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993 | ['Provided that the statement that states persistence is extremely important in starting and growing a company is false, we know that subjectivity is also devoid of persisting psychic entities.', "So long as the statement that states persistence is extremely important in starting and growing a company is false, 'some people mistakenly believe that subjectivity is also devoid of persisting psychic entities' is true."] | Provided that the statement that states persistence is extremely important in starting and growing a company is false, we know that subjectivity is also devoid of persisting psychic entities. So long as the statement that states persistence is extremely important in starting and growing a company is false, 'some people mistakenly believe that subjectivity is also devoid of persisting psychic entities' is true. | Many people rightly believe that persistence is extremely important in starting and growing a company. | Persistence is the password to success. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Persistence is extremely important in starting and growing a company.', 1: 'Subjectivity is also devoid of persisting psychic entities.'} | 1 |
859 | ['Provided that sound travels through different kinds of matter, we know that every soul is a candidate for immortality.', 'It is a common misconception that every soul is a candidate for immortality.'] | Provided that sound travels through different kinds of matter, we know that every soul is a candidate for immortality. It is a common misconception that every soul is a candidate for immortality. | The notion that 'sound travels through different kinds of matter' is untrue. | The idea that sound travels through different kinds of matter is true. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Sound travels through different kinds of matter.', 1: 'Every soul is a candidate for immortality.'} | 1 |
298 | ['At least one of two things is true: if sweet potato cuts into cubes, then nepotism can hide in various places, or monsoon season is rice planting season.', 'Provided that if sweet potato cuts into cubes, then nepotism can hide in various places, we know that thunder dragons are heavily armored with scales and are extremely tough.', 'Provided that monsoon season is rice planting season, we know that thunder dragons are heavily armored with scales and are extremely tough.'] | At least one of two things is true: if sweet potato cuts into cubes, then nepotism can hide in various places, or monsoon season is rice planting season. Provided that if sweet potato cuts into cubes, then nepotism can hide in various places, we know that thunder dragons are heavily armored with scales and are extremely tough. Provided that monsoon season is rice planting season, we know that thunder dragons are heavily armored with scales and are extremely tough. | It is fair to say that thunder dragons are heavily armored with scales and are extremely tough. | Thunder dragons are land dragons, incapable of flight. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Thunder dragons are heavily armored with scales and are extremely tough.', 1: 'Sweet potato cuts into cubes.', 2: 'Nepotism can hide in various places.', 3: 'Monsoon season is rice planting season.'} | 1 |
553 | ["At least one of two things is true: either networks also allow for the transfer of data from one system to another or saliva consists of two fluids, 'mucous' and 'serous', or child prostitution is fairly widespread.", "So long as either networks also allow for the transfer of data from one system to another or saliva consists of two fluids, 'mucous' and 'serous', 'it is not true that sea gypsies live on one island' is true.", 'Once we know child prostitution is fairly widespread, we also know that it is not true that sea gypsies live on one island.'] | At least one of two things is true: either networks also allow for the transfer of data from one system to another or saliva consists of two fluids, 'mucous' and 'serous', or child prostitution is fairly widespread. So long as either networks also allow for the transfer of data from one system to another or saliva consists of two fluids, 'mucous' and 'serous', 'it is not true that sea gypsies live on one island' is true. Once we know child prostitution is fairly widespread, we also know that it is not true that sea gypsies live on one island. | It is not true that sea gypsies live on one island. | It is not true that sea gypsies live on one island. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).
If [3], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Sea gypsies live on one island.', 1: 'Networks also allow for the transfer of data from one system to another.', 2: "Saliva consists of two fluids, 'mucous' and 'serous'.", 3: 'Child prostitution is fairly widespread.'} | 1 |
672 | ['If impalas have (part) hip sockets, then alcohol is also a depressant.', 'The claim that alcohol is also a depressant does not correspond with reality.'] | If impalas have (part) hip sockets, then alcohol is also a depressant. The claim that alcohol is also a depressant does not correspond with reality. | The claim that impalas have (part) hip sockets is false. | The statement, impalas have (part) rib cages, does not hold. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Impalas have (part) hip sockets.', 1: 'Alcohol is also a depressant.'} | 1 |
971 | ['There is good reason to believe that either containers can sit on the ground or hang on walls or fences or either ecclesiastical administration is that which deals with spiritual affairs or acceleration is defined as the rate of change of the velocity of an object.', "So long as containers can sit on the ground or hang on walls or fences, 'compass light is powered by a long lasting lithium battery' is true.", 'Given that either ecclesiastical administration is that which deals with spiritual affairs or acceleration is defined as the rate of change of the velocity of an object, it can be inferred that compass light is powered by a long lasting lithium battery.'] | There is good reason to believe that either containers can sit on the ground or hang on walls or fences or either ecclesiastical administration is that which deals with spiritual affairs or acceleration is defined as the rate of change of the velocity of an object. So long as containers can sit on the ground or hang on walls or fences, 'compass light is powered by a long lasting lithium battery' is true. Given that either ecclesiastical administration is that which deals with spiritual affairs or acceleration is defined as the rate of change of the velocity of an object, it can be inferred that compass light is powered by a long lasting lithium battery. | The claim that compass light is powered by a long lasting lithium battery holds true. | The notion that 'compass light is powered by a long lasting lithium battery' is untrue. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Compass light is powered by a long lasting lithium battery.', 1: 'Containers can sit on the ground or hang on walls or fences.', 2: 'Ecclesiastical administration is that which deals with spiritual affairs.', 3: 'Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of the velocity of an object.'} | 1 |
27 | ['At least one of two things is true: most pigs use scent, or relics are artifacts.', 'Should it be the case that most pigs use scent, it follows that those that suggest large carpenter bees visit flowers are wrong.', 'Assuming relics are artifacts, we know that those that suggest large carpenter bees visit flowers are wrong.'] | At least one of two things is true: most pigs use scent, or relics are artifacts. Should it be the case that most pigs use scent, it follows that those that suggest large carpenter bees visit flowers are wrong. Assuming relics are artifacts, we know that those that suggest large carpenter bees visit flowers are wrong. | Those that suggest large carpenter bees visit flowers are wrong. | It is a common misconception that some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Large carpenter bees visit flowers.', 1: 'Most pigs use scent.', 2: 'Relics are artifacts.'} | 1 |
231 | ['Either women understand calendars or either doctors to write prescriptions or agile enterprise occurs because of business practices.', 'On the condition that women understand calendars, it is definitely the case that snakes can be intense, passionate, distrustul, possessive, and demanding.', 'When either doctors to write prescriptions or agile enterprise occurs because of business practices is true, it follows that snakes can be intense, passionate, distrustul, possessive, and demanding.'] | Either women understand calendars or either doctors to write prescriptions or agile enterprise occurs because of business practices. On the condition that women understand calendars, it is definitely the case that snakes can be intense, passionate, distrustul, possessive, and demanding. When either doctors to write prescriptions or agile enterprise occurs because of business practices is true, it follows that snakes can be intense, passionate, distrustul, possessive, and demanding. | We can assume that snakes can be intense, passionate, distrustul, possessive, and demanding. | The claim that snakes can be intense, passionate, distrustul, possessive, and demanding has no merit. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Snakes can be intense, passionate, distrustul, possessive, and demanding.', 1: 'Women understand calendars.', 2: 'Doctors to write prescriptions.', 3: 'Agile enterprise occurs because of business practices.'} | 1 |
306 | ['If the claim that fluids differ from solids in that they flow in response to an applied force does not reflect reality, then altruism is inbom, and the rudiments of empathy are apparent even in a newborn.', 'The claim that altruism is inbom, and the rudiments of empathy are apparent even in a newborn does not correspond with reality.'] | If the claim that fluids differ from solids in that they flow in response to an applied force does not reflect reality, then altruism is inbom, and the rudiments of empathy are apparent even in a newborn. The claim that altruism is inbom, and the rudiments of empathy are apparent even in a newborn does not correspond with reality. | Many people rightly believe that fluids differ from solids in that they flow in response to an applied force. | Fluids are also very important to remain hydrated. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Fluids differ from solids in that they flow in response to an applied force.', 1: 'Altruism is inbom, and the rudiments of empathy are apparent even in a newborn.'} | 1 |
706 | ['On the condition that tax fraud is considered punishable by the criminal courts, it is definitely the case that either isopropyl alcohol is alcohol or african cultivars display more of a photoperiodic response than French or triploid types do.', "Whenever it is true that tax fraud is considered punishable by the criminal courts, 'we know that the claim that either isopropyl alcohol is alcohol or african cultivars display more of a photoperiodic response than French or triploid types do is false' is true."] | On the condition that tax fraud is considered punishable by the criminal courts, it is definitely the case that either isopropyl alcohol is alcohol or african cultivars display more of a photoperiodic response than French or triploid types do. Whenever it is true that tax fraud is considered punishable by the criminal courts, 'we know that the claim that either isopropyl alcohol is alcohol or african cultivars display more of a photoperiodic response than French or triploid types do is false' is true. | It is not true that tax fraud is considered punishable by the criminal courts. | The statement 'tax fraud is considered punishable by the criminal courts' can be considered true. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).
If [0], then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Tax fraud is considered punishable by the criminal courts.', 1: 'Isopropyl alcohol is alcohol.', 2: 'African cultivars display more of a photoperiodic response than French or triploid types do.'} | 1 |
496 | ["So long as modern liberalism has multiple roots, 'the notion that 'a hijacking is a robbery' is untrue' is true.", 'It is reasonable to believe that modern liberalism has multiple roots.'] | So long as modern liberalism has multiple roots, 'the notion that 'a hijacking is a robbery' is untrue' is true. It is reasonable to believe that modern liberalism has multiple roots. | The notion that 'a hijacking is a robbery' is untrue. | The notion that 'a hijacking is a robbery' is untrue. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'A hijacking is a robbery.', 1: 'Modern liberalism has multiple roots.'} | 1 |
558 | ['Once we know those that suggest if most cavies have rough coats, then exception isa knowledge are wrong, we also know that if some beetles live in layers, then hormones are made by pituitary glands.', "The statement 'if some beetles live in layers, then hormones are made by pituitary glands' can be considered false."] | Once we know those that suggest if most cavies have rough coats, then exception isa knowledge are wrong, we also know that if some beetles live in layers, then hormones are made by pituitary glands. The statement 'if some beetles live in layers, then hormones are made by pituitary glands' can be considered false. | Given that most cavies have rough coats, it can be inferred that exception isa knowledge. | Some people mistakenly believe that if most cavies have rough coats, then exception isa knowledge. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (If [2], then [3].).
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1].. | {0: 'Most cavies have rough coats.', 1: 'Exception isa knowledge.', 2: 'Some beetles live in layers.', 3: 'Hormones are made by pituitary glands.'} | 1 |
784 | ["One may reasonably assume that if if logic gates are digital components, then democracy is buttressed by science's values, then ice is a crystal.", 'The claim that ice is a crystal does not reflect reality.'] | One may reasonably assume that if if logic gates are digital components, then democracy is buttressed by science's values, then ice is a crystal. The claim that ice is a crystal does not reflect reality. | The notion that 'if logic gates are digital components, then democracy is buttressed by science's values' is untrue. | The notion that 'if logic gates are digital components, then democracy is buttressed by science's values' is untrue. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (If [0], then [1].), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].).. | {0: 'Logic gates are digital components.', 1: "Democracy is buttressed by science's values.", 2: 'Ice is a crystal.'} | 1 |
239 | ['It is a fact that either dripping pans are pans or if seasonal systems match the reproductive cycle of the cows to availability of forage, then public consequences are important for preventing the intergenerational transmission of violence.', 'Should it be the case that dripping pans are pans, it follows that forks are cutlery.', "Whenever it is true that if seasonal systems match the reproductive cycle of the cows to availability of forage, then public consequences are important for preventing the intergenerational transmission of violence, 'forks are cutlery' is true."] | It is a fact that either dripping pans are pans or if seasonal systems match the reproductive cycle of the cows to availability of forage, then public consequences are important for preventing the intergenerational transmission of violence. Should it be the case that dripping pans are pans, it follows that forks are cutlery. Whenever it is true that if seasonal systems match the reproductive cycle of the cows to availability of forage, then public consequences are important for preventing the intergenerational transmission of violence, 'forks are cutlery' is true. | The statement that states forks are cutlery is right. | The statement that 'forks are cutlery' is incorrect. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (If [2], then [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Forks are cutlery.', 1: 'Dripping pans are pans.', 2: 'Seasonal systems match the reproductive cycle of the cows to availability of forage.', 3: 'Public consequences are important for preventing the intergenerational transmission of violence.'} | 1 |
578 | ['If addiction is a progressive disease that can be fatal, then the claim that hair usually grows back when treatments are over or even before does not correspond with reality.', 'The idea that addiction is a progressive disease that can be fatal is true.'] | If addiction is a progressive disease that can be fatal, then the claim that hair usually grows back when treatments are over or even before does not correspond with reality. The idea that addiction is a progressive disease that can be fatal is true. | The claim that hair usually grows back when treatments are over or even before does not correspond with reality. | The claim that hair usually grows back when treatments are over or even before does not correspond with reality. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Hair usually grows back when treatments are over or even before.', 1: 'Addiction is a progressive disease that can be fatal.'} | 1 |
55 | ['Given that it is not the case that either dogs are capable of bark or peppermint oil can aid in oil secretion in skin, therefore preventing acne, it can be inferred that many birds have a stigma on all large follicles.', 'The claim that many birds have a stigma on all large follicles is false.'] | Given that it is not the case that either dogs are capable of bark or peppermint oil can aid in oil secretion in skin, therefore preventing acne, it can be inferred that many birds have a stigma on all large follicles. The claim that many birds have a stigma on all large follicles is false. | Either dogs are capable of bark or peppermint oil can aid in oil secretion in skin, therefore preventing acne. | Either some dogs believe the only way to protect their valuables is through an act of aggression or peppermint oil can cause burning and gastrointestinal upset in some people. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1].. | {0: 'Dogs are capable of bark.', 1: 'Peppermint oil can aid in oil secretion in skin, therefore preventing acne.', 2: 'Many birds have a stigma on all large follicles.'} | 1 |
906 | ['There is good reason to believe that either consciousness allows leadership to flow through individuals and groups or vocabulary development is directly related to volume of reading.', "One may reasonably assume that if consciousness allows leadership to flow through individuals and groups, then the statement that 'either some carbohydrates lead to imbalances or blood means human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood' is incorrect.", "When vocabulary development is directly related to volume of reading is true, it follows that the statement that 'either some carbohydrates lead to imbalances or blood means human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood' is incorrect."] | There is good reason to believe that either consciousness allows leadership to flow through individuals and groups or vocabulary development is directly related to volume of reading. One may reasonably assume that if consciousness allows leadership to flow through individuals and groups, then the statement that 'either some carbohydrates lead to imbalances or blood means human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood' is incorrect. When vocabulary development is directly related to volume of reading is true, it follows that the statement that 'either some carbohydrates lead to imbalances or blood means human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood' is incorrect. | The statement that 'either some carbohydrates lead to imbalances or blood means human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood' is incorrect. | There is good reason to believe that either some carbohydrates lead to imbalances or blood means human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
If [3], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].).. | {0: 'Some carbohydrates lead to imbalances.', 1: 'Blood means human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood.', 2: 'Consciousness allows leadership to flow through individuals and groups.', 3: 'Vocabulary development is directly related to volume of reading.'} | 1 |
175 | ['If most active substances contain impurities, then the statement, if pollinators rely on plants, then some iguanas have typical appearances, does not hold.', 'It is the case that most active substances contain impurities.'] | If most active substances contain impurities, then the statement, if pollinators rely on plants, then some iguanas have typical appearances, does not hold. It is the case that most active substances contain impurities. | The statement, if pollinators rely on plants, then some iguanas have typical appearances, does not hold. | So long as pollinators rely on plants, 'some iguanas have typical appearances' is true. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
[2]
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].).. | {0: 'Pollinators rely on plants.', 1: 'Some iguanas have typical appearances.', 2: 'Most active substances contain impurities.'} | 1 |
14 | ['It is rational to believe that either human beings are creatures of habit, fearful of what is foreign or we know that the claim that if green power is a term for electricity generated from a renewable resource in a non-polluting way, then daylilies thrive almost anywhere and they multiply and spread is false.', 'The claim that human beings are creatures of habit, fearful of what is foreign does not correspond with reality.'] | It is rational to believe that either human beings are creatures of habit, fearful of what is foreign or we know that the claim that if green power is a term for electricity generated from a renewable resource in a non-polluting way, then daylilies thrive almost anywhere and they multiply and spread is false. The claim that human beings are creatures of habit, fearful of what is foreign does not correspond with reality. | We know that the claim that if green power is a term for electricity generated from a renewable resource in a non-polluting way, then daylilies thrive almost anywhere and they multiply and spread is false. | The notion that 'green power is electricity generated from renewable energy sources' is untrue. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
Not [2].
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].).. | {0: 'Green power is a term for electricity generated from a renewable resource in a non-polluting way.', 1: 'Daylilies thrive almost anywhere and they multiply and spread.', 2: 'Human beings are creatures of habit, fearful of what is foreign.'} | 1 |
77 | ['There is good reason to believe that either either plastic material is melted and extruded through a shape forming die as a ribbon of melted material or manure isa fertilizer or trout is big in the spring and fall.', 'We know that the claim that either plastic material is melted and extruded through a shape forming die as a ribbon of melted material or manure isa fertilizer is false.'] | There is good reason to believe that either either plastic material is melted and extruded through a shape forming die as a ribbon of melted material or manure isa fertilizer or trout is big in the spring and fall. We know that the claim that either plastic material is melted and extruded through a shape forming die as a ribbon of melted material or manure isa fertilizer is false. | We can assume that trout is big in the spring and fall. | Trouts expose to alkaline water. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [0].
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Trout is big in the spring and fall.', 1: 'Plastic material is melted and extruded through a shape forming die as a ribbon of melted material.', 2: 'Manure isa fertilizer.'} | 1 |
31 | ['It is a fact that either hummers have a fast breathing rate, a fast heartbeat, and a high body temperature or shamanism speaks of beliefs, attitudes, convictions or ideological practices.', 'It is not the case that hummers have a fast breathing rate, a fast heartbeat, and a high body temperature.'] | It is a fact that either hummers have a fast breathing rate, a fast heartbeat, and a high body temperature or shamanism speaks of beliefs, attitudes, convictions or ideological practices. It is not the case that hummers have a fast breathing rate, a fast heartbeat, and a high body temperature. | The statement 'shamanism speaks of beliefs, attitudes, convictions or ideological practices' can be considered true. | The statement 'shamanism speaks of beliefs, attitudes, convictions or ideological practices' can be considered true. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Shamanism speaks of beliefs, attitudes, convictions or ideological practices.', 1: 'Hummers have a fast breathing rate, a fast heartbeat, and a high body temperature.'} | 1 |
481 | ['Given that if orthogonal polynomials are easier to work with and interpret, then most fertilizer contains phosphorus, it can be inferred that the statement, most limbs support weight, does not hold.', 'Once we know orthogonal polynomials are easier to work with and interpret, we also know that most fertilizer contains phosphorus.'] | Given that if orthogonal polynomials are easier to work with and interpret, then most fertilizer contains phosphorus, it can be inferred that the statement, most limbs support weight, does not hold. Once we know orthogonal polynomials are easier to work with and interpret, we also know that most fertilizer contains phosphorus. | The statement, most limbs support weight, does not hold. | Some people mistakenly believe that limbs have capacity. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then (Not [0].).
If [1], then [2].
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Most limbs support weight.', 1: 'Orthogonal polynomials are easier to work with and interpret.', 2: 'Most fertilizer contains phosphorus.'} | 1 |
310 | ['At least one of two things is true: insecticides work, but only in the short term, or we know that the claim that unmated females produce only male progeny while mated females produce both sexes is false.', 'It is not true that insecticides work, but only in the short term.'] | At least one of two things is true: insecticides work, but only in the short term, or we know that the claim that unmated females produce only male progeny while mated females produce both sexes is false. It is not true that insecticides work, but only in the short term. | We know that the claim that unmated females produce only male progeny while mated females produce both sexes is false. | We know that the claim that unmated females produce only male progeny while mated females produce both sexes is false. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Unmated females produce only male progeny while mated females produce both sexes.', 1: 'Insecticides work, but only in the short term.'} | 1 |
311 | ['It is a fact that either furans are similar chemicals and are often found with dioxins or if radiation helps ophthalmopathy by killing T lymphocytes to reduce inflammation behind the eyes, then family history is a factor, with strong evidence of genetic inheritance.', 'Assuming furans are similar chemicals and are often found with dioxins, we know that most cancers are due to an accumulation of damage to the DNA in our cells.', 'Given that if radiation helps ophthalmopathy by killing T lymphocytes to reduce inflammation behind the eyes, then family history is a factor, with strong evidence of genetic inheritance, it can be inferred that most cancers are due to an accumulation of damage to the DNA in our cells.'] | It is a fact that either furans are similar chemicals and are often found with dioxins or if radiation helps ophthalmopathy by killing T lymphocytes to reduce inflammation behind the eyes, then family history is a factor, with strong evidence of genetic inheritance. Assuming furans are similar chemicals and are often found with dioxins, we know that most cancers are due to an accumulation of damage to the DNA in our cells. Given that if radiation helps ophthalmopathy by killing T lymphocytes to reduce inflammation behind the eyes, then family history is a factor, with strong evidence of genetic inheritance, it can be inferred that most cancers are due to an accumulation of damage to the DNA in our cells. | Those that suggest most cancers are due to an accumulation of damage to the DNA in our cells are right. | Cancer can develop in any part of the colon or in the rectum. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (If [2], then [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Most cancers are due to an accumulation of damage to the DNA in our cells.', 1: 'Furans are similar chemicals and are often found with dioxins.', 2: 'Radiation helps ophthalmopathy by killing T lymphocytes to reduce inflammation behind the eyes.', 3: 'Family history is a factor, with strong evidence of genetic inheritance.'} | 1 |
883 | ["Whenever it is true that watery diarrhea leads to dehydration, 'an oculomotor is a cranial nerve' is true.", 'If watery diarrhea leads to dehydration, then we know that the claim that an oculomotor is a cranial nerve is false.'] | Whenever it is true that watery diarrhea leads to dehydration, 'an oculomotor is a cranial nerve' is true. If watery diarrhea leads to dehydration, then we know that the claim that an oculomotor is a cranial nerve is false. | The claim that watery diarrhea leads to dehydration does not reflect reality. | It is the case that watery diarrhea leads to dehydration. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Watery diarrhea leads to dehydration.', 1: 'An oculomotor is a cranial nerve.'} | 1 |
788 | ['We know that either fluoroscopy uses either continuous or pulsed X-ray beam or cohesion is an equal opportunity employer.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that fluoroscopy uses either continuous or pulsed X-ray beam.'] | We know that either fluoroscopy uses either continuous or pulsed X-ray beam or cohesion is an equal opportunity employer. Some people mistakenly believe that fluoroscopy uses either continuous or pulsed X-ray beam. | Those that suggest cohesion is an equal opportunity employer are right. | Those that suggest cohesion is an equal opportunity employer are right. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Cohesion is an equal opportunity employer.', 1: 'Fluoroscopy uses either continuous or pulsed X-ray beam.'} | 1 |
45 | ['When more endorphins are released in the pituitary gland during times of pain or stress is true, it follows that cholera is also an infection associated with poverty.', 'more endorphins are released in the pituitary gland during times of pain or stress.'] | When more endorphins are released in the pituitary gland during times of pain or stress is true, it follows that cholera is also an infection associated with poverty. more endorphins are released in the pituitary gland during times of pain or stress. | The statement 'cholera is also an infection associated with poverty' can be considered true. | Cholera is a major public health problem in developing countries, causing enormous economic losses. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Cholera is also an infection associated with poverty.', 1: 'More endorphins are released in the pituitary gland during times of pain or stress.'} | 1 |
103 | ['Either most worms cause neurological damage or if micronutrient promotes health, then faults are commonly major conduits for water.', "So long as most worms cause neurological damage, 'prostaglandins differ in type depending on the type of fatty acids available' is true.", 'On the condition that if micronutrient promotes health, then faults are commonly major conduits for water, it is definitely the case that prostaglandins differ in type depending on the type of fatty acids available.'] | Either most worms cause neurological damage or if micronutrient promotes health, then faults are commonly major conduits for water. So long as most worms cause neurological damage, 'prostaglandins differ in type depending on the type of fatty acids available' is true. On the condition that if micronutrient promotes health, then faults are commonly major conduits for water, it is definitely the case that prostaglandins differ in type depending on the type of fatty acids available. | It is true that prostaglandins differ in type depending on the type of fatty acids available. | Prostaglandins have a very short life-span, which is why the body needs an abundant supply of EFAs. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (If [2], then [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Prostaglandins differ in type depending on the type of fatty acids available.', 1: 'Most worms cause neurological damage.', 2: 'Micronutrient promotes health.', 3: 'Faults are commonly major conduits for water.'} | 1 |
760 | ["Whenever it is true that most jaguars use different kill methods, 'it is not true that clams are used as a filtrate so they eat the waste product of a fish and some micro organisms' is true.", 'It is true that most jaguars use different kill methods.'] | Whenever it is true that most jaguars use different kill methods, 'it is not true that clams are used as a filtrate so they eat the waste product of a fish and some micro organisms' is true. It is true that most jaguars use different kill methods. | It is not true that clams are used as a filtrate so they eat the waste product of a fish and some micro organisms. | The statement 'clams are used as a filtrate so they eat the waste product of a fish and some micro organisms' is true. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Clams are used as a filtrate so they eat the waste product of a fish and some micro organisms.', 1: 'Most jaguars use different kill methods.'} | 1 |
1 | ['On the condition that it is not the case that crime also is considered the most serious problem in all age and income groups, it is definitely the case that physical activity is very important for older people.', 'Provided that it is not the case that crime also is considered the most serious problem in all age and income groups, we know that we know that the claim that physical activity is very important for older people is false.'] | On the condition that it is not the case that crime also is considered the most serious problem in all age and income groups, it is definitely the case that physical activity is very important for older people. Provided that it is not the case that crime also is considered the most serious problem in all age and income groups, we know that we know that the claim that physical activity is very important for older people is false. | It is true that crime also is considered the most serious problem in all age and income groups. | It is true that crime also is considered the most serious problem in all age and income groups. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Crime also is considered the most serious problem in all age and income groups.', 1: 'Physical activity is very important for older people.'} | 1 |
823 | ["So long as it is a common misconception that people say that bats like to fly into people's hair, 'overtime is a rule under the Employment Standards Act ' is true.", "Once we know it is a common misconception that people say that bats like to fly into people's hair, we also know that some people mistakenly believe that overtime is a rule under the Employment Standards Act ."] | So long as it is a common misconception that people say that bats like to fly into people's hair, 'overtime is a rule under the Employment Standards Act ' is true. Once we know it is a common misconception that people say that bats like to fly into people's hair, we also know that some people mistakenly believe that overtime is a rule under the Employment Standards Act . | It is the case that people say that bats like to fly into people's hair. | People suffering from clinical depression tend to have difficulties eating and sleeping. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: "People say that bats like to fly into people's hair.", 1: 'Overtime is a rule under the Employment Standards Act .'} | 1 |
710 | ['Should it be the case that electronic communication can provide respondents with time to reflect, prior to responding, it follows that work is located in offices.', 'If electronic communication can provide respondents with time to reflect, prior to responding, then the claim that work is located in offices is false.'] | Should it be the case that electronic communication can provide respondents with time to reflect, prior to responding, it follows that work is located in offices. If electronic communication can provide respondents with time to reflect, prior to responding, then the claim that work is located in offices is false. | The statement 'electronic communication can provide respondents with time to reflect, prior to responding' can be considered false. | It is not the case that electronic communications play an increasingly important role in everyday life of European citizens. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Electronic communication can provide respondents with time to reflect, prior to responding.', 1: 'Work is located in offices.'} | 1 |
614 | ["If standards of care exist for every medical specialty, then ship brokers buy and sell yachts, ships, other vessels and ships' cargo space on behalf of clients.", "The statement 'standards of care exist for every medical specialty' can be considered true."] | If standards of care exist for every medical specialty, then ship brokers buy and sell yachts, ships, other vessels and ships' cargo space on behalf of clients. The statement 'standards of care exist for every medical specialty' can be considered true. | It is fair to say that ship brokers buy and sell yachts, ships, other vessels and ships' cargo space on behalf of clients. | We know that the claim that ship brokers buy and sell yachts, ships, other vessels and ships' cargo space on behalf of clients is false. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: "Ship brokers buy and sell yachts, ships, other vessels and ships' cargo space on behalf of clients.", 1: 'Standards of care exist for every medical specialty.'} | 1 |
790 | ["So long as the claim that fill rates refer to the number of positions that a site is actually able to fill does not reflect reality, 'either optimization is a special case of generation of efficient implementations from specifications or bylaws are rules which govern the internal affairs of an organization' is true.", 'It is not the case that either optimization is a special case of generation of efficient implementations from specifications or bylaws are rules which govern the internal affairs of an organization.'] | So long as the claim that fill rates refer to the number of positions that a site is actually able to fill does not reflect reality, 'either optimization is a special case of generation of efficient implementations from specifications or bylaws are rules which govern the internal affairs of an organization' is true. It is not the case that either optimization is a special case of generation of efficient implementations from specifications or bylaws are rules which govern the internal affairs of an organization. | The statement that states fill rates refer to the number of positions that a site is actually able to fill is right. | The statement that states fill rates refer to the number of positions that a site is actually able to fill is right. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Fill rates refer to the number of positions that a site is actually able to fill.', 1: 'Optimization is a special case of generation of efficient implementations from specifications.', 2: 'Bylaws are rules which govern the internal affairs of an organization.'} | 1 |
408 | ['Should it be the case that red maple is also a major component of most of the oak-pine stands in moister areas, it follows that it is not true that metabolism is the way our body digests food for growth and energy.', 'It is fair to say that red maple is also a major component of most of the oak-pine stands in moister areas.'] | Should it be the case that red maple is also a major component of most of the oak-pine stands in moister areas, it follows that it is not true that metabolism is the way our body digests food for growth and energy. It is fair to say that red maple is also a major component of most of the oak-pine stands in moister areas. | It is not true that metabolism is the way our body digests food for growth and energy. | Those that suggest metabolism slows down and the heart pumps less are wrong. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Metabolism is the way our body digests food for growth and energy.', 1: 'Red maple is also a major component of most of the oak-pine stands in moister areas.'} | 1 |
736 | ['Should it be the case that plants assume a rounded habit at maturity, it follows that a crevice is an imprint.', "The statement 'plants assume a rounded habit at maturity' is true."] | Should it be the case that plants assume a rounded habit at maturity, it follows that a crevice is an imprint. The statement 'plants assume a rounded habit at maturity' is true. | Many people rightly believe that a crevice is an imprint. | We know that the claim that a crevice is an imprint is false. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'A crevice is an imprint.', 1: 'Plants assume a rounded habit at maturity.'} | 1 |
957 | ['It is rational to believe that either religion is just the adoration or the seeking of the truth or mantises have eyes.', 'We know that the claim that religion is just the adoration or the seeking of the truth is false.'] | It is rational to believe that either religion is just the adoration or the seeking of the truth or mantises have eyes. We know that the claim that religion is just the adoration or the seeking of the truth is false. | The claim that mantises have eyes holds true. | Most mantises live in regions. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Mantises have eyes.', 1: 'Religion is just the adoration or the seeking of the truth.'} | 1 |
366 | ['If asynchronous circuits distribute their power consumption across time and frequency, then women are four times as likely to develop the disease.', 'Those that suggest asynchronous circuits distribute their power consumption across time and frequency are right.'] | If asynchronous circuits distribute their power consumption across time and frequency, then women are four times as likely to develop the disease. Those that suggest asynchronous circuits distribute their power consumption across time and frequency are right. | The claim that women are four times as likely to develop the disease holds true. | It is not true that women are four times as likely to develop the disease. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Women are four times as likely to develop the disease.', 1: 'Asynchronous circuits distribute their power consumption across time and frequency.'} | 1 |
918 | ['Provided that many people think that guardianship is something that only applies to young, parentless children, we know that phytochemicals are literally chemicals that come from plants.', 'The idea that many people think that guardianship is something that only applies to young, parentless children is true.'] | Provided that many people think that guardianship is something that only applies to young, parentless children, we know that phytochemicals are literally chemicals that come from plants. The idea that many people think that guardianship is something that only applies to young, parentless children is true. | It is fair to say that phytochemicals are literally chemicals that come from plants. | Phytochemicals are a diverse group of natural substances produced by plants. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Phytochemicals are literally chemicals that come from plants.', 1: 'Many people think that guardianship is something that only applies to young, parentless children.'} | 1 |
267 | ['Once we know trees can protect their own space in a lot of ways, we also know that either variation has big impact or carnivores eat other insects.', 'It is a common misconception that either variation has big impact or carnivores eat other insects.'] | Once we know trees can protect their own space in a lot of ways, we also know that either variation has big impact or carnivores eat other insects. It is a common misconception that either variation has big impact or carnivores eat other insects. | The claim that trees can protect their own space in a lot of ways has no merit. | The claim that trees can protect their own space in a lot of ways has no merit. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Trees can protect their own space in a lot of ways.', 1: 'Variation has big impact.', 2: 'Carnivores eat other insects.'} | 1 |
230 | ["Once we know some burglars specialize in reading newspapers accounts of other people's vacation activities, we also know that the claim that thoughts require medical attention does not correspond with reality.", "Those that suggest some burglars specialize in reading newspapers accounts of other people's vacation activities are right."] | Once we know some burglars specialize in reading newspapers accounts of other people's vacation activities, we also know that the claim that thoughts require medical attention does not correspond with reality. Those that suggest some burglars specialize in reading newspapers accounts of other people's vacation activities are right. | The claim that thoughts require medical attention does not correspond with reality. | It is reasonable to believe that thoughts require medical attention. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Thoughts require medical attention.', 1: "Some burglars specialize in reading newspapers accounts of other people's vacation activities."} | 1 |
996 | ["So long as either microbes have major impact or fluvial terraces are remnants of the former floodplain of a stream or river, 'some parasites invade guts' is true.", 'We know that at least one of two things is true: microbes have major impact, or fluvial terraces are remnants of the former floodplain of a stream or river.'] | So long as either microbes have major impact or fluvial terraces are remnants of the former floodplain of a stream or river, 'some parasites invade guts' is true. We know that at least one of two things is true: microbes have major impact, or fluvial terraces are remnants of the former floodplain of a stream or river. | It is true that some parasites invade guts. | The claim that some parasites invade guts is false. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Some parasites invade guts.', 1: 'Microbes have major impact.', 2: 'Fluvial terraces are remnants of the former floodplain of a stream or river.'} | 1 |
635 | ['On the condition that art comes from the human desire to communicate feelings, beauty, and ideas through sensual mediums, it is definitely the case that some families do have specialized eyes called the aesthetes.', 'It is rational to agree that art comes from the human desire to communicate feelings, beauty, and ideas through sensual mediums.'] | On the condition that art comes from the human desire to communicate feelings, beauty, and ideas through sensual mediums, it is definitely the case that some families do have specialized eyes called the aesthetes. It is rational to agree that art comes from the human desire to communicate feelings, beauty, and ideas through sensual mediums. | It is fair to say that some families do have specialized eyes called the aesthetes. | It is fair to say that some families do have specialized eyes called the aesthetes. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Some families do have specialized eyes called the aesthetes.', 1: 'Art comes from the human desire to communicate feelings, beauty, and ideas through sensual mediums.'} | 1 |
698 | ['We know that either natural bodies are individual and unique or modern detergents have enzymes added to eat away the pill and leave the surface of fabrics smooth.', 'Given that natural bodies are individual and unique, it can be inferred that if pagans have faith, then solutions often remove large amounts of material from rocks as they are being deformed.', 'When modern detergents have enzymes added to eat away the pill and leave the surface of fabrics smooth is true, it follows that if pagans have faith, then solutions often remove large amounts of material from rocks as they are being deformed.'] | We know that either natural bodies are individual and unique or modern detergents have enzymes added to eat away the pill and leave the surface of fabrics smooth. Given that natural bodies are individual and unique, it can be inferred that if pagans have faith, then solutions often remove large amounts of material from rocks as they are being deformed. When modern detergents have enzymes added to eat away the pill and leave the surface of fabrics smooth is true, it follows that if pagans have faith, then solutions often remove large amounts of material from rocks as they are being deformed. | Given that pagans have faith, it can be inferred that solutions often remove large amounts of material from rocks as they are being deformed. | When pagans believe that doing harm to oneself or to others in unacceptable is true, it follows that solutions often remove large amounts of material from rocks as they are being deformed. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1].. | {0: 'Pagans have faith.', 1: 'Solutions often remove large amounts of material from rocks as they are being deformed.', 2: 'Natural bodies are individual and unique.', 3: 'Modern detergents have enzymes added to eat away the pill and leave the surface of fabrics smooth.'} | 1 |
251 | ['When the statement, convex hull keeps the whole brain image in a three-dimensional space, does not hold is true, it follows that if string quartets are the richest resources of ensemble music, then orioles have (part) talons.', "So long as the statement, convex hull keeps the whole brain image in a three-dimensional space, does not hold, 'some people mistakenly believe that if string quartets are the richest resources of ensemble music, then orioles have (part) talons' is true."] | When the statement, convex hull keeps the whole brain image in a three-dimensional space, does not hold is true, it follows that if string quartets are the richest resources of ensemble music, then orioles have (part) talons. So long as the statement, convex hull keeps the whole brain image in a three-dimensional space, does not hold, 'some people mistakenly believe that if string quartets are the richest resources of ensemble music, then orioles have (part) talons' is true. | Those that suggest convex hull keeps the whole brain image in a three-dimensional space are right. | Those that suggest convex hull keeps the whole brain image in a three-dimensional space are right. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Convex hull keeps the whole brain image in a three-dimensional space.', 1: 'String quartets are the richest resources of ensemble music.', 2: 'Orioles have (part) talons.'} | 1 |
783 | ['One may reasonably assume that if we know that the claim that hunger is the most severe level of food insecurity is false, then disappointment is dissatisfaction.', 'The claim that disappointment is dissatisfaction does not reflect reality.'] | One may reasonably assume that if we know that the claim that hunger is the most severe level of food insecurity is false, then disappointment is dissatisfaction. The claim that disappointment is dissatisfaction does not reflect reality. | We can assume that hunger is the most severe level of food insecurity. | We can assume that hunger is the most severe level of food insecurity. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Hunger is the most severe level of food insecurity.', 1: 'Disappointment is dissatisfaction.'} | 1 |
819 | ['Once we know fish generally differ from area to area and season to season, we also know that redtails come in a variety of color phases, ranging from nearly white to nearly black.', 'Provided that fish generally differ from area to area and season to season, we know that the claim that redtails come in a variety of color phases, ranging from nearly white to nearly black is false.'] | Once we know fish generally differ from area to area and season to season, we also know that redtails come in a variety of color phases, ranging from nearly white to nearly black. Provided that fish generally differ from area to area and season to season, we know that the claim that redtails come in a variety of color phases, ranging from nearly white to nearly black is false. | The claim that fish generally differ from area to area and season to season is false. | The idea that fish generally differ from area to area and season to season is true. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Fish generally differ from area to area and season to season.', 1: 'Redtails come in a variety of color phases, ranging from nearly white to nearly black.'} | 1 |
141 | ["So long as we know that the claim that suicide is normally a misfortune of one's own making is false, 'most single machines use electricity' is true.", 'The claim that most single machines use electricity is false.'] | So long as we know that the claim that suicide is normally a misfortune of one's own making is false, 'most single machines use electricity' is true. The claim that most single machines use electricity is false. | Those that suggest suicide is normally a misfortune of one's own making are right. | The statement, suicide is normally a misfortune of one's own making, does not hold. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: "Suicide is normally a misfortune of one's own making.", 1: 'Most single machines use electricity.'} | 1 |
316 | ['Given that the claim that iron helps regulate the carbon and oxygen cycle of the Earth has no merit, it can be inferred that vultures have (part) talons.', "One may reasonably assume that if the claim that iron helps regulate the carbon and oxygen cycle of the Earth has no merit, then the notion that 'vultures have (part) talons' is untrue."] | Given that the claim that iron helps regulate the carbon and oxygen cycle of the Earth has no merit, it can be inferred that vultures have (part) talons. One may reasonably assume that if the claim that iron helps regulate the carbon and oxygen cycle of the Earth has no merit, then the notion that 'vultures have (part) talons' is untrue. | Many people rightly believe that iron helps regulate the carbon and oxygen cycle of the Earth. | Many people rightly believe that iron helps regulate the carbon and oxygen cycle of the Earth. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Iron helps regulate the carbon and oxygen cycle of the Earth.', 1: 'Vultures have (part) talons.'} | 1 |
587 | ['Either one or both of these statements are true: either some olive baboons have wide distribution or birds eat insects, grubs, flies and spiders, or some animals help unique habitats.', 'Provided that either some olive baboons have wide distribution or birds eat insects, grubs, flies and spiders, we know that some people mistakenly believe that trick isa selection.', 'Assuming some animals help unique habitats, we know that some people mistakenly believe that trick isa selection.'] | Either one or both of these statements are true: either some olive baboons have wide distribution or birds eat insects, grubs, flies and spiders, or some animals help unique habitats. Provided that either some olive baboons have wide distribution or birds eat insects, grubs, flies and spiders, we know that some people mistakenly believe that trick isa selection. Assuming some animals help unique habitats, we know that some people mistakenly believe that trick isa selection. | Some people mistakenly believe that trick isa selection. | Some people mistakenly believe that trick isa selection. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).
If [3], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Trick isa selection.', 1: 'Some olive baboons have wide distribution.', 2: 'Birds eat insects, grubs, flies and spiders.', 3: 'Some animals help unique habitats.'} | 1 |
331 | ['When either economic significance can be different from statistical significance or bells are part of carillons is true, it follows that locusts are a type of grasshopper.', 'There is good reason to believe that either economic significance can be different from statistical significance or bells are part of carillons.'] | When either economic significance can be different from statistical significance or bells are part of carillons is true, it follows that locusts are a type of grasshopper. There is good reason to believe that either economic significance can be different from statistical significance or bells are part of carillons. | It is a simple truth that locusts are a type of grasshopper. | It is a simple truth that locusts are a type of grasshopper. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Locusts are a type of grasshopper.', 1: 'Economic significance can be different from statistical significance.', 2: 'Bells are part of carillons.'} | 1 |
295 | ["So long as lobsters shed the body and head first, 'electronic commerce begins with a global marketplace' is true.", 'The statement that states lobsters shed the body and head first is right.'] | So long as lobsters shed the body and head first, 'electronic commerce begins with a global marketplace' is true. The statement that states lobsters shed the body and head first is right. | The statement that states electronic commerce begins with a global marketplace is right. | The statement that states electronic commerce begins with a global marketplace is right. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Electronic commerce begins with a global marketplace.', 1: 'Lobsters shed the body and head first.'} | 1 |
262 | ['If citric acid helps keep tetracyclines in solution, then those that suggest peach is a fruit tree are wrong.', 'Those that suggest citric acid helps keep tetracyclines in solution are right.'] | If citric acid helps keep tetracyclines in solution, then those that suggest peach is a fruit tree are wrong. Those that suggest citric acid helps keep tetracyclines in solution are right. | Those that suggest peach is a fruit tree are wrong. | Those that suggest peach is a fruit tree are wrong. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Peach is a fruit tree.', 1: 'Citric acid helps keep tetracyclines in solution.'} | 1 |
432 | ['At least one of two things is true: mammals inhabit arid environments, or hormonal changes linked to pregnancy or menopause can cause hair loss in women.', 'If mammals inhabit arid environments, then a last mile is a walk.', 'When hormonal changes linked to pregnancy or menopause can cause hair loss in women is true, it follows that a last mile is a walk.'] | At least one of two things is true: mammals inhabit arid environments, or hormonal changes linked to pregnancy or menopause can cause hair loss in women. If mammals inhabit arid environments, then a last mile is a walk. When hormonal changes linked to pregnancy or menopause can cause hair loss in women is true, it follows that a last mile is a walk. | It is reasonable to believe that a last mile is a walk. | It is not the case that a last mile is a walk. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'A last mile is a walk.', 1: 'Mammals inhabit arid environments.', 2: 'Hormonal changes linked to pregnancy or menopause can cause hair loss in women.'} | 1 |
862 | ['When the claim that dragons leave about twenty eggs in empty nests left by birds called megapodes is false is true, it follows that if marketing research involves identifying and solving problems, then conjugation is the sexual stage of the life cycle.', 'Should it be the case that the claim that dragons leave about twenty eggs in empty nests left by birds called megapodes is false, it follows that the claim that if marketing research involves identifying and solving problems, then conjugation is the sexual stage of the life cycle has no merit.'] | When the claim that dragons leave about twenty eggs in empty nests left by birds called megapodes is false is true, it follows that if marketing research involves identifying and solving problems, then conjugation is the sexual stage of the life cycle. Should it be the case that the claim that dragons leave about twenty eggs in empty nests left by birds called megapodes is false, it follows that the claim that if marketing research involves identifying and solving problems, then conjugation is the sexual stage of the life cycle has no merit. | The statement that states dragons leave about twenty eggs in empty nests left by birds called megapodes is right. | The statement that states dragons leave about twenty eggs in empty nests left by birds called megapodes is right. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Dragons leave about twenty eggs in empty nests left by birds called megapodes .', 1: 'Marketing research involves identifying and solving problems.', 2: 'Conjugation is the sexual stage of the life cycle.'} | 1 |
582 | ["So long as the statement that states nature lends a hand to animals infected with gastrointestinal worms is false, 'young skin is especially vulnerable to sun damage' is true.", 'It is not the case that young skin is especially vulnerable to sun damage.'] | So long as the statement that states nature lends a hand to animals infected with gastrointestinal worms is false, 'young skin is especially vulnerable to sun damage' is true. It is not the case that young skin is especially vulnerable to sun damage. | The claim that nature lends a hand to animals infected with gastrointestinal worms holds true. | Nature is the force of the tree. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Nature lends a hand to animals infected with gastrointestinal worms.', 1: 'Young skin is especially vulnerable to sun damage.'} | 1 |
272 | ['Should it be the case that new canes are dark green to black, very attractive, and fast growing, it follows that either bodies are material and souls immaterial or electricity is produced and sent in power wires to where it is needed.', 'It is the case that new canes are dark green to black, very attractive, and fast growing.'] | Should it be the case that new canes are dark green to black, very attractive, and fast growing, it follows that either bodies are material and souls immaterial or electricity is produced and sent in power wires to where it is needed. It is the case that new canes are dark green to black, very attractive, and fast growing. | It is a fact that either bodies are material and souls immaterial or electricity is produced and sent in power wires to where it is needed. | It is a fact that either body is a living organism which replenishes muscle vs. depletion or electricity is caused by the movement of electric particles in matter. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
[2]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1].. | {0: 'Bodies are material and souls immaterial.', 1: 'Electricity is produced and sent in power wires to where it is needed.', 2: 'New canes are dark green to black, very attractive, and fast growing.'} | 1 |
270 | ["Once we know the statement that 'subrogation is a doctrine steeped in equity and generally governed by equitable principles' is incorrect, we also know that many chemists do research and create new things.", "Provided that the statement that 'subrogation is a doctrine steeped in equity and generally governed by equitable principles' is incorrect, we know that the claim that many chemists do research and create new things does not reflect reality."] | Once we know the statement that 'subrogation is a doctrine steeped in equity and generally governed by equitable principles' is incorrect, we also know that many chemists do research and create new things. Provided that the statement that 'subrogation is a doctrine steeped in equity and generally governed by equitable principles' is incorrect, we know that the claim that many chemists do research and create new things does not reflect reality. | It is the case that subrogation is a doctrine steeped in equity and generally governed by equitable principles. | Subrogation is a concept that has been around for a very long time. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Subrogation is a doctrine steeped in equity and generally governed by equitable principles.', 1: 'Many chemists do research and create new things.'} | 1 |
987 | ['One may reasonably assume that if some people mistakenly believe that helps relax muscles after contraction, then many dogs are latent carriers, without showing symptoms.', "The statement 'many dogs are latent carriers, without showing symptoms' can be considered false."] | One may reasonably assume that if some people mistakenly believe that helps relax muscles after contraction, then many dogs are latent carriers, without showing symptoms. The statement 'many dogs are latent carriers, without showing symptoms' can be considered false. | It is the case that helps relax muscles after contraction. | It is the case that helps relax muscles after contraction. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Helps relax muscles after contraction.', 1: 'Many dogs are latent carriers, without showing symptoms.'} | 1 |
319 | ["When the notion that 'stimulants cause rhythmic muscular contractions in the small or large intestine' is untrue is true, it follows that pine seeds have coats.", "The notion that 'pine seeds have coats' is untrue."] | When the notion that 'stimulants cause rhythmic muscular contractions in the small or large intestine' is untrue is true, it follows that pine seeds have coats. The notion that 'pine seeds have coats' is untrue. | It is rational to agree that stimulants cause rhythmic muscular contractions in the small or large intestine. | It is rational to agree that stimulants cause rhythmic muscular contractions in the small or large intestine. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Stimulants cause rhythmic muscular contractions in the small or large intestine.', 1: 'Pine seeds have coats.'} | 1 |
569 | ["There is good reason to believe that either virology Find information about viruses, virology, microbiology and infectious disease or the statement that 'anteaters are expert in licking ants and termites' is incorrect.", "The statement that 'virology Find information about viruses, virology, microbiology and infectious disease' is incorrect."] | There is good reason to believe that either virology Find information about viruses, virology, microbiology and infectious disease or the statement that 'anteaters are expert in licking ants and termites' is incorrect. The statement that 'virology Find information about viruses, virology, microbiology and infectious disease' is incorrect. | The statement that 'anteaters are expert in licking ants and termites' is incorrect. | It is true that anteaters are expert in licking ants and termites. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Anteaters are expert in licking ants and termites.', 1: 'Virology Find information about viruses, virology, microbiology and infectious disease.'} | 1 |
643 | ['It is a fact that either venous ulcers are a chronic wound caused by poor functioning of the valves in the veins of the legs or gloves cover hands.', 'The statement that states venous ulcers are a chronic wound caused by poor functioning of the valves in the veins of the legs is false.'] | It is a fact that either venous ulcers are a chronic wound caused by poor functioning of the valves in the veins of the legs or gloves cover hands. The statement that states venous ulcers are a chronic wound caused by poor functioning of the valves in the veins of the legs is false. | It is reasonable to believe that gloves cover hands. | Gloves Measure the circumference of the fullest part of the palm, excluding the thumb. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Gloves cover hands.', 1: 'Venous ulcers are a chronic wound caused by poor functioning of the valves in the veins of the legs.'} | 1 |
142 | ["Either one or both of these statements are true: most ocean basins use the average wind speed to determine the tropical cyclone's category, or merino wool has a softness unmatched by other wools.", "Assuming most ocean basins use the average wind speed to determine the tropical cyclone's category, we know that animals have to be killed to look for lesions on the brain for diagnosis.", "So long as merino wool has a softness unmatched by other wools, 'animals have to be killed to look for lesions on the brain for diagnosis' is true."] | Either one or both of these statements are true: most ocean basins use the average wind speed to determine the tropical cyclone's category, or merino wool has a softness unmatched by other wools. Assuming most ocean basins use the average wind speed to determine the tropical cyclone's category, we know that animals have to be killed to look for lesions on the brain for diagnosis. So long as merino wool has a softness unmatched by other wools, 'animals have to be killed to look for lesions on the brain for diagnosis' is true. | We can assume that animals have to be killed to look for lesions on the brain for diagnosis. | Every animal is a magical, mystical, divine presence. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Animals have to be killed to look for lesions on the brain for diagnosis.', 1: "Most ocean basins use the average wind speed to determine the tropical cyclone's category.", 2: 'Merino wool has a softness unmatched by other wools.'} | 1 |
202 | ['Either one or both of these statements are true: potency is the character of the creativity due to the creatures, or if air flows into nostrils, then terns are birds of great energy and mystery.', 'When potency is the character of the creativity due to the creatures is true, it follows that either quack isa doctor or pneumonia is very common, associated with cold air exposure, and treated with cupping in the home.', "Whenever it is true that if air flows into nostrils, then terns are birds of great energy and mystery, 'either quack isa doctor or pneumonia is very common, associated with cold air exposure, and treated with cupping in the home' is true."] | Either one or both of these statements are true: potency is the character of the creativity due to the creatures, or if air flows into nostrils, then terns are birds of great energy and mystery. When potency is the character of the creativity due to the creatures is true, it follows that either quack isa doctor or pneumonia is very common, associated with cold air exposure, and treated with cupping in the home. Whenever it is true that if air flows into nostrils, then terns are birds of great energy and mystery, 'either quack isa doctor or pneumonia is very common, associated with cold air exposure, and treated with cupping in the home' is true. | We know that at least one of two things is true: quack isa doctor, or pneumonia is very common, associated with cold air exposure, and treated with cupping in the home. | Either one or both of these statements are true: quack isa person, or pneumonia is an infection of the air passages in the lungs. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
If (If [3], then [4].), then (Either [0] or [1].).
Therefore, Either [0] or [1].. | {0: 'Quack isa doctor.', 1: 'Pneumonia is very common, associated with cold air exposure, and treated with cupping in the home.', 2: 'Potency is the character of the creativity due to the creatures.', 3: 'Air flows into nostrils.', 4: 'Terns are birds of great energy and mystery.'} | 1 |
413 | ['When either mercury is always tough to spot because it is never very far from the sun or massage is an ancient art that has been revived in recent years and raised to professional stature is true, it follows that falls are a frequent precipitant of osteoporotic fractures.', 'If either mercury is always tough to spot because it is never very far from the sun or massage is an ancient art that has been revived in recent years and raised to professional stature, then the claim that falls are a frequent precipitant of osteoporotic fractures is false.'] | When either mercury is always tough to spot because it is never very far from the sun or massage is an ancient art that has been revived in recent years and raised to professional stature is true, it follows that falls are a frequent precipitant of osteoporotic fractures. If either mercury is always tough to spot because it is never very far from the sun or massage is an ancient art that has been revived in recent years and raised to professional stature, then the claim that falls are a frequent precipitant of osteoporotic fractures is false. | The claim that either mercury is always tough to spot because it is never very far from the sun or massage is an ancient art that has been revived in recent years and raised to professional stature does not correspond with reality. | We know that the claim that most mercury has weak fields is false. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2].
If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].).. | {0: 'Mercury is always tough to spot because it is never very far from the sun.', 1: 'Massage is an ancient art that has been revived in recent years and raised to professional stature.', 2: 'Falls are a frequent precipitant of osteoporotic fractures.'} | 1 |
196 | ['Once we know products have limit lifespans, we also know that figs have the highest overall mineral content of all common fruits.', 'products have limit lifespans.'] | Once we know products have limit lifespans, we also know that figs have the highest overall mineral content of all common fruits. products have limit lifespans. | The statement 'figs have the highest overall mineral content of all common fruits' can be considered true. | The statement 'figs have the highest overall mineral content of all common fruits' can be considered true. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Figs have the highest overall mineral content of all common fruits.', 1: 'Products have limit lifespans.'} | 1 |
264 | ['Assuming those that suggest different enzymes are specific for fatty acids of different chain length are wrong, we know that either back injuries can take a long time to heal or drug therapy has quality.', 'The claim that either back injuries can take a long time to heal or drug therapy has quality is false.'] | Assuming those that suggest different enzymes are specific for fatty acids of different chain length are wrong, we know that either back injuries can take a long time to heal or drug therapy has quality. The claim that either back injuries can take a long time to heal or drug therapy has quality is false. | The statement 'different enzymes are specific for fatty acids of different chain length' is true. | Different enzymes digest different foods. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Different enzymes are specific for fatty acids of different chain length.', 1: 'Back injuries can take a long time to heal.', 2: 'Drug therapy has quality.'} | 1 |
531 | ['If some studies show that males fight to win the mating rights, then polygons are less smooth than a circle, less perfect one can say.', "Given that some studies show that males fight to win the mating rights, it can be inferred that the statement that 'polygons are less smooth than a circle, less perfect one can say' is incorrect."] | If some studies show that males fight to win the mating rights, then polygons are less smooth than a circle, less perfect one can say. Given that some studies show that males fight to win the mating rights, it can be inferred that the statement that 'polygons are less smooth than a circle, less perfect one can say' is incorrect. | The statement that states some studies show that males fight to win the mating rights is false. | The statement that states some studies show that males fight to win the mating rights is false. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Some studies show that males fight to win the mating rights.', 1: 'Polygons are less smooth than a circle, less perfect one can say.'} | 1 |
252 | ['Either one or both of these statements are true: gummosis is when a tree exudes sap in a gummy form, or most mollies have fins.', 'If gummosis is when a tree exudes sap in a gummy form, then songbirds sing songs.', 'Should it be the case that most mollies have fins, it follows that worms hide in burrows.'] | Either one or both of these statements are true: gummosis is when a tree exudes sap in a gummy form, or most mollies have fins. If gummosis is when a tree exudes sap in a gummy form, then songbirds sing songs. Should it be the case that most mollies have fins, it follows that worms hide in burrows. | Either one or both of these statements are true: songbirds sing songs, or worms hide in burrows. | It is a common misconception that either songbirds sing songs or worms hide in burrows. | FALSE | Constructive Dilemma:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [0].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1].. | {0: 'Songbirds sing songs.', 1: 'Worms hide in burrows.', 2: 'Gummosis is when a tree exudes sap in a gummy form.', 3: 'Most mollies have fins.'} | 1 |
576 | ['If most religions have special buildings where people meet, then blue quartz occurs at many localities.', 'When most religions have special buildings where people meet is true, it follows that the claim that blue quartz occurs at many localities has no merit.'] | If most religions have special buildings where people meet, then blue quartz occurs at many localities. When most religions have special buildings where people meet is true, it follows that the claim that blue quartz occurs at many localities has no merit. | It is a common misconception that most religions have special buildings where people meet. | Most religions have special buildings where people meet. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Most religions have special buildings where people meet.', 1: 'Blue quartz occurs at many localities.'} | 1 |
738 | ['We know that at least one of two things is true: tidal marsh has a heavy vegetative cover of salt-tolerant grasses and reeds, or abstinence has no side effects or health risks.', 'Should it be the case that tidal marsh has a heavy vegetative cover of salt-tolerant grasses and reeds, it follows that intrinsic shielding depends on the charge density and electronegativity of the bonded groups.', 'Provided that abstinence has no side effects or health risks, we know that intrinsic shielding depends on the charge density and electronegativity of the bonded groups.'] | We know that at least one of two things is true: tidal marsh has a heavy vegetative cover of salt-tolerant grasses and reeds, or abstinence has no side effects or health risks. Should it be the case that tidal marsh has a heavy vegetative cover of salt-tolerant grasses and reeds, it follows that intrinsic shielding depends on the charge density and electronegativity of the bonded groups. Provided that abstinence has no side effects or health risks, we know that intrinsic shielding depends on the charge density and electronegativity of the bonded groups. | Many people rightly believe that intrinsic shielding depends on the charge density and electronegativity of the bonded groups. | Confidence is the key difference between a soft economy and a recessionary one. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Intrinsic shielding depends on the charge density and electronegativity of the bonded groups.', 1: 'Tidal marsh has a heavy vegetative cover of salt-tolerant grasses and reeds.', 2: 'Abstinence has no side effects or health risks.'} | 1 |
299 | ['It is a fact that either either radon is a colorless, chemically unreactive inert gas, it is the densest gas known or enteric neurons express steel factor-lacZ transgene in the murine gastrointestinal tract or those that suggest ants touch their antennae to communicate are wrong.', "The statement that 'either radon is a colorless, chemically unreactive inert gas, it is the densest gas known or enteric neurons express steel factor-lacZ transgene in the murine gastrointestinal tract' is incorrect."] | It is a fact that either either radon is a colorless, chemically unreactive inert gas, it is the densest gas known or enteric neurons express steel factor-lacZ transgene in the murine gastrointestinal tract or those that suggest ants touch their antennae to communicate are wrong. The statement that 'either radon is a colorless, chemically unreactive inert gas, it is the densest gas known or enteric neurons express steel factor-lacZ transgene in the murine gastrointestinal tract' is incorrect. | Those that suggest ants touch their antennae to communicate are wrong. | The claim that most ants live in communities has no merit. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or (Not [0].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Ants touch their antennae to communicate.', 1: 'Radon is a colorless, chemically unreactive inert gas, it is the densest gas known.', 2: 'Enteric neurons express steel factor-lacZ transgene in the murine gastrointestinal tract.'} | 1 |
740 | ['Provided that opposites attract when it comes to charged molecules, we know that green iguanas live in forest areas that are adjacent to water.', 'Many people rightly believe that opposites attract when it comes to charged molecules.'] | Provided that opposites attract when it comes to charged molecules, we know that green iguanas live in forest areas that are adjacent to water. Many people rightly believe that opposites attract when it comes to charged molecules. | We can assume that green iguanas live in forest areas that are adjacent to water. | Some green iguanas are harvested for meat. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Green iguanas live in forest areas that are adjacent to water.', 1: 'Opposites attract when it comes to charged molecules.'} | 1 |
247 | ['Assuming most raspberry plants require full sunlight, we know that skiing cause sweat.', 'Given that most raspberry plants require full sunlight, it can be inferred that the claim that skiing cause sweat is false.'] | Assuming most raspberry plants require full sunlight, we know that skiing cause sweat. Given that most raspberry plants require full sunlight, it can be inferred that the claim that skiing cause sweat is false. | It is not the case that most raspberry plants require full sunlight. | The claim that some raspberry plants grow in containers is false. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Most raspberry plants require full sunlight.', 1: 'Skiing cause sweat.'} | 1 |
926 | ['If mothers care for orphans, then state laws vary widely with respect to interstate shipment of alcohol beverages.', 'We can assume that mothers care for orphans.'] | If mothers care for orphans, then state laws vary widely with respect to interstate shipment of alcohol beverages. We can assume that mothers care for orphans. | The claim that state laws vary widely with respect to interstate shipment of alcohol beverages holds true. | The claim that state laws vary widely with respect to interstate shipment of alcohol beverages holds true. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'State laws vary widely with respect to interstate shipment of alcohol beverages.', 1: 'Mothers care for orphans.'} | 1 |
412 | ['Assuming genes come from animals, we know that doctors ask people.', 'It is a simple truth that genes come from animals.'] | Assuming genes come from animals, we know that doctors ask people. It is a simple truth that genes come from animals. | Those that suggest doctors ask people are right. | Those that suggest doctors ask people are right. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Doctors ask people.', 1: 'Genes come from animals.'} | 1 |
389 | ['We know that either ethiopian families live in towns or most humans have septa.', 'Provided that ethiopian families live in towns, we know that most vitamins help essential nutrients.', "So long as most humans have septa, 'temples have (part) courtyards' is true."] | We know that either ethiopian families live in towns or most humans have septa. Provided that ethiopian families live in towns, we know that most vitamins help essential nutrients. So long as most humans have septa, 'temples have (part) courtyards' is true. | At least one of two things is true: most vitamins help essential nutrients, or temples have (part) courtyards. | It is rational to believe that either vitamins are inanimate objects or temples have (part) elevators. | Uncertain | Constructive Dilemma:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [0].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1].. | {0: 'Most vitamins help essential nutrients.', 1: 'Temples have (part) courtyards.', 2: 'Ethiopian families live in towns.', 3: 'Most humans have septa.'} | 1 |
796 | ['Given that the claim that men visit sites does not correspond with reality, it can be inferred that an amphitheater is a gallery.', 'Provided that the claim that men visit sites does not correspond with reality, we know that the claim that an amphitheater is a gallery does not correspond with reality.'] | Given that the claim that men visit sites does not correspond with reality, it can be inferred that an amphitheater is a gallery. Provided that the claim that men visit sites does not correspond with reality, we know that the claim that an amphitheater is a gallery does not correspond with reality. | The statement 'men visit sites' can be considered true. | The statement 'men visit sites' can be considered true. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Men visit sites.', 1: 'An amphitheater is a gallery.'} | 1 |
601 | ['Assuming if earth revolves around the Sun because gravity keeps it in a roughly circular orbit around the Sun, then earth produces crops by itself, we know that planktonic foraminifers are common to few with good to moderate preservation.', "Whenever it is true that if earth revolves around the Sun because gravity keeps it in a roughly circular orbit around the Sun, then earth produces crops by itself, 'some people mistakenly believe that planktonic foraminifers are common to few with good to moderate preservation' is true."] | Assuming if earth revolves around the Sun because gravity keeps it in a roughly circular orbit around the Sun, then earth produces crops by itself, we know that planktonic foraminifers are common to few with good to moderate preservation. Whenever it is true that if earth revolves around the Sun because gravity keeps it in a roughly circular orbit around the Sun, then earth produces crops by itself, 'some people mistakenly believe that planktonic foraminifers are common to few with good to moderate preservation' is true. | The claim that if earth revolves around the Sun because gravity keeps it in a roughly circular orbit around the Sun, then earth produces crops by itself does not reflect reality. | Given that earth revolves around the Sun because gravity keeps it in a roughly circular orbit around the Sun, it can be inferred that earth produces crops by itself. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (If [0], then [1].), then [2].
If (If [0], then [1].), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].).. | {0: 'Earth revolves around the Sun because gravity keeps it in a roughly circular orbit around the Sun.', 1: 'Earth produces crops by itself.', 2: 'Planktonic foraminifers are common to few with good to moderate preservation.'} | 1 |
654 | ['We know that either a filet is lace or principles provide new insight.', "When a filet is lace is true, it follows that the statement 'stones are sometimes hard to read and sometimes disappear' can be considered false.", "One may reasonably assume that if principles provide new insight, then the statement 'stones are sometimes hard to read and sometimes disappear' can be considered false."] | We know that either a filet is lace or principles provide new insight. When a filet is lace is true, it follows that the statement 'stones are sometimes hard to read and sometimes disappear' can be considered false. One may reasonably assume that if principles provide new insight, then the statement 'stones are sometimes hard to read and sometimes disappear' can be considered false. | The statement 'stones are sometimes hard to read and sometimes disappear' can be considered false. | The statement that states stones are sometimes hard to read and sometimes disappear is right. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Stones are sometimes hard to read and sometimes disappear.', 1: 'A filet is lace.', 2: 'Principles provide new insight.'} | 1 |
261 | ['If it is not the case that wrought iron can look good for many years if it is touched up whenever bare metal is exposed, then most early amphibians adapt to life.', 'Assuming it is not the case that wrought iron can look good for many years if it is touched up whenever bare metal is exposed, we know that the statement that states most early amphibians adapt to life is false.'] | If it is not the case that wrought iron can look good for many years if it is touched up whenever bare metal is exposed, then most early amphibians adapt to life. Assuming it is not the case that wrought iron can look good for many years if it is touched up whenever bare metal is exposed, we know that the statement that states most early amphibians adapt to life is false. | The idea that wrought iron can look good for many years if it is touched up whenever bare metal is exposed is true. | The idea that wrought iron can look good for many years if it is touched up whenever bare metal is exposed is true. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Wrought iron can look good for many years if it is touched up whenever bare metal is exposed.', 1: 'Most early amphibians adapt to life.'} | 1 |
456 | ['We know that either golden trout feed on insects, especially caddis flies and midges, and also eat small crustaceans or temperature is one of the leading factors effecting how training is conducted.', 'When golden trout feed on insects, especially caddis flies and midges, and also eat small crustaceans is true, it follows that lichens are very sensitive to atmospheric pollution and so are abundant in low-pollution areas.', 'Once we know temperature is one of the leading factors effecting how training is conducted, we also know that lichens are very sensitive to atmospheric pollution and so are abundant in low-pollution areas.'] | We know that either golden trout feed on insects, especially caddis flies and midges, and also eat small crustaceans or temperature is one of the leading factors effecting how training is conducted. When golden trout feed on insects, especially caddis flies and midges, and also eat small crustaceans is true, it follows that lichens are very sensitive to atmospheric pollution and so are abundant in low-pollution areas. Once we know temperature is one of the leading factors effecting how training is conducted, we also know that lichens are very sensitive to atmospheric pollution and so are abundant in low-pollution areas. | It is true that lichens are very sensitive to atmospheric pollution and so are abundant in low-pollution areas. | Most lichens are dispersed by vegetative propagation. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Lichens are very sensitive to atmospheric pollution and so are abundant in low-pollution areas.', 1: 'Golden trout feed on insects, especially caddis flies and midges, and also eat small crustaceans.', 2: 'Temperature is one of the leading factors effecting how training is conducted.'} | 1 |
386 | ['Given that heavy rail is defined as an electric railway with the capacity for a heavy volume of traffic, it can be inferred that seed companies produce seeds.', 'It is true that heavy rail is defined as an electric railway with the capacity for a heavy volume of traffic.'] | Given that heavy rail is defined as an electric railway with the capacity for a heavy volume of traffic, it can be inferred that seed companies produce seeds. It is true that heavy rail is defined as an electric railway with the capacity for a heavy volume of traffic. | The claim that seed companies produce seeds holds true. | The claim that seed companies produce seeds holds true. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Seed companies produce seeds.', 1: 'Heavy rail is defined as an electric railway with the capacity for a heavy volume of traffic.'} | 1 |
982 | ['Given that most biology goes through stages, it can be inferred that a peony is a flower.', 'The claim that most biology goes through stages holds true.'] | Given that most biology goes through stages, it can be inferred that a peony is a flower. The claim that most biology goes through stages holds true. | It is reasonable to believe that a peony is a flower. | It is reasonable to believe that a peony is a flower. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'A peony is a flower.', 1: 'Most biology goes through stages.'} | 1 |
909 | ['On the condition that the claim that gymnasts practice the same routines over and over, but every performance is different does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that either electric potential is the amount of potential energy per unit of charge or generalized transduction allows the transfer of virtually any bacterial gene.', "Whenever it is true that the claim that gymnasts practice the same routines over and over, but every performance is different does not correspond with reality, 'the statement that 'either electric potential is the amount of potential energy per unit of charge or generalized transduction allows the transfer of virtually any bacterial gene' is incorrect' is true."] | On the condition that the claim that gymnasts practice the same routines over and over, but every performance is different does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that either electric potential is the amount of potential energy per unit of charge or generalized transduction allows the transfer of virtually any bacterial gene. Whenever it is true that the claim that gymnasts practice the same routines over and over, but every performance is different does not correspond with reality, 'the statement that 'either electric potential is the amount of potential energy per unit of charge or generalized transduction allows the transfer of virtually any bacterial gene' is incorrect' is true. | The statement 'gymnasts practice the same routines over and over, but every performance is different' is true. | The statement 'gymnasts practice the same routines over and over, but every performance is different' is true. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Gymnasts practice the same routines over and over, but every performance is different.', 1: 'Electric potential is the amount of potential energy per unit of charge.', 2: 'Generalized transduction allows the transfer of virtually any bacterial gene.'} | 1 |
693 | ['Either computers can be useful to mathematicians or most vaccines are administered to children.', 'Those that suggest computers can be useful to mathematicians are wrong.'] | Either computers can be useful to mathematicians or most vaccines are administered to children. Those that suggest computers can be useful to mathematicians are wrong. | It is reasonable to believe that most vaccines are administered to children. | It is reasonable to believe that most vaccines are administered to children. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Most vaccines are administered to children.', 1: 'Computers can be useful to mathematicians.'} | 1 |
236 | ["Assuming stress is a normal part of every living thing 's daily life , we know that food is a morale issue in facilities, often a high point for the minors in detention.", 'The claim that food is a morale issue in facilities, often a high point for the minors in detention does not reflect reality.'] | Assuming stress is a normal part of every living thing 's daily life , we know that food is a morale issue in facilities, often a high point for the minors in detention. The claim that food is a morale issue in facilities, often a high point for the minors in detention does not reflect reality. | We know that the claim that stress is a normal part of every living thing 's daily life is false. | Stress is a normal part of every living thing 's daily life . | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: "Stress is a normal part of every living thing 's daily life .", 1: 'Food is a morale issue in facilities, often a high point for the minors in detention.'} | 1 |
501 | ['We know that either mountain goats feed intensively in summer, fattening up for winter or loons are supreme rulers of their aquatic domain.', 'One may reasonably assume that if mountain goats feed intensively in summer, fattening up for winter, then the claim that disaster relief is given to victims of war, conflict and natural disasters has no merit.', 'When loons are supreme rulers of their aquatic domain is true, it follows that the claim that disaster relief is given to victims of war, conflict and natural disasters has no merit.'] | We know that either mountain goats feed intensively in summer, fattening up for winter or loons are supreme rulers of their aquatic domain. One may reasonably assume that if mountain goats feed intensively in summer, fattening up for winter, then the claim that disaster relief is given to victims of war, conflict and natural disasters has no merit. When loons are supreme rulers of their aquatic domain is true, it follows that the claim that disaster relief is given to victims of war, conflict and natural disasters has no merit. | The claim that disaster relief is given to victims of war, conflict and natural disasters has no merit. | The statement 'disaster relief is part of a larger spectrum of humanitarian assistance' can be considered false. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Disaster relief is given to victims of war, conflict and natural disasters.', 1: 'Mountain goats feed intensively in summer, fattening up for winter.', 2: 'Loons are supreme rulers of their aquatic domain.'} | 1 |
497 | ['Once we know if oviparous sharks lay egg cases, then fear is a powerful and often damaging emotion, we also know that some fungi kill ants.', 'When oviparous sharks lay egg cases is true, it follows that fear is a powerful and often damaging emotion.'] | Once we know if oviparous sharks lay egg cases, then fear is a powerful and often damaging emotion, we also know that some fungi kill ants. When oviparous sharks lay egg cases is true, it follows that fear is a powerful and often damaging emotion. | Many people rightly believe that some fungi kill ants. | Some fungi have products. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Some fungi kill ants.', 1: 'Oviparous sharks lay egg cases.', 2: 'Fear is a powerful and often damaging emotion.'} | 1 |
874 | ['Given that the claim that otters have (part) sterna does not correspond with reality, it can be inferred that speed humps block the flow of drainage water on some streets and can cause flooding problems.', 'Provided that the claim that otters have (part) sterna does not correspond with reality, we know that those that suggest speed humps block the flow of drainage water on some streets and can cause flooding problems are wrong.'] | Given that the claim that otters have (part) sterna does not correspond with reality, it can be inferred that speed humps block the flow of drainage water on some streets and can cause flooding problems. Provided that the claim that otters have (part) sterna does not correspond with reality, we know that those that suggest speed humps block the flow of drainage water on some streets and can cause flooding problems are wrong. | It is true that otters have (part) sterna. | The statement that 'otters have (part) sterna' is incorrect. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Otters have (part) sterna.', 1: 'Speed humps block the flow of drainage water on some streets and can cause flooding problems.'} | 1 |
452 | ['It is rational to believe that either if snake is English name of the whole race, then some moose enter states or the statement that states roller skates with protective gear is false.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that if snake is English name of the whole race, then some moose enter states.'] | It is rational to believe that either if snake is English name of the whole race, then some moose enter states or the statement that states roller skates with protective gear is false. Some people mistakenly believe that if snake is English name of the whole race, then some moose enter states. | The statement that states roller skates with protective gear is false. | It is not true that rollers are able to rotate in steady mutual contact without sliding. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Not [0].).
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Roller skates with protective gear.', 1: 'Snake is English name of the whole race.', 2: 'Some moose enter states.'} | 1 |
494 | ['We know that at least one of two things is true: most snakes lay eggs, or stresses are the load per area that are the result of the internal forces and moments.', 'When most snakes lay eggs is true, it follows that the claim that deer are highly adaptable to changes in their environment is false.', 'Provided that stresses are the load per area that are the result of the internal forces and moments, we know that the claim that deer are highly adaptable to changes in their environment is false.'] | We know that at least one of two things is true: most snakes lay eggs, or stresses are the load per area that are the result of the internal forces and moments. When most snakes lay eggs is true, it follows that the claim that deer are highly adaptable to changes in their environment is false. Provided that stresses are the load per area that are the result of the internal forces and moments, we know that the claim that deer are highly adaptable to changes in their environment is false. | The claim that deer are highly adaptable to changes in their environment is false. | The statement, deer are the most commonly seen mammals, does not hold. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0].. | {0: 'Deer are highly adaptable to changes in their environment.', 1: 'Most snakes lay eggs.', 2: 'Stresses are the load per area that are the result of the internal forces and moments.'} | 1 |
923 | ['Either either tin is located in hardware stores or most coyotes have ears or if love is the healer of sorrow, then a steeplechaser is a racer.', 'Once we know either tin is located in hardware stores or most coyotes have ears, we also know that if positive communication is also the key to good relationships at work, then taurine is found abundant in muscle meat nd organs.', "Whenever it is true that if love is the healer of sorrow, then a steeplechaser is a racer, 'if positive communication is also the key to good relationships at work, then taurine is found abundant in muscle meat nd organs' is true."] | Either either tin is located in hardware stores or most coyotes have ears or if love is the healer of sorrow, then a steeplechaser is a racer. Once we know either tin is located in hardware stores or most coyotes have ears, we also know that if positive communication is also the key to good relationships at work, then taurine is found abundant in muscle meat nd organs. Whenever it is true that if love is the healer of sorrow, then a steeplechaser is a racer, 'if positive communication is also the key to good relationships at work, then taurine is found abundant in muscle meat nd organs' is true. | On the condition that positive communication is also the key to good relationships at work, it is definitely the case that taurine is found abundant in muscle meat nd organs. | It is not the case that if positive communication is also the key to good relationships at work, then taurine is found abundant in muscle meat nd organs. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or (If [4], then [5].).
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (If [0], then [1].).
If (If [4], then [5].), then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1].. | {0: 'Positive communication is also the key to good relationships at work.', 1: 'Taurine is found abundant in muscle meat nd organs.', 2: 'Tin is located in hardware stores.', 3: 'Most coyotes have ears.', 4: 'Love is the healer of sorrow.', 5: 'A steeplechaser is a racer.'} | 1 |
279 | ["When the statement, some people prefer to live with their difficulties rather than seek treatment, does not hold is true, it follows that active systems rely on a pump to flow nutrient around the plant's roots and to provide aeration.", "It is not true that active systems rely on a pump to flow nutrient around the plant's roots and to provide aeration."] | When the statement, some people prefer to live with their difficulties rather than seek treatment, does not hold is true, it follows that active systems rely on a pump to flow nutrient around the plant's roots and to provide aeration. It is not true that active systems rely on a pump to flow nutrient around the plant's roots and to provide aeration. | some people prefer to live with their difficulties rather than seek treatment. | Some people prefer to live with their difficulties rather than seek treatment. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Some people prefer to live with their difficulties rather than seek treatment.', 1: "Active systems rely on a pump to flow nutrient around the plant's roots and to provide aeration."} | 1 |
638 | ['Provided that the claim that skating cause injuries does not correspond with reality, we know that music is the essence of humanness.', 'We know that the claim that music is the essence of humanness is false.'] | Provided that the claim that skating cause injuries does not correspond with reality, we know that music is the essence of humanness. We know that the claim that music is the essence of humanness is false. | The statement 'skating cause injuries' is true. | Skating cause movement. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Skating cause injuries.', 1: 'Music is the essence of humanness.'} | 1 |
485 | ['On the condition that the claim that farms have (part) roofs does not reflect reality, it is definitely the case that life can develop on the planet Earth, decreasing the entropy of the living matter.', 'Given that the claim that farms have (part) roofs does not reflect reality, it can be inferred that the claim that life can develop on the planet Earth, decreasing the entropy of the living matter does not correspond with reality.'] | On the condition that the claim that farms have (part) roofs does not reflect reality, it is definitely the case that life can develop on the planet Earth, decreasing the entropy of the living matter. Given that the claim that farms have (part) roofs does not reflect reality, it can be inferred that the claim that life can develop on the planet Earth, decreasing the entropy of the living matter does not correspond with reality. | The statement that states farms have (part) roofs is right. | The statement that states farms have (part) roofs is right. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0]. | {0: 'Farms have (part) roofs.', 1: 'Life can develop on the planet Earth, decreasing the entropy of the living matter.'} | 1 |
568 | ['Either prosperity goes with freedom and order or if asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in soil and rock in some areas of the United States, then ethanol is a volatile , flammable , colorless liquid with a slight chemical odor.', 'It is not the case that prosperity goes with freedom and order.'] | Either prosperity goes with freedom and order or if asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in soil and rock in some areas of the United States, then ethanol is a volatile , flammable , colorless liquid with a slight chemical odor. It is not the case that prosperity goes with freedom and order. | Whenever it is true that asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in soil and rock in some areas of the United States, 'ethanol is a volatile , flammable , colorless liquid with a slight chemical odor' is true. | We know that the claim that if asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in soil and rock in some areas of the United States, then ethanol is a volatile , flammable , colorless liquid with a slight chemical odor is false. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1].. | {0: 'Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in soil and rock in some areas of the United States.', 1: 'Ethanol is a volatile , flammable , colorless liquid with a slight chemical odor.', 2: 'Prosperity goes with freedom and order.'} | 1 |
108 | ['Assuming the claim that if vegetarianism only excludes meats and fish and still provides for a well-rounded diet, then some monotremes have scrota does not correspond with reality, we know that if some mammals resemble woodchucks, then subject libraries are among the oldest kinds of repositories for information on the Internet.', "When the claim that if vegetarianism only excludes meats and fish and still provides for a well-rounded diet, then some monotremes have scrota does not correspond with reality is true, it follows that the statement 'if some mammals resemble woodchucks, then subject libraries are among the oldest kinds of repositories for information on the Internet' can be considered false."] | Assuming the claim that if vegetarianism only excludes meats and fish and still provides for a well-rounded diet, then some monotremes have scrota does not correspond with reality, we know that if some mammals resemble woodchucks, then subject libraries are among the oldest kinds of repositories for information on the Internet. When the claim that if vegetarianism only excludes meats and fish and still provides for a well-rounded diet, then some monotremes have scrota does not correspond with reality is true, it follows that the statement 'if some mammals resemble woodchucks, then subject libraries are among the oldest kinds of repositories for information on the Internet' can be considered false. | Whenever it is true that vegetarianism only excludes meats and fish and still provides for a well-rounded diet, 'some monotremes have scrota' is true. | Should it be the case that vegetarianism only excludes meats and fish and still provides for a well-rounded diet, it follows that monotremes are quadrupeds. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (If [2], then [3].).
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, If [0], then [1].. | {0: 'Vegetarianism only excludes meats and fish and still provides for a well-rounded diet.', 1: 'Some monotremes have scrota.', 2: 'Some mammals resemble woodchucks.', 3: 'Subject libraries are among the oldest kinds of repositories for information on the Internet.'} | 1 |
367 | ['It is a fact that either declination is measured from the celestial equator or if toxic waste comes from industrial pollution, then some spiders invade residences.', 'The claim that declination is measured from the celestial equator does not reflect reality.'] | It is a fact that either declination is measured from the celestial equator or if toxic waste comes from industrial pollution, then some spiders invade residences. The claim that declination is measured from the celestial equator does not reflect reality. | Assuming toxic waste comes from industrial pollution, we know that some spiders invade residences. | The statement, if toxic waste comes from industrial pollution, then some spiders invade residences, does not hold. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1].. | {0: 'Toxic waste comes from industrial pollution.', 1: 'Some spiders invade residences.', 2: 'Declination is measured from the celestial equator.'} | 1 |
644 | ['There is good reason to believe that either scientists breed plants to grow in specific areas or either calories come from protein, fat and carbohydrates or sheep have outer coats.', 'Once we know scientists breed plants to grow in specific areas, we also know that if forgiveness is love practiced among people who love poorly, then opiates also inhibit sensitivity to the impulse to cough.', 'If either calories come from protein, fat and carbohydrates or sheep have outer coats, then if forgiveness is love practiced among people who love poorly, then opiates also inhibit sensitivity to the impulse to cough.'] | There is good reason to believe that either scientists breed plants to grow in specific areas or either calories come from protein, fat and carbohydrates or sheep have outer coats. Once we know scientists breed plants to grow in specific areas, we also know that if forgiveness is love practiced among people who love poorly, then opiates also inhibit sensitivity to the impulse to cough. If either calories come from protein, fat and carbohydrates or sheep have outer coats, then if forgiveness is love practiced among people who love poorly, then opiates also inhibit sensitivity to the impulse to cough. | One may reasonably assume that if forgiveness is love practiced among people who love poorly, then opiates also inhibit sensitivity to the impulse to cough. | Assuming forgiveness is love practiced among people who love poorly, we know that some opiates come from a resin taken from the seed pod of the Asian poppy. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].).
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1].. | {0: 'Forgiveness is love practiced among people who love poorly.', 1: 'Opiates also inhibit sensitivity to the impulse to cough.', 2: 'Scientists breed plants to grow in specific areas.', 3: 'Calories come from protein, fat and carbohydrates.', 4: 'Sheep have outer coats.'} | 1 |
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in Data Studio
JustLogic: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Deductive Reasoning in Large Language Models
JustLogic is a deductive reasoning datataset that is
- highly complex, capable of generating a diverse range of linguistic patterns, vocabulary, and argument structures;
- prior knowledge independent, eliminating the advantage of models possessing prior knowledge and ensuring that only deductive reasoning is used to answer questions; and
- capable of in-depth error analysis on the heterogeneous effects of reasoning depth and argument form on model accuracy.
Dataset Format
premises: List of premises in the question, in the form of a Python list.paragraph: A paragraph consisting of the abovepremises. This is given as input to models.conclusion: The expected conclusion of the given premises.question: The statement in which models must determine its truth-value.label: True | False | Uncertainarg: The argument structurestatements: Matching symbols inargto their corresponding natural language statements.depth: The argument depth of the given question
Dataset Construction
JustLogic is a synthetically generated dataset. The script to construct your own dataset can be found in the Github repo.
Citation
@article{chen2025justlogic,
title={JustLogic: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Deductive Reasoning in Large Language Models},
author={Chen, Michael K and Zhang, Xikun and Tao, Dacheng},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.14851},
year={2025}
}
license: mit
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