neilchadli/mnlp_mcqa_nlp4edu_converted · Datasets at Hugging Face

question_id int64 6 6.85k	course_id int64 0 15.1k	course_domain stringclasses 3 values	course_type stringclasses 3 values	question stringlengths 6 1.87k	choices sequencelengths 4 4	correct_answer stringlengths 1 393	correct_answer_idx int64 0 3	id stringlengths 1 4	answer stringclasses 4 values
6	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	Which of the following are correct implementation for acquire function ? Assume 0 means UNLOCKED and 1 means LOCKED. Initially l->locked = 0.	[ "c \n void acquire(struct lock l)\n {\n for(;;)\n if(xchg(&l->locked, 1) == 0)\n return;\n }", "c \n void acquire(struct lock l)\n {\n if(cas(&l->locked, 0, 1) == 0)\n return;\n }", "c \n void acquire(struct lock l)\n {\n for(;;)\n if(cas(&l->locked, 1, 0) == 1)\n return;\n }", "c \n void acquire(struct lock l)\n {\n if(l->locked == 0) \n return;\n }" ]	c void acquire(struct lock *l) { for(;;) if(xchg(&l->locked, 1) == 0) return; }	0	6	A
8	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	Suppose we run JOS and set a breakpoint at syscall (in lib/syscall.c). What are the Current Privilege Level (CPL) before invoking the syscall function and after executing the int 0x30 instruction?	[ "0 3", "0 0", "3 0", "3 3" ]	3 0	2	8	C
9	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	Given that JOS has correctly initialized the IDT and installed all the interrupt handlers. Which of the following will JOS do if the CPU with CPL = 3 tries to read the memory in data segment with DPL = 0?	[ "Calling the Page Fault Handler.", "Calling the General Protection Fault handler.", "Shuting down the system .", "Reading out the memory content successfully." ]	Calling the General Protection Fault handler.	1	9	B
30	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	Assume a 32-bit architecture with a single-level page table. Each entry has 20 bits for PPN, 12 bits for permissions, and extra 32 bits used by the OS to store the access time of the page table entry. What is the size of page table required if a process uses all of its memory? (2 pts)	[ "2 MB", "4 MB", "8 MB", "16 MB" ]	8 MB	2	30	C
37	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	Can there be a race condition in a multi-threaded application running on a single-core machine and multi-core machine?	[ "Single-core: Yes, Multi-core: Yes", "Single-core: Yes, Multi-core: No", "Single-core: No, Multi-core: Yes", "Single-core: No, Multi-core: No" ]	Single-core: Yes, Multi-core: Yes	0	37	A
47	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	Suppose a file system used only for reading immutable files in random fashion. What is the best block allocation strategy?	[ "Linked-list allocation", "Continuous allocation", "Index allocation with B-tree", "Index allocation with Hash-table" ]	Continuous allocation	1	47	B
61	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	Which flag prevents user programs from reading and writing kernel data?	[ "PTE_P", "PTE_U", "PTE_D", "PTE_W" ]	PTE_U	1	61	B
63	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	What data structure is used for tracking free data blocks in ext3/4 file system?	[ "Linked-list", "Bitmap", "Heap", "Stack" ]	Bitmap	1	63	B
70	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	In JOS, which of the following does NOT happen during the execution of a system call? (Including the period of entering kernel, executing kernel function, and exiting kernel.)	[ "The kernel pushes Env’s cs and eip register on the kernel stack.", "The CPU reads the interrupt handler address from IDT.", "The kernel executes iret to return to user mode.", "The kernel switches from Env's page table to the kernel's page table, by loading cr3 register." ]	The kernel switches from Env's page table to the kernel's page table, by loading cr3 register.	3	70	D
78	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	Which of the execution of an application are possible on a single-core machine?	[ "Concurrent execution", "Parallel execution", "Both concurrent and parallel execution", "Neither concurrent or parallel execution" ]	Concurrent execution	0	78	A
86	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	In JOS, suppose a value is passed between two Envs. What is the minimum number of executed system calls?	[ "1", "2", "3", "4" ]	2	1	86	B
87	15,005	Computer Science	bachelor	What strace tool does?	[ "It prints out system calls for given program. These system calls are always called when executing the program.", "It prints out system calls for given program. These systems calls are called only for that particular instance of the program.", "To trace a symlink. I.e. to find where the symlink points to.", "To remove wildcards from the string." ]	It prints out system calls for given program. These systems calls are called only for that particular instance of the program.	1	87	B
233	15,016	Physics	online	What is true about reducing phase-encoding steps? (i.e how can we reduce phase encoding step and what is its effect)	[ "Increasing k-space spacing - leads to worse resolution", "Dropping peripheral k-space lines (dropping scan percentage) – leads to smaller FOV", "Half-Fourier acquisition – leads to worse resolution", "Reducing phase-encoding steps leads to worse SNR" ]	Reducing phase-encoding steps leads to worse SNR	3	233	D
237	15,016	Physics	online	When the RF pulse stops, protons...	[ "Dephase according to \\(T_2^\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_1\\)", "Dephase according to \\(T_1\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_2^\\)", "Dephase according to \\(T_1\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_2\\)", "Dephase according to \\(T_2\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_1\\)" ]	Dephase according to \(T_2^*\) and recover along \(\vec B_0\) according to \(T_1\)	0	237	A
253	15,016	Physics	online	Diffusion is typically NOT restricted by...	[ "Intracellular water", "Extracellular water", "Pus", "Tumor cells" ]	Extracellular water	1	253	B
255	15,013	Physics	online	What is one of the major problem encountered with Emission Tomography?	[ "Bad CNR", "Inefficient detection of X-rays", "Attenuation", "High cost of exam" ]	Attenuation	2	255	C
256	15,013	Physics	online	Compartmental modeling and tracers studies have application in different areas such as...	[ "Drug kinetics in pharmacology", "Studies of metabolic systems", "Analysis of ecosystem", "Chemical reaction kinetics" ]	Drug kinetics in pharmacology	0	256	A
258	15,013	Physics	online	What information does a Doppler shift provide?	[ "Flow", "Cardiac output", "Velocity", "Speed" ]	Velocity	2	258	C
262	15,033	Physics	online	How many lines are there in the 1H spectrum of CHD3?	[ "2", "3", "5", "7" ]	7	3	262	D
263	15,013	Physics	online	What does the Doppler shift measure?	[ "The ratio of incident frequency to reflected frequency", "The sum of incident frequency and reflected frequency", "The difference between incident and reflected frequency", "The product of incident and reflected frequency" ]	The difference between incident and reflected frequency	2	263	C
267	15,016	Physics	online	The strength of the frequency-encoding gradient...	[ "...is changed many times to generate k-space", "...has no influence on the final image", "...alters the bandwidth of the signal", "...alters the tissue contrast" ]	...alters the bandwidth of the signal	2	267	C
268	15,013	Physics	online	During fluoroscopy, what is the principal source of the dose received by the technologist (outside the primary beam)?	[ "Compton electrons.", "Photoelectrons.", "Compton scattered photons.", "Rayleigh scattering" ]	Compton scattered photons.	2	268	C
270	15,033	Physics	online	The ratio T1 / T2 = 10 was measured for a 1H resonance on a 600 MHz spectrometer. What is the value of tau c?	[ "0.52 ns", "1.13 ns", "1.38 ns", "2.05 ns" ]	1.13 ns	1	270	B
271	15,013	Physics	online	Diagnostic ultrasound is defined as a sound with a frequency of:	[ "Greater than 20 kHz", "Greater than 0.2 MHz", "Greater than 1 MHz", "Less than 1 kHz" ]	Greater than 1 MHz	2	271	C
280	15,013	Physics	online	What produces a uniform density of the radiograph called image noise?	[ "Photoelectric effect", "Filter", "Photodisintegration", "Rayleigh (coherent) scattering" ]	Rayleigh (coherent) scattering	3	280	D
286	15,033	Physics	online	How long does it take for the free induction decay of an NMR line with T2 = 0.5 s to decay to 1% of its initial amplitude?	[ "2.30 s", "2.90 s", "3.20 s", "3.70 s" ]	2.30 s	0	286	A
295	15,013	Physics	online	Which interaction between X-ray beam and matter results in the largest patient dose?	[ "Characteristic", "Compton's scatter", "Bremsstrahlung", "Photoelectric effect" ]	Photoelectric effect	3	295	D
305	15,016	Physics	online	Compared with SE (spin echo), GRE (gradient echo) sequences use	[ "Longer \\(TR\\)", "Shorter \\(TR\\)", "Longer \\(TE\\)", "Shorter \\(TE\\)" ]	Shorter \(TR\)	1	305	B
306	15,013	Physics	online	Which of the following statements is true?	[ "Is due to photoelectric absorption and Compton scatter.", "Gives the relative number of x-rays emitted at each photon energy.", "Depends only on the braking radiation.", "Is produced by electron transitions between the electron shells." ]	Gives the relative number of x-rays emitted at each photon energy.	1	306	B
307	15,013	Physics	online	What are the types of coincidence events?	[ "True", "Random", "Scattered", "Multiple" ]	True	0	307	A
308	15,013	Physics	online	In a gamma camera, what is the component that "converts" the light signal in electronic signal?	[ "Dynode", "Photocatode", "Photomultiplier tube", "Scintillator crystal" ]	Photomultiplier tube	2	308	C
310	15,013	Physics	online	What is the name of the Austrian mathematician who proved in 1917 that it was possible to reconstruct a three-dimensional object from the infinite set of all of its projections?	[ "Radon", "Tsien", "Bracewell", "Cormack" ]	Radon	0	310	A
311	15,033	Physics	online	How long (in multiples of T1) is it necessary to wait for Δn(t) to relax to 99% of Δneq??	[ "2.61 T1", "4.61 T1", "5.02 T1", "7.03 T1" ]	4.61 T1	1	311	B
316	15,033	Physics	online	What is the NMR frequency of 1H in a 23.488 T magnetic field?	[ "1000.0 Hz", "1000.0 kHz", "1000.0 MHz", "1000.0 GHz" ]	1000.0 MHz	2	316	C
317	15,013	Physics	online	Which phenomena does the term "beam hardening" describe?	[ "The decrease in average photon energy of a heterogeneous X-ray beam", "The increase in average photon energy of a homogeneous X-ray beam", "The increase in average photon energy of a heterogeneous X-ray beam", "None of the above" ]	The increase in average photon energy of a heterogeneous X-ray beam	2	317	C
318	15,013	Physics	online	When incoming electrons interacts with bound electrons in the X-ray target, ionization of the atom can occur...	[ "if the absolute energy transferred exceeds the absolute binding energy of the shell involved.", "as well as emission of alpha and beta particles.", "and gamma ray emission too.", "when the kinetic energy of the incoming electrons is less than the binding energy of the shell involved." ]	if the absolute energy transferred exceeds the absolute binding energy of the shell involved.	0	318	A
321	15,013	Physics	online	How is termed the fraction of attenuated incident photons per unit thickness of a material?	[ "Linear attenuation coefficient", "Mass absorption coefficient", "Coefficient of scattering", "Mean attenuation ratio" ]	Linear attenuation coefficient	0	321	A
323	15,033	Physics	online	Predict the total number of lines in the 1H spectrum of CH3Cl	[ "0", "1", "2", "3" ]	1	1	323	B
325	15,013	Physics	online	How is called the reduction of intensity when an X-ray beam interacts with matter?	[ "Scatter", "Attenuation", "Transmission", "Differential absorption" ]	Attenuation	1	325	B
338	15,033	Physics	online	Predict which of the following compounds has the highest and which the lowest 1H chemical shift: CH3Br, CH2Br2 and CHBr3. (from highest to lowest)	[ "CH3Br > CH2Br2 > CHBr3", "CHBr3 > CH2Br2 > CH3Br", "CH2Br2 > CHBr3 > CH3Br", "They have all the same 1H chemical shift" ]	CHBr3 > CH2Br2 > CH3Br	1	338	B
340	15,013	Physics	online	X-ray detection in Emission Tomography involves...	[ "A beta camera composed of PMT and scintillating crystal", "A measure at 180 degrees simultaneously", "An x-ray tube and a circular detector ring", "Collimation, scintillation and amplification" ]	Collimation, scintillation and amplification	3	340	D
348	15,013	Physics	online	Which of the following is not directly ionizing radiation?	[ "Positrons", "\\(\\alpha-\\)particles", "Neutrons", "Protons" ]	Neutrons	2	348	C
349	15,016	Physics	online	When was the first MRI human scan performed?	[ "1952", "1965", "1977", "1985" ]	1977	2	349	C
360	15,033	Physics	online	The following data were measured in an inversion recovery experiment: tau [s]: 2.0 , 5.0 , 10.0 , 20.0 , 100.0 with their respective signal intensities Signal(tau): -0.702 , -0.336 , 0.107 , 0.601 , 1.000. Determine the value of T1.	[ "10.5 s", "12.4 s", "15.6 s", "18.1 s" ]	12.4 s	1	360	B
368	15,013	Physics	online	In Doppler effect, which incident angle (in degree) results in no shift?	[ "180", "90", "45", "0" ]	90	1	368	B
377	15,033	Physics	online	What is the NMR frequency of 13C in a 23.488 T magnetic field?	[ "1000.0 MHz", "251.5 MHz", "503.0 MHz", "754.5 MHz" ]	251.5 MHz	1	377	B
380	15,033	Physics	online	The aromatic region of the 13C{1H} spectrum of N-methylaniline contains six lines at low temperature. How many lines might be expected at high temperature??	[ "2", "4", "6", "8" ]	4	1	380	B
384	15,033	Physics	online	What is the NMR frequency of 1H in the Earth's magnetic field (50 micro Tesla)?	[ "1.065 kHz", "2.129 kHz", "3.194 kHz", "4.258 kHz" ]	2.129 kHz	1	384	B
385	15,033	Physics	online	How many distinct chemical shifts would you expect to find in the 13C spectrum of 2-methylbutane?	[ "1", "2", "3", "4" ]	4	3	385	D
388	15,016	Physics	online	In order to obtain a signal in MRI experiment, what is the first step?	[ "Apply an RF pulse along \\(\\vec B_0\\)", "Change the amplitude of \\(\\vec B_0\\)", "Apply an RF pulse in a different direction from \\(\\vec B_0\\)", "Apply a magnetic field gradient" ]	Apply an RF pulse in a different direction from \(\vec B_0\)	2	388	C
389	15,013	Physics	online	Which of the following decreases the noise of the CT image?	[ "Decrease in dose", "Decrease in slice thickness", "Increase in matrix size", "Decrease in matrix size" ]	Decrease in matrix size	3	389	D
390	15,033	Physics	online	The 1H spectrum of CH2D2 contains five lines. What are their relative intensities?	[ "1:2:2:2:1", "1:1:1:1:1", "1:2:3:2:1", "1:1:2:1:1" ]	1:2:3:2:1	2	390	C
395	15,033	Physics	online	Predict the total number of lines in the 1H spectrum of 1,2-dichloro-3,4-dibromobenzene	[ "1", "2", "3", "4" ]	4	3	395	D
400	15,033	Physics	online	NMR stands for	[ "Nuclear Moment of Resonance", "Non Magnetic Radiation", "Nuclear Magnetic Radiation", "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" ]	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	3	400	D
401	15,016	Physics	online	>>In spin echo sequences, what do TR and TE refer to?	[ "TR: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses; TE: time between the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo", "TR: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses; TE: the spacing between the 90-degree pulse and the 180-degree pulse", "TR: time before the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo; TE: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses", "TR: the spacing between the 90-degree pulse and the 180-degree pulse; TE: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses" ]	TR: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses; TE: time between the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo	0	401	A
404	15,033	Physics	online	What is the duration of a 1H 90° pulse when B1 = 1.00 mT?	[ "4.12 microseconds", "5.87 microseconds", "9.82 microseconds", "12.45 microseconds" ]	5.87 microseconds	1	404	B
408	15,013	Physics	online	In diagnostic X-ray systems, filters are used to "harden" the beam. This process is mainly due to:	[ "Coherent scattering.", "Photoelectric effect.", "Compton effect.", "Pair production." ]	Photoelectric effect.	1	408	B
409	15,013	Physics	online	What is the form of the majority of energy produced by electrons in X-rays tubes?	[ "Light", "Sound", "X-ray energy", "Heat" ]	Heat	3	409	D
626	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	How does the particular dendritic conductance of CA1 pyramidal neurons influence the integration of the signals from two synapses, one close to the soma and one close to the distal dendrite, activated with a time delay?	[ "Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma if the delay is short (up to 20 ms) and the distal synapse is activated first or very shortly after the proximal one", "Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma even when the delay is long (up to 50 ms)", "Each of the two signals generate a separate AP in the soma except when the time delay is very short (less than 10 ms), in which case a single AP is generated", "Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma if the delay is short (up to 20 ms) and the proximal synapse is activated first or very shortly after the distal one" ]	Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma if the delay is short (up to 20 ms) and the distal synapse is activated first or very shortly after the proximal one	0	626	A
627	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	A neuron can be considered as a dipole. Why does the amplitude of the extracellular potential fall proportionally to the square of the distance from the dipole it originates in?	[ "Because the current is divided by the square of the distance to obtain the extracellular potential in the formula", "Because as one moves further away from the dipole, current and return current cancel each other out more and more in addition to the decrease in amplitude that is proportional to the distance", "Because the sum of all currents acting on an extracellular location is weighted by a multiple of the squared distance between compartment and the extracellular location", "It does not fall proportionally to the square of the distance, but proportionally to the distance between the dipole and the extracellular location" ]	Because as one moves further away from the dipole, current and return current cancel each other out more and more in addition to the decrease in amplitude that is proportional to the distance	1	627	B
628	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which method can be used to link a broad range of different time and spatial scales when studying the brain?	[ "Patch clamp", "PET imaging", "Modeling and simulation", "Long-term clinical studies" ]	Modeling and simulation	2	628	C
629	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	How are different regions of the hippocampus connected to each other?	[ "The connections are largely reciprocal; if region A projects to region B, region B also projects to region A", "The connections are mainly unidirectional along a stream", "The connections allow signals to spread along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus", "The connections keep the signals mainly in one slide of the longitudinal axis called a lamella" ]	The connections are mainly unidirectional along a stream	1	629	B
630	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What are fixed point attractors in nonlinear recurrent networks?	[ "Specific neurons that are always activated", "Stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge", "Memory traces, if the can be learned by the network", "Connections between neurons that get consolidated upon recall" ]	Stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge	1	630	B
631	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What are the two main ions contributing to the generation of an action potential?	[ "Na+ and Cl-", "Ca2+ and Cl-", "H+ and K+", "Na+ and K+" ]	Na+ and K+	3	631	D
632	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which important point must be considered when populating the region to model?	[ "The types of cells present in the region", "The shape of the volume to populate", "The density of each cell type", "The location and orientation of the cells in the volume" ]	The types of cells present in the region	0	632	A
633	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What determines the firing pattern of a neuron in response to step current injections?	[ "The length of its axon", "Its expression of different voltage-gated ion channels", "Which neurotransmitter it expresses", "The post-synaptic domain of the cells that it targets" ]	Its expression of different voltage-gated ion channels	1	633	B
634	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What does simulating a neuron help to understand?	[ "Dendritic integration", "The neural code", "The role of the biophysical make-up of a neuron", "Potentially all of the above, depending on the type of model used" ]	Potentially all of the above, depending on the type of model used	3	634	D
635	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which statement about CA1 pyramidal neurons are true?	[ "The KA density increases with the distance to the soma, the Ih density stays constant", "The density of both K and non-specific ion channels increases when the distance to the soma increases", "They receive two main independent inputs, one from the entorhinal cortex and one from the olfactory bulb that arrive at different locations", "They receive two main inputs that both originate from the same signal in the entorhinal cortex and arrive at different locations with a time delay" ]	The density of both K and non-specific ion channels increases when the distance to the soma increases	1	635	B
637	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which property of the hippocampus makes it a good model to study the nervous system?	[ "The connections on the hippocampus are almost unidirectional", "The synapses are highly plastic", "Hippocampal neurons can be grown in culture", "All of the above" ]	All of the above	3	637	D
642	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	How are somatic and dendritic conductances related to the firing pattern of a cell?	[ "Each cell type has a fixed firing pattern that results from all individual cells of the same type having the same somatic and dendritic conductances", "Each combination of conductances generate a different firing behavior", "Specific conductances must be at certain levels in order to generating a defined firing pattern", "Several combinations of conductances are able to reproduce the same firing behavior" ]	Specific conductances must be at certain levels in order to generating a defined firing pattern	2	642	C
643	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	How does the calculation of extracellular potentials help with experimental design?	[ "Mismatches between simulations and experimental data highlight mistakes in experimental data and show how experiments need to be modified in order to match the model", "It doesn’t help experimental design, but generates data so that experiments are not necessary anymore in order to answer biological questions", "Because the calculation of extracellular potentials allows separating the contribution of each neuron to the signal, it can inform on where to place electrodes to measure specific activities", "All of the above" ]	Because the calculation of extracellular potentials allows separating the contribution of each neuron to the signal, it can inform on where to place electrodes to measure specific activities	2	643	C
644	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What do the simple networks explaining gamma oscillations and ripples not have in common?	[ "The same connectivity pattern", "A high number of basket cells", "Direct auto-inhibitory feedback loops acting on single basket cells", "All of the above" ]	All of the above	3	644	D
645	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which statement concerning the firing pattern of neurons is true?	[ "There is a correlation between the firing pattern and the calcium binding protein content.", "There is an absolute correlation between the firing pattern and the calcium binding protein content of all interneurons.", "All fast-spiking cells express the potassium channel Kv3.1", "Basket cells are the only fast spiking cells in the hippocampu" ]	There is a correlation between the firing pattern and the calcium binding protein content.	0	645	A
646	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What is the effect of the particular dendritic conductance of CA1 pyramidal neurons on back-propagating APs?	[ "AP amplitude along the dendrites increases as the distance to the soma increases", "AP amplitude along the dendrites decreases as the distance to the soma increases", "AP amplitude stays constant along the dendrites over the distance to the soma", "AP amplitude along the axon decreases as the distance to the soma increases" ]	AP amplitude along the dendrites decreases as the distance to the soma increases	1	646	B
647	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	How can modeling help with sparse data?	[ "By identifying principles allowing to predict missing data", "By guiding experimental design in highlighting missing data", "By finding connections between data types and data points allowing interpolation of missing data", "All of the above" ]	All of the above	3	647	D
648	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	When do the synapses in CA3 need to be plastic?	[ "For pattern separation", "For memory retrieval", "For learning", "All of the above" ]	For learning	2	648	C
649	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which statement about hippocampal synaptic plasticity, network oscillations and neuromodulation is true?	[ "Network oscillations in the hippocampus endow it with cognitive functions like learning and memory", "Neuromodulation in the hippocampus gate synaptic plasticity and enhance network oscillations", "The oscillations observed in the hippocampus are similar to those observed in other parts of the cortex", "All of the above" ]	All of the above	3	649	D
650	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which statements about cable theory are true?	[ "The conductance for each ion stays the same all along the axon and dendrites", "It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites", "The change in voltage over the distance is related to the change in voltage over time", "The neuron is discretized to form several coupled compartments corresponding to parts of the axon and dendrites" ]	It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites	1	650	B
653	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Why is a massive increase in model complexity a challenge?	[ "Because computational capacity has not increased enough during the last century", "Because existing scientific codes like NEURON are not adapted to use massively parallel systems", "Because neuron networks cannot be simulated using parallel systems", "It is not a challenge; very large models can be simulated on normal desktop computers since desktop computers have become much faster and have large storage capabilities" ]	Because existing scientific codes like NEURON are not adapted to use massively parallel systems	1	653	B
654	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which of the following statements about theta activity are true?	[ "Theta activity can be measured using EEG", "Theta activity are observed in the hippocampus during deep sleep", "Theta activity is the only oscillatory activity observed in the hippocampus", "Theta activity could be correlated to behavior" ]	Theta activity can be measured using EEG	0	654	A
655	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which statement about genetic metaheuristic optimization algorithms is not true?	[ "They generate sets of parameter values that are used to generate and evaluate the resulting neuronal behaviour", "The algorithms are based on biological evolution; they test the fitness of arbitrary individuals and allow the fittest to create mutated offspring", "The algorithms find the optimal parameter values over the whole possible parameter space", "The algorithms are recursive; they generate new sets of parameters based on the best ranking set of the previous iteration that are evaluated and ranked in turn" ]	The algorithms find the optimal parameter values over the whole possible parameter space	2	655	C
656	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which statement concerning electrical types is true?	[ "Each morphological type can have only one electrical type", "Each electrical type corresponds to only one morphological type", "A specific morphological type can have different electrical types, and vice-versa", "None of the above" ]	A specific morphological type can have different electrical types, and vice-versa	2	656	C
657	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which statement about hippocampal synaptic plasticity, network oscillations and neuromodulation is not true?	[ "Network oscillations in the hippocampus endow it with cognitive functions like learning and memory", "Only one form of synaptic potentiation and depression can be studied in the hippocampus", "Neuromodulation in the hippocampus gate synaptic plasticity and enhance network oscillations", "The oscillations observed in the hippocampus are similar to those observed in other parts of the cortex" ]	Only one form of synaptic potentiation and depression can be studied in the hippocampus	1	657	B
658	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What is the purpose of the Productivity Libraries?	[ "Create a bibliography of all the references used for building the model", "Allow simple use of specialized functionalities for complex workflows", "Optimize the execution of the program for the platform used", "Visualize the results of the simulations" ]	Allow simple use of specialized functionalities for complex workflows	1	658	B
660	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Why is the current used to calculate the extracellular potential?	[ "It is not, membrane potential is used to calculate the extracellular potential", "Because the current generates a uniform global increase in the whole extracellular fluid, like a strong water current in a lake raise the whole surface of the water", "Because the extracellular fluid cannot conduct electrical current", "Because, like a strong localized water current downstream of a dam, electrical current generate a “bulge” in the voltage" ]	Because, like a strong localized water current downstream of a dam, electrical current generate a “bulge” in the voltage	3	660	D
661	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	How does damage to the hippocampus influence the ability to perceive time?	[ "It does not influence the perception of time", "It changes the perception of time in humans, but not animals", "It is not known, as we have no way to study the encoding of time in the nervous system", "It impairs the ability to recall the temporal order of events" ]	It impairs the ability to recall the temporal order of events	3	661	D
663	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	How does pruning happen when reconstructing the connectome?	[ "Too strong connections between cells are removed", "Synapses are removed randomly until the model matches experimental data", "Too weak connections between cells are removed", "All of the above" ]	All of the above	3	663	D
664	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What is cable theory about?	[ "It states that the conductance for each ion stays the same all along the axon and dendrites", "It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites", "It states that the change in voltage over the distance is related to the change in voltage over time", "It highlights the differences between an axon and an electric cable" ]	It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites	1	664	B
665	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What are reasons to use a model?	[ "Replace experiments in a more time-efficient manner", "Integrate data, space and time scales", "Study a system in a data-independent way", "Simulate complex interactions and predict a system’s behavior" ]	Integrate data, space and time scales	1	665	B
666	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	According to the theory of complementary learning systems, which statements are true?	[ "The hippocampus is responsible for the learning process in memory, and the neocortex for memory recall", "The neocortex is specialized in slow statistical learning of general information and the hippocampus for rapid learning of arbitrary stimuli combinations", "The neocortex is responsible for the learning process in memory, and the hippocampus for memory recall", "The hippocampus is specialized in slow statistical learning of general information and the neocortex for rapid learning of arbitrary stimuli combinations" ]	The neocortex is specialized in slow statistical learning of general information and the hippocampus for rapid learning of arbitrary stimuli combinations	1	666	B
667	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What are the two possible types of models explaining the formation of spatial representations in the hippocampus?	[ "Feedforward models explain the properties of place cells relying on the activity of the cells to project to", "Feedback or recurrent models rely on negative feedback of place cells to themselves to form a representation of the environment", "Feedforward models combine the inputs of several other cells to explain the properties of place cells", "Feedback or recurrent models explain the properties of place cells with the dynamics of the hippocampal network" ]	Feedforward models combine the inputs of several other cells to explain the properties of place cells	2	667	C
668	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which of the following statements apply to data-driven models?	[ "They are built based on a specific hypothesis, to answer a specific biological question", "They might exclude important elements due to their minimalistic nature", "They can be used to test multiple hypotheses", "They can not identify new relationships between model variables" ]	They can be used to test multiple hypotheses	2	668	C
669	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What are the synaptic integration properties of a CA1 pyramidal neuron?	[ "It receives two main inputs at the same location on its dendrites", "It receives two main inputs, which are synchronized before following different pathways", "The inputs reach the pyramidal neuron with a delay between them", "Both inputs reach the dendrites of the pyramidal neuron at the same time" ]	It receives two main inputs, which are synchronized before following different pathways	1	669	B
670	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What determines the firing pattern of a neuron?	[ "The length of its axon", "Its neurotransmitter expression", "Its expression of different sodium, potassium and calcium channels", "The morphology of its soma" ]	Its expression of different sodium, potassium and calcium channels	2	670	C
671	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which of the following statement concerning release probability isnottrue?	[ "The depletion and replenishment rates of the vesicle pools affect the release probability", "A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs", "A low release probability leads to a pronounced facilitation of the consequent EPSPs", "When several release sites exist between two cells, not all sites release neurotransmitter in presence of an AP" ]	A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs	1	671	B
672	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which statement about network oscillations is false?	[ "They are associated with LTP in the hippocampus", "They are only present in the hippocampus, not in other cortical regions", "They are critical for cognitive functions like learning and memory", "Hippocampal slices are a good basic experimental model to study network oscillations" ]	They are only present in the hippocampus, not in other cortical regions	1	672	B
674	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	How are different hippocampal cell types involved in modulating network oscillations?	[ "All cell types contribute to all types of oscillations to the same extent", "All cell types fire in a synchronous manner during ripple oscillations", "Some cell types contribute more that other to specific network oscillations", "Pyramidal cells are the only cell type which membrane potential does not go up and down in epochs during theta oscillations" ]	Some cell types contribute more that other to specific network oscillations	2	674	C
675	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	Which statement about genetic metaheuristic optimization algorithms is true?	[ "The algorithms find the optimal parameter values over the whole possible parameter space", "It generates sets of parameter values (genotypes) that are used to generate and evaluate the resulting neuronal phenotype", "It generates a large number of random sets of parameter values that are ranked according to goodness of fit, the best fitting one is selected as the final set", "The algorithm uses several steps and generates new sets of parameters based on the best ranking set of the previous step" ]	It generates sets of parameter values (genotypes) that are used to generate and evaluate the resulting neuronal phenotype	1	675	B
678	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	What are neuromodulators?	[ "Cell populations that initiate or block network oscillations", "Network oscillations that regulate synaptic plasticity", "Specific stimuli used to experimentally study network oscillations", "Chemical brain messengers like hormones or neuropeptides that modulate network activity" ]	Chemical brain messengers like hormones or neuropeptides that modulate network activity	3	678	D
679	15,076	Life Sciences Engineering	online	How is space encoded in the hippocampus?	[ "Grid cells represent space in a coordinate system", "Head direction cells encode in which cardinal direction the animal is facing", "The activity of space cells correlates with the position and direction of the animal", "The activity of some hippocampal cells correlate with the color of the environment of the animal" ]	Grid cells represent space in a coordinate system	0	679	A

6

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

Which of the following are correct implementation for acquire function ? Assume 0 means UNLOCKED and 1 means LOCKED. Initially l->locked = 0.

[ "c \n void acquire(struct lock *l)\n {\n for(;;)\n if(xchg(&l->locked, 1) == 0)\n return;\n }", "c \n void acquire(struct lock *l)\n {\n if(cas(&l->locked, 0, 1) == 0)\n return;\n }", "c \n void acquire(struct lock *l)\n {\n for(;;)\n if(cas(&l->locked, 1, 0) == 1)\n return;\n }", "c \n void acquire(struct lock *l)\n {\n if(l->locked == 0) \n return;\n }" ]

c void acquire(struct lock *l) { for(;;) if(xchg(&l->locked, 1) == 0) return; }

0

6

A

8

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

Suppose we run JOS and set a breakpoint at syscall (in lib/syscall.c). What are the Current Privilege Level (CPL) before invoking the syscall function and after executing the int 0x30 instruction?

[ "0 3", "0 0", "3 0", "3 3" ]

3 0

2

8

C

9

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

Given that JOS has correctly initialized the IDT and installed all the interrupt handlers. Which of the following will JOS do if the CPU with CPL = 3 tries to read the memory in data segment with DPL = 0?

[ "Calling the Page Fault Handler.", "Calling the General Protection Fault handler.", "Shuting down the system .", "Reading out the memory content successfully." ]

Calling the General Protection Fault handler.

1

9

B

30

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

Assume a 32-bit architecture with a single-level page table. Each entry has 20 bits for PPN, 12 bits for permissions, and extra 32 bits used by the OS to store the access time of the page table entry. What is the size of page table required if a process uses all of its memory? (2 pts)

[ "2 MB", "4 MB", "8 MB", "16 MB" ]

8 MB

2

30

C

37

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

Can there be a race condition in a multi-threaded application running on a single-core machine and multi-core machine?

[ "Single-core: Yes, Multi-core: Yes", "Single-core: Yes, Multi-core: No", "Single-core: No, Multi-core: Yes", "Single-core: No, Multi-core: No" ]

Single-core: Yes, Multi-core: Yes

0

37

A

47

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

Suppose a file system used only for reading immutable files in random fashion. What is the best block allocation strategy?

[ "Linked-list allocation", "Continuous allocation", "Index allocation with B-tree", "Index allocation with Hash-table" ]

Continuous allocation

1

47

B

61

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

Which flag prevents user programs from reading and writing kernel data?

[ "PTE_P", "PTE_U", "PTE_D", "PTE_W" ]

PTE_U

1

61

B

63

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

What data structure is used for tracking free data blocks in ext3/4 file system?

[ "Linked-list", "Bitmap", "Heap", "Stack" ]

Bitmap

1

63

B

70

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

In JOS, which of the following does NOT happen during the execution of a system call? (Including the period of entering kernel, executing kernel function, and exiting kernel.)

[ "The kernel pushes Env’s cs and eip register on the kernel stack.", "The CPU reads the interrupt handler address from IDT.", "The kernel executes iret to return to user mode.", "The kernel switches from Env's page table to the kernel's page table, by loading cr3 register." ]

The kernel switches from Env's page table to the kernel's page table, by loading cr3 register.

3

70

D

78

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

Which of the execution of an application are possible on a single-core machine?

[ "Concurrent execution", "Parallel execution", "Both concurrent and parallel execution", "Neither concurrent or parallel execution" ]

Concurrent execution

0

78

A

86

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

In JOS, suppose a value is passed between two Envs. What is the minimum number of executed system calls?

[ "1", "2", "3", "4" ]

2

1

86

B

87

15,005

Computer Science

bachelor

What strace tool does?

[ "It prints out system calls for given program. These system calls are always called when executing the program.", "It prints out system calls for given program. These systems calls are called only for that particular instance of the program.", "To trace a symlink. I.e. to find where the symlink points to.", "To remove wildcards from the string." ]

It prints out system calls for given program. These systems calls are called only for that particular instance of the program.

1

87

B

233

15,016

Physics

online

What is true about reducing phase-encoding steps? (i.e how can we reduce phase encoding step and what is its effect)

[ "Increasing k-space spacing - leads to worse resolution", "Dropping peripheral k-space lines (dropping scan percentage) – leads to smaller FOV", "Half-Fourier acquisition – leads to worse resolution", "Reducing phase-encoding steps leads to worse SNR" ]

Reducing phase-encoding steps leads to worse SNR

3

233

D

237

15,016

Physics

online

When the RF pulse stops, protons...

[ "Dephase according to \\(T_2^*\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_1\\)", "Dephase according to \\(T_1\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_2^*\\)", "Dephase according to \\(T_1\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_2\\)", "Dephase according to \\(T_2\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_1\\)" ]

Dephase according to \(T_2^*\) and recover along \(\vec B_0\) according to \(T_1\)

0

237

A

253

15,016

Physics

online

Diffusion is typically NOT restricted by...

[ "Intracellular water", "Extracellular water", "Pus", "Tumor cells" ]

Extracellular water

1

253

B

255

15,013

Physics

online

What is one of the major problem encountered with Emission Tomography?

[ "Bad CNR", "Inefficient detection of X-rays", "Attenuation", "High cost of exam" ]

Attenuation

2

255

C

256

15,013

Physics

online

Compartmental modeling and tracers studies have application in different areas such as...

[ "Drug kinetics in pharmacology", "Studies of metabolic systems", "Analysis of ecosystem", "Chemical reaction kinetics" ]

Drug kinetics in pharmacology

0

256

A

258

15,013

Physics

online

What information does a Doppler shift provide?

[ "Flow", "Cardiac output", "Velocity", "Speed" ]

Velocity

2

258

C

262

15,033

Physics

online

How many lines are there in the 1H spectrum of CHD3?

[ "2", "3", "5", "7" ]

7

3

262

D

263

15,013

Physics

online

What does the Doppler shift measure?

[ "The ratio of incident frequency to reflected frequency", "The sum of incident frequency and reflected frequency", "The difference between incident and reflected frequency", "The product of incident and reflected frequency" ]

The difference between incident and reflected frequency

2

263

C

267

15,016

Physics

online

The strength of the frequency-encoding gradient...

[ "...is changed many times to generate k-space", "...has no influence on the final image", "...alters the bandwidth of the signal", "...alters the tissue contrast" ]

...alters the bandwidth of the signal

2

267

C

268

15,013

Physics

online

During fluoroscopy, what is the principal source of the dose received by the technologist (outside the primary beam)?

[ "Compton electrons.", "Photoelectrons.", "Compton scattered photons.", "Rayleigh scattering" ]

Compton scattered photons.

2

268

C

270

15,033

Physics

online

The ratio T1 / T2 = 10 was measured for a 1H resonance on a 600 MHz spectrometer. What is the value of tau c?

[ "0.52 ns", "1.13 ns", "1.38 ns", "2.05 ns" ]

1.13 ns

1

270

B

271

15,013

Physics

online

Diagnostic ultrasound is defined as a sound with a frequency of:

[ "Greater than 20 kHz", "Greater than 0.2 MHz", "Greater than 1 MHz", "Less than 1 kHz" ]

Greater than 1 MHz

2

271

C

280

15,013

Physics

online

What produces a uniform density of the radiograph called image noise?

[ "Photoelectric effect", "Filter", "Photodisintegration", "Rayleigh (coherent) scattering" ]

Rayleigh (coherent) scattering

3

280

D

286

15,033

Physics

online

How long does it take for the free induction decay of an NMR line with T2 = 0.5 s to decay to 1% of its initial amplitude?

[ "2.30 s", "2.90 s", "3.20 s", "3.70 s" ]

2.30 s

0

286

A

295

15,013

Physics

online

Which interaction between X-ray beam and matter results in the largest patient dose?

[ "Characteristic", "Compton's scatter", "Bremsstrahlung", "Photoelectric effect" ]

Photoelectric effect

3

295

D

305

15,016

Physics

online

Compared with SE (spin echo), GRE (gradient echo) sequences use

[ "Longer \\(TR\\)", "Shorter \\(TR\\)", "Longer \\(TE\\)", "Shorter \\(TE\\)" ]

Shorter \(TR\)

1

305

B

306

15,013

Physics

online

Which of the following statements is true?

[ "Is due to photoelectric absorption and Compton scatter.", "Gives the relative number of x-rays emitted at each photon energy.", "Depends only on the braking radiation.", "Is produced by electron transitions between the electron shells." ]

Gives the relative number of x-rays emitted at each photon energy.

1

306

B

307

15,013

Physics

online

What are the types of coincidence events?

[ "True", "Random", "Scattered", "Multiple" ]

True

0

307

A

308

15,013

Physics

online

In a gamma camera, what is the component that "converts" the light signal in electronic signal?

[ "Dynode", "Photocatode", "Photomultiplier tube", "Scintillator crystal" ]

Photomultiplier tube

2

308

C

310

15,013

Physics

online

What is the name of the Austrian mathematician who proved in 1917 that it was possible to reconstruct a three-dimensional object from the infinite set of all of its projections?

[ "Radon", "Tsien", "Bracewell", "Cormack" ]

Radon

0

310

A

311

15,033

Physics

online

How long (in multiples of T1) is it necessary to wait for Δn(t) to relax to 99% of Δneq??

[ "2.61 T1", "4.61 T1", "5.02 T1", "7.03 T1" ]

4.61 T1

1

311

B

316

15,033

Physics

online

What is the NMR frequency of 1H in a 23.488 T magnetic field?

[ "1000.0 Hz", "1000.0 kHz", "1000.0 MHz", "1000.0 GHz" ]

1000.0 MHz

2

316

C

317

15,013

Physics

online

Which phenomena does the term "beam hardening" describe?

[ "The decrease in average photon energy of a heterogeneous X-ray beam", "The increase in average photon energy of a homogeneous X-ray beam", "The increase in average photon energy of a heterogeneous X-ray beam", "None of the above" ]

The increase in average photon energy of a heterogeneous X-ray beam

2

317

C

318

15,013

Physics

online

When incoming electrons interacts with bound electrons in the X-ray target, ionization of the atom can occur...

[ "if the absolute energy transferred exceeds the absolute binding energy of the shell involved.", "as well as emission of alpha and beta particles.", "and gamma ray emission too.", "when the kinetic energy of the incoming electrons is less than the binding energy of the shell involved." ]

if the absolute energy transferred exceeds the absolute binding energy of the shell involved.

0

318

A

321

15,013

Physics

online

How is termed the fraction of attenuated incident photons per unit thickness of a material?

[ "Linear attenuation coefficient", "Mass absorption coefficient", "Coefficient of scattering", "Mean attenuation ratio" ]

Linear attenuation coefficient

0

321

A

323

15,033

Physics

online

Predict the total number of lines in the 1H spectrum of CH3Cl

[ "0", "1", "2", "3" ]

1

323

B

325

15,013

Physics

online

How is called the reduction of intensity when an X-ray beam interacts with matter?

[ "Scatter", "Attenuation", "Transmission", "Differential absorption" ]

Attenuation

1

325

B

338

15,033

Physics

online

Predict which of the following compounds has the highest and which the lowest 1H chemical shift: CH3Br, CH2Br2 and CHBr3. (from highest to lowest)

[ "CH3Br > CH2Br2 > CHBr3", "CHBr3 > CH2Br2 > CH3Br", "CH2Br2 > CHBr3 > CH3Br", "They have all the same 1H chemical shift" ]

CHBr3 > CH2Br2 > CH3Br

1

338

B

340

15,013

Physics

online

X-ray detection in Emission Tomography involves...

[ "A beta camera composed of PMT and scintillating crystal", "A measure at 180 degrees simultaneously", "An x-ray tube and a circular detector ring", "Collimation, scintillation and amplification" ]

Collimation, scintillation and amplification

3

340

D

348

15,013

Physics

online

Which of the following is not directly ionizing radiation?

[ "Positrons", "\\(\\alpha-\\)particles", "Neutrons", "Protons" ]

Neutrons

2

348

C

349

15,016

Physics

online

When was the first MRI human scan performed?

[ "1952", "1965", "1977", "1985" ]

1977

2

349

C

360

15,033

Physics

online

The following data were measured in an inversion recovery experiment: tau [s]: 2.0 , 5.0 , 10.0 , 20.0 , 100.0 with their respective signal intensities Signal(tau): -0.702 , -0.336 , 0.107 , 0.601 , 1.000. Determine the value of T1.

[ "10.5 s", "12.4 s", "15.6 s", "18.1 s" ]

12.4 s

1

360

B

368

15,013

Physics

online

In Doppler effect, which incident angle (in degree) results in no shift?

[ "180", "90", "45", "0" ]

90

1

368

B

377

15,033

Physics

online

What is the NMR frequency of 13C in a 23.488 T magnetic field?

[ "1000.0 MHz", "251.5 MHz", "503.0 MHz", "754.5 MHz" ]

251.5 MHz

1

377

B

380

15,033

Physics

online

The aromatic region of the 13C{1H} spectrum of N-methylaniline contains six lines at low temperature. How many lines might be expected at high temperature??

[ "2", "4", "6", "8" ]

4

1

380

B

384

15,033

Physics

online

What is the NMR frequency of 1H in the Earth's magnetic field (50 micro Tesla)?

[ "1.065 kHz", "2.129 kHz", "3.194 kHz", "4.258 kHz" ]

2.129 kHz

1

384

B

385

15,033

Physics

online

How many distinct chemical shifts would you expect to find in the 13C spectrum of 2-methylbutane?

[ "1", "2", "3", "4" ]

4

3

385

D

388

15,016

Physics

online

In order to obtain a signal in MRI experiment, what is the first step?

[ "Apply an RF pulse along \\(\\vec B_0\\)", "Change the amplitude of \\(\\vec B_0\\)", "Apply an RF pulse in a different direction from \\(\\vec B_0\\)", "Apply a magnetic field gradient" ]

Apply an RF pulse in a different direction from \(\vec B_0\)

2

388

C

389

15,013

Physics

online

Which of the following decreases the noise of the CT image?

[ "Decrease in dose", "Decrease in slice thickness", "Increase in matrix size", "Decrease in matrix size" ]

Decrease in matrix size

3

389

D

390

15,033

Physics

online

The 1H spectrum of CH2D2 contains five lines. What are their relative intensities?

[ "1:2:2:2:1", "1:1:1:1:1", "1:2:3:2:1", "1:1:2:1:1" ]

1:2:3:2:1

2

390

C

395

15,033

Physics

online

Predict the total number of lines in the 1H spectrum of 1,2-dichloro-3,4-dibromobenzene

[ "1", "2", "3", "4" ]

4

3

395

D

400

15,033

Physics

online

NMR stands for

[ "Nuclear Moment of Resonance", "Non Magnetic Radiation", "Nuclear Magnetic Radiation", "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" ]

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

3

400

D

401

15,016

Physics

online

>>In spin echo sequences, what do TR and TE refer to?

[ "TR: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses; TE: time between the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo", "TR: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses; TE: the spacing between the 90-degree pulse and the 180-degree pulse", "TR: time before the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo; TE: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses", "TR: the spacing between the 90-degree pulse and the 180-degree pulse; TE: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses" ]

TR: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses; TE: time between the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo

0

401

A

404

15,033

Physics

online

What is the duration of a 1H 90° pulse when B1 = 1.00 mT?

[ "4.12 microseconds", "5.87 microseconds", "9.82 microseconds", "12.45 microseconds" ]

5.87 microseconds

1

404

B

408

15,013

Physics

online

In diagnostic X-ray systems, filters are used to "harden" the beam. This process is mainly due to:

[ "Coherent scattering.", "Photoelectric effect.", "Compton effect.", "Pair production." ]

Photoelectric effect.

1

408

B

409

15,013

Physics

online

What is the form of the majority of energy produced by electrons in X-rays tubes?

[ "Light", "Sound", "X-ray energy", "Heat" ]

Heat

3

409

D

626

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

How does the particular dendritic conductance of CA1 pyramidal neurons influence the integration of the signals from two synapses, one close to the soma and one close to the distal dendrite, activated with a time delay?

[ "Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma if the delay is short (up to 20 ms) and the distal synapse is activated first or very shortly after the proximal one", "Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma even when the delay is long (up to 50 ms)", "Each of the two signals generate a separate AP in the soma except when the time delay is very short (less than 10 ms), in which case a single AP is generated", "Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma if the delay is short (up to 20 ms) and the proximal synapse is activated first or very shortly after the distal one" ]

Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma if the delay is short (up to 20 ms) and the distal synapse is activated first or very shortly after the proximal one

0

626

A

627

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

A neuron can be considered as a dipole. Why does the amplitude of the extracellular potential fall proportionally to the square of the distance from the dipole it originates in?

[ "Because the current is divided by the square of the distance to obtain the extracellular potential in the formula", "Because as one moves further away from the dipole, current and return current cancel each other out more and more in addition to the decrease in amplitude that is proportional to the distance", "Because the sum of all currents acting on an extracellular location is weighted by a multiple of the squared distance between compartment and the extracellular location", "It does not fall proportionally to the square of the distance, but proportionally to the distance between the dipole and the extracellular location" ]

Because as one moves further away from the dipole, current and return current cancel each other out more and more in addition to the decrease in amplitude that is proportional to the distance

1

627

B

628

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which method can be used to link a broad range of different time and spatial scales when studying the brain?

[ "Patch clamp", "PET imaging", "Modeling and simulation", "Long-term clinical studies" ]

Modeling and simulation

2

628

C

629

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

How are different regions of the hippocampus connected to each other?

[ "The connections are largely reciprocal; if region A projects to region B, region B also projects to region A", "The connections are mainly unidirectional along a stream", "The connections allow signals to spread along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus", "The connections keep the signals mainly in one slide of the longitudinal axis called a lamella" ]

The connections are mainly unidirectional along a stream

1

629

B

630

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What are fixed point attractors in nonlinear recurrent networks?

[ "Specific neurons that are always activated", "Stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge", "Memory traces, if the can be learned by the network", "Connections between neurons that get consolidated upon recall" ]

Stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge

1

630

B

631

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What are the two main ions contributing to the generation of an action potential?

[ "Na+ and Cl-", "Ca2+ and Cl-", "H+ and K+", "Na+ and K+" ]

Na+ and K+

3

631

D

632

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which important point must be considered when populating the region to model?

[ "The types of cells present in the region", "The shape of the volume to populate", "The density of each cell type", "The location and orientation of the cells in the volume" ]

The types of cells present in the region

0

632

A

633

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What determines the firing pattern of a neuron in response to step current injections?

[ "The length of its axon", "Its expression of different voltage-gated ion channels", "Which neurotransmitter it expresses", "The post-synaptic domain of the cells that it targets" ]

Its expression of different voltage-gated ion channels

1

633

B

634

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What does simulating a neuron help to understand?

[ "Dendritic integration", "The neural code", "The role of the biophysical make-up of a neuron", "Potentially all of the above, depending on the type of model used" ]

Potentially all of the above, depending on the type of model used

3

634

D

635

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which statement about CA1 pyramidal neurons are true?

[ "The KA density increases with the distance to the soma, the Ih density stays constant", "The density of both K and non-specific ion channels increases when the distance to the soma increases", "They receive two main independent inputs, one from the entorhinal cortex and one from the olfactory bulb that arrive at different locations", "They receive two main inputs that both originate from the same signal in the entorhinal cortex and arrive at different locations with a time delay" ]

The density of both K and non-specific ion channels increases when the distance to the soma increases

1

635

B

637

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which property of the hippocampus makes it a good model to study the nervous system?

[ "The connections on the hippocampus are almost unidirectional", "The synapses are highly plastic", "Hippocampal neurons can be grown in culture", "All of the above" ]

All of the above

3

637

D

642

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

How are somatic and dendritic conductances related to the firing pattern of a cell?

[ "Each cell type has a fixed firing pattern that results from all individual cells of the same type having the same somatic and dendritic conductances", "Each combination of conductances generate a different firing behavior", "Specific conductances must be at certain levels in order to generating a defined firing pattern", "Several combinations of conductances are able to reproduce the same firing behavior" ]

Specific conductances must be at certain levels in order to generating a defined firing pattern

2

642

C

643

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

How does the calculation of extracellular potentials help with experimental design?

[ "Mismatches between simulations and experimental data highlight mistakes in experimental data and show how experiments need to be modified in order to match the model", "It doesn’t help experimental design, but generates data so that experiments are not necessary anymore in order to answer biological questions", "Because the calculation of extracellular potentials allows separating the contribution of each neuron to the signal, it can inform on where to place electrodes to measure specific activities", "All of the above" ]

Because the calculation of extracellular potentials allows separating the contribution of each neuron to the signal, it can inform on where to place electrodes to measure specific activities

2

643

C

644

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What do the simple networks explaining gamma oscillations and ripples not have in common?

[ "The same connectivity pattern", "A high number of basket cells", "Direct auto-inhibitory feedback loops acting on single basket cells", "All of the above" ]

All of the above

3

644

D

645

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which statement concerning the firing pattern of neurons is true?

[ "There is a correlation between the firing pattern and the calcium binding protein content.", "There is an absolute correlation between the firing pattern and the calcium binding protein content of all interneurons.", "All fast-spiking cells express the potassium channel Kv3.1", "Basket cells are the only fast spiking cells in the hippocampu" ]

There is a correlation between the firing pattern and the calcium binding protein content.

0

645

A

646

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What is the effect of the particular dendritic conductance of CA1 pyramidal neurons on back-propagating APs?

[ "AP amplitude along the dendrites increases as the distance to the soma increases", "AP amplitude along the dendrites decreases as the distance to the soma increases", "AP amplitude stays constant along the dendrites over the distance to the soma", "AP amplitude along the axon decreases as the distance to the soma increases" ]

AP amplitude along the dendrites decreases as the distance to the soma increases

1

646

B

647

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

How can modeling help with sparse data?

[ "By identifying principles allowing to predict missing data", "By guiding experimental design in highlighting missing data", "By finding connections between data types and data points allowing interpolation of missing data", "All of the above" ]

All of the above

3

647

D

648

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

When do the synapses in CA3 need to be plastic?

[ "For pattern separation", "For memory retrieval", "For learning", "All of the above" ]

For learning

2

648

C

649

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which statement about hippocampal synaptic plasticity, network oscillations and neuromodulation is true?

[ "Network oscillations in the hippocampus endow it with cognitive functions like learning and memory", "Neuromodulation in the hippocampus gate synaptic plasticity and enhance network oscillations", "The oscillations observed in the hippocampus are similar to those observed in other parts of the cortex", "All of the above" ]

All of the above

3

649

D

650

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which statements about cable theory are true?

[ "The conductance for each ion stays the same all along the axon and dendrites", "It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites", "The change in voltage over the distance is related to the change in voltage over time", "The neuron is discretized to form several coupled compartments corresponding to parts of the axon and dendrites" ]

It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites

1

650

B

653

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Why is a massive increase in model complexity a challenge?

[ "Because computational capacity has not increased enough during the last century", "Because existing scientific codes like NEURON are not adapted to use massively parallel systems", "Because neuron networks cannot be simulated using parallel systems", "It is not a challenge; very large models can be simulated on normal desktop computers since desktop computers have become much faster and have large storage capabilities" ]

Because existing scientific codes like NEURON are not adapted to use massively parallel systems

1

653

B

654

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which of the following statements about theta activity are true?

[ "Theta activity can be measured using EEG", "Theta activity are observed in the hippocampus during deep sleep", "Theta activity is the only oscillatory activity observed in the hippocampus", "Theta activity could be correlated to behavior" ]

Theta activity can be measured using EEG

0

654

A

655

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which statement about genetic metaheuristic optimization algorithms is not true?

[ "They generate sets of parameter values that are used to generate and evaluate the resulting neuronal behaviour", "The algorithms are based on biological evolution; they test the fitness of arbitrary individuals and allow the fittest to create mutated offspring", "The algorithms find the optimal parameter values over the whole possible parameter space", "The algorithms are recursive; they generate new sets of parameters based on the best ranking set of the previous iteration that are evaluated and ranked in turn" ]

The algorithms find the optimal parameter values over the whole possible parameter space

2

655

C

656

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which statement concerning electrical types is true?

[ "Each morphological type can have only one electrical type", "Each electrical type corresponds to only one morphological type", "A specific morphological type can have different electrical types, and vice-versa", "None of the above" ]

A specific morphological type can have different electrical types, and vice-versa

2

656

C

657

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which statement about hippocampal synaptic plasticity, network oscillations and neuromodulation is not true?

[ "Network oscillations in the hippocampus endow it with cognitive functions like learning and memory", "Only one form of synaptic potentiation and depression can be studied in the hippocampus", "Neuromodulation in the hippocampus gate synaptic plasticity and enhance network oscillations", "The oscillations observed in the hippocampus are similar to those observed in other parts of the cortex" ]

Only one form of synaptic potentiation and depression can be studied in the hippocampus

1

657

B

658

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What is the purpose of the Productivity Libraries?

[ "Create a bibliography of all the references used for building the model", "Allow simple use of specialized functionalities for complex workflows", "Optimize the execution of the program for the platform used", "Visualize the results of the simulations" ]

Allow simple use of specialized functionalities for complex workflows

1

658

B

660

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Why is the current used to calculate the extracellular potential?

[ "It is not, membrane potential is used to calculate the extracellular potential", "Because the current generates a uniform global increase in the whole extracellular fluid, like a strong water current in a lake raise the whole surface of the water", "Because the extracellular fluid cannot conduct electrical current", "Because, like a strong localized water current downstream of a dam, electrical current generate a “bulge” in the voltage" ]

Because, like a strong localized water current downstream of a dam, electrical current generate a “bulge” in the voltage

3

660

D

661

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

How does damage to the hippocampus influence the ability to perceive time?

[ "It does not influence the perception of time", "It changes the perception of time in humans, but not animals", "It is not known, as we have no way to study the encoding of time in the nervous system", "It impairs the ability to recall the temporal order of events" ]

It impairs the ability to recall the temporal order of events

3

661

D

663

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

How does pruning happen when reconstructing the connectome?

[ "Too strong connections between cells are removed", "Synapses are removed randomly until the model matches experimental data", "Too weak connections between cells are removed", "All of the above" ]

All of the above

3

663

D

664

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What is cable theory about?

[ "It states that the conductance for each ion stays the same all along the axon and dendrites", "It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites", "It states that the change in voltage over the distance is related to the change in voltage over time", "It highlights the differences between an axon and an electric cable" ]

It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites

1

664

B

665

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What are reasons to use a model?

[ "Replace experiments in a more time-efficient manner", "Integrate data, space and time scales", "Study a system in a data-independent way", "Simulate complex interactions and predict a system’s behavior" ]

Integrate data, space and time scales

1

665

B

666

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

According to the theory of complementary learning systems, which statements are true?

[ "The hippocampus is responsible for the learning process in memory, and the neocortex for memory recall", "The neocortex is specialized in slow statistical learning of general information and the hippocampus for rapid learning of arbitrary stimuli combinations", "The neocortex is responsible for the learning process in memory, and the hippocampus for memory recall", "The hippocampus is specialized in slow statistical learning of general information and the neocortex for rapid learning of arbitrary stimuli combinations" ]

The neocortex is specialized in slow statistical learning of general information and the hippocampus for rapid learning of arbitrary stimuli combinations

1

666

B

667

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What are the two possible types of models explaining the formation of spatial representations in the hippocampus?

[ "Feedforward models explain the properties of place cells relying on the activity of the cells to project to", "Feedback or recurrent models rely on negative feedback of place cells to themselves to form a representation of the environment", "Feedforward models combine the inputs of several other cells to explain the properties of place cells", "Feedback or recurrent models explain the properties of place cells with the dynamics of the hippocampal network" ]

Feedforward models combine the inputs of several other cells to explain the properties of place cells

2

667

C

668

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which of the following statements apply to data-driven models?

[ "They are built based on a specific hypothesis, to answer a specific biological question", "They might exclude important elements due to their minimalistic nature", "They can be used to test multiple hypotheses", "They can not identify new relationships between model variables" ]

They can be used to test multiple hypotheses

2

668

C

669

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What are the synaptic integration properties of a CA1 pyramidal neuron?

[ "It receives two main inputs at the same location on its dendrites", "It receives two main inputs, which are synchronized before following different pathways", "The inputs reach the pyramidal neuron with a delay between them", "Both inputs reach the dendrites of the pyramidal neuron at the same time" ]

It receives two main inputs, which are synchronized before following different pathways

1

669

B

670

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What determines the firing pattern of a neuron?

[ "The length of its axon", "Its neurotransmitter expression", "Its expression of different sodium, potassium and calcium channels", "The morphology of its soma" ]

Its expression of different sodium, potassium and calcium channels

2

670

C

671

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which of the following statement concerning release probability isnottrue?

[ "The depletion and replenishment rates of the vesicle pools affect the release probability", "A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs", "A low release probability leads to a pronounced facilitation of the consequent EPSPs", "When several release sites exist between two cells, not all sites release neurotransmitter in presence of an AP" ]

A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs

1

671

B

672

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which statement about network oscillations is false?

[ "They are associated with LTP in the hippocampus", "They are only present in the hippocampus, not in other cortical regions", "They are critical for cognitive functions like learning and memory", "Hippocampal slices are a good basic experimental model to study network oscillations" ]

They are only present in the hippocampus, not in other cortical regions

1

672

B

674

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

How are different hippocampal cell types involved in modulating network oscillations?

[ "All cell types contribute to all types of oscillations to the same extent", "All cell types fire in a synchronous manner during ripple oscillations", "Some cell types contribute more that other to specific network oscillations", "Pyramidal cells are the only cell type which membrane potential does not go up and down in epochs during theta oscillations" ]

Some cell types contribute more that other to specific network oscillations

2

674

C

675

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

Which statement about genetic metaheuristic optimization algorithms is true?

[ "The algorithms find the optimal parameter values over the whole possible parameter space", "It generates sets of parameter values (genotypes) that are used to generate and evaluate the resulting neuronal phenotype", "It generates a large number of random sets of parameter values that are ranked according to goodness of fit, the best fitting one is selected as the final set", "The algorithm uses several steps and generates new sets of parameters based on the best ranking set of the previous step" ]

It generates sets of parameter values (genotypes) that are used to generate and evaluate the resulting neuronal phenotype

1

675

B

678

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

What are neuromodulators?

[ "Cell populations that initiate or block network oscillations", "Network oscillations that regulate synaptic plasticity", "Specific stimuli used to experimentally study network oscillations", "Chemical brain messengers like hormones or neuropeptides that modulate network activity" ]

Chemical brain messengers like hormones or neuropeptides that modulate network activity

3

678

D

679

15,076

Life Sciences Engineering

online

How is space encoded in the hippocampus?

[ "Grid cells represent space in a coordinate system", "Head direction cells encode in which cardinal direction the animal is facing", "The activity of space cells correlates with the position and direction of the animal", "The activity of some hippocampal cells correlate with the color of the environment of the animal" ]

Grid cells represent space in a coordinate system

0

679

A