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c_umbpbstmtgi3
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Commemorative coins in Romania are special coins minted by the State Mint and issued by the National Bank of Romania (the only issuer of the Romanian coins).
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Commemorative coins of Romania
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c_9934tu6ypxg6
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Three distinct classes of pulsars are currently known to astronomers, according to the source of the power of the electromagnetic radiation: rotation-powered pulsars, where the loss of rotational energy of the star provides the power, accretion-powered pulsars (accounting for most but not all X-ray pulsars), where the gravitational potential energy of accreted matter is the power source (producing X-rays that are observable from the Earth), magnetars, where the decay of an extremely strong magnetic field provides the electromagnetic power.Although all three classes of objects are neutron stars, their observable behavior and the underlying physics are quite different. There are, however, some connections. For example, X-ray pulsars are probably old rotationally-powered pulsars that have already lost most of their power, and have only become visible again after their binary companions had expanded and begun transferring matter on to the neutron star.
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Radio Pulsar
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c_agkvhmzw5w01
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The Nikon FE2 (Japan), with an improved version of this shutter, had a 3.3 ms (at 7.3 m/s) curtain travel time and boosted X-sync speed to 1/250 s in 1983. The top speed remained 1/4000 s (with 1.8 mm slit).The fastest focal-plane shutter ever used in a film camera was the 1.8 ms curtain travel time (at 13.3 m/s) duralumin and carbon fiber bladed one introduced by the Minolta Maxxum 9xi (named Dynax 9xi in Europe, α-9xi in Japan) in 1992. It provided a maximum 1/12,000 s (with 1.1 mm slit) and 1/300 s X-sync. A further improved version of this shutter, spec'ed for 100.000 actuations, was used in the Minolta Maxxum 9 (named Dynax 9 in Europe, α-9 in Japan) in 1998 and Minolta Maxxum 9Ti (named Dynax 9Ti in Europe, α-9Ti in Japan) in 1999.
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Focal plane shutter
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c_pxl4oqg0kmv6
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The ultimate undifferentiated cell is the fertilised egg. This led Lee to work on gap junctions in early mammalian embryos (in the Anatomy & Embryology department at UCL), where work with Anne Warner FRS and Anne McLaren DBE FRS produced new information on factors affecting communication between cells and their developmental potential.Lee became a clinical embryologist in 1985, when working with the gynaecologist Ian Craft he directed the IVF laboratory at the Wellington Hospital in London, then one of the largest units in the world. Consultancy work with the UK division of Ares Serono (1986–1994) also involved work with the Bourn Hallam Group, which Patrick Steptoe and Bob Edwards had set up after Louise Brown's birth.
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Sammy Lee (scientist)
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c_wwg1w2z1vxcu
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As the redaction of the third source is of considerably later date (1280) and the two characters are similar, this is easily explained as a transcription error, the historical date being jichou 己丑, 4 July. The description of the guest star's location as "to the south-east of Tianguan, perhaps several inches away" has perplexed modern astronomers, because the Crab Nebula is not situated in the south-east, but to the north-west of Zeta Tauri.
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1054 supernova
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c_10xit3z0faww
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In August 2019, Rae Hodge of CNET recommended F-Droid as a way to avoid malware from Google apps, which according to Google was a low risk. Advantages of F-Droid were said to include better security odds of open source software, avoidance of tracking in apps and a "stringent security auditing process", no hidden costs, and greater customization. Disadvantages were said to be lack of a rating system, only about 2,600 apps in F-Droid, versus more than 2.5 million in the Play store, and more manual process for updating apps. Editors cautioned F-Droid can give users more control and better privacy and security, but also takes more diligence.In an April 2022 detailed article for HowtoGeek, Joe Fedewa wrote "The selection of apps is much smaller in F-Droid than the Play Store, around 3,000 compared to around 3 million, but that’s to be expected. If you’re looking to de-Google your life a bit, or you just want to try some apps that have better ethics, F-Droid is a great place to go. "In a December 2022 detailed article in Popular Science, Justin Pot wrote "F-Droid isn’t going to replace Google Play for most people, but it’s a nice and simple alternative for finding free and safe apps before you dive into the swamp that is Google’s app store."
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F-Droid
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c_8ggjhtebkykz
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The Bizen school is a school that originated in Bizen Province, corresponding to present-day Okayama Prefecture. Bizen has been a major production area of high quality iron sand since ancient times. The Ko-bizen school in the mid Heian period was the originator. The Bizen school consisted of schools such as Ko-bizen, Fukuoka-ichimonji, Osafune, and Hatakeda.
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Japanese sword
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c_rknlhl7rxhgv
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According to the NDE-scale a near-death-experience includes a few, or several, of the following 16 elements: Time speeds up or slows down. Thought-processes speed up. A return of scenes from the past. A sudden insight, or understanding.
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Near-death studies
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c_9s10bfbkdxr9
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Tibetan monasteries were established in China, mostly staffed by monks from Tibet. A large number of imperial ceremonies using the monks were established—a reform in 1331 reduced the number from 216 to 200 annually. Each of these might last several days, a "short" one taking a hundred monks for seven days, while a long one used forty monks for three years.
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Tibetan art
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c_dv2e1lt73z1g
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These software agents are dependent on the semantic clarity of web pages they find as they use various techniques and algorithms to read and index millions of web pages a day and provide web users with search facilities without which the World Wide Web's usefulness would be greatly reduced. In order for search engine spiders to be able to rate the significance of pieces of text they find in HTML documents, and also for those creating mashups and other hybrids as well as for more automated agents as they are developed, the semantic structures that exist in HTML need to be widely and uniformly applied to bring out the meaning of the published text.Presentational markup tags are deprecated in current HTML and XHTML recommendations. The majority of presentational features from previous versions of HTML are no longer allowed as they lead to poorer accessibility, higher cost of site maintenance, and larger document sizes.Good semantic HTML also improves the accessibility of web documents (see also Web Content Accessibility Guidelines). For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document, it will not waste the visually impaired user's time by reading out repeated or irrelevant information when it has been marked up correctly.
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HTML 4
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c_4n54yq2oz701
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If those surveyed changed their activity to one sexual partner, the change will be quantified by changes in the indicator. This disadvantage is that though a respondent may reduce the number of MSP in a 12 month period, the indicator will not reflect this change in sexual activity. Even so, decreasing the number of MSP may not indicate a change.
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Multiple sex partners
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c_kbia6662ove6
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There are many people in the world of mixed ethnicity, and in those cases, pragmatic decisions will have to be made. Therefore, an international criterion of overweight may be more appropriate than ethnic specific criteria of abdominal obesity for an anthropometric component of this syndrome which results from an excess lipid storage in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver.The previous definitions of the metabolic syndrome by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the revised National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) are very similar, and they identify individuals with a given set of symptoms as having metabolic syndrome.
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Metabolic syndromes
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c_mg8s8ymg5joo
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Senate committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Zeller states, "After watching this video, I went on Twitter and Facebook and I saw hashtag Penny4NASA all over the place. There had been a video put on YouTube that had hashtag Penny4NASA all over it that was trending around 300,000 views." The success of the video prompted Zeller to begin the web site and set up a petition and social media around the 'Penny4NASA' hashtag that had come to summarize the proposal of its movement.A September 2, 2012 episode of Astronomy Cast recorded at DragonCon in Atlanta, Georgia focused on funding issues related to space exploration. Discussing the Penny4NASA proposal and supportive of its goals, astronomer Pamela Gay stated that it may not be a realistic goal to "convince the Congress to take a penny of every tax dollar and give it to NASA," but went on to say it may be possible to produce "the same ultimate effect by individuals who have the extra ten dollars and care about science and finding that science project that they believe in and giving it ten dollars".
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Penny4NASA
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c_fk294381qjgy
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One of the largest breeding areas is the Chesapeake Bay, where populations from Chesapeake and Delaware bays have intermingled. The very few successful spawning populations of freshwater striped bass include Lake Texoma, Lake Weiss (Coosa River), the Colorado River and its reservoirs downstream from and including Lake Powell, and the Arkansas River, as well as Lake Marion (South Carolina) that retained a landlocked breeding population when the dam was built; other freshwater fisheries must be restocked with hatchery-produced fish annually. Stocking of striped bass was discontinued at Lake Mead in 1973 once natural reproduction was verified.
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Striped Bass
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c_qqr6xqk720hl
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Other problems with the liver that occur in pregnancy should be considered by the treating clinician. These include preeclampsia, the HELLP syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Furthermore, other causes of hepatitis, like hepatitis viruses, cancer and certain medications, should also be considered.
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Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
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c_4dgb5cyftxhe
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He is opposed to the "layers and layers" of European legislation that he feels is making European economies increasingly cumbersome and inefficient. He has publicly expressed his disdain for politicians, criticising them for the way they negotiated the Brexit withdrawal agreement and are often happy to "lunch around with bankers", but less keen to discuss economic issues with industrialists and business owners.Ratcliffe has owned two super yachts, Hampshire and Hampshire II. His first yacht was built as Barbara Jean by Feadship. In 2012, he took delivery of the 78-metre (256 ft) Feadship Hampshire II, built by Royal Van Lent, which he still owns.
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Jim Ratcliffe
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c_ky7fa46aa39s
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The album has eventually achieved 3x multi-platinum certification in the United States. It was still on top in America during the week of the 9/11 attacks and the political environment caused by the attacks added to the controversy surrounding the album's hit single "Chop Suey! "; the song was taken off the radio as it contained politically sensitive lyrics according to the 2001 Clear Channel memorandum at the time such as "I don't think you trust in my self-righteous suicide".
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System Of A Down
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c_pwq7xila3t6n
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{\displaystyle V_{\mu }^{\prime }=\left(O_{\mu }^{\nu }V_{\nu }+P_{\tau }\right)\left(\delta _{\tau \mu }+Q_{\tau \mu }^{\nu }V_{\nu }\right)^{-1}.\,} Applying this transformation twice on a 4-vector gives a transformation of the same form. The new symmetry of 'inversion' is given by the 3-tensor Q . {\displaystyle Q.}
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Inversion transformations
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c_ipa2pae0puuc
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BioMOCA uses such information in the standard PQR (Position-Charge-Radius) format to map the protein system onto a rectangular grid. Ideally, the steric interactions between protein atoms and the ions in the aqueous medium are to use a repulsive potential like Lennard-Jones to prevent ions from penetrating the protein.
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Biology Monte Carlo method
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c_0ewiukkxndyi
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The pendulum in most clocks (see diagram) consists of a wood or metal rod (a) with a metal weight called the bob (b) on the end. The bob is traditionally lens-shaped to reduce air drag. Wooden rods were often used in quality clocks because wood had a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than metal.
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Pendulum clock
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c_55tu4o7zjcoz
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Piecewise continuous; one dimensionIf the function is absolutely integrable in one dimension (i.e. f ∈ L 1 ( R ) {\displaystyle f\in L^{1}(\mathbb {R} )} ) but merely piecewise continuous then a version of the Fourier inversion theorem still holds. In this case the integral in the inverse Fourier transform is defined with the aid of a smooth rather than a sharp cut off function; specifically we define F − 1 g ( x ) := lim R → ∞ ∫ R φ ( ξ / R ) e 2 π i x ξ g ( ξ ) d ξ , φ ( ξ ) := e − ξ 2 . {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{-1}g(x):=\lim _{R\to \infty }\int _{\mathbb {R} }\varphi (\xi /R)\,e^{2\pi ix\xi }\,g(\xi )\,d\xi ,\qquad \varphi (\xi ):=e^{-\xi ^{2}}.}
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Fourier inversion formula
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c_m8d39zczhw21
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Tension adjustment is necessary due to several mechanical factors: oscillations caused by mechanical misalignments, differing inertial response (lag) of mechanical elements during web acceleration, out-of-round unwind and tension rolls, slipping through nip rolls, and over-aggressive web-guide correction. Several technical process and control issues also affect tension: tension setpoint changes, phase offset on driven rolls, tension bleed from one zone to another, and thermal effect (contraction/expansion) as the substrate passes through various processes. It is impossible to eliminate all factors requiring tension adjustment.
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Web-guiding systems
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c_h72me7ic6pt2
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The DCMS classifies enterprises and occupations as creative according to what the enterprise primarily produces, and what the worker primarily does. Thus, a company which produces records would be classified as belonging to the music industrial sector, and a worker who plays piano would be classified as a musician. The primary purpose of this is to quantify – for example it can be used to count the number of firms, and the number of workers, creatively employed in any given location, and hence to identify places with particularly high concentrations of creative activities. It leads to some complications which are not immediately obvious.
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Creative economy
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c_28yfzfjkl4nz
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Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. 2022. ISBN 978-3-030-91821-7.
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Clement Ogaja
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c_tpmc839gje6b
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Since 2007, South Africa has experienced multiple periods of rolling blackouts which are locally referred to as load shedding by the state-owned energy company Eskom. This was initially caused by the country's demand for electricity outstripping supply, and as time progressed, later exacerbated by ageing power infrastructure, poor maintenance, and the slow completion of new power stations. It was recently revealed by Eskom's former spokesperson Sikhonathi Mantshantsh, that widespread tender corruption and the sabotage of power infrastructure by employees is one of the primary reasons for continuing load shedding. This has caused significantly severe damage to the South African economy and has played a large part in limiting the country's economic growth.
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Rolling blackouts
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c_m1mp79svuv3o
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Two days later, he disappeared again. His wife continued searching for him after his second disappearance, but subsequently died before finding him again. In 1910, an old colleague of Bates, Dr. J. E. Kelly, was travelling through Grand Forks, North Dakota, where he encountered Bates practicing. He subsequently persuaded Bates to return to New York and share an office with him, where he is said to have "worked as hard and as successfully as he had done before his original disappearance".
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William Bates (physician)
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c_fy0x3k41i5z0
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This difficulty was resolved by Dedekind, who proved that the rings of algebraic integers have unique factorization of ideals: in these rings, every ideal is a product of prime ideals, and this factorization is unique up the order of the factors. The integral domains that have this unique factorization property are now called Dedekind domains. They have many nice properties that make them fundamental in algebraic number theory.
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Factorization
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c_f0q0bje7uqjj
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The external Diffie–Hellman (XDH) assumption is a computational hardness assumption used in elliptic curve cryptography. The XDH assumption holds that there exist certain subgroups of elliptic curves which have useful properties for cryptography. Specifically, XDH implies the existence of two distinct groups ⟨ G 1 , G 2 ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle {\mathbb {G} }_{1},{\mathbb {G} }_{2}\rangle } with the following properties: The discrete logarithm problem (DLP), the computational Diffie–Hellman problem (CDH), and the computational co-Diffie–Hellman problem are all intractable in G 1 {\displaystyle {\mathbb {G} }_{1}} and G 2 {\displaystyle {\mathbb {G} }_{2}} . There exists an efficiently computable bilinear map (pairing) e ( ⋅ , ⋅ ): G 1 × G 2 → G T {\displaystyle e(\cdot ,\cdot ):{\mathbb {G} }_{1}\times {\mathbb {G} }_{2}\rightarrow {\mathbb {G} }_{T}} .
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XDH assumption
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c_g62elwk0cupq
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"In protactile, communication takes place by touch and movement focused primarily on the hands, wrist, elbow, arm, upper back, and when in a seated position, knees and the top of the thigh. In formal instruction of protactile while sitting and facing a conversation partner, the "listening hand" has the thumb, index finger, and pinky extended, and is rested on the thigh of the other participant. For example, several rapid taps on the thigh with all four fingers would indicate "yes," where a rapid back and forth brushing movement with the fingers would indicate "no."Tactile maps are used in protactile, communicating spatial information about the environment to the DeafBlind person. A map can be drawn on a recipient's hand, arm, or back to describe surroundings or give directions.Instead of the "air space" used in visual sign languages, that is, the space around a signer's body, protactile is rooted in "contact space." While ASL and other sign languages rely on handshape as one of the core components distinguishing a sign from other signs, in protactile the handshape is less important than the sensation received (for example, a series of tapped signs using different handshapes would all just be received as taps, with the handshapes being indistinguishable).
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Protactile
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c_6trnpxzx5ten
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They concluded that purpose of the Bill should be 'sustainable management' and that the critical aspect of that purpose should be intergenerational equity, that is, safeguarding natural resource options for future generations. A second purpose of avoiding, remedying or mitigating adverse effects of activities was added. The purpose and principles sections were consequently rewritten.
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Resource Management Act 1991
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c_jiyh7f8bsurc
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UC-3 was detected by the anti-submarine trawler Cheerio as the Cheerio was directly over the UC-3; the UC-3 was then caught in a steel net dragged by the trawler, and sank after a large underwater explosion. Later in the war, the British Admiralty belatedly convened a scientific panel to advise on how to combat U-boats.
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Underwater microphone
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c_qjm9t6ikb35u
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Depending on local tissue concentrations of local anesthetics, excitatory or depressant effects on the central nervous system may occur. Initial symptoms of systemic toxicity include ringing in the ears (tinnitus), a metallic taste in the mouth, tingling or numbness of the mouth, dizziness and/or disorientation. At higher concentrations, a relatively selective depression of inhibitory neurons results in cerebral excitation, which may lead to more advanced symptoms include motor twitching in the periphery followed by grand mal seizures. It is reported that seizures are more likely to occur when bupivacaine is used, particularly in combination with chloroprocaine.A profound depression of brain functions may occur at even higher concentrations which may lead to coma, respiratory arrest, and death. Such tissue concentrations may be due to very high plasma levels after intravenous injection of a large dose. Another possibility is direct exposure of the central nervous system through the cerebrospinal fluid, i.e., overdose in spinal anesthesia or accidental injection into the subarachnoid space in epidural anesthesia.
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Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor
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c_3hy3wtf3epem
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Robert M. Seyfarth was born on February 16, 1948. He grew up in Chicago, but enjoyed fishing trips with his father to Canada and the Caribbean. During his senior year at Phillips Exeter Academy, he became interested in science after taking a course on Darwin. In 1970, he graduated from the honors program in Biological Anthropology at Harvard College.
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Robert Seyfarth (scientist)
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c_ig57vdtxbucq
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Both are about a thousand times more acidic than pure sulfuric acid. In 2004, a boron compound broke this record by a thousand fold with the synthesis of carborane acid H(CHB11Cl11). Another metalloid, antimony, features in the strongest known acid, a mixture 10 billion times stronger than carborane acid.
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Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals
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c_got4fpuuvlrn
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σ Orionis is a naked eye star at the eastern end of Orion's Belt, and has been known since antiquity, but it was not included in Ptolemy's Almagest. It was referred to by Al Sufi, but not formally listed in his catalogue. In more modern times, it was measured by Tycho Brahe and included in his catalogue. In Kepler's extension it is described as "Quae ultimam baltei praecedit ad austr."
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Σ Orionis cluster
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c_s0lzw6rbdpwl
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Grip pads This type of glove only covers the palm of the hand, which may help prevent sweating and slipping. Some products may have additional wrist support.Palm less gloves This type only covers the fingers and may not extend all the way to the fingertip.
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Gym gloves
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c_589p9dra9lnc
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Riders turn lean steer handcycles by leaning into the turn. There is a longer learning curve with lean steer handcycles and they are significantly less stable at high speed. The lean steer system feels similar to mono skiing: using your whole body to steer the handcycle.
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Hand bike
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c_9vsj7aqlgez7
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Esperanto is by far the most widely spoken constructed language in the world. Speakers are most numerous in Europe and East Asia, especially in urban areas, where they often form Esperanto clubs. Esperanto is particularly prevalent in the northern and central countries of Europe; in China, Korea, Japan, and Iran within Asia; in Brazil, and the United States in the Americas; and in Togo in Africa.Countering a common criticism against Esperanto, the statistician Svend Nielsen has found no significant correlation between the number of Esperanto speakers and the similarity of a given national native language to Esperanto. He concludes that Esperanto tends to be more popular in rich countries with widespread Internet access and a tendency to contribute more to science and culture. Linguistic diversity within a country was found to have no, or perhaps a slightly reductive, correlation with Esperanto popularity.
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Esperanto language
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c_1qvuzg505uo1
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The main advantage of HEBT architecture, compared to the HBT is a simplified fabrication process for the emitter–base junction. In particular the HEBT does not require as tight parametric control during epitaxial growth, that equivalent abrupt or graded emitter structures might. This is very important as it is evident from scanning ion mass spectrometry data that out-diffusion base dopant into the emitter junction is difficult to control, as the base is, in general, very highly doped in order to enhance performance.
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Heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor
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c_khn6jdr9qplb
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A liquid handling robot is used to automate workflows in life science laboratories. It is a robot that dispenses a selected quantity of reagent, samples or other liquid to a designated container.
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Liquid handling robot
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c_c6q0c03vd84t
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Placed the 2-pounder gun in the hull and the howitzer in the turret, available in very limited numbers. Sometimes called the "Churchill II". Not used in combat.
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Churchill tank
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c_31xi9f0sigg0
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Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community members. Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress. Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives.Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by deindustrialization.
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Urban agriculture
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c_d0m91m9hhihq
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Both daughters then grow a new anterior cilium.As all other ciliary swimmers, green algae always swim in a spiral. The handedness of the spiral is robust and is guaranteed by the chirality of the cilia. The two cilia of green algae have different beat patterns and functions. In Chlamydomonas, the phototransduction cascade alters the stroke pattern and beating speed of the two cilia differentially in a complex pattern. This results in the reorientation of the helical swimming trajectory as long as the helical swimming axis is not aligned with the light vector.
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Protist flagella
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c_aecr4ys4vtg9
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Dislocations in a crystal lattice are line defects that are associated with local stress fields. Dislocations allow shear at lower stress than that needed for a perfect crystal structure. The local stress fields result in interactions between the dislocations which then result in strain hardening or cold working.
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Crystal packing
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c_l5pzo194wcng
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This approach is particularly valuable for on-demand usages that may have large peak workloads, such as in the final stages of production for animated films. Render farms operated by Pixar and LucasFilm are established examples of this usage model. Cloud game streaming stores, executes, and renders the game itself in the cloud, transmitting an encoded video stream to user PCs, consoles, or other devices, where the game video is displayed.
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Visual Cloud
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c_5a3gki4158hp
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In early 2015 it was announced that the company would be opening offices in both Paris and London. During the same year, CM received coverage on The Next Web for their growing innovations in media messaging. Their solution for managing push message campaigns, where companies or app developers can measure and drive interaction with their users.
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CM (commerce)
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c_mciczlfbx44d
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In its adult phase, R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system. To provide its energetic needs, it retains those dissolved inorganic nutrients (sulfide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen) into its plume and transports them through a vascular system to the trophosome, which is suspended in paired coelomic cavities and is where the intracellular symbiotic bacteria are found. The trophosome is a soft tissue that runs through almost the whole length of the tube's coelom.
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Giant tube worms
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c_shah3e390csy
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Antimicrobial surfaces are designed to either inhibit the ability of microorganisms to grow or damaging them by chemical (copper toxicity) or physical processes (micro/nano-pillars to rupture cell walls). These surfaces are especially important for the healthcare industry. Designing effective antimicrobial surfaces demands an in-depth understanding of the initial microbe-surface adhesion mechanisms. Molecular dynamics simulation and time-lapse imaging are typically used to investigate these mechanisms.
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Antimicrobial agents
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c_3peruk1g70ug
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Since 2021 the cost of new wind and solar power has generally been less than existing gas and coal-fired power: both because of the rise in price of natural gas that year and the long-term trend of falling renewables prices. However it is estimated that the steady growth part of the S-shaped growth curve of renewable power will not be enough on its own to meet the goal of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees. According to the World Resources İnstitute both non-economic and economic policies are needed to increase the rate of growth of renewables: for example they say some countries should invest more in upgrading power grids.
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Economic impacts of climate change
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c_j1o9s18ry1du
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He opposed the widely accepted theory of causation that 'all events have a specific course or reason'. Therefore, Hume crafted his own theory of causation, formed through his empiricist and sceptic beliefs. He split causation into two realms: "All the objects of human reason or enquiry may naturally be divided into two kinds, to wit, Relations of Ideas, and Matters of Fact."
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David Hume
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c_8sw07nu86o75
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A sabbatical (from the Hebrew: שַׁבָּת Šabat (i.e., Sabbath); in Latin sabbaticus; Greek: sabbatikos σαββατικός) is a rest or break from work; “an extended period of time intentionally spent on something that’s not your routine job.”The concept of the sabbatical is based on the Biblical practice of shmita (sabbatical year), which is related to agriculture. According to Leviticus 25, Jews in the Land of Israel must take a year-long break from working the fields every seven years.Starting with Harvard University in 1880, many universities and other institutional employers of scientists, physicians, and academics offer the opportunity to qualify for paid sabbatical as an employee benefit, called sabbatical leave. Early academic sabbatical policies were designed to aid their faculty in resting and recovering, but were also provided in order to facilitate "advancements in knowledge in vogue elsewhere...an intellectual and practical necessity" for both the professors and university education more broadly. Present-day academic sabbaticals typically excuse the grantee from day-to-day teaching and departmental duties, though progress on research is expected to continue, if not increase, while away.
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Sabbatical leave
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c_ulr5r74s3413
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The stapes transmits these vibrations to the inner ear by pushing on the membrane covering the oval window, which separates the middle and inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, the liquid-filled structure containing the hair cells. These cells serve to transform the incoming vibration to electrical signals, which can then be transmitted to the brain. The auditory nerve carries the signal generated by the hair cells away from the inner ear and towards the auditory receiving area in the cortex. The signal then travels through fibers to several subcortical structures and on to the primary auditory receiving area in the temporal lobe.
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Sensory cue
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c_7281zdce41na
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With the development of faster computers, and better software environments for sampling and MIDI editing, most MIDI mockups today are done with software synthesizers. The replication of acoustic instruments has progressed steadily, to the point where MIDI mockups are occasionally utilized in the final score on films where time has run out, or due to budget constraints. == References ==
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MIDI mockup
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c_gtsb0dtac7n4
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The theorem suggests that we consider a sort of a dual of a global dimension: It was originally called the weak global dimension of R but today it is more commonly called the Tor dimension of R. Remark: for any ring R, w . g l . d i m R ≤ g l . d i m R {\displaystyle \operatorname {w.gl.dim} R\leq \operatorname {gl.dim} R} .
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Dimension theory (algebra)
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c_vtcttxsplqxn
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Adherents of panpsychism, a kind of property dualism, hold that everything has a mental aspect, but not that everything exists in a mind. Neutral monism postulates that existence consists of a single substance that in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is capable of mental and physical aspects or attributes – thus it implies a dual-aspect theory. For the last century, the dominant theories have been science-inspired including materialistic monism, type identity theory, token identity theory, functionalism, reductive physicalism, nonreductive physicalism, eliminative materialism, anomalous monism, property dualism, epiphenomenalism and emergentism.
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Metaphysical philosophy
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c_n9jsrk2niq78
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Basement openings to centre. Left return (to High Street) with roof stepped down to rear range with stack at end left. Wooden casement and glazing bar sash on 1st floor, 3 wooden casements on ground floor.
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Wye Hop Breeding Programme
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c_u0v2dilga4qc
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The following examples illustrate particular sets defined by set-builder notation via predicates. In each case, the domain is specified on the left side of the vertical bar, while the rule is specified on the right side. { x ∈ R ∣ x > 0 } {\displaystyle \{x\in \mathbb {R} \mid x>0\}} is the set of all strictly positive real numbers, which can be written in interval notation as ( 0 , ∞ ) {\displaystyle (0,\infty )} . { x ∈ R ∣ | x | = 1 } {\displaystyle \{x\in \mathbb {R} \mid |x|=1\}} is the set { − 1 , 1 } {\displaystyle \{-1,1\}} .
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Set builder notation
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c_2qinlaxp3ycl
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The Jumping Flash! series continued to use the same engine.Dark Forces, released in 1995 by LucasArts, has been regarded as one of the first "true 3-D" first-person shooter games. Its engine, the Jedi Engine, was one of the first engines to support an environment in three dimensions: areas can exist next to each other in all three planes, including on top of each other (such as stories in a building).
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First-person shooter engine
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c_tqgf9mxvtnzs
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A 1.97-solar-mass pulsar was discovered in 2010. In 2019, neutron star PSR J0740+6620 was discovered with a solar-mass of 2.08 ±.07. In 1992 Smolin also predicted that inflation, if true, must only be in its simplest form, governed by a single field and parameter. This idea was further studied by Nikodem Poplawski.
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Cosmological natural selection
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c_lf33jcy796nd
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Those, along with multiple trackways, suggest that gregarious behavior was common in many early dinosaur species. Trackways of hundreds or even thousands of herbivores indicate that duck-billed (hadrosaurids) may have moved in great herds, like the American bison or the African springbok. Sauropod tracks document that these animals traveled in groups composed of several different species, at least in Oxfordshire, England, although there is no evidence for specific herd structures.
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Dinosaur
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c_gqpajzrq2ags
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Perceived needs are defined by what people think about their needs, each standard changes with each respondent. Expressed needs are defined by the number of people who have sought help and focuses on circumstances where feelings are translated into action. A major weakness of expressed needs assumes that all people with needs seek help. Relative needs are concerned with equity and must consider differences in population and social pathology.
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Needs assessment
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c_30cp0u38ur8h
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One subtlety we glossed over here is that ∀ i {\displaystyle \forall i\,\!} should be understood as ranging over the natural numbers, where i {\displaystyle i\,\!} is the superscript in the expansion of a ∗ {\displaystyle a{*}\,\!}
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Propositional dynamic logic
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c_e5fz9505j4i0
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Cramer's rule has a geometric interpretation that can be considered also a proof or simply giving insight about its geometric nature. These geometric arguments work in general and not only in the case of two equations with two unknowns presented here. Given the system of equations a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 = b 1 a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 = b 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}a_{11}x_{1}+a_{12}x_{2}&=b_{1}\\a_{21}x_{1}+a_{22}x_{2}&=b_{2}\end{matrix}}} it can be considered as an equation between vectors x 1 ( a 11 a 21 ) + x 2 ( a 12 a 22 ) = ( b 1 b 2 ) . {\displaystyle x_{1}{\binom {a_{11}}{a_{21}}}+x_{2}{\binom {a_{12}}{a_{22}}}={\binom {b_{1}}{b_{2}}}.}
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Cramer rule
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c_rztk6nktyvic
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The main ingredients are nuts, soy milk, and soy yogurt. Common plant-based proteins or vegetable proteins used in vegan cheeses are derived from edible sources of protein, such as soybeans, almond, and their milk. Food scientists use a "blend of gums, protein, solids, and fats" to create the mouthfeel and melt of dairy cheese since the ones made with nuts do not melt due to the solid base on which they are composed. One vegan cheese product aims to solve this difficulty by making cheese with casein produced by yeast rather than by cows.Vegan cheeses used for market purpose are often not cultured or aged; instead acidic ingredients, such as lemon juice, are used to make it taste like cheese. Some cheeses are made in a different way, with more texture and taste. Ingredients of hard or firm vegan cheeses includes natural agents such as agar, carrageenan, tapioca flour, and xanthan gum.
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Vegan cheese
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c_92f2gbmzu9yn
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Pirimicarb is a selective carbamate insecticide used to control aphids on vegetable, cereal and orchard crops by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity but does not affect useful predators such as ladybirds that eat them. It was originally developed by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., now Syngenta, at their Jealott's Hill site and first marketed in 1969, four years after its discovery.
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Pirimicarb
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c_r1lza13l8gl1
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While he was mostly a marginal figure at the University of Chicago, Veblen taught a number of classes there.In 1899, Veblen published his first and best-known book, titled The Theory of the Leisure Class. This did not immediately improve Veblen's position at the University of Chicago. He requested a raise after the completion of his first book, but this was denied.Veblen's students at Chicago considered his teaching "dreadful".
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Thorstein Veblen
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c_r09p6za91c4f
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A hypercone consists of a large donut-shaped balloon that supports a cone-shaped sheet of heat-resistant fabric thirty to forty meters in diameter, with the capsule located at the point of the cone. The balloon is rapidly inflated to expand the cone to full size and the resulting drag slows the capsule to a velocity where other landing mechanisms can finish the job of bringing it to a soft landing. NASA's Low Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) program is testing out some of these new devices and in April 2012 performed a trial run on a rocket sled test to replicate the forces a supersonic spacecraft would experience prior to landing. == References ==
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Hypercone (spacecraft)
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c_4yqf5ibgfbac
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As the New York Times subsequently wrote, "Novell, in one of those instances of serendipity and visionary thinking that are the stuff of personal computer legend, found itself in the right place at the right time. "Partly in consequence of its design of running at kernel level ring 0 without regard for separate or protected address spaces, and thus not having the properties of a general-purpose operating system, NetWare was known for being very fast in operation. This trend continued into 1987 with the Advanced NetWare/286 release, which was well received within the industry.
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Novell
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c_dqq6768rijtf
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Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory has a large collection of ochre paintings. Ochre is a not an organic material, so carbon dating of these pictures is impossible. Sometimes the approximate date, or at least an epoch, can be guessed from the content.
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Rock art studies
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c_kfe99pvw6haw
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DSM can rely upon, but is considered to be distinct from traditional soil mapping, which involves manual delineation of soil boundaries by field soil scientists. Non-digital soil maps produced as result of manual delineation of soil mapping units may also be digitized or surveyors may draw boundaries using field computers, hence both traditional, knowledge-based and technology and data-driven soil mapping frameworks are in essence digital. Unlike traditional soil mapping, digital soil mapping is, however, considered to make an extensive use of: technological advances, including GPS receivers, field scanners, and remote sensing, and computational advances, including geostatistical interpolation and inference algorithms, GIS, digital elevation model, and data miningIn digital soil mapping, semi-automated techniques and technologies are used to acquire, process and visualize information on soils and auxiliary information, so that the end result can be obtained at cheaper costs. Products of the data-driven or statistical soil mapping are commonly assessed for the accuracy and uncertainty and can be more easily updated when new information comes available.Digital soil mapping tries to overcome some of the drawbacks of the traditional soil maps that are often only focused on delineating soil-classes i.e. soil types. Such traditional soil maps: do not provide information for modeling the dynamics of soil conditions and are inflexible to quantitative studies on the functionality of soils.An example of successful digital soil mapping application is the physical properties (soil texture, bulk density) developed in the European Union with around 20,000 topsoil samples of LUCAS database.
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Digital soil mapping
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c_3pfax9caw8sm
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For example, the Greek word asbestos (meaning 'inextinguishable', or 'unquenchable'), for the unusual mineral known today containing fibrous structure. The ancient historians Strabo (63 BC–19 AD) and Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) both wrote of asbestos, its qualities, and its origins, with the Hellenistic belief that it was of a type of vegetable. Pliny the Elder listed it as a mineral common in India, while the historian Yu Huan (239–265 AD) of China listed this 'fireproof cloth' as a product of ancient Rome or Arabia (Chinese: Daqin). Although documentation of these minerals in ancient times does not fit the manner of modern scientific classification, there was nonetheless extensive written work on early mineralogy.
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Theory of exhalations
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c_c3fominoflux
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As the Euler characteristic suggests, the small cubicuboctahedron is a toroidal polyhedron of genus 3 (topologically it is a surface of genus 3), and thus can be interpreted as a (polyhedral) immersion of a genus 3 polyhedral surface, in the complement of its 24 vertices, into 3-space. (A neighborhood of any vertex is topologically a cone on a figure-8, which cannot occur in an immersion. Note that the Richter reference overlooks this fact.) The underlying polyhedron (ignoring self-intersections) defines a uniform tiling of this surface, and so the small cubicuboctahedron is a uniform polyhedron.
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Small cubicuboctahedron
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c_rfb1by24up94
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Craspedodromous – secondary veins run straight to the leaf edge and end there. Furcate – forked, dividing into two divergent branches. Reticulate – veins interconnected to form a network.
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Glossary of plant morphology
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c_5kzw0mrjeldm
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Also, the AASW movement northward has gained some heat from the atmosphere, thereby increasing the temperature slightly.When this water reaches between 50°S and 60°S it encounters the Antarctic Convergence zone. At this point the Subantarctic waters, which are characterized as being much warmer than the Antarctic waters, are just north of the Antarctic Polar Front and the Antarctic waters are just south of the Antarctic Polar Front. This region is referred to as the Antarctic Convergence Zone/Antarctic Polar Front because of the sharp gradients in both temperature and salinity (esp.
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Antarctic Intermediate Water
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c_bx45qn6a8lu2
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In addition, identity also conceptualizes feelings of security and freedom as one is able to self-identify and especially when it comes to being able to foster agency over community formation. In addition, the similar and shared experiences of culture, language and locality foster the sense of community. This fostering of community is largely seen as an extension of agency because when a community is able to achieve a sense of place and place attachment, this allows for individuals to reinforce their own identities and strengthen their bonds within their community.
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Place identity
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c_ns8k7nbl86l9
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In a p-n junction diode, electrons and holes are the minority charge carriers in the p-region and the n-region, respectively. In an unbiased junction, due to the diffusion of charge carriers, the diffusion current, which flows from the p to n region, is exactly balanced by the equal and opposite drift current. In a biased p-n junction, the drift current is independent of the biasing, as the number of minority carriers is independent of the biasing voltages. But as minority charge carriers can be thermally generated, drift current is temperature dependent.
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Drift current
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c_s1idffz5a76r
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United States Notes are, depending on their issue, redeemable directly for precious metal – as after the specie resumption of 1879 which authorized federal officials to do so if requested. The difference between a United States Note and a Federal Reserve Note is that a United States Note represented a "bill of credit" and, since it was issued by the government itself and does not involve either lending or borrowing, was inserted by the Treasury directly into circulation free of interest. Federal Reserve Notes are not backed either by precious metals or the full faith of the United States government.
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United States Note
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c_weneaw8ehhka
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Nests typically have external dimensions of 20 × 30 cm (8 × 12 in), but their size varies greatly. The building of the nest is initiated by the unmated male while displaying to females. The female assists in building, but is less active than the male.
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House sparrows
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c_8qq5o00zzqjg
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This center was dedicated to overthrowing "scientific materialism" and "fomenting nothing less than a scientific and cultural revolution." A 1995 conference, "The Death of Materialism and the Renewal of Culture," served as a blueprint for the center. By 1996 they had nearly a million dollars in grants, the largest being from Howard Ahmanson, Jr., with smaller but still large contributions coming from the Stewardship Foundation established by C. Davis Weyerhaeuser and the Maclellan Foundation, and appointed their first class of research fellows.
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Intelligent design movement
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c_eon69xkawfnq
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There is a move towards legislation that restricts or prohibits the use of heavy metals in products such electrical and electronic equipment. In Europe, the restricted metals include cadmium, mercury, lead and hexavalent chromium. Cadmium is restricted 10-fold more than the other heavy metals, to 0.01% or 100 ppm by weight of homogeneous material. There are similar regulations in place, or soon to be implemented, worldwide including in Norway, Switzerland, China, Japan, South Korea and California.
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Nanoco
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c_ubu8670gbl99
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The political act of graft is when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected to maximize the benefits to private interests of the corrupt individuals.
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Systemic corruption
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c_d8ecwsa9effm
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The Diamond Badge requires three achievements: flying 300 km to a pre-defined goal, going 500 km in one flight (but not necessarily to a pre-defined goal), and gaining 5,000 m in height. Earning all three "diamonds" qualifies the pilot for the FAI registry as a Diamond Badge holder. The first pilot with the Diamond Badge was the American, John Robinson, in 1950, who had also held the absolute altitude record.
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FAI Gliding Commission
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c_9ie6ep1titte
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The first attempts by the American Government for proactive action in colonising the Pacific Northwest began in 1820 during the 2nd session of the 16th Congress. John Floyd, a Representative from Virginia, spearheaded a report that would "authorize the occupation of the Columbia River, and to regulated trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes thereon." Additionally the bill called for cultivating commercial relations with the Qing Empire and the Tokugawa shogunate. His interest in the distant region likely began after meeting former PFC employee Russell Farnham.
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Parallel 54°40′ north
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c_x2tlvg4yiio2
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During the sweeping, the husks and the chaff are separated to one part of the threshing-floor, while the grain, still not entirely clean, was winnowed, either by traditional of winnowing with sieves, or by a mechanical winnowing machine.Traditional threshing implements (including the threshing board) were gradually abandoned and replaced by modern combine harvesters. This change, of course, occurred in some areas before others.
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Threshing board
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c_n2o76yfzkbkx
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Several studies suggest that MHC-related odor preferences and mate choice are demonstrated by humans. However, the role of MHC in human mate choice has been relatively controversial. One study conducted by Ober et al. examined HLA types from 400 couples in the Hutterite community and found dramatically fewer HLA matches between husbands and wives than expected when considering the social structure of their community. On the other hand, there was no evidence of MHC-based mate choice in the same study of 200 couples from South Amerindian tribes.Other studies have approached mate choice based on odor preference.
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Major Histocompatibility Complex and Sexual Selection
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c_cpddb88qrqtg
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After exposure by lasers, the paper passes through tanks, one containing a developer, the next a bleach/fixing agent (which may also be separate) and the next containing filtered rinsing water followed by tanks with conditioning chemicals, before being dried with hot air, ejected and sorted. The chemicals may be automatically mixed from a cardboard box containing the necessary chemicals in separate bottles. The minilab contains filters and heaters for the chemicals, and it discards used chemicals into a separate, single bottle.
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Digital minilab
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c_2l1vgyvp6adu
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The political scientist Jeffrey Kaplan believed that it was the "strongly millenarian and chiliastic overtones" of Ragnarök which helped convert white American racialists to the right wing of the Heathen movement.Some practitioners do not emphasize belief in an afterlife, instead stressing the importance of behaviour and reputation in this world. In Icelandic Heathenry, there is no singular dogmatic belief about the afterlife. A common Heathen belief is that a human being has multiple souls, which are separate yet linked together.
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Nordic racial paganism
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c_kwbyrxjl6nbh
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Johann Samuel König (31 July 1712 – 21 August 1757) was a German mathematician.
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Johann Samuel König
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c_8e96e3wxgo7e
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Crypto systems using asymmetric key algorithms do not evade the problem either. That a public key can be known by all without compromising the security of an encryption algorithm (for some such algorithms, though not for all) is certainly useful, but does not prevent some kinds of attacks. For example, a spoofing attack in which public key A is claimed publicly to be that of user Alice, but is in fact a public key belonging to man-in-the-middle attacker Mallet, is easily possible. No public key is inherently bound to any particular user, and any user relying on a defective binding (including Alice herself when she sends herself protected messages) will have trouble.
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Key authentication
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c_7y2tc7utzyug
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The seeds of C. sinensis and C. oleifera can be pressed to yield tea oil, a sweetish seasoning and cooking oil that should not be confused with tea tree oil, an essential oil that is used for medical and cosmetic purposes, and originates from the leaves of a different plant. The leaves are 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) long and 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) broad. Fresh leaves contain about 4% caffeine, as well as related compounds including theobromine.
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Camellia sinensis
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c_mewhvta1jq6x
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There are predominantly two electrical load arrangements for ERH: three-phase and six-phase. Three-phase heating consists of electrodes in a repeating triangular or delta pattern. Adjacent electrodes are of a different electrical phase so electricity conducts between them as shown in Figure 1.
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Electrical resistance heating remediation
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c_3ywprjgkxyve
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The first sub-category is liquidity and incentive problems. A reduction of equity prices can result in a loss of money for investors. "These losses may induce investors to sell off securities in other markets to raise cash in anticipation of a higher frequency of redemptions."
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Financial contagion
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c_tw7mqwpdy6df
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To accommodate the additional East London Line services, and to provide disabled access to all platforms of the station, substantial works were required at the station. A planning application was submitted to Bromley Council in February 2009, for alterations to the Victorian booking hall building, removal of the current ticket office, removal of the pedestrian bridge over platforms 1 and 2 and new stairs to platform 1, but funding constraints meant that this work had not started before East London Line services started calling at the station in 2010. London Overground trains terminate in either the southern (formerly disused) bay platform 3, or a new bay platform 5, part of the reinstated central platform which has been built over the site of the removed sidings, in the centre of the old station. The two through lines serve platform 4 (previously platform 3) and platform 6, the north side face of the new central island.
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Crystal Palace railway station
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c_yishdwynu3gm
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At CERN for the LHC CMS ATLAS ALICE LHCb for the LEP Aleph Delphi L3 Opal for the SPS The COMPASS Experiment Gargamelle NA61/SHINE At Fermilab for the Tevatron CDF D0 Mu2e At DESY for HERA H1 HERA-B HERMES ZEUS At BNL for the RHIC PHENIX Phobos STAR At SLAC for the PeP-II BaBar for the SLC SLD At Cornell for CESR CLEO CUSB At BINP for the VEPP-2M and VEPP-2000 ND SND CMD for the VEPP-4 KEDR Others MECO from UC Irvine
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Radiation Detector
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c_igzryp3qxarg
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It is used in beekeeping for the treatment of rotten diseases of the brood.
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Benzalkonium chloride
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c_0p1uvqzr2hzk
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Thereby, the heir-apparent title was transferred from the new-born Prince Carl Philip to his older sister Crown Princess Victoria. The Swedish Riksdag voted in 2004 to abolish inheritance tax by January 1, 2005. However, in 2005 they retro-actively decided to move the date to December 17, 2004. The main reason was abolishing inheritance tax for the many Swedish victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which took place on December 26.
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Ex post facto law
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c_5xbh3vyoq6ce
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There is a connection between quantum-dot cells and cellular automata. Cells can only be in one of 2 states and the conditional change of state in a cell is dictated by the state of its adjacent neighbors. However, a method to control data flow is necessary to define the direction in which state transition occurs in QCA cells. The clocks of a QCA system serve two purposes: powering the automaton, and controlling data flow direction. QCA clocks are areas of conductive material under the automaton’s lattice, modulating the electron tunneling barriers in the QCA cells above it.
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Quantum dot cellular automaton
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c_ftqvfy8ryffq
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Final heat rejection was through a water-cooled condenser. Piping, heat exchangers, and pumps for the cooling system were arranged in an upholstered bench seat around the outside of the base of the computer. About 20 percent of the machine's weight in operation was refrigerant.In the later Cray-2, with its more densely packed modules, Seymour Cray had trouble effectively cooling the machine using the metal conduction technique with mechanical refrigeration, so he switched to 'liquid immersion' cooling.
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Liquid cooling for computers
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c_yrbb3iwhvy6c
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LGMD is a genetic and heritable disorder, due to one of many genetic mutations of proteins involved in muscle function. All currently identified LGMDs have an inheritance pattern that is dominant or recessive, although the definition of LGMD allows for diseases with more complicated inheritance patterns to be classified as LGMD. Pathogenic mutations are mostly in coding regions, but non-coding causative variants were also reported. In Euroasia CAPN3 mutations are the most common cause of LGMD, however in northern Europe mutations in FKRP are also very common. HMG CoA Reductase homozygous mutation leads to a form of LGMD that may respond to treatment with the downstream metabolite mevalonolactone in the cholesterol synthesis pathway.
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Limb girdle muscular dystrophy
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c_peg9e6qudxew
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The chemiluminescent substrate is cleaved by horseradish peroxidase, resulting in the production of luminescence. Therefore, the production of luminescence is proportional to the amount of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, and therefore, indirectly measures the presence of the target protein. A sensitive sheet of photographic film is placed against the membrane, and exposure to the light from the reaction creates an image of the antibodies bound to the blot.
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Western blotting
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