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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'ctxs'}) and 1 missing columns ({'instruction'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/notoookay/rag-ler_train_data/reranker_train.jsonl (at revision ad343d28da63c2028a8dad5250113d3a836f122b)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1870, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 622, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2292, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2240, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
id: string
input: string
output: string
dataset_name: string
ctxs: list<item: struct<id: string, title: string, text: string, score: string, hasanswer: bool>>
child 0, item: struct<id: string, title: string, text: string, score: string, hasanswer: bool>
child 0, id: string
child 1, title: string
child 2, text: string
child 3, score: string
child 4, hasanswer: bool
to
{'id': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'input': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'output': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'instruction': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'dataset_name': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1417, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1049, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 924, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1000, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1741, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1872, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'ctxs'}) and 1 missing columns ({'instruction'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/notoookay/rag-ler_train_data/reranker_train.jsonl (at revision ad343d28da63c2028a8dad5250113d3a836f122b)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
id
string | input
string | output
string | instruction
string | dataset_name
string |
|---|---|---|---|---|
squad_110474 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Printed_circuit_board) When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.
Question:
The IPC preferred term for assembled backplates is what? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_53725 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Korean_War) At dawn on Sunday, 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops had attacked first, and that they were aiming to arrest and execute the "bandit traitor Syngman Rhee". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west. There were initial South Korean claims that they had captured the city of Haeju, and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans actually fired first.
Question:
Where did the fighting begin? | Ongjin peninsula | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_118059 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Namibia) Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country. In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images.
Question:
What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create? | sand storms | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_14512 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Pub) CAMRA maintains a "National Inventory" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and The Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Question:
What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in? | Northern Ireland | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_6674 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Dog) Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.
Question:
According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog? | urinary incontinence | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_123764 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Armenians) Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide.
Question:
Why did many Armenians leave Armenia? | the Armenian Genocide | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_68964 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Literature) The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.
Question:
How does the 1901 Encyclopedia Britannica define "literature?" | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_111111 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Greeks) During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad. Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain. Businesses frequently comprised the extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church.
Question:
Before freedom was won by the Greeks who was of import to forming the rules? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_92773 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Software_testing) Destructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail. It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines.[citation needed] Software fault injection, in the form of fuzzing, is an example of failure testing. Various commercial non-functional testing tools are linked from the software fault injection page; there are also numerous open-source and free software tools available that perform destructive testing.
Question:
What does Destructive testing verify? | software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_2091 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess) At the time of its release, Twilight Princess was considered the greatest entry in the Zelda series by many critics, including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN, and The Washington Post. It received several Game of the Year awards, and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition port for the Wii U, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, will be released in March 2016.
Question:
What accolade did Twilight Princess receive after its release? | Game of the Year | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_19067 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Daylight_saving_time) Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.
Question:
Where do computers usually use UTC? | internally | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_108877 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis) Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work. It also offers an LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers, a Master of Juridical Studies (MJS), and a Juris Scientiae Doctoris (JSD). The law school offers 3 semesters of courses in the Spring, Summer, and Fall, and requires at least 85 hours of coursework for the JD.
Question:
How many semesters does it take to complete a LLM in Taxation? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_94784 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Neoclassical_architecture) Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.
Question:
Why did Roman use and open ordered scheme for city planning? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_62480 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Data_compression) In lossy audio compression, methods of psychoacoustics are used to remove non-audible (or less audible) components of the audio signal. Compression of human speech is often performed with even more specialized techniques; speech coding, or voice coding, is sometimes distinguished as a separate discipline from audio compression. Different audio and speech compression standards are listed under audio coding formats. Voice compression is used in internet telephony, for example, audio compression is used for CD ripping and is decoded by the audio players.
Question:
Voice speech is used in what? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_9779 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)) The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil.
Question:
Who was accepted into the conclave after the age of 80? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_88527 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: War_on_Terror) On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans. In retaliation, U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC, although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare plant. The plant produced much of the region's antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudan's pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban.
Question:
What operation did Bill Clinton start to retaliate for the 1998 embassy attacks? | Operation Infinite Reach | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_43127 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Eritrea) When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) waged an armed struggle for independence. The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991, when the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), a successor of the ELF, defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian Capital Addis Ababa.
Question:
What was the capital of Eritrea? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_126120 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Humanism) Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology.
Question:
Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology? | Abraham Maslow | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_121964 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: YouTube) In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platform for video gaming enthusiasts intended to compete with Twitch.tv. 2015 also saw the announcement of a premium YouTube service titled YouTube Red, which provides users with both ad-free content as well as the ability to download videos among other features.
Question:
What happened in March 2015? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_13590 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic) Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label "Sovdepia" for the nascent state of the "Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies".
Question:
What body was overthrown by the October Revolution? | Russian Provisional Government | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_113960 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Association_football) Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD.
Question:
What century does football in England not exist in? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_62647 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)) Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.
Question:
What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times? | 3.5 million | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_6563 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Dog) In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- "dog".
Question:
What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English? | hound | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_25728 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Near_East) It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire on the occasion of the latter's violent demise. The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital, Constantinople, overwhelmed by the Ottoman military, in May, 1453. The victors inherited his remaining territory in the Balkans.
Question:
What has pleased western historians? | to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_45418 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States) Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
Question:
Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States? | 18 | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_21009 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Dialect) After World War II, due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to gain independence, Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language.
Question:
When did collaboration between Moscow and the Axis powers cause the Ukraine to change policies? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_109906 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Tucson,_Arizona) The City of Tucson, Pima County, the State of Arizona, and the private sector have all made commitments to create a growing, healthy economy[citation needed] with advanced technology industry sectors as its foundation. Raytheon Missile Systems (formerly Hughes Aircraft Co.), Texas Instruments, IBM, Intuit Inc., Universal Avionics, Honeywell Aerospace, Sunquest Information Systems, Sanofi-Aventis, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., and Bombardier Aerospace all have a significant presence in Tucson. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname "Optics Valley".
Question:
What accounting software company has a major presence in Tucson? | Intuit Inc. | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_31641 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Copper) Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards.
Question:
By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards? | efficiency standards | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_17179 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Catalan_language) In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.
Question:
Where is the language to be regulated located? | La Franja | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_75309 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: North_Carolina) In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital, African American Cultural Complex, Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh, Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU, Haywood Hall House & Gardens, Marbles Kids Museum, North Carolina Museum of Art, North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame, Raleigh City Museum, J. C. Raulston Arboretum, Joel Lane House, Mordecai House, Montfort Hall, and the Pope House Museum. The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city.
Question:
What league do the Carolina Hurricanes belong to? | NHL | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_100015 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Education) In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. In its early years, special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.
Question:
Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school? | physicians or special tutors | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_12911 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Oklahoma_City) The "Core-to-Shore" project was created to relocate I-40 one mile (1.6 km) south and replace it with a boulevard to create a landscaped entrance to the city. This also allows the central portion of the city to expand south and connect with the shore of the Oklahoma River. Several elements of "Core to Shore" were included in the MAPS 3 proposal approved by voters in late 2009.
Question:
What year was the Core to Shore project voted for to be part of the MAPS program? | 2009 | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_28463 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Black_people) In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.
Question:
Where did these people live? | Sudan | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_18433 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Paper) Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.
Question:
What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould? | Laidlines | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_118494 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Russian_language) The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish). The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian.)
Question:
What is the variation in pitch in Irish? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_112863 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: San_Diego) The city shares a 15-mile (24 km) border with Mexico that includes two border crossings. San Diego hosts the busiest international border crossing in the world, in the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. A second, primarily commercial border crossing operates in the Otay Mesa area; it is the largest commercial crossing on the California-Baja California border and handles the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings.
Question:
How many border crossings does San Diego share with Mexico? | two | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_80087 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Sichuan) Sichuan is one of the major industrial centers of China. In addition to heavy industries such as coal, energy, iron and steel, the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials, wood processing, food and silk processing. Chengdu and Mianyang are the production centers for textiles and electronics products. Deyang, Panzhihua, and Yibin are the production centers for machinery, metallurgical industries, and wine, respectively. Sichuan's wine production accounted for 21.9% of the country’s total production in 2000.
Question:
What is produced in Chengdu besides machinery? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_16687 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Canon_law) The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as "canons."
Question:
What kind of statement is the Book of Concord? | confessional | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_13444 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: United_Nations_Population_Fund) The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.
Question:
Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support? | developing countries | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_47715 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Ashkenazi_Jews) In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in a manner unrelated to its original meaning, often applied to all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic. Jews of any non-Ashkenazi background, including Mizrahi, Yemenite, Kurdish and others who have no connection with the Iberian Peninsula, have similarly come to be lumped together as Sephardic. Jews of mixed background are increasingly common, partly because of intermarriage between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi, and partly because many do not see such historic markers as relevant to their life experiences as Jews.
Question:
In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used to refer to whom? | all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_31972 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Identity_(social_science)) Gender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational… etc. may also be more or less significant – or significant in some situations but not in others (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26–34). In cognitive psychology, the term "identity" refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of self.(Leary & Tangney 2003, p. 3)
Question:
What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of? | identity | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_19843 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: University_of_Kansas) KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM. The university is host to several museums including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art. The libraries of the University include the Watson Library, Spencer Research Library, and Anschutz Library, which commemorates the businessman Philip Anschutz, an alumnus of the University.
Question:
What part of KU serves students learning about government? | the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_22707 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Southampton) The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997, a result of the 1992 Local Government Act. The district remains part of the Hampshire ceremonial county.
Question:
What act was responsible for the reorganization of local government on April 1, 1997? | 1992 Local Government Act | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_10617 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Architecture) Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.
Question:
Who was instrumental in rejecting Organic architecture? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_110824 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Greeks) The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.
Question:
How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently unavailable ? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_17660 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Universal_Studios) On March 15, 1915,:8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km²) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns and serials.
Question:
On what date did Universal City Studios open? | March 15, 1915 | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_70486 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Nigeria) NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja. The NigeriaSat-2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over £35 million. This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China.
Question:
Where is Nigeria's second satellite's ground receiving station? | Abuja | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_54898 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Royal_Dutch_Shell) On 20 May 2011, Royal Dutch Shell's final investment decision for the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field—located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves—in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way.
Question:
The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves? | 3 trillion | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_127474 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Tajikistan) The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards." The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.
Question:
Which polling met many key OSCE commitments? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_114637 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead) Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.
Question:
Who destroyed Chatham House Academy? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_12662 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Sony_Music_Entertainment) In 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies, which, ultimately, transformed into one enterprise known as SME. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934.
Question:
In what year did Columbia Phonography Company form? | 1888 | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_9454 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces) The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command.
Question:
Who can't temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_11492 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger) Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger.
Question:
In addition to the Humvee, what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own? | Hummers | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_110815 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Greeks) The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.
Question:
What context should the evolution of the Armenian language be viewed within? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_118513 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Russian_language) The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (Лев Толсто́й) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.
Question:
Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from? | the languages of Western Europe | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_24547 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Alps) Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff.
Question:
What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps? | Various models of climate change | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_22249 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Slavs) The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.
Question:
What were the Slavs east of? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_37924 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: ASCII) ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published during 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters.
Question:
What did ASCII form a subcommittee from? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_57272 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Germans) Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered "most German", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German.
Question:
What are all people who's first language is German called? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_5496 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Buddhism) Religious knowledge or "vision" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Samaññaphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of "meditation" coupled with the perfection of "discipline" (Pali sīla; Skt. śīla). Some of the Buddha's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day, but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of "transcendent wisdom" (Pali paññā; Skt. prajñā) was original.[web 18]
Question:
What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day? | meditative | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_123024 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Bras%C3%ADlia) Until the 1980s, the governor of the Federal District was appointed by the Federal Government, and the laws of Brasília were issued by the Brazilian Federal Senate. With the Constitution of 1988 Brasília gained the right to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly (Câmara Legislativa) was elected to exercise legislative power. The Federal District does not have a Judicial Power of its own. The Judicial Power which serves the Federal District also serves federal territories. Currently, Brazil does not have any territories, therefore, for now the courts serve only cases from the Federal District.
Question:
What does the Federal Government not have? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_23834 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Marshall_Islands) The climate is hot and humid, with a wet season from May to November. Many Pacific typhoons begin as tropical storms in the Marshall Islands region, and grow stronger as they move west toward the Mariana Islands and the Philippines.
Question:
In what month does the Marshall Islands wet season end? | November | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_108236 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Hyderabad) In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.
Question:
What was the title of Baji Rao I? | Peshwa of the Maratha Empire | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_26644 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: High-definition_television) Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of MPEG-1 in 1993 also led to the acceptance of recommendations ITU-R BT.709. In anticipation of these standards the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) organisation was formed, an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies. The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by ETSI.
Question:
What is the DVB's role? | develops and agrees upon specifications | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_12573 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Christian) The Chinese word is 基督徒 (pinyin: jīdū tú), literally "Christ follower." The two characters now pronounced Jīdū in Mandarin Chinese, were originally pronounced Ki-To in Cantonese as representation of Latin "Cristo".[citation needed] In Vietnam, the same two characters read Cơ đốc, and a "follower of Christianity" is a tín đồ Cơ đốc giáo.
Question:
Which Chinese term means Christ leader? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_34631 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Everton_F.C.) Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2–0 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1–0 in the final.
Question:
What was the score of Howard Kendall's first game managing Everton? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_88885 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Labour_Party_(UK)) The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. With the Liberals thus in disarray, Labour won 142 seats in 1922, making it the second largest political group in the House of Commons and the official opposition to the Conservative government. After the election the now-rehabilitated Ramsay MacDonald was voted the first official leader of the Labour Party.
Question:
When did the Communist Party refuse affiliation to the Labour Party? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_77760 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Hindu_philosophy) Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-with-dualist (bhedābheda) perspectives. Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought— Pashupata Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhijña (Kashmir Shaivism).
Question:
Who created Shaivism? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_110460 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Bacteria) Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen. Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology, and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen stain.
Question:
When was the first antibiotic discovered? | In 1910 | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_53050 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Arsenal_F.C.) Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs. In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time; in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip. In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of Os Arsenalistas. These teams still wear those designs to this day.
Question:
What color kit did Sparta Prague wear in 1908? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_116969 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System) Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game; US Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9, 1993 to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children.[e] While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success, the hearings led to the creation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board, and the inclusion of ratings on all video games. With these ratings in place, Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed.
Question:
What organizations did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to? | the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_79403 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Cork_(city)) Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of Youghal, until the 1980s.[citation needed]
Question:
How does the route reach the city centre terminus of Youghal Station? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_107383 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: 51st_state) Under Article IV, Section Three of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship among the states, Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also obliged by Article IV, Section Four, to "guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government".
Question:
What does the states' requirement to give "full government guarantee" help recognize? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_15502 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Aspirated_consonant) Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.
Question:
Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated? | North Sami | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_114347 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Georgian_architecture) Georgian architecture was widely disseminated in the English colonies during the Georgian era. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an over-sized lathe. At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities, or where they were obtainable locally. Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary, offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas.
Question:
What material was rarely used for Georgian period American buildings? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_74863 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Child_labour) Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.
Question:
Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory? | because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties. | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_5612 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Buddhism) The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism).
Question:
What is the first period of Buddhism called? | Early Buddhism | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_29749 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: MP3) The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy. This work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths.
Question:
What does the MP3 compression take advantage of? | perceptual limitation | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_79761 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: USB) The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network: Type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and Type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power. This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other, which could lead to short circuits and dangerously high currents, circuit failures, or even fire. USB does not support cyclic networks and the standard connectors from incompatible USB devices are themselves incompatible.
Question:
What do Type-b receptacles do on target devices? | draw power | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_1770 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: IPod) In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red).
Question:
What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use? | A8 | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_91834 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Apollo) Daphne was a nymph, daughter of the river god Peneus, who had scorned Apollo. The myth explains the connection of Apollo with δάφνη (daphnē), the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man, whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart; simultaneously, however, Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne, causing her to be repulsed by Apollo. Following a spirited chase by Apollo, Daphne prays to her father, Peneus, for help, and he changes her into the laurel tree, sacred to Apollo.
Question:
Who is Daphne's father? | Peneus | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_111147 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Greeks) Most Greeks are Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church. During the first centuries after Jesus Christ, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking. There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other Christian denominations like Greek Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims. About 2,000 Greeks are members of Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism congregations.
Question:
This language is the official dialect of worship for the traditional sect for church worshipers of Greece ? | Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_103022 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Elevator) Safety testing of mine shaft elevator rails is routinely undertaken. The method involves destructive testing of a segment of the cable. The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds. Each end of the segment is then secured in a large, hydraulic stretching machine. The segment is then placed under increasing load to the point of failure. Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled and a report is produced. The report is then analyzed to determine whether or not the entire rail is safe to use.
Question:
What type of testing is done to the an area of the cable? | destructive testing | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_7942 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Republic_of_the_Congo) Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.
Question:
What was an important tool of the Sassou government? | political repression | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_128304 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Montana) Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program.
Question:
When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana? | 2013 | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_15699 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Hydrogen) In inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes.
Question:
What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands? | inorganic chemistry | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_91683 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Paris) Paris is a major international air transport hub with the 4th busiest airport system in the world. The city is served by three commercial international airports: Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Paris-Orly and Beauvais-Tillé. Together these three airports recorded traffic of 96.5 million passengers in 2014. There is also one general aviation airport, Paris-Le Bourget, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows.
Question:
How many passengers did Paris see in 2014? | 96.5 million | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_40659 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare) The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target. Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role. Smaller weapons, typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts.
Question:
Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what? | smallest mounts | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_8839 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Dutch_Republic) Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.
Question:
The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations? | Africa and the Pacific | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_21913 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Classical_music) Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the violin), the Baroque oboe (which became the oboe) and the Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet.
Question:
The Baroque violin became what modern instrument? | the violin | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_115321 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Antibiotics) There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.
Question:
What besides sick people are antibiotics used for? | animal husbandry | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_9772 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)) The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.
Question:
What do bishops become that are without diocesan responsibilities? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_106024 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Quran) The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection. Narratives of the early prophets, ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and prayer also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message.
Question:
What types of events aren't related in the Quran in support of its moral teachings? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_45329 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States) Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the stake was a black slave in South Carolina in August 1825. The last person to be hanged in chains was a murderer named John Marshall in West Virginia on April 4, 1913. Although beheading was a legal method in Utah from 1851 to 1888, it was never used.
Question:
How many execution methods are currently outlawed in the United States? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_90746 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Insect) Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura).
Question:
What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible? | Archaeognatha | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_115041 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead) Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.
Question:
In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States? | American progressive theology | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_105668 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Han_dynasty) Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (陳蕃) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'état against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (王甫). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (張奐) favored the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide.
Question:
Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot? | the eunuchs | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_103156 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Neptune) Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered "ice giants" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.
Question:
what color does helium make neptune? | [No Answer] | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_45662 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: Age_of_Enlightenment) There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others, which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith. Both lines of thought were opposed by the conservative Counter-Enlightenment.
Question:
The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom? | Spinoza | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
squad_41507 | Context:
Document 1: (Title: United_States_Army) The end of World War II set the stage for the East–West confrontation known as the Cold War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, V and VII, were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack.
Question:
What war occurred after the end of World War II? | Cold War | Answer the following question based on the provided contexts. You may use one or more provided contexts. | squad_v2 |
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