japan's ivory controls were seriously questioned with 25% of traders not even registered, voluntary rather than legal requirement of traders, and illegal shipments entering Japan. A report by the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society warned that the price of ivory jumped due to price fixing by a small number of manufacturers who controlled the bulk of the ivory â€“ similar to the control of stocks when stockpiles were amnestied in the 1980s.[38] Before the sale took place, in the wings China was seeking approval as an ivory destination country.[27]", "Ivory. Since the ivory ban, some Southern African countries have claimed their elephant populations are stable or increasing, and argued that ivory sales would support their conservation efforts. Other African countries oppose this position, stating that renewed ivory trading puts their own elephant populations under greater threat from poachers reacting to demand. CITES allowed the sale of 49 tonnes of ivory from Zimbabwe, Namibia and Botswana in 1997 to Japan.[21][22]", "Ivory trade. The London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade was held on February 12 and 13, 2014. The purpose of this conference was to recognize \"the significant scale and detrimental economic, social and environmental consequences of the illegal trade in wildlife, make the following political commitment and call upon the international community to act together to bring this to an end.\" [87] One of the main concerns of the conference was specifically on reevaluating the measures already in place to protect African elephants and the illegal trade of their ivory. While 46 countries signed this agreement, it was reported in 2015 by The Guardian that the elephant poaching crisis was still unimproved. One such article reported \"William Hague said the deal would “mark the turning point in the fight to save endangered species and to end the illegal wildlife trade”. But wildlife experts and the UK government said on Monday it was too early to judge the effectiveness of the accord.\"[88]", "Ivory. The use and trade of elephant ivory have become controversial because they have contributed to seriously declining elephant populations in many countries. It is estimated that consumption in Great Britain alone in 1831 amounted to the deaths of nearly 4,000 elephants. In 1975, the Asian elephant was placed on Appendix One of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which prevents international trade between member countries. The African elephant was placed on Appendix One in January 1990. Since then, some southern African countries have had their populations of elephants \"downlisted\" to Appendix Two, allowing sale of some stockpiles.[14][32][33][34][35]", "Ivory. A more recent sale in 2008 of 108 tonnes from the three countries and South Africa took place to Japan and China.[23][24] The inclusion of China as an \"approved\" importing country created enormous controversy, despite being supported by CITES, the World Wide Fund for Nature and Traffic.[25] They argued that China had controls in place and the sale might depress prices. However, the price of ivory in China has skyrocketed.[26] Some believe this may be due to deliberate price fixing by those who bought the stockpile, echoing the warnings from the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society on price-fixing after sales to Japan in 1997,[27] and monopoly given to traders who bought stockpiles from Burundi and Singapore in the 1980s.", "Elephant hunting in Kenya. Illegal elephant deaths decreased between 1990, when the CITES ban was issued, and 1997, when only 34 were illegally killed.[15] Ivory seizures rose dramatically since 2006 with many illegal exports going to Asia.[17] Poaching spiked seven-fold between 2007 and 2010.[18]", "Asian elephant. The demand for ivory as a result of rapid economic development during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in East Asia, led to rampant poaching and the serious decline of elephants in many Asian and African range countries. In Thailand, the illegal trade in live elephants and ivory still flourishes. Although the quantity of worked ivory seen openly for sale has decreased substantially since 2001, Thailand still has one of the largest and most active ivory industries seen anywhere in the world. Tusks from Thai poached elephants also enter the market; between 1992 and 1997 at least 24 male elephants were killed for their tusks.[56]", "Ivory trade. China's increased involvement in infrastructure projects in Africa and the purchase of natural resources has alarmed many conservationists who fear the extraction of wildlife body parts is increasing. Since China was given \"approved buyer\" status by CITES, the smuggling of ivory seems to have increased alarmingly. Although, WWF and TRAFFIC, which supported the China sale, describe the increase in illegal ivory trade a possible \"coincidence,\"[50] others are less cautious. Chinese nationals working in Africa have been caught smuggling ivory in many African countries, with at least ten arrested at Kenyan airports in 2009. In many African countries, domestic markets have grown, providing easy access to ivory, although the Asian ivory syndicates are most destructive buying and shipping tonnes at a time.[51]", "Poaching. Ivory, which is a natural material of several animals, plays a large part in the trade of illegal animal materials and poaching. Ivory is a material used in creating art objects and jewelry where the ivory is carved with designs. China is a consumer of the ivory trade and accounts for a significant amount of ivory sales. In 2012, The New York Times reported on a large upsurge in ivory poaching, with about 70% of all illegal ivory flowing to China.[55][56]", "Ivory trade. The effect of the sale of ivory to Japan in 2000 was hotly debated with Traffic, the organisation which compiled the ETIS and MIKE databases, claiming they could not determine any link. However, many of those on the ground claimed that the sale had changed the perception of ivory, and many poachers and traders believed they were back in business.[37]", "Ivory trade. In 2000, South Africa also \"downlisted\" its elephant population to CITES Appendix Two with a stated desire to sell its ivory stockpile. In the same year, CITES agreed to the establishment of two systems to inform its member states on the status of illegal killing and trade.[34] The two systems, Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) and Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS), have been highly criticised as a waste of money for not being able to prove or disprove any causality between ivory stockpile sales and poaching levelsâ€”perhaps the most significant reason for their establishment.[35][36] They do pull together information on poaching and seizures as provided by member states, although not all states provide comprehensive data.", "Ivory trade. The international deliberations over the measures required to prevent the serious decline in elephant numbers almost always ignored the loss of human life in Africa, the fueling of corruption, the \"currency\" of ivory in buying arms, and the breakdown of law and order in areas where illegal ivory trade flourished. The debate usually rested on the numbers of elephants, estimates of poached elephants and official ivory statistics.[6] Activists such as Jim Nyamu have described current ivory prices for poached ivory and the dangers such activists face from organized poaching.", "Ivory trade. Elephant ivory has been exported from Africa and Asia for centuries with records going back to the 14th century BCE. Throughout the colonisation of Africa ivory was removed, often using slaves to carry the tusks, to be used for piano keys, billiard balls and other expressions of exotic wealth.[3]", "Ivory trade. On November 16 2017, it was announced that US President Donald Trump had lifted a ban on ivory imports from Zimbabwe implemented by Barack Obama.[29]", "Ivory trade. A seizure of over 6 tonnes of ivory in Singapore in 2002 provided a stark warning that poaching in Africa was not for only local markets, but that some of the ivory syndicates from the 1980s were operating again. 532 elephant tusks and over 40,000 blank ivory hankos were seized, and the EIA carried out investigations which showed that this case had been preceded by 19 other suspected ivory shipments, four destined for China and the rest for Singapore, though often en route to Japan. The ivory originated in Zambia and was collected in Malawi before being containerised and shipped out of South Africa. Between March 1994 and May 1998, nine suspected shipments had been sent by the same company Sheng Luck from Malawi to Singapore. After this, they started to be dispatched to China. Analysis and cross-referencing revealed company names and company directors already known to the EIA from investigations in the 1980sâ€”the Hong Kong criminal ivory syndicates were active again.[37]" ]	[ 2.966796875, 1.9453125, -2.58203125, 1.744140625, 2.541015625, 4.28125, -0.021697998046875, -3.408203125, -2.44921875, -0.0548095703125, 0.445556640625, -0.413330078125, -0.468017578125, 0.266357421875, 3.48828125, 1.55859375, -0.0635986328125, 0.07269287109375, 0.325439453125, -2.1953125, -1.0712890625, -0.986328125, -1.083984375, -3.427734375, -2.544921875, -2.177734375, -1.056640625, -0.399169921875, -4.6171875, -2.62109375, 0.38623046875, -1.3681640625 ]
which artist is representative of the detroit blues style	[ "Detroit blues. Detroit blues is blues played by musicians residing in and around Detroit, Michigan, particularly in the 1940s and 1950s. Detroit blues originated when Delta blues performers migrated north from the Mississippi Delta and Memphis, Tennessee, to work in industrial plants in Detroit in the 1920s and 1930s. Typical Detroit blues is similar in style to Chicago blues. Its sound is distinguished from Delta blues by the use of electric amplified instruments and more varied instrumentation, including the bass guitar and piano.", "Detroit blues. The only Detroit blues performer to achieve national fame was John Lee Hooker, as record companies and promoters have tended to ignore the Detroit scene in favor of the larger, more influential Chicago blues. The Detroit scene was centered on the Black Bottom neighborhood.", "Music of Detroit. In the wake of the 1967 Detroit riot the local blues scene nearly died out, being salvaged only through the help of Mississippi Delta native Uncle Jessie White, pianist and harmonica player, who hosted weekend-long blues jams at his house for the next four years.[14] In 1973 the Ann Arbor Blues and Jazz Festival put on a “Music of Detroit” showcase, featuring a number of the older generation of blues artists, such as John Lee Hooker, Dr. Ross, Baby Boy Warren, Mr. Bo, Johnnie Mae Matthews, Eddie Burns, Bobo Jenkins, and Boogie Woogie Red. Shortly thereafter, the Chicago bluesman Willie D. Warren moved to Detroit and spent the rest of his life performing on the blues scene in and around the city. Another transplant from Chicago in the 1970s was Johnny \"Yard Dog\" Jones, who played in Detroit for the next four decades.[11] Jones became part of a strong tradition of Detroit harp players, including Harmonica Shah, who also came on the scene in the 1970s.", "Delta blues. Many Delta blues artists, such as Big Joe Williams, moved to Detroit and Chicago, creating a pop-influenced city blues style. This was displaced by the new Chicago blues sound in the early 1950s, pioneered by Delta bluesmen Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf and Little Walter, harking back to a Delta-influenced sound, but with amplified instruments.", "Music of Detroit. In the late 1980s, one of the most prominent Detroit blues players was Jim McCarty. After successful stints with the Buddy Miles Express and the rock bands Cactus and The Rockets, McCarty joined the Detroit Blues Band, with whom he cut two records in the 1990s, after which he formed his own blues band, Mystery Train. Another artist to appear in the late 1980s was the blues singer and Detroit native Thornetta Davis, who cut her first solo album in 1996. Davis has won numerous local awards as a blues artist and vocalist, and continues to perform locally and nationally.", "Music of Detroit. The genesis of Blues music in Detroit occurred as a result of the first wave of the Great Migration of African-Americans from the Deep South. In the 1920s, Detroit was home to a number of pianists who performed in the clubs of Black Bottom and played in the Boogie-woogie style of blues, such as Speckled Red (Rufus Perryman), Charlie Spand, William Ezell, and most prominently, Big Maceo Merriweather. As Detroit had no established recording scene at the time, all of these players eventually migrated to Chicago to record for various labels. Spand reminisced about his time in Detroit while playing on the 1929 Blind Blake single “Hastings Street”.", "Music of Detroit. These artists brought with them a style of blues music rooted in the Mississippi Delta region. Though not strictly a Delta blues musician, Hooker was born in the epicenter of the tradition, in Clarksdale, Mississippi, and migrated to Detroit in 1943. He scored an early hit with his first single Boogie Chillen, and began a long career that made him the most prominent and successful of the Detroit blues players of the post-war period, as well as the most-recorded, with over 500 tracks to his credit.[10] Teaming up with Hooker in the late 1940s was the guitarist and harmonica player Eddie \"Guitar\" Burns, who played on several Hooker tracks and performed regularly on the Detroit blues scene. Another sideman of Hooker was Eddie Kirkland, who played second guitar for him in Detroit and on tour from 1949 to 1962, and later went on to a long solo career.", "Detroit. In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians migrated from his home in Mississippi bringing the Delta blues to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.[14] Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.[192]", "Music of Detroit. The late 1990s saw the emergence of The White Stripes, led by guitarist and Detroit native Jack White. Although ostensibly a Garage rock band, a significant amount of their material consisted of blues cover songs, and the band is considered a proponent of the Punk blues genre.", "Chicago blues. The Chicago blues is a form of blues music indigenous to Chicago, Illinois. Chicago blues is an electric blues style of urban blues. Urban blues evolved from classic blues following the Great Migration, or the Great Northern Drive, which was both forced and voluntary at times, of African Americans from the southern United States to the industrial cities of the north, such as Chicago. Muddy Waters directly joined that migration, like many others, such as in Florida, avoiding the more harshly southern Jim Crow laws. Bruce Iglauer, founder of Alligator Records stated that, \"Chicago blues is the music of the industrial city, and has an industrial sense about it.\" Additionally, recognizing the shift in blues, Chicago blues singer and guitarist Kevin Moore expressed the blues transition stating, \"You have to put some new life into it, new blood, new perspectives. You can't keep talking about mules, workin' on the levee.\"[1] Chicago blues was heavily influenced by Mississippi bluesmen who traveled to Chicago in the early 1940s. The development of blues, up to Chicago blues, is arguably as follows: Country blues, to city blues, to urban blues. Chicago blues is based on the sound of the electric guitar and the harmonica, with the harmonica played through a PA system or guitar amplifier.", "Music of Detroit. It was the emergence of local record labels in Detroit in the 1940s and 1950s which helped the blues scene to flourish, compared to the 1920s, when blues artists generally emigrated to Chicago to record their music. Some small labels, including Staff, Holiday, Modern, and Prize Records, only existed for a brief time, while other labels experienced greater success. \n[11] The most prominent of the Detroit-based labels from this era was Fortune Records, and its subsidiary labels Hi-Q, Strate 8 and Blue Star, which ran from 1948 to 1970. Fortune released hundreds of recordings in many genres, including tracks by Hooker, Kirkland, Jenkins, Dr. Ross and Maceo Merriweather.[12]", "Blues. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago,[87] Memphis,[88] Detroit[89][90] and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA system or an overdriven guitar amplifier. Chicago became a center for electric blues from 1948 on, when Muddy Waters recorded his first success, \"I Can't Be Satisfied\".[91] Chicago blues is influenced to a large extent by Delta blues, because many performers had migrated from the Mississippi region.", "Music of Detroit. The Detroit area's diverse population includes residents of European, Middle Eastern, Latino, Asian and African descent, with each group adding its rich musical traditions.[6] \nThe African-American population in particular contributed greatly to the musical legacy of Detroit in almost all genres. During the 1930s and 1940s, the near-east side neighborhoods known as Black Bottom and Paradise Valley became a major entertainment district, drawing nationally known blues singers, big bands, and jazz artists - such as Duke Ellington, Billy Eckstine, Pearl Bailey, Ella Fitzgerald, and Count Basie.", "Blues. White audiences' interest in the blues during the 1960s increased due to the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band featuring guitarist Michael Bloomfield, and the British blues movement. The style of British blues developed in the UK, when bands such as the Animals, Fleetwood Mac, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, the Rolling Stones, the Yardbirds, the supergroup Cream and the Irish musician Rory Gallagher performed classic blues songs from the Delta or Chicago blues traditions.[111]", "Blues. Perhaps the most visible example of the blues style of music in the late 20th century came in 1980, when Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi released the film The Blues Brothers. The film drew many of the biggest living influencers of the rhythm and blues genre together, such as Ray Charles, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, and John Lee Hooker. The band formed also began a successful tour under the Blues Brothers marquee. 1998 brought a sequel, Blues Brothers 2000 that, while not holding as great a critical and financial success, featured a much larger number of blues artists, such as B.B. King, Bo Diddley, Erykah Badu, Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, Jimmie Vaughan, and Jeff Baxter.", "Music of Detroit. The entertainment districts of Hastings Street and Paradise Valley were razed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the victims of urban renewal programs. This loss of music venues, along with the rise of Motown in Detroit and the popularity of Rock and roll, led to the eventual demise of the Detroit blues scene in the late 1960s. Many Detroit-based musicians pursued their careers on tour elsewhere in the world, leaving only a few noteworthy artists to carry on the tradition. Among them were The Butler Twins, Clarence (guitar and vocals) and Curtis (harmonica), who emigrated to Detroit from Alabama in 1961, joining a long list of blues forebears who came to work in the automotive industry. Another transplant was the former Classic female blues singer Sippie Wallace, who had moved to Detroit in 1929, but did not resume her blues singing career until 1966.", "Music of Detroit. Other significant players who spent part of their career in Detroit include Benny Carter, Joe Henderson, Wardell Gray, Grant Green and Don Moye. As this list reflects, Detroit musicians were major contributors to the hard-bop and post-bop styles, especially in the rhythm sections that drove the classic groups of Miles Davis and John Coltrane, and contributions to the bands of Charles Mingus, Horace Silver and The Jazz Messengers.", "Electric blues. Since the end of the 1960s electric blues has declined in mainstream popularity, but retained a strong following in the US, Britain and elsewhere, with many musicians that began their careers as early as the 1950s continuing to record and perform, occasionally producing breakthrough stars.[47] In the 1970s and 80s it absorbed a number of different influences, including particularly rock and soul music.[47] Stevie Ray Vaughan was the biggest star influenced by blues rock and opened the way for guitarists like Kenny Wayne Shepherd and Jonny Lang.[48] Practitioners of soul-influenced electric blues in the 1970s and 80s included Joe Louis Walker and most successfully Robert Cray, whose Strong Persuader album (1986), with its fluid guitar sound and an intimate vocal style, produced a major crossover hit.[47] Veteran Linsey Alexander is known for his original Chicago blues influenced by soul, R&B, and funk.[49] [50]", "Music of Detroit. Other notable musicians on the 1950s blues scene were the singers Alberta Adams and singer/guitarists Doctor Ross, Baby Boy Warren, Johnnie Bassett, Sylvester Cotton, Andrew Dunham, Calvin Frazier, Mr. Bo (Louis Collins), John Brim and Louisiana Red; percussionist Washboard Willie; harmonica players Big John Wrencher, Sonny Boy Williamson II, Little Sonny (Willis), and Grace Brim (who also sang and played drums); and pianists Joe Weaver and Boogie Woogie Red. Also of note were singer Johnnie Mae Matthews and singer/guitarist Bobo Jenkins, both of whom started their own labels, Northern Records and Big Star Records, respectively.[9]", "Music of Detroit. Even before Motown, Detroit had an active R&B and soul community. In 1955, the influential soul singer Little Willie John made his debut, and in 1956, the Detroit-based R&B label Fortune Records enjoyed success with Nolan Strong & The Diablos and their hit songs \"The Wind\", \"Mind Over Matter\", and \"The Way You Dog Me Around\". Smokey Robinson noted in his biography that Strong's high tenor was his biggest vocal influence. Strong is remembered on the 2010 album Daddy Rockin Strong: A Tribute to Nolan Strong & The Diablos - a tribute compilation that features current rock and roll bands covering Diablos songs. The album was compiled and released by The Wind Records and Norton Records.", "British blues. Among these were guitarist and blues harpist Cyril Davies, who ran the London Skiffle Club at the Roundhouse public house in London's Soho, and guitarist Alexis Korner, both of whom worked for jazz band leader Chris Barber, playing in the R&B segment he introduced to his show.[4] The club served as a focal point for British skiffle acts and Barber was responsible for bringing over American folk and blues performers, who found they were much better known and paid in Europe than America. The first major artist was Big Bill Broonzy, who visited England in the mid-1950s, but who, rather than his electric Chicago blues, played a folk blues set to fit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club.[5] To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and rave reviews.[4] Davies and Korner, having already split with Barber, now plugged in and began to play high powered electric blues that became the model for the subgenre, forming the band Blues Incorporated.[4]", "Music of Detroit. The Metro Detroit area has a rich musical history spanning the past century, beginning with the revival of the world-renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra in 1918. The major genres represented in Detroit music include Classical, Blues, Jazz, Gospel, R&B, Rock and roll, Pop, Punk, Soul, Electronica and Hip-hop. The Greater Detroit area has been the birthplace and/or primary venue for numerous Platinum-selling artists, whose total album sales, according to one estimate, had surpassed 40 million units by the year 2000.[2][3] The success of Detroit-based Hip-hop artists quadrupled that figure in the first decade of the 2000s.[4][5]", "Blues. Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon and Jimmy Reed were all born in Mississippi and moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. Their style is characterized by the use of electric guitar, sometimes slide guitar, harmonica, and a rhythm section of bass and drums.[92] The saxophonist J. T. Brown played in bands led by Elmore James and by J. B. Lenoir, but the saxophone was used as a backing instrument for rhythmic support more than as a lead instrument.", "Blues. Blues performers such as John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences, inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues, such as New Yorkâ€“born Taj Mahal. John Lee Hooker blended his blues style with rock elements and playing with younger white musicians, creating a musical style that can be heard on the 1971 album Endless Boogie. B. B. King's singing and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title \"king of the blues\". King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists.[107] In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. Tennessee-born Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians (Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs) and had a major influence on those styles of music.", "Blues. Since the 1980s there has been a resurgence of interest in the blues among a certain part of the African-American population, particularly around Jackson, Mississippi and other deep South regions. Often termed \"soul blues\" or \"Southern soul\", the music at the heart of this movement was given new life by the unexpected success of two particular recordings on the Jackson-based Malaco label:[117] Z. Z. Hill's Down Home Blues (1982) and Little Milton's The Blues is Alright (1984). Contemporary African-American performers who work in this style of the blues include Bobby Rush, Denise LaSalle, Sir Charles Jones, Bettye LaVette, Marvin Sease, Peggy Scott-Adams, Mel Waiters, Clarence Carter, Dr. \"Feelgood\" Potts, O.B. Buchana, Ms. Jody, Shirley Brown, and dozens of others.", "Electric blues. By the late 1940s several Chicago-based blues artists had begun to use amplification, including John Lee Williamson and Johnny Shines. Early recordings in the new style were made in 1947 and 1948 by musicians such as Johnny Young, Floyd Jones, and Snooky Pryor. The format was perfected by Muddy Waters, who utilized various small groups that provided a strong rhythm section and powerful harmonica. His \"I Can't Be Satisfied\" (1948) was followed by a series of ground-breaking recordings.[7] Chicago blues is influenced to a large extent by the Mississippi blues style, because many performers had migrated from the Mississippi region. Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon and Jimmy Reed were all born in Mississippi and moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. In addition to electric guitar, harmonica, and a rhythm section of bass and drums, some performers such as J. T. Brown who played in Elmore James's bands or J. B. Lenoir's also used saxophones, largely as a supporting instrument. Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson (Rice Miller) and Big Walter Horton were among the best known harmonica (called \"blues harp\" by blues musicians) players of the early Chicago blues scene and the sound of electric instruments and harmonica is often seen as characteristic of electric Chicago blues.[8] Muddy Waters and Elmore James were known for their innovative use of slide electric guitar.[9] Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters were for their deep, \"gravelly\" voices.[10] Bassist and composer Willie Dixon played a major role on the Chicago blues scene. He composed and wrote many standard blues songs of the period, such as \"Hoochie Coochie Man\", \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" (both penned for Muddy Waters) and, \"Wang Dang Doodle\", \"Spoonful\" and \"Back Door Man\" for Howlin' Wolf.[11] Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago-based Chess Records and Checker Records labels, there were also smaller blues labels in this era including Vee-Jay Records and J.O.B. Records.[12]", "Blues. In the early 1970s, The Texas rock-blues style emerged, which used guitars in both solo and rhythm roles. In contrast with the West Side blues, the Texas style is strongly influenced by the British rock-blues movement. Major artists of the Texas style are Johnny Winter, Stevie Ray Vaughan, the Fabulous Thunderbirds (led by harmonica player and singer-songwriter Kim Wilson), and ZZ Top. These artists all began their musical careers in the 1970s but they did not achieve international success until the next decade.[116]", "Delta blues. Scholars disagree as to whether there is a substantial musicological difference between blues that originated in the Mississippi Delta and blues from other parts of the country. The defining characteristics of Delta blues are instrumentation and an emphasis on rhythm and \"bottleneck\" slide guitar;[citation needed] the basic harmonic structure is not substantially different from that of blues performed elsewhere. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues.", "Blues. From the late 2000s to the present day, blues rock has gained a cultural following, especially after the rise of the Internet, when artists started creating YouTube channels, forums, and Facebook pages. Notable blues rock musicians of this period include Joe Bonamassa, Gary Clark Jr., John Mayer, Shemekia Copeland, Eric Gales, Beth Hart, Warren Haynes, Jason Ricci, Susan Tedeschi, Derek Trucks, Ben Harper (in collaboration with Charlie Musselwhite) and Orianthi. Alternative rock artists still combine strong elements of blues in their music, especially ZZ Ward, Cage the Elephant, Jack White, and the Black Keys.", "Delta blues. The Delta blues style of blues is one of the earliest. It originated in the Mississippi Delta, a region of the United States stretching from Memphis, Tennessee, in the north to Vicksburg, Mississippi, in the south and from Helena, Arkansas, in the west to the Yazoo River in the east. The Mississippi Delta is famous for its fertile soil and for its poverty. Delta blues is regarded as a regional variant of country blues. Guitar and harmonica are its dominant instruments; slide guitar (usually played on a steel guitar) is a hallmark of the style. Vocal styles in Delta blues range from introspective and soulful to passionate and fiery.", "Blues. In the 1950s, blues had a huge influence on mainstream American popular music. While popular musicians like Bo Diddley[89] and Chuck Berry,[95] both recording for Chess, were influenced by the Chicago blues, their enthusiastic playing styles departed from the melancholy aspects of blues. Chicago blues also influenced Louisiana's zydeco music,[96] with Clifton Chenier[97] using blues accents. Zydeco musicians used electric solo guitar and cajun arrangements of blues standards.", "Blues. By the late 1950s, the swamp blues genre developed near Baton Rouge, with performers such as Lightnin' Slim,[103] Slim Harpo,[104] Sam Myers and Jerry McCain around the producer J. D. \"Jay\" Miller and the Excello label. Strongly influenced by Jimmy Reed, Swamp blues has a slower pace and a simpler use of the harmonica than the Chicago blues style performers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians.[105]" ]	[ 1.6787109375, 3.017578125, 2.08203125, 1.5087890625, 3.0390625, 2.064453125, 1.416015625, 0.325927734375, 1.486328125, -3.380859375, 1.0380859375, -1.5166015625, 0.67138671875, -3.19140625, -2.060546875, 1.0390625, -1.1923828125, -4.33203125, 1.828125, -1.828125, -2.853515625, 0.12384033203125, -2.625, -1.8720703125, -3.45703125, -2.259765625, -1.5888671875, -1.33203125, -2.990234375, -5.671875, -4.1640625, -3.646484375 ]
when are the twelve days of christmas celebrated	[ "Twelve Days of Christmas. The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ. In most Western ecclesiastical traditions, \"Christmas Day\" is considered the \"First Day of Christmas\" and the Twelve Days are 25 December â€“ 5 January, inclusive.[1] For many Christian denominations; for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church, the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide,[2][3][4] but for others, e.g., the Roman Catholic Church, \"Christmastide\" lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas.[5]", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them, with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year. They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the Solemnity of Epiphany. Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day, singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous The Twelve Days of Christmas, and lighting a yule log on Christmas Eve and letting it burn some more on each of the twelve nights. For some, the Twelfth Night remains the night of the most festive parties and exchanges of gifts. Some households exchange gifts on the first (25 December) and last (5 January) days of the Twelve Days. As in former times, the Twelfth Night to the morning of Epiphany is the traditional time during which Christmas trees and decorations are deposed.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. The Oriental Orthodox, other than the Armenians, the Eastern Orthodox, and the Eastern Catholics who follow the same traditions do have the interval of twelve days between the two feasts. If they use the Julian Calendar, they celebrate Christmas on what is for them 25 December, but is 7 January of the Gregorian Calendar, and they celebrate Epiphany on what is for them 6 January, but is 19 January of the Gregorian Calendar.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Christmas Day, if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days,[2] is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord. It is a public holiday in many nations, including some where the majority of the population is not Christian. On this see the articles on Christmas and Christmas traditions.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are celebrations both secular and religious.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. The traditions of the Twelve Days of Christmas have been nearly forgotten in the United States. Contributing factors include the popularity of the stories of Charles Dickens in nineteenth-century America, with their emphasis on generous giving; introduction of secular traditions in the 19th and 20th centuries, e. g., the American Santa Claus; and increase in the popularity of secular New Year's Eve parties. Presently, the commercial practice treats the Solemnity of Christmas, 25 December, the first day of Christmas, as the last day of the \"Christmas\" marketing season, as the numerous \"after-Christmas sales\" that commence on 26 December demonstrate. The commercial calendar encourages the error that the Twelve Days of Christmas terminate on Christmas Day and therefore begin on 14 December.[18]", "Twelfth Night (holiday). In 567 the Council of Tours proclaimed that the entire period between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered part of the celebration, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or what the English called Christmastide. On the last of the twelve days, called Twelfth Night, various cultures developed a wide range of additional special festivities. The variation extends even to the issue of how to count the days. If Christmas Day is the first of the twelve days, then Twelfth Night would be on January 5, the eve of Epiphany. If December 26, the day after Christmas, is the first day, then Twelfth Night falls on January 6, the evening of Epiphany itself.[5]", "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song). The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day, or in some traditions, the day after Christmas (26 December) (Boxing Day or St. Stephen's Day, as being the feast day of St. Stephen Protomartyr), to the day before Epiphany, or the Feast of the Epiphany (6 January, or the Twelfth Day). Twelfth Night is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as \"the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking.\"[38]", "Twelve Days of Christmas. The period between Christmas and Epiphany is fast-free.[7] During this period one celebration leads into another. The Nativity of Christ is a three-day celebration: the formal title of the first day (i.Â e. Christmas Eve) is \"The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord, God and Saviour Jesus Christ\", and celebrates not only the Nativity of Jesus, but also the Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem and the arrival of the Magi; the second day is referred to as the \"Synaxis of the Theotokos\", and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Incarnation; the third day is known as the \"Third Day of the Nativity\", and is also the feast day of the Protodeacon and Protomartyr Saint Stephen. 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the Holy Innocents. The Afterfeast of the Nativity (similar to the Western octave) continues until 31 December (that day is known as the Apodosis or \"leave-taking\" of the Nativity).", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Many in the UK and other Commonwealth nations still celebrate some aspects of the Twelve Days of Christmas. Boxing Day, 26 December, is a national holiday in many Commonwealth nations. Victorian era stories by Charles Dickens, and others, particularly A Christmas Carol, hold key elements of the celebrations such as the consumption of plum pudding, roasted goose and wassail. These foods are consumed more at the beginning of the Twelve Days in the UK.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. In many nations, e. g., the United States, the Solemnity of Epiphany is transferred to the first Sunday after 1 January, which can occur as early as 2 January. That solemnity, then, together with customary observances associated with it, usually occur within the Twelve Days of Christmas, even if these are considered to end on 5 January rather than 6 January.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Many American Christians still celebrate the traditional liturgical seasons of Advent and Christmas, especially Amish, Anglo-Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Mennonites, Methodists, Moravians, Orthodox Christians, Presbyterians, and Roman Catholics. In Anglicanism, the designation of the \"Twelve Days of Christmas\" is used liturgically in the Episcopal Church in the US, having its own invitatory antiphon in the Book of Common Prayer for Matins.[3]", "Liturgical year. The Christmas season immediately follows Advent. The traditional Twelve Days of Christmas begin with Christmas Eve on the evening of December 24 and continue until the feast of Epiphany. The actual Christmas season continues until the Feast of the Baptism of Christ, which in the present form of the Roman Rite is celebrated on the Sunday after January 6, or the following Monday if that Sunday is Epiphany.[22]", "Twelve Days of Christmas. In the United States, Christmas Day is a holiday for Christians and for some non-Christians.[17]", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Other saints are celebrated at a local level.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. For the Eastern Orthodox, both Christmas and Epiphany are among the Twelve Great Feasts that are only second to Easter in importance.[7]", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Other Roman Catholic liturgical feasts on the General Roman Calendar that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the Feast of St. Stephen, Proto-Martyr on 26 December; Feast of St. John, Apostle and Evangelist on 27 December; the Feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December; Memorial of St. Thomas Becket, Bishop and Martyr on 29 December; and the Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or, if there is no such Sunday, on 30 December. Outside the Octave, but within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are the feast of Sts. Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus on 2 January and the Memorial of the Holy Name of Jesus on 3 January.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. 26 December is \"St. Stephen's Day\", a feast day in the Western Church. In Great Britain and its former colonies, it is also the secular holiday of Boxing Day. In some parts of Ireland it is denominated \"Wren Day\".", "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song). Scott (1892), reminiscing about Christmas and New Year's celebrations in Newcastle around the year 1844, described a performance thus:[26]", "Epiphany (holiday). Many in the West observe a twelve-day festival, starting on December 25, and ending on January 5, known as Christmastide or the Twelve Days of Christmas. However, for the Catholic Church today, \"Christmas Time runs from First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of the Nativity of the Lord up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after January 6\",[45] a period not limited to twelve days. Some Christian cultures, especially those of Latin America and some in Europe, extend the season to as many as forty days, ending on Candlemas (February 2).", "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song). In 1979, a Canadian hymnologist, Hugh D. McKellar, published an article, \"How to Decode the Twelve Days of Christmas\" in which he suggested that \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" lyrics were intended as a catechism song to help young Catholics learn their faith, at a time when practising Catholicism was criminalised in England (1558 until 1829).[48] Three years later in 1982, Fr. Hal Stockert wrote an article (subsequently posted on-line in 1995) in which he suggested a similar possible use of the twelve gifts as part of a catechism.[49][50] The possibility that the twelve gifts were used as a catechism during English and Irish Catholic penal times was also hypothesized in this same time period (1987 and 1992) by Fr. James Gilhooley, chaplain of Mount Saint Mary College of Newburgh, New York.[51][52] Snopes.com, a website reviewing urban legends, Internet rumours, e-mail forwards, and other stories of unknown or questionable origin, also concludes that the hypothesis of the twelve gifts of Christmas being a surreptitious catechism is incorrect.[39]", "Christmas. In the Early Middle Ages, Christmas Day was overshadowed by Epiphany, which in western Christianity focused on the visit of the magi. But the medieval calendar was dominated by Christmas-related holidays. The forty days before Christmas became the \"forty days of St. Martin\" (which began on November 11, the feast of St. Martin of Tours), now known as Advent.[93] In Italy, former Saturnalian traditions were attached to Advent.[93] Around the 12th century, these traditions transferred again to the Twelve Days of Christmas (December 25 â€“ January 5); a time that appears in the liturgical calendars as Christmastide or Twelve Holy Days.[93]", "Christmas and holiday season. In the Christian tradition the Christmas season is a period beginning on Christmas Day (December 25). In some churches (e.g. the Anglican Communion) the season continues until the day before the Epiphany, which is celebrated either on January 6 or on the Sunday between January 2 and 8. In other churches (e.g. the Roman Catholic Church) it continues until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord, which falls on the Sunday following the Epiphany, or on the Monday following the Epiphany if the Epiphany is moved to January 7 or 8. If the Epiphany is kept on January 6, the Church of England's use of the term Christmas season corresponds to the Twelve Days of Christmas, and ends on Twelfth Night.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. In England in the Middle Ages, this period was one of continuous feasting and merrymaking, which climaxed on Twelfth Night, the traditional end of the Christmas season. In Tudor England, Twelfth Night itself was forever solidified in popular culture when William Shakespeare used it as the setting for one of his most famous stage plays, titled Twelfth Night. Often a Lord of Misrule was chosen to lead the Christmas revels.[12]", "Twelve Days of Christmas. New Year's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before. In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, it is the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas. It has also been celebrated, and still is in some denominations, as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His Birth, inclusively counting the first day and last day. This day, or some day proximate to it, is also celebrated by the Pope and Roman Catholics as World Day of Peace.[8]", "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song). \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" (Roud 68) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days that make up the Christmas season, starting with Christmas Day).[1][2] The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin.[3] \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary. The standard tune now associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin, who first introduced the now familiar prolongation of the verse \"five gold rings\".", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Twelfth Night is the last day for decorations to be taken down, and it is held to be bad luck to leave decorations up after this.[16] This is in contrast to the custom in Elizabethan England, when decorations were left up until Candlemas; this is still done in some other Western European countries such as Germany.", "Christmas and holiday season. In the denominations of Western Christianity, the term \"Christmas season\" is considered synonymous with Christmastide,[9][10] a term associated with Yuletide, which runs from December 25 (Christmas Day) to January 5 (Epiphany Eve), popularly known as the 12 Days of Christmas.[11][9] However, as the economic impact involving the anticipatory lead-up to Christmas Day grew in America and Europe into the 19th and 20th centuries, the term \"Christmas season\" began to become synonymous instead with the traditional Christian Advent season,[12] the period observed in Western Christianity from the fourth Sunday before Christmas Day until Christmas Day itself. The term \"Advent calendar\" survives in secular Western parlance as a term referring to a countdown to Christmas Day from the beginning of December.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January.[7] On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great, and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. Because the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church celebrate the Birth and Baptism of Christ on the same day,[6] they do not have a series of twelve days between a feast of Christmas and a feast of Epiphany.", "The Twelve Days of Christmas (song). \"The Twelve Days\" was a Christmas game. It was a customary thing in a friend's house to play \"The Twelve Days,\" or \"My Lady's Lap Dog,\" every Twelfth Day night. The party was usually a mixed gathering of juveniles and adults, mostly relatives, and before supper — that is, before eating mince pies and twelfth cake — this game and the cushion dance were played, and the forfeits consequent upon them always cried. The company were all seated round the room. The leader of the game commenced by saying the first line. […] The lines for the \"first day\" of Christmas was said by each of the company in turn ; then the first \"day\" was repeated, with the addition of the \"second\" by the leader, and then this was said all round the circle in turn. This was continued until the lines for the \"twelve days\" were said by every player. For every mistake a forfeit — a small article belonging to the person — had to be given up. These forfeits were afterwards \"cried\" in the usual way, and were not returned to the owner until they had been redeemed by the penalty inflicted being performed.", "Twelfth Night (holiday). Twelfth Night is a festival in some branches of Christianity marking the coming of the Epiphany. Different traditions mark the date of Twelfth Night on either 5 January or 6 January; the Church of England, Mother Church of the Anglican Communion, celebrates Twelfth Night on the 5th and \"refers to the night before Epiphany, the day when the nativity story tells us that the wise men visited the infant Jesus\".[1][2][3] In Western Church traditions, the Twelfth Night concludes the Twelve Days of Christmas; although, in others, the Twelfth Night can precede the Twelfth Day.[4] Bruce Forbes writes:" ]	[ 7.98828125, 6.51171875, 5.17578125, 0.8837890625, 0.806640625, 6.61328125, 3.15234375, 5.13671875, 5.42578125, 6.125, 4.109375, 1.0693359375, 5.2109375, 0.1260986328125, -0.226318359375, -0.5068359375, 5.4921875, 4.34375, 1.064453125, 4.4453125, -1.0322265625, 3.529296875, 3.853515625, 1.908203125, 5.06640625, 1.2763671875, 1.890625, 4.04296875, 3.5078125, 0.669921875, 0.5244140625, 2.205078125 ]
where does the rappahannock river start and end	[ "Rappahannock River. The Rappahannock River is a river in eastern Virginia, in the United States,[2] approximately 195 miles (314Â km) in length.[3] It traverses the entire northern part of the state, from the Blue Ridge Mountains in the west where it rises, across the Piedmont to the Fall Line, and onward through the coastal plain to flow into the Chesapeake Bay, south of the Potomac River.", "Rappahannock River. The Rappahannock River rises at Chester Gap, a wind gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains a few miles southeast of Front Royal, Virginia, near the single point where Warren, Fauquier, and Rappahannock counties come together. It flows southeastward, past Remington, Kelly's Ford, and Richardsville, before it is joined by the Rapidan River, its largest tributary, from the right. Then the Rappahannock passes through the city of Fredericksburg. Southeast of Fredericksburg, it begins to slow and widen into a brackish tidal estuary approximately 50 miles (80Â km) long. It passes two small, but historic, river towns, Port Royal and Port Conway, which developed opposite each other, the former on the south bank, the latter on the north. Then it flows past Tappahannock on its southern bank, a point where the river is well over a mile wide. The last settlements of any size before it reaches the Chesapeake Bay are Irvington, Urbanna, Stingray Point, and White Stone Beach.", "Rappahannock River. Although a few small hamlets developed along the lower Rappahannock during early colonial times, the settlement of the Rappahannock River valley began in earnest during the first years of the eighteenth century, at the urging of Governor Alexander Spotswood. The James River had been surveyed up to its fall line, the point where, geologically, continental bedrock of the Piedmont meets the sedimentary rocks and alluvial soils of the coastal plain. Spotswood encouraged settlement in a river valley other than that of the James. In 1714, he began recruiting immigrants from the Rhineland-Palatinate and Switzerland to homestead on lands he controlled near the confluence of the Rappahannock and the Rapidan. Known as the Germanna settlement(s), these villages were founded in order to exploit the iron ore deposits of the region.", "Rappahannock River. The river drains an area of 2,848 square miles (7,380Â km2), approximately 6% of Virginia. Much of the watershed is rural and forested, but development in it has increased since the late 20th century with the southward expansion of the Washington, D.C. suburbs.", "Rappahannock River. The broad river enters the Chesapeake Bay approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of the mouth of the Potomac River and approximately 60 miles (97 km) east of the state capital, Richmond. At the point where the river enters the bay, between Windmill Point, on the north, and Stingray Point, on the south, it is more than 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide. This estuary, south of the Northern Neck peninsula, is a productive oyster and crab fishery.", "Rappahannock River. An important river in American history, the Rappahannock was long an area of occupation by indigenous peoples. During the colonial era, early settlements in the Virginia Colony were formed along the river. It was at the center of a major theater of battle in the American Civil War, where tens of thousands of troops fought against each other. Some 10,000 African-American slaves escaped across the river to Union lines and freedom, after the first Battle of Fredericksburg. Due to the river's significance as an obstacle to north-south movements, it effectively functioned as the boundary of the eastern theater of the war, between the \"North\" (the Union) and the \"South\" (the Confederate States of America).", "Rappahannock River. Above Fredericksburg, the Rappahannock provides fine opportunities for recreational canoeing and kayaking. Most of the rapids are Class I and Class II in difficulty, but, near Remington, there are some rapids that are considered to be Class III.", "Rappahannock River. The name of the river comes from an Algonquian word, lappihanne (also recorded as toppehannock), meaning \"river of quick, rising water\" or \"where the tide ebbs and flows,\" the name used by the local Rappahannock tribe.", "Rappahannock River. During the War of 1812, the Battle of Rappahannock River was fought on the river during the War of 1812. Seventeen British boats filled with hundreds of marines and sailors captured four American privateers.", "Rappahannock River. In some 18th- and 19th-century documents, including some Civil War records, the Rappahannock River was referred to as \"Hedgeman's River\".[6] A 1736-1737 survey labeled the Rappahannock above the mouth of the Rapidan as \"Cannon\", and further upstream it was identified as \"Hedgeman's River,\" named after Nathaniel Hedgeman, an early settler of the region.[7]", "Rappahannock River. During the American Civil War, the river, with few convenient fords and fewer bridges, provided a barrier and defensive line behind which movements of troops could be accomplished with little fear of attack from the river-side flank. It was an especially difficult barrier for Union troops to overcome in their attempts to thrust into southern Virginia, as they were vulnerable to attack while trying to cross the river on temporary bridges. Control of the river changed hands many times during the course of the war. Significant battles fought along the river include the Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Rappahannock Station. The defensive line at the river was finally circumvented by General Ulysses S. Grant in the Wilderness (or Overland) Campaign of 1864, ending in the ultimate Union victory.", "Rappahannock River. The river's watershed is protected in various places as parcels of the Rappahannock River Valley National Wildlife Refuge.", "Tappahannock, Virginia. Tappahannock is the oldest town in Essex County, Virginia, United States. The population was 2,375 at the 2010 census,[3] up from 2,068 at the 2000 census. Located on the Rappahannock River, Tappahannock is the county seat of Essex County.[4] Its name comes from an Algonquian language word lappihanne (also noted as toppehannock), meaning \"Town on the rise and fall of water\" or \"where the tide ebbs and flows.\" In 1608 John Smith landed in Tapphannock and fought with the local Rappahannock tribe. After defeating them, he later made peace.[5][6][7][8]", "Tappahannock, Virginia. Tappahannock is located on the east side of Essex County at 37°55′20″N 76°51′47″W / 37.92222°N 76.86306°W / 37.92222; -76.86306 (37.922180, -76.863158),[13] on the southwest bank of the Rappahannock River.", "James River. The James River forms in the Appalachian Mountains, near Iron Gate on the border between Alleghany and Botetourt counties, from the confluence of the Cowpasture and Jackson rivers, and flows into the Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads. Tidal waters extend west to Richmond, the capital of Virginia, at the river's fall line (the head of navigation). Larger tributaries draining to the tidal portion include the Appomattox River, Chickahominy River, Warwick River, Pagan River, and the Nansemond River.", "Tappahannock, Virginia. U.S. Routes 17 and 360 pass through the town. US 17 passes through the center of town as Church Lane, leading northwest 47 miles (76 km) to Fredericksburg and southeast 70 miles (110 km) to Newport News. US 360 runs through town with US 17 on Church Lane, but turns east on Queen Street and crosses the mile-wide Rappahannock, continuing east 39 miles (63 km) to its terminus in Reedville near the Chesapeake Bay. US 360 leads southwest from Tappahannock 45 miles (72 km) to Richmond, the state capital.", "Rappahannock River. During and after the first battle at Fredericksburg in late December 1862, about 10,000 enslaved African Americans from area plantations and the city left slavery, crossing the river to gain freedom behind Union lines. This exodus and \"Trail of Freedom\" was commemorated in 2010 by installation of historical markers on both sides of the river, in Fredericksburg and in Stafford County.[5] The exodus to freedom is now celebrated in an annual re-enactment starting in Fredericksburg.", "Virginia. The Chesapeake Bay separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the drowned river valleys of the Susquehanna River and the James River.[17] Many of Virginia's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, which create three peninsulas in the bay.[18][19]", "Blackstone River. The river is formed in Worcester, Massachusetts by the confluence of the Middle River and Mill Brook. From there, it follows a rough southeast course through Millbury, Sutton, Grafton, Northbridge, Uxbridge, Millville, and Blackstone. It then continues into Rhode Island, where it flows through Woonsocket, Cumberland, Lincoln, Central Falls, and Pawtucket, where the river then reaches Pawtucket Falls. After that, the river becomes tidal, and flows into the Seekonk River just north of Providence. Other tributaries join the Blackstone along the way, such as the West and Mumford River, at Uxbridge, and The Branch River in North Smithfield.", "Susquehanna River. The river drains 27,500 square miles (71,000Â km2), including nearly half of the land area of Pennsylvania. The drainage basin (watershed) includes portions of the Allegheny Plateau region of the Appalachian Mountains, cutting through a succession of water gaps in a broad zigzag course to flow across the rural heartland of southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland in the lateral near-parallel array of mountain ridges. The river empties into the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Perryville and Havre de Grace, Maryland, providing half of the Bay's freshwater inflow. The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the Susquehanna.", "Rappahannock River. The oysters that thrive in the estuary of the Rappahannock River are the least salty oysters of the East Coast. They are renowned for their sweet and smooth flavor, described as almost buttery. The low salinity allows a Blue Ridge minerality[4] to come through, and also makes these oysters good to consume with wine.", "Hudson River. South of the Federal Dam, the Hudson River begins to widen considerably. The river enters the Hudson Valley, flowing along the west bank of Albany and the east bank of Rensselaer. Interstate 90 crosses the Hudson into Albany at this point in the river. The Hudson then leaves the Capital District, forming the boundary between Greene and Columbia Counties. It then meets its confluence with Schodack Creek, widening considerably at this point. After flowing by Hudson, the river then forms the boundary between Ulster and Columbia Counties and Ulster and Dutchess Counties, passing Germantown and Kingston. The Delaware and Hudson Canal meets the river at this point. The river then flows by Hyde Park, former residence of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and alongside the city of Poughkeepsie, flowing under the Walkway over the Hudson and the Mid-Hudson Bridge. Afterwards, the Hudson passes Wappingers Falls and takes in Wappinger Creek. The river then forms the boundary between Orange and Dutchess Counties. It flows between Newburgh and Beacon and under the Newburgh Beacon Bridge, taking in the Fishkill Creek. Shortly thereafter, the river enters the Hudson Highlands between Putnam and Orange Counties, flowing between mountains such as Storm King Mountain, Breakneck Ridge, and Bear Mountain. The river narrows considerably here before flowing under the Bear Mountain Bridge, which connects Westchester and Rockland Counties.[7]", "U.S. Route 17. US 17 enters Virginia into the city of Chesapeake, Virginia, running along the border of the Great Dismal Swamp. It runs through more of Chesapeake and the city of Portsmouth, before it crosses the James River between Newport News and Isle of Wight County on the James River Bridge, a drawbridge which was formerly a toll bridge but is now toll-free, concurrent with U.S. Route 258. The route also crosses the York River between Gloucester County and York County at Yorktown on the George P. Coleman Bridge, a swing bridge which is also a (north-bound only) toll bridge. Finally, US 17 traverses the Rappahannock River between Stafford County and Spotsylvania County at Fredericksburg as it overlaps Interstate 95. Then it traverses the Blue Ridge Mountains and crosses the towns of Warrenton and Marshall to end up at a junction with US Route 11 (see US Route 11 in Virginia) and US Route 522 (see U.S. Route 522 in Virginia) in Winchester", "Monongahela River. The Monongahela is formed by the confluence of the West Fork River and its \"East Fork\"—the Tygart Valley River—at Fairmont, West Virginia. The river is navigable its entire length with a series of locks and dams that maintain a minimum depth of 9 feet (2.7 m) to accommodate coal-laden barges. In southwestern Pennsylvania, the Monongahela is met by two major tributaries: the Cheat River, which joins at Point Marion, and the Youghiogheny River, which joins at McKeesport.", "Potomac River. The North Fork South Branch Potomac River, 43.6 miles (70.2 km) long,[1] forms just north of the Virginia/West Virginia border in Pendleton County at the confluence of the Laurel Fork and Straight Fork along Big Mountain 3,881 feet (1,183 m). From Circleville, the North Fork flows northeast through Pendleton County between the Fore Knobs 2,949 feet (899 m) to its west and the River Knobs, 2,490 feet (759 m) to its east. At Seneca Rocks, the North Fork is met by Seneca Creek. From Seneca Rocks, the North Fork continues to flow northeast along the western edge of North Fork Mountain 3,389 feet (1033 m) into Grant County. Flowing east through North Fork Gap, the North Fork joins the South Branch Potomac at the town of Cabins, west of Petersburg.", "Potomac River. In its eastern course from Petersburg into Hardy County, the South Branch becomes more navigable allowing for canoes and smaller river vessels. The river splits and forms a series of large islands while it heads northeast to Moorefield. At Moorefield, the South Branch is joined by the South Fork South Branch Potomac River and runs north to Old Fields where it is fed by Anderson Run and Stony Run. At McNeill, the South Branch flows into the Trough where it is bound to its west by Mill Creek Mountain (2,119 ft) and to its east by Sawmill Ridge (1,644 ft). This area is the habitat to bald eagles. The Trough passes into Hampshire County and ends at its confluence with Sawmill Run south of Glebe and Sector. The South Branch continues north parallel to South Branch River Road (County Route 8) toward Romney with a number of historic plantation farms adjoining it. En route to Romney, the river is fed by Buffalo Run, Mill Run, McDowell Run, and Mill Creek at Vanderlip. The South Branch is traversed by the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50) and joined by Sulphur Spring Run where it forms Valley View Island to the west of town. Flowing north of Romney, the river still follows the eastern side of Mill Creek Mountain until it creates a horseshoe bend at Wappocomo's Hanging Rocks around the George W. Washington plantation, Ridgedale. To the west of Three Churches on the western side of South Branch Mountain, 3,028 feet (923 m), the South Branch creates a series of bends and flows to the northeast by Springfield through Blue's Ford. After two additional horseshoe bends (meanders), the South Branch flows under the old Baltimore and Ohio Railroad mainline between Green Spring and South Branch Depot, and joins the North Branch to form the Potomac.", "Susquehanna River. A couple miles south, just across the New York state line, in Athens Township (just south of Waverly, New York) in northern Pennsylvania it receives the Chemung from the northwest. It makes a right-angle curve between Sayre and Towanda to cut through the Endless Mountains in the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania. It receives the Lackawanna River southwest of Scranton and turns sharply to the southwest, flowing through the former anthracite industrial heartland in the mountain ridges of northeastern Pennsylvania, past Pittston City (Greater Pittston), Wilkes-Barre, Nanticoke, Shickshinny, Berwick, Bloomsburg, and Danville.", "Potomac River. The exact location of the South Branch's source is northwest of Hightown along U.S. Route 250 on the eastern side of Lantz Mountain (3,934 ft) in Highland County. From Hightown, the South Branch is a small meandering stream that flows northeast along Blue Grass Valley Road through the communities of New Hampden and Blue Grass. At Forks of Waters, the South Branch joins with Strait Creek and flows north across the Virginia/West Virginia border into Pendleton County. The river then travels on a northeastern course along the western side of Jack Mountain (4,045 ft), followed by Sandy Ridge (2,297 ft) along U.S. Route 220. North of the confluence of the South Branch with Smith Creek, the river flows along Town Mountain (2,848 ft) around Franklin at the junction of U.S. Route 220 and U.S. Route 33. After Franklin, the South Branch continues north through the Monongahela National Forest to Upper Tract where it joins with three sizeable streams: Reeds Creek, Mill Run, and Deer Run. Between Big Mountain (2,582 ft) and Cave Mountain (2,821 ft), the South Branch bends around the Eagle Rock (1,483 ft) outcrop and continues its flow northward into Grant County. Into Grant, the South Branch follows the western side of Cave Mountain through the 20-mile (32 km) long Smoke Hole Canyon, until its confluence with the North Fork at Cabins, where it flows east to Petersburg. At Petersburg, the South Branch is joined with the South Branch Valley Railroad, which it parallels until its mouth at Green Spring.", "Gettysburg Campaign. The two armies did not take up positions across from each other on the Rappahannock River for almost two weeks. On July 16 the cavalry brigades of Fitzhugh Lee and Chambliss held the fords on the Potomac at Shepherdstown to prevent crossing by the Federal infantry. The cavalry division under David Gregg approached the fords and the Confederates attacked them, but the Union cavalrymen held their position until dark before withdrawing.[83]", "Kentucky River. The North Fork Kentucky River is approximately 168 miles (270 km) long.[1] It rises on the western side of Pine Mountain, in the Appalachians of extreme southeastern Kentucky, in eastern Letcher County near the Virginia state line in Payne Gap, near the intersection of US 23 and US 119. It flows generally northwest, in a winding course through the mountainous Cumberland Plateau, past Whitesburg, Hazard and Jackson. It receives Rockhouse Creek at Blackey near its source. Approximately 8 miles (13 km) southeast of Hazard, it receives the Carr Fork. It receives Troublesome Creek at Haddix, southeast of Jackson. Three miles upstream from its confluence with the South Fork, it receives the Middle Fork. It joins the South Fork to form the Kentucky at Beattyville.", "Choptank River. The Choptank River is a major tributary of the Chesapeake Bay and the largest river on the Delmarva Peninsula.[1] Running for 71 miles (114Â km),[2] it rises in Kent County, Delaware, runs through Caroline County, Maryland and forms much of the border between Talbot County, Maryland on the north, and Caroline County and Dorchester County on the east and south. It is located north of the Nanticoke River and its mouth is located south of Eastern Bay. Cambridge, the county seat of Dorchester County, and Denton, the county seat of Caroline County, are located on its south shore.", "Susquehanna River. Downstream from the confluence of its branches in Northumberland, the river flows south past Selinsgrove, where it is joined by its Penns Creek tributary, and cuts through a water gap at the western end of Mahantongo Mountain. It receives the Juniata River from the northwest at Duncannon, then passes through its last water gap, the Susquehanna Gap through the Blue Mountain Ridge, just northwest of Harrisburg." ]	[ 4.984375, 7.21484375, 1.033203125, 2.0234375, 3.501953125, 1.4736328125, 1.244140625, -1.2900390625, -2.14453125, 0.69384765625, 1.5888671875, -0.248046875, 0.244873046875, -1.09765625, -5.16796875, -1.3017578125, 2.109375, -1.5859375, -4.62890625, -3.361328125, -0.293212890625, -3.623046875, -1.10546875, -6.62109375, -3.3203125, -3.119140625, -4.6015625, -3.626953125, -3.53515625, -3.517578125, -2.439453125, -5.64453125 ]
what is the highest mountain in europe called	[ "Seven Summits. The generally accepted highest summit in Europe is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m or 18,510 ft) in the Caucasus, appearing on both the Bass and Messner lists. However, because the location of the boundary between Asia and Europe is not universally agreed upon, its inclusion in Europe is disputed: if the Kuma–Manych Depression is used as the geological border between Asia and Europe, the Caucasus and Elbrus lie wholly in Asia. If the Greater Caucasus watershed is used instead, Elbrus' peaks are wholly in Europe, albeit close to the border with Asia. Mont Blanc (4,810 m or 15,781 ft), lying on the border between France and Italy in the Graian Alps, is seen by some to be the highest mountain in Europe.[5]", "Caucasus Mountains. Europe's highest mountain is Mount Elbrus 5,642 m (18,510 ft) in the Caucasus Mountains.[4] Elbrus is 832 m (2,730 ft) higher than Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps at 4,810 m (15,780 ft). The Caucasus Mountains are defined as the continental divide between Asia and Europe for the region between the Black and Caspian Seas.", "Mont Blanc. Mont Blanc (pronounced [mɔ̃ blɑ̃]; Italian: Monte Bianco [ˈmonte ˈbjaŋko]) meaning \"White Mountain\", is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest in Europe west of Russia’s Caucasus peaks.[note 2] It rises 4,808 m (15,774 ft)[1][2] above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence.[3] The mountain stands in a range called the Graian Alps, between the regions of Aosta Valley, Italy, and Savoie and Haute-Savoie, France. The location of the summit is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie, and Arve in France. The Mont Blanc massif is popular for hiking, skiing, and snowboarding.", "French Alps. At 4,808 metres (15,774Â ft), Mont Blanc (Italian: Monte Bianco), on the French-Italian border, is the highest mountain in the Alps, and the highest Western European mountain.[1]", "Volcanic Seven Summits. The generally accepted geographical border between Europe and Asia runs along the crest of the Ural Mountains in central Russia and of the Caucasus along the southern border of Russia. Since the massive twin-peaked stratovolcano of Mount Elbrus rises just north of the crest, it is the highest summit in Europe and also the highest volcano.", "Swiss Alps. The Engadin Airport near St. Moritz at an altitude of 1,704 metres is the highest in Europe.", "Volcanic Seven Summits. Some geologists, though, consider the Kuma-Manych depression as the geological border between Asia and Europe. Such definition would render Elbrus entirely in Asia, making it the highest volcano of that continent (see below) and making Mount Etna (a 3350-metre active stratovolcano in Sicily, Italy) the highest volcano in Europe. Mount Teide in the Canary Islands, while active, taller than Etna and within the territory of a European country, would not be considered because geologically the Canaries belong to the African continent.", "Chamonix. Chamonix is a winter sports resort town. As the highest European mountain west of Russia,[citation needed] Mont Blanc attracts mountain climbers. There is a cable car up to the 3,842 m (12,605 ft) Aiguille du Midi. Constructed in 1955, it was then the highest cable car in the world[7] and remains the highest vertical ascent cable car in the world.[8]", "Alps. The Alps (/ælps/; French: Alpes [alp]; German: Alpen [ˈalpn̩]; Italian: Alpi [ˈalpi]; Romansh: Alps; Slovene: Alpe [ˈáːlpɛ]) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,[2][note 1] stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia.[3] The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,810 m (15,781 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).", "Continent. Some sources list the Kuma–Manych Depression (a remnant of the Paratethys) as the geological border between Europe and Asia. This would place the Caucasus outside of Europe, thus making Mont Blanc (elevation 4810 m) in the Graian Alps the highest point in Europe - the lowest point would still be the shore of the Caspian Sea.", "Seven Summits. In 1956, William D. Hackett (1918â€“1999), an American mountaineer, reached the top of five continents. He climbed Denali (1947), Aconcagua (1949), Kilimanjaro (1950), Kosciuszko (1956) and Mont Blanc (1956). In that time, Mont Blanc was considered to be the highest mountain of the European continent. Hackett made an attempt to climb Mt. Vinson and obtained a permit for Mt. Everest in 1960, but due to several circumstances (frostbite, lack of funds, etc.), he never made it to more than five summits.[9][10][11]", "Caucasus. The watershed along the Greater Caucasus range is generally perceived to be the dividing line between Europe and Southwest Asia. The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 meters) located in western Ciscaucasus, and is considered as the highest point in Europe.", "Matterhorn. Considering mountains with a topographic prominence of at least 300 m (980 ft), the Matterhorn is the sixth-highest summit in the Alps and Europe outside the Caucasus Mountains. It is the fifth-highest summit of Valais and Switzerland and the third highest summit of the Aosta Valley and Italy.[18] Locally, it is the third-highest summit in the municipality of Zermatt and the highest summit in the municipality of Valtournenche. On the official International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation list of Alpine four-thousanders, which also includes subsidiary summits of higher mountains such as the nearby Monte Rosa, the Matterhorn is the 12th highest summit in the Alps.[citation needed]", "Mont Blanc. In 2007, Europe's two highest toilets (at a height of 4,260 metres, 13,976 feet) were taken by helicopter to the top of Mont Blanc. They are also serviced by helicopter. They will serve 30,000 skiers and hikers annually, helping to alleviate the discharge of urine and faeces that spreads down the mountain face with the spring thaw, and turns it into 'Mont Marron'.[36]", "Italy. Monte Bianco in Aosta Valley, the highest point in the European Union", "Portugal. Portugal's highest peak is the similarly named Mount Pico on the island of Pico in the Azores. This ancient volcano, which measures 2,351 m (7,713 ft) is an iconic symbol of the Azores, while the Serra da Estrela on the mainland (the summit being 1,991 m (6,532 ft) above sea level) is an important seasonal attraction for skiers and winter sports enthusiasts.", "Scandinavian Mountains. The mountains are not very high, but are very steep at places; Galdhøpiggen in South Norway is the highest peak in mainland Northern Europe, at 2,469 metres (8,100 ft), Kebnekaise has the highest peak on the Swedish side, at 2,104 m (6,903 ft), whereas Halti is the highest peak in Finland, at 1,324 m (4,344 ft).", "Mount Olympus. Mount Olympus (/oʊˈlɪmpəs, ə-/;[3] Greek: Όλυμπος [ˈolimbos] or [ˈolibos]; also transliterated as Olympos, and on Greek maps, Oros Olympos) is the highest mountain in Greece. It is located in the Olympus Range on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, between the regional units of Pieria and Larissa, about 80 km (50 mi) southwest from Thessaloniki. Mount Olympus has 52 peaks, deep gorges, and exceptional biodiversity.[4] The highest peak, Mytikas, meaning \"nose\", rises to 2,918 metres (9,573 ft).[1] It is one of the highest peaks in Europe in terms of topographic prominence.[2]", "Matterhorn. The Matterhorn (German: Matterhorn, [ˈmatərˌhɔrn]; Italian: Cervino, [ˈtʃerˈviːno]; French: Mont Cervin, [mɔ̃ sɛʁvɛ̃]) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is 4,478 metres (14,692 ft) high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe.[note 3] The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the Hörnli, Furggen, Leone, and Zmutt ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and the Italian town of Breuil-Cervinia in the Aosta Valley to the south. Just east of the Matterhorn is Theodul Pass, the main passage between the two valleys on its north and south sides, and a trade route since the Roman Era.", "List of highest points of European countries. Not all points in this list are mountains or hills - some are simply elevations that are not distinguishable as geographical features.", "Eurasia. In ancient times, the Greeks classified Europe (derived from the mythological Phoenician princess Europa) and Asia (derived from Asia, a woman in Greek mythology) as separate \"lands\". Where to draw the dividing line between the two regions is still a matter of discussion. Especially whether the Kuma-Manych Depression or the Caucasus Mountains form the southeast boundary is disputed, since Mount Elbrus would be part of Europe in the latter case, making it (and not Mont Blanc) Europe's highest mountain. Most accepted is probably the boundary as defined by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg in the 18th century. He defined the dividing line along the Aegean Sea, Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, Bosporus, Black Sea, Kuma–Manych Depression, Caspian Sea, Ural River, and Ural Mountains.", "Eiger. Although the summit of the Eiger can be reached by experienced climbers only, a railway tunnel runs inside the mountain, and two internal stations provide easy access to viewing-windows carved into the rock face. They are both part of the Jungfrau Railway line, running from Kleine Scheidegg to the Jungfraujoch, between the MÃ¶nch and the Jungfrau, at the highest railway station in Europe. The two stations within the Eiger are Eigerwand (behind the north face) and Eismeer (behind the south face), at around 3,000 metres.", "Matterhorn. While the Matterhorn is the culminating point of the Valtournenche on the south, it is only one of the many 4000 metres summits of the Mattertal valley on the north. Its height is exceeded by four major summits: the Weisshorn (4,505 m), the Dom (4,545 m), the Liskamm (4,527 m) and the second highest in the Alps, Monte Rosa (4,634 m). This section of the Pennine Alps, including the Matterhorn, the Zinalrothorn, the Dent Blanche, the Dent d'Hérens, the Breithorn, the Strahlhorn, the Rimpfischhorn and the Alphubel, concentrates most of western Europe's highest mountains and forms a crown of peaks around Zermatt. The deeply glaciated region between the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa (named Dent Blanche-Matterhorn-Monte Rosa) is listed in the Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments since 1983.", "Geography of Greece. Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece and the fourth highest in relative topographical prominence in Europe,[6] rising to 2,919 m above sea level. The Rhodope Mountains form the border between Greece and Bulgaria; that area is covered with vast and thick forests.", "Mount Elbrus. Mount Elbrus (Russian: Эльбру́с, tr. Elbrus, IPA: [ɪlʲˈbrus]; Karachay-Balkar: Минги тау, Miñi taw, IPA: [mɪˈŋːi taw]; Kabardian: Ӏуащхьэмахуэ, ’Wāśhamāxwa IPA: [ʔʷoːɕħɑmæːxʷo]; Georgian: იალბუზი, Ialbuzi, IPA: [ɪɑlbuzɪ]; Ossetian: Halbruz[citation needed]) is the highest mountain in Russia, and the tenth most prominent peak in the world.[6] A dormant volcano, Elbrus is in the Caucasus Mountains in Southern Russia, near the border with Georgia.", "Chimborazo. Until the beginning of the 19th century, it was thought that Chimborazo was the highest mountain on Earth (measured from sea level), and such reputation led to many attempts on its summit during the 17th and 18th centuries.", "Seven Summits. In 1978, the Italian mountaineer Reinhold Messner was the first person to reach six of the Seven Summits (1971 Puncak Jaya, 1974 Aconcagua, 1976 Mt. McKinley, 1978 Kilimanjaro, 1978 Mt. Everest). For Messner, Carstensz Pyramid (Puncak Jaya) was the highest peak in Australia (Messner list), but in 1983, he climbed Mt. Kosciuszko to also satisfy the other geographic definition of Australia. In the same year, Messner climbed Mt. Elbrus and declared that this is the true highest peak of Europe. This definition was quickly accepted by others in the mountaineering community. Finally in 1986, he climbed Mt. Vinson. At that time, he was only the fifth person to reach the Seven Summits.[10]", "European Union. The EU's member states cover an area of 4,423,147 square kilometres (1,707,787 sq mi).[h] The EU's highest peak is Mont Blanc in the Graian Alps, 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft) above sea level.[68] The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea level.[69]", "Eiger. The Eiger is mentioned in records dating back to the 13th century, but there is no clear indication of how exactly the peak gained its name. The three mountains of the ridge are commonly referred to as the Virgin (German: Jungfrau – translates to \"virgin\" or \"maiden\"), the Monk (Mönch), and the Ogre (Eiger; the standard German word for ogre is Oger).", "Portugal. The Serra da Estrela, the highest mountain range on continental Portugal", "Scandinavian Mountains. Galdhøpiggen seen from west, Norway's highest mountain", "Volcanic Seven Summits. In Europe, Kazbek is the second highest volcano. It lies on the border of Russia and Georgia, whose European status is sometimes disputed, although Kazbek lies entirely on the European side of the Caucasus watershed. The river Terek rises to the south and west of Kazbek but drains northwards to Russia.[7]" ]	[ 6.8515625, 5.7109375, 7.04296875, 4.66015625, 2.888671875, 3.51171875, 0.740234375, 4.2578125, 5.8984375, 3.458984375, 3.791015625, 2.818359375, 1.5283203125, 3.341796875, 3.529296875, -0.97119140625, 2.64453125, 4.421875, 4.04296875, -3.595703125, -0.96142578125, 1.46875, 2.25, 1.357421875, 0.3115234375, -0.81591796875, 2.654296875, 1.857421875, 0.390625, -1.2880859375, -0.642578125, -1.046875 ]
who was the king that unified the franks	[ "Clovis I. Clovis (Latin: Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig;[1] c. 466 – November 27, 511)[2] was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.[3] He is considered to have been the founder of the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Frankish kingdom for the next two centuries.", "Francia. The core Frankish territories inside the Roman empire were close to the Rhine and Maas rivers in the north. After a period where small kingdoms inter-acted with the remaining Gallo-Roman institutions to their south, a single kingdom uniting them was founded by Clovis I who was crowned King of the Franks in 496. Under the nearly continuous campaigns of Pepin of Herstal, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne, and Louis the Pious—father, son, grandson, great-grandson and great-great-grandson—the greatest expansion of the Frankish empire was secured by the early 9th century.", "Ancient Germanic law. The Franks were broken down into east and west regions. The Eastern Franks were known as the Ripuarians and those west of the Rhine were known as the Salian Franks. It was King Clovis who united the Franks under one law after defeating his rivals in 509 CE. It is during this time of unification that King Clovis developed the Salic Law.", "Franks. The Frankish realm was reunited in 613 by Chlothar II, the son of Chilperic, who granted his nobles the Edict of Paris in an effort to reduce corruption and reassert his authority. Following the military successes of his son and successor Dagobert I, royal authority rapidly declined under a series of kings, traditionally known as les rois fainéants. After the Battle of Tertry in 687, each mayor of the palace, who had formerly been the king's chief household official, effectively held power until in 751, with the approval of the Pope and the nobility, Pepin the Short deposed the last Merovingian king Childeric III and had himself crowned. This inaugurated a new dynasty, the Carolingians.", "Franks. The unification achieved by the Merovingians ensured the continuation of what has become known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The Carolingian Empire was beset by internecine warfare, but the combination of Frankish rule and Roman Christianity ensured that it was fundamentally united. Frankish government and culture depended very much upon each ruler and his aims and so each region of the empire developed differently. Although a ruler's aims depended upon the political alliances of his family, the leading families of Francia shared the same basic beliefs and ideas of government, which had both Roman and Germanic roots.[citation needed]", "History of France. Hugh's son—Robert the Pious—was crowned King of the Franks before Capet's demise. Hugh Capet decided so in order to have his succession secured. Robert II, as King of the Franks, met Emperor Henry II in 1023 on the borderline. They agreed to end all claims over each other's realm, setting a new stage of Capetian and Ottonian relationships. Although a king weak in power, Robert II's efforts were considerable. His surviving charters imply he relied heavily on the Church to rule France, much like his father did. Although he lived with a mistress—Bertha of Burgundy—and was excommunicated because of this, he was regarded as a model of piety for monks (hence his nickname, Robert the Pious).[16] The reign of Robert II was quite important because it involved the Peace and Truce of God (beginning in 989) and the Cluniac Reforms.[16]", "France. The Franks embraced the Christian Gallo-Roman culture and ancient Gaul was eventually renamed Francia (\"Land of the Franks\"). The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages, except in northern Gaul where Roman settlements were less dense and where Germanic languages emerged. Clovis made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian dynasty, but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land purely as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from Clovis's: Paris, Orléans, Soissons, and Rheims. The last Merovingian kings lost power to their mayors of the palace (head of household). One mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated an Islamic invasion of Gaul at the Battle of Tours (732) and earned respect and power within the Frankish kingdoms. His son, Pepin the Short, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin's son, Charlemagne, reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built a vast empire across Western and Central Europe.", "Clovis I. According to Gregory of Tours, following the Battle of Vouillé, the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I granted Clovis the title of consul. Since Clovis' name does not appear in the consular lists, it is likely he was granted a suffect consulship. Gregory of Tours recorded the systematic campaigns following Vouillé to eliminate the other Frankish \"reguli\", or sub-kings, including Sigobert the Lame and his son Chlodoric the Parricide; Chararic, another king of the Salian Franks; Ragnachar of Cambrai, his brother Ricchar, and their brother Rignomer of Le Mans. Clovis became the first king of all Franks in 508,[citation needed] after he had conquered Cologne, capital of the Ripuarian Franks.", "Netherlands. After Roman government in the area collapsed, the Franks expanded their territories in numerous kingdoms. By the 490s, Clovis I had conquered and united all these territories in the southern Netherlands in one Frankish kingdom, and from there continued his conquests into Gaul. During this expansion, Franks migrating to the south eventually adopted the Vulgar Latin of the local population.[38] A widening cultural divide grew with the Franks remaining in their original homeland in the north (i.e. southern Netherlands and Flanders), who kept on speaking Old Frankish, which by the ninth century had evolved into Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch.[38] A Dutch-French language boundary came into existence.[38][44]", "Franks. After the death of Charlemagne, his only adult surviving son became Emperor and King Louis the Pious. Following Louis the Pious's death however, accordingly with Frankish culture and law that demanded equality among all living male adult heirs, the Frankish Empire was now split between Louis' three sons.", "Franks. Clovis later defeated the son of Aegidius, Syagrius in 486 or 487 and then had the Frankish king Chararic imprisoned and executed. A few years later, he killed Ragnachar, the Frankish king of Cambrai, and his brothers. By the 490s, he had conquered all the Frankish kingdoms to the west of the River Maas except for the Ripuarian Franks and was in a position to make the city of Paris his capital. He became the first king of all Franks in 509, after he had conquered Cologne. After conquering the Kingdom of Soissons and expelling the Visigoths from southern Gaul at the Battle of Vouillé, he established Frankish hegemony over most of Gaul, excluding Burgundy, Provence and Brittany, which were eventually absorbed by his successors.", "Francia. Ebroin eventually reunited the entire Frankish kingdom for Clovis's successor Chlothar III by killing Grimoald and removing Childebert in 661. However, the Austrasians demanded a king of their own again and Chlothar installed his younger brother Childeric II. During Chlothar's reign, the Franks had made an attack on northwestern Italy, but were driven off by Grimoald, King of the Lombards, near Rivoli.", "Franks. The author of the Chronicle of Fredegar claimed that the Franks came originally from Troy and quoted the works of Vergil and Hieronymous, and the Franks are mentioned in those works, by Hieronymous.[17] The chronicle describes Priam as a Frankish king whose people migrated to Macedonia after the fall of Troy. In Macedonia, the Franks then divided. The European Franks reached Francia under King Francio, just as Romulus went to Rome. Another branch, under King Turchot, became the Turks. Fredegar stated that Theudemer, named king of the Franks by Gregory, was descended from Priam, Friga and Francio.", "Holy Roman Empire. In 768 Pepinâ€™s son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present-day France, Germany, northern Italy, and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands.[37][38] On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries.[39][40]", "Name of France. Under the reign of the Franks' Kings Clovis I, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne, the country was known as Kingdom of Franks or Francia. At the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided in three partsÂ : West Francia (Francia Occidentalis), Middle Francia and East Francia (Francia Orientalis).", "France in the Middle Ages. Hugh's son – Robert the Pious – was crowned King of the Franks before Capet's demise. Hugh Capet decided so in order to have his succession secured. Robert II, as King of the Franks, met Holy Roman Emperor Henry II in 1023 on the borderline. They agreed to end all claims over each other's realm, setting a new stage of Capetian and Ottonian relationships. Although a king weak in power, Robert II's efforts were considerable. His surviving charters imply he relied heavily on the Church to rule France, much like his father did. Although he lived with a mistress — Bertha of Burgundy — and was excommunicated because of this, he was regarded as a model of piety for monks (hence his nickname, Robert the Pious).[57] The reign of Robert II was quite important because it involved the Peace and Truce of God (beginning in 989) and the Cluniac Reforms.[57]", "Franks. Numerous small Frankish kingdoms existed during the 5th century around Cologne, Tournai, Le Mans, Cambrai and elsewhere.[citation needed] The kingdom of the Merovingians eventually came to dominate the others, probably because of its association with Roman power structures in northern Gaul. Aegidius, was originally the magister militum of northern Gaul appointed by Majorian, but after Majorian's death apparently seen as a Roman rebel who relied on Frankish forces. Gregory of Tours reported that Childeric I was exiled for 8 years while Aegidius held the title of \"King of the Franks\". Eventually Childeric returned and took the same title. Aegidius died in 464 or 465.[31] Childeric and his son Clovis I were both described as rulers of the Roman Province of Belgica Secunda, by its spiritual leader in the time of Clovis, Saint Remigius.", "Franks. In the Middle Ages, the term Frank came to be used as a synonym for Western European, as the Carolingian Franks were rulers of most of Western Europe, and established a political order which was the basis of the European ancien regime that only ended with the French revolution. Western Europeans shared their allegiance to the Roman Catholic church and worked as allies in the Crusades beyond Europe in the Levant, where they still referred to themselves and the Principalities they established as Frankish. This has had a lasting impact on names for Western Europeans in many languages.[5][6][7]", "Franks. The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a collection of Germanic peoples, whose name was first mentioned in 3rd century Roman sources, associated with tribes on the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, on the edge of the Roman Empire. Later the term is associated with Romanized Germanic dynasties within the collapsing Roman Empire, who eventually commanded the whole region between the rivers Loire and Rhine, and imposed power over many other post-Roman kingdoms and Germanic peoples, later being recognized by the Catholic church as successors to the old rulers of the Western Roman Empire.[1][2][3][a]", "History of Germany. In 751 Pippin III, Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian king, himself assumed the title of king and was anointed by the Church. Now the Frankish kings were set up[by whom?] as protectors of the pope, and Charles the Great (who ruled the Franks from 774 to 814) launched a decades-long military campaign against the Franks' heathen rivals, the Saxons and the Avars. The campaigns and insurrections of the Saxon Wars lasted from 772 to 804. The Franks eventually overwhelmed the Saxons and Avars, forcibly converted the people to Christianity, and annexed their lands to the Carolingian Empire.", "Franks. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over the majority of western Europe by the end of the 8th century, developing into the Carolingian Empire. With the coronation of their ruler Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD, he and his successors were recognised as legitimate successors to the emperors of the Western Roman Empire. As such, the Carolingian Empire gradually came to be seen in the West as a continuation of the ancient Roman Empire. This empire would give rise to several successor states, including France, the Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy, though the Frankish identity remained most closely identified with France.", "Charlemagne. Charlemagne (/ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn/) or Charles the Great[a] (2 April 742[1][b] – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages. He was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier.[2] The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later invalidly canonized by the anti-pope Paschal III.", "History of France. By this time Muslim invaders had conquered Hispania and were threatening the Frankish kingdoms. Duke Odo the Great defeated a major invading force at Toulouse in 721 but failed to repel a raiding party in 732. The mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated that raiding party at the Battle of Tours and earned respect and power within the Frankish Kingdom. The assumption of the crown in 751 by Pepin the Short (son of Charles Martel) established the Carolingian dynasty as the Kings of the Franks.", "Charlemagne. In 797, Barcelona, the greatest city of the region, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Cordova and, failing, handed it to them. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis of Aquitaine marched the entire army of his kingdom over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The Franks continued to press forward against the emir. They took Tarragona in 809 and Tortosa in 811. The last conquest brought them to the mouth of the Ebro and gave them raiding access to Valencia, prompting the Emir al-Hakam I to recognise their conquests in 813.", "Franks. Known Frankish peoples inside the Roman Rhine river frontier were the Salian Franks who were permitted to live in Roman territory, and the Ripuarian or Rhineland Franks who, after many attempts, eventually conquered the Roman frontier city of Cologne and settled the left bank of the Rhine. Later, in a period of factional conflict all over Gaul in the 450s and 460s, Childeric I, a Frank, was one of several military leaders commanding Roman forces with various ethnic affiliations. Childeric and his son Clovis I faced competition from Aegidius and his son as competitors for the kingship of the Franks, and commanders of the Roman Loire forces. (According to Gregory of Tours, Aegidius held this kingship for 8 years while Childeric was in exile, while in contrast Gregory refers to his son Syagrius as \"King of the Romans\".) This new type of kingship, perhaps inspired by Alaric I,[4] represents the start of the Merovingian dynasty, which succeeded in conquering most of Gaul in the 6th century, as well as establishing its leadership over all the Frankish kingdoms on the Rhine frontier. It was on the basis of this Merovingian empire that the resurgent Carolingians eventually came to be seen as the new Emperors of Western Europe in 800.", "Francia. Subsequently, at the Treaty of Mersen (870) the partitions were recast, to the detriment of Lotharingia. On 12 December 884, Charles the Fat (son of Louis the German) reunited most of the Carolingian Empire, aside from Burgundy. In late 887, his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia revolted and assumed the title as King of the East Franks. Charles retired and soon died on 13 January 888.", "History of Western civilization. Charlemagne (\"Charles the Great\" in English) became king of the Franks. He conquered Gaul (modern day France), northern Spain, Saxony, and northern and central Italy. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor. Under his rule, his subjects in non-Christian lands like Germany converted to Christianity.", "Battle of Tours. The Frankish realm under Charles Martel was the foremost military power of Western Europe. During most of his tenure in office as commander-in-chief of the Franks, it consisted of north and eastern France (Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy), most of western Germany, and the Low Countries (Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands). The Frankish realm had begun to progress towards becoming the first real imperial power in western Europe since the fall of Rome. However, it continued to struggle against external forces such as the Saxons, Frisians, and other opponents such as the Basque-Aquitanians led by Odo the Great (Old French: Eudes), Duke over Aquitaine and Vasconia.", "Franks. The Franks were described in Roman texts both as allies (laeti) and enemies (dediticii). About the year 260 one group of Franks penetrated as far as Tarragona in present-day Spain, where they plagued the region for about a decade before they were subdued and expelled by the Romans. In 287 or 288, the Roman Caesar Maximian forced a Frankish leader Genobaud and his people to surrender without a fight. Maximian then forced the Salians in Toxandria (the present Low Countries) to accept imperial authority, but was not able to follow on this success by reconquering Britain.", "Clovis I. When Clovis died, his kingdom was partitioned among his four sons, Theuderic, Chlodomer, Childebert, and Clotaire. This partition created the new political units of the Kingdoms of Rheims, Orléans, Paris and Soissons, and inaugurated a tradition that would lead to disunity lasting until the end of the Merovingian dynasty in 751. The disunity continued under the Carolingians until, after a brief unity under Charlemagne, the Franks splintered into distinct spheres of cultural influence that coalesced around Eastern and Western centers of royal power. These later political, linguistic, and cultural entities became the Kingdom of France, the myriad German States, and the semi-autonomous kingdoms of Burgundy and Lotharingia.", "France in the Middle Ages. The next King of the Franks was Robert II's next son, Henry I (reigned 1027–1060). Like Hugh Magnus, Henry was crowned as co-ruler with his father (1027), in the Capetian tradition, but he had little power or influence as junior king while his father still lived. Henry I was crowned after Robert's death in 1031, which is quite exceptional for a French king of the times. Henry I was one of the weakest kings of the Franks, and his reign saw the rise of some very powerful nobles such as William the Conqueror.[57] Henry I's biggest source of concerns was his brother — Robert I of Burgundy — who was pushed by his mother to the conflict. Robert of Burgundy was made Duke of Burgundy by King Henry I and had to be satisfied with that title. From Henry I onward, the Dukes of Burgundy were relatives of the King of the Franks until the end of the Duchy proper.", "Franks. Clovis I divided his realm between his four sons, who united to defeat Burgundy in 534. Internecine feuding occurred during the reigns of the brothers Sigebert I and Chilperic I, which was largely fuelled by the rivalry of their queens, Brunhilda and Fredegunda, and which continued during the reigns of their sons and their grandsons. Three distinct subkingdoms emerged: Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy, each of which developed independently and sought to exert influence over the others. The influence of the Arnulfing clan of Austrasia ensured that the centre of political gravity in the kingdom gradually shifted eastwards to the Rhineland." ]	[ 5.6328125, -0.1580810546875, 4.69921875, 2.8828125, 0.50341796875, 0.1107177734375, -1.755859375, -2.197265625, -1.1826171875, 0.837890625, 0.0579833984375, -0.72998046875, 0.5322265625, 0.287109375, -1.3896484375, -3.017578125, 0.62255859375, -2.791015625, -2.814453125, -1.1162109375, 0.57421875, 2.875, -3.279296875, -5.96484375, 0.3798828125, -2.39453125, -2.396484375, -1.52734375, 0.04229736328125, -1.537109375, -3.705078125, 1.3681640625 ]
who won the women's doubles in the french open	[ "2018 French Open – Women's Doubles. Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková won their first Grand Slam doubles title, defeating Eri Hozumi and Makoto Ninomiya in the final, 6–3, 6–3.", "2018 French Open – Women's Doubles. Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová were the defending champions, but chose not to compete together this year. Mattek-Sands played alongside Latisha Chan, but lost in the second round to Irina Bara and Mihaela Buzărnescu. Šafářová teamed up with Svetlana Kuznetsova, but lost in the second round to Sorana Cîrstea and Sara Sorribes Tormo.", "Lindsay Davenport. In doubles, Davenport teamed with Mary Joe Fernandez to win the tournament in Sydney, before losing in the final of the Australian Open to Chanda Rubin and Sánchez Vicario. Davenport and Fernandez then won the French Open doubles title, defeating Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva in the final. The two also won the tournament in Oakland and the year-end Chase Championships together. Davenport partnered with Zvereva to win the tournament in Los Angeles.", "2018 French Open – Women's Doubles. Despite losing in the first round with different partners, Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina jointly attained the WTA no. 1 doubles ranking at the end of the tournament. Chan and Tímea Babos were also in contention for the top ranking at the beginning of the tournament but were eliminated from contention when they lost.[1]", "Serena Williams. At the French Open, Williams was defeated by Samantha Stosur in the quarterfinals. She and Venus were the top seeds in the doubles event and won the title, defeating Květa Peschke and Katarina Srebotnik in the final to win their fourth consecutive Grand Slam doubles title and improving their doubles ranking to No. 1.", "2018 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles. Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková won the title, defeating Nicole Melichar and Květa Peschke in the final, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0. Krejčiková and Siniaková were the first team to win both the French Open and Wimbledon women's doubles titles in the same year since Kim Clijsters and Ai Sugiyama in 2003, and also the first team to have won both the Wimbledon junior and senior doubles titles together.", "French Open. Barbora Krejčíková was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title.", "French Open. Kateřina Siniaková was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title.", "Lindsay Davenport. In doubles, Davenport won Indian Wells with Lisa Raymond and reached the French Open doubles final with Raymond, where they lost to Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva. Davenport teamed with Arantxa Sánchez Vicario to win the title in Oakland, defeating Gigi Fernández and Martina Navratilova in the final.", "Sania Mirza. She then participated in the French Open in the Women's doubles (with Mattek-Sands) and the French Open mixed doubles (with Bhupathi). In the doubles she suffered a first round shock defeat but found great success in the French Open mixed doubles where she and Bhupathi won the crown by defeating Santiago González of Mexico and Klaudia Jans-Ignacik of Poland in the final on 7 June 2012.[16]", "List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions. Through 1924, the French Championships were open only to select French club players. Beginning in 1925, the French Championships were open to all nationalities, with the results shown here beginning with that year. From 1977 to 1986 the Australian Open was held in December.", "Lindsay Davenport. At Roland Garros, she reached the quarter-finals losing to Steffi Graf. Along the way, she defeated qualifier and future four-times French Open champion Justine Henin in the second round. Davenport's next tournament championship was at Wimbledon. In the final, she defeated Steffi Graf in Graf's last career Grand Slam match. Davenport also won the doubles title at Wimbledon with Corina Morariu, defeating Mariaan de Swardt and Elena Tatarkova in the final.", "Venus Williams. Her next tournament was the French Open, where she played both singles and doubles despite her knee injury. Seeded second in singles, she advanced past the third round at this tournament for the first time since 2006 before losing to Nadia Petrova in the round of 16. She also played doubles with Serena as the top seeds. Their defeat of Huber and Anabel Medina Garrigues in the semifinals increased their doubles ranking to No. 1. They then defeated 12th seeded Květa Peschke and Katarina Srebotnik in the final to win their fourth consecutive Grand Slam women's doubles title. By virtue of reaching the No. 1-ranking in doubles on June 7, 2010, Venus and Serena became just the 6th and 7th women to reach the No. 1 ranking in both singles and doubles following in the footsteps of Martina Navratilova, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Martina Hingis, Lindsay Davenport, and Kim Clijsters.", "French Open. Latisha Chan was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam in mixed doubles title.", "2018 French Open – Women's Singles. Jeļena Ostapenko was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to Kateryna Kozlova, making her only the second French Open champion (after Anastasia Myskina in 2005) to lose in the first round of her title defense.[1]", "2018 French Open. 2018 French Open – Women's Singles", "2018 French Open. Women's Singles", "2018 French Open. Women's Singles", "2018 French Open. Women's Singles", "Lindsay Davenport. At the 2011 French Open she won the Women's Legends Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis.[25]\nDavenport went on to win the Wimbledon Invitational Doubles event, partnering once again with Hingis. World Team Tennis announced that Davenport would not be able to compete for the season because she was pregnant with her third child.", "2018 French Open – Women's Singles. World No. 1 Simona Halep won her first Grand Slam title, defeating Sloane Stephens in the final, 3–6, 6–4, 6–1.[2]\t\nShe became the second Romanian woman to win a Grand Slam title after the 1978 French Open champion Virginia Ruzici.[3] She also became the sixth woman to win both the senior and junior title, having won the latter in 2008.[3]", "Sania Mirza. Mirza breezed through the first round of the French Open where she beat Kristina Barrois in straight sets. Then in Round 2, she lost to 12th seed Agnieszka Radwańska. In doubles, Mirza had what was probably the greatest highlight of her career- reaching the finals of a Grand Slam and she ended up runner-up with Vesnina losing out to Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká.[15]", "List of French Open women's singles champions. This event has been won without losing a set in the Open Era by Evonne Goolagong in 1971, Billie Jean King in 1972, Evert in 1974, Steffi Graf in 1988, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in 1994, and Henin in 2006 and 2007.", "Williams sisters rivalry. Their next meeting was their second in a Grand Slam final, and their second on clay courts. At Roland Garros Serena beat Venus in a \"tight\" match 7–5, 6–3. The Grand Slam was the first for Serena in three years, and it was the first final at the French Open ever played by sisters. By reaching the final, Venus and Serena assured themselves of moving up to first and second in the world rankings, respectively.[15]", "Grand Slam (tennis). At Women's Doubles, 21 players have won the career Slam including ten who \"slammed\" with a unique partner. Eight of the 22 achieved at least a double career Slam at Women's Doubles, led by Martina Navratilova with seven or more titles in each Major.", "Sania Mirza. Mirza and Black recorded three consecutive quarterfinal finishes in the subsequent clay tournaments, namely the Mutua Madrid Open, the Internazionali BNL d'Italia, and the French Open. In the mixed doubles event at the 2014 French Open, Mirza and Horia Tecău lost in the second round to Tímea Babos and Eric Butorac. Mirza began grass season playing in the Aegon Classic. She and Black lost to Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears in the semifinals. At the Aegon International, they reached the quarterfinals before losing to Chan Hao-ching and Chan Yung-jan. The pair next competed at the Wimbledon Championships and lost in the second round to the unseeded pairing of Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Lucie Šafářová.[24]", "Steffi Graf. At the French Open, Graf successfully defended her title by defeating Natasha Zvereva 6–0, 6–0 in a 32-minute final.[25][26][27] That was the shortest-ever and most one-sided Grand Slam final ever and the only double bagel in a Major final since 1911.[28] Zvereva, who had eliminated Martina Navratilova in the fourth round, won only thirteen points in the match.[28]", "List of French Open singles finalists during the open era. The French Open Women's Finals have had many top players playing in them such as Chris Evert and Steffi Graf, both nine-time finalists, six-time finalists Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Martina Navratilova, and Justine Henin, Monica Seles and Serena Williams being four-time finalists.[3] Evert went on to win seven finals, a record among women, in which she played Navratilova in four finals winning three in 1975, 1985, and 1986.[3] Navratilova won two titles at the event in 1982 and 1984, which she beat Evert in 1984 one.[3] Graf won six finals, which she beat Navratilova in 1987, their lone encounter.[3] In addition, Graf played Seles in 1990 and 1992, with Seles winning both.[3] Furthermore, Graf played Sánchez Vicario in three finals, with Graf winning in 1995 and 1996.[3] Seles beat Sánchez Vicario in 1991, but in 1998 Sánchez Vicario defeated her in the finals.[3] Sánchez Vicario won three titles at the event, and also lost three finals.[3] Henin won three straight, which is a woman's co-record at the event matching Seles, but during the four wins and three consecutive she did not play the same opponent twice.[3] Henin won her second title in 2005 against 2000 champion Mary Pierce, and the last two opponents she defeated, Svetlana Kuznetsova in 2006 final, and Ana Ivanovic in 2007 final, went on to win in 2009 and 2008 respectively.[3]", "French Open. Simona Halep was the winner of the Women's Singles in 2018. It was her first Grand Slam title.", "Lindsay Davenport. In doubles, Davenport and Jana Novotná started the year by winning the tournament in Sydney. Davenport and Lisa Raymond then lost in the Australian Open semifinals to the top seeded team of Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva. Davenport teamed with Nicole Arendt to reach the French Open semifinals, where they lost to the top seeded team of Novotná and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario. At Wimbledon, Davenport and Raymond, the fourth seeded team, were upset in the first round. At the US Open, Davenport and Raymond were again the fourth seeded team and were upset in the third round by fifteenth seeded Lori McNeil and Helena Suková. In other tournaments, Davenport and Raymond won in Indian Wells, and Davenport and Mary Joe Fernandez won in Tokyo (the non-Tier I tournament) and Strasbourg.", "Grand Slam (tennis). Women's doubles", "2018 French Open. It was the 122nd edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of 2018. Jeļena Ostapenko was the defending champion in the Women's Singles but lost in the first round to Kateryna Kozlova. This was the first French Open since 1992 that both the men's and the women's singles competitions were won by the top seeds." ]	[ 9.3359375, 8.3984375, -3.017578125, 6.8671875, 3.66015625, 5.640625, 5.5078125, 5.5078125, 2.01953125, -0.1513671875, -1.111328125, -5.7421875, -1.828125, 0.60107421875, 1.7724609375, -2.697265625, -2.244140625, -2.244140625, -2.244140625, 1.3935546875, 3.568359375, -0.76806640625, 1.6982421875, -1.9833984375, 1.9345703125, -6.34765625, -0.130859375, 3.779296875, 1.3955078125, -6.0390625, 2.0625, 2.302734375 ]
what denomination is elevation church in charlotte nc	[ "Elevation Church. Elevation Church is a Southern Baptist multi-site church pastored by Steven Furtick, based in Matthews, North Carolina.[2] Elevation has 17 locations, with 9 in the Charlotte area, as well as locations in Raleigh; Winston-Salem; Roanoke Virginia; Melbourne Florida; and the Greater Toronto Area.[3] From 2007 through 2010, Elevation was cited by Outreach Magazine as one of the Top 100 fastest growing churches in the United States.[4]", "Charlotte, North Carolina. The largest Protestant church in Charlotte, by attendance, is Elevation Church, a Southern Baptist church founded by lead pastor Steven Furtick. The church has over 15,000 congregants at nine Charlotte locations.[51]", "Elevation Church. Since 2010, Elevation Church has hosted a week-long outreach called \"Love Week.\"[18] During the church's 2010 \"Love Week,\" Elevation members packed more than 10,000 sandwiches for the homeless, helped single mothers get their cars serviced, donated blood, cleaned up parks and streets, built a soccer field for local ministries and renovated buildings.[19] In 2011, Elevation and over 25 other local churches served more than 34,000 hours in a single week.[18] In 2012, Elevation partnered with 31 other churches to serve 62 outreach organizations for a total of 50,340 hours around the city of Charlotte, N.C.. Elevation also partnered with Presbyterian Hospital-Matthews to help fund enhancements and expansion at a local free clinic.[20]", "Elevation Church. Charlotte Area Campuses:", "Elevation Church. Since 2006, Elevation Church has given more than $10 million.[15] In 2011, a partnership with Charlotte Mayor Anthony Foxx was established to give 100,000 hours and $750,000 to serve Charlotte people in \"The Orange Initiative.\" In 2012, the church completed The Orange Initiative with over 102,000 hours served.[16]", "Elevation Church. Services are held at nine Charlotte-area locations, as well as locations in Raleigh, North Carolina; Roanoke, Virginia; Melbourne, Florida; the Greater Toronto Area, and Winston-Salem, North Carolina.", "Elevation Church. Charlotte resident Warren Cole Smith, writing about Furtick for World magazine, said \"People were willing to excuse his flamboyance and extravagant lifestyle by saying but ‘He’s doing such great work.’ Now, this new controversy calls into serious question the legitimacy of conversion rates the church have been claiming.\"[32] In response to the initial coverage, Elevation released a statement, which reads in part: \"We are confident that those who attend Elevation Church know and understand our mission and vision for reaching people for Jesus Christ. As attendees, they are provided, through weekly teachings, biblical context for everything we do and practice, such as baptism, giving, serving and inviting friends to church.\"[32]", "Elevation Church. The church began as a church plant of the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina,. As part of a church planting team, Furtick and seven other families from Christ Covenant Church in Shelby, North Carolina, relocated to Matthews, meeting in Providence High School.[5] On February 5, 2006, the first Sunday worship service, 121 people attended.[6] As of 2013, the church reported a regular attendance of about 15,000 people.[1]", "Charlotte, North Carolina. Most African Americans in Charlotte are Baptists affiliated with the National Baptist Convention, the largest predominantly African American denomination in the United States. African American Methodists are largely affiliated with either the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, headquartered in Charlotte, or the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African American Pentecostals are represented by several organizations such as the United House of Prayer for All People, Church of God in Christ, and the United Holy Church of America.", "Elevation Church. Elevation Church—and, in particular, senior pastor Steven Furtick—have caused controversy over the church's lack of financial transparency, Furtick's personal wealth, and questionable practices by the church.", "Elevation Church. In 2013, Furtick and his wife built a large house (8,400 sq. ft, heated, 16,000 sq. ft total) on 19 acres of land in Waxhaw, NC, a suburb of Charlotte.[23] The house and land are valued at just under $1.8 million.[24] Furtick has stated that his home was paid for with money from his book sales and publisher advances, rather than his salary from Elevation Church.[25][26] The church has refused to answer questions about Furtick's salary, his tax-free housing allowance, how much he makes from books and speaking fees,[27] with Elevation only saying that Furtick is generous to the church with the money he receives from writing books, arranges for the church to purchase his books directly from the publisher at the author's discount and keep the money from sales, and that the publisher pays the church to produce marketing materials to promote Furtick's books. Elevation has confirmed that Furtick's salary is set by a Board of Overseers composed of other megachurch pastors, who vote on his salary based on a compensation study conducted by an outside firm, and that Furtick does not vote on his own salary.[28][29] In response to the news report, before his sermon on the weekend of October 27, 2013, Furtick addressed the congregation directly, saying he was sorry if the house and surrounding questions caused them to have difficult conversations with co-workers, friends and neighbors.[27] However, he defended the building of the house, calling it \"a gift from God\".[30]", "Elevation Church. Other Campuses:", "Charlotte, North Carolina. Charlotte has historically been a Protestant city. It is the birthplace of Billy Graham, and is also the historic seat of Southern Presbyterianism, but the changing demographics of the city's increasing population have brought scores of new denominations and faiths. The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, Wycliffe Bible Translators' JAARS Center, and SIM Missions Organization make their homes in the Charlotte general area. In total, Charlotte proper has over 700 places of worship.", "Elevation Church. Past Campuses:", "Charlotte, North Carolina. The Advent Christian Church is headquartered in Charlotte.", "Elevation Church. In 2012, Elevation Church launched an initiative calling for members to mentoring a child for the 2012-2013 school year, with over 1,600 responding.[21] The school outreach program was criticized in local LGBT media.[22]", "Do It Again (Elevation Worship song). The lyric and acoustic videos of \"Do It Again\" was published on YouTube on September 30, 2016.[14][15] The live music video of \"Do It Again\" which also includes the reprise, recorded at Elevation Church's Ballantyne campus in Charlotte, North Carolina was released on February 24, 2017, through YouTube.[16] The lyric video of the song's Spanish version titled \"Lo HarÃ¡s Otra Vez (Do It Again)\" was released on August 21, 2017, via YouTube.[17] The live acoustic performance video of the song was then published on March 1, 2018 via YouTube.[18]", "Elevation Church. Local members of the LGBT community and LGBT media have also criticized the church for its general stances on homosexuality. A former attendee who is gay spoke out after the Elevation hosted Ted Haggard, a former evangelical preacher who stepped down from his position after being accused of a gay affair.[33] An unknown gay individual who claims to be a former attendee said in a blog post that Elevation has a \"problem with privilege\" and that Furtick \"leaves LGBTQ people with no answers and no hope, just the sense that something is wrong with them for missing the obvious.\" [34]", "Elevation Church. In 2008, Elevation Church gave out $40,000 to members, in envelopes filled with $5, $20, even $1,000, and told them to spend it kindly on others.[17]", "Charlotte, North Carolina. The Western North Carolina Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church is headquartered in Charlotte.", "Charlotte, North Carolina. As of 2013[update], 51.91% of people in Charlotte practice religion on a regular basis, making it the second most religious city in North Carolina after Winston-Salem. The largest religion in Charlotte is Christianity, with Baptists (13.26%) having the largest number of adherents. The second largest Christian group are the Roman Catholics (9.43%), followed by Methodists (8.02%) and Presbyterians (5.25%). Other Christian affiliates include Pentecostals (2.50%), Lutherans (1.30%), Episcopalians (1.20%), Latter-Day Saints (0.84%), and other Christian (8.87%) churches, including the Eastern Orthodox and non-denominational congregations. Judaism (0.57%) is the second largest religion after Christianity, followed by Eastern religions (0.34%) and Islam (0.32%).[54]", "Charlotte, North Carolina. The Presbyterian Church (USA) is now the fourth largest denomination in Charlotte, with 68,000 members and 206 congregations. The second largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church in America has 43 churches and 12,000 members, followed by the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church with 63 churches and 9,500 members.[50]", "Do It Again (Elevation Worship song). The earliest version of \"Do It Again\" was released on September 9, 2016, as part of the extended play titled Speak Revival.[7] The live version of \"Do It Again\" was then released on February 17, 2018, during the pre-order period of There Is a Cloud, as the second promotional single of the album.[8][9] It was recorded during the 12-day \"Code Orange Revival\" event in September 2016,[10] held by Elevation Church at its Ballantyne campus in Charlotte, North Carolina.[11] \"Do It Again\" impacted Christian radio on February 23, 2018, with an extended play containing the radio, live, reprise, acoustic and Spanish versions of the song released on the same day.[12]", "Elevation Church. Elevation Church has also been criticized over its practice of selecting volunteers who wish to be baptized to do so during so-called \"spontaneous baptism\" services. During these services, which usually take place during normally scheduled weekend services, the volunteers are asked to sit in prominent areas and instructed to respond immediately to Furtick's calls for volunteers to be baptized with the intent of inspiring genuine spontaneous baptisms.[31]", "Charlotte, North Carolina. Charlotte's Cathedral of Saint Patrick is the seat of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte. The Traditional Latin Mass is offered by the Society of St. Pius X at St. Anthony Catholic Church in nearby Mount Holly. The Traditional Latin Mass is also offered at St. Ann, Charlotte, a church under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Charlotte. St. Matthew Parish, located in the Ballantyne neighborhood, is the largest Catholic parish with over 30,000 parishioners.[52]", "Charlotte, North Carolina. Charlotte is traditionally considered the home of Southern Presbyterianism, but in the 19thÂ century, numerous churches, including Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic formed, eventually giving Charlotte the nickname, \"The City of Churches\".[21]", "Southern Methodist Church. The Southern Methodist Church is a conservative Protestant Christian denomination with churches located in the southern part of the United States. The church maintains headquarters in Orangeburg, South Carolina.", "Christian denomination. Christian and Missionary Alliance, Canada\nChurch of the Nazarene\nEvangelical Free Church of Canada\nThe Salvation Army\nWesleyan Church", "Charlotte metropolitan area. Reflections Studios in Charlotte played an important role in the emergent late-20th-century American musical underground â€“ R.E.M., Pylon, Let's Active, Don Dixon and Charlotte's Fetchin Bones (among many others) all recorded influential and acclaimed albums there. Charlotte-based Ripete and Surfside Records maintain important catalogs of regional soul and beach music, and the area has also played a role in the history of gospel, bluegrass and country music. The Milestone, one of the first punk clubs in the South, is located in west Charlotte, and in the past hosted legendary appearances from the likes of R.E.M., Black Flag, Nirvana, The Minutemen, D.O.A., Bad Brains, Charlotte's Antiseen, and many others.", "Charlotte, North Carolina. The Greek Orthodox Church's cathedral for North Carolina, Holy Trinity Cathedral, is located in Charlotte.", "Church of the Incarnation (Dallas, Texas). The church's contemporary music program consists of a praise band-style group of instrumentalists. The contemporary \"Uptown\" services are held simultaneously with their traditional counterparts at 9 am, 11:15 am, and 5 pm on Sundays and are held in the new Ascension Chapel, part of a substantial building project completed in 2015.[5]", "Charlotte, North Carolina. According to the 2010 United States Census, the racial composition of Charlotte was 45.1% White or Caucasian, 35.0% Black or African American, 13.1% Hispanic or Latin American, 5.0% Asian, 0.5% Native American, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 6.8% some other race, and 2.7% two or more races." ]	[ 6.06640625, 5.25, -1.732421875, -2.404296875, -1.4580078125, -1.5849609375, -0.1728515625, 2.8203125, 0.57373046875, -2.662109375, -1.3896484375, -4.1171875, -1.2568359375, -4.6171875, 0.463134765625, -1.9599609375, -2.607421875, -0.76708984375, -3.685546875, -1.2958984375, 0.142578125, 2.4296875, -0.48974609375, -2.818359375, -2.533203125, -0.38232421875, -4.8984375, -5.90234375, -5.8203125, -0.93798828125, -6.8828125, -6.61328125 ]
connection between knocked up and this is 40	[ "This Is 40. In the five years since Knocked Up, Debbie owns a boutique with Desi (Megan Fox) and Jodi (Charlyne Yi) working for her. Pete owns his own record label, with his friends Ronnie (Chris O'Dowd) and Cat (Lena Dunham) working with him. Pete's business is struggling financially as he promotes the reunion of Graham Parker & The Rumour. The couple also are having to deal with their daughters; Sadie, a young teenager, and eight-year-old Charlotte. For Debbie's birthday, the couple goes on a romantic weekend to a resort. There they get high from eating marijuana cookies, and fantasize out loud about ways they would kill each other.", "Leslie Mann. In December 2012, Mann appeared opposite Paul Rudd in Judd Apatow's This Is 40, the sequel to Knocked Up. The movie reunited the trio from the film, with Mann and Rudd reprising their characters. The film was written and directed by Judd Apatow, and included their two daughters in the cast.[22] In contrast to Knocked Up, This Is 40 centered squarely on Mann's character and her family. An early response on Mann's performance from Elle Magazine states that \"[she] doesn't just walk off with scenesâ€”she steals the show\".[13] Mann was nominated for Best Actress in a Comedy by the Broadcast Film Critics Association for This Is 40.[23]", "This Is 40. This Is 40 is a 2012 American comedy film written, co-produced and directed by Judd Apatow, and starring Paul Rudd and Leslie Mann. It is the spin-off sequel of Knocked Up, which starred Seth Rogen and Katherine Heigl. Filming was conducted in mid-2011, and the film was released in North America on December 21, 2012. The film follows the lives of middle-aged married couple Pete and Debbie as they each turn 40, with their jobs and daughters adding stress to their relationship.", "This Is 40. Characters from Knocked Up:", "This Is 40. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three stars out of four, saying \"There are big laughs here, and smaller ones that sting. Rudd and Mann are a joy to watch, especially when their comic darts draw blood, as when Debbie tells \"charmboy\" Pete that inside he's a dick. Cheers as well to a terrific supporting cast, including Melissa McCarthy as a mother from hell, John Lithgow as Debbie's withdrawn father, and the priceless Albert Brooks as Pete's dad, living off his son's dole to support his tow-headed triplets. This Is 40 doesn't build to a catharsis. It sometimes dawdles as it circles the spectacle of a marriage in flux. Yet Pete and Debbie's sparring yields some of Apatow's most personal observations yet on the feelings for husbands, wives, parents, and children that we categorize as love.\"[13]", "This Is 40. After speaking with her friends Jason (Jason Segel) and Barb (Annie Mumolo), Debbie decides to improve her marriage and family through exercise, and becoming more connected with her parents. Debbie tells Pete that he needs to stop lending his dad, Larry (Albert Brooks), money, because it is hurting them financially. Pete goes to visit him, but is unsuccessful at giving him the news, and still agrees to give him money. Meanwhile, Debbie visits her gynecologist (Tim Bagley), and discovers that she is pregnant. She decides not to tell Pete about this. Later, she yells at a student, Joseph (Ryan Lee), who has been taunting Sadie. She yells at him so much that his mother, Catherine (Melissa McCarthy), gets into an argument with Pete.", "This Is 40. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said \"More like This Is Whiny\", giving the film two and a half stars out of four. \"This Is 40 has its share of clever, zingy material, proving that writer-director Judd Apatow has lost none of his ability to land a punch line with the right, unexpected turn of phrase. 'My boobs are just ... gone,' bemoans Debbie, played by Leslie Mann, comparing hers with those of her employee, played by Megan Fox. Then comes the second line, building smartly on the setup: 'They didn't even say goodbye.' Mann is wonderful, a uniquely skillful comic and dramatic actorâ€”wide-eyed yet merrily devastating when the venom's called for. Rudd can get away with murder on sheer charm. But it's easy, and sort of lazy, to establish jokes and entire scenes built upon mocking somebody's dialect, or the older daughter's obsession with Lost.\"[14]", "This Is 40. On Pete's 40th birthday party, he argues with his dad about the money he wants from them. Debbie argues with her dad about not spending enough much time in her life, and how his is perfect. Oliver then explains that his life is not perfect, and how he has always cared about her and loved her. Later, Pete overhears Debbie talking about her pregnancy, and rides out of the house on his bicycle in anger. Debbie and Larry then go after Pete, trying to find him. Soon, they find that he wrecked after hitting his head on a car door. Pete then gets into an argument with the driver of the car who then punches him in the stomach. Debbie and Larry take Pete to the hospital, where Larry and Debbie reconcile, with Larry advising Debbie that it's because of her, that she keeps the family together. Debbie and Pete talk later and Pete explains that he is actually thrilled about having a third baby, and that he doesn't feel trapped, so the two reconcile. Sometime later, Pete and Debbie are watching a small concert with Ryan Adams performing. Debbie then suggests that Pete should sign him to his label and plan to talk to him as they finish watching the show.[4] After the main credits roll, there's an extended alternate take of Catherine ad-libbing insults during the conversation with Debbie, Pete, and the principal.", "The 40-Year-Old Virgin. It was the directorial debut of Judd Apatow, who has since directed successful films such as Knocked Up, Funny People, This Is 40 and Trainwreck.[4]", "The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It. The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It is an American spoof of several of Judd Apatow's films: The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Knocked Up, Superbad, and Forgetting Sarah Marshall. The main plot follows Andy (Bryan Callen), a 41-year old who desperately wants to lose his virginity, along with his teenage roommates who have similar goals.", "Leslie Mann. Leslie Mann (born March 26, 1972)[1] is an American actress and comedian. She is known for her roles in such films as The Cable Guy (1996), George of the Jungle (1997), Big Daddy (1999), Timecode (2000), Perfume (2001), Stealing Harvard (2002), The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Knocked Up (2007), 17 Again (2009), Funny People (2009), I Love You Phillip Morris (2009), Rio (2011), The Change-Up (2011), This Is 40 (2012), The Bling Ring (2013), The Other Woman (2014), Vacation (2015), How to Be Single (2016), and Blockers (2018).", "Leslie Mann. In 2007, Mann starred alongside Seth Rogen and Paul Rudd in Judd Apatow's comedy Knocked Up, which grossed more than $218 million worldwide.[9] Mann's performance in the film garnered her rave reviews as well as a \"Best Supporting Actress\" nomination from the Chicago Film Critics Association. The film won the People's Choice Award for \"Favorite Movie Comedy\", was named one of AFI's \"Top Ten Films of the Year\", and received a nomination from the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for \"Best Comedy\".[10]", "This Is 40. Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film two stars out of five, commending its premise but criticizing its execution. \"This Is 40 is a comedy film about the hell of getting older in a place where aging naturally is the last taboo, and I only wish it lived up to that utterly inspired concept...every scene feels like an airbrushed composite of dozens of rambling takes, and 133 minutes is drainingly long for a story this sitcom-slight,\" he wrote.[12]", "This Is 40. Director Judd Apatow stated he is interested in a possible sequel, shifting the focus off married couple Pete and Debbie and moving it onto their budding teenage daughter Sadie. During an interview on March 30, 2013, Apatow was questioned about the prospect of a sequel to This Is 40. He admitted to being intrigued by the idea.[28]", "This Is 40. One night between the school taunting sequences, Debbie takes Desi out dancing at a club, planning to confront her with her suspicions that she has been stealing money from the store. Debbie and Desi meet several players from the Philadelphia Flyers hockey team at the pub. Debbie awkwardly finds out that one of the players wants to hang out with her and possibly sleep with her. She is proud that he wants to have sex with her, but admits that she is married, has two kids, and is pregnant. Afterwards, Debbie drops Desi off at her house and confronts her about the missing money. Desi reveals she is able to afford nice things because she is also an escort. Later, Debbie meets up with Jodi, who confesses that she stole the money to buy Oxycontin. Debbie fires her and leaves. Meanwhile, Pete and Debbie are having to deal with Sadie and Charlotte fighting all the time, which results in arguments between the family. They later have a meeting with the principal, but the couple denies everything that happened. The couple is overjoyed when Catherine starts using the same language they used previously and the principal dismisses them.", "Paul Rudd. The year 2004 marked the start of his work with director/producer Judd Apatow, first on the film Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy as Brian Fantana with Steve Carell, David Koechner and Will Ferrell, produced by Apatow and again in 2005 in The 40-Year-Old Virgin with Steve Carell and Seth Rogen, directed by Apatow. He subsequently worked with Apatow in 2007's Knocked Up, as frustrated husband Pete, married to Leslie Mann's character.[23] In that film, he co-starred with Jason Segel, Jonah Hill, Seth Rogen, and Jay Baruchel. Rudd appeared as John Lennon in the comedy film Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story in 2007[22] and as the drug-addled surf instructor in Nicholas Stoller's Forgetting Sarah Marshall in 2008 with Jason Segel and Jonah Hill, both of which Apatow produced.[24] Rudd appeared as uncredited cameos in Year One (2009) and Bridesmaids (2011). In 2012, he starred and also co-produced with Apatow on the film Wanderlust with Jennifer Aniston.[22] He starred in the comedy film This Is 40 with Leslie Mann,[23] a spinoff from Knocked Up, which was directed and produced by Apatow. He reprised his role as Brian Fantana in the 2013 sequel Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues.", "This Is 40. This Is 40 received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its cast, acting (particularly Mann, Rudd and Fox) and the film's comedic moments and perceptive scenes, but criticized the film's overlong running time and occasional aimlessness.", "Leslie Mann. On June 9, 1997, Mann married director and producer Judd Apatow, whom she met while auditioning for The Cable Guy (1996); Apatow, one of the film's producers, read the lines to auditioning actresses as a stand-in for Jim Carrey.[citation needed] Mann and Apatow have two daughters, Iris and Maude, who both appeared in the films Knocked Up, Funny People, and This Is 40 as the children of Mann's characters.[26] In 2017, Mann and eldest daughter Maude appeared together in commercials for Jergens Skin Care products.", "Jay Baruchel. Baruchel appeared in the films Knocked Up (which reunited him with Judd Apatow, Jason Segel, and Seth Rogen), I'm Reed Fish, Just Buried, and the Ben Stiller-directed Tropic Thunder, alongside Jack Black, Nick Nolte, Steve Coogan and Robert Downey, Jr. He co-starred with Seth Rogen in the 2007 trailer for Jay and Seth vs. The Apocalypse, created by Rogen and Evan Goldberg as a strategy to garner interest and funding for a similar, larger-scale project (later made in 2013 as This Is the End). In 2008, he appeared in Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist. He also made a brief appearance in Night at the Museum 2: Battle of the Smithsonian.", "The 40-Year-Old Virgin. Andy Stitzer is a 40-year-old virgin who lives alone, his apartment filled with his collection of action figures and video games. At a poker game with his co-workers David, Cal, Mooj and Jay, when conversation turns to past sexual exploits, they learn that Andy is still a virgin, and resolve to help him lose his virginity.", "Craig Robinson (actor). Robinson is a frequent collaborator with Seth Rogen, starring alongside Rogen in the films Knocked Up (2007), Pineapple Express (2008), Zack and Miri Make a Porno (2008), This Is the End (2013) and Sausage Party (2016).", "Loudon Wainwright III. In September 2006, Wainwright and musician Joe Henry began composing the music for the Judd Apatow film Knocked Up, which was released on June 1, 2007. In addition to composing the soundtrack, Wainwright appeared in the film in a supporting role as the protagonists' obstetrician.[9] He has also composed music for the new theatre production of Carl Hiaasen's Lucky You, which premiered at the 2008 Edinburgh Festival Fringe.[10]", "Grown Ups 2. Lenny arrives home to help Roxanne set up for a 1980s-themed party for their friends. Meanwhile, Marcus begins to bond with Braden. As all of their friends begin to arrive, Roxanne urges Lenny to consider having another baby. Lenny continues to protest the idea and is left dumbfounded when Roxanne reveals that she is pregnant. Lenny, feeling overwhelmed by this discovery, goes off to drink with his friends. The Feder's party goes well most of the night until Tommy Cavanaugh shows up and disrespects Lenny in front of everyone, so Lenny challenges Tommy to a fight. In a surprising turn, Tommy decides to take a dive so that Lenny can look tough for his own bullied son, and the two develop a mutual respect. Soon after, Andy, along with his friends and their entire fraternity gatecrash the party, looking for retribution for the damage to their frat house. When they go on to insult the local town residents, Dickie Bailey, Lenny's old nemesis, points out that Lenny accomplished more in his life than the entire frat put together, inciting a fight. The locals hold their own against the frat men and eventually send them fleeing the scene.", "This Is 40. The New Yorker's Richard Brody writes, This Is 40 \"is the stuff of life, and it flows like life, and, like life, it would be good for it to last longer\".[17]", "The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It. According to producer and director Craig Moss, the original title was much longer, \"more of a paragraph\", and had to be cut down to the final version. On set, the film was called Slumdog Virgin, a reference to a spoof of Slumdog Millionaire included in the film.[1]", "The Oh, Hello Show. Faizon and St. Geegland have also appeared as guests in a season five episode of Scott Aukerman's IFC show Comedy Bang! Bang!, alongside The Lonely Island. During their appearance, they talked about their extensive Broadway background, which includes producing the Cats-inspired show Pugs and You Snooze, You Lose, a musical about the Terri Schiavo case. They have also appeared on several episodes of the original Comedy Bang! Bang! podcast.", "Martin Starr. Starr co-starred in the 2007 comedy film Knocked Up, which was directed by Judd Apatow. The same year, he had small appearances in Superbad and Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, both of which were produced by Apatow. Knocked Up was critically praised and was a smash at the box office.[7]", "Melissa McCarthy. On September 20, 2010, McCarthy was cast in a leading role on the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly.[28] In 2011, McCarthy had a breakout performance in the comedy movie Bridesmaids alongside Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph, Rose Byrne, Wendi McLendon-Covey and Ellie Kemper. McCarthy received an Academy Award nomination for her performance. In fall 2011, after achieving fame from Bridesmaids, she received her first Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her role on Mike & Molly.[29][30] In June 2011, she hosted the Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards.[31] McCarthy later had supporting roles in This Is 40 (2012), the semi-sequel to Judd Apatow's film Knocked Up,[32] and The Hangover Part III (2013). She was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012 along with 175 others.[33] McCarthy hosted Saturday Night Live on October 1, 2011, on April 6, 2013, on February 1, 2014, on February 13, 2016, and on May 12, 2017.[34] She was nominated five times for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her appearances on the television show from 2011–2017, winning in 2017.[30]", "This Is 40. Media blog eatpraymedia.com gave the film 3.5 stars citing its overly bloated run time preventing the film from ever becoming one of Apatow's great films but praised the performance of the supporting cast including John Lithgow and Jason Segel.[15]", "The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It. The film was released direct to DVD on June 8, 2010.", "Adam Ruins Everything. In this episode, Adam talks to Emily about the myth of being pregnant after 35, if breastfeeding is better or worse than formula, and postpartum depression.", "Jonathan Banks. In 1974, Banks moved to Los Angeles and performed on stage before picking up bit parts on television. He notably starred in the 1974 sex PSA Linda's Film on Menstruation, which was referenced by John Oliver in an episode of his show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver focusing on sex education. The episode aired on August 9, 2015, and Banks appeared at the end of the segment, ridiculing the content of said PSA.[6][7][8] He co-starred in 48 Hrs. and Beverly Hills Cop, which are among his best known roles. Other film roles include appearances in Armed and Dangerous, Buckaroo Banzai, Freejack, Flipper, Airplane!, Gremlins, Murder Me, Murder You, Under Siege 2: Dark Territory, and Identity Thief." ]	[ 1.2978515625, 0.61474609375, 2.69140625, -1.3583984375, -4.1953125, -2.388671875, -4.5234375, -2.525390625, -0.9228515625, 0.246826171875, -0.65478515625, -4.44921875, -3.6171875, -6.01171875, -3.71875, -0.900390625, -3.85546875, -0.3486328125, -6.30078125, -7.34765625, -4.92578125, -5.46875, -7.8359375, -3.275390625, -6.39453125, -10.53125, -4.6953125, -1.626953125, -5.65234375, -6.5546875, -10.6640625, -8.3203125 ]
will there be any more episodes of gossip girl	[ "Gossip Girl. On May 11, 2012, it was announced Gossip Girl would return for a shortened sixth and final season, which premiered on October 8, 2012.[4][80] During the CW upfronts, network president Mark Pedowitz said the number of episodes had not yet been decided and could consist of 10, 11, or 13 episodes with a retrospective, meaning it would end before Christmas.[81]", "Gossip Girl (season 4). The fourth season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on September 13, 2010, and concluded on May 16, 2011, consisting of 22 episodes. Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. The CW renewed the series for a full fourth season on February 16, 2010.[1] Blake Lively, Leighton Meester, Penn Badgley, Chace Crawford, Taylor Momsen, Ed Westwick, Jessica Szohr, Kelly Rutherford, and Matthew Settle all return as series regulars.[2]", "Gossip Girl. The success of Gossip Girl led to adaptations outside the United States. The show has received numerous award nominations, winning 18 Teen Choice Awards. The CW officially renewed Gossip Girl for a sixth and final season on May 11, 2012.[4] The final season, consisting of 10 episodes, premiered on October 8, 2012 and ended on December 17, 2012.[5][6]", "Gossip Girl (season 5). The CW officially renewed the series for a fifth season on April 26, 2011.[24]", "Gossip Girl (season 5). Despite dwindling ratings, series executives are confident the show will be renewed for a sixth season. Head of Warner Bros. Television, Peter Roth is also confident that the show will return, stating, \"I can't really say at this point, but I would hope and expect that there would be at least another year—if not years—to come.\"[31] Later on, executive producer Stephanie Savage hinted that a sixth and final season is likely. \"We're not writing a series finale this year,\" said Savage. She added \"I checked in with the bosses to make sure we're not shooting ourselves in the foot\" and said the cast contracts run out at the end of the next season so \"that feels like probably an organic ending point\".[32]", "Gossip Girl (season 6). The sixth and final season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on October 8 and concluded on December 17, 2012, consisting of 10 episodes. Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. The CW officially renewed the series for a sixth season on May 11, 2012.[1] The series finale was preceded by a special retrospective, including interviews with the cast and crew.[2]", "Gossip Girl (season 5). The fifth season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on September 26, 2011, and concluded on May 14, 2012, consisting of 24 episodes. Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. The CW officially renewed the series for a fifth season on April 26, 2011.", "Gossip Girl (season 6). On May 11, 2012, the series was picked up for a short sixth and final season,[1] beginning in October and concluding on December 17.[2][13] On May 17, 2012, with the reveal of The CW's 2012â€“13 television schedule, Gossip Girl stayed on Monday night and moved to the 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central timeslot following the fifth season of 90210.[14] It was announced on July 30, 2012, that the sixth season would have 10 episodes.[15]", "Gossip Girl. The series was renewed by The CW for a fifth season on April 26, 2011.[78]", "List of Gossip Girl episodes. A total of 121 episodes of Gossip Girl were aired over six seasons, between September 19, 2007 and December 17, 2012.", "Gossip Girl (season 4). The series was renewed for a fourth season on February 16, 2010.[1] It continued to air Mondays at 9/8c following 90210,[3] and premiered on September 13, 2010.[4]", "Gossip Girl (season 2). The second season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on September 1, 2008, and concluded on May 17, 2009, consisting of 25 episodes. Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage.", "G.G. (Gossip Girl). Digital Spy writer Catriona Wightman found the episode \"completely absurd\" but \"brillantly entertaining.\"[23] Morgan Glennon of BuddyTV wrote, \"Despite how ridiculous it was seeing character after character after character try to save Blair from her own stupid decisions, Gossip Girl really knows how to do big events. After 100 episodes, the show understood that it needed to go big to top off the royal wedding storyline. So the wedding, and attendant quest to stop it, was as big, dramatic and heartfelt as Gossip Girl at its best.\" Glennon also conceded about the Gossip Girl reveal, the show can still pull out those OMG moments. Glennon found Georgina \"amazing\" in the episode, \"you can't even take your eyes off her because she's so great in every scene.\"[24] However, The Atlantic Wire thought the writers \"should have waited until the last-ever episode to do the unveiling\" of Gossip Girl and questioned, \"isn't that indicative of the show's greater failings over these past four and a half years? That constant need of this once-promising show to tip its hand too soon?\" and concluded \"we think the time has finally come to remove Gossip Girl from our bookmarks.\"[25]", "Gossip Girl (season 3). The third season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on September 14, 2009, and concluded on May 17, 2010, consisting of 22 episodes. Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. The season premiered with 2.55 million viewers and a 1.4 Adults 18-49 rating,[1] up 14% in viewers from its season two finale.[2]", "List of Gossip Girl episodes. One special episode, not part of the official continuity, was produced to complement the first season and was broadcast on The CW on January 28, 2008. A retrospective of the entire series aired on December 17, 2012, before the series finale.", "Gone Maybe Gone. Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this episode, the group consisting of Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester), Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick), Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley), and Georgina Sparks (Michelle Trachtenberg), tries to find Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) who has not given any news during the summer. Trachtenberg and Robert John Burke returned in guest star capacity, along with newcomers Andrea Gabriel, Barry Watson, Sofia Black-D'Elia, and Roby Schinasi.", "Gossip Girl. Gossip Girl aired on The CW on Mondays.[155] In addition to the television broadcast of the show, episodes of Gossip Girl have also been released on the Internet. In October 2011, The CW signed a deal allowing all Gossip Girl episodes to be streamed on Netflix.[156] The same month, the network signed a deal with Hulu. Both CWTV.com and Hulu streamed episodes for free, but only the five most recent installments were available for viewing.[157] All seasons of Gossip Girl are also available through the iTunes Store and Amazon Video where each episode can be purchased separately or in complete season sets.", "Gossip Girl (season 4). Brian Cantor of Headline Planet expressed disappointment with the show's performance for the season premiere, stating \"[Gossip Girl] considerably [has] less critical interest and buzz than there had been for past seasons; the show no longer even has the 'pop culture phenomenon' claim to soften the blow of ratings releases.\"[88] Judy Berman of the Los Angeles Times in contrast, defended the show's creative form during the midseason finale \"The Townie\", stating, \"Whenever I start to think that the show has run out of material [...] it unleashes a showstopping hour of sparkly melodrama that reminds me of why I'm still watching.\"[89] With the airing of the season finale TV Fanatic's Steve Marsi assessed the fourth season stating that \"it's not a stretch to say the past season was uneven at best, lacking some of the continuity, humor and drama of the past. It's hard to put one's finger on in a sense, since many episodes were enjoyable. But there was a certain OMG-can-you-believe-this-happened factor that just wasn't there.\"[90]", "List of Gossip Girl episodes. Gossip Girl is a teen drama which premiered on September 19, 2007 in the United States on The CW. Gossip Girl is based on the young-adult book series of the same name written by Cecily von Ziegesar, and was developed for television by The O.C. creators Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. The series follows the lives of the young, wealthy, and social elite residing in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, and is narrated by an unseen and seemingly omniscient character, \"Gossip Girl\", whose blog is widely read among the characters.", "Gossip Girl. As the storylines progressed, the role of \"Gossip Girl\" is slightly decreased. She continues to run her blog, but she keeps the ultimate information for herself, sending it in the final episode as the last blast, where Serena decides to find out who \"Gossip Girl\" really is, but ultimately fails. The season finale ended with a well-received kiss between Blair and Chuck.", "Gossip Girl (season 4). It was later announced that the show would stay in its Monday 9:00 p.m. timeslot as a lead-out to 90210.[3] The season premiered on September 13, 2010,[4] to a 1.0 Adults 18–49 rating and 1.84 million viewers.[5] The fourth episode achieved a 1.1 Adults 18–49 rating, the season's highest-rated episode,[6] while episode 11 was the most watched with 2.06 million viewers tuning in.[7] The season concluded on May 16, 2011, with 1.36 million live viewers tuning in.[8] On Metacritic, the season has a 75 out of 100 rating, indicating generally positive reviews by critics.[9]", "Gossip Girl (season 4). Note: This is Taylor Momsen's last appearance on the series until the finale, though she remains credited on all season four episodes despite being absent.", "Gossip Girl (season 5). Filming for the season began on July 7, 2011.[27] On August 3, 2011, The CW ordered two additional episodes for the fifth season, which will now total at 24.[28] Executive producer Joshua Safran announced that he would be \"pulling out all the stops\" to make the 100th episode of the show special, which is expected to air in January.[29] On the date of the season premiere, the show used footage of the New York cityscape that showed the World Trade Center before the September 11 attacks. Footage containing the World Trade Center have been omitted by films and TV shows such as Sex and the City and The Sopranos to honor individuals who died in the attacks. The network has not responded to criticism regarding the usage of the footage.[30]", "Gossip Girl (season 5). The series' 100th episode focused on Blair's wedding to prince Louis. \"I think it's our biggest episode since the pilot\", said executive producer Joshua Safran.[31]", "Valley Girls. \"It was the toughest year we've ever had, figuring out what to pick up, because [our pilots] were all really, really good. We do have room for another midseason show. We have some reality, and we'll probably have another scripted drama. We're just going to take a beat and see where we are. In all honesty, I think the Gossip Girl spinoff is the show that we would love to be able to find a place for as the season goes on.\"[30]", "Gossip Girl. For episode \"Woman on the Verge\"[117]", "Gossip Girl. A backdoor pilot for a spin-off premiered in May, but was not picked up by The CW to the limited number of spots available on their fall line-up.[69]", "Gossip Girl (season 4). Erik Adams from The A.V. Club reviewed the direction of the fourth season following the fourth-season premiere. \"By the time a television show reaches its fourth season, the characteristics of its main ensemble ought to be deeply entrenched and immediately recognizable to regular viewers. But on the occasion of Gossip Girl's fourth season première, the ongoing teen soap—and its characters—are allowed some reinvention. The CW's flagship franchise is in a precarious position: it's a show that's both out of time and losing its sizzle.\" Adams cited the show's expensive art direction despite the economic woes outside of the show and the doubtful following of the Gossip Girl world considering the rise of micro-blogging in celebrity culture. Adams praised the development of Blair and Serena's relationship, declaring their friendship as \"the great, central romance of Gossip Girl.\"[80]", "Gossip Girl (season 1). The first season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on September 19, 2007, and concluded on May 19, 2008, consisting of 18 episodes. Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. It tells the story of Serena van der Woodsen's return to Manhattan's Upper East Side in New York City following her mysterious disappearance to boarding school in Connecticut, while being watched by gossip website Gossip Girl.", "Valley Girls. During a television press tour on August 4, 2009, when Ostroff was asked if the series would ever be green-lit, she said, \"Not right now.\" She explained that she believed using \"Valley Girls\" episode as a backdoor pilot \"instead of doing a full pilot\" put the potential series at a disadvantage because \"it was hard for everybody to understand what the world would be like on its own.\"[3] However, she stated that if Schwartz and Savage were interested in creating a different Gossip Girl spin-off, CW would \"of course [...] be open to it.\"[3]", "Gossip Girl (season 5). With the confirmation of the 2011â€“12 schedule, The CW announced that Gossip Girl would be returning to Mondays at 8:00pm as a lead-in to Hart of Dixie.", "Gossip Girl. On July 25, 2012, Style Network announced that it had acquired the off-network rights to Gossip Girl and started airing repeats of the show on August 15, 2012.[158]" ]	[ 4.109375, 3.13671875, 4.2578125, 1.7109375, 2.1328125, 4.4140625, 2.748046875, 3.48828125, 1.4306640625, 2.490234375, 2.798828125, 2.009765625, -1.087890625, 2.69921875, 0.384765625, -3.099609375, 0.2152099609375, -1.5908203125, 0.61328125, 0.01216888427734375, 0.287109375, 0.4716796875, 1.525390625, -0.235107421875, -2.87890625, -2.453125, -1.6689453125, -2.337890625, 0.319091796875, -2.998046875, 0.188720703125, -0.58740234375 ]
alex rodriguez most home runs in a season	[ "Alex Rodriguez. From August 1 until the end of the season, Rodriguez appeared in 56 games, batting .191, .678 OPS, nine home runs, and struck out 59 times in 183 at-bats.[139] The first base experiment yielded two total appearances in 2015.[141] He finished with 33 home runs, 86 RBI, 131 hits, and a .252 batting average. He led the Yankees in home runs, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, on-base plus slugging, and bases-on-balls. Rodriguez reached 30+ home runs for the 15th time in his career, tying Aaron for the most 30-home-run seasons in history.[142]", "Alex Rodriguez. In 2005, Rodriguez hit .321, leading the American League with 124 runs and 48 HR while driving in 130 runs.[24] He became the first Yankee to win the American League home run title since Reggie Jackson (41) in 1980. He also became one of only two players in Major League history to compile at least 35 home runs, 100 runs and 100 RBIs in eight consecutive seasons (Jimmie Foxx accomplished the feat in nine straight seasons from 1932 to 1940). Rodriguez established the franchise record for most home runs in a single season by a right-handed batter (broke Joe DiMaggio's mark of 46 in 1937). His 47 HR from the third base position are a single-season American League record. Rodriguez hit 26 home runs at Yankee Stadium in 2005, establishing the single-season club record for right-handed batters (previously held by DiMaggio in 1937 and Gary Sheffield in 2004). On June 8, at 29 years, 316 days old, he became the youngest player in MLB history to reach the 400 HR mark. 2005 also marked the tenth straight season that Rodriguez scored at least 100 runs. On defense, however, he had the lowest range factor in the league at third for the second straight season (2.62).[62]", "Alex Rodriguez. In 2007, Rodriguez became the first player in major league history to have at least 35 home runs, 100 runs, and 100 RBIs in 10 consecutive seasons, surpassing Jimmie Foxx (9 consecutive seasons). He led the AL in home runs (54), RBIs (156), slugging percentage (.645), OPS (1.067), total bases (376), and times on base (299), and was 2nd in hit by pitch (21), extra base hits (85), and at bats per home run (10.8), 4th in on-base percentage (.422) and sacrifice flies (9), 7th in walks (95) and plate appearances (708), 8th in intentional walks (11), and 9th in games (158).[24] He led MLB in home runs and won his third Babe Ruth Home Run Award.[76]", "Alex Rodriguez. On October 4, 2009, during the final game of the season, Rodriguez hit two home runs in the sixth inning that drove in seven runs, setting an American League record for most RBI by a batter in a single inning, and giving him his 12th consecutive season, 13 overall, of reaching 30 home runs and 100 RBIs, breaking a tie with Manny Ramirez, Babe Ruth and Jimmie Foxx for the most in MLB history.[95]", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez followed the previous year with a major league-best 57 HR, 142 RBIs and 389 total bases in 2002,[24] becoming the first player to lead the majors in all three categories since 1984. His nine home runs in April matched a team record that was shared (through 2008) with Iván Rodríguez (2000), Carl Everett (2003), and Ian Kinsler (2007). He had the 6th-most home runs in AL history, the most since Roger Maris' league record 61 in 1961 and the most ever for a shortstop for the 2nd straight year. He won the Babe Ruth Home Run Award for leading MLB in homers that season.[52] He also won his first Gold Glove Award, awarded for outstanding defense.", "Alex Rodriguez. For the season, Rodriguez finished fourth in the league in RBI (121), fifth in runs scored (113), eighth in home runs (35) and walks (90), and ninth in OBP (.392). He also led all AL third basemen in errors, with 24, and had the lowest fielding percentage (.937) and – for the third straight season – range factor (2.50) among them.[24] Rodriguez also became the second player in Major League history to record at least 35 home runs, 100 runs, and 100 RBIs in nine consecutive seasons, joining Foxx. It was Rodriguez's 11th consecutive season with more than 100 runs scored, the longest such streak in American League history since Lou Gehrig did so in 13 straight seasons (1926–38). Despite this success, it was perceived as one of his lesser-accomplished seasons and was harshly criticized throughout the 2006 season. He has commented that 2006 was his most difficult season as a professional.[65]", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez rebounded in 1998, when he set the AL record for homers by a shortstop and became just the third member of the 40–40 club, (with 42 home runs and 46 stolen bases) and one of just 3 shortstops in history to hit 40 home runs in a season. His 43.9 Power-speed number was, through at least 2008, the highest single season Power/Speed Number ever.[36] He was selected as Players Choice AL Player of the Year,[37] won his second Silver Slugger Award,[38] and finished ninth in the MVP voting.[39]", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez played his first game after his suspension on opening day against the Blue Jays at Yankee Stadium. He served as the designated hitter, going 1 for 2 with a walk as the Yankees lost to the Blue Jays 1–6.[129] On April 17, his first multi-HR game – and third and fourth home runs – of the season included a blast off Nate Karns of Tampa Bay that traveled 471 feet (144 m), providing four total RBIs in a 5–4 win.[130] In a pinch-hit appearance against the Red Sox on May 1, Rodriguez hit his 660th career home run off reliever Junichi Tazawa, tying Willie Mays for fourth place on the all-time home run list.[131] On May 7, Rodriguez hit his 661st career home run off Orioles pitcher Chris Tillman for sole possession of fourth place on the all-time home run list.[132] On May 27, Rodriguez set an AL record for the most career RBI, passing Lou Gehrig, also moving him into third on the all-time list.[133]", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez hit his 549th home run in a September 3, 2008 game against the Tampa Bay Rays. The opposing manager objected that the ball was foul, and for the first time in MLB history, instant replay (a process officially introduced a few days earlier) was used to review the play and uphold the umpires' ruling.[85] He was one of only four batters in the AL to have at least 18 home runs and 18 stolen bases in both 2007 and 2008, along with Torii Hunter, Ian Kinsler, and Grady Sizemore. Rodriguez hit a home run every 14.6 at-bats in 2008, the second best ratio on the team behind Jason Giambi.[86] Rodriguez played 138 games during the 2008 season with a .302 average, 35 home runs, 103 RBI, and an AL best .573 slugging percentage.", "Alex Rodriguez. By early June, the Yankees had surged to first place in the AL East. The club's fortunes changed later in the month, when Rodriguez fell into a slump that saw his batting average plummet as the Yankees fell to second place. On June 23, Rodriguez became the eighth active player to reach 8,000 career at-bats in the seventh inning of the Yankees and Braves game.[91] On June 25, Rodriguez belted homer 563 of his career, off Atlanta Braves starter Derek Lowe, and tying Reggie Jackson for 11th on the all-time home run list.[92] On June 26, Rodriguez surpassed Jackson for 11th on the all-time home run list, against the New York Mets in the Subway Series,[93] and against the Angels on July 11, Rodriguez passed Rafael Palmeiro for 10th place;[94] it was his 65th home run against Anaheim, the most by any active player against an opponent.", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez hit his 500th career home run against pitcher Kyle Davies of the Kansas City Royals on August 4. Rodriguez became the youngest player ever to reach 500 homers (32 years, 8 days).[74] On September 25, Rodriguez became the fifth Major League player to record a 50-home run, 150-RBI season when he hit a grand slam.[75]", "Alex Rodriguez. On August 4, 2010, on the 3-year anniversary of his 500th home run, Rodriguez became the seventh player in major league history to hit 600 home runs, hitting number 600 off Shaun Marcum of the Toronto Blue Jays, becoming the youngest player to do so at 35 years and 8 days old. On August 14, Rodriguez hit three home runs in a game against the Kansas City Royals. In the top of the 6th, he hit his first, a solo dinger to left center. In the top of the 7th, he hit his second, a two-run shot to dead center. In the top of the 9th, he hit his third, a towering two-run blast into the waterfall in Kauffman Stadium.[100] On September 6, he recorded his 100th RBI; it was the 14th year he had reached the mark, the most times of any player in baseball history. On Sep 29, he hit his 30th home run of the season, recording his major league record 13th straight year of at least 30 home runs and 100 RBIs, breaking a tie with Jimmie Foxx, who had 12 seasons.", "Alex Rodriguez. In his first 95 games of the season, Rodriguez hit 24 homers and produced an OPS of .930.[139] After being mired in a 72-at-bat slump without a home run until August 18 against the Twins, he hit his 25th home run which was also his 25th career grand slam, extending his major league record. The home run also drove in the go-ahead runs for an 8â€“4 Yankees win.[140]", "Alex Rodriguez. On April 23, Rodriguez became the first player in major league history to hit 14 home runs in a span of 18 games, and also tied the MLB record for most home runs in April. His total of 34 RBIs in April was one short of Juan González' AL and MLB record.[citation needed] In a game against the Toronto Blue Jays on May 30, Rodriguez sparked controversy when he shouted during a routine play and an infielder let a pop fly drop, costing the Blue Jays three runs. The Yankees went on to win the game, 10–5.[71] On July 12, Rodriguez hit his 150th career home run in a Yankees uniform. This made him the first, and so far only, player in major league history to ever hit 150 home runs for three different teams.[72] He became the third player to hit at least 100 home runs for three teams, following Reggie Jackson and Darrell Evans.[73]", "Alex Rodriguez. The 2003 season was Rodriguez' last year with the Rangers. He led the American League in home runs, runs scored, and slugging percentage, and won his second consecutive Gold Glove Award. He also led the league in fewest at-bats per home run (12.9) and became the youngest player to hit 300 homers. He was tied with Jim Thome for the MLB lead in homers, and he won his second Babe Ruth Home Run Award.[53][54]", "Alex Rodriguez. His 109 home runs in 2001â€“02 are the most ever by an American League right-handed batter in consecutive seasons. However, the Rangers finished last in the AL Western division in both years, a showing that likely cost Rodriguez the MVP award in 2002 when he finished second to fellow shortstop Miguel Tejada, whose 103-win Oakland A's won the same division.", "Alex Rodriguez. On April 26, Rodriguez hit three home runs off Angels' pitcher Bartolo Colón and drove in 10 runs. The 10 RBIs were the most by a Yankee since Tony Lazzeri established the franchise and American League record with 11 on May 24, 1936. Rodriguez became the 11th major leaguer to accomplish the feat.[63] Rodriguez won his second AL MVP Award in three seasons.", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez's power hitting numbers improved with his move to the Texas Rangers. In his first season there, Rodriguez produced one of the top offensive seasons ever for a shortstop, leading the American League with 52 HR, 133 runs scored, and 393 total bases.[24] He became the first player since 1932 with 50 homers and 200 hits in a season, just the third shortstop to ever lead the league in homers, and was just the second AL player in the last 34 seasons (beginning 1968) to lead the league in runs, homers, and total bases; his total base figure is the most ever for a major league shortstop. His 52 homers made him the sixth youngest to ever reach 50 homers and were the highest total ever by a shortstop, surpassing Ernie Banks' record of 47 in 1958, and also the most ever for an infielder other than a 1st baseman, breaking Phillies 3B Mike Schmidt's mark of 48 in 1980.[51] It was his 5th 30-homer campaign, tying Banks for most ever by a shortstop. He also tied for the league lead in extra-base hits (87) and ranked third in RBIs (135) and slugging (.622). He was also among the AL leaders in hits (4th, 201), average (7th, .318), and on-base percentage (8th, .399). He established Rangers club records for homers, runs, total bases, and hit by pitches, had the 2nd most extra-base hits, and the fourth-highest RBI total. He led the club in runs, hits, doubles (34), homers, RBI, slugging, and on-base percentage and was second in walks (75), stolen bases (18), and game-winning RBI (14) while posting career highs for homers, RBI, and total bases. Rodriguez started 161 games at shortstop and one as the DH, the only major league player to start all of his team's games in 2001.", "Alex Rodriguez. On September 20, at Yankee Stadium, Rodriguez hit his 24th career grand slam, an opposite field 654th career home run, off George Kontos of the San Francisco Giants, breaking the all-time grand slam record, formerly held by Lou Gehrig.[120] For the 2013 season, Rodriguez played in only 44 games batting .244 with 7 home runs and 19 RBI.", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez returned to the Yankees on August 21, playing third base against the Minnesota Twins, going 0-for-4. He sustained another injury with a jammed thumb while trying to make a play in that game. He returned to the Yankees on August 25, going 2-for-4 with 2 singles in a win for the Yankees over the Oakland Athletics. On August 26, Rodriguez hit his first home run since coming off the disabled list, a solo shot off Baltimore Orioles pitcher Tommy Hunter. He concluded the season with 16 home runs and 62 RBIs in 99 games, ending his major league-record streak of 13 straight seasons of 30 homers and 100 RBIs.[103]", "Alex Rodriguez. With his 666th career home run against Bud Norris of the Orioles on June 13, Rodriguez drove in his 2,000th and 2,001st career runs. However, opinions varied on whether he was the second (Elias Sports Bureau, trailing Aaron), third (MLB, trailing Aaron and Ruth),[134] or fourth player (Baseball-Reference.com, trailing Aaron, Ruth, and Cap Anson) in MLB history to attain 2,000 RBIs.[135] Rodriguez' next home run was also his 3,000th career hit, making him the 29th player to reach the milestone. He hit it against the Tigers' Justin Verlander in a 7–2 win, joining Wade Boggs and Jeter – both former Yankees – as the only players to hit a home run for his 3,000th hit.[136] With his next hit on June 20, Rodriguez surpassed Roberto Clemente, the eleventh player in MLB history to have recorded 3000 hits.[137] On July 25, against the Twins in Minnesota, and two days before his 40th birthday, Rodríguez became the fifth-oldest player to hit three home runs in one game.[138]", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez answered many of the criticisms of his postseason performance by performing exceptionally well in the 2009 postseason, where he posted a .365 batting average and hit six home-runs in 52 at-bats during the Yankees' 15 post-season games.[172]", "Alex Rodriguez. During his first season with the Yankees, Rodriguez hit .286 with 36 home runs, 106 RBIs, 112 runs scored and 28 stolen bases.[24] He became one of only three players in Major League history to compile at least 35 home runs, 100 runs and 100 RBIs in seven consecutive seasons, joining Hall of Famers Babe Ruth and Jimmie Foxx. The 112 runs marked the ninth straight season in which he scored at least 100 runs, the longest such streak in the Major Leagues since Hank Aaron did it in 13 straight seasons from 1955 to 1967, and the longest in the American League since Mickey Mantle did it also in nine straight seasons from 1953 to 1961. During the 2004 season, he also became the youngest player ever to reach the 350 HR mark and the third youngest to reach the 1,000 RBI plateau. He was elected to the 2004 American League All-Star Team, the eighth All-Star selection of his career and the first as a third baseman. On July 24, 2004, Rodriguez was hit by a pitch from Bronson Arroyo, which led to a scuffle with Boston Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek, and a bench-clearing brawl between both teams. On defense, he had the lowest range factor among non-platoon AL third basemen (2.39) in his first year at the position.[60] He finished 14th in balloting for the AL MVP Award.[citation needed]", "Alex Rodriguez. In 2011, Rodriguez batted .295 with 13 home runs and 52 RBIs prior to the All-Star break. Despite good production, Rodriguez suffered his longest single season home run drought of his career by not hitting one in 85 at-bats. Although elected to start the game, Rodriguez opted for arthroscopic surgery on his knee to repair a torn meniscus that impacted his power, and was placed on the disabled list.[101] On top of recovery, Rodriguez was facing serious allegations that he participated in illegal, underground poker games. One of those games reportedly turned violent and cocaine was openly used. However, Rodriguez denied through a representative that he ever participated in illegal poker games. An MLB Executive has said that if Rodriguez was indeed proven guilty, he may face a suspension; MLB had warned Rodriguez in 2005 not to participate in such games.[102]", "Alex Rodriguez. Alexander Emmanuel Rodriguez (born July 27, 1975), nicknamed \"A-Rod\", is an American former professional baseball shortstop and third baseman. He played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Texas Rangers, and New York Yankees. Rodriguez began his professional career as one of the sport's most highly touted prospects and is considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time.[1][2][3] Rodriguez amassed a .295 batting average, 696 home runs, over 2,000 runs batted in (RBI), over 2,000 runs scored, and over 3,000 hits. He is a 14-time All-Star and won three American League (AL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) Awards, ten Silver Slugger Awards, and two Gold Glove Awards. RodrÃguez is the career record holder for grand slams with 25. He signed two of the most lucrative sports contracts in history, but his career was highly controversial. He incurred criticism from the media for his behavior[4] and use of performance-enhancing drugs.[5][6]", "Alex Rodriguez. On April 17, 2016, Rodriguez became the 19th player to make 12,000 career plate appearances. On May 4, the Yankees placed him on the 15-day disabled list due to a right hamstring strain.[143] On May 24, the Yankees sent him on a rehab assignment to the Double-A Trenton Thunder,[144] and activated him on May 26.[145] The next day, he hit his 30th career home run at Tropicana Field, which traveled an estimated 440 feet (130 m), as the Yankees defeated Tampa Bay, 4–1.[146] However, for much of the season, Rodriguez notably struggled to adequately produce, enduring prolonged slumps as his role dwindled from everyday designated hitter to pinch hitter. In July, he had two extra base hits, including his 696th career home run.[147]", "Alex Rodriguez. In the Yankees' fourth game of the season, Rodriguez hit two home runs against the Baltimore Orioles at Yankee Stadium, including his 14th-career grand slam to end the game. The walk-off grand slam was the third of his career, tying the major league mark for game-ending grand slams shared by Vern Stephens and Cy Williams.[68][69] Rodriguez also began the season by becoming the ninth major leaguer—and first Yankee—to hit six home runs in the first seven games of the season. Rodriguez also became the first Yankee to hit seven home runs in the first ten games of the season.[70]", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez split most of the 1995 season between the Mariners and the Tacoma Rainiers of the PCL.[30] He connected for his first major league home run off Kansas City's Tom Gordon on June 12. Rodriguez permanently joined the major league roster in August and got his first taste of postseason play, albeit in just two at-bats. Again, he was the youngest player in Major League Baseball.[citation needed] During the 1995 season, Rodriguez played in 48 games, batting .232 with 5 home runs, 19 RBI, and 4 stolen bases.", "Alex Rodriguez. Rodriguez was again an All-Star in 2006. His 2,000th hit, on July 21, 2006 − six days prior to his 31st birthday − was also his 450th home run. Rodriguez became the youngest player in baseball history to reach 450 home runs (surpassing Ken Griffey, Jr., by 267 days), and the eighth player to reach 2,000 hits before turning 31. Ty Cobb reached the mark while still 29, while Rogers Hornsby, Mel Ott, Hank Aaron, Joe Medwick, Jimmie Foxx, and Robin Yount all achieved their 2,000th hit at age 30. All seven are members of baseball's Hall of Fame.", "Alex Rodriguez. Dating back to Game 4 of the 2004 AL Championship Series, Rodriguez had batted with 38 runners on base over a span of 61 postseason at-bats. He stranded every one of them, going 0-for-29 with runners on base.[96] However, in the first game of the 2009 ALDS against Minnesota, he hit two RBI singles − both coming with two outs. In Game 2, he hit an RBI single in the sixth, and hit a game-tying homer off closer Joe Nathan in the bottom of the ninth inning. In Game 3, he again hit a game-tying home run. In the ALCS, Rodriguez hit his third game-tying HR of the postseason in Game 2 in the bottom of the 11th against Angels closer Brian Fuentes.[97] For the series, he batted 9–21 (.429) with three home runs and six runs batted in.", "Albert Pujols. On September 22, 2015, Pujols hit his 556th career home run to pass RamÃrez for sole possession of 14th place on the all-time career home run leaderboard.[179] In the last game of the season, on October 4, Pujols hit his 40th home run, the seventh time he had done so in a season. Among active MLB players, it trailed only Alex Rodriguez, with eight. With Trout also hitting 40 home runs, the 2015 Angels became just the 31st team in MLB history with multiple players to hit 40+ home runs in a season.[180]", "Alex Rodriguez. In 1999, Rodriguez had a .310 average, 42 home runs, and 111 RBIs,[24] despite missing over 30 games with an injury and playing the second half of the season at Safeco Field,[40] a considerably less hitter-friendly ballpark than the Kingdome.[41] At the time, he was the youngest-ever player to record 100 home runs and 100 stolen bases, at 23 years and 309 days of age.[42] In April 2015, Mike Trout reached the same milestone at 23 years and 253 days old.[42]" ]	[ 4.8359375, 5.96484375, 4.640625, 5.546875, 4.92578125, 3.9375, 5.34375, 4.1875, 3.931640625, 3.1953125, 4.3203125, 4.65234375, 4.26171875, 3.220703125, 3.427734375, 5.140625, 4.0703125, 5.03125, 4.29296875, 4.41796875, 2.328125, 2.5703125, 4.8203125, 1.9091796875, 4.20703125, 2.353515625, 3.265625, 3.3671875, 3.267578125, 1.6826171875, -1.6220703125, 3.232421875 ]
what song did bbd sing on fresh prince	[ "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song). B-side", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song). In 2013, the song put schools in Ambridge, Pennsylvania on lockdown after a student had his voicemail set to play the song. An optometrist assistant calling to leave a reminder for an appointment misheard a lyric as \"shooting some people outside of school,\" instead of \"shooting some b-ball.\"[21]", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song). The song was released in the Netherlands as a single by Jive Records in 1992, with \"Parents Just Don't Understand\" as its B-side[4] and re-released in 2016 by the record label Enjoy the Ride.[5] The song also appeared on DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince's Greatest Hits album, along with a number of compilation albums.[6]", "Double X Posse. \"Not Gonna Be Able to Do It\" appeared in the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, in the season 3 episode titled \"You Bet Your Life.\"", "Gangsta (Bell Biv DeVoe song). \"Gangsta\" is a song performed by American contemporary R&B group Bell Biv DeVoe, issued as a stand-alone single in 1993 via MCA Records. The song peaked at #21 on the Billboard Hot 100.[5] The song was featured on an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air.", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song). \"Yo Home to Bel-Air\", informally known as \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air theme\",[1] is a song performed by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. It is the theme song to the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air.[2]", "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud. The song is referenced in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, inspired by Black Power protests, Will, the African-American male lead attempts to hold a protest (ironically, Will and his cousin Carlton are the only black people in the room) to get a popular teacher reinstated, he inspires \"Cornflake\", a white fellow student, who stands up and shouts passionately \"Fight the Power Will! Sing it loud, I'm black and I'm proud\", to which Will replies \"See, my man Conflake's got the spirit. He's a little confused but he's got the spirit\".", "Tevin Campbell. Campbell's first solo hit was \"Round and Round\", which charted at number 3 on the R&B chart in November 1990[5] and 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1991 was produced by Prince and was featured in Prince's film Graffiti Bridge.[6] After his appearance in the 1990 film Graffiti Bridge, Campbell made a guest appearance the following year on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, playing fictional teen idol, \"Little T\", a celebrity crush and date of Ashley's in the first season episode, \"Just Infatuation\". In a later episode, he was referenced when Will threatened to destroy Ashley's Little T posters after she plays with Will's autographed baseball. The song, \"Round and Round\" earned Campbell a Grammy Award nomination at the 33rd Grammy Awards for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance but lost to Luther Vandross for \"Here and Now\".", "Diff'rent Strokes. In 1994, Coleman appeared in an episode of Married... with Children, playing a building code inspector whom Al Bundy called to report an illegal driveway. When Kelly recognizes him, he denies any connection to Arnold Jackson, but utters his catchphrase to Al, \"What'chu talkin' about, Bundy?\". Also, in 1996, Coleman and Bain reprised their roles for the series finale of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air entitled \"I, Done Part 2\". In their scene, they reference Willis by name before meeting Will Smith's character, leading to Coleman uttering a variation of his catchphrase, \"What'chu talkin' about, Will?\".", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song). Music for the song was written by Quincy Jones (who also served as the TV show's executive producer).[3] Lyrics were composed by Will Smith, performing under his stage name \"The Fresh Prince\", and the song was produced by Jeffrey Townes under his stage name \"DJ Jazzy Jeff\".[4]", "Irreplaceable. Jody Rosen of Entertainment Weekly noted \"Irreplaceable\" to be \"a lilting tune unlike anything BeyoncÃ© has ever performed\".[35] Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe wrote that the song is \"gentle but maddeningly hook-y\".[22] Spence Abbott of IGN wrote that \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Resentment\" go for \"a much more traditional contemporary R&B vibe\" than any of the previous tracks on B'Day, making them stand out as if they were recorded separately from the rest of the album.[16]", "I Wanna Sex You Up. The song has been used in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place, and a 1991 episode of the daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives.", "La Di Da Di. \"La Di Da Di\" is a song performed by Doug E. Fresh, who provides the beatboxed instrumental, and MC Ricky D (later known as Slick Rick), who performs the vocals. It was originally released in 1985 as the B-side to \"The Show\". The song has since gained a reputation as an early hip hop classic, and has been sampled or referenced in numerous other hip hop songs since its release.", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (song). The single was released exclusively in the Netherlands in 1992, and it spent 10 weeks in the top 40 singles chart, peaking at number 3.[1] An article on the MTV.co.uk website stated about the song, \"Say what you want, but considering the sitcom wrapped up over 20 years ago and people are still able to start spitting out those lyrics on cue, its lasting appeal is undeniably impressive.\"[7] Tom Eames of Digital Spy ranked the song 3rd in a list of 25 sitcom theme songs.[8] and Rolling Stone readers ranked the song 6th out of a list of 10 television theme songs.[9]", "Song of the South. On the final day of shooting, Jackson discovered that the scene in which Uncle Remus sings the film's signature song, \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", had not been properly blocked. According to Jackson, \"We all sat there in a circle with the dollars running out, and nobody came up with anything. Then Walt suggested that they shoot Baskett in close-up, cover the lights with cardboard save for a sliver of blue sky behind his head, and then remove the cardboard from the lights when he began singing so that he would seem to be entering a bright new world of animation. Like Walt's idea for Bambi on ice, it made for one of the most memorable scenes in the film.\"[4]", "O.P.P. (song). Will Smith (in character as Will) dances to the song next to a car in an episode of the 1990s TV sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel Air.", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes. Aduba:\n\"B.O.B\" by OutKast\n\"Fight Song\" by Rachel Platten", "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag. \"Papa's Got a Brand New Excuse,\" an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, was named for the song. The song's title was also played on for The Simpsons episode \"Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge\".", "Isaac Hayes. In 1995, Hayes appeared as a Las Vegas minister impersonating himself in the comedy series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. He launched a comeback on the Virgin label in May 1995 with Branded, an album of new material that earned impressive sales figures as well as positive reviews from critics who proclaimed it a return to form.[18] A companion album released around the same time, Raw and Refined, featured a collection of previously unreleased instrumentals, both old and new. Hayes worked on the theme for the 1996 theatrical release 'Beavis and Butt-Head Do America', producing a piece which was essentially a hybrid of 'The Theme From Shaft' and the theme from the original 'Beavis and Butt-Head' TV show.", "List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air characters. Ashley matures very much in the series; she becomes a one-hit wonder with a hit song called \"Make Up Your Mind\" in the season five premiere \"What's Will Got to Do With It?\"/\"The Client\", however her career quickly fizzles out when her album doesn't sell because as the agent Philip hired to replace Will mentioned \"kids got sick of her [song]\", when it gets too much exposure.[2] Beginning in the episode \"Breaking Up is Hard to Do\", she also strives to become a fashion model after being discovered by the president of a modeling agency at her job at a mall food court corn dog stand.", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. The theme song was shown in the original TBS run, but after TBS re-acquired Fresh Prince in 2007, the opening credits were truncated and the theme song was removed and replaced with the instrumental version used as the show's closing theme. These versions also re-added portions of scenes cut from the original syndicated prints for some episodes, particularly those from Seasons 3 to 6. TBS continued to air the series up until September 2014, when Viacom Media Networks reaquired the rights to the series. Reruns also aired on WPIX-TV back to back weeknights at 6 pm and6:30 pm EST from 1994 until 2000, on weekdays 5 pm from 2000 to 2005, and sometimes on weekends, until 2007. The series was still rerunning on The WB's affiliation WPIX-TV until 2006. The series aired on Nick at Nite, from 2006 to 2009 and moved to Disney XD.", "Colonel Bogey March. In the opening scene and throughout The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air episode “I Know Why The Caged Bird Screams”, Carlton and company sings the tune with alternative lyrics referring to the school mascot, \"Peacocks! We're marching down the field. Peacocks! And we refuse to yield! No one's tougher, 'Cause we are rougher! We are the Peacocks of ULA!\" The song and \"march\" is called the \"Peacock Strut\" throughout the episode.", "Diamonds (Rihanna song). \"Diamonds\" was remixed by rapper Flo Rida, whose version was premiered on November 12 by American magazine Rap-Up. He had previously performed on unofficial remixes of Rihanna's \"We Found Love\" and \"Where Have You Been\".[128] The official remix of \"Diamonds\", which featured rapper Kanye West, was released on November 16 as a digital download via SoundCloud and iTunes.[129][130] West's verse starts at the beginning of the remix, as he raps lines such as \"We the cause of all the commotion / Your mouth runnin' by where is you goin?\".[131] He also quotes the theme song from The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, while proclaiming to be \"on his Brad Pitt\".[131] MTV News' James Montgomery wrote that \"there's certainly no shortage of Kanye's patented swagger, and the new remix also adds some clubby wallop to the laid-back track.\"[131] Henna Kathiya of MTV Rapfix remarked that West adds \"some classic Ye flavor\" to the original song.[132] On December 4, a new remix leaked online. It featured Eve, who rapped lines such as, \"You glisten so beautiful, priceless/ Listen to me, I need you to know/ How you can change my whole world.\"[133]", "And Now the Legacy Begins. \"My Definition of a Boombastic Jazz Style\", the album's most successful single, sampled Quincy Jones' \"Soul Bossa Nova\" â€” which was also known to Canadian audiences as the longtime theme music of the television game show Definition and later was known as theme for the Austin Powers movie series. The song was a hit in both Canada and Europe, winning a Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year in 1992,.[1] \"Wash Your Face in My Sink\" and \"Ludi\" were also notable singles.", "Bad and Boujee. The song is featured in the television show Black-ish.", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. During the fall 1991â€“1992 season, NBC gained two hit television shows to anchor their Monday night lineup (Blossom aired immediately after The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air). To gain popularity between the two shows, Will Smith appeared in the Blossom episode \"I'm with the Band\" as himself under his rap stage name, The Fresh Prince. That same season, Karyn Parsons appeared in the Blossom episode \"Wake Up Little Suzy\" as Hilary Banks. Parsons also appeared in the Patti LaBelle sitcom Out All Night as Hilary.", "Saturday Love. The song was used in a 2018 ad for the NBA's \"Saturday Primetime\".", "Jump Around. The song has been featured in films like The Wolf of Wall Street, Mrs. Doubtfire, The Rookie, Rush Hour, Happy Gilmore, Kiss of Death, Detention, Ready to Rumble, Black Hawk Down, Jack Reacher, Turbo, Whiskey Tango Foxtrot, War Dogs, Central Intelligence, and Bridget Jones's Baby, as well as the television series My Name Is Earl, the TBS talk show Lopez Tonight and the BBC Radio Scotland series Off the Ball. It was also featured in a Pringles commercial in the late 1990s. The song also appears in the second season of the television series New Girl when Jess, Nick, and Schmidt are celebrating the return of hot water to their loft. Tonight Show host Jimmy Fallon lip-synched the song in an annual \"Lip Sync Battle\" against actor and former NBA Basketball player Shaquille O'Neal on April 3, 2017.[7]", "Talk:Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law. A: I have found the name of the song. It is called Bubba Dub Bossa by Robby Poitevin. It is almost impossible to find but is available on the \"Curb your Enthusiasm\" soundtrack. Heres a link to a page that has clips, it is track number two. http://www.moviegrooves.com/m3u/curb-low-all.m3u", "Candy (Cameo song). The song has been sampled by various artists, including 2Pac (\"All Bout U\", featured on his album All Eyez on Me), Will Smith (\"Candy\", on his album Big Willie Style), and Mariah Carey (\"Loverboy\", on the soundtrack to the film Glitter); the latter song would reach #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2001. The Black Eyed Peas sampled it for the song \"Ba Bump\" from their album Monkey Business. Tichina Arnold sampled the basis for her song \"Sweet Love\" off her album \"Soul Free.\" The Song was also sampled by R&B singer Jacquees on his song \"Come Thru\" which features hip-hop artist Rich Homie Quan.", "We Will Rock You (musical). The dialogue contains many references to popular culture, with lyrics from numerous non-Queen songs and albums inserted into the text. These references are constantly changing, and according to writer Elton, this is to keep the show \"fresh\".[4] Songs that have been referenced include The Beatles' \"Help!\", \"Strawberry Fields Forever\", \"Penny Lane\", \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\", \"I Am the Walrus\" and \"Hello, Goodbye\", Little Richard's \"Tutti Fruitti\" and \"Long Tall Sally\", the theme from The Wombles, The Goodies' \"Funky Gibbon\", Bruce Springsteen's \"Born to Run\", David Bowie's \"Rebel Rebel\" and \"Space Oddity\", The Wild Ones' \"Wild Thing\", Rolling Stones' \"Honky Tonk Women\", Bob Dylan's \"Mr. Tambourine Man\", ABBA's \"Dancing Queen\" and \"Fernando\", Oasis' \"(What's the Story) Morning Glory?\", Eminem's \"The Real Slim Shady\", Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\", Elton John's \"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road\", Black Lace's \"Agadoo\", The Clash's \"Complete Control\", Teletubbies and songs by Amy Winehouse and Michael Jackson.", "Bad to the Bone. Talk show host Bill Cunningham uses the song as the opening intro to his afternoon talk show on WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio, and on his Sunday night radio show. The song E.V.I.L. B.O.Y.S. from the hit Disney show Phineas and Ferb sampled the base melody of the song to give it a Blues-sound." ]	[ -1.2265625, -1.7666015625, -0.31396484375, -0.95751953125, 1.83203125, 1.1650390625, -0.27880859375, -2.3359375, -1.4677734375, -1.3779296875, -4.6328125, 0.38330078125, -6.1015625, -0.8076171875, -4.78125, -1.396484375, -7.43359375, 0.2073974609375, -4.1328125, -1.748046875, -3.060546875, -0.63818359375, -1.9462890625, -3.763671875, -6.9921875, -3.90234375, -7.12890625, -4.1953125, -5.3046875, -5.2734375, -4.94921875, -5.29296875 ]
who plays the captain in sound of music	[ "Georg von Trapp. The Captain has been portrayed in various adaptations of his family's life such as The Sound of Music, both the 1965 film and the Broadway musical, as well as two German films, The Trapp Family (1956) and The Trapp Family in America (1958).[39] However, these adaptations often altered the portrayal of the Captain. In real life and in the memoir \"The Story of the Trapp Family Singers\", written by his second wife Maria Augusta Trapp, the Captain has been described as being a warm and loving father who was always around.[40][41]The Captain was portrayed in a more negative light in many adaptations though. For instance, in the 1965 film, Georg von Trapp was portrayed as a disciplinary man who always went away and did not care for his children or their feelings at the beginning of the film.[42]", "Christopher Plummer. Owing to the box office success and continued popularity of The Sound of Music (1965), Plummer remains widely known for his portrayal of Captain Von Trapp, a role he later described as \"so awful and sentimental and gooey\".[27] He found all aspects of making the film, except working with Andrews, unpleasant and avoids using its name, instead calling it \"that movie\", \"S&M\", or \"The Sound of Mucus\".[28] He declined to attend the 40th Anniversary cast reunion, but did provide commentary on the 2005 DVD release. Plummer relented in 2010 for the 45th anniversary, and appeared with the full cast on The Oprah Winfrey Show on October 28, 2010. In this show, it was also revealed that the cast is very close to each other even after all this time.", "The Sound of Music. In 1988, the Moon Troupe of Takarazuka Revue performed the musical at the Bow Hall (Takarazuka, Hyōgo). Harukaze Hitomi and Gou Mayuka starred.[23] A 1990 New York City Opera production, directed by Oscar Hammerstein II's son, James, featured Debby Boone as Maria, Laurence Guittard as Captain von Trapp, and Werner Klemperer as Max.[24] In the 1993 Stockholm production, Carola Häggkvist played Maria and Tommy Körberg played Captain von Trapp.[citation needed]", "Christopher Plummer. Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer CC (born December 13, 1929) is a Canadian actor. Beginning with his film debut in Stage Struck (1958), Plummer's career has spanned six decades. He is known for portraying Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music (1965),[2] and has also portrayed numerous major historical figures, including Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington in Waterloo (1970), Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King (1975), Mike Wallace in The Insider (1999), Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station (2009), Kaiser Wilhelm II in The Exception (2016) and J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World (2017).", "The Sound of Music. A production was mounted at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park from July to September 2013.[46][47] It starred Charlotte Wakefield as Maria, with Michael Xavier as Captain von Trapp and Caroline Keiff as Elsa.[46] It received enthusiastic reviews and became the highest-grossing production ever at the theatre.[46] In 2014, the show was nominated for Best Musical Revival at the Laurence Olivier Awards and Wakefield was nominated for Best Actress in a Musical.[48]", "Barry Williams (actor). In January 2001, Williams was fined $52,000 by Actors' Equity Association, the union representing stage actors, for starring as Captain Von Trapp in a non-union tour of The Sound of Music. According to Variety, the production was picketed in several cities. Williams responded by filing a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board, arguing that the fine was illegal because he had resigned from the union in September 2000 before the tour began. Equity alleged that Williams, who joined the union in 1974, was still a member when he began contract negotiations for the role.[13]", "The Sound of Music. A production ran at the Ópera-Citi theater in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2011. The cast included Laura Conforte as Maria and Diego Ramos as Captain Von Trapp.[43][44] A Spanish national tour began in November 2011 at the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The tour visited 29 Spanish cities, spending one year in Madrid's Gran Vía at the Teatro Coliseum, and one season at the Tívoli Theatre in Barcelona. It was directed by Jaime Azpilicueta and starred Silvia Luchetti as Maria and Carlos J. Benito as Captain Von Trapp.[45]", "Tony Goldwyn. Goldwyn played Captain von Trapp (opposite Laura Osnes as Maria) in a concert performance of The Sound of Music at Carnegie Hall on April 25, 2012. The benefit included opera singer Stephanie Blythe as the Mother Abbess, Brooke Shields as Baroness Schraeder and Patrick Page as Max.[7]", "The Sound of Music. The Telarc label made a studio cast recording of The Sound of Music, with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel (1987). The lead roles went to opera stars: Frederica von Stade as Maria, H책kan Hageg책rd as Captain von Trapp, and Eileen Farrell as the Mother Abbess.[16] The recording \"includes both the two new songs written for the film version and the three Broadway songs they replace, as well as a previously unrecorded verse of \"An Ordinary Couple\"\".[73] The 2006 London revival was recorded and has been released on the Decca Broadway label.[74] There have been numerous studio cast albums and foreign cast albums issued, though many have only received regional distribution. According to the cast album database, there are 62 recordings of the score that have been issued over the years.[75]", "The Sound of Music. A UK tour began in 2009 and visited more than two dozen cities before ending in 2011. The original cast included Connie Fisher as Maria, Michael Praed as Captain von Trapp and Margaret Preece as the Mother Abbess. Kirsty Malpass was the alternate Maria.[42] Jason Donovan assumed the role of Captain Von Trapp, and Verity Rushworth took over as Maria, in early 2011. Lesley Garrett reprised her role as Mother Abbess for the tour's final engagement in Wimbledon in October 2011.", "The Sound of Music. A North American tour, directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Danny Mefford, began at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in September 2015. The tour is scheduled to run until at least July 2017.[54] Kerstin Anderson plays Maria, with Ben Davis as Capt. von Trapp and Ashley Brown as Mother Abess. The production has received warm reviews.[55]", "The Sound of Music. Connie Fisher was selected by public voting as the winner of the show. In early 2007, Fisher suffered from a heavy cold that prevented her from performing for two weeks. To prevent further disruptions, an alternate Maria, Aoife Mulholland, a fellow contestant on How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, played Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinee performances. Simon Shepherd was originally cast as Captain von Trapp, but after two preview performances he was withdrawn from the production, and Alexander Hanson moved into the role in time for the official opening date along with Lesley Garrett as the Mother Abbess. After Garrett left, Margaret Preece took the role. The cast also featured Lauren Ward as the Baroness, Ian Gelder as Max, Sophie Bould as Liesl, and Neil McDermott as Rolf. Other notable replacements have included Simon Burke and Simon MacCorkindale as the Captain and newcomer Amy Lennox as Liesl. Summer Strallen replaced Fisher in February 2008, [19] with Mulholland portraying Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinees.[20]", "The Sound of Music. A new version of the musical was broadcast live on ITV in the UK on December 20, 2015. It starred Kara Tointon as Maria, Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp, Katherine Kelly as Baroness Schraeder and Alexander Armstrong as Max.[64]", "The Sound of Music. A brief South Korean production played in 2014,[49] as did a South African production at the Artscape in Cape Town and at the Teatro at Montecasino based on Lloyd Webber and Ian’s London Palladium production.[citation needed] The same year, a Spanish language translation opened at Teatro de la Universidad in San Juan, under the direction of Edgar García. It starred Lourdes Robles as Maria and Braulio Castillo as Captain Von Trapp, with Dagmar as Elsa.[50] A production (in Thai: มนต์รักเพลงสวรรค์) ran at Muangthai ratchadalai Theatre, Bangkok, Thailand, in April 2015 in the Thai language. The production replaced the song \"Ordinary couple\" with \"Something Good\".[51][52][53]", "Kevin Spacey. At Chatsworth, Spacey starred in the school's senior production of The Sound of Music, playing the part of Captain Georg von Trapp with Winningham as Maria von Trapp. He started using his middle name \"Spacey\", which is also his paternal grandmother's maiden name.[2][9] He had tried to succeed as a comedian for several years, before attending the Juilliard School in New York City, a member of Group 12, where he studied drama,[10] between 1979 and 1981. During this time period, Spacey performed stand-up comedy in bowling alley talent contests.[11]", "The Sound of Music (film). Lehman's first and only choice for Maria was Julie Andrews.[27] When Wise joined the project, he made a list of his choices for the role, which included Andrews as his first choice, Grace Kelly, and Shirley Jones.[28] Wise and Lehman went to Disney Studios to view footage from Mary Poppins, which was not yet released. A few minutes into the film, Wise told Lehman, \"Let's go sign this girl before somebody else sees this film and grabs her!\"[27] Andrews had some reservations—mainly about the amount of sweetness in the theatrical version—but when she learned that her concerns were shared by Wise and Lehman and what their vision was, she signed a contract with Fox to star in The Sound of Music and one other film for $225,000 (equivalent to $1,780,000 in 2017).[29] Wise had a more difficult time casting the role of the Captain. A number of actors were considered for the part, including Bing Crosby, Yul Brynner, Sean Connery, and Richard Burton.[30] Wise had seen Christopher Plummer on Broadway and wanted him for the role, but the stage actor turned down the offer several times. Wise flew to London to meet with Plummer and explained his concept of the film; the actor accepted after being assured that he could work with Lehman to improve the character;[31] Plummer later described himself as having become quite arrogant at the time, \"spoiled by too many great theater roles\".[32]", "The Sound of Music. Director Susan H. Schulman staged the first Broadway revival of The Sound of Music, with Rebecca Luker as Maria and Michael Siberry as Captain von Trapp. It also featured Patti Cohenour as Mother Abbess, Jan Maxwell as Elsa Schrader, Fred Applegate as Max Detweiler, Dashiell Eaves as Rolf, Patricia Conolly as Frau Schmidt and Laura Benanti, in her Broadway debut, as Luker's understudy. Later, Luker and Siberry were replaced by Richard Chamberlain as the Captain and Benanti as Maria. Lou Taylor Pucci made his Broadway debut as the understudy for Kurt von Trapp. The production opened on March 12, 1998, at the Martin Beck Theatre, and closed on June 20, 1999, after 533 performances. This production was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical.[17] It then toured in North America.", "The Sound of Music. A Puerto Rican production, performed in English, opened at the Tapia Theatre in San Juan under the direction of Pablo Cabrera in 1966. It starred Camille Carrión as María and Raúl Dávila as Captain Von Trapp, and it featured a young Johanna Rosaly as Liesl. In 1968, the production transferred to the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid, Spain, where it was performed in Spanish with Carrión reprising the role of María, Alfredo Mayo as Captain Von Trapp and Roberto Rey as Max.[citation needed]", "The Sound of Music. A live televised production of the musical aired twice in December 2013 on NBC.[60] It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller and Rob Ashford.[61] Carrie Underwood starred as Maria Rainer, with Stephen Moyer as Captain von Trapp, Christian Borle as Max, Laura Benanti as Elsa, and Audra McDonald as the Mother Abbess.[62] The production was released on DVD the same month.[63]", "Michael Park (actor). On December 5, 2013, he participated as a cast member of the NBC telecast production of The Sound of Music Live! starring Carrie Underwood. He played Cecco, one of Captain Hook's pirates, in the NBC presentation of Peter Pan Live! starring Allison Williams and Christopher Walken; the musical was broadcast on December 4, 2014.[15]", "The Sound of Music. The Salzburg Marionette Theatre has toured extensively with their version that features the recorded voices of Broadway singers such as Christiane Noll as Maria.[33] The tour began in Dallas, Texas, in 2007[34] and continued in Salzburg in 2008.[35] The director is Richard Hamburger.[36] In 2010, the production was given in Paris, France, with dialogue in French and the songs in English.[citation needed] In 2008, a Brazilian production with Kiara Sasso as Maria and Herson Capri as the Captain played in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo,[37] and a Dutch production was mounted with Wieneke Remmers as Maria, directed by John Yost.[38]", "The Sound of Music. An Australian revival played in the Lyric Theatre, Sydney, New South Wales, from November 1999 to February 2000. Lisa McCune played Maria, John Waters was Captain von Trapp, Bert Newton was Max, Eilene Hannan was Mother Abbess, and Rachel Marley was Marta. This production was based on the 1998 Broadway revival staging.[25] The production then toured until February 2001, in Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. Rachael Beck took over as Maria in Perth and Adelaide, and Rob Guest took over as Captain von Trapp in Perth.[26][27][28][29]", "Daniel Truhitte. Daniel Truhitte began dance training at the age of 6 and began taking voice lessons at the age of 10. When he was 15 years old, he received a scholarship to The Sacramento Ballet. After high school, Truhitte received a scholarship to the Pasadena Playhouse. He also attended Ambassador College in Pasadena, California. After filming The Sound of Music, he joined the Marine Corps. In 1989, Truhitte moved to Weddington, North Carolina, and then finally to Concord, North Carolina and began teaching young performers. He appeared in an episode of Entertainment Tonight titled \"A Day in the Life of Dan Truhitte\" on September 10, 1993, after The Old Courthouse Theatre of Concord, North Carolina asked him to play Captain Von Trapp in their production of The Sound of Music. Truhitte portrayed Captain von Trapp once again in the Hudson, North Carolina Dinner Theatre Production of The Sound of Music in October 2013.", "Mare Winningham. Winningham attended Andasol Ave. Elementary School, where her favorite activities included drama and playing the guitar and drums. She took the extended drama option at Patrick Henry Junior High School and continued to study over her summer vacations at CSUN's Teenage Drama Workshop. It was at this time that she adopted the nickname \"Mare\". Her mother arranged for her to go to Chatsworth High School. In grade 12, Winningham starred in a production of The Sound of Music, playing the part of Maria, opposite classmate Kevin Spacey as Captain Von Trapp.[6] She graduated co-valedictorian (with Spacey) of her high school class in 1977.[7]", "The Sound of Music. In 1981, at producer Ross Taylor's urging, Petula Clark agreed to star in a revival of the show at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London's West End. Michael Jayston played Captain von Trapp, Honor Blackman was the Baroness and June Bronhill the Mother Abbess. Other notable cast members included Helen Anker, John Bennett and Martina Grant.[14] Despite her misgivings that, at age 49, she was too old to play the role convincingly, Clark opened to unanimous rave reviews and the largest advance sale in the history of British theatre at that time. Maria von Trapp, who attended the opening night performance, described Clark as \"the best\" Maria ever. Clark extended her initial six-month contract to thirteen months. Playing to 101 percent of seating capacity, the show set the highest attendance figure for a single week (October 26â€“31, 1981) of any British musical production in history (as recorded in The Guinness Book of Theatre).[15] It was the first stage production to incorporate the two additional songs (\"Something Good\" and \"I Have Confidence\") that Richard Rodgers composed for the film version.[16] \"My Favorite Things\" had a similar context to the film version, while the short verse \"A Bell is No Bell\" was extended into a full-length song for Maria and the Mother Abbess. \"The Lonely Goatherd\" was set in a new scene at a village fair.", "The Sound of Music. Andrew Lloyd Webber, David Ian and David Mirvish presented The Sound of Music at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto from 2008 to 2010. The role of Maria was chosen by the public through a television show, How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?, which was produced by Lloyd Webber and Ian and aired in mid-2008. Elicia MacKenzie won[39] and played the role six times a week, while the runner-up in the TV show, Janna Polzin, played Maria twice a week.[40] Captain von Trapp was played by Burke Moses. The show ran for more than 500 performances. It was Toronto's longest running revival ever.[41]", "How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?. As the mission for this week, the potential Marias performed a scene from the musical with an actor as Captain Von Trapp.[22]", "Robert Powell. For several years Powell continued as a television regular, with occasional forays into film, as the Austrian composer Gustav Mahler in the Ken Russell biopic Mahler (1974) and Captain Walker in Russell's film version of Tommy (1975). His role in Tommy had few lines, speaking only during the overture with Ann-Margret, he is primarily seen through the mind of his son as played by Barry Winch (Young Tommy) and Roger Daltrey.", "The Sound of Music. An Australian tour of the Lloyd Webber production opened at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney on 13 December 2015, again directed by Sams.[56] The tour is then set to move to Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide and conclude in Perth on 7 October 2016. The cast includes Amy Lehpamer as Maria, Cameron Daddo as Captain Von Trapp, Marina Prior as Baroness Schraeder and Lorraine Bayly as Frau Schmidt. The choreographer is Arlene Phillips.[57]", "The Sound of Music. On March 2, 1965, 20th Century Fox released a film adaption of the musical starring Julie Andrews as Maria Rainer and Christopher Plummer as Captain Georg von Trapp. It was produced and directed by Robert Wise with the screenplay adaption written by Ernest Lehman. Two songs were written by Rodgers specifically for the film, \"I Have Confidence\" and \"Something Good\". The film won five Oscars at the 38th Academy Awards, including Best Picture.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein. The Sound of Music, Rodgers and Hammerstein's last work together, is based on the story of the Von Trapp Family. Starring Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp, it opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 16, 1959, garnering much praise and numerous awards. It has been frequently revived ever since. The show was made into a film in 1965 starring Julie Andrews as Maria and Christopher Plummer as the Captain. It won five Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director, Robert Wise. Hammerstein died in August 1960, before the film was made, so when Rodgers was asked to create two new songs for the film (\"I Have Confidence\" and \"Something Good\"), he wrote the lyrics as well as the music.[16] The Sound of Music contains more hit songs than any other Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, partly because the film version was the most financially successful film adaptation of a Broadway musical ever made. The most enduring of these include the title song, \"Do-Re-Mi\", \"My Favorite Things\", \"Climb Ev'ry Mountain\", \"So Long, Farewell\" and \"Sixteen Going on Seventeen\". \"Edelweiss\" was the last song that Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together.[17]", "Eleanor Parker. Parker's best-known screen role was playing Baroness Elsa Schraeder in the 1965 Oscar-winning musical The Sound of Music. The Baroness was famously and poignantly unsuccessful in keeping the affections of Captain Georg von Trapp (played by Christopher Plummer) after he falls in love with Maria (played by Julie Andrews)." ]	[ -0.86376953125, 3.494140625, 2.720703125, 6.9375, 3.552734375, 1.5703125, 2.533203125, 4.171875, 2.771484375, 4.015625, 4.265625, 4.58203125, 4.30078125, 1.34375, 1.677734375, 4.94921875, 2.8828125, 2.357421875, 4.53515625, 0.29541015625, 1.7666015625, 2.8984375, 1.2333984375, 0.372314453125, 3.41015625, 3.044921875, -1.9169921875, -5.13671875, 3.53515625, 4.6015625, 3.373046875, 3.603515625 ]
endemic species can be found in multiple areas of the world	[ "Endemism. Endemic types or species are especially likely to develop on geographically and biologically isolated areas such as islands and remote island groups, such as Hawaii, the Galápagos Islands, and Socotra; they can equally develop in biologically isolated areas such as the highlands of Ethiopia, or large bodies of water far from other lakes, like Lake Baikal. Hydrangea hirta is an example of an endemic species found in Japan.", "Evidence of common descent. Many of the species found on remote islands are endemic to a particular island or group of islands, meaning they are found nowhere else on earth. Examples of species endemic to islands include many flightless birds of New Zealand, lemurs of Madagascar, the Komodo dragon of Komodo,[131] the dragon's blood tree of Socotra,[132] Tuatara of New Zealand,[133][134] and others. However, many such endemic species are related to species found on other nearby islands or continents; the relationship of the animals found on the GalÃ¡pagos Islands to those found in South America is a well-known example.[130] All of these facts, the types of plants and animals found on oceanic islands, the large number of endemic species found on oceanic islands, and the relationship of such species to those living on the nearest continents, are most easily explained if the islands were colonized by species from nearby continents that evolved into the endemic species now found there.[130]", "Biodiversity. Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[70][citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide and it has the largest number of endemics (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. About 10% of the species of the Earth can be found in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined, Colombia has 10% of the world's mammals species, 14% of the amphibian species and 18% of the bird species of the world.[71] Madagascar dry deciduous forests and lowland rainforests possess a high ratio of endemism.[72][citation needed] Since the island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago, many species and ecosystems have evolved independently.[citation needed] Indonesia's 17,000 islands cover 735,355 square miles (1,904,560 km2) and contain 10% of the world's flowering plants, 12% of mammals and 17% of reptiles, amphibians and birds—along with nearly 240 million people.[73] Many regions of high biodiversity and/or endemism arise from specialized habitats which require unusual adaptations, for example, alpine environments in high mountains, or Northern European peat bogs.[citation needed]", "Guiana Shield. The Guiana Shield is one of the regions of highest biodiversity in the world, and has many endemic species. The region houses has over 3000 vertebrate species: 1168 fresh water fish, 269 amphibians (54% endemics), 295 reptiles (29%), 1004 birds (7.7%), and 282 mammals (11%).[4][5] Diversity of invertebrates remains largely undocumented, but there are several species of endemic butterflies and dung beetles.[6][7]", "Megadiverse countries. The term megadiverse country refers to any one of a group of nations that harbour the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species. Conservation International identified 17 megadiverse countries in 1998.[1][2] Many of them are located in, or partially in, tropical or subtropical regions.", "Endemism. Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. The extreme opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution. An alternative term for a species that is endemic is precinctive, which applies to species (and subspecific categories) that are restricted to a defined geographical area.", "Allopatric speciation. Islands are not the only geographic locations that have endemic species. South America has been studied extensively with its areas of endemism representing assemblages of allopatrically distributed species groups. Charis butterflies are a primary example, confined to specific regions corresponding to phylogenies of other species of butterflies, amphibians, birds, marsupials, primates, reptiles, and rodents.[46] The pattern indicates repeated vicariant speciation events among these groups.[46] It is thought that rivers may play a role as the geographic barriers to Charis,[1]:97 not unlike the river barrier hypothesis used to explain the high rates of diversity in the Amazon basinâ€”though this hypothesis has been disputed.[47] Dispersal-mediated allopatric speciation is also thought to be a significant driver of diversification throughout the Neotropics.[48]", "Ecuador. Ecuador has 1,600 bird species (15% of the world's known bird species) in the continental area and 38 more endemic in the Galápagos. In addition to over 16,000 species of plants, the country has 106 endemic reptiles, 138 endemic amphibians, and 6,000 species of butterfly. The Galápagos Islands are well known as a region of distinct fauna, famous as the place of birth of Darwin's Theory of Evolution and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[41]", "Madagascar. Endemic fish of Madagascar include two families, 15 genera and over 100 species, primarily inhabiting the island's freshwater lakes and rivers. Although invertebrates remain poorly studied on Madagascar, researchers have found high rates of endemism among the known species. All 651 species of terrestrial snail are endemic, as are a majority of the island's butterflies, scarab beetles, lacewings, spiders and dragonflies.[23]", "Habitat destruction. Biodiversity hotspots are chiefly tropical regions that feature high concentrations of endemic species and, when all hotspots are combined, may contain over half of the world’s terrestrial species.[9] These hotspots are suffering from habitat loss and destruction. Most of the natural habitat on islands and in areas of high human population density has already been destroyed (WRI, 2003). Islands suffering extreme habitat destruction include New Zealand, Madagascar, the Philippines, and Japan.[10] South and East Asia — especially China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Japan — and many areas in West Africa have extremely dense human populations that allow little room for natural habitat. Marine areas close to highly populated coastal cities also face degradation of their coral reefs or other marine habitat. These areas include the eastern coasts of Asia and Africa, northern coasts of South America, and the Caribbean Sea and its associated islands.[10]", "Fynbos. The area is also home to a large number of endemic creatures that have adapted to life in this area, such as the monkey beetles which pollinate Ixia viridiflora. Endemic species of fish in the five river systems occur in the area, too. Endemic reptiles and amphibians include a number of tortoises and the chameleon-like arum frog (Hyperolius horstockii).", "Biodiversity hotspot. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot-map, a region must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 0.5% or 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics, and it has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation.[4] Around the world, 36 areas qualify under this definition.[5] These sites support nearly 60% of the world's plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species, with a very high share of those species as endemics.", "Australia (continent). Animal groups such as macropods, monotremes, and cassowaries are endemic to Australia. There were three main reasons for the enormous diversity that developed in animal, fungal and plant life.", "Wildlife of Costa Rica. Costa Rica is considered to possess the highest density of biodiversity of any country worldwide.[3] While encompassing just one third of a percent of Earthâ€™s landmass, approximately the size of West Virginia, Costa Rica contains four percent of species estimated to exist on the planet.[4] Hundreds of these species are endemic to Costa Rica, meaning they exist nowhere else on earth. These endemic species include frogs, snakes, lizards, finches, hummingbirds, gophers, mice, cichlids, and gobies among many more.[5]", "Andaman Islands. The Andaman Islands are home to a number of animals, many of them endemic.", "Portugal. There are many endemic insect species, most only found in certain parts of Portugal, while other species are more widespread like the stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) and the cicada. The Macaronesian islands (Azores and Madeira) have many endemic species (like birds, reptiles, bats, insects, snails and slugs) that evolved independently from other regions of Portugal. In Madeira, for example, it is possible to observe more than 250 species of land gastropods.", "Evidence of common descent. Other types of endemism do not have to include, in the strict sense, islands. Islands can mean isolated lakes or remote and isolated areas. Examples of these would include the highlands of Ethiopia, Lake Baikal, fynbos of South Africa, forests of New Caledonia, and others. Examples of endemic organisms living in isolated areas include the kagu of New Caledonia,[135] cloud rats of the Luzon tropical pine forests of the Philippines,[136][137] the boojum tree (Fouquieria columnaris) of the Baja California peninsula,[138] the Baikal seal[139] and the omul of Lake Baikal.", "Biodiversity of New Zealand. New Zealand has a high number of endemic species,[14] such as:", "Australia (continent). As the continent drifted north from Antarctica, a unique fauna, flora and mycobiota developed. Marsupials and monotremes also existed on other continents, but only in Australia–New Guinea did they out-compete the placental mammals and come to dominate. New Guinea has 284 species and six orders of mammals: monotremes, three orders of marsupials, rodents and bats; 195 of the mammal species (69%) are endemic. New Guinea has a rich diversity of coral life and 1,200 species of fish have been found. Also about 600 species of reef-building coral—the latter equal to 75 percent of the world’s known total. New Guinea has 578 species of breeding birds, of which 324 species are endemic.Bird life also flourished — in particular, the songbirds (order Passeriformes, suborder Passeri) are thought to have evolved 50 million years ago in the part of Gondwana that later became Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and Antarctica, before radiating into a great number of different forms and then spreading around the globe.[42]", "Central America. Ecoregions are not only established to protect the forests themselves but also because they are habitats for an incomparably rich and often endemic fauna. Almost half of the bird population of the Talamancan montane forests in Costa Rica and Panama are endemic to this region. Several birds are listed as threatened, most notably the resplendent quetzal (Pharomacrus mocinno), three-wattled bellbird (Procnias tricarunculata), bare-necked umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis), and black guan (Chamaepetes unicolor). Many of the amphibians are endemic and depend on the existence of forest. The golden toad that once inhabited a small region in the Monteverde Reserve, which is part of the Talamancan montane forests, has not been seen alive since 1989 and is listed as extinct by IUCN. The exact causes for its extincition are unknown. Global warming may have played a role, because the development of fog that is typical for this area may have been compromised. Seven small mammals are endemic to the Costa Rica-Chiriqui highlands within the Talamancan montane forest region. Jaguars, cougars, spider monkeys, as well as tapirs, and anteaters live in the woods of Central America.[30] The Central American red brocket is a brocket deer found in Central America's tropical forest.", "Caribbean Sea. All 170 species of amphibians that live in the region are endemic. The habitats of almost all members of the toad family, poison dart frogs, tree frogs and leptodactylidae (a type of frog) are limited to only one island.[25] The Golden coqui is in serious threat of extinction.", "Fauna of Africa. Endemic to Africa are the families Arthroleptidae, Astylosternidae, Heleophrynidae, Hemisotidae, Hyperoliidae, Petropedetidae, Mantellidae. Also widespread are Bufonidae (Bufo, Churamiti, Capensibufo, Mertensophryne, Nectophryne, Nectophrynoides, Schismaderma, Stephopaedes, Werneria, Wolterstorffina), Microhylidae (Breviceps, Callulina, Probreviceps, Cophylinae, Dyscophus, Melanobatrachinae, Scaphiophryninae), Rhacophoridae (Chiromantis), Ranidae (Afrana, Amietia, Amnirana, Aubria, Conraua, Hildebrandtia, Lanzarana, Ptychadena, Strongylopus, Tomopterna) and Pipidae (Hymenochirus, Pseudhymenochirus, Xenopus).\nThe 2002–2004 ‘Global Amphibian Assessment’ by IUCN, Conservation International and NatureServe revealed that for only about 50% of the Afrotropical amphibians, there is least concern about their conservation status; approximately 130 species are endangered, about one-fourth of which are at a critical stage. Almost all of the amphibians of Madagascar (238 species[42]) are endemic to that region.[43] The West African goliath frog is the largest frog species in the world.", "Lake Victoria. At a genus level, most of these are widespread in Africa, but the very rare Xenobarbus and Xenoclarias are endemic to the lake, and the common Rastrineobola is near-endemic.[55]", "Plasmodium vivax. Although the Americas contribute 22% of the global area at risk, high endemic areas are generally sparsely populated and the region contributes only 6% to the total population at risk. In Africa, the widespread lack of the Duffy antigen in the population has ensured that stable transmission is constrained to Madagascar and parts of the Horn of Africa. It contributes 3.5% of global population at risk. Central Asia is responsible for 82% of global population at risk with high endemic areas coinciding with dense populations particularly in India and Myanmar. South East Asia has areas of high endemicity in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and overall contributes 9% of global population at risk.[9]", "Morocco. Morocco has a wide range of biodiversity. It is part of the Mediterranean basin, an area with exceptional concentrations of endemic species undergoing rapid rates of habitat loss, and is therefore considered to be a hotspot for conservation priority.[53] Avifauna are notably variant.[54] The avifauna of Morocco includes a total of 454 species, five of which have been introduced by humans, and 156 are rarely or accidentally seen.[55]", "Madagascar. As a result of the island's long isolation from neighboring continents, Madagascar is home to an abundance of plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth.[23][24] Approximately 90% of all plant and animal species found in Madagascar are endemic,[25] including the lemurs (a type of strepsirrhine primate), the carnivorous fossa and many birds. This distinctive ecology has led some ecologists to refer to Madagascar as the \"eighth continent\",[26] and the island has been classified by Conservation International as a biodiversity hotspot.[23]", "Andes. The Andes are rich in fauna: With almost 3,500 species, of which roughly 2/3 are endemic to the region, the Andes are the most important region in the world for amphibians.[26] The diversity of animals in the Andes is high, with almost 600 species of mammals (13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (about 1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of reptile (about 45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (about 1/3 endemic).[26]", "Horn of Africa. The Horn of Africa holds more endemic reptiles than any other region in Africa, with over 285 species total and about 90 species which are found exclusively in the region. Among endemic reptile genera, there are Haackgreerius, Haemodracon, Ditypophis, Pachycalamus and Aeluroglena. Half of these genera are uniquely found on Socotra. Unlike reptiles, amphibians are poorly represented in the region.", "Cape Town. It is home to a total of 19 different vegetation types, of which several are completely endemic to the city and occur nowhere else in the world.[41] It is also the only habitat of hundreds of endemic species,[42] and hundreds of others which are severely restricted or threatened. This enormous species diversity is mainly because the city is uniquely located at the convergence point of several different soil types and micro-climates.", "Biodiversity. A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic species that has experienced great habitat loss.[65] The term hotspot was introduced in 1988 by Norman Myers.[66][67][68][69] While hotspots are spread all over the world, the majority are forest areas and most are located in the tropics.", "Madagascar. A number of other mammals, including the cat-like fossa, are endemic to Madagascar. Over 300 species of birds have been recorded on the island, of which over 60 percent (including four families and 42 genera) are endemic.[23] The few families and genera of reptile that have reached Madagascar have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90 percent of these being endemic[48] (including one endemic family).[23] The island is home to two-thirds of the world's chameleon species,[48] including the smallest known,[49] and researchers have proposed that Madagascar may be the origin of all chameleons.", "Evidence of common descent. All organisms are adapted to their environment to a greater or lesser extent. If the abiotic and biotic factors within a habitat are capable of supporting a particular species in one geographic area, then one might assume that the same species would be found in a similar habitat in a similar geographic area, e.g. in Africa and South America. This is not the case. Plant and animal species are discontinuously distributed throughout the world:" ]	[ 3.189453125, 1.728515625, 2.08203125, 0.94970703125, -0.9990234375, -0.79296875, -0.90380859375, 0.1087646484375, -0.95654296875, 0.81689453125, -1.533203125, 0.331298828125, -1.90234375, 0.90966796875, -1.43359375, 0.83154296875, 0.383056640625, -0.1298828125, -0.43603515625, -1.9208984375, -1.5693359375, 0.54833984375, -0.908203125, -0.84814453125, -0.2374267578125, -0.3076171875, 0.149169921875, 0.25537109375, -0.7001953125, 0.1156005859375, -0.806640625, -1.9599609375 ]
what's the size of the united states	[ "United States. The land area of the contiguous United States is 2,959,064 square miles (7,663,940.6 km2). Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state at 663,268 square miles (1,717,856.2 km2). Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific, southwest of North America, is 10,931 square miles (28,311 km2) in area. The populated territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles (23,789 km2).[222] Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada.[223]", "United States. The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured: calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles (9,522,055.0 km2)[224] to 3,717,813 square miles (9,629,091.5 km2)[225] to 3,796,742 square miles (9,833,516.6 km2).[226]", "Alaska. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by total area at 663,268 square miles (1,717,856Â km2), over twice the size of Texas, the next largest state. Alaska is larger than all but 18 sovereign countries. Counting territorial waters, Alaska is larger than the combined area of the next three largest states: Texas, California, and Montana. It is also larger than the combined area of the 22 smallest U.S. states.", "United States. The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/əˈmɛrɪkə/), is a federal republic[14][15] composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.[fn 6] At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2)[17] and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area[fn 7] and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.[22]", "U.S. state. States range in population from just under 600,000 (Wyoming) to over 39 million (California), and in area from 1,214 square miles (3,140 km2) (Rhode Island) to 663,268 square miles (1,717,860 km2) (Alaska). Four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.", "Geography of the United States. By total area (water as well as land), the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People's Republic of China, making it the world's third or fourth largest country. China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area, but are larger than Brazil. By land area only (exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, after Russia and China, with Canada in fourth.\nWhether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors: (1) The validity of China's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. Both these territories are also claimed by India, so are not counted; and (2) How US calculates its own surface area. Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook, the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times.[5]", "Contiguous United States. The contiguous United States would be placed 5th in the list of sovereign states and dependencies by area; the total area of the country, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks fourth. Brazil is the only country that is larger in total area than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States, while Russia, Canada and China are the only three countries larger than both. The 2010 census population of this area was 306,675,006, comprising 99.33% of the nation's population, and a density of 103.639 inhabitants/sq mi (40.015/km2), compared to 87.264/sq mi (33.692/km2) for the nation as a whole.[7]", "Texas. Texas is the second-largest U.S. state, after Alaska, with an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200Â km2). Though 10% larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile and Zambia.", "Economy of the United States. The federal government's debt rose by $680 billion in 2013, and was at $17.091 trillion in 2014.[339] While the U.S. public debt is the world's largest in absolute size, another measure is its size relative to the nation's GDP. As of October 2013 the debt was 107% of GDP.[340] This debt, as a percent of GDP, is still less than the debt of Japan (192%) and roughly equivalent to those of a few western European nations.[341]", "United States (disambiguation). The United States of America is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.", "Montana. With an area of 147,040 square miles (380,800Â km2)[1], Montana is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California;[16] it is the largest landlocked U.S. state.[17]", "List of states and territories of the United States. California is the most populous state, with 38,332,521 residents (2013 estimate); Wyoming is the least populous, with an estimated 582,658 residents. The District of Columbia, with an estimated 646,449 residents as of 2012, has a higher population than the two least populous states (Wyoming and Vermont). The largest state by area is Alaska, encompassing 665,384 square miles (1,723,340 km2), while the smallest is Rhode Island, encompassing 1,545 square miles (4,000 km2). The first state to ratify the current Constitution was Delaware, which it did on December 7, 1787, while the newest state is Hawaii, which was admitted to the Union on August 21, 1959. The largest territory in terms of both population and size is Puerto Rico, with 3,725,789 residents as of the 2010 Census and a total area of 5,325 square miles (13,790 km2).", "Geography of the United States. From 1989 through 1996, the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 km2 (3,618,780 sq mi) (land + inland water only). The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi) in 1997 (Great Lakes area and coastal waters added), to 9,631,418 km2 (3,718,711 sq mi) in 2004, to 9,631,420 km2 (3,718,710 sq mi) in 2006, and to 9,826,630 km2 (3,794,080 sq mi) in 2007 (territorial waters added). Currently, the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km2 (3,794,100 sq mi),[2] the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi),[3] and the Encyclopædia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km2 (3,676,486 sq mi)(Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters).[4] These sources consider only the 50 states and the Federal District, and exclude overseas territories.", "Contiguous United States. Together, the 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C. occupy a combined area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2), which is 1.58% of the total surface area of Earth. Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area, similar to the area of Australia.[6] Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66% of the nation's total water area.", "Geography of Alaska. Alaska is the largest state in the United States in terms of land area at 570,380 square miles (1,477,300 km2), over twice (roughly 2.47 times) as large as Texas, the next largest state, and is the seventh largest country subdivision in the world. If the state's westernmost point were superimposed on San Francisco, California, its easternmost point would be in Jacksonville, Florida. It is larger than all but 16 sovereign nations. Alaska is home to 3.5 million lakes of 20 acres (8.1 ha) or larger.[3] Marshlands and wetland permafrost cover 188,320 square miles (487,700 km2) (mostly in northern, western and southwest flatlands). Frozen water, in the form of glacier ice, covers some 16,000 square miles (41,000 km2) of land and 1,200 square miles (3,100 km2) of tidal zone. The Bering Glacier complex near the southeastern border with Yukon, Canada, covers 2,250 square miles (5,800 km2) alone.", "Great Lakes. The total surface area of the lakes is approximately 94,250 square miles (244,100 km2)—nearly the same size as the United Kingdom, and larger than the U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire combined.[52]", "List of U.S. states and territories by area. The second largest state, Texas, is only 7001400000000000000â™ 40% of the total area of the largest state, Alaska", "List of U.S. states and territories by area. Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world.[citation needed]", "New England. The states of New England have a combined area of 71,991.8 square miles (186,458 km2), making the region slightly larger than the state of Washington and larger than England.[65][66] Maine alone constitutes nearly one-half of the total area of New England, yet is only the 39th-largest state, slightly smaller than Indiana. The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S., including the smallest state—Rhode Island.", "United States congressional apportionment. The size of the U.S. House of Representatives refers to total number of congressional districts (or seats) into which the land area of the United States proper has been divided. The number of voting representatives is currently set at 435. There are an additional five delegates to the House of Representatives. They represent the District of Columbia and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, which first elected a representative in 2008,[6] and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico also elects a resident commissioner every four years.", "North America. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa,[4] and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.[5] In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population, if nearby islands (most notably the Caribbean) are included.", "List of U.S. states and territories by area. The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000♠18% of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000♠21% of the area of the contiguous United States", "The New Yorker. The illustration is split in two, with the bottom half of the image showing Manhattan's 9th Avenue, 10th Avenue, and the Hudson River (appropriately labeled), and the top half depicting the rest of the world. The rest of the United States is the size of the three New York City blocks and is drawn as a square, with a thin brown strip along the Hudson representing \"Jersey\", the names of five cities (Los Angeles; Washington, D.C.; Las Vegas; Kansas City; and Chicago) and three states (Texas, Utah, and Nebraska) scattered among a few rocks for the United States beyond New Jersey. The Pacific Ocean, perhaps half again as wide as the Hudson, separates the United States from three flattened land masses labeled China, Japan and Russia.", "List of U.S. states and territories by area. Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area", "Massachusetts. Massachusetts is the 7th-smallest state in the United States. It is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and has an area of 10,555 square miles (27,340Â km2), 25.7% of which is water. Several large bays distinctly shape its coast. Boston is the largest city, at the inmost point of Massachusetts Bay, and the mouth of the Charles River.", "Geography of the Soviet Union. Size: Approximately 22,402,200 square kilometers (land area 22,272,000 square kilometers); slightly less than 2.5 times size of United States.", "History of the United States. Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny, U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast. While the United States was large in terms of area, its population in 1790 was only 4 million. However this grew rapidly, reaching 7.2 million in 1810, 32 million in 1860, 76 million in 1900, 132 million in 1940, and 321 million in 2015. Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater. However compared to European powers, the nation's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940. The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners. The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles, which were resolved by compromises. Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason–Dixon line by 1804, but the South continued to profit off of the institution, mostly from production of cotton. Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery.", "Oklahoma. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles (181,035 km2), with 68,667 square miles (177,847 km2) of land and 1,281 square miles (3,188 km2) of water.[20] It lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas. Much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River.", "United States congressional apportionment. The size of the U.S. House has increased and decreased as follows:[25]", "List of largest cities in the United States by population by decade. The total population of these 10 cities was 24,513,008.", "List of largest cities in the United States by population by decade. The total population of these 10 cities was 1,459,023.", "List of largest cities in the United States by population by decade. The total population of these 10 cities was 9,487,400." ]	[ 5.23046875, 5.44921875, 1.140625, 4.91796875, 1.8486328125, 1.9794921875, 1.1328125, 0.0183563232421875, -2.826171875, -1.849609375, -1.7099609375, 1.330078125, 5.33984375, 4.1953125, 0.1494140625, -0.890625, -2.06640625, -2.068359375, -1.486328125, -0.66455078125, -0.25439453125, -0.45751953125, -1.38671875, -2.951171875, -2.033203125, 0.212646484375, -0.95849609375, -1.1845703125, -2.787109375, -4.65625, -5.58984375, -5.5078125 ]
when did the first fire emblem come out	[ "List of Fire Emblem video games. Fire Emblem is a series of tactical role-playing video games developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo. Its first game released in Japan in 1990, and is credited with both originating and popularizing its genre. Counting original mainline games, remakes and spin-off titles, fifteen titles have been released as of 2016. Since the release of the seventh game in the series, Nintendo has localized all but one Fire Emblem title for the West. Traditionally a hardcore series, incorporating permanent character death for units who fall in battle, the series has trended towards opening up to casual gamers beginning with Fire Emblem Awakening in 2012.", "Fire Emblem. The first entry in the series, Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light, was released in 1990 for the Japanese Family Computer, introducing the basic series mechanics. A second title for the Famicom set during the events of the first game, Fire Emblem Gaiden, released in 1992. In 1994, Mystery of the Emblem was released for the Super Famicom, containing both a remake of Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light and a sequel continuing the story of the first game. Two more games were released for the Super Famicom in 1996 and 1999 respectively: Genealogy of the Holy War and Thracia 776.[2][6]", "Fire Emblem. The first Fire Emblem title, Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light, was originally never intended as a commercial game, defined by creator Shouzou Kaga as a dōjin project with three other job-holding students. As it turned out, the game was successful, prompting the development of more games in the series.[63] The game was developed at Intelligent Systems, whose previous notable game was the strategy game Famicom Wars.[6] Kaga would work on the Fire Emblem series until Thracia 776, when he left Nintendo and began development on Tear Ring Saga for the PlayStation.[64] After Thracia 776, the Fire Emblem series had several releases on portable devices. At this time, Marth and Roy from Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light and Sword of Seals appeared as playable characters in Super Smash Bros. Melee, prompting western interest in the Fire Emblem series. The positive reception of the characters made Nintendo decide to localize Blazing Sword under the title Fire Emblem. Due to its overseas success, it was decided to return the series to home consoles for Path of Radiance for the GameCube. Despite it arriving late in the GameCube's life cycle, it provided a late boost to sales, reaffirming Nintendo's faith in the series.[6][65] By 2010, the series was suffering from declining sales and Nintendo told Intelligent Systems that if their next Fire Emblem failed to sell above 250,000 units, the series would be cancelled. This prompted Intelligent Systems to include lots of features new to the series, intending to make it the culmination of the series.[29][66] The game's reception and sales ended up saving the series from cancellation, convincing Nintendo to continue production.[1]", "Fire Emblem. Fire Emblem[a] is a tactical role-playing game franchise developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo. First produced and published for the Family Computer (Famicom), the series consists of twelve original games, three remakes, and two spin-off, that are playable across multiple game systems. Described by its creators as a \"[role-playing game] simulation\", the gameplay revolves around tactical movement of characters across grid-based environments, while incorporating a story and characters similar to those in a more traditional role-playing video game.", "Fire Emblem. The next entry in the series, Path of Radiance, was released on the GameCube worldwide in 2005. It was the first Fire Emblem to feature 3D graphics, voice acting, and full-motion animated cutscenes.[2][6][14][15] A direct sequel to Path of Radiance, Radiant Dawn was released for the Wii in 2007 in Japan and North America, and 2008 in Europe.[2][16][17]", "Fire Emblem. No games in the series were released outside of Japan until two characters, Marth and Roy, were included as playable characters in the 2001 fighting game Super Smash Bros. Melee. Their popularity eventually convinced Nintendo to release the next game, The Blazing Blade, in Western regions under the title Fire Emblem in 2003. Many games in the series have sold well, despite a decline during the 2000s which resulted in the series' near-cancellation. Individual entries have generally been praised, and the series as a whole has been lauded for its gameplay, and it is cited as a seminal series in the tactical role-playing genre. Characters from multiple games have also been included in crossovers with other franchises.", "Fire Emblem. A short original video animation series based on Mystery of the Emblem was created in 1997. These anime episodes were released in North America, six years before The Sword of Flame was localized.[40] Amiibo figures based on Fire Emblem characters were produced, which are compatible with Fates, Code Name: S.T.E.A.M. and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U.[41][42] Manga based on the games have also been produced, including Binding Blade and Awakening.[43][44] A trading card game, titled Fire Emblem 0 (Cipher), based on the series is also available in Japan, featuring character artwork by old and new artists.[44][45][46]", "Fire Emblem. A noted aspect of gameplay is the permanent death of characters in battle, removing them from the rest of the game should they be defeated. In the newer titles, from Fire Emblem: New Mystery of the Emblem onwards, one can choose either casual, characters will appear in the next battle or classic, where characters permanently die. The series title refers to the titular object, the \"Fire Emblem\", usually portrayed as a royally treasured weapon or shield, representing the power of war and dragons, a recurring element in the series. Development of the first game began as a dōjin project by Shouzou Kaga and three other developers. Its success prompted the development of further titles in the series. Kaga headed development of each entry until the release of Thracia 776, when he left the company and founded his own game studio to develop Tear Ring Saga.", "Fire Emblem. In 1997, an episodic prequel to Mystery of the Emblem titled BS Fire Emblem were released through Satellaview.[33] The events of Archanea Senki were included in the remake of Mystery of the Emblem.[34] Characters from the Fire Emblem series have been included in multiple entries in the Super Smash Bros. series, beginning with main protagonists Marth and Roy in Super Smash Bros. Melee.[6][35] Characters from Awakening also appeared in Intelligent Systems' strategy game Code Name: S.T.E.A.M. as optional characters.[36] A crossover with the Shin Megami Tensei series, titled Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE, was released in December 2015 in Japan and worldwide in June 2016.[37] A crossover mobile spin-off titled Fire Emblem Heroes, was released on February 2, 2017 for mobile devices.[38] A crossover with the Dynasty Warriors series, Fire Emblem Warriors, was announced in January 2017 and was released for the New Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo Switch.[39]", "Fire Emblem. The first five Fire Emblem games were highly successful in Japan, selling 329,087; 324,699; 776,338; 498,216 and 106,108 copies respectively. As of 2002, total sales had reached over two million copies.[72] Sales of the series went into a decline beginning with Radiant Dawn, but Awakening topped the total sales of both Radiant Dawn and the Mystery of the Emblem remake in its first week. It went on to sell 1.79 million copies worldwide and become the best-selling Fire Emblem title in western territories.[73][74]", "Fire Emblem Fates. Fire Emblem Fates[a] is a tactical role-playing video game for the Nintendo 3DS handheld video game console, developed by Intelligent Systems and Nintendo SPD and published by Nintendo. It was released in June 2015 in Japan, then released internationally in 2016. It is the twelfth game in the Fire Emblem series,[b] and the second to be developed for Nintendo 3DS after Fire Emblem Awakening. Fates was released in three versions, each following a different storyline centered around the same characters: Birthright[c] and Conquest[d] as physical releases, and Revelation[e] as downloadable content.", "Fire Emblem Fates. Fates was announced for all regions via a Nintendo Direct broadcast in January 2015. It was announced in Japan as Fire Emblem if.[45] Its English title was revealed during Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015.[46] Fates was released in multiple versions. Birthright and Conquest both received a physical release on June 25, 2015 in Japan, which was announced for a 2016 release in the west.[31][47] Players who purchase a physical copy of either version can download the other version as DLC for a smaller price.[47] Revelation was released exclusively as downloadable content on July 9, two weeks after the physical release of Fates.[48] In addition to the standard releases was a special edition giving access to Conquest, Birthright and Revelation.[47] The western release also follows the release pattern used in Japan. In North America, the physical versions were released first in February, with the third storyline coming later as DLC in March.[31][49] In Europe, the physical editions were released on May 20, with Revelation following as DLC on June 9.[50] A special edition, containing all three storylines and an art book, was made available in both regions alongside the initial physical releases.[50][51] In Australia, the physical versions launched on May 21, while Revelation launched on June 10.[52]", "Fire Emblem. According to a developer interview with the developers of Fire Emblem Fates, there are currently fifteen games in the Fire Emblem series, including remakes of earlier titles.[1] The official Fire Emblem World portal lists thirteen games, excluding Fates.[2] Counting only original titles, there have been twelve games in the series including Fates.[3] A game was initially in development for the Nintendo 64 and its peripheral 64DD. Originally codenamed Fire Emblem 64, it was first revealed by Shigeru Miyamoto in 1997.[4] Ultimately, due to poor sales for the 64DD and internal structural changes at Intelligent Systems, Fire Emblem 64 was cancelled in 2000 and development shifted to what would become Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade.[5][6][7] It was speculated, and later confirmed by staff, that the work done for Fire Emblem 64 was incorporated into Binding Blade.[5][8] A different title for the Wii was planned, but after some trial and error, in addition to an unfocused development schedule, the project was cancelled.[9] No original Fire Emblem title was planned for the Wii U, and Nintendo producer Hitoshi Yamagami said such a game would need to sell 700,000 copies to be profitable.[10]", "Fire Emblem. The next entry released was Binding Blade in 2002 for the Game Boy Advance, originally announced as Maiden of the Dark.[6][8] A prequel to Binding Blade, Blazing Sword, was released for the Game Boy Advance the following year.[2] This entry was released overseas under the title Fire Emblem. It was released in 2003 in North America and 2004 in Europe.[11][12] The final entry for the Game Boy Advance, The Sacred Stones, was released in 2004 in Japan, and 2005 in North America and Europe.[2][6][13]", "Fire Emblem. The Fire Emblem series is highly popular in Japan.[8] In 2007, a Japanese public poll named Mystery of the Emblem as one of the country's All Time Top 100 video games.[75] Speaking to USGamer, Massive Chalice creator Brad Muir commented on how Fire Emblem had influenced the game, referring to it as \"[a] venerable strategy series\", making positive reference to its gameplay and character relationships.[76] In her review of Awakening, IGN's Audrey Drake said that \"Far too few people have played the Fire Emblem series\", calling it \"[a] darling of the hardcore strategy RPG crowd - and one of the shining gems of the genre\".[77]", "Fire Emblem. Several journalistic sites have cited its low notoriety in the west as an effect of Nintendo's sporadic localization efforts, along with its place in a niche game genre. At the same time, they have praised the series' gameplay, regularly noting its high difficulty and relationship mechanics.[47][48][58][78] Game Informer and Gamasutra both cited the series as an inspiration for later popular tactical role-playing games, with Gamasutra naming Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together, Final Fantasy Tactics and the Disgaea series as being influenced by its design.[58][79] Destructoid writer Chris Carter, writing in 2014, praised the series' mechanics, at the same time listing the five best games in the series: among those he chose were Mystery of the Emblem, Path of Radiance, and Awakening.[47] Awakening is generally cited as having brought the series more publicity and player attention.[47][79]", "Fire Emblem. The next entry in the series, Awakening for the Nintendo 3DS, was released in 2012 in Japan and 2013 in North America and Europe.[18][19][20] The second entry for the 3DS, Fates, was released in June 2015 in Japan, February 2016 in North America and in May 2016 for Europe and Australia. It comes in multiple versions: two physical versions titled Birthright and Conquest, and a third route titled Revelation released as downloadable content.[21][22] A new mainline title for the Nintendo Switch is also in development, planned for a 2018 release.[23]", "Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia. Development of Fire Emblem Echoes began in 2015 following the completion of Fire Emblem Fates. Intended as the culmination of the Fire Emblem series on the 3DS platform, several staff members from both Fates and Fire Emblem Awakening were involved. The game carried over the unconventional mechanics of Gaiden while expanding and rebuilding the story and gameplay based on recent Fire Emblem games and the team's wishes for added role-playing elements. While Gaiden remains exclusive to Japan, Fire Emblem Echoes was localized by 8-4. The game released to strong sales worldwide, receiving positive reviews from critics.", "Fire Emblem Fates. The previous title in the series, Fire Emblem Awakening, was planned to be the last in the series due to decreasing sales. The game was a worldwide commercial success, prompting Nintendo to greenlight a new entry. Fates was co-developed by regular Fire Emblem developer Intelligent Systems and Nintendo SPD, with the main staff of Awakening returning to their respective roles for Fates: they were Intelligence System's Kouhei Maeda as director, Nintendo SPD director Genki Yokota, Nintendo producer Hitoshi Yamagami, art director Toshiyuki Kusakihara, and character designer Yūsuke Kozaki. Yokota's work on the game ran parallel with his work on Xenoblade Chronicles X. Masahiro Higuchi, Awakening's project manager, came on board as a producer. According to the original staff, the request for a sequel was a shock as they had all developed Awakening assuming it would be the last in the series.[3][25] During its early design stages, Fates was given the working title Fire Emblem 3DS II.[26] The game's cutscenes were animated by Studio Anima, while storyboarding was handled by Spooky Graphic.[27][28] To develop the multiple versions, one core team worked on the game's shared assets, while additional teams handled individual level design.[29]", "Fire Emblem. After Kaga left Nintendo, he founded a studio called Tirnanog and began development on a game titled Emblem Saga, a strategy role-playing game for the PlayStation. The game bore multiple similarities to the Fire Emblem series, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Tirnanog for copyright infringement. The first suit failed, and the court ruled in Tirnanog's favor. Nintendo filed a second lawsuit, and this time was awarded a cash settlement of Â¥76 million. Nevertheless, Tirnanog and publisher Enterbrain were still allowed to publish the title, though they changed its name to Tear Ring Saga, and eventually developed a sequel. Nintendo attempted taking a third lawsuit to the Japanese Supreme Court in 2005, but the second ruling was upheld.[80][81][82][83]", "Fire Emblem. An expanded remake of the first game, titled Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon, was released for the Nintendo DS in 2008 in Japan and Europe, and 2009 in North America. Restoring content cut from the first game when it was remade in Mystery of the Emblem, the game makes use of the DS' gameplay functions and includes additional story elements.[24][25][26] A second remake for the DS was released in 2010. Titled New Mystery of the Emblem, it was an expanded remake similar to Shadow Dragon, and did not receive a western release.[27][28][29] A remake of Gaiden, titled Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia, was released on the 3DS in 2017.[30][31][32]", "Fire Emblem Fates. After the critical and commercial success of Awakening, development began on Fates, with the staff of Awakening returning to their previous roles. The team's main concern was adding new features and refinements to the original gameplay, and improving the story, which had received criticism from fans. To this end, writer Shin Kibayashi was brought in. To show all sides of the story and provide players with different Fire Emblem experiences, the game was split up into multiple versions. Upon release, it met with highly positive reviews: Birthright was generally seen as a good starting place for new players, Conquest was praised for its challenge, while Revelation was noted as a good middle ground between the two releases.", "Fire Emblem. The series' original music was composed by Yuka Tsujiyoko. As the only music composer at Intelligent Systems when Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light was in production, she acted as both composer and sound director, up until Thracia 776, when she left the company to freelance after completing the score for Paper Mario.[64] She has worked on later Fire Emblem games, alongside other composers including Saki Kasuga, Hiroki Morishita, and Rei Kondoh.[67][68] The series includes several other notable staff members: Tohru Narihiro, who was involved in every Fire Emblem since the original; Masahiro Higuchi, who began as a graphics designer for Genealogy of the Holy War; and Kouhei Maeda, who wrote the scenarios for every game since The Sword of Flame and became a director for Awakening.[29][65] Multiple artists are associated with the series. The characters for the first game and the remake of Mystery of the Emblem were designed by Daisuke Idzuka.[45] The characters of Mystery of the Emblem and Genealogy of the Holy War were designed by Katsuyoshi Koya, who later worked on designs for the Fire Emblem Trading Card Game. Katsuyoshi, who was unsatisfied with his work on the series, stepped down for Thracia 776. The designer for Thracia 776 was Mayumi Hirota, whose brief tenure with the series ended when he left Intelligent Systems with Kaga after the game's completion. Nevertheless, his art for the series was described by Kaga as his favorite up to that point.[46][69] Other artists involved in later games are Eiji Kaneda (Binding Blade), Sachiko Wada (The Sacred Stones) and Senri Kita (Path of Radiance, Radiant Dawn).[45] For Shadow Dragon, the character artwork was redone by Ghost in the Shell artist Masamune Shirow.[70] Awakening's character designers were Toshiyuki Kusakihara and Yūsuke Kozaki, who were brought on to give a new look to the series.[29][71] Kozaki returned as character designer for Fates.[1]", "Fire Emblem Fates. Prior to its western release, pre-orders for the Special Edition holding all three versions were high, resulting in it selling out by December 2015. After this, a glitch in GameStop's ordering system meant that copies of the Special Edition were reserved after stocks were empty, and they gave orders the option of cancelling or transferring their order to a different Special Edition offer.[97] On release in North America, the game became the fastest-selling game in the series' history, selling over 300,000 units during its opening weekend: this was estimated as being five times the debut sales of Awakening during a similar period. Birthright was the better-selling of the two versions, with Conquest said to be \"close behind\".[98] According to the February NPD Group report, Fates sold nearly 400,000 copies across physical and digital versions, with both versions reaching places in the top ten gaming chart. In addition, combined sales of all versions including the Special Edition placed the game third overall in software sales, tripling the equivalent first-month sales of Awakening.[99] When the physical versions released in the UK, Birthright was the better-selling edition, coming in at #5 in the all-format charts behind multi-platform releases Doom, Homefront: The Revolution and Uncharted 4: A Thief's End. Conquest came in at #11 in the all-format charts. In platform-specific charts, Birthright and Conquest reached #6 and #8 respectively.[100] In a financial briefing at the end of the 2015-2016 fiscal year, the physical versions were said to have sold a combined total of 1.84 million copies.[101] The title's DLC sales were also strong, coming in fifth in the top-five best-selling DLC content for Nintendo products.[102] As of March 2017, the game's total physical and download sales across all regions have come to 1.6 million copies: sales of 500,000 units were recorded for Japan, while the remaining 1.1 million were recorded overseas.[103]", "Fire Emblem Fates. During the initial planning stage, the team reviewed how fans and critics had responded to Awakening. While the gameplay and graphics were positively received, the story had been criticized for its quality by the main fan base, even though new players approved of it. To that end, they decided to write a story that would appeal to series veterans as well as newcomers. The concept of the story changing depending on which protagonists the main character sided with, originated from Yamagami's memories of the first Fire Emblem, which allowed for choosing different protagonists but did not change the story. Wanting to play from both sides of a conflict and show both sides as neither good nor evil, the team decided to create multiple versions of the game. Initially, the plan was just for a choice between one kingdom or the other, but Yamagami wanted a neutral path where neither side was chosen, so a third version of the game was planned. The game's Japanese title, \"If\", came from the sheer number of choices featured for players in the game. The English title \"Fates\" referred to the concept of the main character shaping and changing their fate by choosing a side.[3] After the creation of the three storylines, the team needed to make the decision to divide Birthright and Conquest into separate physical releases. This was because packaging them as a single release would have necessitated raising the game's price to the equivalent of a two-game bundle, which would not benefit people who wanted to play one single version. Another reason for this decision was how easy it had become to add the other versions on as cheaper downloadable content (DLC). This opened up the option for players to run through the game until the crucial decision point in Chapter 5, then buy the alternate routes as downloadable content so they had different choices. Each route was estimated to have the same amount of gameplay and story content as Awakening.[8]", "Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia. The title was first announced in January 2017 during a Nintendo Direct broadcast dedicated to the Fire Emblem series.[6] In Japan, multiple versions of the game were released; in addition to the standard release, there was also a limited edition with a special soundtrack, and a \"Valentia Complete\" edition featuring the contents of the limited edition with added items, including an artbook.[13] The game was released in Japan on April 20, 2017;[14] in North America and Europe on May 19;[6][15] and in Australasia on May 20.[16] Amiibo figures of the game's protagonists Alm and Celica were released alongside the game.[6] The game features full voice acting—a first for the Fire Emblem series—for all but minor characters, but the English release does not include dual audio unlike Awakening.[3][17] The game's localization was handled by 8-4, who previously worked on Awakening and the 2008 Nintendo DS title Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon.[18] Post-release, five downloadable content packs are set for release over the following two months, and a Season Pass giving access to all five packs at a reduced price.[19]", "Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia. Shadows of Valentia is a full remake of Fire Emblem Gaiden.[5] The second entry in the Fire Emblem series, Gaiden was released in 1992 for the Famicom. The game was notable for breaking away from the gameplay precedents set in its predecessor, Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light; while it retained that game's tactical turn-based battle system, it included new features, such as navigable towns and overworld, and simplified mechanics. Due to these changes, Gaiden came to be considered the black sheep of the series, with many of its new elements being dropped for subsequent entries. Gaiden did not receive a Western release.[6][7] Development for Echoes began following the completion of Fire Emblem Fates for the Nintendo 3DS in 2015. Nintendo series producer Hitoshi Yamagami thought about developing a Fire Emblem game for the Nintendo Switch home console, but considered it was too early as the console's specifications were still being decided upon. Several Intelligent Systems staff said they wanted to implement features that had to be cut from Fates in a remake of Gaiden. As Gaiden has received little attention up to this point, Yamagami thought they could quickly develop a remake and release it before the Switch's release.[8] An alternative plan was creating an all-new game, but early planning was already in place for the planned Fire Emblem title for Switch, so it was considered too late to begin a third original 3DS game.[9] It was initially planned for release in September 2016, but they could not reach this deadline without compromising the game's quality, so the release was delayed into 2017.[8]", "Fire Emblem. The Fire Emblem series has been described by its developers as an \"RPG simulation\", combining tactical simulation gameplay with the plot and character development of a role-playing game, creating a sense of connection with characters in the field not present in previous tactical games.[54] Battles in the Fire Emblem series play out on a grid-based map, with the player controlling a set number of characters across maps tied to both the game's story and optional side stories. Each character has a specific character class, giving them set abilities and affecting how far they can move across the field. Some character classes have innate skills unique to them, and each character has its own class and stats. Depending on the series entry, a character's class can be changed or upgraded with or without special items. During battle, each character gains experience points by performing actions, such as attacking an enemy, healing an ally, and slaying a foe (which typically offers the most experience points). When a certain level is reached, the character levels up, and new skill points are awarded randomly to a character's attributes, be they the character's maximum health, agility or strength. The more a character is used in battle, the more experience that character gains.[55][56][57][58]", "Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia. Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia[a] is a tactical role-playing game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS handheld video game console in 2017. The game is a full remake of the 1992 Famicom title Fire Emblem Gaiden, the second entry in the Fire Emblem series. Following childhood friends Alm and Celica as they fight on opposites sides of a war between their respective nations, Fire Emblem Echoes carries over the core gameplay mechanics of the Fire Emblem series while incorporating mechanics from Gaiden and new elements including dungeon crawling.", "Fire Emblem. The Fire Emblem games take place across multiple unrelated settings within a Medieval or Renaissance-themed time period, with the story generally focused on the main protagonist, usually a member of royalty, caught in the conflict of two or more countries across a continent and fighting for their cause before having to defeat the game's final boss. [47][48][49] The continents of Archanea and Valentia are the settings of Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light, Gaiden, Mystery of the Emblem and Awakening, with Awakening taking place several millennia after the other games.[6][50] It was also the planned setting for Fire Emblem 64.[51] Genealogy of the Holy War and Thracia 776 are set in the land of Jugdral, while Fire Emblem and Binding Blade take place in Elibe. The Sacred Stones is set in the land of Magvel. Path of Radiance and Radiant Dawn are set on the continent of Tellius.[6]", "Fire Emblem Fates. As the plans for three different versions of the game appeared, the staff realized that it was impossible to write three storylines in-house. After searching through known video game writers, they decided to consider writers in other fields. The writer suggested by Maeda was Shin Kibayashi, who was famous in Japan for his work on multiple manga and television series. Kibayashi was initially approached by Kozaki through their shared editor, and was pitched the project by the staff in December 2012. Kibayashi was going to refuse the project as he had a tight work schedule, but after both he and his daughter played through a copy of Awakening provided by staff, Kibayashi decided to accept and wrote an initial draft story. Despite his initial minimal commitment of a ten-page summary for each storyline, he became fond of the characters and felt that 10 pages were not enough, and thus the full summary for Birthright extended to about 500 pages. After delivering his work, he then wrote summaries of equal length for Conquest and Revelation, driven by the need to create a high-quality story, partially to surpass his daughter's pressuring expectations, and ended up writing enough script to fill two books. While the Japanese titles for Birthright and Conquest were written in kanji, the third storyline's title was written in katakana to distinguish it from the other two.[3] A great deal of the character traits for the royals of Hoshido and Nohr were contributed by Kibayashi.[29] After he had done his work on the storylines, other writers took over much of the rest of the work.[35] The main scenario writer for the Revelation storyline was Yukinori Kitajima, a writer associated with the Senran Kagura series. He and other staff from his company Synthese also wrote the support conversations for Birthright and Conquest.[36] One of the principal writers for all three story routes was Nami Komuro, who had previously worked on Awakening.[25][26]", "Fire Emblem Fates. An official soundtrack album, Fire Emblem if Official Soundtrack, released on April 27, 2016 through the Symphony No. 5 label of Tablier Communications. The album contains seven discs of music from all three versions of Fates, and a booklet featuring commentary from the composers. Also included is a special DVD containing remixes of tracks from both Fates and previous Fire Emblem games, high-definition versions of the three opening cinematics, and cutscenes from Birthright and Conquest featuring alternate versions of a dance sequence with Azura.[43] The soundtrack, having eight disks in total, is one of the largest single game official soundtracks ever released.[44] \"Lost In Thoughts All Alone\", Renka's debut single, was released as a regular CD edition and a special DVD edition featuring a music video on July 1, 2015.[37][40] It was also included as part of the main soundtrack release.[38]" ]	[ 5.234375, 4.74609375, 3.7109375, -1.6376953125, 3.576171875, 3.802734375, 1.2255859375, 2.220703125, 2.3359375, -1.49609375, -2.322265625, -0.0279541015625, 3.529296875, 2.537109375, -3.552734375, -4.08203125, 0.8369140625, -3.982421875, -2.94140625, -1.7509765625, 2.3828125, -2.208984375, -1.248046875, -0.79248046875, -2.462890625, -0.0207672119140625, 0.54833984375, -5.203125, -1.625, -1.6259765625, -1.7724609375, -1.529296875 ]
where does the title the catcher in the rye come from	[ "Comin' Thro' the Rye. The title of the novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951) by J. D. Salinger comes from the poem's name. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, misinterprets a part of this poem to mean \"if a body catch a body\" rather than \"if a body meet a body.\" He keeps picturing children playing in a field of rye near the edge of a cliff, and him catching them when they start to fall off.[8]", "The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye is a story by J. D. Salinger, first published in serial form in 1945-6 and as a novel in 1951.[3] A classic novel originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage angst and alienation.[4][5] It has been translated into almost all of the world's major languages.[6] Around 1 million copies are sold each year with total sales of more than 65 million books.[7] The novel's protagonist Holden Caulfield has become an icon for teenage rebellion.[8] The novel also deals with complex issues of innocence, identity, belonging, loss, and connection.", "Mondegreen. The title of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye is often mistaken for a mondegreen. The main character, Holden Caulfield, misremembers a sung version of the Robert Burns poem \"Comin' Thro' the Rye\": the line \"Gin a body meet a body / comin' through the rye\" is recalled as \"Gin a body catch a body / comin' through the rye.\" This is not a mondegreen, but a result of a confabulation in Holden's psyche in line with the theme of the novel.", "The Catcher in the Rye. Each Caulfield child has literary talent. D.B. writes screenplays in Hollywood; Holden also reveres D.B. for his writing skill (Holden's own best subject), but he also despises Hollywood industry-based movies, considering them the ultimate in \"phony\" as the writer has no space for his own imagination, and describes D.B.'s move to Hollywood to write for films as \"prostituting himself\"; Allie wrote poetry on his baseball glove; and Phoebe is a diarist.[20][not in citation given] This \"catcher in the rye\" is an analogy for Holden, who admires in children attributes that he struggles to find in adults, like innocence, kindness, spontaneity, and generosity. Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes. Later, Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the \"catcher\" and the \"fallen\"; he gives her his hunting hat, the catcher's symbol, and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes the catcher.[21]", "Holden Caulfield. Holden Caulfield is a fictional character in author J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. Since the book's publication, Holden has become an icon for teenage rebellion and angst, and now stands among the most important characters of 20th-century American literature. The name Holden Caulfield was used in an unpublished short story written in 1942 and first appeared in print in 1945.", "Holden Caulfield. Holden Caulfield is one of the most enduring characters in 20th-century American fiction. It has been suggested that Salinger himself related so closely to Holden that he was protective of the character. This was the reason he was unwilling to allow filming of the book or use of the character by other writers.[4] The Catcher in the Rye is required reading in many high school English courses, although it has been banned from some school libraries by parent and teacher groups opposed to its use of profanity and perceived glorification of rebellion.", "Holden Caulfield. Holden Caulfield is the narrator and main character of The Catcher in the Rye. The novel recounts Holden's week in New York City during Christmas break following his expulsion from Pencey Prep, a preparatory school in Pennsylvania based loosely on Salinger's alma mater Valley Forge Military Academy. Holden Caulfield tells his story with surprising honesty from a hospital in California in a cynical and jaded language.", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture. The best-known event associated with The Catcher in the Rye is arguably Mark David Chapman's shooting of John Lennon.[14] Chapman identified with the novel's narrator to the extent that he wanted to change his name to Holden Caulfield. On the night he shot Lennon, Chapman was found with a copy of the book in which he had written \"This is my statement\" and signed Holden's name.[15] Later, he read a passage from the novel to address the court during his sentencing.[16] Daniel Stashower speculated that Chapman had wanted Lennon's innocence to be preserved by death, inspired by Holden's wish to preserve children's innocence despite Holden's later realization that children should be left alone.[16]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture. The 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger has had a lasting influence[1][2] as it remains both a bestseller[3] and a frequently challenged book.[3][4] Numerous works in popular culture have referenced the novel.[5][6] Factors contributing to the novel's mystique and impact include its portrayal of protagonist Holden Caulfield;[1] its tone of sincerity;[1] its themes of familial neglect,[7] tension between teens and society,[3][7] and rebellion;[7] its previous banned status;[8] and Salinger's reclusiveness.[1]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture. The Catcher in the Rye has inspired \"rewrites\" which have been said to form their own genre.[9] On the other hand, there are examples of similarities between the novel and other works that were not intended by their authors,[7][10][11] which suggests that the novel is \"present, at least spiritually, in ... any story line that involves quirky young people struggling to find their places in a society prone to reward conformity and condemn individuality.\"[3]", "The Catcher in the Rye. The July 1985 issue of National Lampoon included a parody of the novel, ostensibly written by Holden Caulfield's son, entitled 'The Son of the Catcher, who Lives in Rye'.", "The Catcher in the Rye. In their biography of Salinger, David Shields and Shane Salerno argue that: \"The Catcher in the Rye can best be understood as a disguised war novel.\" Salinger witnessed the horrors of World War II, but rather than writing a combat novel, Salinger, according to Shields and Salerno, \"took the trauma of war and embedded it within what looked to the naked eye like a coming-of-age novel.\"[22]", "The Catcher in the Rye. Fantasy writer Harry Turtledove has written a pastiche-parody \"Catcher in the Rhine\", based on his daughter's mishearing of Salinger's title. In this short story, an unnamed narrator, who is clearly meant to be Holden Caulfield but is unnamed to avoid copyright problems, goes on vacation to Germany and meets characters from the Niebelunglied. This was first published in The Chick is in the Mail, edited by Esther Friesner, Baen 2000 and reprinted in the omnibus Chicks Ahoy! (2010). It was reprinted in Atlantis and Other Places also in 2010.", "The Catcher in the Rye. However, not all reception has been positive; the book has had its share of critics. Rohrer writes, \"Many of these readers are disappointed that the novel fails to meet the expectations generated by the mystique it is shrouded in. J. D. Salinger has done his part to enhance this mystique. That is to say, he has done nothing.\"[26] Rohrer assessed the reasons behind both the popularity and criticism of the book, saying that it \"captures existential teenage angst\" and has a \"complex central character\" and \"accessible conversational style\"; while at the same time some readers may dislike the \"use of 1940s New York vernacular\" and other things.", "The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye has been listed as one of the best novels of the twentieth century. Shortly after its publication, writing for The New York Times, Nash K. Burger called it \"an unusually brilliant novel,\"[23] while James Stern wrote an admiring review of the book in a voice imitating Holden's.[24] George H. W. Bush called it a \"marvelous book,\" listing it among the books that have inspired him.[25] In June 2009, the BBC's Finlo Rohrer wrote that, 58 years since publication, the book is still regarded \"as the defining work on what it is like to be a teenager. Holden is at various times disaffected, disgruntled, alienated, isolated, directionless, and sarcastic.\"[26] Adam Gopnik considers it one of the \"three perfect books\" in American literature, along with Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Great Gatsby, and believes that \"no book has ever captured a city better than Catcher in the Rye captured New York in the fifties.\"[27] Jeff Pruchnic wrote an appraisal of The Catcher in the Rye after the death of J.D. Salinger. In this article, Pruchnic focuses on how the novel continues to be received incredibly well, even after it has aged many generations. Pruchnic describes Holden as a “teenage protagonist frozen midcentury but destined to be discovered by those of a similar age in every generation to come”.[28] Bill Gates said that The Catcher in the Rye is one of his favorite books ever. [29]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture. The novel also helped popularize the slang verb \"screw up\".[12]", "The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye has had significant cultural influence, and works inspired by the novel have been said to form their own genre. Sarah Graham assessed works influenced by The Catcher in the Rye to include the novels Less Than Zero by Bret Easton Ellis, The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky, A Complicated Kindness by Miriam Toews, The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, Ordinary People by Judith Guest, and the film Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers.[59]", "Holden Caulfield. Although it has been conjectured that J. D. Salinger got the name for Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye when he saw a marquee for the 1947 film Dear Ruth, starring William Holden and Joan Caulfield,[1] Salinger's first Holden Caulfield story, \"I'm Crazy,\" appeared in Collier's on December 22, 1945, a year and a half before this movie was released.", "The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye is narrated in a subjective style from the point of view of Holden Caulfield, following his exact thought processes. There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes; for example, as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm, minor events, such as picking up a book or looking at a table, unfold into discussions about experiences.", "The Catcher in the Rye. Holden decides to meet his old classmate, a Columbia student named Carl Luce, for drinks at the Wicker Bar in the Seton Hotel. During the meeting, Holden annoys Carl with his fixation on sex. After Luce leaves, Holden gets drunk, awkwardly flirts with several adults, and calls an icy Sally. Exhausted and out of money, Holden wanders over to Central Park to investigate the ducks, breaking Phoebe's record on the way. Nostalgically recalling his experience in elementary school and the unchanging dioramas in the Museum of Natural History that he enjoyed visiting as a child, Holden heads home to see Phoebe. He sneaks into his parents' apartment while they are out, and wakes up Phoebe â€“ the only person with whom he seems to be able to communicate his true feelings. Although Phoebe is happy to see Holden, she quickly deduces that he has been expelled, and chastises him for his aimlessness and his apparent dislikes towards everything. When asked if he cares about anything, Holden shares a selfless fantasy he has been thinking about (based on a mishearing of Robert Burns's Comin' Through the Rye): he pictures himself as the sole guardian of thousands of children playing in a huge rye field on the edge of a cliff. His job is to catch the children if, in their abandon, they come close to falling off the brink; to be, in effect, the \"catcher in the rye\". Because of this misinterpretation, Holden believes that to be the \"catcher in the rye\" means to save children from losing their innocence.", "Rebel in the Rye. The life of author J. D. Salinger from his youth to the World War II era, including his romantic life and the publication of his debut novel The Catcher in the Rye.[3][4]", "The Catcher in the Rye. The challenges generally begin with Holden's frequent use of vulgar language,[36][37] with other reasons including sexual references,[38] blasphemy, undermining of family values[37] and moral codes,[39] encouragement of rebellion,[40] and promotion of drinking, smoking, lying, promiscuity, and sexual abuse.[39] Often the challengers have been unfamiliar with the plot itself.[31] Shelley Keller-Gage, a high school teacher who faced objections after assigning the novel in her class, noted that \"the challengers are being just like Holden... They are trying to be catchers in the rye\".[37] A Streisand effect has been that this incident caused people to put themselves on the waiting list to borrow the novel, when there was no waiting list before.[41][42]", "Fuck. The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger featured the use of fuck you in print. First published in the United States in 1951, the novel remains controversial to this day due in part to its use of the word, standing at number 13 for the most banned books from 1990 to 2000 according to the American Library Association.[29]", "The Catcher in the Rye. Holden Caulfield, a teenager, is living in an unspecified institution in Southern California near Hollywood in 1951. Caulfield intends to live with his brother D.B, an author and World War II veteran whom Holden resents for becoming a screenwriter, after his release in one month. As he waits, Holden recalls the events of the previous Christmas.", "The Catcher in the Rye. Critical reviews affirm that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time.[15] Words and phrases that appear frequently include:", "The Catcher in the Rye. Early in his career, Salinger expressed a willingness to have his work adapted for the screen.[45] In 1949, a critically panned film version of his short story \"Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut\" was released; renamed My Foolish Heart, the film took great liberties with Salinger's plot and is widely considered to be among the reasons that Salinger refused to allow any subsequent film adaptations of his work.[18][46] The enduring popularity of The Catcher in the Rye, however, has resulted in repeated attempts to secure the novel's screen rights.[47]", "Mark David Chapman. Chapman's obsession with the central character and message of The Catcher in the Rye added to controversy about the novel. Some links have been drawn between Chapman's and the book's themes of adolescent sensitivity and depression on the one hand, and anti-social and violent thoughts on the other. This connection was made in the play Six Degrees of Separation and its film adaptation by the character played by Will Smith.[75]", "The Catcher in the Rye. Of course I read The Catcher in the Rye... Wonderful book. I loved it. I pursued it. I wanted to make a picture out of it. And then one day a young man came to the office of Leland Hayward, my agent, in New York, and said, 'Please tell Mr. Leland Hayward to lay off. He's very, very insensitive.' And he walked out. That was the entire speech. I never saw him. That was J. D. Salinger and that was Catcher in the Rye.[50]", "The Catcher in the Rye. The novel was included on Time's 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923[9] and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[10][11][12] In 2003, it was listed at #15 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[13]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture. Although Salinger had refused a film adaptation, many Hollywood films have based characters on Holden Caulfield.[7][20] Holden has been identified as \"one of the most reproduced characters on film.\" Furthermore, many such films reference each other.[21]", "The Catcher in the Rye. Holden returns to his dorm wearing the new red hunting cap he bought in New York. His dorm neighbor Robert Ackley is one of the few students also missing the game. Ackley, unpopular among his peers, disturbs Holden with his impolite questioning and mannerisms. Holden, who feels sorry for Ackley, tolerates his presence. Later, Holden agrees to write an English composition for his roommate, Ward Stradlater, who is leaving for a date. However, Holden is distressed to learn that Stradlater's date is an old friend, Jane Gallagher, whom Holden had romantic feelings for and feels protective of. That night, Holden decides to go to a Cary Grant comedy with his best friend Mal Brossard and Ackley. Since Ackley and Mal had already seen the film, they end up just playing pinball and returning to Pencey. When Stradlater returns hours later, he fails to appreciate the deeply personal composition Holden wrote for him about the baseball glove of Holden's late brother Allie, and refuses to reveal whether he slept with Jane. Enraged, Holden punches him, and Stradlater easily wins the ensuing fight. When Holden continues insulting him after the fight, Stradlater knocks him unconscious and leaves him with a bloody nose. After leaving for Ackley's room, Holden is disappointed when he treats him rudely. Fed up with the so-called \"phonies\" at Pencey Prep, Holden impulsively decides to leave Pencey early, sells his typewriter to earn money, and catches a train to Penn Station in New York. Holden intends to stay away from his home in a hotel until Wednesday, when his parents would have received news of his expulsion. Aboard the train, Holden meets the mother of a wealthy, obnoxious Pencey student named Ernest Morrow, and lies to her about himself and her son.", "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs. The Catcher in the Rye, the 1951 novel about teenage confusion and alienation by J.D. Salinger, plays a large part in \"The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs\". The episode references the controversial reception the book has received over the years for its risquÃ© elements and vulgar language. Mr. Garrison tells the students the book has only recently been lifted from the South Park Elementary's banned books list, a reference to past censorship the book has received in public schools.[1] The episode also refers to the alleged role The Catcher in the Rye played in inspiring Mark David Chapman to shoot and kill musician John Lennon, and John Hinckley, Jr. to attempt to assassinate former U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Lennon, a former member of The Beatles and long-time peace activist, is referred to by Cartman as \"the king of hippies\".[1][3] Butters and the eventual murderer rail against 'phonies' in the same manner as Holden Caulfield in Salinger's book. \"The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs\" aired two months after the death of author J.D. Salinger, and just weeks after letters by J.D. Salinger went on display at The Morgan Library & Museum in New York City." ]	[ 5.19921875, 3.087890625, 1.4990234375, 2.130859375, -0.7373046875, -0.607421875, 0.74267578125, 0.68896484375, 1.19140625, -0.77587890625, 0.049560546875, -0.458251953125, 1.0732421875, -0.78564453125, -1.146484375, -1.001953125, -1.18359375, -1.306640625, 0.70263671875, 0.2578125, 0.29443359375, -1.14453125, 0.97412109375, 1.2216796875, -1.0478515625, -0.9208984375, -2.515625, -0.79296875, -1.70703125, -1.1298828125, -0.68798828125, 0.344482421875 ]
where does batman go in the dark knight rises	[ "The Dark Knight Rises. In the aftermath, Batman is presumed dead and is honored as a hero. With Wayne presumed dead as well, Wayne Manor becomes an orphanage, and his remaining estate is left to Alfred. While visiting Florence, Alfred discovers that Wayne is alive, and in a relationship with Kyle. Blake resigns from the police force and, in accordance with Wayne's will, inherits the Batcave.", "Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film). Content that he made Batman lose control and that he will be branded a murderer, the Joker finishes twisting his neck, killing himself. The GCPD arrive and Batman, bleeding profusely, fights his way to Kelley and escapes. After Superman deflects a Soviet nuclear missile, he is hit with the blast and badly injured; the detonation creates an electromagnetic pulse that wipes out all electrical equipment in the United States and causes a nuclear winter. As the city descends into chaos, Batman, Kelley and Gordon rally the Sons of Batman and the citizens of Gotham to restore order, and Yindel accepts that Batman has become too powerful to take down. While the rest of the powerless U.S. is overrun with crime, Gotham becomes the safest city in America, embarrassing the President's administration and prompting them to send Superman to finally stop Batman. Batman and Superman agree to meet in Crime Alley.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Kyle agrees to take Batman to Bane but instead leads him into Bane's trap. Bane reveals that he intends to fulfill Ra's al Ghul's mission to destroy Gotham, and then steals Batman's technology from Wayne Enterprises. Bane fights Batman and delivers a crippling blow to his back, before taking him abroad to an underground prison. There, the inmates tell Wayne the story of Ra's al Ghul's child, who was born and raised in the prison before finally escaping â€” the only prisoner to have done so.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Bruce Wayne has become a recluse, and Wayne Enterprises is losing profits after Wayne discontinued his fusion reactor project when he learned that it could be weaponized. Cat burglar Selina Kyle obtains Wayne's fingerprints from his home and tries to sell the fingerprints to Wayne's corporate rival John Daggett. She is double-crossed at the exchange, but alerts the police. Gordon and the police arrive and pursue Daggett's henchmen into the sewers while Selina flees. The men capture Gordon and take him to Bane, a masked terrorist and former member of the League of Shadows, who has set up his base in the sewers. Gordon escapes and is found by rookie officer John Blake. Blake, a fellow orphan, confronts Bruce and convinces him to return as Batman.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Eight years after the death of District Attorney Harvey Dent, Batman has disappeared and organized crime has been eradicated in Gotham City thanks to the Dent Act. Police Commissioner James Gordon has kept secret Dent's murderous rampage and allowed blame for his crimes to fall on Batman. He writes a resignation speech revealing the truth, but decides that the city is not ready to hear it.", "Batman: Knightfall. The final battle of the \"Knightfall\" saga takes place between Jean-Paul Valley and Bruce Wayne in the caverns surrounding the Batcave below Wayne Manor: rather than beating Jean-Paul at hand-to-hand combat, Bruce outwits him by escaping into a passage too narrow for Jean-Paul to go through in his armor, thus forcing Jean-Paul to remove most of it. Bruce then opens a hatch to the outside, which covered the very hole he fell into as a child,[5] allowing sunlight to enter the night lenses in Jean-Paul's helmet. After being momentarily blinded, Jean-Paul removes his cowl, sees Bruce standing over him in the original Batman costume and concedes defeat, saying \"You are the Batman... You've always been the Batman... and I am nothing...\" Bruce comforts Jean-Paul, who leaves to wander the streets of Gotham, homeless and destitute. Bruce decides not to take Jean-Paul to the police because it was his decision to make Jean-Paul the Batman, leading to his subsequent breakdown.[4]", "Batman: Knightfall. Bruce eventually leaves England to return home to a civilian life in Gotham, but Alfred remains in England, not wanting to see Bruce Wayne damage his body further. He does not return to Gotham until a while later, when Dick Grayson persuades him to do so in later issues.", "The Dark Knight Returns. Gordon hands over the role of commissioner to Captain Ellen Yindel, who issues a statement declaring that Batman is a wanted criminal for his vigilante activities. At the same time, Batman's return stimulates the Joker to awaken from catatonia at Arkham Asylum. With renewed purpose, the Joker manipulates his caretakers to allow him onto a television talk show, where he murders everyone with gas and escapes. With the help of Catwoman, Batman and Robin track him to a county fair while evading a police pursuit led by Yindel. There, they realize that he is already making attempts to kill fairgoers. Batman defeats the Joker in a bloody confrontation, which ends when the Joker commits suicide by breaking his own spine to incriminate Batman for murder. After another confrontation with the Gotham police, Batman escapes with the help of Robin and a citywide manhunt begins.", "Batman vs. Robin. Batman tries to welcome Robin back home, but Robin refuses, claiming he needs to sort out who he is. He leaves for a monastery in the Himalayas that Batman suggested to him.", "Batman: Knightfall. Returning to Gotham, Bruce meets with Tim. Even though Jean-Paul disobeyed Bruce's order to refrain from attacking Bane, Bruce is sufficiently impressed with Jean-Paul's results. Bruce decides to retire and allow Jean-Paul to continue as Batman. But when Robin tells Bruce of the circumstances surrounding Abattoir's death, Bruce sneaks into the Batcave and demands that Jean-Paul step down. Jean-Paul refuses and tells Bruce to leave the cave and never come back.", "Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film). Feigning remorse for his past, Joker convinces Wolper to take him on a talk show to tell his story; he makes plans for his escape with an old henchman, who supplies him with mind-controlling lipstick. Meanwhile, Superman, who works as a government operative in exchange for being allowed to covertly help people, is asked by President Ronald Reagan to end Batman's vigilante activities. Framing these events is a growing hostility between the USA and the Soviet Union over possession of the island of Corto Maltese. As Batman's continued presence humiliates the national authorities, Yindel becomes commissioner and orders Batman's arrest, and Superman warns Batman that the government will not tolerate him much longer.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Months later, a recovered Wayne escapes from the prison and returns to Gotham. Batman frees the trapped police and they clash with Bane's army in the streets; during the battle, Batman overpowers Bane. Tate intervenes and stabs Batman, revealing herself to be Talia al Ghul, Ra's al Ghul's daughter. She activates the detonator, but Gordon blocks her signal. Talia leaves to find the bomb while Bane prepares to kill Batman, but Kyle arrives and kills Bane. Batman and Kyle pursue Talia, hoping to bring the bomb back to the reactor chamber where it can be stabilized. Talia's truck crashes, but she remotely floods and destroys the reactor chamber before dying. With no way to stop the detonation, Batman uses the Bat to haul the bomb far over the bay, where it safely explodes. Before takeoff, Batman subtly reveals his identity to Gordon.", "Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film). Batman has Kelley disguise herself as a Mutant, and she lures the gang to a sewer outlet at the West River. At the Gotham City Police Department, the Mutant leader murders the mayor during negotiations. Commissioner Gordon deliberately releases the leader, providing an escape from the building, which leads to the sewer outlet. Before the amassed Mutants, Batman fights the leader in a mud pit; the mud slows the leader, removing his physical advantage, and Batman overpowers him. Seeing their leader's defeat, the Mutants divide into smaller gangs; one becomes the \"Sons of Batman\", a violent vigilante group. Batman's victory becomes public and the city's inhabitants are inspired to stand up against crime. Gordon retires after meeting his anti-Batman successor, Ellen Yindel. In Arkham, televised reports about Batman bring the Joker out of his catatonic state.", "Robin in other media. After Batman apparently sacrifices himself to save the city, Blake quits the GCPD, disgusted that the mainland police were willing to let Gotham perish. He attends Bruce's funeral with Gordon, Alfred Pennyworth and Lucius Fox. He later attends the reading of Bruce's will, and is pleasantly surprised to discover that Wayne Manor will become a home for the city's at-risk orphans, named in honor of Thomas and Martha Wayne. When he gives the name \"Blake, John\" to a clerk holding a package that Bruce had left him, he is told there is nothing there for him. He hands over an ID and suggests they try his legal name, which is revealed to be Robin. The clerk gives him GPS coordinates and spelunking gear, before she tells him that he should use the name \"Robin\" more often. At the end of the film, Blake follows the coordinates, and finds the Batcave.", "The Dark Knight (film). Mob bosses Sal Maroni, Gambol, and the Chechen hold a video-conference with their corrupt accountant, Lau, who has taken their funds for safekeeping and fled to Hong Kong. The Joker interrupts the meeting to warn them that Batman is unhindered by the law, and offers to kill him in exchange for half of their money. The mob bosses disagree, and a bounty is placed on the Joker by Gambol. The Joker finds and kills Gambol, taking over his gang. The mob ultimately decides to take the Joker up on his offer. Batman finds Lau in Hong Kong and brings him back to Gotham to testify, allowing Dent to apprehend the entire mob. The Joker threatens to keep killing people unless Batman reveals his identity, and starts by murdering Police Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and the judge presiding over the mob trial. The Joker also tries to kill Mayor Anthony Garcia, but Gordon sacrifices himself to stop the assassination. Dent learns that Rachel is the next target.", "Batman: Assault on Arkham. The six are sent to Gotham City, where Penguin has been hired by Waller to give them arms, equipment, and a place to stay, although he is angry with Harley and Joker for tossing his cigarettes in the harbor for a laugh. Deadshot repeatedly clashes with Boomerang as the latter does not respect his leadership of the group. To get to Arkham, Harley breaks into a doll store and begins trashing it. Batman arrives, demanding she tell him where Joker hid a dirty bomb; Batman has been ransacking the city in search of it, even resorting to interrogating Riddler for answers. This is also a dead end, as Harley has no clue where the bomb is located; Batman is forced to send her back to Arkham.", "Gotham City. In the animated Batman: Gotham Knight (2008), which takes place between Batman Begins and The Dark Knight, The Narrows was converted into an expansion of Arkham Asylum.", "The Dark Knight Returns. Superman diverts a Soviet nuclear warhead which detonates in a desert, nearly killing himself in the process. The United States is hit by an electromagnetic pulse as a result and descends into chaos during the resulting blackout. In Gotham, Batman realizes what has happened, and he and Robin turn the remaining Mutants and Sons of the Batman into a non-lethal vigilante gang. He leads them against looters and ensures the flow of essential supplies. In the midst of the blackout, Gotham becomes the safest city in the country. The U.S. government sees this as an embarrassment, and orders Superman to remove Batman. Oliver Queen predicts to Wayne that the government lackey Superman and the maverick Batman will have a final confrontation. Superman demands to meet Batman. Knowing he may die, Wayne chooses Crime Alley, where he first became Batman. He relies on Superman's weakness caused by near-death in the nuclear blast (Superman only just managed to survive by absorbing the energy of the sun, but he is still vulnerable to attack).", "The Lego Batman Movie. With the city saved, Batman prepares to be taken back into the Phantom Zone to fulfill his bargain only to be rejected by Phyllis who chooses to let him remain after seeing how much he had changed in order to save everyone. Batman allows Joker and the rest of his rogues gallery to temporarily escape with the confidence that whenever they return, they will be no match for his new alliance with Robin, Batgirl, and Alfred.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Bane attacks the Gotham Stock Exchange by using Wayne's fingerprints in a transaction that leaves Wayne bankrupt. Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth, reveals that Rachel Dawes had intended to marry Dent before she died, and then resigns in an attempt to convince Bruce to move on with his life. Wayne finds comfort in Wayne Enterprises CEO Miranda Tate, who becomes his lover.", "Robin's Reckoning. Batman tracks down Zucco at his uncle Arnold Stromwell's mansion, where he overhears Stromwell angrily disowning Zucco for bringing Batman down on their heads. Suddenly, Stromwell's guards are alerted to Batman on the property. After fleeing from Batman, Zucco slips out of Gotham, leaving Batman frustrated for not catching the Graysons' killer. As Batman returns to the Batcave, Alfred reminds him that Dick is feeling unloved and scared, which prompts Bruce to realize he must spend more time with him. He tries to comfort the boy, but Dick breaks down in tears and says that he feels responsible for his parents' death. Bruce says that he felt the same way when his own parents were murdered, but assures Dick that the pain will ease in time, and hugs him for the first time.", "Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film). In the aftermath, the world learns that Bruce was Batman; all of his secrets are destroyed with the manor and his finances disappear. As Superman leaves Wayne's funeral, he gives Kelley a knowing wink after hearing a faint heartbeat coming from Bruce's coffin. In underground caves, Bruce is revealed to have survived his heart attack and faked his death to make preparations to continue his mission more discreetly, allied with Kelley, Queen, and his followers.", "The Dark Knight Rises. During location scouting in December 2010, Nolan began searching for locations such as India, Romania, and Michigan.[75][76][77] According to the Romania Insider, Nolan was interested in Bucharest's historical centers, Edgar Quinet Street, the Palace of the Parliament, and the Turda salt mine.[75] The film had an estimated budget of $250â€“300 million, coming down to about $230 million after tax credits.[3] Nolan elected not to film in 3-D, but instead stated that he intended to focus on improving image quality and scale using the IMAX format.[78] The Dark Knight Rises featured over an hour of footage shot in IMAX (by comparison, The Dark Knight contained 28 minutes).[79][80] Nolan had several meetings with IMAX Vice-President David Keighley to work on the logistics of projecting films in digital IMAX venues.[80] Wally Pfister had expressed interest in shooting the film entirely in IMAX,[81] but because of the considerable noise made by IMAX cameras, 35mm and 70mm cameras had to be used for shooting the film's dialogue scenes,[80][82] as dialogue had to be dubbed when shot with IMAX cameras.[83] Chairman and president of the IMAX Corporation Greg Foster stated that IMAX planned to run the film in its theatres for two months, despite only being contractually committed to run the film for two weeks.[84] Nolan also bypassed the use of a digital intermediate for the film, resulting in less manipulation of the filmed image and higher film resolution.[85]", "Gotham City. Christopher Nolan, who once lived in Chicago, effected a depiction of Gotham that featured distinct Chicago architecture.[32] Batman Begins features a CGI-augmented version of Chicago while The Dark Knight more directly features Chicago infrastructure and architecture such as Navy Pier: however, The Dark Knight Rises abandoned Chicago, instead shooting in Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, New Jersey, London and Glasgow.[42][43][44][45][46][47]", "The Dark Knight Returns. The Dark Knight Returns is set in a dystopian near-future version of Gotham City. Bruce Wayne, at 55, has given up the mantle of Batman after the death of Jason Todd 10 years prior. As a result, crime is running rampant through the city and a gang calling themselves 'The Mutants' has risen to terrorize the people of Gotham. Upon seeing this, Wayne returns to his role as a vigilante. On his first night as Batman he puts a stop to multiple assaults - including one on two young girls, Carrie Kelley and her friend Michelle. While attempting to foil an armed robbery on the same night, Batman learns that the men involved are working for Harvey Dent. Dent, previously known for his criminal acts as Two-Face, underwent extensive therapy and plastic surgery financed by Wayne to reemerge into society. Batman informs Commissioner James Gordon that Dent may be planning a larger scheme. Soon after, Dent hijacks the television sets of the city and announces his intention to hold the city to ransom with a bomb. When Batman defeats Dent and his goons, he realizes that Dent's mind has completely warped into his Two-Face persona.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Bane lures Gotham's police underground and uses explosives to trap them and destroy the bridges surrounding the city. He kills Mayor Anthony Garcia and forces a nuclear physicist to convert the reactor core into an atomic bomb before killing him as well. Bane reads Gordon's speech to the public, and releases the prisoners of Blackgate Penitentiary, initiating anarchy while holding the city hostage and isolated with the bomb.", "Son of Batman. Nightwing learns that Deathstroke is operating in an oil rig off the Scottish coast, and when Batman is distracted, Damian goes to the rig. He finds Deathstroke and Talia in an underwater base with a swarm of Man-Bats and another Lazarus Pit, whose fluid Deathstroke intends to sell. Damian pulls a gun on Deathstroke, who holds one against Talia's head until Damian drops his gun. Deathstroke fires at him, but Talia is hit instead after she jumps in the path of Deathstroke's gunfire. As Deathstroke corners Damian, Batman appears and the Man-Bats attack. Batman wards them off with sonar-emitting batarangs, while Deathstroke flees with Damian giving chase.", "The Dark Knight (film). Bruce decides to reveal his secret identity. Before he can, however, Dent falsely announces that he is Batman. Dent is taken into protective custody, but the Joker appears and attacks the convoy. Batman comes to Dent's rescue and Gordon, who faked his death, apprehends the Joker, securing a promotion to Commissioner. Rachel and Dent are escorted away by detectives on Maroni's payroll; Gordon later learns that they never arrived home. Batman interrogates the Joker, who reveals that they have been trapped in separate locations rigged with explosives and that Batman must choose one to save. Batman races to save Rachel, while Gordon attempts to rescue Dent. Batman arrives at the building, but realizes that the Joker sent him to Dent's location instead. Both buildings explode, killing Rachel and disfiguring half of Dent's face. The Joker escapes with Lau, who leads him to the Mob's funds. The Joker burns the money before killing Lau and the Chechen.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Christopher Nolan was hesitant about returning to the series for a second time, but agreed after developing a story with his brother and Goyer that he felt would conclude the series on a satisfactory note. Nolan drew inspiration from Bane's comic book debut in the 1993 \"Knightfall\" storyline, the 1986 series The Dark Knight Returns, and the 1999 storyline \"No Man's Land\". Filming took place from May to November 2011 in locations including Jodhpur, London, Nottingham, Glasgow, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, and Pittsburgh. Nolan used IMAX 70Â mm film cameras for much of the filming, including the first six minutes of the film, to optimize the quality of the picture. A vehicle variation of the Batplane and Batcopter termed the \"Bat\", an underground prison set, and a new Batcave set were created specifically for the film. As with The Dark Knight, viral marketing campaigns began early during production. When filming concluded, Warner Bros. refocused its campaign: developing promotional websites, releasing the first six minutes of the film, screening theatrical trailers, and sending out information regarding the film's plot.", "Batman: Knightfall. The plot of \"Knightfall\" begins[note 2] with the master criminal Bane freeing all of the maximum-security inmates of Arkham Asylum, a notorious psychiatric facility in Gotham City. Aware that he would lose in a direct assault against Batman, Bane's plan consists of weakening Batman by forcing him to deal with the deadly villains simultaneously. Among the freed inmates, there are numerous high-profile villains, such as the Joker (who trapped Arkham's administrator Jeremiah Arkham), the Scarecrow, the Riddler, and Poison Ivy, as well as many lesser-known villains, such as the Mad Hatter, the Ventriloquist, the Firefly, the Cavalier, the Film Freak, Mr. Zsasz, Cornelius Stirk, Abattoir, and Amygdala. The scenario creates a rift in the relationship between Robin and Batman, as Batman irrationally seeks to face the outbreak aloneâ€”in later issues, Robin asks Batman if he is even needed as his sidekick anymore. A later flashback to this time period (Showcase '93 #7-8) shows Batman pursuing Two-Face alone, being trapped and kidnapped to stand a mock trial; he is saved only by a rescue attempt from Robin.", "Damian Wayne. Batman enters and accesses the Justice League Watchtower to use his unstable exosuit known as the Hellbat armor designed by Batman himself and the Justice League members to engage large scale threats.[49] He then activates the Boom Tube to Darkseid's homeworld, Apokolips, to retrieve Damian's corpse.[50] Batman successfully retrieves his son's corpse as he and his family team return to Earth via the Boom Tube directly to the Batcave after successfully escaping the clutches of Darkseid and his Parademons. After this, Batman uses the Chaos Shard on his son's corpse, which has been infused with Darkseidâ€™s Omega Sanction. With Batman facing two choices of whether to resurrect Damian or his parents, he chooses his son, granting Damian's true resurrection. As Damian and Batman embrace, Batman collapses from exhaustion.[51]", "Dark Nights: Metal. Superman flies to the Fortress of Solitude where he encounters the dark versions of Batman for the first time as they introduce themselves as the Dark Knights. They all come from the Dark Multiverse—temporary negative realities created by the fears of people from their respective counterpart positive universes—and were recruited by Barbatos with the promise of preventing the end of their worlds. The Batman Who Laughs from Earth-22, who lost his sanity due to his world's Joker, gathered the six other Dark Multiverse Batmen after they each had altered themselves to gain superhuman abilities. The Dark Knights' membership includes the speedster Batman called The Red Death, a female amphibious Batman called The Drowned, a Green Lantern Batman named The Dawnbreaker, a cyborg Batman named The Murder Machine, a Batman known as The Merciless who wears the helmet of Ares and the Doomsday-infected Batman called The Devastator. Superman is overwhelmed as he is spirited away from danger by the Flash and Doctor Fate.[15]" ]	[ 1.693359375, 1.0419921875, 4.48828125, 3.3515625, 1.599609375, -1.6552734375, -1.0654296875, 0.295654296875, -1.291015625, -1.9814453125, 0.11907958984375, 3.4765625, 0.71044921875, -1.673828125, 0.8017578125, -1.75390625, -0.138427734375, 1.912109375, -2.130859375, 0.00641632080078125, -1.6572265625, -0.186279296875, -1.75, 0.6279296875, 2.126953125, 0.5830078125, -3.705078125, -0.288330078125, 0.58984375, -1.693359375, -1.060546875, -0.0138702392578125 ]
when did unions start in the united states	[ "Labor unions in the United States. Unions began forming in the mid-19th century in response to the social and economic impact of the industrial revolution. National labor unions began to form in the post-Civil War Era. The Knights of Labor emerged as a major force in the late 1880s, but it collapsed because of poor organization, lack of effective leadership, disagreement over goals, and strong opposition from employers and government forces.", "Labor history of the United States. The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions began in 1881 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers. Like the National Labor Union, it was a federation of different unions and did not directly enroll workers. Its original goals were to encourage the formation of trade unions and to obtain legislation, such as prohibition of child labor, a national eight hour day, and exclusion of Chinese and other foreign contract workers.", "Technological and industrial history of the United States. The earliest unions emerged before the Civil War as trade guilds composed of journeyman carpenters, masons, and other artisans who would engage in strikes to demand better hours and pay from their masters. All branches of government generally sought to stop labor from organizing into unions or from organizing strikes.", "Labor history of the United States. In 1886, as the relations between the trade union movement and the Knights of Labor worsened, McGuire and other union leaders called for a convention to be held at Columbus, Ohio on December 8. The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions merged with the new organization, known as the American Federation of Labor or AFL, formed at that convention.[32]", "Trade union. In the United States, the first effective nationwide labour organization was the Knights of Labor, in 1869, which began to grow after 1880. Legalization occurred slowly as a result of a series of court decisions.[10] The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions began in 1881 as a federation of different unions that did not directly enrol workers. In 1886, it became known as the American Federation of Labor or AFL.", "Economic history of the United States. The American labor movement began with the first significant labor union, the Knights of Labor in 1869. The Knights collapsed in the 1880s and were displaced by strong international unions that banded together as the American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers. Rejecting socialism, the AFL unions negotiated with owners for higher wages and better working conditions. Union growth was slow until 1900, then grew to a peak during World War I.[221]", "Labor history of the United States. The National Labor Union (NLU), founded in 1866, was the first national labor federation in the United States. It was dissolved in 1872.", "Labor history of the United States. Labor unions generally ignored government employees because they were controlled mostly by the patronage system used by the political parties before the arrival of civil service. Post Office workers did form unions. The National Association of Letter Carriers started in 1889 and grew quickly. By the mid-1960s it had 175,000 members in 6,400 local branches.[142]", "Labor history of the United States. By the 1960s and 1970s public-sector unions expanded rapidly to cover teachers, clerks, firemen, police, prison guards and others. In 1962, President John Kennedy issued Executive Order 10988, upgrading the status of unions of federal workers.[151]", "Labor unions in the United States. The American Federation of Labor, founded in 1886 and led by Samuel Gompers until his death in 1924, proved much more durable. It arose as a loose coalition of various local unions. It helped coordinate and support strikes and eventually became a major player in national politics, usually on the side of the Democrats.", "Labor history of the United States. Strikes organized by labor unions became routine events by the 1880s. There were 37,000 strikes, 1881 to 1905. By far the largest number were in the building trades, followed far behind by coal miners. The main goal was control of working conditions, setting uniform wage scales, protesting the firing of a member, and settling which rival union was in control. Most strikes were of very short duration. In times of depression strikes were more violent but less successful, because the company was losing money anyway. They were successful in times of prosperity when the company was losing profits and wanted to settle quickly.[31]", "History of the United States. Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast. Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement. Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor (1886â€“1924), coordinating multiple unions. Industrial growth was rapid, led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel; both became leaders of philanthropy (Gospel of Wealth), giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals, universities, libraries, and foundations.", "History of the socialist movement in the United States. The most prominent U.S. unions of the time included the American Federation of Labor, the Knights of Labor, and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). In 1869 or 1870 Uriah S. Stephens founded the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, employing secrecy and fostering a semireligious aura to \"create a sense of solidarity\".[30] The Knights comprised, in essence, \"one big union of all workers\".[31] In 1886 a convention of delegates from twenty separate unions formed the American Federation of Labor, with Samuel Gompers as its head. It peaked[when?] at 4 million members. The Industrial Workers of the World (or \"Wobblies\") formed along the same lines as the Knights, to become one big union. The IWW found early supporters in De Leon and in Debs.", "Collective bargaining. The industrial revolution brought a swell of labour organizing in the US.[citation needed] The American Federation of Labor was formed in 1886, providing unprecedented bargaining powers for a variety of workers.[13]\nThe Railway Labor Act (1926) required employers to bargain collectively with unions.", "History of the United States (1918–45). Labor unions grew very rapidly during the war, emerging with a large membership, full treasuries, and a temporary government guarantee of the right of collective bargaining. Inflation was high during the war, but wages went up even faster. However, unions were weak in heavy industry, such as automobiles and steel. Their main strength was in construction, printing, railroads, and other crafts where the AFL had a strong system in place. Total union membership had soared from 2.7 million in 1914 to 5 million at its peak in 1919. An aggressive spirit appeared in 1919, as demonstrated by the general strike in Seattle and the police strike in Boston. The larger unions made a dramatic move for expansion in 1919 by calling major strikes in clothing, meatpacking, steel, coal, and railroads. The corporations fought back, and the strikes failed. The unions held on to their gains among machinists, textile workers, and seamen, and in such industries as food and clothing, but overall membership fell back to 3.5 million, where it stagnated until the New Deal passed the Wagner Act in 1935.[15]", "Labor history of the United States. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose members became known as \"Wobblies\", was founded in Chicago in 1905 by a group of about 30 labor radicals. Their most prominent leader was William \"Big Bill\" Haywood.[44] The IWW pioneered creative tactics, and organized along the lines of industrial unionism rather than craft unionism; in fact, they went even further, pursuing the goal of \"One Big Union\" and the abolition of the wage system. Many, though not all, Wobblies favored anarcho-syndicalism.[45]", "Labor unions in the United States. In the US, labor education programs such as the Harvard Trade Union Program [45] created in 1942 by Harvard University professor John Thomas Dunlop sought to educate union members to deal with important contemporary workplace and labor law issues of the day. The Harvard Trade Union Program is currently part of a broader initiative at Harvard Law School called the Labor and Worklife Program[46] that deals with a wide variety of labor and employment issues from union pension investment funds to the effects of nanotechnology on labor markets and the workplace.", "United States labor law. Freedom of association in labor unions has always been fundamental to the development of democratic society, and is protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution.[218] In early colonial history, labor unions were routinely suppressed by the government. Recorded instances include cart drivers being fined for striking in 1677 in New York City, and carpenters prosecuted as criminals for striking in Savannah, Georgia in 1746.[219] After the American Revolution, however, courts departed from repressive elements of English common law. The first reported case, Commonwealth v Pullis in 1806 did find shoemakers in Philadelphia guilty of \"a combination to raise their wages\".[220] Nevertheless, unions continued, and the first federation of trade unions was formed in 1834, the National Trades' Union, with the primary aim of a 10-hour working day.[221] In 1842 the Supreme Court of Massachusetts held in Commonwealth v Hunt that a strike by the Boston Journeymen Bootmakers' Society for higher wages was lawful.[222] Chief Justice Shaw held that people \"are free to work for whom the please, or not to work, if they so prefer\" and \"to agree together to exercise their own acknowledged rights\". The abolition of slavery by Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation during the American Civil War was necessary to create genuine rights to organize, but was not sufficient to ensure freedom of association. Using the Sherman Act of 1890, which was intended to break up business cartels, the Supreme Court imposed an injunction on striking workers of the Pullman Company, and imprisoned the leader, and future presidential candidate, Eugene Debs.[223] The Court also enabled unions to be sued for triple damages in Loewe v Lawlor, a case involving a hat maker union in Danbury, Connecticut.[224] The President and United States Congress responded by passing the Clayton Act of 1914 to take labor out of antitrust law. Then, after the Great Depression passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 to positively protect the right to organize and take collective action. After that, the law increasingly turned to regulate unions' internal affairs. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 regulated how members can join a union, and the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 created a \"bill of rights\" for union members.", "Labor history of the United States. The Western Federation of Miners (WFM) was created in 1893. Frequently in competition with the American Federation of Labor, the WFM spawned new federations, including the Western Labor Union (later renamed to the American Labor Union). The WFM took a conservative turn in the aftermath of the Colorado Labor Wars and the trials of its president, Charles Moyer, and its secretary treasurer, Big Bill Haywood, for the conspiratorial assassination of Idaho's former governor. Although both were found innocent, the WFM, headed by Moyer, separated itself from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (launched by Haywood and other labor radicals, socialists, and anarchists in 1905) just a few years after that organization's founding convention. In 1916 the WFM became the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, which was eventually absorbed by the United Steelworkers of America.[34]", "Labor unions in the United States. American labor unions benefited greatly from the New Deal policies of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1930s. The Wagner Act, in particular, legally protected the right of unions to organize. Unions from this point developed increasingly closer ties to the Democratic Party, and are considered a backbone element of the New Deal Coalition.", "History of the United States (1918–1945). Labor unions grew very rapidly during the war, emerging with a large membership, full treasuries, and a temporary government guarantee of the right of collective bargaining. Inflation was high during the war, but wages went up even faster. However, unions were weak in heavy industry, such as automobiles and steel. Their main strength was in construction, printing, railroads, and other crafts where the AFL had a strong system in place. Total union membership had soared from 2.7 million in 1914 to 5 million at its peak in 1919. An aggressive spirit appeared in 1919, as demonstrated by the general strike in Seattle and the police strike in Boston. The larger unions made a dramatic move for expansion in 1919 by calling major strikes in clothing, meatpacking, steel, coal, and railroads. The corporations fought back, and the strikes failed. The unions held on to their gains among machinists, textile workers, and seamen, and in such industries as food and clothing, but overall membership fell back to 3.5 million, where it stagnated until the New Deal passed the Wagner Act in 1935.[15]", "History of the United States (1865–1918). In times of economic depression, layoffs and wage cuts angered the workers, leading to violent labor conflicts in 1877 and 1894. In the Great Railroad Strike in 1877, railroad workers across the nation went on strike in response to a 10-percent pay cut. Attempts to break the strike led to bloody uprisings in several cities. The Haymarket Riot took place in 1886, when an anarchist allegedly threw a bomb at police dispersing a strike rally at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in Chicago.[45] At its peak, the Knights claimed 700,000 members. By 1890, membership had plummeted to fewer than 100,000, then faded away.[46] The killing of policemen greatly embarrassed the Knights of Labor, which was not involved with the bomb but which took much of the blame.[47]", "Labor history of the United States. As a result of the spate of convictions against combinations of laborers, the typical narrative of early American labor law states that, prior to Hunt in Massachusetts in 1842, peaceable combinations of workingmen to raise wages, shorten hours or ensure employment, were illegal in the United States, as they had been under English common law.[12] In England, criminal conspiracy laws were first held to include combinations in restraint of trade in the Court of Star Chamber early in the 17th century.[14] The precedent was solidified in 1721 by R v Journeymen Tailors of Cambridge, which found tailors guilty of a conspiracy to raise wages.[15] Leonard Levy went so far as to refer to Hunt as the \"Magna Carta of American trade-unionism\",[16] illustrating its perceived standing as the major point of divergence in the American and English legal treatment of unions which, \"removed the stigma of criminality from labor organizations\".[16]", "Labor history of the United States. Change came in the 1950s. In 1958 New York mayor Robert Wagner, Jr. issued an executive order, called \"the little Wagner Act,\" giving city employees certain bargaining rights, and gave their unions with exclusive representation (that is, the unions alone were legally authorized to speak for all city workers, regardless of whether or not some workers were members.) Management complained but the unions had power in city politics.[150]", "Labor history of the United States. After 1960 public sector unions grew rapidly and secured good wages and high pensions for their members. While manufacturing and farming steadily declined, state- and local-government employment quadrupled from 4 million workers in 1950 to 12 million in 1976 and 16.6 million in 2009.[152]", "Labor history of the United States. With the rapid growth and consolidation of large railroad systems after 1870, union organizations sprang up, covering the entire nation. By 1901, 17 major railway brotherhoods were in operation; they generally worked amicably with management, which recognized their usefulness.[24] Key unions included the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (BLE), Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Division (BMWED), the Order of Railway Conductors, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, and the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen.[25] Their main goal was building insurance and medical packages for their members, and negotiating bureaucratic work rules that favored their membership, such as seniority and grievance procedures.[26]", "Labor history of the United States. The issue came up at the annual AFL convention in San Francisco in 1934 and 1935, but the majority voted against a shift to industrial unionism both years. After the defeat at the 1935 convention, nine leaders from the industrial faction led by Lewis met and organized the Committee for Industrial Organization within the AFL to \"encourage and promote organization of workers in the mass production industries\" for \"educational and advisory\" functions.[72]", "Labor history of the United States. The labor history of the United States describes the history of organized labor, US labor law, and more general history of working people, in the United States. Beginning in the 1930s, unions became important components of the Democratic Party. However, some historians have not understood why no Labor Party emerged in the United States, in contrast to Western Europe.[1]", "Labor unions in the United States. First, it ended organizing on the grand, 1930s scale. It outlawed mass picketing, secondary strikes of neutral employers, sit downs: in short, everything [Congress of Industrial Organizations founder John L.] Lewis did in the 1930s.", "Labor history of the United States. Organized labor became more active in 1932, with the passage of the Norris-La Guardia Act. On March 23, 1932, Republican President Herbert Hoover signed the Norris-La Guardia Act, marking the first of many pro-union bills that Washington would pass in the 1930s.[66] Also known as the Anti-Injunction Bill, it offered procedural and substantive protections against the easy issuance of court injunctions during labor disputes, which had limited union behavior in the 1920s.[72] Although the act only applied to federal courts, numerous states would pass similar acts in the future. Additionally, the act outlawed yellow-dog contracts, which were documents some employers forced their employees to sign to ensure they would not join a union; employees who refused to sign were terminated from their jobs.[73]", "Labor history of the United States. The history of labor disputes in America substantially precedes the Revolutionary period. In 1636, for instance, there was a fishermen's strike on an island off the coast of Maine and in 1677 twelve carmen were fined for going on strike in New York City.[7] However, most instances of labor unrest during the colonial period were temporary and isolated, and rarely resulted in the formation of permanent groups of laborers for negotiation purposes. Little legal recourse was available to those injured by the unrest, because strikes were not typically considered illegal. The only known case of criminal prosecution of workers in the colonial era occurred as a result of a carpenters' strike in Savannah, Georgia, in 1746.[7]", "Labor history of the United States. The police strike chilled union interest in the public sector in the 1920s. The major exception was the emergence of unions of public school teachers in the largest cities; they formed the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), affiliated with the AFL. In suburbs and small cities, the National Education Association (NEA) became active, but it insisted it was not a labor union but a professional organization.[146]" ]	[ 4, 1.8369140625, -0.259765625, -0.09771728515625, 2.974609375, 1.4521484375, 2.060546875, 1.8701171875, 1.6220703125, 1.7216796875, -0.56591796875, 0.17431640625, 0.404052734375, -1.3095703125, 1.240234375, -1.0498046875, 0.4873046875, -1.732421875, -2.337890625, 0.6650390625, 1.3671875, -1.4521484375, -0.685546875, 0.7998046875, 0.232666015625, 1.54296875, -0.5126953125, 2.58984375, 1.15625, 0.66015625, 0.544921875, 0.5859375 ]
where was little house on the prairie supposed to take place	[ "Little House on the Prairie. The story begins in Dakota Territory at the Ingalls homestead in South Dakota on a hot September day in 1880 as Laura and her father (\"Pa\") are haying. Pa tells Laura that he knows the winter is going to be hard because muskrats always build a house with thick walls before a hard winter, and this year, they have built the thickest walls he has ever seen. In mid-October, the Ingalls wake with an unusually early blizzard howling around their poorly insulated claim shanty. Soon afterward, Pa receives another warning from an unexpected source: a dignified old Native American man comes to the general store in town to warn the white settlers that there will be seven months of blizzards. Impressed, Pa decides to move the family into town for the winter.[35]", "Little House on the Prairie. The book tells about the months the Ingalls family spent on the prairie of Kansas, around the town of Independence, Kansas. At the beginning of this story, Pa Ingalls decides to sell the house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin, and move the family, via covered wagon to the Indian Territory near Independence, Kansas, as there were widely circulating stories that the land (technically still under Osage ownership) would be opened to settlement by homesteaders imminently. So Laura, along with Pa and Ma, Mary, and baby Carrie, move to Kansas. Along the way, Pa trades his two horses for two Western mustangs, which Laura and Mary name Pet and Patty.[28]", "Little House on the Prairie (novel). The Ingalls moved from Wisconsin to Kansas in 1868 (stopping for a while in Rothville, Missouri), and lived there between 1869 and 1870. Carrie was born there in August, and a few weeks after her birth, they were forced to leave the territory (however, in the novel, she is present during the move to Kansas). They moved back to Wisconsin, where they lived the next four years. In 1874 they started for Walnut Grove, Minnesota, stopping for a while in Lake City.", "Little House on the Prairie (novel). The novel is about the months the Ingalls spent on the Kansas prairie around the town of Independence. Laura describes how her father built their one-room log house in Indian Territory, having heard that the government planned to open the territory to white settlers soon.", "Little House on the Prairie. Although it deviated from the original books in many respects, the television series, which was set in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, was one of a few long-running successful dramatic family shows.[citation needed] It remained a top-rated series, and garnered 17 Emmy® and three Golden Globe® nominations, along with two People’s Choice® Awards.[41]", "Little House on the Prairie (TV series). Little House on the Prairie (known as Little House: A New Beginning in its final season) is an American western drama television series, starring Michael Landon, Melissa Sue Anderson, Melissa Gilbert, and Karen Grassle, about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, in the 1870s and 1880s. The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder's best-selling series of Little House books. Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s. He asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie. Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls.", "Little House on the Prairie (TV series). Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles, while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley, where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed. Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora, California. Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series have noticeable mountain terrain in the background of the scenes. In actuality the southern Minnesota landscape, where the show is supposed to take place, there are no tall mountains.", "List of Little House on the Prairie books. The book tells about the months the Ingalls family spent on the prairie of Kansas, around the town of Independence, Kansas. At the beginning of this story, Pa Ingalls decides to sell the house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin, and move the family, via covered wagon to the Indian Territory near Independence, Kansas, as there were widely circulating stories that the land (technically still under Osage ownership) would be opened to settlement by homesteaders. Laura, along with Pa and Ma, Mary, and baby Carrie, moves to Kansas. Along the way, Pa trades his two horses for two Western mustangs, which Laura and Mary name Pet and Patty.", "Little House on the Prairie. On the Banks of Plum Creek, published in 1937 and fourth in the series, follows the Ingalls family as they move from Pepin, Wisconsin to Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, and settle in a dugout \"on the banks of Plum Creek (Redwood County, Minnesota)\".[29]", "Little House on the Prairie (novel). As they were preparing to leave, the Ingalls received word from Wisconsin that the man who purchased their farm near Pepin had defaulted on the mortgage. Since they had to leave Kansas, they decided to go back to Wisconsin and moved back to the farm they had left two years earlier. So instead of heading to Minnesota as the series relates, they headed to Wisconsin and lived there again for a few years before heading west to Minnesota.", "List of Little House on the Prairie books. The seventh book begins in 1881, just after the long winter, and is largely set in the town of De Smet, South Dakota.", "Little House on the Prairie (novel). Although Wilder states that Charles had been told that the Kansas territory would soon be up for settlement, their homestead was on the Osage Indian reservation and Charles' information was incorrect. The Ingalls had no legal right to occupy their homestead, and once informed of their error, left the territory despite the fact that they had only just begun farming it. Several of their neighbors stayed and fought the decision.[6]", "Little House on the Prairie. The story of the first book in the series, Little House in the Big Woods, revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their small home near Pepin, Wisconsin. The family includes mother Caroline Ingalls, father Charles Ingalls, elder daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls, and younger daughter (and protagonist), Laura Ingalls Wilder.[24] Also in the story, though not yet born historically, is Laura's baby sister Carrie. In the book, Laura herself turns five years old, when the real-life author had only been three during the events of the book. According to a letter from her daughter, Rose, to biographer William Anderson, the publisher had Laura change her age in the book because it seemed unrealistic for a three-year-old to have specific memories such as she wrote about.[25]", "List of Little House on the Prairie books. The Long Winter begins in Dakota Territory at the Ingalls homestead on a hot August day in 1880. Laura's father, Pa, is haying. Pa tells Laura that he knows the winter is going to be hard because muskrats always build a house with thick walls before a hard winter, and this year, they have built the thickest walls he has ever seen. In mid-October, the Ingalls wake with an unusually early blizzard howling around their poorly insulated claim shanty. Soon afterward, Pa receives another warning from an unexpected source: a dignified old Native American man comes to the general store in town to warn the white settlers that there will be seven months of blizzards. Pa decides to move the family into town for the winter.", "Little House on the Prairie. Two made for television movies by Marcus Cole, with Meredith Monroe as Laura. Part 1 tells the story of teenage Laura in DeSmet, while the second part is about Laura and Almanzo's (Walton Goggins) marriage and their life in Mansfield, Missouri. It also focuses a lot on the character of Wilder's young daughter; Rose (Skye McCole Bartusiak).[42]", "Little House on the Prairie (TV series). Based on the autobiographical \"Little House\" stories, episodes of Little House on the Prairie usually concern members of the Ingalls family, who live on a small farm near the village of Walnut Grove, Minnesota. Many episodes concern the maturation of the family's second daughter, Laura. However, episodes also focus on other family and community members, providing a depiction of life in a small agrarian community in late nineteenth-century America. The show's central characters are Charles Ingalls (farmer and mill worker), his wife Caroline, and their four daughters, Mary, Laura, Carrie, and Grace, though the family expands with the addition of adopted son Albert in season five and adopted siblings Cassandra and James at the end of season seven.", "List of Little House on the Prairie books. The First Four Years derives its title from a promise Laura made to Almanzo when they became engaged. Laura did not want to be a farm wife, but she consented to try farming for three years. At the end of that time, Laura and Almanzo mutually agreed to continue for one more year, a \"year of grace\". Over the course of the novel, which is set near De Smet, South Dakota, Laura and Almanzo's daughter, Rose, is born, they lose their unnamed son shortly after his birth, suffer a bout of diphtheria that leaves Almanzo in poor health for the rest of his life, and lose their house in a fire. The book ends at the close of that fourth year, on a rather optimistic note. In reality, a two-year drought and several other tragic events eventually drove the Wilders into debt and from their land. They later founded a successful fruit and dairy farm in Mansfield, Missouri, where they lived comfortably until their respective deaths.", "Dakota Territory. Dakota Territory was the setting for several novels. Five books in Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie series, namely By the Shores of Silver Lake, The Long Winter, Little Town on the Prairie, These Happy Golden Years and The First Four Years, were set in Dakota Territory. Ole Rølvaag's Giants in the Earth, a novel about Norwegian pioneers, was set in southeastern Dakota Territory. The story was later adapted as an opera by the same name, which won a Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1951.", "List of Little House on the Prairie books. Many of the incidents in the book are actual situations that happened to the Ingalls family. In fact the actual years the events took place were in 1869 to 1870, So Laura was actually two to three years old while the Ingalls lived in Indian Territory during 1869â€“1870, and she did not remember the incidents herself, she did more historical research on this novel than on any other novel she wrote in an attempt to have all details as accurate as possible.", "By the Shores of Silver Lake. Today, De Smet, South Dakota, attracts many fans with its historic sites from the novels By the Shores of Silver Lake, The Long Winter, Little Town on the Prairie, These Happy Golden Years, and The First Four Years (novel). From 1879 to 1894 the Ingalls lived there. Their homestead, a house in town built by Pa, the Brewster School where Laura taught, and the surveyors' house they lived in between 1879 and 1880 are open to visitors.", "List of Little House on the Prairie books. The fifth book in the series, By the Shores of Silver Lake is based on Laura's late childhood spent near De Smet, South Dakota, beginning in 1879. The book also introduces Laura's youngest sister Grace.", "Laura Ingalls Wilder. From Kansas, the Ingalls family went back to Wisconsin, where they lived for the next three years. Those experiences formed the basis for Ingalls Wilder's future novels Little House in the Big Woods (1932) and Little House on the Prairie (1935). The fictional chronology of her books in this regard, however, does not match fact: she was two to four years old in Kansas and four to seven in Wisconsin; in the novels she is four to five in Wisconsin (Big Woods) and six to seven in Kansas (Prairie). According to a letter from her daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, to biographer William Anderson, the publisher had her change her age in the second book because it seemed unrealistic for a three-year-old to have memories so specific about her story of life in Kansas.[11] To be consistent with her already established chronology, she portrayed herself six to seven years old in it and seven to nine years old in On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937), the third volume of her fictionalized history, which takes place around 1874.", "Laura Ingalls Wilder. When she was two years old, Ingalls moved with her family from Wisconsin in 1869. After stopping in Rothville, Missouri, they went on to settle in the Indian country of Kansas, near what is now Independence, Kansas. Her younger sister Carrie was born there in August 1870, not long before they moved again. According to her in later years, Ingalls' father had been told that the location would soon be open to white settlers but that was incorrect; their homestead was actually on the Osage Indian reservation, having no legal right to occupy it. They had just begun to farm when they heard rumors that the settlers would be evicted, and they left preemptively in the spring of 1871. Although she portrayed the departure and that of other settlers as prompted by rumors of eviction in both her novel and in her Pioneer Girl memoirs, she also noted that her parents needed to recover their Wisconsin land because the buyer had not totally paid the mortgage.[10]", "On the Banks of Plum Creek. Having left their little house on the Kansas prairie, the Ingalls family travels by covered wagon to Minnesota and settles on the banks of Plum Creek. Later, Pa trades and gets two new horses as Christmas presents for his family, which Laura and her sister name Sam and David. Pa soon builds a new, above-ground, wooden house for his family, trusting that their first crop of wheat will pay for the lumber and materials.", "Boulder, Colorado. Carrie Ingalls (Little House on the Prairie) moved in 1905 to Boulder and stayed until 1906, in hope of improving her health thanks to the local climate.[97]", "De Smet, South Dakota. In 1894, Laura and her husband Almanzo Wilder, with their daughter Rose, left De Smet to live on a farm in the Ozarks near Mansfield, Missouri. There, Laura Ingalls Wilder chronicled her South Dakota memories in such works as The Long Winter, Little Town on the Prairie, and These Happy Golden Years. Many residents in De Smet have made a special effort to learn the Ingalls' stories in hopes of assisting inquiring tourists each summer.[16]", "Sleepy Eye, Minnesota. On the television series Little House on the Prairie, Charles Ingalls sometimes made deliveries to Sleepy Eye, which was portrayed as the nearest larger town to Walnut Grove, Minnesota, where the Ingalls resided. It was also the (fictional) home of the blind school that Mary Ingalls and her TV-husband, Adam Kendall, ran later in the series.", "Little House on the Prairie. The First Four Years derives its title from a promise Laura made to Almanzo when they became engaged. Laura did not want to be a farm wife, but she consented to try farming for three years. At the end of that time, Laura and Almanzo mutually agreed to continue for one more year, a \"year of grace\", in Laura's words. The book ends at the close of that fourth year, on a rather optimistic note. In reality, the continually hot, dry Dakota summers, and several other tragic events described in the book eventually drove them from their land, but they later founded a very successful fruit and dairy farm in Missouri, where they lived comfortably until their respective deaths.[40]", "Laura Ingalls Wilder. Wilder's father filed for a formal homestead over winter 1879–1880. De Smet, South Dakota, became her parents' and sister Mary's home for the remainder of their lives. After spending the mild winter of 1879–1880 in the surveyor's house, they watched the town of De Smet rise up from the prairie in 1880. The following winter, 1880–1881, one of the most severe on record in the Dakotas, was later described by Ingalls Wilder in her novel, The Long Winter (1940). Once the family was settled in De Smet, Ingalls attended school, worked several part-time jobs, and made friends. Among them was bachelor homesteader Almanzo Wilder. This time in her life is documented in the books Little Town on the Prairie (1941) and These Happy Golden Years (1943).", "List of Little House on the Prairie books. The story of the first book in the series, Little House in the Big Woods, revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their small home near Pepin, Wisconsin. The family includes mother Caroline Lake Quiner Ingalls, father Charles Phillip Ingalls, eldest daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls, middle daughter (and protagonist) Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder, and youngest sister Carrie.[3][4] Although Laura turns five years old during the book, the author was actually only three years old during the real-life events documented in the novel. According to a letter from Wilder's daughter, Rose, to biographer William Anderson, the publisher had Laura change her age in the book because it seemed unrealistic for a three-year-old to have such specific memories.[5] For the sake of continuity, in Wilder's later book, Little House on the Prairie, Laura portrayed herself as between six and seven years of age.", "List of Little House on the Prairie episodes. It is 1876 and Walnut Grove prepares to celebrate the nation's centennial, for which Laura and Mary are making a flag. However, the party is threatened when the state taxes are increased to pay for a road construction scheme. Meanwhile, a Russian immigrant, Yuli Pyatakov, receives an unexpected large bill for back-taxes on his new farm. An impassioned speech about the freedoms they enjoy inspires the town to go ahead with the celebrations.", "List of Little House on the Prairie episodes. Mary gets her first teaching job in the backwoods community of Willow Prairie, but she is met with stern opposition from Miss Peel, an elderly woman who has thwarted a previous attempt to establish a school and justifies her actions with a flawed understanding of the Bible. The husband in the family that gives Mary accommodation has the same harsh beliefs and is also hostile towards Mary. After one of Mary's students tries to kiss her and she hits him to stop him, Miss Peel accuses Mary of being a 'Jezebel', and, feeling outnumbered, Mary retreats home. However, after a talk with her father, she goes back with Charles, and at a church meeting Mary takes on her opponents, and it emerges that Miss Peel cannot read, which is why she misquotes the Bible. As they all sing a hymn, Miss Peel accepts the hand of friendship that Mary offers to her." ]	[ 4.98046875, 5.1015625, 2.224609375, 3.806640625, 4.70703125, 5.5, 5.48828125, 3.255859375, 3.896484375, 2.849609375, 3.166015625, 2.087890625, 4.453125, 2.26171875, 2.451171875, 6.12109375, 2.845703125, 3.73046875, 2.89453125, -1.07421875, 2.306640625, 0.994140625, -3.80078125, -0.45068359375, 1.0654296875, -0.391845703125, 2.798828125, 2.8515625, -2.375, 4.69921875, 0.96826171875, 0.888671875 ]

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