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Spanish Society for Immunology. The Spanish Society for Immunology (Sociedad Española de Inmunología, SEI) is a legally recognized professional non-profit organization in Spain, dedicated to promote and support excellence in research, scholarship and clinical practice in immunology. It has above 1.000 members in the field of health, research, teaching and industry, almost all Spanish, but also Latin American. It was founded in 1975 by Fernando Ortiz Masllorens. Every year the society organizes national congresses in different Spanish cities and publishes a scientific journal called Inmunología, founded in 1982, a quarterly publication in Spanish and English on the biology, physiology and pathology of the immune system. MISSION A medical-scientific society that promotes the development and advancement of Immunology as a science of life and health, and defends the scientific and professional interests of its members. VISION To be the nucleus for establishing professional networks, the forum for scientific and academic debate on immunology and to be a point of reference for institutions and organisations in all matters relating to Immunology. We want immunology to be visible and accessible to the whole population. We seek to promote integration and multidisciplinarity with societies and groups related to Immunology. VALUES All this is to be achieved on the basis of scientific evidence, professional responsibility, social awareness and present and future needs. The Society will seek parity and inclusiveness and will be governed, for the development of Immunology, with transparency, independence and integrity. Society federated with EFIS (European Federation of Immnunolgical Societies), IUIS (International Union of Immunological Societies), FOCIS (Federation Of Clinical Immunology Societies), FACME (Federación de Asociaciones Cientifico Médicas Españolas) and COSCE (Confederación de Sociedades Científicas de España). References Immunology professional associations Medical and health organisations based in Spain Organizations established in 1975
Government Medical College, Nizamabad. Government Medical College also Nizamabad Medical College is a medical college located in Nizamabad, Telangana, India. It began its academic year from 2013-14. It is affiliated to Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences. History It received clearance from Medical Council of India to start its academic year from year 2013-14 with 100 seats for MBBS. The college also has DNB Seats in various Broad speciality courses like General Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Anesthesia and Paediatrics (updated as per July-17 session). See also Government General Hospital, Nizamabad Education in India Literacy in India List of institutions of higher education in Telangana Medical Council of India References External links Medical colleges in Telangana Nizamabad, Telangana 2013 establishments in Telangana Universities and colleges established in 2013
Parasite (journal). Parasite is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all aspects of human and animal parasitology. The journal publishes reviews, articles, and short notes. It is published by EDP Sciences and is an official journal of the Société Française de Parasitologie (). It is published by EDP Sciences and the editor-in-chief is Jean-Lou Justine (National Museum of Natural History, Paris). The journal was established in 1923 as Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée and obtained its current title in 1994, with volume numbering restarting at 1. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 2.4, ranking it 16th out of 45 journals in the category "Parasitology". References External links French Society of Parasitology Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals Open access journals Academic journals established in 1923 English-language journals Parasitology journals EDP Sciences academic journals
Periodic travelling wave. In mathematics, a periodic travelling wave (or wavetrain) is a periodic function of one-dimensional space that moves with constant speed. Consequently, it is a special type of spatiotemporal oscillation that is a periodic function of both space and time. Periodic travelling waves play a fundamental role in many mathematical equations, including self-oscillatory systems, excitable systems and reaction–diffusion–advection systems. Equations of these types are widely used as mathematical models of biology, chemistry and physics, and many examples in phenomena resembling periodic travelling waves have been found empirically. The mathematical theory of periodic travelling waves is most fully developed for partial differential equations, but these solutions also occur in a number of other types of mathematical system, including integrodifferential equations, integrodifference equations, coupled map lattices and cellular automata. As well as being important in their own right, periodic travelling waves are significant as the one-dimensional equivalent of spiral waves and target patterns in two-dimensional space, and of scroll waves in three-dimensional space. History of research While periodic travelling waves have been known as solutions of the wave equation since the 18th century, their study in nonlinear systems began in the 1970s. A key early research paper was that of Nancy Kopell and Lou Howard which proved several fundamental results on periodic travelling waves in reaction–diffusion equations. This was followed by significant research activity during the 1970s and early 1980s. There was then a period of inactivity, before interest in periodic travelling waves was renewed by mathematical work on their generation, and by their detection in ecology, in spatiotemporal data sets on cyclic populations. Since the mid-2000s, research on periodic travelling waves has benefitted from new computational methods for studying their stability and absolute stability. Families The existence of periodic travelling waves usually depends on the parameter values in a mathematical equation. If there is a periodic travelling wave solution, then there is typically a family of such solutions, with different wave speeds. For partial differential equations, periodic travelling waves typically occur for a continuous range of wave speeds. Stability An important question is whether a periodic travelling wave is stable or unstable as a solution of the original mathematical system. For partial differential equations, it is typical that the wave family subdivides into stable and unstable parts. For unstable periodic travelling waves, an important subsidiary question is whether they are absolutely or convectively unstable, meaning that there are or are not stationary growing linear modes. This issue has only been resolved for a few partial differential equations. Generation A number of mechanisms of periodic travelling wave generation are now well established. These include: Heterogeneity: spatial noise in parameter values can generate a series of bands of periodic travelling waves. This is important in applications to oscillatory chemical reactions, where impurities can cause target patterns or spiral waves, which are two-dimensional generalisations of periodic travelling waves. This process provided the motivation for much of the work on periodic travelling waves in the 1970s and early 1980s. Landscape heterogeneity has also been proposed as a cause of the periodic travelling waves seen in ecology. Invasions, which can leave a periodic travelling wave in their wake. This is important in the Taylor–Couette system in the presence of through flow, in chemical systems such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction and in predator-prey systems in ecology. Domain boundaries with Dirichlet or Robin boundary conditions. This is potentially important in ecology, where Robin or Dirichlet conditions correspond to a boundary between habitat and a surrounding hostile environment. However definitive empirical evidence on the cause of waves is hard to obtain for ecological systems. Migration driven by pursuit and evasion. This may be significant in ecology. Migration between sub-populations, which again has potential ecological significance. In all of these cases, a key question is which member of the periodic travelling wave family is selected. For most mathematical systems this remains an open problem. Spatiotemporal chaos It is common that for some parameter values, the periodic travelling waves arising from a wave generation mechanism are unstable. In such cases the solution usually evolves to spatiotemporal chaos. Thus the solution involves a spatiotemporal transition to chaos via the periodic travelling wave. Lambda–omega systems and the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation There are two particular mathematical systems that serve as prototypes for periodic travelling waves, and which have been fundamental to the development of mathematical understanding and theory. These are the "lambda-omega" class of reaction–diffusion equations () and the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation. (A is complex-valued). Note that these systems are the same if , and . Both systems can be simplified by rewriting the equations in terms of the amplitude (r or \|A\|) and the phase (arctan(v/u) or arg A). Once the equations have been rewritten in this way, it is easy to see that solutions with constant amplitude are periodic travelling waves, with the phase being a linear function of space and time. Therefore, u and v, or Re(A) and Im(A), are sinusoidal functions of space and time. These exact solutions for the periodic travelling wave families enable a great deal of further analytical study. Exact conditions for the stability of the periodic travelling waves can be found, and the condition for absolute stability can be reduced to the solution of a simple polynomial. Also exact solutions have been obtained for the selection problem for waves generated by invasions and by zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. In the latter case, for the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation, the overall solution is a stationary Nozaki-Bekki hole. Much of the work on periodic travelling waves in the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation is in the physics literature, where they are usually known as plane waves. Numerical computation of periodic travelling waves and their stability For most mathematical equations, analytical calculation of periodic travelling wave solutions is not possible, and therefore it is necessary to perform numerical computations. For partial differential equations, denote by x and t the (one-dimensional) space and time variables, respectively. Then periodic travelling waves are functions of the travelling wave variable z=x-c t. Substituting this solution form into the partial differential equations gives a system of ordinary differential equations known as the travelling wave equations. Periodic travelling waves correspond to limit cycles of these equations, and this provides the basis for numerical computations. The standard computational approach is numerical continuation of the travelling wave equations. One first performs a continuation of a steady state to locate a Hopf bifurcation point. This is the starting point for a branch (family) of periodic travelling wave solutions, which one can follow by numerical continuation. In some (unusual) cases both end points of a branch (family) of periodic travelling wave solutions are homoclinic solutions, in which case one must use an external starting point, such as a numerical solution of the partial differential equations. Periodic travelling wave stability can also be calculated numerically, by computing the spectrum. This is made easier by the fact that the spectrum of periodic travelling wave solutions of partial differential equations consists entirely of essential spectrum. Possible numerical approaches include Hill's method and numerical continuation of the spectrum. One advantage of the latter approach is that it can be extended to calculate boundaries in parameter space between stable and unstable waves Software: The free, open-source software package Wavetrain http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/wavetrain is designed for the numerical study of periodic travelling waves. Using numerical continuation, Wavetrain is able to calculate the form and stability of periodic travelling wave solutions of partial differential equations, and the regions of parameter space in which waves exist and in which they are stable. Applications Examples of phenomena resembling periodic travelling waves that have been found empirically include the following. Many natural populations undergo multi-year cycles of abundance. In some cases these population cycles are spatially organised into a periodic travelling wave. This behaviour has been found in voles in Fennoscandia and Northern UK, geometrid moths in Northern Fennoscandia, larch budmoths in the European Alps and red grouse in Scotland. In semi-deserts, vegetation often self-organises into spatial patterns. On slopes, this typically consists of stripes of vegetation running parallel to the contours, separated by stripes of bare ground; this type of banded vegetation is sometimes known as Tiger bush. Many observational studies have reported slow movement of the stripes in the uphill direction. However, in a number of other cases the data points clearly to stationary patterns, and the question of movement remains controversial. The conclusion that is most consistent with available data is that some banded vegetation patterns move while others do not. Patterns in the former category have the form of periodic travelling waves. Travelling bands occur in oscillatory and excitable chemical reactions. They were observed in the 1970s in the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction and they formed an important motivation for the mathematical work done on periodic travelling waves at that time. More recent research has also exploited the capacity to link the experimentally observed bands with mathematical theory of periodic travelling waves via detailed modelling. Periodic travelling waves occur in the Sun, as part of the solar cycle. They are a consequence of the generation of the Sun's magnetic field by the solar dynamo. As such, they are related to sunspots. In hydrodynamics, convection patterns often involve periodic travelling waves. Specific instances include binary fluid convection and heated wire convection. Patterns of periodic travelling wave form occur in the "printer's instability", in which the thin gap between two rotating acentric cylinders is filled with oil. See also Plane wave Reaction–diffusion system Wave References Wave mechanics
Computational Biology and Chemistry. Computational Biology and Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier covering all areas of computational life sciences. The current editors-in-chief are Wentian Li (The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research) and Donald Hamelberg (Georgia State University). The journal was established in 1976 as Computers & Chemistry, with DeLos F. DeTar (Florida State University) as its first editor. It obtained its current title in 2003 under the editorship of Andrzej K Konopka and James Crabble (University of Bedfordshire). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2011 impact factor of 1.551, ranking it 42nd out of 85 journals in the category "Biology" and 36th out of 99 journals in the category "Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications" References External links Bioinformatics and computational biology journals Academic journals established in 1976 English-language journals Elsevier academic journals 7 times per year journals
President of the Royal Astronomical Society. The president of the Royal Astronomical Society (prior to 1831 known as President of the Astronomical Society of London) chairs the Council of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) and its formal meetings. They also liaise with government organisations (including the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and the UK Research Councils), similar societies in other countries, and the International Astronomical Union on behalf of the UK astronomy and geophysics communities. Future presidents serve one year as President Elect before succeeding the previous president. The first president was William Herschel in 1821, though he never chaired a meeting. Since then the post has been held by many distinguished astronomers. The post has generally had a term of office of two years, but some holders resigned after one year e.g. due to poor health. Francis Baily and George Airy were elected a record of four times each. Airy was additionally appointed by Council for a partial term, so served as President a total of five times, more than anyone else. Since 1876 no-one has served for more than two years in total. Presidents Further reading References
SEVENDIP. SEVENDIP, which stands for Search for Extraterrestrial Visible Emissions from Nearby Developed Intelligent Populations, was a project developed by the Berkeley SETI Research Center at the University of California, Berkeley that used visible wavelengths to search for extraterrestrial life's intelligent signals from outer space. Between 1997 and 2007, SEVENDIP employed a 30-inch automated telescope located in Lafayette, California, to scan the sky for potential optical interstellar communications in the nanosecond time-scale laser pulses. Another instrument was mounted on Berkeley's 0.8-meter automated telescope at Leuschner Observatory. Their sensors have a rise time of 0.7 ns and are sensitive to 300 - 700 nm wavelengths. The target list included mostly nearby F, G, K and M stars, plus a few globular clusters and galaxies. The Leuschner pulse search examined several thousand stars, each for approximately one minute or more. References Search for extraterrestrial intelligence Interstellar messages University of California, Berkeley Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area
Wentian Li. Wentian Li is a bioinformatician. He is co-editor-in-chief of Computational Biology and Chemistry and member of the editorial board of the Journal of Theoretical Biology. Li is an investigator at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research. Li received his BS in Physics from Beijing University in 1982 and PhD in Physics and Complex Systems from Columbia University in 1989. Notable Work In 1992 Li published a short paper proving that Zipf's Law was not a deep law in natural language, but rather that any randomly generated sequence of symbols would exhibit Zipf's Law if you looked at the distribution of words by rank. References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Chinese bioinformaticians Academic journal editors Peking University alumni Columbia University alumni
Joe Vinen. William Frank Vinen (15 February 1930 – 8 June 2022) was a British physicist specialising in low temperature physics. Career Vinen was born on 15 February 1930, the son of Gilbert Vinen and his wife Olive Maud Vinen, née Roach. After Watford Grammar School, he attended Clare College, Cambridge, completing a doctorate (PhD) in 1956. He was a Research Fellow there from 1955 to 1958, when he became a Fellow at Pembroke College, Cambridge. In 1962, he was appointed to a Chair of Physics at Birmingham University. He was appointed to the Poynting Chair in 1973. He served as Head of Department from 1973 until 1981, and retired from the University in 1997. Awards and honours Vinen was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1973. His certificate of election reads: He was awarded the Rumford Medal in 1980 in "recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium." Personal life In 1960, Vinen married Susan-Mary Audrey Master; they had one son, Richard, and one daughter, Katie, and lived in Birmingham. References 1930 births 2022 deaths 20th-century British physicists Fellows of the Royal Society Members of Academia Europaea Academics of the University of Birmingham Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Solar particle event. In solar physics, a solar particle event (SPE), also known as a solar energetic particle event or solar radiation storm, is a solar phenomenon which occurs when particles emitted by the Sun, mostly protons, become accelerated either in the Sun's atmosphere during a solar flare or in interplanetary space by a coronal mass ejection shock. Other nuclei such as helium and HZE ions may also be accelerated during the event. These particles can penetrate the Earth's magnetic field and cause partial ionization of the ionosphere. Energetic protons are a significant radiation hazard to spacecraft and astronauts. Description SPEs occur when charged particles in the Sun's atmosphere are accelerated to extremely high velocities. These charged particles, referred to as solar energetic particles, can escape into interplanetary space where they follow the interplanetary magnetic field. When solar energetic particles interact with the Earth's magnetosphere, they are guided by the Earth's magnetic field towards the North and South poles where they can penetrate into the upper atmosphere. Cause The physical mechanism behind the acceleration of solar energetic particles leading up to SPEs is currently debated. However, SPEs can generally be divided into two classes Gradual events Gradual SPEs are thought to involve the acceleration of particles by shocks driven by coronal mass ejections in the upper corona. They are associated with type II radio bursts and are characterized by elemental abundances, charge states, and temperatures similar to that of the ambient corona. These events produce the highest particle intensities near Earth. Impulsive events Impulsive SPEs are thought to involve the acceleration of particles mostly by processes associated with magnetic reconnection and wave-particle interactions at the locations of solar flares. They are associated with short-duration flare emissions at low altitudes and type III radio bursts. They are less intense near Earth than gradual events. An additional hybrid class has been identified which involves characteristics of both gradual and impulsive events. Terrestrial effects Protons accelerated during an SPE normally have insufficient energy to penetrate the Earth's magnetic field. However, during unusually strong flares, protons can be accelerated to sufficient energies to reach the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere around the North Pole and South Pole. Polar cap absorption events Energetic protons that are guided into the polar regions collide with atmospheric constituents and release their energy through the process of ionization. The majority of the energy is deposited in the extreme lower region (D-region) of the ionosphere (around 50–80 km in altitude). This area is particularly important to ionospheric radio communications because this is the area where most of the absorption of radio signal energy occurs. The enhanced ionization produced by incoming energetic protons increases the absorption levels in the lower ionosphere and can have the effect of completely blocking all ionospheric radio communications through the polar regions. Such events are known as polar cap absorption events. These events commence and last as long as the energy of incoming protons at approximately greater than 10 MeV (million electron volts) exceeds roughly 10 pfu (particle flux units or particles sr−1 cm−2 s−1) at geosynchronous satellite altitudes. Polar cap absorption events and the associated HF radio blackout pose unique problems to commercial and military aviation. Routes that transit polar regions, especially above about 82-degrees north latitude, can only rely on HF radio communications. Hence, if polar cap absorption events are ongoing or forecast, commercial airlines are required to redirect their routes such that HF communications remain viable. Ground level enhancements Extremely intense SPEs capable of producing energetic protons with energies in excess of 200 MeV can increase neutron count rates at ground levels through secondary radiation effects. These rare events are known as ground level enhancements (or GLEs). Presently, 73 GLE events are known. The strongest known GLE event was detected on 23-Feb-1956. Some events produce large amounts of HZE ions, although their contribution to the total radiation is small compared to the level of protons. Miyake events Solar particle events are thought to be responsible for Miyake events, observed sharp enhancements of the concentration of certain isotopes found in tree rings. These events, discovered by physicist Fusa Miyake, have enabled the dating of a number of past SPEs to specific years. Hazards Humans High altitude commercial transpolar aircraft flights have measured increases in radiation during these events. In 2019, the International Civil Aviation Organization introduced the Space Weather Centres that publish space weather advisories pertinent to international air navigation, describing the effects of space weather on aviation and possible mitigation actions. Aircraft flights away from the polar regions are far less likely to see an impact from SPEs. Significant proton radiation exposure can be experienced by astronauts who are outside of the protective shield of the Earth's magnetosphere, such as an astronaut in-transit to, or located on, the Moon. However, the effects can be minimized if the astronauts are in a low Earth orbit and remain confined to the most heavily shielded regions of their spacecraft. Proton radiation levels in low Earth orbit increase with orbital inclination. Therefore, the closer a spacecraft approaches the polar regions, the greater the exposure to energetic proton radiation will be. Spacecraft Energetic protons from SPEs can electrically charge spacecraft to levels that can damage electronic components. They can also cause electronic components to behave erratically. For example, solid state memory on spacecraft can be altered, which may cause data or software contamination and result in unexpected (phantom) spacecraft commands being executed. Energetic proton storms also destroy the efficiency of the solar panels that are designed to collect and convert sunlight to electricity. During years of exposure to energetic proton activity from the Sun, spacecraft can lose a substantial amount of electrical power that may require important instruments to be turned off. When energetic protons strike the sensitive optical electronics in spacecraft (such as star trackers and other cameras) flashes occur in the images being captured. The effect can be so pronounced that during extreme events, it is not possible to obtain quality images of the Sun or stars. This can cause spacecraft to lose their orientation, which is critical if ground controllers are to maintain control. Associated phenomena Major SPEs can be associated with geomagnetic storms that can cause widespread disruption to electrical grids. However, proton events themselves are not responsible for producing anomalies in power grids, nor are they responsible for producing geomagnetic storms. Power grids are only sensitive to fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field. See also Heliophysics List of solar storms Solar energetic particles Space weather Explanatory notes References External links Solar Particle Events Affecting the Earth Environment 1976 - present SWPC S-scale SWPC alert descriptions Carrington Super Flare, NASA Science News, May 6, 2008 Solar phenomena Space hazards
Matthew Rosseinsky. Matthew Jonathan Rosseinsky is a British academic who is Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Liverpool. He was awarded the Hughes Medal in 2011 "for his influential discoveries in the synthetic chemistry of solid state electronic materials and novel microporous structures." He has been awarded the Harrison Memorial Prize (1991), Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize (2000) and Tilden Lectureship (2006) of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). In 2009, he was awarded the inaugural De Gennes Prize by the RSC, a lifetime achievement award in materials chemistry, open internationally. In 2013, he became a Royal Society Research Professor. In 2017, he was awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society for “his advances in the design and discovery of functional materials, integrating the development of new experimental and computational techniques.” He gave the Muetterties Lectures at UC Berkeley and the Lee Lectures at the University of Chicago in 2017. In 2019, he gave the Flack Memorial Lectures of the Swiss Crystallographic Society and was awarded the Frankland Lectureship by Imperial College London. In 2020, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Chemical Research Society of India. In 2022, he gave the Davison Lectures at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and received the Basolo Award of the Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society. He was a member of the Science Minister’s Advanced Materials Leadership Council from 2014-2016, and of the governing Council of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council from 2015-2019. In 2023, he received the Eni Energy Frontiers Award for the digital design and discovery of next-generation energy materials from the President of Italy. References Living people 20th-century British chemists 21st-century British chemists Fellows of the Royal Society Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) Academics of the University of Liverpool Alumni of the University of Oxford Solid state chemists Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Neuroepistemology. Neuroepistemology is an empirical approach to epistemology—the study of knowledge in a general, philosophical sense—which is informed by modern neuroscience, especially the study of the structure and operation of the brain involving neural networks and neuronal epistemology. Philosopher Patricia Churchland has written about the topic and, in her book Brain-Wise, characterised the problem as "how meat knows". Georg Northoff, in his Philosophy of the Brain, wrote that it "focuses on direct linkage between the brain on one hand and epistemic abilities and inabilities on the other." Assumptive framework The postmodernist Menachem Mazabow wrote that it "is necessary... to state the set of assumptions that are seen as fundamental to any neuro-epistemological inquiry." These include: The significance of revealing the suppositions which influence one’s behavior (the self-reflexive connection between meaning and behavior). The larger socio-politico-historical contextual effects on one’s individual assumptions. The power relations deeply rooted in the dominant discourses in a field and their overpowering effect on different modes of thought. The unavoidably context-dependent and subjective nature of all concepts, compared to objective systems of validity. The importance of examining embedded assumptions and of concentrating on the association between idea and context. The affirmation that appropriate theorizing is a certainty of our nature as language observers and directing theorists in the direction of improving awareness of their fundamental responsibility. The assertion that the concept of efficacy, instead of objective validity should be the fulcrum in the evaluation of theory. Application Brown has noted the "tacit bias" in any observation, which is rooted in "assumptions on the nature of mind" that shape the research, and for Hanlan and Brown, theory does not arise from data alone. Crick has stated that it is impossible to pursue a difficult programme of research in neuroscience without some preconceived ideas, seen as inevitable by Churchland. Stein, Brailowsky and Will have opined that such preconceptions about the central nervous system have tended to hamper research in certain areas. References Epistemology Neurophilosophy Philosophy of psychology
Acta Geotechnica. Acta Geotechnica is a bimonthly peer-reviewed engineering journal published by Springer. The editor-in-chief is Wei Wu (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna). The other two journal editors Ronaldo Borja (Stanford, USA), and Jian Chu (Singapore). Acta Geotechnica covers fundamental and applied research in geotechnical engineering, including mining, tunneling, and dam engineering, as well as geohazard, geoenvironmental, and petroleum engineering. Publishing formats include research papers, review articles, short notes, and letters to the editors. This journal is among the top journals in the field of Geotechnical engineering. Abstracting and indexing The journal was started in 2006 and was included in SCI in 2010. The Impact Factor for 2020 is 5.8, which is the 1st place among the 35 SCI journals in the category of "Engineering Geological". The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Current Contents/Engineering, Computing and Technology SCI Scopus Inspec EBSCO databases CSA Illumina Academic OneFile GeoRef VINITI Database RAS According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.8. References External links Springer Science+Business Media academic journals Academic journals established in 2006 Bimonthly journals Hybrid open access journals English-language journals Mining journals
Acta Geotechnica Slovenica. Acta Geotechnica Slovenica is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering. The editor-in-chief is Ludvik Trauner (University of Maribor). The journal covers fundamental and applied research in the areas of geomechanics and geotechnical engineering. Topics covered include soil and rock mechanics, engineering geology, environmental geotechnics, geosynthetics, numerical and analytical methods, computer modelling, field and laboratory testing. History Acta Geotechnica Slovenica was established in 2004 by: University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering and Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering Slovenian Geotechnical Society Society for Underground and Geotechnical Constructions Abstracting and indexing This journal is abstracted and indexed in: Science Citation Index Expanded International Construction database GeoRef According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 0.10. See also List of academic journals published in Slovenia References External links Engineering journals University of Maribor Biannual journals Academic journals published in Slovenia Academic journals established in 2004 Academic journals published by universities and colleges Mining journals
Nightingales (American TV series). Nightingales is an American medical drama television series that aired on NBC from January 21 to April 26, 1989. It was produced by Aaron Spelling Productions. Premise The series follows the stories of Christine Broderick, a supervisor of student nurses, portrayed by Suzanne Pleshette, and her five nursing students: Sam, Bridget, Yolanda, Becky, and Allyson. Other hospital personnel include Christine's love interest, Dr. Paul Petrillo; the head nurse, Lenore Ritt; and the chief of staff, Dr. Garrett Braden. Nurse Sam also has a daughter, Megan. Cast Suzanne Pleshette as Christine Broderick Chelsea Field as Sam Sullivan Kristy Swanson as Becky Granger Susan Walters as Bridget Loring Roxann Dawson as Yolanda Puente Kim Johnston Ulrich as Allyson Yates Taylor Fry as Megan Sullivan Fran Bennett as Lenore Ritt Barry Newman as Dr. Garrett Braden Episodes Production The series was developed from a pilot television film, also titled Nightingales, that was directed by Mimi Leder and originally aired in June 1988. Field, Walters, Swanson, Bennett, and Jennifer Rhodes (as Effie Gardner) are the only members of the cast to appear in both the film and the series. Reception The series was described in the Chicago Tribune as portraying nursing students as women who "don't spend much time studying...[but] do hang around in their underwear a lot". Nightingales was criticized for "demeaning the nursing profession...by portraying five student nurses as lusty bimbos", and the American Nurses Association initiated a letter-writing campaign that prompted several of the show's sponsors to withdraw their advertising. The series was cancelled after 13 episodes. Aaron Spelling briefly revived the show's premise in syndication as the 1995 series University Hospital, with a completely different cast. This variant only lasted one season as well. References Sources External links 1989 American television series debuts 1989 American television series endings 1980s American medical drama television series American English-language television shows NBC television dramas Serial drama television series Television series by Spelling Television Television shows set in Los Angeles
Richtmyer Memorial Award. The Richtmyer Memorial Award is an award for physics education, named for physicist Floyd K. Richtmyer and given annually by the American Association of Physics Teachers. Its recipients include over 15 Nobel Prize winners. Establishment and award criteria Floyd T. Richtmyer (1881–1939) was one of the first presidents of the American Association of Physics Teachers and his work helped shape the development of physics in the United States. The Richtmyer Award was established in 1941, and is typically given to educators who have made outstanding contributions as teachers in their fields. It is awarded to those who have not only produced important current research in physics, but to those who have, by means of communication to both students and other educators, imparted information and motivation to participants in the field. The effective use of a teaching method in order to pass on information, and to stimulate interest in physics, is seen as being worthy of recognition in its own right, in addition to the importance of the production of new research. Recipients of the award deliver a Keynote Address, the annual Richtmyer Lecture, which is designed for communication with non-specialist audiences, during the AAPT Winter Meeting. Recipients Past recipients of the award include "a long list of giants in the field of physics" such as UC Berkeley Chancellor Robert J. Birgeneau (1989); Steven Chu of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1990), who also is a UC Berkeley professor of physics and a physics Nobelist, and who has been the 12th United States Secretary of Energy since 2009; and physicists Charles Townes (1959), Emilio Segrè (1957), J. Robert Oppenheimer (1947), and Nobel prize winner Carl Wieman of the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1996. Since its foundation in 1941, the following scientists from a wide number of institutions have received this award: Source: American Association of Physics Teachers 1941 - Arthur H. Compton, University of Chicago 1942 - Gordon Ferrie Hull, Dartmouth College 1944 - Karl K. Darrow, Columbia University 1945 - I.I. Rabi, Columbia University 1946 - Paul E. Klopsteg, Northwestern University 1947 - J.R. Oppenheimer, University of California 1948 - Homer L. Dodge, Norwich University 1949 - Lee A. DuBridge, California Institute of Technology 1950 - John H. Van Vleck, Harvard University 1951 - John C. Slater, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1952 - Enrico Fermi, University of Chicago 1953 - Edward M. Purcell, Harvard University 1954 - John A. Wheeler, Princeton University 1955 - Eugene P. Wigner, Princeton University 1956 - Walter H. Brattain, Bell Telephone Laboratories 1957 - Emilio Segre, University of California 1958 - Philip Morrison, Cornell University 1959 - Charles H. Townes, Columbia University 1960 - James A. Van Allen, State University of Iowa 1961 - William A. Fowler, California Institute of Technology 1962 - Thomas Gold, Cornell University 1963 - Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky, Stanford University 1964 - Fred Hoyle, Cambridge University 1965 - William M. Fairbank, Stanford University 1966 - Murray Gell-Mann, California Institute of Technology 1967 - Robert H. Dicke, Princeton University 1968 - Robert R. Wilson, National Accelerator Laboratory 1969 - S. Chandrasekhar, University of Chicago 1970 - Arthur L. Schawlow, Stanford University 1971 - Edwin Land, Polaroid Corporation 1972 - Robert B. Leighton, California Institute of Technology 1973 - Michael E. Fisher, Cornell University 1974 - Steven Weinberg, Harvard University 1975 - Riccardo Giacconi, Harvard University 1976 - Britton Chance, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 1977 - Michael Tinkham, Harvard University 1978 - Sidney Drell, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center 1979 - William A. Nierenberg, Scripps Institute of Oceanography 1980 - Edward C. Stone, California Institute of Technology 1981 - Hans Frauenfelder, University of Illinois 1982 - Karen McNally, Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and University of California, Santa Cruz 1983 - Edward A. Frieman, Science Applications Inc., La Jolla, California 1984 - David N. Schramm, University of Chicago 1985 - Gerry Neugebauer, California Institute of Technology 1986 - Leon M. Lederman, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 1987 - Clifford M. Will, Washington University in St. Louis 1988 - Peter A. Franken, University of Arizona 1989 - Robert J. Birgeneau, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1990 - Steven Chu, Stanford University 1991 - Larry W. Esposito, University of Colorado Boulder 1992 - Kip S. Thorne, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 1993 - Richard E. Smalley, Rice University 1994 - Sheldon Glashow, Harvard University 1995 - Joseph Henry Taylor, Princeton University 1996 - Carl E. Wieman, University of Colorado 1997 - H. Eugene Stanley, Boston University 1998 - Douglas D. Osheroff, Stanford University 1999 - Wayne H. Knox, Bell Laboratories 2000 - William D. Phillips, National Institute of Standards and Technology 2001 - Shirley Ann Jackson, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 2002 - Jordan A. Goodman, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 2003 - Margaret Murnane, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 2004 - Lene Vestergaard Hau, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 2005 - Carlos Bustamante, University of California, Berkeley CA 2006 - Neil Ashby, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 2007 - Alex Filippenko, University of California, Berkeley CA 2008/9 - Vera Rubin, Carnegie Institution of Washington 2010 - not Awarded 2011 - Kathryn Moler, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Physics, Stanford University, CA 2012 - Brian Greene, Columbia University, New York, NY 2014 - Sir Michael Berry, University of Bristol 2016 - Derek Muller, Veritasium YouTube Channel, Catalyst 2017 - Jay M. Pasachoff, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 2018 - Mark Beck, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington Significance It is the emphasis on mentoring younger teachers that has made the Richtmyer Award distinct from other teaching awards that centre mainly upon the education of students. The Richtmyer Award is the forerunner of modern awards such as the Young Faculty Award (YFA) program established by DARPA, the aim of which is to identify and engage rising research stars in junior faculty positions at U.S. academic institutions. See also List of physics awards External links Official website References Physics awards Teacher awards
Journal of Experimental Botany. The Journal of Experimental Botany (JXB) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. It covers research on plant biology, focusing on molecular physiology, molecular genetics, and environmental physiology. Some of its content is available under an open access licence. The editor-in-chief is John Lunn (Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology). Research is published in five key areas: growth and development, cell biology, metabolism, plant-environment interactions, and crop molecular genetics. References External links Submission website Society for Experimental Biology website Journal of Experimental Botany at SCImago Journal Rank Journal of Experimental Botany at HathiTrust Digital Library Journal of Experimental Botany at Botanical Scientific Journals Botany journals Hybrid open access journals Oxford University Press academic journals English-language journals Academic journals established in 1950
Levon Pogosian. Levon Pogosian is a cosmologist and a Professor of Physics at Simon Fraser University. Pogosian works on a range topics that include cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, dark energy and modified gravity, observational probes of physics beyond Standard Model, cosmic (super)strings and other topological defects, and cosmological magnetic fields. Pogosian and his collaborator Karsten Jedamzik from the University of Montpellier shared the 2021 Buchalter Cosmology Prize (First Prize) for their research on relieving the Hubble tension with primordial magnetic fields. Pogosian has an h-index of 53 according to Google Scholar. References External links Levon Pogosian's article in The Conversation 2021 Buchalter Prize Levon Pogosian's articles on arXiv Levon Pogosian's articles on NASA ADS Levon Pogosian's articles on INSPIRE HEP Year of birth missing (living people) Living people West Virginia University alumni Case Western Reserve University alumni Academic staff of Simon Fraser University Canadian physicists 21st-century Canadian astronomers
Xi Pavonis. ξ Pavonis, Latinised as Xi Pavonis, is a triple star system in the southern constellation of Pavo. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.35 The system is located approximately 440 light-years from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +12 km/s. This system forms the double star GLE 2, whose companion's magnitude is 8.6 with a angular separation, which was discovered by Australian amateur astronomer Walter Gale in 1894. The primary component is itself a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of and an eccentricity of 0.26. The visible member of this inner pair is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K4III. References K-type giants Spectroscopic binaries Triple stars Pavo (constellation) Pavonis, Xi Durchmusterung objects 168339 090098 6855
Kappa Pavonis. Kappa Pavonis (κ Pav) is a variable star in the constellation Pavo. It is the brightest W Virginis variable in the sky. Discovery In 1901, κ Pavonis was reported to be a variable star with a magnitude range of 3.8 to 5.2 with a period of 9.0908 days. Further observations revealed radial velocity variations in time with the brightness variations, but this was assumed to indicate a spectroscopic binary system. The brightness variations were then interpreted as eclipses. Less than 10 years later, was κ Pav was listed as a likely Cepheid variable. In 1937 it was used as part of the effort to calibrate the Cepheid distance scale. Only years later were the separate period luminosity relationships for population I and II Cepheid variables identified, and κ Pav was assigned to the type II group. Variability κ Pavonis ranges between apparent magnitudes 3.91 and 4.78, and spectral types F5 to G5, over a period of 9.1 days. It is a W Virginis variable, a type II Cepheid thought to be evolving along a blue loop from the thermal pulsing asymptotic giant branch. κ Pav shows sudden small changes in the period of its otherwise highly regular pulsations. The period has changed at times by as much as 16 minutes from its average of around 9 days and 2 hours. The star also is considered peculiar compared to other W Virginis stars such as W Virginis itself. A sub-group of W Virginis stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud have been discovered to be hotter and more luminous than expected and given a pW (peculiar W Virginis) classification. It is proposed that κ Pav should also be given a pW classification. The peculiarities in the LMC stars may be due to binary interactions, although κ Pav is not known to be a binary star. Properties κ Pavonis is a large star several hundred times more luminous than the sun. Its spectral type varies as it pulsates, between F5 and G5 as the temperature changes, and the luminosity class changes from a bright giant to a supergiant. The luminosity class is relatively high for a star of this luminosity, due to the low surface gravity caused by a low mass pulsating star. The pulsations cause the star's radius to change by about above and below the mean size. The angular diameter of the disc has been directly observed to change during the pulsations. References Pavo (constellation) F-type supergiants Pavonis, Kappa W Virginis variables F-type bright giants 093015 7107 174694 Durchmusterung objects G-type bright giants G-type supergiants
Nu Pavonis. Nu Pavonis is a possible triple star system in the southern constellation of Pavo. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint star that varies in apparent visual magnitude from 4.60 to 4.64 over a period of 0.85584 days. The system lies approximately 440 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +17 km/s. It is a possible member of the Wolf 630 group of co-moving stars. This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system with an orbital period of just 1.71 days in a circular orbit. The unresolved components are close enough that their tidal interaction is significant. Nu Pavonis was discovered to be a variable star when the Hipparcos data was analyzed. The visible component is a slowly pulsating B-type star with a stellar classification of B7III. This implies it is an evolved giant star, but it is actually more likely to be on the main sequence. An X-ray emission has been detected from the pair. The third component is a visible companion, probably a pre-main-sequence star, at magnitude 13.7 and separation . This star is estimated at 0.15 solar masses and an effective temperature of 3,192 K. It too is an X-ray source. References B-type giants Slowly pulsating B-type stars Spectroscopic binaries Pavo (constellation) Pavonis, Nu Durchmusterung objects 169978 090797 6916
Phi1 Pavonis. {{DISPLAYTITLE:Phi1 Pavonis}} Phi1 Pavonis, latinized from φ1 Pavonis, is a single star in the southern constellation of Pavo. It has a yellow-white hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.75. The star is located at a distance of approximately away based on parallax. It is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −20 km/s. This is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F0V. It has 1.5 times the mass of the Sun and 1.8 times the Sun's radius. This is a young star, perhaps 30 million years old, and has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 150 km/s. It is radiating 8.2 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,209 K. Phi1 Pavonis is a candidate debris disk star, although Gray et al. (2006) reported a non-detection of an infrared excess. Nilsson et al. (2010) report a marginal detection, orbiting from the host star with a temperature of and an estimated times the mass of the Moon. References F-type main-sequence stars Pavo (constellation) Pavonis, Phi1 Durchmusterung objects 195627 101612 7848
Rho Pavonis. Rho Pavonis, Latinized from ρ Pavonis, is a single, variable star in the southern constellation of Pavo. It is yellow-white in hue and faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude that fluctuates around 4.86. The star is located at a distance of approximately 190 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +8 km/s. It is a candidate outlying member of the Tucana Association of co-moving stars. This is a metallic-line star with a stellar classification of Fm δ Del, where the suffix notation indicating it is a δ Delphini star. It is a Delta Scuti variable, varying in brightness by 0.03 magnitudes. The dominant pulsation period is , but the effects of other pulsation periods are apparent in the light curve. The star has 4.3 times the girth of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 45 km/s. It is radiating 34 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,704 K. References F-type giants Delta Scuti variables Am stars Pavo (constellation) Pavonis, Rho Durchmusterung objects 195961 101773 7859
NU Pavonis. NU Pavonis (N-U, not "nu") is a variable star in the southern constellation of Pavo. With a nominal apparent visual magnitude of 4.95, it is a faint star but visible to the naked eye. The distance to NU Pav, as determined from its annual parallax shift of as seen from Earth's orbit, is around 460 light years. It is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −10 km/s. This is an aging red giant with a stellar classification of M6 III, currently on the asymptotic giant branch. Peter M. Corben listed HR 7625 as a possible variable star in 1971. It was given its variable star designation, NU Pavonis, in 1973. It is a semiregular variable star of sub-type SRb that ranges in magnitude from 4.91 down to 5.26 with a period of 60 days. The star has expanded to 204 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 7,412 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,516 K. Far-ultraviolet emission has been detected from these coordinates, which may be coming from a companion star. References M-type giants Semiregular variable stars Asymptotic-giant-branch stars Pavo (constellation) Durchmusterung objects 189124 098608 7625 Pavonis, NU
Ray Klinginsmith. Ray Klinginsmith is a social activist fighting for the rights of the disabled, and is the former World President of Rotary International. Notes Rotary International leaders Living people American disability rights activists University of Cape Coast alumni Year of birth missing (living people)
Barium cyanide. Barium cyanide is a chemical compound with the formula Ba(CN)2. It is synthesized by the reaction of hydrogen cyanide and barium hydroxide in water or petroleum ether. It is a white crystalline salt. Uses Barium cyanide is used in electroplating and other metallurgical processes. Reactions Barium cyanide reacts with water and carbon dioxide in air slowly, producing highly toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. When barium cyanide is heated to 300°C with steam present, the nitrogen evolves to ammonia, leaving barium formate. Ba(CN)2 + 4 H2O = Ba(HCOO)2 + 2 NH3 Aqueous solutions of barium cyanide dissolve insoluble cyanides of some of the heavy metals forming crystalline double salts. For example, BaHg(CN)4.3H2O in needles, 2Ba(CN)2.3Hg(CN)2.23H2O in transparent octahedra, and Ba(CN)2.Hg(CN)2.HgI2.6H2O. References Barium compounds Cyanides
David Ferguson (geologist). David Ferguson (c. 1857 – 1936) was a Scottish explorer, mining engineer and prospector. An alumnus of the University of Glasgow, he is most known for explorations in Antarctica on private geological survey expeditions for the Scottish company, Christian Salvesen between 1911 and 1915. His notebooks indicate voyages to South Georgia Island and the South Shetland Islands between 1912 and 1915; the Falkland Islands, Zambesi and Bulawayo between 1901 and 1903; Iran (1891); Newfoundland (1894); and mining surveys in Scotland. He is credited with naming several geographic locations in the south Atlantic region and Antarctica, and Ferguson Peak on South Georgia was named in his honour. References University of Glasgow Archive Services: Found - Lost Antarctic explorer Scottish explorers Scottish mining engineers British prospectors Alumni of the University of Glasgow 1850s births 1936 deaths British explorers of Antarctica
Stephen E. Harris. Stephen Ernest Harris (born November 29, 1936) is an American physicist known for his contributions to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), modulation of single photons, and x-ray emission. In a diverse career, he has collaborated with others to produce results in many areas, including the 1999 paper titled “Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold gas,” in which Lene Hau and Harris, Cyrus Behroozi and Zachary Dutton describe how they used EIT to slow optical pulses to the speed of a bicycle. He has also contributed to developments in the use of the laser, generating paired photons with single driving lasers He has also shown the development of such pairs of photons using waveforms. His more recent work has sought to address restraints imposed on the types of waveforms that can be produced by the single-cycle barrier Harris and colleagues succeeded in this endeavour in 2005 during a series of experiments aimed at obtaining full control of waveforms, noting "we were able to vary the shape of the pulse to generate different prescribed waveforms." It is hoped that these results will lead to coherent control of chemical reactions, as a probe for ever-shorter physical processes, and for highly efficient generation of far infra-red and vacuum ultra-violet radiation. Harris was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 1977 for contributions in the field of coherent and non-linear optics. Education 1959 B.S., Electrical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1961 M.S., Electrical Engineering, Stanford University 1963 Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, Stanford University Awards 1973 Curtis W. McGraw Research Award (American Society for Engineering Education) 1978 David Sarnoff Award (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 1984 Davies Medal for Engineering Achievement (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) 1985 Charles Hard Townes Award (Optical Society of America) 1991 Einstein Prize for Laser Science (International Conference on Lasers and Applications) 1992 Optical Society of America (Stanford Chapter) Teaching Award 1994 Quantum Electronics Award (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 1999 Frederic Ives Medal (highest award of the Optical Society of America) 2002 Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science (American Physical Society) 2007 Harvey Prize (Awarded by the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology) 2020 Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics Honours 1968 Fellow of the Optical Society of America 1972 Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1975 Fellow of American Physical Society 1976 Guggenheim Fellowship 1977 Elected to the National Academy of Engineering 1981 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences 1988 Kenneth and Barbara Oshman Professor of Engineering Endowed Chair (Stanford University) 1994 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1995 Elected to Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2005 Stephen E. Harris Endowed Professorship in Quantum Optics (Texas A&M University) 2013 Honorary Member of the Optical Society of America References External links Harris page at Stanford 1936 births Living people 21st-century American physicists American optical physicists Fellows of Optica (society) Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Fellows of the American Physical Society Stanford University School of Engineering alumni Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers research related to colloid and interface science with a particular focus on colloidal materials and nanomaterials; surfactants and soft matter; adsorption, catalysis and electrochemistry; interfacial processes, capillarity and wetting; biomaterials and nanomedicine; and novel phenomena and techniques. The editor-in-chief is Martin Malmsten (Uppsala University). The journal was established in 1946 as Journal of Colloid Science. It obtained its current name in 1966. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 Impact Factor of 9.965, ranking it 32nd out of 162 journals in the category "Chemistry, Physical". See also Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces Advances in Colloid and Interface Science Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science Progress in Polymer Science References External links Chemistry journals Materials science journals English-language journals Elsevier academic journals Biweekly journals Academic journals established in 1946
Peter Kalmus (physicist). Peter Ignaz Paul Kalmus (born 25 January 1933), is a British particle physicist, and emeritus professor of physics at Queen Mary, University of London. Early life Kalmus was born in Prague on 25 January 1933, and moved to Britain with his parents and younger brother George Kalmus in 1939. His sister Elsa was born in 1945. The family became British citizens in 1946. Education Kalmus went to school first in London and then in Harpenden, Hertfordshire. From 1943 till 1951 he was at St Albans County Grammar School (later renamed Verulam School). He received his BSc (1954) and PhD (1957) at University College London where he remained for a further three years as a Research Associate. He is now an Honorary Fellow of University College London. W and Z particles Among a number of notable achievements in his career, the Queen Mary, University of London group led by Peter Kalmus in conjunction with the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory group led by Alan Astbury and the Birmingham University group led by John Dowell joined Carlo Rubbia at CERN in an international collaboration known as UA1. They built a large universal detector, aimed at investigating phenomena at the world's highest energy collisions, which were obtained from 1981 onwards, when the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron was converted into a proton-antiproton collider, as suggested by Rubbia, using the stochastic beam cooling technique devised by Simon van der Meer. The UK groups had joint responsibility for designing, constructing and operating a large hadron calorimeter and also a trigger processor. The most celebrated work with the UA1 detector was the discovery in 1983 of the W and Z particles. This discovery provided the experimental evidence for the unification of two of nature's seemingly very different fundamental forces: electromagnetism (which underlies electricity generation) and the weak force (which allows the Sun to shine). The unification of these two forces is part of a quest to see if all forces in the universe can be united into a "theory of everything" (Unified Field Theory). Electroweak unification demonstrated that what had previously been considered nature's four fundamental forces (electromagnetism, weak interaction, strong interaction and gravity) were now reduced to three. For this work Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer of CERN received the 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics. Alan Astbury received the 1984 Rutherford Medal and Prize, and Peter Kalmus and John Dowell were jointly awarded the 1988 Rutherford Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for their outstanding roles in the discovery of the W and Z particles. Selected research 1957 to 1960 - Kalmus conducted research at UCL mainly on the development of new instruments, helping to build a small particle accelerator, a 29 MeV electron microtron, its beam extraction system, and its external focusing using quadrupole magnets (probably the first use of these in the UK), and later devising an accurate method of measuring relativistic electron beam energies using Cerenkov radiation, then a novel technique. 1960 to 1964 – Kalmus worked for Argonne National Laboratory, USA, initially in the Particle Accelerator Division, directed by Albert Crewe. He was responsible for designing beam-transport equipment for the coming 12.5 Gev Zero Gradient Synchrotron. He transferred to the High Energy Physics Division and in 1961 went to CERN with an Argonne group headed by Art Roberts. It was at CERN that he first met John Dowell, and they designed and set up a particle beamline at the new 25 GeV Proton Synchrotron. The Argonne group used this beamline to conduct a series of measurements of hyperon polarisation using a large optical spark chamber inside a magnetic field: a pioneering technique which much later became the basis of many other electronic imaging chambers. On returning to Argonne in 1962 he collaborated with a Chicago group in an experiment on boson production, work which was finished during future visits to the USA as a visiting scientist at the University of Chicago. 1964 onwards – Kalmus was appointed Lecturer at Queen Mary College, University of London. He began a research collaboration with Alan Astbury of Rutherford Laboratory, which was to continue for about 20 years, when Alan Astbury moved to Canada. The Queen Mary and Rutherford Laboratory collaboration carried out a series of experiments at the new Nimrod accelerator at Rutherford Laboratory, mostly in strong interaction physics: nucleon isobar production in proton-proton collisions and elastic proton-proton scattering at wide angles, this time using spark chambers with sonic readout. Results from this accelerator helped to lay the experimental foundations of the quark model. In 1970 this collaboration transferred their activities to CERN, to embark on a series of experiments on low energy antiproton-proton interactions. In this they were joined by physicists from Daresbury Laboratory and the University of Liverpool. Kalmus designed the (then) most intense low energy antiproton beam in the world. The experiments on differential cross sections and polarisation for the elastic and two-body meson channels culminated in the discovery of three new mesons and a determination of their quantum numbers. The period 1974 to 1978 was spent carrying out the last set of experiments at Nimrod. Kalmus designed a new low momentum beamline, this time for kaons, for a series of experiments with a polarised deuteron target. Several key measurements were made on kaon-nucleon elastic and charge exchange polarisation. In late 1977 the Queen Mary group led by Peter Kalmus, along with the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory group under Alan Astbury and the Birmingham University group led by John Dowell joined Carlo Rubbia in the international collaboration known as UA1 at CERN. The UK groups involved had joint responsibility for designing, building and operating a large hadron calorimeter and also a trigger processor as part of the UA1 collaboration. The calorimeter, which measured the energies of strongly-interacting particles emerging from collisions, consisted of 7,000 sheets of plastic scintillator with a total mass of 30 tonnes placed in slots in the return yoke of a large electromagnet. Testing of the scintillator sheets was carried out at Queen Mary using cosmic rays. The scintillator light was transferred via fluorescent wavelength-shifter bars and light guides to 2000 photomultipliers outside the magnet. The number of proton-antiproton collisions exceeded the ability to record these by a factor of at least 1000. This necessitated the design of a trigger processor, a purpose-built electronic device which had to make decisions within 2 microseconds on which 1 in 1000 collisions was likely to be worth recording on magnetic tape for subsequent analysis, and which 999 could be discarded irretrievably. Some years later when the collision rate had increased, a new trigger processor was built. The most celebrated work with the UA1 detector led to the discovery in 1983 of the W and Z particles. This work resulted in Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer of CERN receiving the 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics. In 1988, Peter Kalmus and John Dowell were jointly awarded the Rutherford Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for their outstanding roles in the discovery of the W and Z particles (Alan Astbury had already received this medal in 1984). UA1 was perhaps the most productive collaboration in the history of particle physics up to that date. It yielded results in quark and lepton physics, tests of quantum chromodynamics, properties of W and Z particles and other topics, which have been published in over 60 papers and presented at numerous conferences. The concept of a universal detector, measuring as much as possible of the outgoing particles from a collider, and covering nearly the whole of the solid angle, has been used ever since at colliding beam machines. This work finished in 1989. At the end of 1989 the Queen Mary group joined another large collaboration called H1. The H1 collaboration had embarked on building a huge detector for the world's first proton-electron collider, HERA, which was being constructed at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg. The Queen Mary group was responsible for designing and constructing a time-of-flight hodoscope for H1, a piece of apparatus that proved crucial to the operation of the experiment as it reduced the unwanted background by a factor of a hundred. Many of the initiatives came from Kalmus's colleagues Graham Thompson and Eric Eisenhandler, particularly after Kalmus became Head of Department at Queen Mary, University of London in 1992 and had less time for research. Publications Kalmus is the author or co-author of about 230 scientific papers. He has always emphasised that modern experimental particle physics research is a group activity, and that past and present colleagues and research students have contributed strongly to the strength of the group. Academia and education In parallel with his research activities, Kalmus was a dedicated university teacher. He has taught numerous physics courses, ranging from pre-university A-level to international postgraduate school standard. His initial teaching was in the evenings at Northern Polytechnic and at Chelsea Polytechnic during the period 1955 to 1960. He has taught at all levels at Queen Mary College (Now Queen Mary, University of London), since 1964. Kalmus became Reader at Queen Mary in 1966 and Professor in 1978. In 1992 Kalmus was appointed Head of Department at Queen Mary. This severely curtailed his personal involvement in the H1 research programme, which however continued to flourish with the strong participation of his colleagues. Kalmus was given the title Emeritus Professor in 1998 after reaching nominal retirement age. However he continued to work normal hours in the department. He decided not to continue his participation in collaborative research involving enormous teams, and instead to devote more time to other physics interests, such as the Institute of Physics, and in particular to the public awareness and understanding of science. Peter Kalmus continues to be active as Emeritus Professor of Physics at Queen Mary, University of London. Public understanding of science Kalmus has always been interested in furthering the public awareness and understanding of science. He started giving outreach lectures in the late 1950s, initially on nuclear power (then a novel source of electricity) to Women's Institutes. Kalmus was a pioneer in this, because at this time the popularisation of science was regarded with suspicion by some senior members of the science establishment. However, Kalmus always felt that scientists had a duty to explain what they were doing, and persisted throughout his career. Following an influential report by the Royal Society and particularly after the new UK Research Councils came into existence in 1994, such outreach activities became not only respectable but almost mandatory. Kalmus is known in physics for his outreach work and for his popular lectures to schools and general audiences. These have also been delivered at meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (now called the British Science Association), at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, the Institute of Physics, the Association for Science Education, the Edinburgh Science Festival, the Bournemouth Arts Festival, to science and astronomy clubs, and abroad in several continents. He has made a number of short radio broadcasts on scientific topics, and appeared occasionally on TV. During the 1998–99 academic year he gave the Institute of Physics Schools Lecture 43 times in various venues in England, Scotland, Wales and the Channel Islands to a total audience of about 9,800 people, mostly in the 15 - 19 age group. At the invitation of the South African Institute of Physics this lecture-demonstration was repeated at 15 universities in South Africa during a 3-week period in early 2000, to a total audience of 3,500 consisting of university students and staff, senior school pupils, and members of the general public. He subsequently gave this talk to other audiences in Dublin, Belfast and several venues in Britain. Different lectures on aspects of particle physics were given on behalf of the Royal Institution on about 10 occasions at Futuroscope in Poitiers, France, to more than 3,800 UK sixth formers who were there on study-visits. In January 2001, Kalmus gave the named "Cockcroft and Walton Lectures" in India, as part of an exchange programme between the Institute of Physics and the Indian Physics Association. Nine lectures were given in four different cities, some at professional and others at popular level. He also visited and had discussions with staff at many Indian institutions, and represented the British Association at the Indian Science Congress in Delhi. He visited India again in 2004 giving 15 lectures on behalf of the British Council. He continued to give talks in the UK and abroad. By the summer of 2010 he had given about 200 talks to a total audience of 30,000 people since his retirement. He has twice presented at the Royal Society soirees: in 1984 on "The discovery of the W and Z particles" and in 1994 on "The structure of the proton". Kalmus was also an Associate Editor of Science Spectrum magazine. Professional and science organisations Kalmus has served on and contributed to a considerable number of professional and science organisations throughout his career. These have included CERN, the Science and Engineering Research Council, the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the Royal Institution, the American Physical Society, the European Physical Society, and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Positions held have included: CERN: Chair of Sub-Committee and Scientific Advisor to the UK CERN delegation, 1978–1981. Science and Engineering Research Council: Member, Nuclear Physics Board, 1979–1982, 1989–1993. Member, Astronomy and Planetary Science Board, 1990–1993. American Physics Society: Member, 1963. Fellow, 1995. European Physical Society: Member, 1970. Member, High Energy Particle Physics Board, 1994–1998. British Association for the Advancement of Science: Member, 1986. President, Physics Section, 1990–1991. Honorary Fellow, 2002. International Union of Pure and Applied Physics: Member Commission on Particles and Fields (C11), 1993–2002. Honorary Secretary C11, 1996–1999. Chair C11, 1999–2002. Vice President IUPAP, 1999–2002. Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council: Member, Education and Training Committee, 1994–1998. Member, Public Understanding of Science Panel, 1994–1998. Royal Institution: MRI, 1989. Member of Council,1996–1999. Vice President, 1997–1999. Chair, Davy Faraday Laboratory Research Committee, 1998–1999. Kalmus has been particularly active in serving the Institute of Physics, having served as Council Member, Chair of several groups and committees, and as Vice President with special responsibility for education and public affairs. Through 2005–2009, Kalmus served as Chair of the London and South East Branch of the Institute of Physics. This period culminated in the award of the Institute of Physics Branches Prize in 2010. Institute of Physics: Fellow of the Institute of Physics, 1967 Chair, High Energy Physics Group, 1989–1993. Council Member, 1993–2000. Vice President, 1996–2000. Special responsibility for education and public affairs. Chair, London and South East Branch, 2005–2009. Honorary Fellow, 2010. Kalmus continued to have involvement with the Institute of Physics after retirement from Queen Mary, serving on its Benevolent Fund Committee, on a panel to examine its journal publishing policy, and as its representative on an international steering group for the World Year of Physics 2005, the centenary of Einstein's "Miracle Year". Honours and awards 1988 - Rutherford Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for his outstanding work in the discovery of the W and Z particles. 2001 - Honorary Fellow of the University College, London. 2001 - OBE for services to physics. 2002 - Kelvin Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for his outstanding contributions to the public understanding of physics. 2002 - Honorary Fellow of the British Science Association. 2003 - Honorary Fellow of Queen Mary, University of London. 2005 - Outreach Prize of the High Energy Physics Group of the European Physical Society. 2010 - Branches Prize by the Institute of Physics. 2010 - Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics, for his research, his teaching, his public engagement and his work for the Institute. He joined only 38 other recipients including 7 Nobel Laureates. Personal life Kalmus' father, Hans Kalmus, was a well-known biologist who worked at University College, London. His brother, George Kalmus, is another noted British particle physicist. A press release from the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) in 2002 commented that "A particle physicist in the family is a rare occurrence. That there should be two and both be leaders of the field is even more unusual, yet Professors Peter and George Kalmus have achieved this." Peter Kalmus married Felicity "Trixie" Barker in 1957, she died in 2018. He has one son and one daughter, and one grandchild. He currently resides in London. References External links Scientific publications of P.I.P. Kalmus on INSPIRE-HEP 1933 births Living people Particle physicists Experimental physicists Alumni of University College London Academics of Queen Mary University of London British physicists Fellows of the American Physical Society Fellows of the Institute of Physics Officers of the Order of the British Empire People associated with CERN Jewish British physicists People associated with IUPAP
55 Pegasi. 55 Pegasi is a single star in the northern constellation of Pegasus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, reddish-hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.51. The star is located approximately 302 light years away from the Sun based on parallax, but it is moving closer with a radial velocity of −5 km/s. This is an aging red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch with a stellar classification of M1IIIab, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core then expanded to 46 times the Sun's radius. It is a suspected variable, with an observed magnitude that ranges from 4.50 down to 4.56. The star is around two billion years old with 1.6 times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating 483 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,994 K. References M-type giants Asymptotic-giant-branch stars Suspected variables Pegasus (constellation) BD+08 4997 Pegasi, 55 218329 114144 8795
Reverse genetics. Reverse genetics is a method in molecular genetics that is used to help understand the function(s) of a gene by analysing the phenotypic effects caused by genetically engineering specific nucleic acid sequences within the gene. The process proceeds in the opposite direction to forward genetic screens of classical genetics. While forward genetics seeks to find the genetic basis of a phenotype or trait, reverse genetics seeks to find what phenotypes are controlled by particular genetic sequences. Automated DNA sequencing generates large volumes of genomic sequence data relatively rapidly. Many genetic sequences are discovered in advance of other, less easily obtained, biological information. Reverse genetics attempts to connect a given genetic sequence with specific effects on the organism. Reverse genetics systems can also allow the recovery and generation of infectious or defective viruses with desired mutations. This allows the ability to study the virus in vitro and in vivo. Techniques used In order to learn the influence a sequence has on phenotype, or to discover its biological function, researchers can engineer a change or disrupt the DNA. After this change has been made a researcher can look for the effect of such alterations in the whole organism. There are several different methods of reverse genetics: Directed deletions and point mutations Site-directed mutagenesis is a sophisticated technique that can either change regulatory regions in the promoter of a gene or make subtle codon changes in the open reading frame to identify important amino residues for protein function. Alternatively, the technique can be used to create null alleles so that the gene is not functional. For example, deletion of a gene by gene targeting (gene knockout) can be done in some organisms, such as yeast, mice and moss. Unique among plants, in Physcomitrella patens, gene knockout via homologous recombination to create knockout moss (see figure) is nearly as efficient as in yeast. In the case of the yeast model system directed deletions have been created in every non-essential gene in the yeast genome. In the case of the plant model system huge mutant libraries have been created based on gene disruption constructs. In gene knock-in, the endogenous exon is replaced by an altered sequence of interest. In some cases conditional alleles can be used so that the gene has normal function until the conditional allele is activated. This might entail 'knocking in' recombinase sites (such as lox or frt sites) that will cause a deletion at the gene of interest when a specific recombinase (such as CRE, FLP) is induced. Cre or Flp recombinases can be induced with chemical treatments, heat shock treatments or be restricted to a specific subset of tissues. Another technique that can be used is TILLING. This is a method that combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis with a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) with a sensitive DNA-screening technique that identifies point mutations in a target gene. In the field of virology, reverse-genetics techniques can be used to recover full-length infectious viruses with desired mutations or insertions in the viral genomes or in specific virus genes. Technologies that allow these manipulations include circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER) which was first used to generate infectious cDNA for Kunjin virus a close relative of West Nile virus. CPER has also been successfully utilised to generate a range of positive-sense RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Gene silencing The discovery of gene silencing using double stranded RNA, also known as RNA interference (RNAi), and the development of gene knockdown using Morpholino oligos, have made disrupting gene expression an accessible technique for many more investigators. This method is often referred to as a gene knockdown since the effects of these reagents are generally temporary, in contrast to gene knockouts which are permanent. RNAi creates a specific knockout effect without actually mutating the DNA of interest. In C. elegans, RNAi has been used to systematically interfere with the expression of most genes in the genome. RNAi acts by directing cellular systems to degrade target messenger RNA (mRNA). RNAi interference, specifically gene silencing, has become a useful tool to silence the expression of genes and identify and analyze their loss-of-function phenotype. When mutations occur in alleles, the function which it represents and encodes also is mutated and lost; this is generally called a loss-of-function mutation. The ability to analyze the loss-of-function phenotype allows analysis of gene function when there is no access to mutant alleles. While RNA interference relies on cellular components for efficacy (e.g. the Dicer proteins, the RISC complex) a simple alternative for gene knockdown is Morpholino antisense oligos. Morpholinos bind and block access to the target mRNA without requiring the activity of cellular proteins and without necessarily accelerating mRNA degradation. Morpholinos are effective in systems ranging in complexity from cell-free translation in a test tube to in vivo studies in large animal models. Interference using transgenes A molecular genetic approach is the creation of transgenic organisms that overexpress a normal gene of interest. The resulting phenotype may reflect the normal function of the gene. Alternatively it is possible to overexpress mutant forms of a gene that interfere with the normal (wildtype) gene's function. For example, over-expression of a mutant gene may result in high levels of a non-functional protein resulting in a dominant negative interaction with the wildtype protein. In this case the mutant version will out compete for the wildtype proteins partners resulting in a mutant phenotype. Other mutant forms can result in a protein that is abnormally regulated and constitutively active ('on' all the time). This might be due to removing a regulatory domain or mutating a specific amino residue that is reversibly modified (by phosphorylation, methylation, or ubiquitination). Either change is critical for modulating protein function and often result in informative phenotypes. Vaccine synthesis Reverse genetics plays a large role in vaccine synthesis. Vaccines can be created by engineering novel genotypes of infectious viral strains which diminish their pathogenic potency enough to facilitate immunity in a host. The reverse genetics approach to vaccine synthesis utilizes known viral genetic sequences to create a desired phenotype: a virus with both a weakened pathological potency and a similarity to the current circulating virus strain. Reverse genetics provides a convenient alternative to the traditional method of creating inactivated vaccines, viruses which have been killed using heat or other chemical methods. Vaccines created through reverse genetics methods are known as attenuated vaccines, named because they contain weakened (attenuated) live viruses. Attenuated vaccines are created by combining genes from a novel or current virus strain with previously attenuated viruses of the same species. Attenuated viruses are created by propagating a live virus under novel conditions, such as a chicken's egg. This produces a viral strain that is still live, but not pathogenic to humans, as these viruses are rendered defective in that they cannot replicate their genome enough to propagate and sufficiently infect a host. However, the viral genes are still expressed in the host's cell through a single replication cycle, allowing for the development of an immunity. Influenza vaccine A common way to create a vaccine using reverse genetic techniques is to utilize plasmids to synthesize attenuated viruses. This technique is most commonly used in the yearly production of influenza vaccines, where an eight plasmid system can rapidly produce an effective vaccine. The entire genome of the influenza A virus consists of eight RNA segments, so the combination of six attenuated viral cDNA plasmids with two wild-type plasmids allow for an attenuated vaccine strain to be constructed. For the development of influenza vaccines, the fourth and sixth RNA segments, encoding for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins respectively, are taken from the circulating virus, while the other six segments are derived from a previously attenuated master strain. The HA and NA proteins exhibit high antigen variety, and therefore are taken from the current strain for which the vaccine is being produced to create a well matching vaccine. The plasmid used in this eight-plasmid system contains three major components that allow for vaccine development. Firstly, the plasmid contains restriction sites that will enable the incorporation of influenza genes into the plasmid. Secondly, the plasmid contains an antibiotic resistance gene, allowing the selection of merely plasmids containing the correct gene. Lastly, the plasmid contains two promotors, human pol 1 and pol 2 promotor that transcribe genes in opposite directions. cDNA sequences of viral RNA are synthesized from attenuated master strains by using RT-PCR. This cDNA can then be inserted between an RNA polymerase I (Pol I) promoter and terminator sequence through restriction enzyme digestion. The cDNA and pol I sequence is then, in turn, surrounded by an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoter and a polyadenylation site. This entire sequence is then inserted into a plasmid. Six plasmids derived from attenuated master strain cDNA are cotransfected into a target cell, often a chicken egg, alongside two plasmids of the currently circulating wild-type influenza strain. Inside the target cell, the two "stacked" Pol I and Pol II enzymes transcribe the viral cDNA to synthesize both negative-sense viral RNA and positive-sense mRNA, effectively creating an attenuated virus. The result is a defective vaccine strain that is similar to the current virus strain, allowing a host to build immunity. This synthesized vaccine strain can then be used as a seed virus to create further vaccines. Advantages and disadvantages Vaccines engineered from reverse genetics carry several advantages over traditional vaccine designs. Most notable is speed of production. Due to the high antigenic variation in the HA and NA glycoproteins, a reverse-genetic approach allows for the necessary genotype (i.e. one containing HA and NA proteins taken from currently circulating virus strains) to be formulated rapidly. Additionally, since the final product of a reverse genetics attenuated vaccine production is a live virus, a higher immunogenicity is exhibited than in traditional inactivated vaccines, which must be killed using chemical procedures before being transferred as a vaccine. However, due to the live nature of attenuated viruses, complications may arise in immunodeficient patients. There is also the possibility that a mutation in the virus could result the vaccine to turning back into a live unattenuated virus. See also Forward genetics References Further reading External links Reassortment vs. Reverse Genetics Reverse Genetics: Building Flu Vaccines Piece by Piece Genetic engineering Molecular genetics
Classical genetics. Classical genetics is the branch of genetics based solely on visible results of reproductive acts. It is the oldest discipline in the field of genetics, going back to the experiments on Mendelian inheritance by Gregor Mendel who made it possible to identify the basic mechanisms of heredity. Subsequently, these mechanisms have been studied and explained at the molecular level. Classical genetics consists of the techniques and methodologies of genetics that were in use before the advent of molecular biology. A key discovery of classical genetics in eukaryotes was genetic linkage. The observation that some genes do not segregate independently at meiosis broke the laws of Mendelian inheritance and provided science with a way to map characteristics to a location on the chromosomes. Linkage maps are still used today, especially in breeding for plant improvement. After the discovery of the genetic code and such tools of cloning as restriction enzymes, the avenues of investigation open to geneticists were greatly broadened. Some classical genetic ideas have been supplanted with the mechanistic understanding brought by molecular discoveries, but many remain intact and in use. Classical genetics is often contrasted with reverse genetics, and aspects of molecular biology are sometimes referred to as molecular genetics. Basic definitions At the base of classical genetics is the concept of a gene, the hereditary factor tied to a particular simple feature (or character). The set of genes for one or more characters possessed by an individual is the genotype. A diploid individual often has two alleles for the determination of a character. Overview Classical genetics is the aspect of genetics concerned solely with the transmission of genetic traits via reproductive acts. Genetics is, generally, the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity. The process by which characteristics are passed down from parents to their offspring is called heredity. In the sense of classical genetics, variation is known as the lack of resemblance in related individuals and can be categorized as discontinuous or continuous. Genes are a fundamental part of DNA that is aligned linearly on a eukaryotic chromosome. Chemical information that is transported and encoded by each gene is referred to as a trait. Many organisms possess two genes for each individual trait that is present within that particular individual. These paired genes that control the same trait is classified as an allele. In an individual, the allelic genes that are expressed can be either homozygous, meaning the same, or heterozygous, meaning different. Many pairs of alleles have differing effects that are portrayed in an offspring's phenotype and genotype. The phenotype is a general term that defines an individual's visible, physical traits. The genotype of an offspring is known as its genetic makeup. The alleles of genes can either be dominant or recessive. A dominant allele needs only one copy to be expressed while a recessive allele needs two copies (homozygous) in a diploid organism to be expressed. Dominant and recessive alleles help to determine the offspring's genotypes, and therefore phenotypes. History Classical genetics is often referred to as the oldest form of genetics, and began with Gregor Mendel's experiments that formulated and defined a fundamental biological concept known as Mendelian inheritance. Mendelian inheritance is the process in which genes and traits are passed from a set of parents to their offspring. These inherited traits are passed down mechanistically with one gene from one parent and the second gene from another parent in sexually reproducing organisms. This creates the pair of genes in diploid organisms. Gregor Mendel started his experimentation and study of inheritance with phenotypes of garden peas and continued the experiments with plants. He focused on the patterns of the traits that were being passed down from one generation to the next generation. This was assessed by test-crossing two peas of different colors and observing the resulting phenotypes. After determining how the traits were likely inherited, he began to expand the amount of traits observed and tested and eventually expanded his experimentation by increasing the number of different organisms he tested. About 150 years ago, Gregor Mendel published his first experiments with the test crossing of Pisum peas. Seven different phenotypic characteristics were studied and tested in the peas, including seed color, flower color and seed shape. The seven different characteristics which Mendel selected / checked for the experiment were as follows: He checked the different shape of the ripen seeds The color of the seed's albumen was checked He then selected seed coat color Shape of the ripen pods was seen Color of the unripened pods was checked Flower position on the axial was checked Height of the plant was checked, as if it is tall or dwarf. Mendel took peas that had differing phenotypic characteristics and test-crossed them to assess how the parental plants passed the traits down to their offspring. He started by crossing a round, yellow and round, green pea and observed the resulting phenotypes. The results of this experiment allowed him to see which of these two traits was dominant and which was recessive based upon the number of offspring with each phenotype. Mendel then chose to further his experiments by crossing a pea plant homozygous dominant for round and yellow phenotypes with a pea plant that was homozygous recessive for wrinkled and green. The plants that were originally crossed are known as the parental generation, or P generation, and the offspring resulting from the parental cross is known as the first filial, or F1, generation. The plants of the F1 generation resulting from this hybrid cross were all heterozygous round and yellow seeds. Classical genetics is a hallmark of the start of great discovery in biology, and has led to increased understanding of multiple important components of molecular genetics, human genetics, medical genetics, and much more. Thus, reinforcing Mendel's nickname as the father of modern genetics. In other words, we can say that classical genetics is basis of the modern genetics. Classical genetics is the Mendelian genetics or the older concepts of the genetics, which solely expressed based on the phenotypes resulted from breeding experiments while the modern genetics is the new concept of genetics, which allows the direct investigation of genotypes together with phenotypes. Monohybrid Cross (3:1) Dihybrid Cross (9:3:3:1) See also Dominance (genetics) Genotype Phenotype Thomas Hunt Morgan References
Brachyspira innocens. Brachyspira innocens is a species of bacteria. It is thought to be a commensal bacterium. References External links Bacterio entry Straininfo entry GBIF entry Brachyspira innocens entry EOL entry Spirochaetes Bacteria described in 1992
Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum. Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum is a 4-chlorophenol-degrading bacterium from the genus Herbaspirillum. References External links Type strain of Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Burkholderiales
Philobiblon. Philobiblon is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in collaboration with Cluj University Press (Presa Universitară Clujeană). It was established in 1996 as a continuation of an irregular publication entitled Biblioteca și Învățămîntul (Library and Education). The subtitles and publication frequency of the journal have changed several times: Bulletin of the Lucian Blaga Central University Library (1996−2008), Journal of the Lucian Blaga Central University Library (2009−2010), and currently: Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Humanities. Until 2011 it was published annually (except for 1996−1997, when it was also published twice a year).The program of the journal has changed, completed over time: see the initial program (1996) and the next (2011) Philobiblon is available electronically through EBSCO Publishing and ProQuest databases, as well as in print. The journal was ranked in 2011 by the Romanian National Council for Scientific Research in Higher Education in seven Humanities categories as a periodical having serious chances to gain international import: Arts; Philosophy; Architecture; History of Science; Historiography and Theory of History; Romanian Language and Literature; Foreign Languages and Literature. Scope Until 2011, issues of the journal were thematic, engaging several areas of academic research in the humanities and social sciences. As of 2011, the journal changed its profile, appearing with two issues per year as an academic journal of multidisciplinary research in humanities, covering research at the confluence of various branches of the humanities and social sciences and promoting the contemporary synergy of sciences (such as, for example, medical humanities). Selected articles from Philobiblon are translated into Romanian in a series of biannually published anthologies entitled Hermeneutica Bibliothecaria. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO databases, Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts), ProQuest databases, Scopus, and ERIH PLUS. References External links Multidisciplinary academic journals Babeș-Bolyai University Academic journals established in 1996 Biannual journals English-language journals Academic journals published by university presses
Duncan Leitch (neurobiologist). Duncan Bernardo Leitch is a neurobiologist working at the University of California San Francisco. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1984. Leitch attended Vanderbilt University, where he gained recognition for his work on the integumentary sensory organs in crocodilians. He has published many articles on star-nosed moles, naked mole-rats, and other insectivores. In 2012, Kenneth C. Catania and Leitch published a study on the somatosensory sensation of crocodilians, including American alligators and Nile crocodiles in the Journal of Experimental Biology. This garnered public attention in the journals Nature, Science, National Geographic, and international news media. In this work, he and Catania describe the physiological response properties of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion, showing that the sense of touch in crocodilians surpasses those of human fingertips, despite being a thickly-scaled surface. More recently, Leitch has led breakthrough studies in the field of electroreception, whereby he and his team characterized the molecular basis for electrosensation by sharks and skates References External links Croc Jaws More Sensitive Than Human Fingertips Zoology: Thick-skinned but sensitive. Nature 491, 304 (15 November 2012) Crocs have super-sensitive jaws Crocodile Skin Confers Delicate Touch Sense 1984 births American neuroscientists Vanderbilt University alumni Living people University of California, San Francisco staff
Abbott v. Sandoz. Abbott v. Sandoz, 566 F.3d 1282 (Fed. Cir. 2009), was a US patent law case argued before the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit that established a bright-line ruling regarding claims of patent infringement relating to disagreements over so-called “product-by-process” claims. The case was decided on May 18, 2009. Background Abbott Labs had a patent on a specific drug called Omnicef used to combat ear infections. Lupin Limited had a court rule that a generic form of Omnicef it produced did not infringe on Abbott's patent since their process to make the drug was different. After the court had ruled in Lupin's favor, Abbott appealed and the case was combined with several other legal suits against smaller pharmaceutical companies, and thus was renamed Abbott v. Sandoz. The federal court affirmed the lower court's decision. Case For several years, the courts have disagreed on the product-by-process definition. Product-by-process refers to the question of determining if a product is legally different from another if it is created by a different process. Federal courts have offered contradictory resolutions on the subject. The court determined that a patent may limit itself if it specifically defines the process of creation. Decision Despite the legal discrepancies, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC) held that using a different process in this case did not infringe on Abbott's patent and ruled in Sandoz's favor, along with ruling in favor of the other small pharmaceuticals companies. Since Abbott had not patented all processes to create its drug, it could not protect from the processes being used by others. Importance This case further enforces the product-by-process definition, and holds that a patent does not protect from infringement through a different process unless necessarily described. Patent-holders seeking to cover their products entirely must find ways to protect every process to create the same item if they want complete protection from infringement. References External links United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit cases United States patent case law 2009 in United States case law
Luminosity (scattering theory). In scattering theory and accelerator physics, luminosity (L) is the ratio of the number of events detected (dN) in a certain period of time (dt) to the cross-section (σ): It has the dimensions of events on time on area, and is usually expressed in the cgs units of cm−2·s−1 or the non-SI units of b−1·s−1. In practice, L is dependent on the particle beam parameters, such as beam width and particle flow rate, as well as the target properties, such as target size and density. A related quantity is integrated luminosity (Lint), which is the integral of the luminosity with respect to time: The luminosity and integrated luminosity are useful values to characterize the performance of a particle accelerator. In particular, all collider experiments aim to maximize their integrated luminosities, as the higher the integrated luminosity, the more data is available to analyze. Examples of collider luminosity Here are a few examples of the luminosity of certain accelerators. References Accelerator physics Scattering theory
Perth Children's Hospital. Perth Children's Hospital (PCH) is a specialist children's hospital in Nedlands, Western Australia, located at the corner of Winthrop Avenue and Monash Avenue on the Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre (QEII) site. It is Western Australia's specialist paediatric hospital and trauma centre, providing medical care to children and adolescents up to 16 years of age. This hospital provides treatment for the most serious medical cases, as well as secondary services including inpatient, outpatient and day-stay care for children and young people. History In 2008, the state government announced that a new children's hospital would be built to replace Princess Margaret Hospital for Children. In January 2012, Premier Colin Barnett and Minister for Health Kim Hames held a groundbreaking ceremony to mark the beginning of the construction. On 30 September 2013, Premier Colin Barnett announced that the new 298-bed hospital would use the original 1909 name, Perth Children's Hospital. This name was chosen as part of efforts to promote "Perth as a major centre for medical health and medical research". After structural and medical problems with the building delayed the hospital's opening multiple times, the hospital officially opened on 12 May 2018although some departments started operating earlier than that. Outpatients began to be accepted on 14 May 2018. Surgery opened on 28 May 2018, followed by the emergency department on 10 June 2018 coinciding with the closure of Princess Margaret Hospital. Transport PCH is from the Perth city centre, adjacent to Winthrop Avenue and opposite the western boundary of Kings Park. Drop off and pick up bays are available outside the main entrance and the emergency department. Paid parking may be available in the basement carpark at PCH (accessible from the southern end of Hospital Avenue), and in the QEII multi-deck carpark (accessible from Winthrop Avenue). The nearest public transport stops are along Hospital Avenue and Monash Avenue, operated by Transperth. A pedestrian bridge, dual-named as The Kids' Bridge and Koolangka Bridge, was built in 2021, linking PCH with Kings Park. Controversy In April 2021, seven-year-old Aishwarya Aswath died, reportedly within 15 minutes of "a doctor finally" seeing her, at Perth Children's Hospital after waiting about two hours in the emergency department before doctors attended to her, despite her parents asking for help "four or five times". A month prior, emergency nurses at the hospital had formally warned of staffing levels and safety, pointing out "several incidents resulting in significant harm to patients". See also List of hospitals in Western Australia Health care in Australia References External links Children's hospitals in Australia Hospitals in Perth, Western Australia Hospitals established in 2018
List of defunct medical schools in the United States. This list of defunct medical schools in the United States includes former medical schools that previously awarded either the Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree, either of which is required to become a physician in the United States. MD-granting medical schools are accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, while DO-granting medical schools are accredited by the American Osteopathic Association Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation. See also Medical school in the United States Medical education in the United States List of medical schools in the United States References External links American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine accredited medical schools Liaison Committee on Medical Education accredited medical schools Medical school seeking Liaison Committee on Medical Education accreditation Medical schools in the United States Medical school Medical school United States
35 Pegasi. 35 Pegasi is a single star in the northern constellation of Pegasus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.80. The star is located approximately 155 light years away from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +54 km/s. The star has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.318 arc seconds per annum. This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0III, having exhausted the hydrogen at its core and expanded to 8.5 times the Sun's radius. It is a red clump giant, indicating it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star is five billion years old with 1.2 times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating 32 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,676 K. There are two distant visual companions: component B, at an angular separation of and magnitude 10.0, and C, at separation 176.3″ and magnitude 10.64. References K-type giants Horizontal-branch stars Pegasus (constellation) BD+03 4710 Pegasi, 35 212943 110882 8551
Chi Pegasi. Chi Pegasi, Latinised from χ Pegasi, is a single star in the northern constellation of Pegasus, along the eastern constellation border with Pisces. It has a reddish hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.80. The distance to this star is approximately 368 light-years based on parallax, but it is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −46 km/s. This is an aging red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch with a stellar classification of M2+III. It is about 8 billion years old with a mass 6% greater than the Sun's. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, the star has cooled and expanded to 53 times the girth of the Sun. It is radiating around 435 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of . Chi Pegasi is a suspected small-amplitude variable. Koen and Eyer examined the Hipparcos data for Chi Pegasi, and found that its brightness varied by 0.0094 magnitudes, with a period of 5.9641 days. References External links M-type giants Suspected variables Asymptotic-giant-branch stars Pegasus (constellation) Pegasi, Chi BD+19 27 Pegasi, 89 001013 001168 0045
Protoporphyrinogen IX dehydrogenase (menaquinone). Protoporphyrinogen IX dehydrogenase (menaquinone) (, HemG) is an enzyme with systematic name protoporphyrinogen IX:menaquinone oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction protoporphyrinogen IX + 3 menaquinone protoporphyrin IX + 3 menaquinol This enzyme enables Escherichia coli to synthesize heme in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. References External links EC 1.3.5
Fumarate reductase (quinol). Fumarate reductase (quinol) (, QFR, FRD, menaquinol-fumarate oxidoreductase, quinol:fumarate reductase) is an enzyme with systematic name succinate:quinone oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyzes the following chemical reaction: fumarate + quinol succinate + quinone Fumarate reductase (QFR) is a key enzyme induced by anaerobic growth of bacteria. By partaking in fumarate respiration, fumarate reductase performs the last step in the microbial anaerobic respiration. It is a membrane bound protein capable of oxidizing a quinone and passing the released electrons to an awaiting fumarate to be reduced. It is activated and synthesized under low oxygen conditions, when aerobic respiration cannot be performed and the cell must perform anaerobic respiration to grow. This reaction is opposite to the reaction that is catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase (SQR)). Enzyme Structure To date, a number of QFR enzymes have been crystalized and the specifics of enzyme structure varies between organisms; however, the overall structure remains similar across different species. Fumarate reductase complexes include four subunits. Subunit A contains the site of fumarate reduction and a covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) prosthetic group. It is closely bound to subunit B, which contains three iron-sulfur centers, all placed near to each other and the nearby substrates. Subunit C consists of hydrophobic membrane-spanning, primarily helical segments and is the site of quinol oxidization. In some fumarate reductase structures, one or more heme groups are additionally bound to the C subunit and participate in the electron transfer. The D subunit contains hydrophobic alpha helices that span the membrane, but does not participate in the catalytic action of the enzyme. It may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane. Enzyme Mechanism The reduction of fumarate in fumarate reductase is achieved via the oxidation of a quinol bound to subunit C and the resulting transfer of electrons down a chain of iron-sulfur clusters onto a waiting FAD molecule. The edge-to-edge distances between the quinol, the iron sulfur clusters, and the FAD in this enzyme do not exceed 12.5 Angstroms and can be seen on the image below. These short distances between electron receptors allow electrons to travel down the chain at a physiologically reasonable timescale. Once electrons have travelled down the iron-sulfur clusters, they pass onto the FAD molecule bound to the catalytic site of the enzyme. The final reduction of the fumarate is achieved in the active site where the asymmetrical charges from the nearby amino acids polarize the fumarate and distort its shape. Once the fumarate is no longer planar, a hydride from the bound FAD molecule in the active site attacks the double bond to reduce the fumarate. Thus, in this reaction, the fumarate serves as the terminal electron acceptor. Relation to Succinate Dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase (SQR) is a key enzyme in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and single celled organisms. It is a key enzyme in aerobic respiration and it performs the opposite reaction of QFR, by coupling the reduction of a quinone to the formation of succinate for use in the citric acid cycle. Both SQR and QFR are highly related and have been shown to have some functional overlap and redundancy in various organisms. QFR and SQR are both members of the conserved protein domain family SQR_QFR_TM and have highly similar structures. It has been shown that the A and B subunits of both proteins likely evolved from a common ancestral gene. Both enzymes have a common subunit arrangement containing a catalytic site, an iron-sulfur cluster containing subunit and one or two transmembrane subunits with quinone binding sites and heme binding sites if applicable. Additionally, Based on a study performed in E. coli, researchers have concluded that under some circumstances fumarate reductase is capable of replacing succinate dehydrogenase by oxidizing succinate to produce fumarate. And it has been shown that in Bacillus subtilis, SQR is able to successfully perform the function of fumarate reductase. Biological Function Fumarate reductase is involved in anaerobic respiration of multiple different organisms. Most of the information gathered about fumarate reductase is from the Escherichia coli fumarate reductase; however, fumarate reductase has also been studied in other organisms including Wolinella succinogenes, Helicobacter pylori, and Bacteroides fragilis. Each of these organisms has slightly different gene regulation and function in addition to different enzyme structures. In E. coli, fumarate is the terminal electron acceptor of the energy producing electron transport chain and fumarate reductase performs the crucial last step in this energy producing process that allows E. coli to grow when aerobic respiration and/or fermentation is not feasible. Because of its role in cellular energy production, its function is closely regulated by multiple conditions to ensure optimal production of energy based on current cellular needs. In addition to low oxygen conditions, fumarate reductase genes are also activated by high concentrations of fumarate and repressed in the presence of other terminal electron acceptors including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nitrate. Nitrate suppression of fumarate reductase is common in E.coli and is carried out by two genes, narL a gene that encodes for nitrate reductase regulator proteins and narX that encodes for a nitrate sensor protein. Other man-made antibiotics, including Chalcones have also been proven to successfully inhibit fumarate reductase in addition to other cellular enzymes in order to cripple bacterial growth. Fumarate reductase also has a notably high production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in E. coli. The single electron reactivity of FAD, iron-sulfur clusters, and quinones in the fumarate reductase could all contribute to electron transfer to oxygen. However, FAD has been shown to be the most significant cause of superoxide and peroxide formation in fumarate reductase, due to higher solvent accessibility in the active site than in the locations of the quinone and iron-sulfur clusters. See also Succinate dehydrogenase References External links Fumarate reductase / succinate dehydrogenase FAD-binding site in PROSITE EC 1.3.5 Protein domains Transmembrane proteins
Phycoerythrobilin synthase. Phycoerythrobilin synthase (, PebS) is an enzyme with systematic name (3Z)-phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (from biliverdin IX alpha). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction (3Z)-phycoerythrobilin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin biliverdin IX alpha + 2 reduced ferredoxin This enzyme, from a cyanophage infecting oceanic cyanobacteria of the Prochlorococcus genus. References External links EC 1.3.7
Pentalenolactone synthase. Pentalenolactone synthase (, Formerly , penM (gene), pntM (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name pentalenolactone-F:oxidized-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pentalenolactone forming). This enzyme catalyse the following chemical reaction pentalenolactone F + oxidized ferredoxin pentalenolactone + reduced ferredoxin This is heme-thiolate protein (P-450), which is isolated from the bacteria Streptomyces exfoliatus and Streptomyces arenae. References External links EC 1.14.19
Carvone reductase. Carvone reductase () is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-dihydrocarvone:acceptor 1,6-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction (1) (+)-dihydrocarvone + acceptor (-)-carvone + reduced acceptor (2) (-)-isodihydrocarvone + acceptor (+)-carvone + reduced acceptor This enzyme participates in the carveol and dihydrocarveol degradation pathway of the Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14. References External links EC 1.3.99
31 Pegasi. 31 Pegasi is a single star in the northern constellation of Pegasus. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.99. It is located approximately 1,600 light years away from the Sun based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −5.3 km/s. This is a massive Be star with a stellar classification of B2IV-V. It is a γ Cas variable; a type of shell star with a circumstellar disc of gas surrounding the star at the equator, and ranges from 5.05 up to 4.85 in visual magnitude. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 98 km/s, with the pole being inclined by an estimated angle of to the line of sight from the Earth. The star is 15.4 million years old with 12.5 times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating around 28,000 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 23,890 K. References B-type subgiants Be stars Gamma Cassiopeiae variable stars Pegasus (constellation) BD+11 4784 Pegasi, 31 212076 110386 8520 Pegasi, IN
Nu Pegasi. ν Pegasi, Latinized as Nu Pegasi is a single star in the northern constellation of Pegasus. It is an orange-hued star that is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.84. The star is located approximately away based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of . This is an aging giant star, most likely (94% chance) on the red giant branch, with a stellar classification of K4III. It is a suspected variable, with a magnitude range observed from 4.83 to 4.86. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, the star has cooled and expanded to 24.6 times the Sun's radius. It is 13% more massive than the Sun and is radiating 149 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of . References K-type giants Suspected variables Pegasus (constellation) Pegasi, Nu BD+04 4800 Pegasi, 22 209747 109068 8413
Rho Pegasi. Rho Pegasi, Latinized from ρ Pegasi, is a star in the northern constellation of Pegasus, near the southern constellation boundary with Pisces. This is a probable astrometric binary system, as determined by changes to the proper motion of the visible component. It has a white hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.90. The system is located at a distance of approximately 274 light years from the Sun based on parallax, but it is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −10.6 km/s. This visible component is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A1V. The star is 331 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 107 km/s. It has 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and 3.1 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 110 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,484 K. References A-type main-sequence stars Astrometric binaries Pegasus (constellation) Pegasi, Rho BD+08 4961 Pegasi, 50 216735 113186 8717
Outline of the Solar System. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Solar System: Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets (including Earth), with the remainder being significantly smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly, the moons, two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury. Regions and celestial objects of the Solar System Sun ☉ Solar wind Interplanetary medium Inner Solar System Inner planets Mercury ☿ Venus ♀ Earth 🜨 The Moon ☾ Near-Earth objects Van Allen radiation belt Mars ♂ Moons of Mars Asteroid belt Asteroid groups Asteroids Ceres ⚳ Pallas ⚴ Juno ⚵ Vesta ⚶ Hygiea Active asteroids Kirkwood gaps Outer Solar System Outer planets Jupiter ♃ Moons of Jupiter Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Rings of Jupiter Magnetosphere of Jupiter Jupiter trojans Saturn ♄ Moons of Saturn Mimas Enceladus Tethys Dione Rhea Titan Iapetus Rings of Saturn Shepherd moons Magnetosphere of Saturn Uranus ⛢ Moons of Uranus Miranda Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon Rings of Uranus Neptune ♆ Moons of Neptune Triton Rings of Neptune Trojans Centaurs Ubiquitous Comets ☄ Meteoroids Micrometeoroids Cosmic dust Interplanetary dust cloud Trans-Neptunian region Trans-Neptunian objects Kuiper belt Pluto ♇ Moons of Pluto Charon Haumea Moons of Haumea Ring of Haumea Makemake Moon of Makemake Quaoar Moon of Quaoar Rings of Quaoar Orcus Moon of Orcus Scattered disc Eris Moon of Eris Gonggong Moon of Gonggong Farthest regions Extreme trans-Neptunian objects Detached objects Sedna Leleākūhonua Oort cloud Heliosphere Heliopause Boundaries Location of the Solar System From largest to smallest structure: Universe Observable universe Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex Laniakea Supercluster Virgo Supercluster Local Sheet Local Group Milky Way subgroup Milky Way Orion–Cygnus Arm Gould Belt Local Bubble Local Interstellar Cloud – immediate galactic neighborhood of the Solar System. Alpha Centauri – star system nearest to the Solar System, at about 4.4 light years away Solar System – star and planetary system where the Earth is located. Earth – the only planet known to have life. Structure and composition of the Solar System Interplanetary space Physical characteristics of the Sun Structure of the Sun Solar core Radiative zone Convection zone Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Solar granulation Sunspots Solar prominences Solar flares Physical characteristics of Mercury Structure of Mercury Atmosphere of Mercury Geology of Mercury Physical characteristics of Venus Structure of Venus Atmosphere of Venus Geology of Venus Volcanism on Venus Physical characteristics of the Earth Figure of the Earth Structure of the Earth Earth's crust Earth's mantle Earth's outer core Earth's inner core Earth's magnetic field Atmosphere of Earth Geology of Earth Lithosphere of Earth Plate tectonics Hydrosphere of Earth Water distribution on Earth Tides Physical characteristics of Mars Structure of Mars Atmosphere of Mars Geology of Mars Volcanism on Mars Geography of Mars Water on Mars Physical characteristics of Jupiter Structure of Jupiter Atmosphere of Jupiter Great Red Spot Physical characteristics of Saturn Structure of Saturn Atmosphere of Saturn Saturn's hexagon Physical characteristics of Uranus Structure of Uranus Atmosphere of Uranus Physical characteristics of Neptune Structure of Neptune Atmosphere of Neptune Great Dark Spot History of the Solar System History of the Solar System Discovery and exploration of the Solar System Discovery and exploration of the Solar System – Timeline of Solar System astronomy Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons Timeline of Solar System exploration Timeline of first images of Earth from space Development of hypotheses Geocentric model – Heliocentrism – Historical models of the Solar System Planets beyond Neptune List of former planets List of hypothetical Solar System objects in astronomy Space exploration – Exploration by celestial body Exploration of Mercury Observations and explorations of Venus Exploration of the Moon Exploration of Mars Exploration of Ceres Exploration of Jupiter Exploration of Saturn Exploration of Uranus Exploration of Neptune Exploration of Pluto Solar System models Formation and evolution of the Solar System Formation and evolution of the Solar System – Nebular hypothesis Terrestrial planets Iron planets Mercury Silicate planets Geodynamics of Venus History of Earth Formation of Earth Geological history of Mars Giant planets Gas giants Jupiter Saturn Ice giants Uranus Neptune Lists of Solar System objects and features The number of currently known, or observed, objects of the Solar System are in the hundreds of thousands. Many of them are listed in the following articles: By type List of Solar System objects List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System Planetary-mass object List of natural satellites Planetary-mass moon List of possible dwarf planets List of minor planets (numbered) and List of unnumbered minor planets List of trans-Neptunian objects (numbered) and List of unnumbered trans-Neptunian objects Lists of comets By physical parameters and features List of exceptional asteroids Lists of geological features of the Solar System List of craters in the Solar System List of Solar System extremes By size List of Solar System objects by size By distance List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion Features List of tallest mountains in the Solar System List of largest craters in the Solar System List of largest rifts, canyons and valleys in the Solar System Lists of Solar System exploring missions and spacecraft Missions List of missions to the Moon List of missions to Venus List of missions to Mars List of missions to the outer planets List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft List of missions to minor planets List of missions to comets Spacecraft List of Solar System probes List of artificial objects in heliocentric orbit List of objects at Lagrange points List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System List of lunar probes Lunar Roving Vehicles List of extraterrestrial orbiters List of Mars orbiters List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies List of Mars landers List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces List of spacecraft intentionally crashed into extraterrestrial bodies List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies See also Outline of astronomy Outline of space exploration Astronomical symbols Planetary mnemonic HIP 11915 (a solar analog whose planetary system contains a Jupiter analog) External links dmoz page for Solar System Origin of the Solar System (outline) A Cosmic History of the Solar System A Tediously Accurate Map of the Solar System (web based scroll map scaled to the Moon being 1 pixel) NASA/JPL Solar System main page NASA's Solar System Simulator Solar System Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration Solar System
Stephen C. Harrison. Stephen C. Harrison is professor of biological chemistry and molecular pharmacology, professor of pediatrics, and director of the Center for Molecular and Cellular Dynamics of Harvard Medical School, head of the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, and investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Education and career He received his B.A. in chemistry and physics from Harvard in 1963, and was then a Henry fellow at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge. In 1967, he received his Ph.D. in biophysics from Harvard, was a research fellow there as well as a junior fellow in the Society of Fellows, and joined the Harvard faculty in 1971. Research His wide-ranging studies of protein structure have contributed insights to viral architecture, DNA–protein recognition, and cellular signaling. Harrison has made important contributions to structural biology, most notably by determining and analyzing the structures of viruses and viral proteins, by crystallographic analysis of protein–DNA complexes, and by structural studies of protein-kinase switching mechanisms. The initiator of high-resolution virus crystallography, he has moved from his early work on tomato bushy stunt virus (1978) to the study of more complex human pathogens, including the capsid of human papillomavirus, the envelope of dengue virus, and several components of HIV. He has also turned some of his research attention to even more complex assemblies, such as clathrin-coated vesicles. He led the Structural Biology team at the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI) when it received National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) funding of around $300 million to address key immunological roadblocks to HIV vaccine development and to design, develop and test novel HIV vaccine candidates. Society memberships He is a member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, European Molecular Biology Organization, American Crystallographic Association and American Association for the Advancement of Science. Awards 1982 Ledlie Prize, Harvard University 1988 Wallace P. Rowe Award, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 1990 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (with Don Wiley and Michael Rossmann), Columbia University 1990 Harvey Lecturer, The Harvey Society, New York 1995 George Ledlie Prize, Harvard University 1997 ICN International Prize in Virology 2001 Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (with Michael Rossmann) 2005 Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Infectious Diseases Research 2006 Gregori Aminoff Prize in Crystallography (with David Stuart) 2007 UCSD/Merck Life Sciences Achievement Award 2011 William Silen Lifetime Achievement in Mentoring Award, Harvard Medical School 2012 Pauling Lectureship, Stanford University 2014 Elected as a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London. 2015 The Welch Award in Chemistry 2015 Honorary Doctorate in Medicine, University of Milan 2018 48th Rosenstiel Award for research on proteins and viruses. Personal life Harrison has been married to Tomas Kirchhausen, who is currently a Professor at Harvard Medical School, since 2013. They first met in 1978 at a small dinner hosted by Ada Yonath. In the fall of 1979, Tom moved to Cambridge, MA, to work with Harrison, and the two have been in a relationship ever since. References Structural biology American crystallographers HIV/AIDS researchers Harvard University alumni Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Howard Hughes Medical Investigators Living people Foreign members of the Royal Society Year of birth missing (living people) American LGBTQ scientists Members of the American Philosophical Society Helen Hay Whitney Foundation fellows
Centre for Earthquake Studies. The Centre for Earthquake Studies (CES) () is a federally funded research institute and national laboratory dedicated to the advancement in understanding of natural vibration, seismology, and yield-based energy measurement of seismic waves. The CES was established through federal funding as a direct response to the devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake in order to understand earthquakes and provide scientific prediction of quakes to improve earthquake preparedness. The CES is the only national site in Pakistan working on earthquake precursors. The national laboratory is headquartered in the campus area of the National Centre for Physics (NCP) and conducts mathematical research in earth sciences, in close coordination with the NCP. History The national site was founded by the Government of Pakistan on the advice of the science adviser Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad. The establishment of the national site came in response to Pakistans' deadliest earthquake, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake on 8 October 2005. Initially created as the Earthquake Studies Department at the National Centre for Physics, it gained independence shortly after its establishment. The CES undertakes research studies in the development of expertise in anomalous geophysical phenomenon prior to seismic activity. The CES primarily produces its research outcomes by using computer simulation and mathematical modelling to interpret seismic activity and give earthquake predictions. The CES's campus also includes the various ATROPATENA stations network, and supports its research and development with close collaboration with the Global Network for the Forecasting of Earthquakes. Its first and founding director was Dr. Ahsan Mubarak who is still designated as the CES's senior scientist. Currently, Dr. Muhammad Qaisar is the CES's current administrator. Galleries See also 2005 Pakistan earthquake Notes Official links Official website Nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan Pakistan federal departments and agencies 2005 establishments in Pakistan Geology organizations Laboratories in Pakistan Earth science research institutes International research institutes Research institutes in Pakistan Science parks in Pakistan 2005 Kashmir earthquake Earthquake engineering
Organic Geochemistry. Organic Geochemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier covering research on all aspects of organic geochemistry. It is an official journal of the European Association of Organic Geochemists. The editors-in-chief are Bart van Dongen (University of Manchester), Elizabeth Minor (University of Minnesota Duluth), and Clifford Walters (University of Texas at Austin). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 2.6. Notable articles According to the Web of Science, the journal's two most cited papers () are: (cited 766 times) (cited 722 times) References External links European Association of Organic Geochemists Monthly journals Academic journals established in 1977 English-language journals Geochemistry journals Elsevier academic journals
Lichi Formation. The Lichi Formation () is a palaeontological formation located in Taiwan. It also called the "Liji Badlands" or the "Moon World of Liji". References Geologic formations of Asia Geology of Taiwan
2001 in philosophy. 2001 in philosophy Events Saul Kripke was awarded the Rolf Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy "for his creation of the modal-logical semantics that bear his name and for his associated original and profound investigations of identity, reference and necessity". Publications Christopher Hitchens, Letters to a Young Contrarian (2001) Alain Finkielkraut, The Internet, The Troubling Ecstasy (2001) John A. Leslie, Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology (2001) Mario Bunge, Philosophy in Crisis: The Need for Reconstruction (2001) Introductory Books Michael Williams, Problems Of Knowledge: A Critical Introduction to Epistemology (2001) Deaths January 5 - G. E. M. Anscombe (born 1919) February 9 - Herbert A. Simon (born 1916) February 24 - Claude Shannon (born 1916) April 24 - Paul Thieme (born 1905) May 28 - Francisco Varela (born 1946) June 28 - Mortimer J. Adler (born 1902) August 12 - Pierre Klossowski (born 1905) September 30 - John C. Lilly (born 1915) October 14 - David Lewis (born 1941) December 20 - Léopold Sédar Senghor (born 1906) References Philosophy 21st century in philosophy Philosophy by year
1899 in philosophy. 1899 in philosophy Events Publications Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (1899, dated 1900) Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) Heinrich Rickert, Kulturwissenschaft und Naturwissenschaft (1899) Philosophical literature Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (1899) Births May 8 - Friedrich Hayek (died 1992) September 20 - Leo Strauss (died 1973) Deaths References Philosophy 19th century in philosophy Philosophy by year
Russian swing. A Russian swing is a large, floor-mounted swing which is sometimes used in circus performances to make impressive high acrobatic jumps. Unlike ordinary playground swings, a Russian swing has steel bars instead of ropes, and its swinging platform is able to rotate 360 degrees around the horizontal bar from which it is suspended. Two or more acrobats stand on the swing platform, pumping it back and forth until it is swinging in high arcs. One acrobat (the flyer) then jumps upwards off the swing before it slows to a stationary speed at the peak of its arc. By jumping off the moving swing the flyer can increase their kinetic energy by more than the increase obtainable by jumping from the ground or other stationary surface. The flyer can achieve enough altitude to execute one of various aerial flips before landing at a distance from the swing. The flyer may land on a crash mat, in a vertically slanted net, in the arms of other acrobats (referred to as catchers), in a pool of water, or even on the platform of another Russian swing. Performing companies whose shows have used the Russian swing include: Cirque du Soleil (Saltimbanco, O, Varekai, Love, Luzia) Flying Angels Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus (Zing Zang Zoom) Moscow State Circus Troupe Shatalov UniverSoul Circus (Zhukau acrobatic troupe) Vorobiev Troupe Gamma Phi Circus at Illinois State University The Great Moscow Circus (Australian touring circus) Playgrounds In Russia and other countries, the Russian swing is sometimes seen on playgrounds. However, the more typical swings in Russia will feature a regular seat, hung on steel bars. See also Circus skills Russian bar Kiiking Sources Circus equipment Circus skills
1845 in philosophy. 1845 in philosophy Events Publications Alexander von Humboldt, Cosmos: A Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe (1845) William Whewell, The Elements Of Morality, Including Polity (1845) Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Facundo (1845) Søren Kierkegaard, Stages on Life's Way (1845) Births March 3 - Georg Cantor (died 1918) Deaths May 12 - August Wilhelm Schlegel (born 1767) February 22 - Sydney Smith (born 1771) External links References Philosophy 19th century in philosophy Philosophy by year
University Hospital (TV series). University Hospital is an American medical drama series that aired from January 16 to May 1, 1995. It was part of a syndicated package of shows called the Spelling Premiere Network. Premise The series is about four student nurses at a university aka k1 hospital. Cast Main Rebecca Cross as Megan Peterson Hillary Danner as Jamie Fuller Hudson Leick as Tracy Stone Alexandra Wilson as Samantha "Sam" McCormick Tonya Pinkins as Nurse Jenkins Recurring Doug a Wert as Dr. Rob Daniels Michael Parlance as Mark Episodes References External links 1995 American television series debuts 1995 American television series endings 1990s American medical drama television series American English-language television shows First-run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by Spelling Television Television series by CBS Studios Television shows filmed in Vancouver
Halostachine. Halostachine (also known as N-methylphenylethanolamine) is a natural product, an alkaloid first isolated from the Asian shrub Halostachys caspica (synonym Halostachys belangeriana), and structurally a β-hydroxy-phenethylamine (a phenylethanolamine) related to its better-known "parent" biogenic amine, phenylethanolamine, to the adrenergic drug synephrine, and to the alkaloid ephedrine. The pharmacological properties of halostachine have some similarity to those of these structurally-related compounds, and Halostachys caspica extracts have been included as a constituent of certain OTC dietary supplements, but halostachine has never been developed as a prescription drug. Although it is found in nature as a single stereoisomer, halostachine is more commonly available as a synthetic product in the form of its racemate (see below). In appearance it is a colorless solid. Occurrence Naturally-occurring halostachine was first discovered by Syrneva in the halophytic plant Halostachys caspica (now classed as Halostachys belangeriana) (family Amaranthaceae). The erroneous structure originally proposed for this compound was subsequently corrected by Menshikov and Rubinstein. Halostachine has also been isolated from perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne and from tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea. The presence of N-methylphenylethanolamine in rat brain was implied by the experiments described by Saavedra and Axelrod. Chemistry Synthesis Several syntheses of racemic N-methylphenylethanolamine have been published over the years. A synthesis using "classical" methodology was reported by Durden and co-workers, starting from acetophenone. The methyl group of acetophenone was brominated with bromine to give α-bromoacetophenone, which was then reacted with N-methylbenzylamine to give an amino-ketone. The amino-ketone was reduced with lithium aluminium hydride to the corresponding amino-alcohol, and the N-benzyl group finally removed by catalytic hydrogenation using a palladium on charcoal catalyst. Another synthesis, due to Nordlander and co-workers, began with the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene by N-(trifluoroacetyl)glycyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride. The resulting N-(trifluoroacetyl)-α-aminoacetophenone was then N-methylated with methyl iodide and potassium carbonate, and the product finally converted to racemic N-methylphenylethanolamine by means of sodium borohydride in ethanol. An efficient, stereospecific synthesis of halostachine was reported by Zandbergen and co-workers: (R)-(+)-α-hydroxybenzeneacetonitrile was first O-protected using 2-methoxypropene. The product was then treated with DIBAL, and the unisolated imine then treated sequentially with ammonium bromide and methylamine to effect "transimination". The resulting N-methylimine was converted to (R)-(−)-α-[(methylamino)methyl]benzenemethanol (i.e. (R)-(−)-halostachine) with sodium borohydride. Properties Chemically, N-methylphenyethanolamine is an aromatic compound, an amine, and an alcohol. The amino-group makes this compound a weak base, capable of reacting with acids to form salts. One common salt of N-methylphenylethanolamine is the (racemic) hydrochloride, C9H13NO.HCl, m.p. 103-104 °C. The pKa of N-methylphenylethanolamine hydrochloride, at 25 °C and at a concentration of 10 mM, is 9.29. The presence of the hydroxy-group on the benzylic C of the N-methylphenylethanolamine molecule creates a chiral center, so the compound exists in the form of two enantiomers, d- and l-N-methylphenylethanolamine, or as the racemic mixture, d,l- N-methylphenylethanolamine. The dextrorotatory isomer corresponds to the S-configuration, and the levorotatory isomer to the R-configuration. The N-methylphenylethanolamine isolated from Halostachys caspica, and given the alkaloid name "halostachine", was found to be the levorotatory enantiomer. Halostachine has a melting point of 43-45 °C and [α]D = - 47.03°; the hydrochloride salt of this enantiomer has m.p. 113-114 °C, and [α]D = - 52.21°. The resolution of racemic N-methylphenylethanolamine, by means of its tartrate salts, yielded enantiomers with specific rotations of [α]D = - 52.46° and + 52.78°. Pharmacology The first pharmacological investigation of synthetic, racemic N-methylphenylethanolamine (referred to as "methylphenylethanolamine" by these authors) was carried out by Barger and Dale, who found it to be a pressor, with a potency similar to that of phenylethanolamine and β-phenylethylamine in a cat preparation. Subsequently, this compound (still in the form of its racemate) was studied more thoroughly by Chen and co-workers, who confirmed its pressor activity, but observed that it was about one-half as potent as phenylethanolamine after i.v. administration in a cat preparation: a total dose of 5 x 10−6 M (or ~ 1 mg of the HCl salt) caused a maximum rise in blood pressure of 26 mm Hg. Additional experiments by these investigators showed that racemic N-methylphenylethanolamine also caused mydriasis in the rabbit eye (instillation of a drop of 0.05 M/L solution producing about 5 x as much dilation as the same dose of phenylethanolamine), inhibition of isolated rabbit intestine strips, and contraction of isolated guinea pig uterus. The drug was also astringent on nasal mucosa. In man, an oral dose of 50 mg produced no effects on blood pressure, but this is only according to a single study from 1929. Later studies by Lands and Grant on the effects of racemic N-methylphenylethanolamine (identified by the Sterling-Winthrop company codes "WIN 5529" or "WIN 5529-2") on blood pressure in intact dogs showed similar results to those obtained by Chen et al.: 0.41 mg/kg of the drug, given i.v., caused a rise in blood pressure of 38 mm Hg lasting 3–10 minutes. This effect was described as being ~ 1/200 x that produced by the same dose of epinephrine (or ~ 1/250 x when compared on a molar basis). In sheep, halostachine produced only a slight mydriasis at a dose of 30 mg/kg, i.v., and "excitation" at 100 mg/kg; in guinea pigs, doses of 30 mg/kg, i.p., produced restlessness lasting about 1/2 hour, but 100 mg/kg, i.p., caused excitement, mydriasis, salivation, piloerection, muscular tremors, and increased heart and respiratory rates, with a return to normal after 1/2–2 hours. Intravenous administration of the drug to dogs, in doses of ~ 6 – 18 mg/kg, was found to produce significant mydriasis (a 100% increase in pupil diameter resulting from a dose of 17.5 mg/kg), the effect being somewhat greater (~ 1.3 x) than that produced by the same doses of phenylethanolamine. N-Methylphenylethanolamine also caused a decrease in heart rate which was inversely related to the dose (i.e. progressively larger doses caused less bradycardia), and which was quantitatively less than that produced by the same doses of phenylethanolamine. The drug produced a fall in body temperature which was also inversely correlated with the dose, and which was smaller than that produced by the same doses of phenylethanolamine. Additional symptoms that were observed included profuse salivation and piloerection, although, in contrast to phenylethanolamine, N-methylphenylethanolamine did not produce any stereotyped or rapid eye movements. These results led the authors to suggest that N-methylphenylethanolamine was acting on both α and β adrenergic receptors. Using a β2 adrenergic receptor preparation derived from transfected HEK 293 cells, Liappakis and co-workers found that in wild-type receptors, racemic N-methylphenylethanolamine (referred to by these authors as "halostachine") had ~ 1/120 x the affinity of epinephrine in competition experiments with 3[H]-CGP-12177, and was therefore about 3 x more potent than phenylethanolamine itself. Measurements of cAMP accumulation in intact transfected HEK 293 cells, after treatment with EEDQ to inactivate 98-99% of the receptors, indicated that "halostachine" was ~ 19% as effective as epinephrine in maximally-stimulating the cAMP accumulation in the wild-type receptors. "Halostachine" was thus interpreted as having partial agonist properties at β2 receptors. Pharmacodynamics The pharmacokinetics of N-methylphenylethanolamine, after i.v. administration to dogs, were studied by Shannon and co-workers, who found that the drug followed the "two-compartment model", with T1/2(α) ≃ 9.7 minutes and T1/2(β) ≃ 56.4 minutes; the "plasma half-life" of N-methylphenylethanolamine was therefore about 1 hour. Biochemistry In animal tissue, N-methylphenylethanolamine is formed by the action of the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT), first isolated from monkey adrenal glands by Julius Axelrod, on phenylethanolamine. The actions of monoamine oxidases MAO-A and MAO-B from rat brain mitochondria on N-methylphenylethanolamine were characterized by Osamu and co-workers, who found that at a concentration of 10 μM, this compound (stereochemical identity unspecified) was a specific substrate for MAO-B, but at 100 μM and 1000 μM it became a substrate for both MAO-A and MAO-B. The kinetic constants reported by these researchers were: Km = 27.7 μM; Vmax = 3.67 nM/mg protein/30 mins (high affinity), and Km = 143 μM; Vmax = 7.87 nM/mg protein/30 mins (low affinity). Toxicity The LD50 of N-methylphenylethanolamine in mouse is reported as 44 mg/kg, i.v., and ~ 140 mg/kg, i.p. (racemic; HCl salt).; in an earlier paper from the same year, Lands notes an approximate LD50 of 490 mg/kg (mouse, i.p.) for what is ostensibly the same drug, but coded as "WIN 5529", rather than "WIN 5529-2". The minimum lethal dose of the racemate in rabbits, i.v., is given as 100 mg/kg. Studies carried out to determine whether halostachine might be responsible for causing "ryegrass staggers" in Australia involved the administration of doses up to 100 mg/kg, i.v., in sheep, and 100 mg/kg, i.p., in guinea pigs, without any indication of lethality. Although apparently adrenergic effects were evident in the guinea pigs (see "Pharmacology", above), the investigators concluded that halostachine was unlikely to be the cause of the "staggers" syndrome. See also Phenylethanolamine References Phenethylamine alkaloids Phenylethanolamines Secondary amines
Marlena Fejzo. Marlena Schoenberg Fejzo (born February 20, 1968) is an American medical scientist and professor of research on hyperemesis gravidarum. Education She received her undergraduate degree from Brown University in Applied Math in 1989 and a Ph.D. in Genetics from Harvard University in 1995. From 2000-2020, while working on the side on Hyperemesis Gravidarum due to her own personal experience with the condition, she worked on ovarian cancer in the department of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, in the laboratory of Dennis J. Slamon. Currently she is research faculty at the University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine. Research She has published peer-reviewed scientific articles on many diseases of women including ovarian cancer, breast cancer, multiple sclerosis, and discovered the first genes for uterine fibroids, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, and hyperemesis gravidarum. In 2018, Fejzo, in collaboration with personal genetics company 23andMe, Inc, published the first link between nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the placenta, appetite, and vomiting hormone GDF15 as well as other genes. In 2022, she published the first mutation in GDF15 associated with Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG), solidifying the role of GDF15 as a predisposing factor for HG. In December, 2023, in collaboration with Stephen O'Rahilly and a team of international researchers, Fejzo published a study that identified the mechanism involved in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and HG. The study identified ways to potentially prevent and treat both nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (common misnomer "morning sickness") and HG. Fejzo is a Research Advisor and Board Member of the Hyperemesis Education and Research Foundation. Recognition In 2023 Fejzo was named one of ten fiercest women in life sciences by Fierce Pharma and in 2024 was selected as a TIME Women of the year, a Time100 Health honoree, and a National NOW awardee. Personal life Fejzo is the granddaughter of the Austrian composers Arnold Schoenberg and Eric Zeisl, and the sister of the attorney E. Randol Schoenberg. She is the great-granddaughter of the Austrian physician and endocrinologist Rudolf Rafael Kolisch. Fejzo has three children. References 1968 births Living people American medical researchers American people of Austrian-Jewish descent Brown University alumni Harvard University alumni David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA faculty University of Southern California faculty Schoenberg, Marlena
Looney 11 rule. In lunar photography, the Looney 11 rule (also known as the Looney rule) is a method of estimating correct exposures without a light meter. For daylight photography, there is a similar rule called the Sunny 16 rule. The basic rule is: "For astronomical photos of the Moon's surface, set aperture to and shutter speed to the [reciprocal of the] ISO film speed [or ISO setting]." With ISO 100, the photographer should set the shutter speed to 1/100 or 1/125 second. (On some cameras, 1/125 second is the available setting nearest to 1/100 second.) With ISO 200, set it to 1/200 or 1/250 second. With ISO 400, set it to 1/400 or 1/500 second. As with other light readings, shutter speed can be changed as long as the f-number is altered to compensate, e.g. 1/250 second at gives equivalent exposure to 1/125 second at . Generally, the adjustment is done such that for each step in aperture increase (i.e., decreasing the f-number), the exposure time has to be halved (or equivalently, the shutter speed doubled), and vice versa. This follows the more general rule derived from the mathematical relationship between aperture and exposure time—within reasonable ranges, exposure is proportional to the square of the aperture ratio and proportional to exposure time; thus, to maintain a constant level of exposure, a change in aperture by a factor requires a change in exposure time by a factor and vice versa. Steps in aperture correspond to a factor close to the square root of two, thus the above rule. The intensity of visible sunlight striking the surface of the Moon is essentially the same as at the surface of the Earth. The albedo of the Moon's surface material is lower (darker) than that of the Earth's surface, and the Looney 11 rule increases exposure by one stop versus the Sunny 16 rule. See also Astrophotography Night photography Sunny 16 rule References External links Lunar Photography Exposure Guide Photographic techniques Rules of thumb
Titan Lake In-situ Sampling Propelled Explorer. Titan Lake In-situ Sampling Propelled Explorer (TALISE) is a Spanish space probe proposed in 2012 that would splash-down in Ligeia Mare, the second largest lake on Saturn's moon Titan. TALISE would navigate across the lake for six months to one year. If this mission is approved by the European Space Agency (ESA), it would analyze the liquid hydrocarbons sea and take scientific measurements while it navigates to the coast in the northern region of Titan. It is also proposed in the mission to study the surrounding terrain of Ligeia Mare. This mission proposal was a joined project between the Spanish Astrobiology Center and SENER. Naming "Talise" is the Iroquois word for "beautiful water." See also Dragonfly, a proposed Titan lander and rotorcraft Explorer of Enceladus and Titan (E2T) Journey to Enceladus and Titan (JET) Titan Mare Explorer Titan Saturn System Mission References Planetary rovers Missions to Saturn Titan (moon) Proposed space probes Space program of Spain
Westside Medical. Westside Medical is an American medical drama that aired from March 17 until August 25, 1977. Premise The series is about three young doctors working at a clinic in Southern California. Cast James Sloyan as Dr. Sam Lanagan Linda Carlson as Dr. Janet Cottrell Ernest Thompson as Dr. Phil Barker Alice Nunn as Carrie Episodes References External links TV Guide 1977 American television series debuts 1977 American television series endings 1970s American medical drama television series American English-language television shows American Broadcasting Company television dramas Television shows set in California
Regulation of alternative medicine. Because of the uncertain nature of various alternative therapies and the wide variety of claims different practitioners make, alternative medicine has been a source of vigorous debate, even over the definition of "alternative medicine". Dietary supplements, their ingredients, safety, and claims, are a continual source of controversy. In some cases, political issues, mainstream medicine and alternative medicine all collide, such as in cases where synthetic drugs are legal but the herbal sources of the same active chemical are banned. In other cases, controversy over mainstream medicine causes questions about the nature of a treatment, such as water fluoridation. Alternative medicine and mainstream medicine debates can also spill over into freedom of religion discussions, such as the right to decline lifesaving treatment for one's children because of religious beliefs. Government regulators continue to attempt to find a regulatory balance. Jurisdiction differs concerning which branches of alternative medicine are legal, which are regulated, and which (if any) are provided by a government-controlled health service or reimbursed by a private health medical insurance company. The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – article 34 (Specific legal obligations) of the General Comment No. 14 (2000) on The right to the highest attainable standard of health – states that Specific implementations of this article are left to member states. Two governments, acting under the laws of their respective countries, maintain websites for public information making a distinction between "alternative medicine" and "complementary medicine". In North America, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) states: "...people often use the words “alternative” and “complementary” interchangeably, but the two terms refer to different concepts: 'Complementary' generally refers to using a non-mainstream approach together with conventional medicine. 'Alternative' refers to using a non-mainstream approach in place of conventional medicine. True alternative medicine is not common. Most people use non-mainstream approaches along with conventional treatments. And the boundaries between complementary and conventional medicine overlap and change with time. For example, guided imagery and massage, both once considered complementary or alternative, are used regularly in some hospitals to help with pain management." In the British Isles, the National Health Service (England)'s NHS Choices (owned by the Department of Health) states: "Although 'complementary and alternative' is often used as a single category, it can be useful to make a distinction between complementary and alternative medicine. This distinction is about two different ways of using these treatments". "Treatments are sometimes used to provide an experience that is pleasant in itself. This can include use alongside conventional treatments, to help a patient cope with a health condition. When used this way the treatment is not intended as an alternative to conventional treatment. The US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) says that use of treatments in this way can be called 'complementary medicine'. Treatments are sometimes used instead of conventional medicine, with the intention of treating or curing a health condition. The NCCIH says that use of treatments in this way can be called 'alternative medicine'. There can be overlap between these two categories. For example, aromatherapy may sometimes be used as a complementary treatment, and in other circumstances is used as an alternative treatment. A number of complementary and alternative treatments are typically used with the intention of treating or curing a health condition. Examples include: homeopathy, acupuncture, osteopathy, chiropractic, herbalism." United States In the United States the Food and Drug Administration's online warnings for consumers about medication health fraud includes a section on Alternative Medicine Fraud, such as a warning that Ayurvedic products generally have not been approved by FDA before marketing. Texas In the state of Texas, physicians may be partially protected from charges of unprofessional conduct or failure to practice medicine in an acceptable manner, and thus from disciplinary action, when they prescribe alternative medicine in a complementary manner, if board specific practice requirements are satisfied and the therapies utilized do not present "a safety risk for the patient that is unreasonably greater than the conventional treatment for the patient's medical condition." Colorado Practice of alternative medicine in Colorado is governed by the Colorado Natural Health Consumer Protection Act. The act prohibits techniques such as psychotherapy, surgery, midwifery, or dentistry but, after full disclosure, permits many alternative practices such as color or aromatherapy which are deemed harmless. The exact provisions of the law are complex. New Zealand In New Zealand, alternative medicine products are classified as food products, so there are no regulations or safety standards in place. Australia In Australia, the topic is termed as complementary medicine and the Therapeutic Goods Administration has issued various guidances and standards. Australian regulatory guidelines for complementary medicines (ARGCM) demands that the pesticides, fumigants, toxic metals, microbial toxins, radionuclides, and microbial contaminations present in herbal substances should be monitored, although the guidance does not request for the evidences of these traits. However, for the herbal substances in pharmacopoeial monographes, the detailed information should be supplied to relevant authorities The production of modern pharmaceuticals is strictly regulated to ensure that medicines contain a standardized quantity of active ingredients and are free from contamination. Alternative medicine products are not subject to the same governmental quality control standards, and consistency between doses can vary. This leads to uncertainty in the chemical content and biological activity of individual doses. This lack of oversight means that alternative health products are vulnerable to adulteration and contamination. This problem is magnified by international commerce, since different countries have different types and degrees of regulation. This can make it difficult for consumers to properly evaluate the risks and qualities of given products. Denmark In Denmark, herbal and dietary supplements is the designation of a range of products, which have in common their status as medicine belonging under the Danish Medicines Act. In the Danish Medicines Act there exist four types of herbal and dietary supplements: Herbal medicinal products, Strong vitamin and mineral preparations, Traditional botanical medicinal products and Homeopathic medicinal products. Some dietary supplements fall within a special category of products, which differ from the above in that they are not authorized medicinal products. Dietary supplements are regulated under the Food Act and are registered by the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration. Alternative therapists Denmark has a registration system for alternative therapy practitioners, RAB. Switzerland The Swiss Federal Constitution prescribes that the Confederation and the Cantons shall, within the scope of their powers, ensure that consideration is given to complementary medicine. United Kingdom Safety, quality and efficacy are the only criteria on which United Kingdom legislation is founded to control human medicines. Regulation of medicines and medical devices, to ensure they work and are acceptably safe, is the responsibility of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The legal status of medicines is determined under the Medicines Act 1968 and European Council Directive 2001/83/EC which control the sale and supply of medicines. The legal status of medicinal products is part of the marketing authorisation which allows products to be available on a prescription (referred to as Prescription Only Medicines), or in a pharmacy without prescription under the supervision of a pharmacist, or on general sale and saleable in general retail outlets without the supervision of a pharmacist. There are 12 organisations in the United Kingdom known as health and social care regulators. Each organisation oversees one or more of the health and social care professions by regulating individual professionals across the UK. The General Medical Council is one of these, for medical practitioners who as physicians are registered and licensed to practise under the Medical Act 1983. Councils for other practitioners include the General Chiropractic Council under the Chiropractors Act 1994 and the General Osteopathic Council under the Osteopaths Act 1993. See also Regulation and prevalence of homeopathy References Alternative medicine
Daniel K. Riskin. Daniel K. Riskin is a Canadian evolutionary biologist, television personality and producer. He hosted the Canadian television series Daily Planet. Early life and education He was born and raised in Edmonton, Alberta and currently lives in Toronto, Ontario. He received a BSc in zoology from the University of Alberta, an MSc in biology from York University, and a PhD in zoology from Cornell University. He also completed post-doctoral studies at Boston University and Brown University. Career Science During high school, Riskin read a book called Just Bats by M. Brock Fenton. The book inspired him, so he contacted Fenton, then a professor at York University, and told him that he would like to meet him. Fenton invited him to come out to join his lab. Within a few months, Riskin was catching bats in Costa Rica. Riskin has studied bats in Costa Rica, United States, Canada, Anguilla, France, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad, Ecuador, South Africa and Madagascar and has filmed in United States, Morocco, England, China and Germany. He has authored or co-authored more than 20 papers. After publishing a scientific paper about running vampire bats in 2005, Riskin was interviewed on Discovery Canada's flagship daily science show, Daily Planet, by then-host Natasha Stillwell. Years later, Riskin joined the show as the replacement for long-time host Jay Ingram. Television Riskin appears on the Animal Planet series Monsters Inside Me, which is about parasites, as an expert. To promote that show, Riskin has appeared on The Dr. Oz Show (2009), The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2010), and several times on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson (2010–2014). Riskin has also appeared on the shows Evolve (2008) and Bedbug Apocalypse (2011). In 2010, Riskin became the co-host of Daily Planet, on Discovery Channel Canada with Ziya Tong. Although Riskin now works full-time in television, he still dabbles in bat research. On one of his first segments on Daily Planet, he filmed in China to look for the fishing bat which catches fish with its feet. Writing Riskin's first book, Mother Nature is Trying to Kill You: A Lively Tour Through the Dark Side of the Natural World, was published by Touchstone Books on March 4, 2014. Television appearances Evolve – Expert (2008) Monsters Inside Me – Expert (2009–2017) Bedbug Apocalypse – Expert (2011) Human Nature – Host (2012) Daily Planet – Co-Host (2011–2018) Battle of the Alphas - Expert (2021-2022) Mysteries From Above (2022-Present) References External links Daily Planet Co-Host Bio: Dan Riskin Living people Cornell University alumni Scientists from Edmonton 1975 births Canadian evolutionary biologists University of Alberta alumni York University alumni
Chidi Chike Achebe. Chidi Chike Achebe (born 24 May 1967) is a Nigerian-American physician executive. He is currently the chairman and CEO of AIDE (African Integrated Development Enterprise). AIDE is a Boston-based organization dedicated to the development of the African continent. Dr. Achebe has also served as the president and CEO of Harvard Street Neighborhood Health Center, Medical Director of Whittier Street Health Center and as assistant professor at Tufts University School of Medicine– all in Boston, Massachusetts. Achebe also serves as medical consultant; Clean water for kids – an NGO that brings fresh water to underserved communities in Liberia; and advisor for Tesfa Health, Bahirdar, Ethiopia. Background Born in Enugu in southeastern Nigeria, Achebe is the third child of Chinua Achebe and Professor Christie Chinwe Okoli-Achebe. His father is regarded as the "father of modern African literature" and best known for the trilogy of classic African novels Things Fall Apart (1958); "No Longer at Ease" (1960); and "Arrow of God" (1964). In 1972, shortly after the end of the Nigerian civil war, the family moved to the U.S. for about five years while his father held professorships at American universities. They resided again in Nigeria during the 1980s, before returning to America. His younger sister Nwando Achebe is a historian and professor at Michigan State University. Chidi Achebe is married to Maureen Okam-Achebe who is a Hematology/Oncology specialist at Harvard University's Brigham and Women's hospital. They have three sons. Education and career Achebe completed undergraduate studies in natural sciences, history and philosophy at Bard College; received an MPH from the Harvard School of Public Health, his MD at Dartmouth Medical School and an MBA degree at Yale University's School of Management. He also completed his residency in both Internal Medicine and Pediatrics at the University of Texas, Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas. After several years of work at various Boston health centers, Achebe says he now sees "the struggle against inequalities in health and health care for all vulnerable, under served Americans, as the next stage of the Civil Rights movement". Awards and Recognitions Achebe was awarded the 2012 Dartmouth College Martin Luther King Award (Ongoing Category). In May, 2022, Dr. Chidi Achebe was awarded the John and Samuel Bard Award in Medicine and Science by Bard College for his work with the underserved in the US and globally. The award had previously been presented to the two-time Nobel laureate Professor Linus Pauling as well as Nobel laureate Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, Mathilde Krim and Lewis Thomas. Selected papers and publications OIL: Prize or Curse (With Paul Epstein) AIDS: A Disease of Mass Destruction AIDS: An Assault to our shared humanity Contributions of the African American: A Black History Month Essay Prostate Cancer and Black Men: A call to Action The Polio Epidemic in Nigeria: a Public Health Emergency (2) Yale School of Management: Article on the Leadership in health Care program References Bard College alumni Yale School of Management alumni Physicians from Massachusetts Living people Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni Geisel School of Medicine alumni American nonprofit chief executives American health care chief executives Chidi Chike 1967 births
1986 in philosophy. 1986 in philosophy Events Publications Saunders Mac Lane, Mathematics, Form and Function Hans Blumenberg, Lebenszeit und Weltzeit (not yet translated into English) David Gauthier, Morals by Agreement David Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds Martha Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness Thomas Nagel, The View from Nowhere Deaths January 9 - Michel de Certeau (born 1925) February 17 - Jiddu Krishnamurti (born 1895) February 19 - André Leroi-Gourhan (born 1911) April 14 - Simone de Beauvoir (born 1908) References Philosophy 20th century in philosophy Philosophy by year
Medical Education for South African Blacks. Medical Education for South African Blacks (MESAB) was a 501(c)(3) organization that operated from 1985 to 2007. MESAB was a collaborative effort by Americans and South Africans to support the training of black South Africans in the health professions in an effort to improve health care for the black African population of South Africa. MESAB provided scholarships for black South African students at 26 South African universities and technikons, along with sundry training initiatives in community health clinics. MESAB was founded in 1985 by retired diplomat Herbert Kaiser and his wife Joy Kaiser and closed its doors in 2007. At the time of MESAB's founding, South Africa's apartheid policies dictated separate health facilities for blacks. These facilities were underfunded, underequipped, and understaffed compared with those provided to whites. Accomplishments From 1985-2007, MESAB's scholarship program provided a total of 11,243 grants (or, "bursaries") to needy students at 26 South African universities and technikons. In addition: It pioneered South Africa's first mentor program to help students succeed. 6,000 students received guidance at 17 South African universities and technikons. It supported advanced training for nurses in midwifery and neonatal care. It encouraged and contributed to university rural outreach programs. Its palliative care initiative promoted and supported home-based care for dying AIDS victims and training for doctors in palliative care. It established awards for academic and professional achievement by black health professionals . Founding context MESAB was founded by Herbert Kaiser, a retired diplomat, and his wife Joy. They believed that additional black health professionals would immediately improve access to health care and that these new caregivers would play a greater role in formulating health policy and become leaders in a post-apartheid future. In 1984 there were fewer than 350 black doctors in a black population of over 20 million. Blacks comprised 70% of the population, but only 3% of all doctors were black. The following statistics illuminate the problem: Black life expectancy was 15 years less than for whites. Maternal mortality was ten times greater for blacks than for whites. Infant mortality was as high as 190 babies compared with 13.4 for white infants. Deaths under the age of four: 55 percent of all deaths among blacks compared with 7 percent for whites. Limited access to health care meant that blacks were dying from preventable diseases like TB, typhoid, gastroenteritis, and measles that were virtually eliminated in the white population. Occupancy rates of 150% at hospitals for blacks were common, which often meant one in the bed and one on the floor. Board structure The US Board of Directors was drawn from the worlds of medicine, academia, civil rights organizations, and business. Its role was to establish broad policy guidelines and raise funds. The first Chairman of the Board was Donald Kennedy, then president of Stanford University and former Director of the Federal Food and Drug Administration. He was succeeded by Dr. Louis W. Sullivan, president of the Morehouse School of Medicine and former US Secretary of Health and Human Services. The South African Council recommended and administered MESAB programs, among them financial aid and personal counseling. Its first Chairman was Professor Phillip V. Tobias, the noted paleoanthropologist and long-time opponent of apartheid. He was succeeded by Professor Mervyn Shear, who was followed by Dr. Nthato Motlana, a civic leader in Soweto and a close associate of Nelson Mandela. Council members were leaders of medical, educational, business, and community organizations. Funding Funding for MESAB came from corporate, foundation, and individual donors. Major contributors included Peter Bing, Peter Kovler, George Soros, David Tabatznik Bristol-Myers Squibb, Coca-Cola Co., Ford Motor Company, Henry Schein Inc., Hewlett Packard, Johnson & Johnson, Kaiser Permanente, Kellogg Foundation, Levi Strauss & Co., Pfizer, the Starr Foundation, and USAID, among many others. Over its 22 years of operations, MESAB raised over $27 million to help over 10,000 black students enter the health professions. Its graduates are now doctors, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, and other skilled caregivers responding to the health needs of all South Africans, especially those of black communities previously denied access to healthcare. References Further reading Figuero, Angelo. "Paying a debt – with interest." San Jose Mercury News, 15 August 1994. Greene, Elizabeth. "Healing the Scars of Apartheid." The Chronicle of Philanthropy, 20 October 1992. Kaiser, Herb and Joy Kaiser. Against the Odds: Health & Hope in South Africa: The story of Medical Education for South African Blacks. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013. Hodek, Ambassador Robert. rev. of Against the Odds. Foreign Service Journal, July/August 2013: 62. Niekerk, J. P. de V. Van. "21 Years of Bursaries for Black Medics." South African Medical Journal, Vol. 96, No. 7 (2006). Reed, William. "Business Exchange." Capital Spotlight, 5 April 1990. Simon, Janine. "Thoughtful human beings should help fund medics." Johannesburg Star, 30 May 1995. "South Africa lauds P.A. couple for helping medical students." San Jose Mercury News, 12 January 1996. Williams, Adrienne Oleck. "Local Group sends Jewish and black doctors to South Africa." Washington Jewish Week, 8 September 1994. Wren, Christopher S. "U.S. Helps Black South Africans Get M.D.'s." New York Times, 5 May 1991. Health charities in the United States Medical and health organisations based in South Africa Foreign charities operating in South Africa
Prasad V. Bharatam. Prasad V. Bharatam is Professor of Medicinal Chemistry at the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India. His area of research include Quantum Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacoinformatics, synthesis of computationally designed molecules (anti-diabetic belonging to class PPAR-γ agonist and biguanides), drug delivery using dendrimers. Awards Fellowship of Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, Bonn IBM Faculty Award Fellowship of Royal Society of Chemistry(FRSC), London Chem. Research Society of India – Medal Indian Academy of Sciences Fellowship Ranbaxy Research Award OPPI Scientist Award Fellowship of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences References 1962 births Academic staff of the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Living people
Tame animal. A tame animal is an animal that is relatively tolerant of human presence. Tameness may arise naturally (as in the case, for example, of island tameness) or due to the deliberate, human-directed process of training an animal against its initially wild or natural instincts to avoid or attack humans. The tameability of an animal is the level of ease it takes humans to train the animal, and varies among individual animals, breeds, or species. In the English language, "taming" and "domestication" refer to two partially overlapping but distinct concepts. For example feral animals are domesticated, but not tamed. Similarly, taming is not the same as animal training, although in some contexts these terms may be used interchangeably. Taming implies that the animal tolerates not merely human proximity, but at minimum human touching. Yet, more common usage limits the label "tame" to animals which do not threaten or injure humans who do not harm or threaten them. Tameness, in this sense, should be distinguished from "socialization" wherein the animals treat humans much like conspecifics, for instance by trying to dominate humans. Taming versus domestication Domestication and taming are related but distinct concepts. Taming is the conditioned behavioral modification of a wild-born animal when its natural avoidance of humans is reduced and it accepts the presence of humans, but domestication is the permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage that leads to an inherited predisposition toward humans. Human selection included tameness, but domestication is not achieved without a suitable evolutionary response. Domestic animals do not need to be tame in the behavioral sense, such as the Spanish fighting bull. Wild animals can be tame, such as a hand-raised cheetah. A domestic animal's breeding is controlled by humans and its tameness and tolerance of humans is genetically determined. Thus, an animal bred in captivity is not necessarily domesticated; tigers, gorillas, and polar bears breed readily in captivity but are not domesticated. Asian elephants are wild animals that with taming manifest outward signs of domestication, yet their breeding is not human controlled and thus they are not true domesticates. See also Dressage and reining for horses Lion taming Tame bear Tame elephant Animals in professional wrestling References Sources Stringham, S. F. 2010. When Bears Whisper, Do You Listen? WildWatch, Soldotna, AK. Human–animal interaction
AZ Canis Minoris. AZ Canis Minoris is a variable star in the equatorial constellation of Canis Minor. It is just visible to the naked eye in good viewing conditions as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of around 6.46. The star is located around 500 light years away from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +15 km/s. No evidence has been found for a companion to this star, although in the past it has been reported as a binary star system. This star has a stellar classification of A5 IV, matching an A-type subgiant star. The variable nature of this star was discovered in 1970 at Kitt Peak Observatory. It is a monoperiodic Delta Scuti variable with a cycle period of and an amplitude of 0.060 in visual magnitude; ranging from a peak magnitude of 6.44 down to 6.51. AZ Canis Minoris is nearly a billion years old with a projected rotational velocity of 44 km/s. It has 1.9 times the mass of the Sun and 3.8 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 48 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,783 K. References A-type subgiants Delta Scuti variables Canis Minor Durchmusterung objects 062437 037705 2989 Canis Minoris, AZ
Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland (now known as the Mineralogical Society of the United Kingdom and Ireland) was founded in 1876. Its main purpose is to disseminate scientific knowledge of the Mineral Sciences (mineralogy) as it may be applied to the fields of crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, environmental science and economic geology. In support of this vision, the society publishes scientific journals, books and monographs. It also organizes and sponsors scientific meetings, and the society connects with other societies which have similar scientific interests. Some of these other societies are the International Mineralogical Association, the European Mineralogical Union, the Mineralogical Society of America, the Mineralogical Association of Canada, the Geological Society of London, IOM3, the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers and the Microbiology Society. Publications The Society publishes a variety of book series; these are entitled the "Landmark Series", the "Mineralogical Society Special Series", and the "Monograph series". It also publishes scientific journals entitled Mineralogical Magazine, Clay Minerals, and the EMU Notes in Mineralogy. From 1920 to 2008 it also published the Mineralogical Abstracts bibliographic database. Mineralogical Magazine and Clay Minerals are hybrid journals, publishing both subscription-based and open access articles. Awards and honours Aside from the denotation of senior members or Fellows of the Society that are permitted to use the post-nomial 'FMinSoc', the Society recognises distinguished accomplishments through medals, lectures, honorary fellowships and awards: The Mineralogical Society-Schlumberger Award, given from 1990 to 2021 through the generous sponsorship of Schlumberger Cambridge Research, is the most prestigious honour bestowed by the Society. It is awarded to recognise scientific excellence in mineralogy and its applications. From 2022, this award was renamed the Neumann Medal, in honour of Dr Barbara Neumann, a clay mineralogist and inventor of laponite. The criteria for the award remained the same. The Max Hey Medal, given since 1993, recognises research of excellence carried out by young workers, within 15 years of the award of their first degree. It is named in honour of Max H. Hey (1904-1984), eminent British mineralogist. The Collins Medal, given since 2010, is awarded annually to a scientist who has made an outstanding contribution to Mineral Sciences. The award is named after Joseph Henry Collins (1841–1916), mineralogist and one of the founding members of the Society. Mineralogical Society lectures: Hallimond Lecture, George Brown Lecture, Society Distinguished Lecturer Programme. Honorary membership/fellowship. Undergraduate student awards. Neumann Medal recipients Source: Mineralogical Society 2024 Catherine McCammon 2023 Luca Bindi 2022 Lidunka Vocadlo Schlumberger Award recipients Source: Mineralogical Society 2021 Eric Oelkers 2020 Geoffrey Gadd 2019 Sergey Krivovichev 2018 Jonathan Lloyd 2017 Maggie Cusack 2016 Liane G. Benning 2015 Simon Harley 2014 Barbara Maher 2013 Michael A. Carpenter 2012 Simon Redfern 2011 Georges Calas 2010 Randy Parrish 2009 John Brodholt 2008 Dave Rubie 2007 Roger Powell 2006 David Vaughan 2005 Reinhard Boehler 2004 Dave Manning 2003 Hugh O'Neill 2002 Christopher Hawkesworth 2001 Tim Holland 2000 Paul Nadeau 1999 David Price 1998 Ekhard Salje 1997 Tony Fallick 1996 Mike Henderson 1995 Paul Ribbe 1994 Frank Hawthorne 1993 Ian Parsons 1992 Ian Carmichael 1991 Bernie Wood 1990 Jeff Wilson Max Hey Medal recipients Source: Mineralogical Society 2024 Luke Daly 2023 Richard Palin 2022 Sophie Nixon 2021 Anouk Borst 2020 Ekaterina Kiseeva 2019 Thomas Műller 2018 Oliver Lord 2017 Victoria Coker 2016 Philip Pogge von Strandmann 2015 Stuart J. Mills 2014 Chris Greenwell 2013 Nicholas J. Tosca and Hendrik Heinz (joint winners) 2012 Madeleine Humphreys 2011 Dan Morgan 2010 Takeshi Kasama 2009 Andrew Walker 2008 Diego Gatta 2007 Michele Warren 2006 A. Dominic Fortes 2005 Paul Hoskin 2004 Mark E. Hodson and Lidunka Vocadlo (joint winners) 2003 R.J. Harrison 2002 Dan J. Frost 2001 Andrew C. Kerr 2000 Ian C.W. Fitzsimons and R.W. Kent (joint winners) 1999 Alison Pawley 1998 M.R. Lee 1997 Jamie J. Wilkinson 1996 no award 1995 Simon C. Kohn 1994 Simon Redfern 1993 Ross John Angel See also Mineralogical Abstracts database The Clay Minerals Society References External links 1876 establishments in the United Kingdom Geology societies Mineralogy Organisations based in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames Professional associations based in the United Kingdom Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom Scientific organizations established in 1876 Twickenham

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This dataset is a combination of corpora of text from scientific Wikipedia articles and scientific papers across major fields of science. This dataset contains continued-pretrain data.

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