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Hello, this is Sally. Tonight I would like to show you how to make the Chinese soup. You need this monkey head mushroom white fungus package from the supermarket. You need put water to the rice cooker about 10 cups. It teaches us about 15 cups but it is for the normal. 10 cups of water is already fine and then you open it with scissors. Because you use rice cooker, everything is much easier, not like the traditional cooking so you need to keep opening every small package till all opened Open all packages. Do not worry! I will show ingredients on the description on the description ok now. Then you need to turn on the power, like this Cover the rice cooker so about keep cooking 30 minutes, it'll well done cooking. [Add some salt.] I hope you enjoy this video. Please give me a thumb up and subscribe my Channel. Also join our membership, conference and (www.glocallogisticsweb.com) sponsor our events again. I love you. I love you all! Bye! Ingredients: Monkey Head Mushroom, white fungus, almond (nut), Euryale, honey jujube, poria Pork or chicken with ginger (optional), Salt. (Please share with your friends and family.)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
不思議だけど F1と関わるなんて考えたこともなかったテレビで見ることもあまりなかった時々だ私はサリー大学のスポーツ障害クリニックで働いていた個人トレーナー以外にもステージでエアロビを教えたりいろいろやっていたんだスキーやクライミングの指導など幅広くやっていたある時ある人にクライミングを指導したその人が指導料を払いにきて仕事について聞かれたスポーツ障害やマッサージなどこっちが本業でクライミング指導は副業だと話したすると、実はマクラーレンで働いていると言うドライバーのフィジオを探しているが興味はあるかと聞かれた少し興味はあったが楽しんでいる仕事があったでもロンドンのホテルでミカ（ハッキネン）と会うことになったデビッド（クルサード）が風邪をひいていてそれも見た結局　開幕戦まで仕事をすることになった体調を見る程度だったが背中を痛めていたデビッドを治しそこから話がふくらんだでもレースとテストに同行するだけでフルタイムではなかった開幕３戦はデビッドだけ見たオーストラリア、ブラジル、アルゼンチンだ次がヨーロッパ初戦のイモラだったミカと帰る予定が彼１人で行ってしまったイモラも初めて、レンタカーもないホテルも知らない結局誰かに乗せてもらって帰ったデビッドも一緒で先にデビッドを見てくれと言われてそうしたその後ミカの部屋へ行くと「遅すぎる。こっちが先だろう」と言ってドアを閉められたそんなわけだからちょっと口論みたいになったよでもその１週間か２週間あとだミカと仕事をしている時にトレーナーになってくれと頼まれたそれでドライバー２人のフィジオセラピストからミカ専属のトレーナーになったんだ F1で働く前のことを思い出したある時寝転がってテレビでF1を見ていた画面の下に彼の名前が出てなんて読むんだ？　ハッキネンネン？全然読めなかったんだところが８か月後には彼のペットのカメと暮らしている振り返るとすごく不思議だった名前が読めなかったのを覚えているそれが一緒に住んでいるなんて偉大なドライバー２人と働けて幸運に思うどちらもすごく才能があるがまったく違うんだミカは精神的なドライバーだ予選前はモーターホームへ行く締め切った暗い中でドライビングポジションを取るそこで完璧なラップを私に説明するんだギアチェンジやコーナー入り口、出口、スピード頭の中で１周走り終えるとそのラップタイムを言う予選タイムを予告するんだフリー走行より速すぎて信じられない時もあればそれなりの時もあった 10回のうち９回は当てたよ時にはマシンに乗ってこうやって… 私を呼んで「0.3秒速くする」と言うこともあったその通りやってのけたいい時も悪い時も経験できたのが良かった２人ともチャンピオンになりあと一歩だった年もマシンがイマイチの年もあったその過程で多くのことを学んだよチャンピオンになるという人生最大の目標をかなえられないドライバーもいるすごく落胆するだろうそれがF1にいる理由であり、夢なんだからラッキーならポイント獲得というドライバーもいる精神面も違ってくるだろうミカと働き始めたのは1997年だ当時マシンは上り調子だった 98年は素晴らしいマシンでミカも「これならチャンピオンになれる」と思ったそれだけで興奮が高まるドライバーにもチームにもプレッシャーがかかるいい年だったが波乱もあった完走できないことも終盤フェラーリが追い上げ最終戦の日本まで決まらなかった気持ちの上で大変な１年だった優勝すれば最高だでもトップを走っていてトラブルが出ることも落胆は大きい「優勝できたのに」、「ポイント差を広げられたのに」とその山場が最終戦だその日の走りにすべてがかかる選手権というのはそうでなきゃ盛り上がっていって最後に勝つか負けるかが決まるミカで感情といえば 1999年のレースだプライベートの瞬間を世界に見られたああいう時はあとで話し合うキミは少し違うレースが終わったら終わりもう変えられないと忘れてすぐ切り替えるミカも似ていたが振り返ってもっとうまくできたかと反省するミカでもキミでもセバスチャンでもいいセバスチャンとは時々バドミントンをするキミも昔はあまりやったことがなかった２人とも勝利への執念がすごいキミは最初頭を使った私はオリンピックにも出たトッププレーヤーと友人でよくプレーしていたんだ上手い人とやるほうが学ぶものが多いその時キミは友達と一緒でバドミントンをやろう、ということになったキミは友達に「先にマークとやって」と言って自分は見ていたんだまず研究してから私とやったでも私が勝ったよバドミントンの経験では上だったからでも彼はすごく燃えて陰で練習した試合するごとに上達していったよ今ではもう勝てなくなった勝てるレベルになるぞと決意して実行するんだセバスチャンと初めてやった時私たちはもう何度もやっていたがセバスチャンはあまりプレーしたことがなかった最初私もキミも彼をこてんぱんに負かした彼は経験が足りなかったからキミは「勝ったらエンツォをやる」と言った試合は延々と続いたよセバスチャンは車がほしいし勝ちたいからその後久しぶりにプレーしたらすごく上達していた彼は勝つためにバカみたいに練習したんだ今一緒にやると接戦だよ２人について感心するのは最初はこのレベルでも「これじゃダメだここまで上達しなきゃ勝てない」と練習を重ね勝てるレベルまで上達することだあらゆる状況から学ぶ能力しかも継続的に学び続けるマシンの限界を学ぶ時も同じどこまで攻められるかスピードを維持できるか限界を見極め適応するそれを全コーナーでやるんだトレーニングでも何でも楽しめるようにしなきゃいけない体幹トレーニングなんかは退屈だジムで何時間もやっていられない 13年も一緒なんだから工夫しないと例えばジェットスキーをやればバランスや体幹を鍛えられる５、６時間やるしジムで何時間もやるよりずっと効果があるジムでは、「つまらないな何とか工夫できないか」と考えるクライミングもよくやる柔軟性や体幹、精神面も鍛えられる朝食のことを考えたら落っこちるからいろいろ組み合わせて面白くなるように考える目標は同じでも達成の仕方を工夫するんだトップレベルでは普通特定のものを鍛えるラグビーならラグビーサッカーならサッカーでもF1では同じ環境を再現しにくい Gフォースを再現するのは不可能だ首を鍛える専用の器具もあるヘルメットをかぶりケーブルを付けてやるでも3.5Gの再現は不可能だコクピットの暑さや湿度もそうサウナの中でエアロバイクをやっても同じ環境の再現にはならないできるだけの準備をするしかない本番と同じ環境でトレーニングできないそこが難しいところだテストも変わった 1997年当時はレース、テスト…の繰り返しだった１年それを続けるレース後はテストだから連戦続きのようなものバルセロナで10～14日間のテストをやった春先だタイヤメーカーが２ついた頃もあったタイヤテストは重要で同行したよ今はテストが規制されて移動も楽になりスタッフみんなの疲れが減ったドライバーは大変だったレースとテスト続きで計画的にやらないとシーズン末には疲れてしまう全員が疲れていたから精神面の回復だけに集中した今はマシンに乗る機会がすごく減った前はテストがトレーニングになった特にシーズン前だミカの首もシーズン末にはこんなに太かったし固かったでも冬の間走らないと首の筋肉がなくなって皮をつかめる程だったまた冬の間にトレーニングを重ねて３、４回テストをこなすと首を使うから元に戻る今はダウンフォースが減りコーナリングのGも少ない以前とドライビングがどう変わったかキミに聞いたことがあるよ今は燃料満タンでスタートするから予選より４秒かそれ以上遅くなるただ走っているわけじゃないが以前は毎周予選レベルだったそれに加えてGが減った 10年前には最初のテストに備えて冬の間とにかく首をいじめ抜いたでもどんなに鍛えてもテスト初日を終えると首は死んでしまうあんなGを再現して鍛えることは不可能なんだ今はまったく変わった最初のテストでも同じように鍛えているが首はそれほど問題にならない肉体的には楽になったチームから、これが必要だと要求されたことはなかった唯一あったのはマシンの最低重量があるからドライバーの体重が減れば助かるということチームは莫大な金を使って軽量化に努めるドライバーが１kg減量すればずいぶん楽になるだがそれはエンジニアの立場だトレーナーはドライバーのパフォーマンスを考える筋肉を減らしてパフォーマンスに響くのは避けたいそれでウェイトトレーニングを減らしたキミは筋肉が付きやすい体重を増やせない重くなってタイムが遅くなっては困るプログラムを変えて有酸素運動を増やし脂肪燃焼や減量のほうに集中したでも安定性に気を配る必要があるキミの理想体重はもう少し重いと思うもっと筋肉があったほうが安定性は高まる必要な強さや持久力を維持するために限界はあるそれを下回るとドライビングに響く大事なのはドライバーがドライビングに集中できることサーキットに行く前に確認しておくんだ迎えやプライベートジェットのナンバー着陸する空港何時に着けばいいのか取材のリストや週末のスケジュールももらうキミに予定を説明できるようにホテルに着いたら週末使うレンタカーの手配を確認し入場パスを手配したり何時に帰りたいとキミからメールが来たりそういう面倒を全部見るんだキミがホテルに来る前に道具も全部そろえておくあらゆる準備を整えるんだレースウィークは道具のケアもする例えばヘルメットやつなぎが整っているかキミはグローブとブーツにうるさい私が肌身離さず持ち歩く移動の時もほかの荷物と一緒にせず手荷物として持ち歩くんだなくなったら困る気に入ったグローブとブーツでなきゃダメなんだそれでやりやすい環境が壊れてしまう彼は毎戦新しいものは使わないキッチンと協力して栄養面も見るよ一定のメニューを作って好きなものが選べるようにしているレースウィークに必要な栄養が摂れるよう何年もかけて作ってきたキッチンと協力してそういうこともやる夜はだいたい一緒にホテルに戻るキミはルームサービスを取ることが多い外のレストランで一緒に食事することも様子を見て必要ならマッサージもするホテルにいい施設があれば背骨を動かすために水泳をしたり回復を早めることをやったりホテルに帰れば寝るだけというわけじゃないやるべき仕事がある場所によってはエンジニアと食事に行くこともあるレースウィークの予定はだいたい決まっているミーティング、フリー走行食事の時間プロモーションやサーキットを出る時間広報担当からいつどこへ行けばいいか聞いてその時間その場所にキミがいるように手配する５分おきに誰かがいちいち来なくていいように私が連絡係になって適切なときにキミに伝えるキミは自分の空間や時間を大事にするからだ四六時中指示を聞いていたくないレースウィーク中のメディアの質問は… ……同じことが多い１対１なら好きなことを聞けるが集まってやるから一般的な質問になるある時ミカが言っていたバカな質問を受けたんだ「チャンピオンになりたい？」「ノー」のはずない当然イエスだってねだから「法王は立ちションするか」と言えと提案したミカは「どういう意味だ？」言うまでもないってこと法王は立ちションしないミカも納得したその数戦後だこの答えを使えるような質問を受けてミカは「法王は立ちションするかい？」と答えたみんなにウケたよミカもこうやって… その気持ちも分かるトレーナーは組んでいるのが誰であれトレーニングを面白くしようと工夫するそれでもトレーニングはトレーニングだキミは素晴らしい最後までやるし熱心だ絶対にあきらめないある時インターバルトレーニングをやった文字通り吐きそうになるまで …いや、１度吐いたなとにかく頑張るトレーナーにとっては最高だこれをやろうと言えば必死にやる困ったことは一度もないトレーニングも進化する F1マシンと同じだ 15年前と比べればトレーニングも評価の仕方も進化したそれを取り入れるキミは勝ちたいそれだけだこの仕事が好きだし限界で走り100％プッシュするマシントラブルが出れば当然くやしいやりたいのは可能な限り速く走ることだから速くするためにエンジニアと一緒に努力する無関心というイメージは見当違いだ好きでなければやめる間違いない走ることを愛しているいい走りをしようと懸命に努力する人から見れば無関心に見えても私に言わせれば違うどれだけ努力しているか勝利を望んでいるか知っているレースウィーク中はあえてそう振る舞っているんだパドックでヘルメットをかぶっていていいならそうするだろう可能な限り速く走ってあとは姿をくらましたいんだ注目をあびるのも宣伝の仕事も嫌い買い物にでかけて写真やサインを頼まれるのはごめんわざと近寄りがたい雰囲気を作っているんだ近寄られたくないしそのほうがやりやすいからでもそれは本当の彼じゃない人に見せない「別の顔」がある思いやりがあってユーモアのセンスも抜群普通の人と同じように友達と過ごして楽しむ一般の人は「F1のキミ」しか知らないけどねミカと同じようにキミも日本や中国ですごい人気だ金髪で北欧の顔立ちだからかな日本や中国のファンはすごいサーキットに入る時にビデオを撮ったことがある道路に人垣ができてフィンランド国旗を振ったりしているキミの才能も尊敬しているんだチャンピオンだし速い本当の姿を見せないミステリアスなところもいいのかな才能ではキミが一番だと思うひいきかな F1だけじゃない市販車でもラリーでもNASCARでもたいして苦労せずに限界をすぐ見極める体に伝わる力を感じ取る能力がすごいんだエンジンが付いていればスノーバイクでもジェットスキーでも NASCARでのテストを覚えているドライバーはみんな「最初は全員スピンする」と言っていたキミは使い古したタイヤで走って経験ある奴のタイムを上回りスピンしなかったみんな驚いていたよほとんど初めてでいいタイヤでもないのにかなりのタイムを出しスピンしなかった経験もなしでねキミがフィンランドで友人のトニーを乗せていて橋にさしかかったトニーもプロのドライバーだ車が滑り始めたがキミはうまく抑えて平気な顔だったトニーは私に「俺には無理だった橋を抜けられなかった」と言ったよでもキミは自然にできるんだ天性の才能だだからって怠ける？どうかな頭でも体でも可能な範囲が分かっていて限界も承知していればそれを見つける時間を省けるそういう才能がなければ限界をつかむのに努力がいるそれが直感的に分かるということは余分な仕事が少ないのかもしれないだからといってキミは怠けたりしない乗るだけでマシンの能力が分かるとしても別のスポーツに関わってみるのも面白かったかもしれないテニスも面白いだろう F1と共通点があるかもゴルフ、サッカー、ラグビーをやって F1と比べるのもいいでも後悔はないキミなら「考えてもしょうがない」と言うね F1はすごいスポーツだ世界中を回るサーカスでもあるでも人が素晴らしいんだ大勢の人と出会った 1997年から働いているが特に素晴らしいのは年齢が関係ないことだ経験が多いほどいい世界中の優秀な人たちと働けるこの仕事を通して素晴らしい人材のネットワークを作れたドライバーのために必要なことを自分以外の人からも集められるキミが手を痛めたら自分が治さなくても世界一の手の外科医に見てもらおうと提案する膝でも同じ世界一に見てもらう素晴らしい人たちと出会うことができた専門知識を仰げる人が世界中にいてキミに必要なことを提供できるキミにも私にも得だしかも今後ずっと役に立つ将来いつまでF1にいるかは分からないキミが続ける限り一緒にやるその後も F1で続けられたらいいねこの環境が好きだ旅も好きだし人も好きだ幸せだ 2人の偉大なドライバーと働けチャンピオン獲得に立ち会い素晴らしいチームとやれたマクラーレン、ロータス、フェラーリ本当に恵まれていると思う他人のお金で 17年も世界を旅しているんだラリーやNASCARでも F1の人たちが恋しかった恋しかったのはスポーツ自体より人だ F1は人で成り立っている素晴らしい人々の結集だスタッフは移籍することも多いが別のチームになっても友人だマクラーレン、フェラーリ、ロータスと変わる中で大勢と出会ったがみんないい人たちだただ大変なのは忙しいし移動が多いことだ私はドライバーのスケジュールで動くから楽なほうだヨーロッパなら木曜遠い場所なら月曜か火曜からでも日曜か月曜には帰れるメカニックやエンジニアはもっと長い現地に行くのも早いし帰るのも遅いケータリングの人たちもそう長時間労働だそれと比べたら私なんて楽なもんだよ朝５時半、６時から夜中まで働くそれが５、６日間続くんだケータリングやメカニックには頭が下がる大変な仕事を長時間しているんだトレーナーとしてスタッフの面倒も見るよ痛いところをケアしたりね F1は集団競技だからだ人が見るのはドライバーが走る姿だけその走りに注目が集まるでもピットストップであるスタッフが腰を痛めていて徹夜でマシンを修理していたら万全の体調とは言えないミスしてタイヤ交換に時間がかかればその問題がキミやフェルナンドに響くことになるチームとして全スタッフが最高の力を発揮できるよう考えるレースウィークは全員が万全でなきゃいけないんだマーク・アーノル ―F1ドライバーを鍛える― by Mario Muth	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
From Allkpop - Full article link in description below!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
So, consider vector V, good old physicist notation, which is in the carrier space of SO 3. Associate a matrix and now I put this what is this called it is called blackboard font in tex. So, you double this line. So, V equal to V dot tau, where tau are the sigma matrix or pauli matrices. And let me write over here a little note about the notation tau i and sigma i will both be used for the same set of matrices the Pauli matrices. Sigma if it has to signify spin spin and Physics, tau in group theory. At least that is the convention in my mind and you will find that that is roughly true in many books. So, it is just there the same matrices, it is just that we call them tau 1, tau 2, tau 3. So, we identify we define 2 by 2 this is of course, 2 by 2 complex matrices, V made up of this. So, if you want we can write this out in detail what it will become is you know. So, V 1 times tau 1 will basically put the V 1 here then V 2 times tau 2. So, minus i V 2 and plus i V 2 and V 3 times tau 3 so, V 3 minus V 3. So, this is what this matrix looks like. So, out of our 3d vector we create this 2 by 2 complex matrix like this. What is interesting about this is that we can define a we can define a inner product V comma W equal to trace of V times W ok. And, we will see that this reproduces V dot W, because. So, how does it work? Remember that, trace of tau i tau j was equal to 2 times delta i j right, because the tau matrices themselves, are traceless the sigma matrices are the Pauli matrices are just traceless. And, if you take a product then you remember that they actually satisfy tau i tau j equal to epsilon i j k times tau k, they basically give the third Pauli matrix if you take tau 1 and tau 2 it gives tau 3 and so on. If you take trace of that you will again get 0. So, only if the 2 taus are same delta i j, then it becomes identity matrix tau squared is so, this has this depends on while trace tau i equal to 0 and trace and tau i tau j is tau k if i not equal to j right. So, since if product of 2 taus gives you a third tau and if trace of all taus is 0, then this is always going to produce 0 unless i and j coincide and we get identity in which case we get 2. And therefore, if we take this trace of trace V W equal to trace of so, now, we will take out V i W k trace of we get tau i tau k right, because V is just sum also we could have written here sum over i V i tau i that is what it is. So, V i are numbers and tracing has to be done over these matrices ok. So, we can pull out the numbers and do trace over this and this trace is equal to 2 times delta i j. So, except for a factor 2 we got the inner product back k. So, I have to supply a factor 2 or you can define it as half. So, we do not have to worry. So, we checked that this is equal to 2, trace this is of course, twice so, you define the inner product to be half of that. So, that it takes exactly the same inner product right. So, what is going on from the 3D language, 3 dimensional rows and columns we switch to some 2 by 2 complex matrices, but we are recovering the same geometrical or mathematical properties of this V and W. In fact, we can now check that these act as SU 2 representations. So, if u belongs to SU 2, so, compare O V equal to O acting on V 1 V 2 V 3 for SO 3 now the same where O is belonging O belonging to this sorry O belonging to SO 3. So, the same real numbers V 1, V 2, V 3, which appeared as column vectors and with one helping of O, are now transforming here by 2 helpings of u. If you have an SU 2 element then there is a adjoint action or Simi an action like a similarity transformation. So, u acts through similarity transformation, what is called “adjoint action” whereas, O acts through left action left multiplication. So, on the same carrier space we can have we can have both kinds of actions either the left action by the real matrices O or the adjoint action which looks like a similarity transformation by the SU 2 matrices. And, which act that that action SU 2 actions preserves this trace operation. Check that the inner product is preserved by the SU 2 action, because we need to check that trace of V u V W I am sorry trace V W well is going to be invariant, it is obvious you do not have to compute anything right, because you insert these in the trace firstly, this u inverse u is going to multiply in the middle and then under trace you can always cyclically change the order of the matrices. So, it will become. So, it preserves the inner product. In other words it preserves the metric meant for the 3 dimensional vectors, you know in the in metric language metric language this V dot W was actually V transpose the delta matrix of delta metric of Pythagorean metric. So, it basically preserved this delta and we see that here SU 2 is preserving the same delta. So, actually the two groups are have a very close correspondence, but it is not isomorphism. “Double valuedness” of SU 2. So, this double is of course, with respect to SO 3. And this has been a source of great mystery and mysticism even for very important physicists in quantum mechanics, because the tau matrices or sigma matrices were first invented for spin. And this double valuedness remained a big mystery for everyone from Pauli to later Wheeler and Roger Penrose ok. So, from Pauli to Penrose they have all been amused by this and Penrose of course, has a whole programme of quantising gravity using the representation similar to what I said, but for the Lorentz group not rotation group ok. So, what is this double valuedness? The point is that SU 2, u n cap theta was equal to cos theta by 2 times identity, note lot of books do not write this identity, but it is important to remember it is there ok. This is how the group works out to be. Now, let us look at the range over which this theta goes ok? So, we can see that when theta is equal to pi by 2 sorry 2 pi what am I saying. So, you when you go to theta equal to 2 pi you get cos pi. So, you get a minus 1 and sin of pi is 0. So, at 2 pi you do not return to identity, while the O elements let us say O generated by theta along z axis. So, what was our notation that R R z of 2 pi, which would be exponential of 2 pi times l Z right, but what is this exponential was just cos theta sin theta etcetera. So, it was just cos 2 pi cos 2 pi minus sin 2 pi and sin 2 pi. So, that is just equal to identity. 3 there is a third 0 0 1 ok. So, it was just equal to 3 by 3 identity. So, R z 2 pi or R x, R y anything you want, it just basically became cosine on the diagonal and with the whichever axis that was not being turned this one just migrates here if you change to x or y migrates up the diagonal, but the other elements are just cos and sin and exactly at 2 pi the you get back to cosines becoming 1 and the sins becoming 0 with no overall sign appearing, but here at 2 pi these 2 by 2 complex matrices of SU 2 do not return to identity, but only to minus 1 ok. And so, what we find is that there is a 2 valuedness, there are 2 SU 2 matrices and of course, we know that u n cap of 4 pi would be equal to 1, if you put 4 pi then you will get back identity. So, there are 2 SU 2 matrices for every O matrix. And, that is because of the adjoint action u V u inverse, which is how you transform any V is same as minus u V minus u inverse. So, if u carries out the required rotation. So, does minus u and minus u is actually a distinct matrix it is not just u itself. So, u and minus u are both doing to vectors V the same thing that the same thing and for which there will be only 1 corresponding rotation matrix ordinary rotation matrix. So, there is a 2 valuedness and that was what was observed here both the 2 pi value and 4 pi value will look like identity operation as far as the V matrices are concerned, whether you put u n cap of 2 pi which would give minus 1 and a minus 1. So, it will look it will look like ordinary rotation of a 3d vector and so, will 4 pi. However, the representation which is the complex 2D vector, The 2 dimensional complex carrier space does know the difference between u and minus u, in quantum mechanics we simply call this spinners we call these spin matrices or spin wave functions times psi, where psi and xi are 2 dimensional complex vectors and phi is space part well you want to put t you put t space time part. So, we split the wave function of the electron. So, this is of course, non-relative all non-relativistic, but you can split the wave function into a spin part and a space part and you will find this language in lot of the nuclear physics and condense matter physics literature. And, now we come to explaining how young Pauli was maybe 23 years older something like that when he invented the Pauli Matrices. It is very simple. If you we know that there are spin up and spin down, this was what is what has come to be called stern gerlach I should not say what has come to be called, but I think historically it was the experiment that was performed by stern gerlach stern and gerlach, but that was not origin of Pauli’s considerations he had other thing. But, I am just saying what I meant by saying? What is come to be called is what we see what can see most clearly through stern gerlach experiment? Is that, if you send a mixed beam of electrons through an arrangement of magnets North and South Pole, then this beam will split exactly into 2 parts. You have to repair an arbitrary, you just have you are heating some silver or something like that. So, you are just some vapour of silver coming out it is all mixed up, but now if you apply this magnetic field classically you would have expected that, it will range over you will see on the screen you should see a continuous set of possibilities; this spin is here, spin is here, spin is here, but quantum mechanics just mix out one and the other. So, this magnetic field is inhomogeneous. So, that it actually can separate out the dipole moments as you know, right homogeneous field would not do much, but in homogeneous field we will separate out the dipole moments, but when that happens classically you expect the spin to be anything. So, it will pick out any projection that is perpendicular to these magnetic fields. So, it will get attached to it, but quantum mechanically you either find this or you find this and nothing else, it is impossible to get anything in between. So, this is the classic experiment that tells you that regardless of what kind of initial state you start with, if you make a measurement you only find the eigen values. The measurements do not return continuous values of the observable in any one observation. The way you recover the sort of port average is if you do a lot of experiments, then of course, the weighted average of the these 2 together will equal the weighted average here the average spin here, but as the answer will come only as an average, but any 1 process of 1 observation if event will only return either spin up or spin down. So, we know that there are spin up and spin down states so, what would we do logically and if we believed now the next point. The very very important point of quantum mechanics linear superposition principle. So, generically ok. So, the very crucial thing is because there is linear superposition you write vectors vectors are linear spaces. So, if this state was supposed to be obeying linear superposition, then it should be expressible as linear superposition of a basis and that basis if it is 2 dimensional would be just 1 0 and 0 1 ok. I just I do not want to launch here into a big lecture, but I just want to tell you very briefly, that linear superposition principle is the main positive content of quantum mechanics. Unfortunately the uncertainty principle is emphasised, there is nothing uncertain about quantum mechanics, it is pretty certain, it is commutation relations will give you the Heisenberg uncertainty relations and it is it is linear superposition principle, which is very wrongly sold as uncertainty principle. It is true that your classical expectations are not born out you will not be able to measure position very accurately or momentum very accurately, but to couch this as a principle is wrong, the principle is linear superposition, which allows you to have Fourier transform Fourier series representations. And this delta p delta x relations can be derived in any Fourier transform theory, the width of the function in x-space will be inverse of the width of the function in the complementary space. So, that is just a result of Fourier transform and Fourier transform works, whenever there is linear superposition, whenever you can ex obtain functions as linear superposition’s of basis functions like sine and cosine like done in Fourier analysis. So, it has all to do will linear superposition and nothing else ok. So, likewise the so, called wave particle duality is just an oversold point they are just particles you can, the wave people are confused, because if you measure a momentum eigen state then it it is characterized by it is wave number. So, essentially when people say wave what they actually mean is a momentum eigen state and a momentum eigen state I may as well write this down. So, these are the 2 big misnomers of quantum mechanics and sold to public and public has brought it, you will find innumerable philosophical discussions going on about this, it is all garbage. So, the “Wave particle duality” basically is position description or momentum description and we do know that the there is this complimentarity, you cannot have both. When you have momentum P what am I writing momentum P, you can associate with it. So, you can associate with it a wave number k, which is equal to p over h cross, this is because you had the fundamental constant h cross available ok. So, to momentum p you associate a number of dimension 1 over length and which you define in your wisdom to be equal to 2 phi by lambda ok. So, this lambda is a product of your fertile imagination, there is no such lambda. The main point is that there is a fundamental number h cross which allows you to think of momentum as a length scale ok. And once you introduce a length scale you say oh my god, but particle either here or there you know it is a wavelength like this there is no wavelength it is a momentum Eigen state either you have a momentum description or. In fact, it neither of them completely precise, because of the earlier part the linear superposition, but the main principle of quantum mechanics is that there is linear superposition and in any measurement you can observe only 1 Eigen value, you cannot observe all pos mixture of all Eigen value it is just that x is a continuous space. So, the set of Eigen value is continuous. So, you can come out with any 1 of them with some weightage. If and so, that settles this issue of what is the wave there is no wave the wave is essentially a brain wave ok. And that is because it is possible to associate a wavelength lambda with a momentum Eigen state. So, that the real truths of quantum mechanics is momentum Eigen states. Now, coming back to this because of linear superposition, you can write spin as a linear superposition of up or down vectors and in fact, those are the observed Eigen states. And so, you what you observe of course, is the magnetic moment physically, but that it is up to a mu multiplying this spin vector it is the same thing. So, now, what does 1 see, we can always go from up to down states right, physically up can go to down by application of a magnetic field, if you apply a magnetic field you can flip the spin. How will you represent this in quantum mechanics? How will you represent it mathematically well it is a linear space? So, there should be a linear operator ok. So, which linear operator will do these implements this? So, I am very sorry to say, but this business of wave particle duality all the books, that claim themselves to be modern quantum mechanics they miss it completely. They write fat books and they are very popular, because they reinforce what people like to hear you know miracles are liked by people. If you tell them the truth they do not like it because it is a little too simple to understand, but if you tell them something is very difficult to understand and in fact, tell them that it is something never understandable then people are drawn to it like honey you know honey bees to honey. So, most people reinforce this idea that quantum mechanics is not understandable. So, then people rush to them. If you tell them that by the way what I am telling is nothing new it is what is written by Dirac in his 1929 book, you have to read Dirac’s book, please do not read any other. So, there are only 2 books to read in quantum mechanics, Dirac and Schiff of course, Landau and Lifshitz is always there volume 3. So, these are the books to read in quantum mechanics and they will tell you unadorned truths, which are Dirac’s is the best and written in 1929 when people were still puzzling over the interpretations of quantum mechanics. So, essentially that is what, but nobody learns from Dirac. And the somewhere I tried to tell someone and they said do you really believe Dirac, I felt like telling really believe all the else anyway that is how it is?. So, how do we get from down to up or up to down we apply a lowering operator, equal to something acting on 1 0 and; obviously, this can be done by this row into this column. So, I have to have 1 right. So, this into this 0 and this into this will give 1. So, this produces this, similarly of course, you can do the reverse by putting a 0 1 1 0 0 on the down. So, you can convert down to up and up to down. And the 2 states are Eigen states of can be distinguished this matrix 1 0 0 minus 1, which on 1 0 will produce plus 1 0 and will produce minus 0 1. So, if you apply this matrix on this or on this, you can distinguish the up spin and down spin as Eigen states of this matrix 1 minus 1. So, we have a fundamental set of 3 matrices 0 1 sorry 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 and 1 minus 1 0 0. Now with good mathematical sense you will say why do not I make some symmetric matrices out of this. So, equivalently what happens if I symmetrize I get 0 1 1 0 which is sum of these 2 divided by 2, but the minus 1 if I make I will get 0 say minus 1 1 0, but I also wanted to be a hermitian matrix. So, I make it minus i i 0 it is simply i times the difference and then there is 0 1 0 minus 1 ok. So, these are the equivalent hermitian set and what is nice about this is that these 3 hermitian matrices exhaust the basis for unitary matrices in 2 dimensions. It, is quite a remarkable thing, because we had this a a star and b and minus b star this is how we could characterise a unitary matrix. And, then that we wrote out as equal to a r plus i a imaginary part b r plus i b imaginary part minus b minus i b imaginary part sorry with plus sign now. And a r minus i a i. So, it just became equal to a r times identity and plus this a i times i a i times tau 3 plus i b i times tau 2 b r times tau 2 and plus i b i times tau 1. So, we have 3 hermitian matrices, which help us to understand the quantum mechanics of spins which obeys linear superposition principle and has this property that only Eigen values are returned in as a result of measurements. And amusingly the 3 hermitian matrices are the basis for the corresponding unitary matrices this is an accident of 2 dimensions ok. But, a very significant 1 because helps us to do lot of things. So, we have seen the origins of both the types of representations. In last 5 minutes maybe I tried to therefore, explain to the topology of SU 2 and SU 3 which I find the most most imaginative exercise usually not done in physics books, but done in Schiff’s book. Topology of SO 3 verses SU 2 the point is that so, we will try to draw these 2 spheres and this will be SO 3, and although I promised you that topology has no sense of distance in it we will draw double the size here. So, we want to represent something like R n cap theta is exponent theta times theta dot L ok. So, for simplicity just take this so, suppose you drew axis corresponding to L x. So, these are not real space axis L y and L z then the n cap vector. So, this theta is often written as n cap times theta, n cap is a vector in this space it has composed. So, it has dotted with l right. So, you can dot it with the L x, L y, L z. So, this is n cap and the rotation amount theta you can show by drawing along it how much you rotate. So, theta values, but they stop at theta equal to pi because if you do a if you do a n cap rota pi rotation and minus n cap pi rotation you have actually covered 2 pi rotation about that n cap axis. So, by convention so, you can take theta equal to so, theta belongs to let us say 0 to 2 pi equivalently belongs to minus pi to pi ok. And so, that is what we do we make a ray a ball of radius pi. Now, to make SU 2 we draw the sigma x, sigma y, sigma z axis for the generators of that. So, Schiff has the discussion in his very elegant language, it is so compact that you will mess it if you have flipping through the pages and has no diagram. So, put n cap, here we have u n cap theta as the exponent of i times, theta times, sigma by 2 matrices dotted with n cap. Except that now theta goes from 0 to 4 pi. So, we let theta belong to minus 2 pi to 2 pi and actually it does not matter. So, we just put minus 2 pi to plus 2 pi. So, including the outer surface of this sphere ok, the big difference is that in SO 3, we have to exclude the minus pi, because it will reproduce the same thing as plus pi. I have rotated by pi around this way if I rotate it minus pi I would have come to the same point. So, to not to repeat topologically have a unique set of points I have to leave out this, but as far as SU 2 is concerned both minus 2 pi and plus 2 pi give 1 just gives the same element. So, there is no ambiguity. In fact, the SU 2 is a space such that the whole of I do not want to clutter up this image, but the whole of the outer surface is one point. So, you have to think of so, if you think in terms of forget about n cap because it takes various values, but you let theta increase you get a sequence of 2 spheres, until you reach the outer most 2 sphere, which is corresponding to 2 pi, but that whole sphere is actually just 1 point. Topologically is the same thing the connectivity is such that all of these points are actually just 1 point, they are not distinct point. It is just limitation of our visualization in 3D. In fact, drawing it on 2D, that we think of this thing as distinct points, but mathematically they become just 1 point in the group sense they are 1 and the same object. They are same element of the group it is identity element minus 1. Thank you, identities at the origin is minus the identity. Is topologically the same point minus the identity on the SO 3 space the antipodal points will be corresponding points and you have to leave out 1 of them. So, the punch line, topologically this object is S 3, it has the sphere of 3 dimensions, which we cannot normally visualize within 3 dimensional space. And the analogy is the following if you had a disk you draw on it circles of growing size until you reach the outer most circumference, but you identify circumference to be 1 point, then what will you get it is like travelling from south pole of a 2 sphere ball to north pole you have made the outer you folded it up and it is like some of the sweets made you take this and also make it into a same point. So, topologically you have created a 2 dimensional shell out of a 2 dimensional disk. This thing that we did is a sequence of 2 spheres such that the outer most 2 sphere is joint to be 1 point. So, it is a 3 dimensional shell in 4 dimensional real space ok. So, it is topologically what is called S 3. So, S 1 is circle, S 2 is sphere spherical shell in 2 dimension and S 3 is spherical shell of dimension 3, it’s intrinsic dimensionality is 3 just as the intrinsic dimensionality of a shell is 2. So, 2 sphere although it occupies 3 dimensions it is internsic ant walking on it only detects 2 dimensions. So, an ant walking on this will detect 3 dimensions, but it will be a continuous and homogeneous space, you will not find any joint anywhere. So, topologically the S 2 is actually in S 3 whereas, topologically SO 3 is not and it is a slightly more complicated space, but what happens because of the double covering is that SU 2 double covers this. So, there are 2 copies of SO 3 inside SU 2 and after that covering it becomes a simply connected space, SO 3 is not simply connected, but SU 2 is. So, we will see that next time.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
hello and thank you all for coming here my name is r D'Amico chintz key and i'm a researcher at the Santa Fe Institute before proceeding I would like to thank our sponsors first and foremost we want to thank Thornburg investment management for generously underwriting SF ice community lecture series without their funding these lectures would not be possible we also want to thank the lensing Performing Arts Center for allowing us to host these lectures in this beautiful space lastly we want to thank Enterprise Holdings foundation for their recent renewed support in today's lecture we will hear from dr. chris monroe dr. Monroe is a leading atomic physicist and quantum information scientist she received his undergraduate degree in physics from MIT his PhD in physics from the University of Colorado Boulder he then did postdoctoral work and worked as a resident researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and while working there in the mid 90s he demonstrated the first quantum logic gate an essential component of quantum computers chris is currently distinguished University professor at the University of Maryland in College Park he is a member of the joint quantum Institute in the center for quantum information and computer science among various other awards chris is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences beyond that today learned that chris is also percussionist in the Columbia Symphony Orchestra in Columbia Maryland and he has even manufactured some instruments for this Orchestra such as a machine that makes wind noises and is now in his garage this talk is part of the SFI community lecture series this series allows researchers both from the Institute and from afar to share their ideas and cutting-edge research with a broad public today's talk connects with several recent community lectures which concern fundament questions in physics and computation this includes past events such as an interdisciplinary panel on the nature of time with Sean Carroll James hurdle and David Krakauer a lecture by dr. Sabine Hassan Felder which considered the relationship between aesthetics and the search for fundamental physical laws and not least the most recent lectures bio suffice own Chris Moore on the limits of computers in science and society which was a wonderful introduction to the ideas behind the theory of computation and the growing impact of computing and machine learning on society and before proceeding I'd like to tell you that the next lecture in this series which will be the last one of the season will take place on November 13th it will be Michelle Gervin who will talk about predicting chaos with machine learning which is another fascinating topic on the frontier of computer science so today's lecture will be about quantum computers which are computers which operate according to the principles of quantum physics quantum computation is one of the most exciting and active and may be hyped research fields in physics and in computer science and at the same time the development of large-scale quantum computers may hold the potential to revolutionize technology science and society apart from the applications in my opinion it is one of the most intellectually exciting areas in contemporary science because understanding the relationship between physics and computation involves far more than the simple application of physical knowledge to engineering problems rather we increasingly see information and computation essential principles that underlie much of the structure of statistical physics and quantum physics for this reason understanding the relationship between computation and physics is as much about design designing the next generation of computers as it is about understanding the fundamental nature of reality so with that please join me in welcoming dr. Chris Monroe okay thank thank you you guys thank you so much it's lovely to be here one of my favorite places in the world and thank you for the kind introduction it gets us started right off being Santa Fe I thought I would start I have I have lots of pretty pictures not too many equations the topic is indeed quantum computers so we're gonna have to delve into what we're gonna have to delve into quantum physics which has a sort of mystical following and I'll tell you right off that you're not gonna leave today understanding any more about quantum physics than you had before on the other hand I hope you're gonna leave with with the knowledge that you don't need to and that's maybe the point here another way to say it is that is that a line Stein didn't believe in it and so we're in we're in good company if we don't believe in it either it's not about believing it's it's a very interesting theory but it does call into question what what is science and you know and what is what is religion in a sense for quantum physics calls us to basically define what reality is which is very strange and so I'm a working experimental physicist likes to work on cars and build things and to come up against such very high-level philosophical thoughts is interesting to say the least but I'm of the opinion that I used the theory because it works very well and maybe you'll indulge me in this story about how this strange theory might play a role in our ability to compute this is a painting one of my former students gave to me about 15 years ago Boris Bleen office and he's at Washington Seattle now and at the time so I'm an atomic physicist I work with individual atoms and we that they're wonderful test beds for for quantum physics experiments including quantum computing and at the time Boris worked in our laboratory we were we were playing around with individual cadmium atoms why cadmium because they had certain features that were amenable to what we wanted to do and if you're in oil Pina you know that that the bright yellow pigment in oil paints is cadmium it's called cadmium yellow so he he he painted this for me and I he didn't want to interpret it but he is as being too cadmium atoms and they're entangled and I'll talk a little later about what entanglement means but that's what this stuff is it's sort of the fabric of space it's and I don't mean to sound mystical but entanglement is rather mystical you can lose your mind thinking about it too much so that's that's a painting of two cadmium atoms in and at the end of the lecture I'll talk a little bit about how individual atoms might play a role in the next next generation computers to do certain tasks so following our exhaustive introduction into the topic of computing and information as a physicist I've found that this topic is is is great fun because we don't usually think about physics and information is necessarily mixing but in every case when you think of information what it is how you store information it is physical it could be a switch that's in the on or off position we tend to think of bits information unit of information has two states 0 and 1 you can store you can use other bases if you would like but 0 and 1 are sufficient so we tend to use that it could be an electrical current going one way or the other way on/off anything that can be in two states can act as a bit and store information magnetic storage it we're the the direction of a small magnet whether it's pointing up or down well information is physical and all of the computers that we've had since the beginning of computation which is a long time ago have been based on physical principles this is a picture many of you who've probably seen the first digital computer in this country is called ENIAC was developed in the mid twentieth century it was used for the defense industry to calculate missile trajectories and so forth but this machine is pretty on wieldy it it was composed of vacuum tubes these were the switching elements that would that would store zeros and ones now what's interesting is a computer when you use computers you don't really think of what's inside of them and that's the beauty of information theory it doesn't matter what's inside as long as they obey certain certain types of rules whether they store electrical currents or magnetic little magnetic domains in a hard drive for instance or even optical discs they store little pits that can reflect light in two different two different ways so there is a beautiful picture in the in the advertisement for this talk that of this this picture here this is the first solid-state transistor and it's interesting 1947 it was right after ENIAC was unveiled it's a radically different type of a medium and in fact it doesn't look very doesn't look very stable this is this dark piece of glass it looks like glass it's actually called germanium it's a semiconductor it doesn't really conduct very well unless you do something to it and what what they're doing to this there's a piece of glass with a little gold film and it's pressed against the germanium and when you when you apply a signal on this gold the germanium conducts current very well when you turn that signal off it doesn't conduct so it's a it's an electronically controlled electronic switch it doesn't look like the basis of all computation and in over the last six years but it is the solid-state transistor because it's solid-state and not a bulky vacuum tube it could be it could be shrunk down in size down to really tiny dimensions and that I wish we could talk more about the the beautiful work that has taken this big unwieldy mess into little tiny transistor elements that are part of modern computers these days so you've probably heard of Moore's Law Gordon Moore was the founder of Intel and and back in the day in the 50s and 60s he and and and others aimed to to engineer this system so it would work well well it worked very well they got they were able to make them really small and over the course of time this Moore's law represents the growth in the number of transistors the number of these things on a single chip over the course of the last few decades this is a this is an exponential growth every every decade we get about a factor of 10 more transistors in nowadays this is even little outdated nowadays were at 10 billion transistors in a chip if a few you know inch or two on a side well it's interesting I'm talking about Moore's law this isn't there's really nothing to do with quantum quantum physics you might argue there is some quantum physics happening right at this little interface but it's not really needed to understand the basic principles here but this is going to Moore's law because it's ending is going to indeed motivate the use of quantum physics for a new mode of computing well why is it ending actually it's pretty simple the transistor is getting so small that if I if we follow this line for another couple of decades each transistor will be the size of an atom and at that point there's no more making it smaller unless you want to split the atom inside your computer and I don't think that's gonna that's gonna happen that takes a lot of energy so Moore's law in fact this laptop I bought actually I just bought last year but the laptop out but before this three years ago was about as powerful the batteries are better the display is better but the computing prowess of processors is already showing signs of saturating you probably recognize that yourself so what are we going to do I mean Moore's law you could argue this exponential growth was the engine behind the information air behind the economy in the last 50 60 70 years what are we gonna do well let's talk about quantum mechanics because in fact why Moore's law is ending and is in a sense because matter is granular and we have to confront dealing with individual atoms as circuit elements so I'm going to quote Richard Fineman who has a proud history in this area of the country of course during World War two he's also one of the father figures of quantum physics and he had a speech a long time ago called there's plenty of room at the bottom and he it's a it's a three or four page lecture it's just wonderful and there's gems everywhere but my favorite paragraph is right here and he's I think he's stimulated by these solid-state devices that can be made really small and he says well when you make things really small we get down to the size of individual atoms there's a completely new opportunity for design why well when you get down to single atoms when when you get down to the very simple granular part of matter that system obeys a new law of physics it's not really a new law but it's its laws emerge that are different than then then what we use for baseballs and and things that we see in everyday life those are the laws of quantum mechanics now Fineman didn't know what these opportunities would be but he he was a visionary and this is so long ago it took many decades for us to find what those opportunities are and I think the the verdict is in that that opportunity is quantum computing so I want to talk about that to do that we have to talk about quantum physics though I'm going to try to teach you quantum physics in about five minutes and and you shouldn't laugh because the the precepts of quantum physics are very simple there's the problem is that there's two of them and you can't derive one from the other now in physics we like to think of ourselves as the king of science so we have to have one law the very top everything derives from that law even if it's very hard to to actually do that to derive how a baseball will fly through the air based on particle physics we're comfortable in the fact that a baseball is made of particles we could do that if we had to so the principle at the very top there's the standard model or in Newtonian physics force equals mass times acceleration you can derive almost everything indeed everything in classical mechanics using that very simple law well the problem with quantum mechanics and this is why physicists hate it is that there are two laws there's like two peaks and you can't get from one to the other there are two separate rules but once you accept those two rules or you're comfortable using them everything's okay just it's it's more of a sociological thing I think well why people are afraid of quantum physics so there are two rules of quantum physics and I would say these are they going to give this opportunity that Fineman preface long time ago what are they the golden rules of quantum mechanics there's two of them the first one you've probably heard this is that everything is a wave well quantum physics is it quantum mechanics is a wave theory we're familiar with lots of wave theories mechanical waves sound waves water waves and we understand that a wave is sort of an oscillation that travels in space but also in time if you if you take a picture of an of a wave like if you take a picture of water waves you'll see sort of a ripple but if you also stay at a particular point on the surface of the ocean the water will also ripple up and down in time and space and there are differential equations to describe waves they can get nasty but that math doesn't necessarily help you understand everything just the concept of a wave we know it when we see it so one of the properties of waves that we're very comfortable with is that they can be in super positions when you play two notes on a piano your ear can experience both of those sound waves at the same time no problem and your brain can resolve those tones in general water waves can have many different can be very complicated and you can see many different structures on the surface of the ocean for instance so the idea when you throw when you throw a rock into a pond we we know that we'll have these circular waves emanating from this from the core where is the wave well it's everywhere it's delocalized is this technical term so waves can be in superposition now I'm going to apply this to information remember bit these zero or one well if we apply it to information we should if we're going to say everything's a wave well we can have information in wave form we can have both zero and one at the same time so this is a little jargon and I don't want to avoid the jargon of quantum mechanics is if you ever see that line and a little bracket next to it that means this is this is a quantum thing it's a quantum state we use that all the time and this is what we might call a qubit a quantum bit it's a superposition of something that can be in one state and another state and I've chosen 0 and 1 just as labels you can call it up and down left and right heads or tails doesn't matter and the plus sign is not your usual plus sign it means that there's they're both there together you can't just add these like like arithmetic they're both there like maybe one one note on a piano and another note on a piano and these parameters a and B are the waiting's of how much 1 in how much 0 there are it could be 50 50 or 90/10 so this is the simplest superposition we can have just of to two levels now here's a pick a depiction of a pretty poor depiction of an atom that has one electron on it orbiting the core that one electron is in two orbits at the same time and atoms can do that because the electrons are waves and we have to take it a little bit of a leap that that matter can behave as a wave but we should be comfortable with the idea of this wave-like phenomenon now here's where the math comes in but again don't be bogged down by the math a and B follow a wave equation called the Schrodinger wave equation I'm not going to talk about it at all it can get very messy but all waves have equations it doesn't have to be just quantum this is no more complicated than water waves yeah so there's math behind a and B and you can change the waiting's a and B if you if you poke the system just right and I'm talking about water waves a lot this is of course if the the famous Great Wave off Kanagawa painting this great wave and we all know what's going to happen to these poor folks in that boat they're the mathematics behind this wave it's very complicated I would say it's even more complicated the quantum wave and you know I don't even know how to solemn know exactly what these all mean I think they have to do with viscosity and what the waves going to do over space and time that math doesn't give us any more insight in this wave at least not me I know what's gonna happen I think we all know what's going to happen when waves come into the shore at the beach the the water gets shallower and the waves actually get higher and they get slower we just you just understand that we don't need a wave equation understand that so that's that's my advice you don't get bothered by the math okay that was rule number one I spent a little too long on it but what about rule number two what does it mean to have a superposition well a quantum superposition means that the the existence of something is in two states at the same time this Cup in principle if it's quantum it can be in two places at the same time that's okay according to quantum mechanics but it's not okay according to real-world experience so we have to invent another rule and this is what drives people crazy is that we have this other rule and this is a little bit of a joke the way I state it but the rule number two says yeah that superposition stuff's fine as long as you don't look and so it this cut nothing wrong with a cut being in two places we don't experience it but it only works if you don't look at it but actually that if you think about quantum mechanics from that perspective you can go a long way and I'm going to define what it means to look and I'm not going to define consciousness either believe it or not because looking at something doesn't have to involve a living body let me let me explain what I mean there what happens when you do look and of course if we're gonna build a computer based on these bits we're gonna want to measure the answer we have to look so what happens when we look at a quantum superposition well that's where the waiting's play a role because when we do look the system randomly pops into one or the other definite state with a probability attached to it and the probability is given by a and B it's not exactly a and B but you can think of it that way so if we have a 50-50 superposition than half the we're going to see zero half the time we're gonna see one and if we repeat it over and over again it's like flipping a coin it's going to be random and noisy this should really bother you this rule number two by the way this is it that's quantum physics done I think I took like seven or eight minutes sorry but this rule number two is very strange I think of it as being strange on two accounts number one it appears that by looking at something you change it and that's that's a totally foreign concept to all of science we expect if there's an experiment running it's going to do the same thing whether we look or not but quantum physics says that by extracting information that's a little more technical but by looking at a system it appears to change it another way to think of this rule number two is weird is that where did the probabilities come from anyway what are probabilities well you all know what probabilities are we use them all the time when we're ignorant when we're ignorant of something or we don't want we're too lazy to characterize everything we don't want to calculate the trajectory of every molecule on the air to predict the weather in principle some would argue we can't anyway but I think in principle we could it might be a chaotic system and my maryland colleague michelle Gervin will tell you more about that next month about chaos but probabilities like flipping a coin I could calculate the results of any coin toss if I know precisely how hard I toss it precisely the value of gravity and so forth humidity temperature all that stuff but I don't want to lazy I'm ignorant so we use probabilities we're comfortable using we're not going to quantum physics is the only theory in all of nature where we can't do that we have to use probabilities and that's weird whenever probabilities are there you want to wonder well who's cooking the books who decides in a measurement what what you get it's a good question and it's really why Einstein didn't believe in this theory you know many as famous lines one of them God does not play dice so there's something in the background that seems to be playing dice here so what about consciousness what about looking eye when you look what if there's no human or no consciousness to observe something well we have an answer for that too or at least we we we think of things in a very funny way in in quantum superpositions remember my cup in two places well let's say I have that cup in two places but that's tricky because now the air in the room has to has to reorganize itself depending on where the cup is if the cups over here there's definitely no air where the cup is is the cups there and there's air over here but if the cups over here there reverses through so the air has to sort of get involved well let's get rid of the air pump out all the air and let's say there's one air molecule one nitrogen molecule it's zipping on the stage here and it's going to hit this Cup only when it's here but if the cups here it's going to go right through well if the cups here the the air the nitrogen molecule is going to bounce off this cup say and hit that wall but if the cups here the air is gonna go straight through so the air that molecule has to make a decision but it doesn't have a consciousness it doesn't have a free will we don't think it's just it's just a nitrogen molecule so what how do we deal with this well if we made the trouble of having this Cup in two places we can add one more molecule to the system so let's have the molecule also being in a superposition of going that way correlated with the cup here and going that way correlator the cup here but we're not done because this molecule hits that wall and that wall so now the the walls are part of the system yeah invite them they're part the whole building shakes one way and the other way the building yes come on we're all here well the earth moves one way or the other so you see the problem is these super positions tend to blow up and we have to like predicting the weather we have to know the state of everything in the universe and in practice we can't do that so what we do and here's how we deal with it we box up this cup and we say it's perfectly isolated and nobody's looking there's no light there's no air there's no information as to where this cup is leaking out so you can see right away there's there's a there's a very deep connection between quantum measurement and information so maybe no surprise it should be used for computing but it's such a fun topic you've probably heard of Schrodinger's cat which is another of the of the rebellions against quantum physics back in 1935 Schrodinger made up this this he even called it a ridiculous case of what quantum might predict here we have a single atom and the way he posed it it's a radioactive atom and if you wait one half-life of the radioactive atom it's in a superposition of having decayed and having not decayed that's how we treat the single atom quantum mechanically a radioactive one well he hooks a single atom up to a Geiger counter that's perfect it registers a click if it decays and that Geiger counters hooked to a hammer that smashes a flask of poison cyanide and so there's a cat in the box by the way and the cat therefore is both alive and dead at the same time and he says quite ridiculous case it is ridiculous because we don't I mean a cat has lots of atoms that's 10 to the 22 atoms in there and we it's very hard to think of a cat as a quantum system it's too many too much stuff there so it's very hard to apply just like just like the air hitting the walls and the building getting involved it's very hard to isolate such a big system and when I look at this thought experiment Schrodinger's cat you know the hardest part of the experiment it's not the or the Geiger counter over the cat it's actually the box if you have to isolate it from everything so it brings you know there's lots of thought experiments like that and we can if we ascribe quantum mechanics to the system we have an atom that's in one state correlated with the cat alive and it's in the other state cat's dead this I'm gonna comment a little more on this kind of a quantum state it's just a superposition of two situations it's also called entangled and I'll get to that in a minute so here you can sort of go off the deep end and in quantum physics there are lots of interpretations as to what really happens the problem with interpretations is that they all predict the same answer in any conceivable experiment so the differences between interpretations to me is not necessarily science it's very interesting I love reading about those here's one interpretation you've probably heard of this and it's a very neat one it says that that rule number two remember that that when you measure you get one or the other well let's just say the universe bifurcates at that point and if we say that everything is neatly tied up because we only see a definite answer in our universe and our alter ego sees the other the other answer in the other universe so I guess that works that works for some people to me it to me it has a big expense because now we have to think about all these universes and there's not just two of them there's a gazillion universes every time a quantum system gets resolved how to keep track of that until we can travel between those universes it's very hard to think of this as a as a I don't know how to test this so it's hard to call it science but some people say well it's the only thing it did buy it you know if you eliminate a huh if you eliminate everything else that's the only thing that makes sense Einstein in the same year 1935 hit this title his papers are wonderful a very very easy to read them his title here is basically his quantum mechanics even right it seems like somebody's cooking the books there's other stuff going on and he for the first time introduced the idea of an entangled state what does that mean well here now we have two qubits this is the simplest version of an entangled State two qubits a red one and a blue one and they're prepared you can think of two coins if you want both heads and both tails so it's a superposition if we're going to allow super positions this is not a big deal here right we're allowing a superposition of these two situations what's interesting about this particular superposition is that the red of the blue system are different they're separate in fact they can be spatially separated they can be you can take the red one on the moon if you want and leave the blue one here and what's neat there is that if if I look at the blue one here on earth whatever I measure I know exactly what the one on the moon has if I measure is zero remember this is a 50-50 superposition if I measure zero I know that the moon qubit is also zero and what bothered Einstein in particular is that I know that information faster than light could could have beamed the information to me so that's strange he called it another one of his famous quotes he called it spooky action at a distance and therefore it must be wrong there must be something going on it turns out I think his heart was in the right place it's just super weird but quantum mechanics as far as we know it's correct we can make entangled States and make measurements on them faster than information could be communicated the trick is there if you think about this from information theory point of view and information theory was not really invented until the early 40s the resolution of this so-called EPR einstein-podolsky-rosen paradox is that if you do this many times and you should imagine I have a bunch of coin numbered and you have a bunch of coins numbered and they're all entangled they're all the same value but each one of them is random if we repeat it we're just gonna get random numbers I'm not going to learn any information that you could encode in your system by measuring mine all I know is I have the same random bit you do and random bit streams contain no information so the resolution of EPR paradox from information theory actually so it doesn't violate any physics principles this idea of entangling but it's still kind of cool there's some kind of a connection between these qubits I think of a tangle man as wires without wires wiring without wires and these correlations as will maybe get a hint at their behind all the power of quantum computing ok so there's only one analogy I know of entanglement and it's based on a visual illusion and so let me just go through that quickly so you all gone through the exercise of trying to draw a cube on 2d surface on a chalkboard in fact I've drawn this incorrectly I've drawn this so all the lines are exactly parallel so it has ambiguous perspective where's the front face is it this one or is it that one is it up and to the right or down to the left that's a little like a superposition you can sort of see it flipping back and forth it has both but then when you sort of lock on to one perspective it stays that way that's sort of like a measurement and the beauty of this there here the two definite perspectives of course the beauty of this this analogy is it works for entanglement here are two qubits both zeros and both ones and I'll bet you when you resolve the perspective they're the same you can try to trick it but it's very hard to do that it's only an analogy but the fact that these two sort of shimmer back and forth together is the essence of entanglement and they're connected even though they're not connected they're connected by our consciousness I guess but it's a little bit like the mystery of entanglement and there are the two definite perspectives and unfortunately this analogy falls apart when you get them too far apart now because they're too far apart the visual illusion disappears okay so I want to talk to her a few minutes on what a quantum computer is well it's a collection of qubits clearly we're going to be storing we're going to be storing superpositions of numbers and so there's a few numbers on this next slide but the high level is pretty clear we're going to put a lot of qubits together and see what happens and I think of it as a good news bad news good news story and the last piece of good news is only recent the last decade or two the last couple of decades what's the good news well when we put lots of qubits together the system sort of blows up exponentially why because one qubit can store two values you're on one two qubits can store four values right heads heads heads tails tails heads tails tails three qubits can store eight numbers and qubits can store two to the N binary numbers all right so this is an illustration of three qubits and we have eight numbers and the shading of grey tells you sort of how much zero there is how much to there is how much seven there is and so forth so this is really good news because you can do parallel processing in a way that you only have one input but the input has all the numbers at the same time as long as you don't look that's it so you have to compute this function in the dark no information leaking out and so forth but in principle we can do that and we can get all these answers here's a quantum state of three qubits it has eight wait waiting's and they should all add up to one because the probabilities have to add up well eight is not very big so three qubits is a pretty small system but if I put four cubits in here we get sixteen five qubits is 32 so we have exponential growth if we put three hundred qubits together that's two to the three hundred states we can represent and I picked that number because it's huge it's more than the number of atoms in the universe so even if every atom in the universe is part of a regular PC like this or some conventional computer it wouldn't have enough space to store information merely in three hundred atoms or three hundred electrons in a quantum computer so this is the really good news it's explosive good news this exponential growth we're tempted to say well there's a solution to Moore's law we have this exponential growth well what's the bad news we have to look at it we have to measure the quantum computer and when you when you make a measurement you only one answer you could have two to the three had 10 to the 90 inputs you only get one answer and it's random it's totally noisy so it's almost like it's really bad news it's devastating news because it seems like there's nothing good that can come from this you don't know what the output was because it's probabilistic you have to reverse the function to find out what input corresponding to that output so why not just run it serially with every one of the inputs so at first glance that doesn't seem to be anything to be gained here but at second glance and this took 30 or 40 years after fineman's original observation of this quantum opportunity David Deutsch a computer scientist physicist mathematician at Oxford pointed out that well before you make a measurement you can take all of these inputs all these qubits they're maybe two to the three hundred of them sorry two to the three hundred pieces of information you can have them interfere in superposition that's another wave-like phenomenon interference well if these if if these this is sort of be sort of like time now I feel left to right and these red dots they're called quantum gates just like in classical computing we combine information in ways to do computation we can do that with quantum gates in quantum states as well there are some algorithms where if you allow them to interfere in just the right way only one answer appears at the end or just a few answers before you measure and so now that that answer can in some cases depend on all of these inputs and that's something you could never do with conventional computers if the inputs are sufficiently large and now when you make a measurement there's rule number two is no problem now when you make a measurement there's only one answer you're going to get and it can depend on all the inputs in an important way I'm being kind of vague here because quantum computers are not a panacea they're not they won't solve every problem this is a so-called one to one problem where every input gives a unique output cronic computers are bad for that for the obvious reason that as I said this bad news will kill you but there are problems that are not one-to-one where some output depends on lots of inputs and in in the mid-90s a killer application emerged that really gave birth to this field as we know today and it's a actually a simple recipe in in in number theory factoring factoring numbers 39 is 3 times 13 that's easy it's a small number but when you make the number big that you want to factor into its primes it becomes exponentially hard there's no known fast algorithm to factor big numbers so with with a thousand digits you just can't factor it now factoring seems sort of esoteric except the inability to factor big numbers is the basis of all modern encryption standards so if you can factor big numbers you can break codes and there are lots of three-letter agencies that want to do that well actually it's interesting they they not just want to break codes they want to know can somebody else break our codes when will a quantum computer exist it's powerful enough to factor and well the good news in a sense is that I think we're at a conversation last night with my sister who is a computer scientist at Los Alamos here in Santa Fe and she said well it's always 20 years away 20 years away all the time well factoring is a really hard problem you need millions of qubits billions of operations isn't it and as I'll tell you in a little bit the state of the art now is dozens and hundreds not millions and billions so we're a long way away but the way factoring works is if you imagine we want to factor the number 39 well we store all of those numbers at the same time and how would you factor classically one not so efficient way is to test every number smaller than smaller than you don't have to go above the square root of 39 but every numbers smaller than a number just test and see if it divides it it's trial and error and of course if this this number has a hundred digits then you have to test 10 to the 100 numbers and you're out of luck but we can store a superposition of all these numbers in a quantum computer again and here's where it's sort of the magic happens we can we can apply quantum gates in the system so that the quantum state ends up being this it sort of gets forced into the answer and that number 39 encoded in this particular pattern of these gates and that's the art of quantum computing algorithms and again this is a killer application it's a big deal because it's it's it's it's a fast algorithm on a quantum computer exponentially faster than any known classical algorithm so there there are some other applications that over the last few years have come to light and I'm going to be very vague here they have to do with optimization any kind of problem where the answer depends on all the inputs is something that quantum may be good at this is a very spiky function you can think of it as a topographical map or something what's the minimum value of this function as a function of these two variables well it's clearly right here you can see that but what if we have what if we have 10,000 variables we very hard to plot that since we only have three dimensions so what's the minimum value of a function that has lots of inputs well you have to test every one of them and that's a hard problem well the minimum is a global property of all the inputs and there are quantum computer algorithms that might allow us to approximate where that minimum value is and this is going to hit this could hit all kinds of different walks of life any kind of optimization problem there is there are people thinking about how to apply quantum computers to it that said it's a very speculative game it's not clear how how well quantum computers will do in these problems one of my favorites is a well known problem called the Traveling Salesman problem if you specify a bunch of cities on a map what's the what's the path that hits every city once and only once and covers the minimum distance that's a really hard problem classically in fact it's exponentially hard with the number of cities quantum mechanically it looks like a quantum computer might not be able to solve it either but it might get a better approximation than a classical algorithm could and this is sort of where a lot of the field is right now this is an article just a couple months ago on the Wall Street Journal it's nothing about quantum it's about models for instance autonomous driving we have models of how cars can recognize certain things on the road solving some of those models are really difficult and that's I think maybe where quantum will play play play a role so I want I want to close by actually you know I haven't talked anything about experiment and I'm an experimentalist and I've given you sort of an exotic platform for computing and remember that a quantum system to be to to work as a quantum computer has to be isolated to an extreme level and then when you're ready to measure you need to look in there so we have to have very controllable hardware to do this and it's really exotic stuff there exist a few different types of systems that can be built now for quantum computers and in fact two platforms in particular they're very exotic they're being built right now one is superconducting circuits and I think of this as sort of a coil of wire where the current flows without resistance so it flows forever yeah without bumping into any material it's a fascinating physics phenomena phenomenon that was discovered a long time ago super conductivity you've heard the terms well in this case we can run currents in two directions at the same time and nobody's looking and you know even the matter in the wire is not looking because the the the electricity flows without resistance so that's an interesting platform to store a qubit and you can physically wire these things up this is actually five cubits this is an IBM chip here where they wire five superconducting qubits and there's lots of investment in this area from big companies that you've heard of to build quantum computers out of this there's another platform that is really sticking out as well this is even more exotic and this is the one I work with it's individual atoms and the strength of individual atoms is that they're all the same they're given to us they're all the same same element same isotope so we can scale up in a way that you could never do if you have manmade manmade qubits and so this is a picture of one of our devices this is a chip it's a silicon chip by a centimeter on the side there's nothing quantum about this chip what's quantum is the floating atoms above the chip in fact I've expanded it by maybe a factor of 50 these atoms sit right here above the surface about 1/10 of a millimeter above that surface and here you can see there are 75 atoms in that chain each dot is a single atom they're all the same and the reason you can see them is that we're shining laser light on them and that laser is tuned to a particular wavelength that this particular atom will respond to if you don't know what the atom is it's you terbium YB it really doesn't matter so much that that determines the lasers we're going to use and so forth they're separated by a few microns a few millionths of a meter these are ions they're charged and that's why they repel each other and step and and form this crystal it's anatomically perfect crystal and each atom is a qubit why can you see single atoms well because this is in a vacuum there's nothing there there's nothing else there of course you can see things if there's no noise so these atoms behave as wonderful qubits quantum bits and we can we can actually shine lasers on them to to to perform quantum computations and this little animation will kind of show you about that so this is just a collection of five atoms we initialize them using other lasers and we're gonna poke lasers at these individual atoms you should think of them as like masses connected by Springs and when we when we when we poke them with lasers they move around a little bit and that causes them to be coupled that's how we wire together two atoms and this is actually a quantum computation a circuit here and we point lasers at the atoms I won't go into details don't have time to do that but in the end we do a chronic computation based on those gates and then we measure them all if it's in one state they fluoresce if it's in another state they're dark and we collect that light on detectors so this is a very simplified version of what we do and here's again that picture of these individual atoms and these individual atoms are on top of that chip and I didn't show you the best part this chip has about 100 electrodes and we have controllers and lasers and the chip is right in there now all the action is here this is all support but this is the this I don't want to say it's noisy we think about it but that that sorry one a little too fast in that little cubic meter is where all the action happens and we even have visions to scale up those those boxes by using optical fibers again this is this is lurching into the science fiction area of my research but we have working prototypes that work with small numbers of qubits and this is what you have to think of course when you see that system we're at the level where the things are really really complicated still and and you know these systems are very hard to maintain but nobody's tried yet to engineer these individual atoms and we're trying to do that both that in my university research group and also our small company inq I'm happy to say you may have noticed on a slide I said before Honeywell Corporation is also investing a lot in this this this interesting platform but it's pretty exotic and there are other platforms that are more researching now anything that sort of shows quantum coherence individual atoms individual electrons if you can isolate them there's an interesting defect in diamond that makes Diamond turn red when there's a vacancy of the carbon atom and next door there's a nitrogen atom defect those two together make for a very interesting type of qubit people think about that it's called envy diamond so the you know there are a lot of ideas out there and what's what's what's the coolest for me is that this field is still in its infancy on the hardware side and there's just lots of good ideas out there and so what what happens in the future well we turn to Tom Clancy of course so he he he and his ghost writers they like to read up on modern research and put little zingers in their books and actually they you know he talks about quantum computing here and there but his hero actually builds builds a device that's stable and it's scalable and it works really well and he's asked well how did you manage to do that if it's so hard he says because I'm smarter than all the rest and that's the great thing about this field there's so many smart young people that may might not know quantum physics the math behind it but but they can understand the concepts just well enough to maybe think about new systems it can be built you know there's wonderful you know wonderful directions that are out there it bridges physics chemistry mathematics information theory computer science of course electrical engineering all forms of engineering and I guess one of the challenge in this is in this field and I I'm hoping that I dispelled a little bit of that is that most people are not comfortable with quantum mechanics some of them some people don't even believe it they just think it's a you know it's an ivory tower subject engineers especially older generations of Engineers that build airplanes we need these systems and huge engineers to apply their skills to quantum they won't touch it it's it's it's just such a goofy theory to them and I think this culture is starting to change now but there's sort of a gap between universities and industry in this field I often say that universities at universities are very comfortable with applying quantum physics but we don't build things we don't build things that are useful for others to use like computers you never build an airplane or a computer at a university industry has the opposite problem they build things they have systems engineers that have worked 15 years on one thing perfected it prototype after prototype but they're not comfortable with quantum mechanics yet so there's sort of a gap now in in this I think of it as a workforce issue and for that reason actually the US government is very interested in this for many reasons one one is that the countries of countries throughout the world are putting lots of effort into quantum computing u.s. has mighty industry we can take your risks and so forth but we don't have that workforce in the middle so actually Congress this year is the unanimous have the House unanimously passed a law called the National quantum initiative that would that would direct agencies to sort of bridge that middle ground and the Senate will probably act by this year's end and the White House is actually engaged in this there's an expert in quantum physics in the White House right now who is sort of advising and coordinating the agencies hopefully in this field and again hopefully in 10 or 20 years you know this won't be needed we'll have a culture of folks that are at least comfortable with quantum physics so don't worry about not understanding it none of us do but just get comfortable with it and then when you go home you can read interesting books and think about the mystical nature of what could be the backbone of high-performance computing in the future thanks for your attention so okay so if anyone has any questions oh I have one right here the Brent okay how does this relate to the Chinese satellite that we heard had split a photon and uses the positions of this photon in two different locations to transmit indecipherable code good question so I did mention that quantum computers could break codes but actually quantum information and you may have gathered from just the background you can also encode information in a very interesting way because if somebody reads it they destroy it remember rule number two so there's something called quantum cryptography where you can actually send quantum bits like photons through a fiber or through space and if somebody reads it you know in principle that they are eavesdropping that's kind of neat so indeed the Chinese launched a satellite and there was a marvelous engineering task to send single photons up to the satellite and they could basically communicate it wasn't a very fast rate of communication but they could do it knowing that the communication was secure so how does this relate to that yes that's an example of something called quantum communication I will say on the other hand the direct use of qubits for encryption is not necessarily so interesting because if you want to break if you want to if you want to spy on the person sending information from here to the satellite I would not maybe not break try to try to intercept it along the line I would look behind the back of the guy who typed in the information or try to blackmail and maybe or or do something on the satellite at the other end when he gets read so you know those problems are still there it does solve the problem of the channel itself being broken but there's always an element at either end in fact this country is not necessarily so interested in quantum for that reason but it's a marvelous engineering feat and I would I'll give I will say that if you share photons with say many parties there are protocols that can take advantage of it this is more in game theory so you could imagine having an election system where nobody trusts anybody else how can you be sure there's a fair election there's a way to use entanglement maybe to help in that direction so it's very researchy but the Chinese satellite I mean it's a very expensive and beautiful engineering project it also made a lot of noise and I think that's the design they they wanted to really hear the kind of make make a lot of press out of that I have another one over here in the aisle I'm just curious it's it sounds as if you're talking about it is what I would consider the extremely low level of hardware's if you're talking about okay we're here we can take a quantum analogy for a a computer gate and sort of sort of logic gate but of course computers you know you build the CPU out of multiple gates and you have the memory and you have then you have on top of that you have software so it seems like there's maybe I'm one of those slightly older engineers who's just uncomfortable with all this but it seems like there's a huge gap between what you described and what I would think of as as even anything approaching software like how does that where does that come in yeah good point there's a huge gap so so when I think of software I in quantum I think of applying individual gates I mean that is really low level I mean in classical software we're I mean I remember doing a little bit of assembling language code in the 70s and that was very low level but the gates behind it or even much lower very hardware driven so you're absolutely right there's a huge gap between what we can do at hardware and the highest level say the cloud user interface however in these quantum systems like any computer if you can abstract away the hardware whether whether we have superconducting loops going one direction or another or atoms that are that are in one state or another if you can abstract even just to the gate level that's very powerful and there are currently lots of software people even Microsoft's by leading the charge developing quantum software it's still very low level and right now you can't cheat you can't throw away a memory like we look like we do these days you have to really squeeze out every piece of efficiency you can but you're absolutely right and we're dying for for the hardware to graduate so that we can add more software layers to it that's that's going to be absolutely necessary but yes I'm sorry to say that you know I can agree with you entirely that we're we haven't even started on the software side yet thanks I guess I don't I've had trouble understanding what the scaling dimension of this is like in the ordinary in say the non quantum computation we scale on space that is we know we can get down to half M levels and and we just do this kind of arbitrary computation unit in a smaller space right but what makes two quantum computers different from each other in terms of scale like once you get one of these things working how do you get the next step that is the 2o version how is that going to be faster in the first one yeah ok question has lots of lots of directions so just the number of qubits is in a sense you get to exponentiate that number or take it to you know so 2 to the N is in a sense the naive power of n qubits so every time you add one cubit you've doubled the power of that system in a sense the problem is every time every time you add a queue the system gets a little more messy and you have to probably operate more gates so as you make the system bigger you have to also go deeper you have to have deeper circuits and here's here's the real challenge as I see it in the laboratory is that quantum systems when you make them big they become classical they they get noticed it's very challenging to scale up a system and maintain quantum coherence and that's the central challenge in the hope and the entire endeavor now one thing I didn't talk about I wish I had time is the idea of quantum error correction and it turns out if you make your quantum system big enough it can be stable against errors and you can scale it up unfortunately the overhead to store a really good qubit might require 10,000 plain Cubans classically we have error correction as well but it's much more efficient you can you can make the errors go infinitesimally small just by adding a tiny bit more redundancy and how you encode but there's so many new types of errors that can happen in quantum you have to encode things in a mass massive entangled state but so I'm not sure I'm answering your question but the scale up of quantum computing depends on the algorithm it depends on the system and again I sort of revert to my earlier answer where it's such an early stage we just want to build one that can do something demonstrably different than what we do classically maybe that factoring algorithm applied to a small number and think about scaling that up or maybe some simulation of some molecular dynamics and see if you can scale that up so I hate to be wishy-washy but boy we still don't know what what quantum computers are good for it's a slightly peripheral question but say quantum computers are realized and the killer app being factoring large numbers is a solvable problem the peripheral question is since so much of our security computer security type protocols are based on that can you say anything about as quantum computing develops in 20 years 50 years whatever the number is can you say anything about the directions that computer security is going that is not based on that breakable encoding yeah good good point and just like quantum cryptography this decryption application is a little overstated because there are cryptographic schemes that that can be proven quantum can't break it's called post quantum cryptography and and NIST's the nationalistic standards that technology is developing several of those that the government use I'm sure NSA is way ahead so indeed I find the factoring problem you know not so interesting I mean it's academically interesting because it's a different complexity class of a very classic problem but the application of factoring there's not much there because we cannot we will change our cryptography standards in the coming maybe in a decade or something but it's still true that people are listening in right now and writing down ciphertext they can't break and and maybe in 20 years they can break it so if you want to keep a secret more than 20 years you should be careful right now sort of taking action now so so indeed I'm not an expert in cryptography but there are many different many different forms of cryptography that seem to be quantum quantum secure I'm not a techie but the other night I was listening to a report on the various currencies and they were discussing Bitcoin and others so is the Bitcoin what you mentioned just now is it felt I mean what was that last expression you mentioned just now crypto what I mean is the Bitcoin crypto secure boy I wish I knew more about that but the Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are based on this this blockchain protocol that as far as I understand it's very much related to the classic type of cryptography based on the ability to factor and if you can factor you can maybe mind bitcoins I think that I think that's true but I don't think it has to be true I think you can adopt different standards for for crypto currencies that are also a quality cure but I'm actually not the guy to ask it's one of those terms everybody talks about it about and nobody understands it I have a device question for you I'm looking at the space you had one picture of the IBM system where the superconducting circuits and it looks like those are Josephson junctions can you kind of describe the physics of those oh yeah a Josephson junction so basic loop of wire here it has inductance and capacitance it's an oscillator so the circuit oscillates if you had a Josephson junction in there it becomes nonlinear and therefore you can store it you can make a qubit out of it an oscillator has infinitely many levels quantum levels but to store a qubit you need to make the levels differently spaced and the Josephson Junction does that so it's a little it's the Josephson junction is this this little thing there it's a tiny gap where the electrons tunnel through the gap and that gives the non-linearity it's it's it's a little bit technical but that some people in that field would call this thing an atom they call that big it's a big atom it can be 1/10 of a millimeter on the side it's an atom and has a very simple degree of freedom everything else is frozen out because it's it it's at nearly zero degrees Kelvin it's it's it's it's in a dilution refrigerator very low temperature and everything freezes out except this one degree of freedom so Josephson junctions actually were popular in the 80s for making a new type of conventional computer classical computer based on Joseph's no chance because there was very little dissipation and it's thought that was important turned out not to be it's still looking got smaller and smaller they just engineered the heck out of it and you know silicon conquered but I have to been involved in that project act or make me did yeah yeah it's it's no surprise that I should have included Northrop Grumman here IBM and Northrop Grumman now have sort of legacy Josephson computing groups maybe you were involved with something maybe older TRW that went over to Northrop and these same people are now making circuits for quantum so it's a very yeah it's a very active field very exciting this may be a little mystical that there's a Santa Fe can I give to me so the human human mind is pretty good pretty smart and there's a handful of well-respected physicists and others like Penrose and Hameroff who in fact think that the human brain is a quantum computer and I know there are issues with how that can be but I'm just wondering what your thought my gut feeling is that something hot sticky and wet is no place for quantum physics so I find it hard to believe but I wish I could say the same say more to it there are many biological effects that seem to have quantum coherence at their core one is the one is the rhodopsin in the back year I can detect the olicity of single photons and there's the magnetic field sensing of certain birds that apparently they can they can detect it at the single atom level of magnetism and so their quantum coherence and even superposition could play a role the problem is rule number two always gets in the way when you have something hot or when you have something that's super big how does how does how can you think of quantum in that context and you know they're really interesting ideas out there I think it's fascinating I think it's a little bit fringe which is too bad I think there shouldn't be Oster shouldn't be ostracized for for thinking that way but I I just don't know how to think that way I'm if you've gathered the the platform I like our individual atoms you know ten or twenty that's a lot so I'm sort of a bottom-up kind of kind of person and it's very hard for me to think of applying quantum to a really complex system with ten to the twenty atoms in it so you know sorry it's not mystical I think that's it's really interesting and I think biology is kind of the one of the frontiers of science right now if we can only link it with physics mark would be great actually next month's lecture Michelle will talk maybe a little in that direction	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
- What social platforms would I focus on? (clicking) Probably the hottest one right now is Instagram. You have the opportunity to do profile posts, profile videos, daily Instagram stories, Instagram lives, now there's IGTV and all of those are a big opportunity. Hey what's up. Sean here with Think Media, bringing you the best tips and tools for building your influence with online video and on this channel we do a lot of tech gear reviews as well as kinda Q and A videos just like this one. But hey, I'm out here in Austin, (upbeat music) flew in from Las Vegas to meet up with some entrepreneurs and business owners for kind of a think tank here at the Capital Factory but I asked you your questions on social media and a lot of questions came in about how do I use social media to grow my YouTube channel and what are the best platforms right now? So we're gonna kinda go through those in this video, so let's just jump right in to it. (upbeat music) All right let's get in to these questions. Adventures with the VBs says, "I have just started a channel "so I'm in the early stages, about 10 videos in "and I would love to know "how I should be using social media. "I've opened up an Instagram account and a Facebook account "but I'm not sure how to best engage my audience. "Would posting links to my videos be enough?" Great question. Well first of all if your goal is to grow on YouTube, I suggest spending 80% to 90% of your energy just focusing on YouTube and not getting distracted with social media too soon. Secondly, I recommend picking the best platform for your target audience as a support platform for your YouTube channel. I think that Instagram is an all around hot platform right now. Maybe if you had more of like a female demographic or fashion or certain things, Pinterest could be interesting. It's also a search engine. Maybe more business minded, LinkedIn as a support platform to generate new awareness and interest that you could eventually send over to your YouTube channel. But one of the biggest mistakes that people make is they try to just like start an Instagram account and all they post there is links to their YouTube videos. That will pretty much never work because nobody wants to follow you on Instagram just so they can see you promote something somewhere else. If you wanna use your Instagram account to grow your YouTube channel then you should use your Instagram account to grow your Instagram account. What do I mean? I mean you should put valuable content on Instagram that is not telling people to link away, that your target audience would find interesting, and then after you've built some influence there, every once in awhile you go hey, I got a video out on YouTube and some people will head over there. But a big thing I've noticed is that especially when you're starting a brand new social media platform, you're not gonna get much traffic from it over to your YouTube channel. You're much better off putting out the best quality videos possible, optimizing them really well, and using a little bit of hustling and generating and DMing people and hitting up your friends and following hashtags, to get some traffic so that you can have a breakout video, blow up your YouTube channel and then later as you get more momentum and maybe even have some revenue, maybe you expand on to other social media platforms. Too many people spread themselves too thin too soon when it comes to YouTube and social media, so really focus on your number one priority which is probably YouTube. Get some traction there and then use that momentum for your future. Next question from Kay's Eats ASMR, "What are the best social medias to promote "your YouTube channel on? "And is Reddit any good for promotion?" All right so saying, now that we know that YouTube is a priority, what social platforms would I focus on to like gain new awareness? There's a few. Probably the hottest one right now is Instagram. It's crowded but everybody is there. It just takes a lot of energy. You have the opportunity to do profile posts, profile videos, daily Instagram stories, Instagram lives, now there's IGTV and all of those are a big opportunity but I would honestly say like you might, if you're gonna do a one two punch say okay I'm gonna spend 70% of my energy on YouTube, 30% on Instagram because it's such a titan and really focus there. I think you can still get discovered by new people with hashtags and Instagram TV now, because it actually starts with previews in the feed, is a big deal and so definitely dive deeper in some of our training about social media if you wanna learn more about that. Secondly, LinkedIn video and LinkedIn. I'm super pumped about LinkedIn right now. If you have a business minded, kind of entrepreneurial professional audience, it's one of the most favorable, if not the most favorable algorithm on the internet right now for getting discovered and again add value on LinkedIn, text posts, image posts, native videos that are uploaded to LinkedIn and then every once in awhile, link your YouTube videos there and you can get some real traction. Think Media, if you happen to be on LinkedIn, add me. I'll put a link to it in the description below and check out what I'm doing on my activity feed. You'll see kind of a mix of different types of posts as well as posts to my YouTube videos and a lot of times these are getting 300, 400, 500 views on LinkedIn and probably you know 50 views over on YouTube. So that's a big deal, so definitely consider LinkedIn. To your point, about Reddit, I think it's a massive opportunity, you just don't wanna dabble there. I actually don't know much about Reddit. I know that if you're active and you're part of the community, you understand how it works, you really go deep, you build relationships, you build your reputation, Reddit can be a massive place of discoverability and even going viral with maybe what you're talking about, a trending post, something hot in your niche. So definitely consider researching Reddit. I think Facebook organic reach is harder than ever before. It's its own strategy. It's almost like if you're doing Facebook live, Facebook watch, Facebook it's great. But using Facebook to send traffic to YouTube is kinda tough and then I think we should all be on Twitter just to be kinda social, to connect and not necessarily for promotion and publishing content, more for conversations. In fact we're not connected on Twitter. Why not? Why are we not connected? Add me. Can you tweet me? Can you send me a tweet right now? Could you pause this video and tweet me? Okay, but Twitter's probably not a great way to grow if you're starting your Twitter account from scratch but it's worth you know letting people know when you post a new video on that platform as well. (upbeat music) Hey if you're getting value out of this video so far can you hit the like button and the next question comes here from Leon, kinda similar, but he says, "Is it still possible to grow just on YouTube alone "or do you need to use other social media platforms?" And the answer is actually yes. I've got friends right now that are launching new YouTube channels and they're just growing on YouTube alone. What they're doing is putting out a lot of quality content, they're trying to upload as many videos as possible and what they're after is a breakout video. When you get a breakout video, you trigger the algorithm. A friend of mine just started a brand new channel, already like 200 subscribers, he's already getting watch time, but he's putting out multiple videos. They're maybe not all doing well but you hit that right one at the right time with the right thumbnail, the right optimization, the right content. So definitely focusing on YouTube is still a thing. But Leon, I'm also pumped that you mentioned besides the other social media platforms that you mentioned Quora. And Think Media, if you haven't heard of Quora before, it's kinda like Yahoo Answers. Look it up, it's Q-U-O-R-A .com and it's a place where people ask questions. Now here's a to do, if you really wanna grow on YouTube this year, write down the top 10 questions that your target audience asks the most. Like for YouTube tips, it's like how do I get views, how do I get subscribers? What are the questions they're asking based on your niche that you can get discovered for? Turn those 10 questions in to 10 videos, upload those videos on your channel, maybe one a week, and then what you can do is go over to Quora and use those videos to answer those questions. They're probably pretty relevant. That would be a great way to get some content ideas for your channel and to use Quora and YouTube as like a one two punch to generate some new viewership and subscribers. Now if you want some deeper dive strategies on how to get more followers on social media so you can grow your YouTube channel faster and ultimately that are just not the fluff that a lot of people are putting out there, I have a deep dive training on my four biggest tips for getting followers on social media. So definitely check that out. I'll link it up on the YouTube card and put a link to that training in the description below. So hey, if you got value out of this video, can you smash the like button? Question of the day, what is your question? I'd love to do more Q and A videos just like this one, so post your question in the comment section below. Subscribe if you're not subscribed and I will see you in the next video. Peace. (upbeat music)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
It's AumSum Time. What if Ads Disappeared? Oh No. Now where will I advertise my Kung Fu skills. Oh AumSum. Firstly, if ads disappeared, Google search may not remain free anymore. We may have to pay for every search. Secondly, newspapers earn a substantial amount of their revenue by showing ads. If ads disappeared, newspapers will have to either raise their prices or risk getting shut down. Thirdly, ads are known to slow down websites. If ads disappeared, our browsing experience may suddenly get faster. Fourthly, companies are able to reach as well as sell their products by showing ads. If ads disappeared, selling may not remain easy anymore. Fifthly, celebrities as well as influencers earn huge income by featuring in ads. If ads disappeared, their income may dwindle drastically. Lastly, if ads disappeared, social media sites will not be free anymore. One may have to pay a monthly fee to use them.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
(fast-paced electronic music) - [Eleanor] Hi, or, nice I'm gonna taking a bit of a trip to the past today. (speaking in Greek) This is hello in Ancient Greek. And that's hello in Australian, which is where I'm from. Now Ancient Greece might seem like a really long way away and well that's because it is. And I've also traveled a really long way to get here today, too. All the way from Australia, which is all the way over there. (laughs) And I'm from Melbourne, which is at the bottom. Some people think it's a little upside down on the other side of the world. Maybe it is, maybe it's not. Many of you know Australia for our wildlife. These are regular photos that my mom sends to me. If you'd like regular python updates feel free to follow me on Twitter. Not about the language I'm afraid, generally more related to the reptile. Australia's also known for its other animals, like kangaroos. This is a marsupial, known by most as something that young children like to ride to school. We also have this little thing called a platypus, which is also referred to as a duck-billed platypus. What makes him so interesting is that he's a semi-aquatic egg-laying mammal. Which means it's a mammal that lays eggs instead of giving birth to live young and it can also produce milk, so I think they're actually like one of the only animals that can make its own custard that's kind of weird but whatever. (audience laughs) And this is a koaka, and it, look it's just adorable. It's just really cute. So I work at a place called The Conversation, and most of our small team of developers are based in Australia, but we have some in London and we have someone in Brazil at the moment, too. We also have 150 editorial staff spread around the world for the eight different regional editions that make up The Conversation. So The Conversation is a non-for-profit. We're an independent source of news and views. An academic newsboard, basically. Our editorial staff work with academic experts to report on a huge range of topics from economic trends, politics, climate issues, and also like cultural reviews and things. One of my favorite parts of The Conversation is called fact-check, where we strive to tackle misinformation and test claims made by political leaders against the evidence that they purport. This is particularly important in our current political climate. We have an onsite readership of 10 million and 30 million readers through republication a month. Currently there's 1.1 billion reads recorded in our data warehouse and we're continuing to expand. And yes, we do have a U.S. edition and I promise you we don't publish fake news. But I wasn't always a programmer, and it was just over two years ago that The Conversation gave me a wonderful opportunity to learn on the job. Before that I'd very briefly dabbled in Ruby and written a few small programs here and there but I generally spent my time working with artifacts in antiquity and heritage museums as well as studying classical language. So, this is generally what you first learn when you learn a modern language. Here's the hello world for learning Ruby, And here's what you first learn for classical Greek. So the Greeks did tend to be a little bit dramatic. Yeah this is from Homer's Odyssey if you're interested. So when I first began programming, one of the first things I learned about was the law of Demeter. And I remember this specifically, because I thought it must have been a coincidence that something in programming and something prevalent enough to learn so early could have ties to Greek mythology. Now the Law of Demeter was named for the origin in the Demeter project, which was named in honor of Demeter herself. Demeter is or was in Greek mythology the distribution mother, mother earth if you will. The goddess of agriculture, of fertility, and she's also known for her association with sacred law and legislators. And yes, it is pronounced Demeter, although this does depend on which dialect of Greek you are speaking. So thanks to Demeter, this career change from archaeology and classics to coding suddenly didn't seem so dramatic. And although there are links between these two disciplines they may seem tenuous at best. They suddenly weren't. And over time I found that there's some really strong parallels between the two. And now I'm finding myself identifying many facets of programming with history. Kubernetes, which comes from the attic Greek (speaking Greek) meaning to steer or to govern, and frequently referring to a helmsman or captain, with (speaking Greek) of the first declension masculine heir. But, known most likely to use as deployment containers. The recent project Aristotle, which was study by the people analytics team at Google to help answer what makes a team effective. With the project taking its name from Aristotle as a tribute to this very loosely translated quote the whole is greater than the sum of its part meaning we can achieve more if we work together. Zeus of course as God of the sky and thunder and also ruler of the Gods but also known in program as an IDE, integrated development environment. So we've got Demeter, we've got Kubernetes, we've got Aristotle, and we've got Zeus. So although we don't realize it, we are surrounded by history. But I'd like to go a little bit deeper than that today. And today I'm gonna talk to you about human intention in the archaeological record. And what this means for us as programmers. Stratigraphy in context, and technology itself. And, although you've already had a small one, there will be a few history lessons along the way, of course. So. How often do you dig through a commit history. Peeling away layers of complexity, sifting for clues, trying to answer why? Why does this code do what it does. You're seeking to separate the important from the unnecessary or irrelevant, only to be stopped in your tracks. Derailed by historical debris. An ill-defined method with an amusing but uninformative commit message. (audience laughs) You all have all been there, I know that I certainly have. Every day we write code and we commit it. And those commits for better or worse preserve a piece of history. Our reasons, our approach, and often our emotions, and this history lives on throughout the life of a project. And yet often, the whole story, the reason why certain decisions were made is very rarely clear. The obvious decision may not have always been the best one and when we finally manage to peel back the complexity, we sometimes find ourself in a worse state of confusion than where we began. So how can we make sense of this? What can we do? And to me the answer is clear and it lies in archaeology. So what is archaeology? What does an archaeologist do? This? This? This? (audience laughs) Thanks to popular culture you may have thought that maybe one of these represented archaeology. And that's totally okay. But I'm afraid that these are common misconceptions. Archaeology is not dinosaurs. It's usually not piles of gold. But it is definitely not Indiana Jones busting into a booby-trapped tomb. Adventure stories like these are prevalent in popular culture and they ignore the painstaking work involved in carrying out excavations and analysis. Does that sound familiar? Archaeology is instead a study of cultural history, of material culture, of people and the traces that they left behind. It is a never-ending detective story, and often code is also a never-ending detective story. Yet archaeology is also the science of the past using observations and evaluations to test ideas and theories about what happened in antiquity. Providing us with a fascinating, and frequently beautiful window into the past. Now, I know that this sounds rather romantic. A window into the past to interpret as you will but using strong scientific principles to ground the interpretation. But it is also important to remember that the archaeological record is a distorted version of past events. Artifacts are broken. Buildings burn and collapse. Food remains are usually only partially preserved, if you're lucky. Not all sites, and in fact barely any, with the exception of Pompeii, are perfectly preserved. But once archaeologists recognize that these processes influence the preservation and evolution of a site, they are able to look for reliable ways to reconstruct past human behaviors. To interpret these behaviors, these traces of individuality. So let's talk about that, human intention in the archaeological record, and what that means for us as programmers. One of the most frequent cliches heard is that you cannot see the individual in the archaeological record but it does contain very direct evidence of individual action and human intention. The digging of a rubbish pit, the construction of house foundations, the scratchings on a piece of ceramic to exile your least favorite politician. And we can often see such individuality with the first glance at a code base. How certain tests have been structured a certain way. Or the time stamp on a commit. But yet when I first began programming and frequently when pair programming, I'd hear my colleague exclaim things like, "Ugh, that's certainly something that Mark wrote," or "This class has written James all over it." And this is how I saw it. I couldn't see the individual in the code, I could not see the quirks that made one speck stand out as being written by one person instead of the other. I could not see intention, purpose, individuality. And I couldn't fathom how my colleagues possibly could. Now, for those of you that have been programming and working with all this for a long time, this might seem like a really small thing, but the realization that you could actually see the individual within lines of code, it made me comfortable, because it reminded me of how I would search for traces of individuality from antiquity. Now, there's this beautiful Greek word praxis, the main discussion of which comes from Aristotle. Aristotle, again, was a philosopher in the fourth century B.C., which was at the height of classical Greece. He was a student of Plato, and tutor of Alexander the Great. So, Aristotle's politics and ethics treated praxis as an activity performed for its own sake, an activity which is undertaken as a realization of the intrinsic high capabilities of the human psyche. I'm not sure if you could decipher exactly what I just said, Aristotle can be a bit like that. This is what I meant. Praxis. This word praxis sounds a lot like our modern practice, and that's because practice and practices are derivatives of it. Praxis itself derives from the Attic Greek feminine noun hepraxis, meaning fact or action, and the verb pratto or prasso, which means to do or to perform. Now, what I love about this word, and the idea of this word, is its innate reflexivity. You, as the actor, are the one making the decisions. When you write a method, a class, model, you are making a decision to write it a certain way. Now archaeologically, I like to think about praxis as gaining knowledge about the world through observation or in a more physical sense through excavation, the result of which being an examination of the relationship between humans and structures of society, or an interpretation of these relationships. So, let's think about interpretation as constructing a story of past behavior, a story that has a potential for alternate explanation. And think back to what I said earlier, about archaeology being an interpretive window into the past. So, archaeologists don't just find artifacts, describe or identify patterns of behavior and put them in time and space in the way that they want. They do it in a way that best suits the perceived interpretation. So we write code that fits into particular times and particular spaces. We write certain patterns of behaviors certain ways. Be it language convention, team convention, or personal preference. We are writing code for the future to potentially come back and excavate, to interpret. Now, it's common human behavior to take shortcuts. Many people do it all the time. And as programmers, we frequently do too because we are human. But there are many reasons why we made need to do this to write a particular piece of code a certain way. You might be under time pressure at work, or the code itself might be forcing something to be written a certain way. And it can be easy to forget these things when you're the one in the future looking back, trying to reconstruct this story and not knowing how to interpret it. Not knowing how to interpret the reasoning, the meaning, the story behind the code, something forgetting that there are alternate explanations and interpretations for things. Different circumstances require different actions, and acknowledging these actions can help guide understanding the idiosyncrasies that form the whole picture. So this relationship between praxis and excavation between interpretation, it puts individual intention and desire into the picture into the code, into the archaeological record. And these traces of individuality that we leave behind in our code, they personify it, and they're all expressions of human decision-making, and in the same way that the individual is present in the archaeological record in a pottery fragment ostracizing a general from Athens or the precise brush strokes that form a pattern, so are we within the code that we write and the decisions that we make to do it. Okay. So let's talk about context now. Context and stratigraphy. So, as programmers, we are lucky to be able to create history that remains flat and readable. We have the luxury to rewrite and sanitize history. In the interest of a clean history, manipulating a single commit is easy. Manipulating two commits is easy. But it's essential to be aware that history isn't polluted, and context isn't lost. So, think about the ability that git gives us to view historical snapshots of a code base at any point. An archaeologist rarely sees more than a single reference frame at any one point. Portions of sites are uncovered. Everything is recorded as data, and a new reference frame is revealed. The first layer is forever destroyed by the virtue of the second being revealed. So think about this destruction in a programmatic sense, from a developer's perspective. This is why you do not force push into master. So, in archaeology these reference frames are called stratigraphy, and stratigraphy provides a fundamental basis for understanding chronological relationships in the archaeological record. Think about stratigraphy in terms of a layer cake, where the top layers are the youngest and the bottom the oldest. Okay, maybe not a handbag, but more like a book on its side with layers of information one on top of the other. A sequence from start to end. Now, I feel like I almost don't need to say this but when you type git log, you've got your commits in that repo, made in reverse chronological order. A sequence, a story, from end to start. With the most recent commits first. So, in order to understand the why of how events occurred, we can use chronological relationships within the archaeological record to get from static material to dynamic behavior, and we can do the same to understand events in the history of our repos. So, our git logs are generally formed in a fairly straightforward way. Our commits are instantaneously preserved. Yet archaeological sites are formed in complex ways. They are not instantaneously formed and preserved, with the exception of Pompeii of course. The archaeological record forms slowly, as a cumulative record, like a git log but with a few more Romans thrown in. Um, so, let's take a look at the Temple of Apollo at Corinth. The temple and Corinth itself has had a tumultuous history, much like most of Ancient Greece Periods of prosperity followed by seemingly unending wars and conflicts to being ransacked by Romans and razed to the ground in 146 B.C. Walls dismantled, territory given to a neighboring city. So Corinth started again, and rebuilt, and almost all of what remains of Ancient Corinth is the Roman version. So how do we date what there is that predates the Roman era? Well, we can do that with context. Context is a place and association of artifacts. It is the relationships that we can infer from such associations. It is the precise location where an object is found and recorded before it is removed from its site. So the architectural fixtures of the temple place it in the Arcade period, which is broadly from the eighth to the fifth century B.C. Yet the only external evidence for the date of the temple so far, consists in part of a middle Corinthian Krater, which is a pot, basically. And this was found among the chips of stone lying between the cuttings for the foundation walls of the temple. And this means that the Temple of Apollo can be accurately dated to the middle of the seventh century B.C. at 625. So we can understand the why of the temple, the when of the temple but not the why. How do we know that it's a temple dedicated to Apollo? If not much of the site remains, and there's only two features that means we can accurately date it, how can we possibly determine its dedication to a particular deity? In this case, we know, archaeologists know that the temple was dedicated to Apollo, again, thanks to context. Context and association. So, just quickly. This is Apollo, the son of Zeus and Leta. He's been recognized variously as the God of light, sun, truth, prophecy, healing, music, poetry. He was an oracular god. The prophetic deity of the Delphic oracle, and considered the leader of the Muses and thus the patron god of music. Depictions of Apollo were really, really common throughout the Greek and later Roman worlds. And he was thought to have been the characterization of this popular Archaic Kouros. The male version of this Kouhe that I showed you earlier. So you could imagine that the iconography of a temple dedicated to a God like this would be prolific. But remember, what we see today is not an accurate reflection of how it was in the past, and the archaeological record is formed in complex ways. In the same say that the current iteration of master is not what it was an hour, a week, a month ago. So we know that Corinth was sacked by Romans and razed to the ground, and although there are few surviving fragments, which could have been sculpture of dedications, they do offer no indication to the identity of the cult to which it was dedicated. But, just north of the temple a deposit of Aryballos was excavated. These are perfume or oil flasks. And they are generally considered very suitable dedications to Apollo. And Pausanius, who was a Greek traveling geographer, he visited Corinth in 175 A.D. Which was after the destruction of the city by the Romans. And he described a temple dedicated to Apollo, located in the exact same spot that we find it today. So it is the complementary evidence of both written and archaeological records and the context of items within that record that has allowed archaeologists to date and dedicate the temple. And without that evidence we still might not have a date or dedication for it. We may not understand just like how working out how a big class is very frequently impossible until you can see how and where it's used. Understanding the where and the when something has come from is the main challenge of archaeology. And we are lucky that git gives us this ability. The ability to decipher where things belong. This innate desire to belong has been a driving force throughout human history. We want to know where we've come from and how we got there. And it is often context and association between artifacts, between code that allows us in the future looking back to be able to decipher such belonging. Now, from the late 1800s to the early 1900s there was a debate raging in anthropological scientific and cultural circles in North America. When did human beings first arrive in North America? At the time, the generally accepted time for occupation was between 9,000 to 8,000 B.C. But then, in the 1920s, a stone spear point was found lodged between the ribs of a bison. And this is significant because this particular species of bison had been extinct for thousands of years. In fact, thousands and thousands of years. It went extinct at the end of the last Ice Age, in the Pleistocene. So the Pleistocene was the geological epoch which lasted from about 2.5 million to 11 and a half thousand years B.P. It's the first epoch of the quaternary period between the Pliocene and the Holocene epochs, and it also corresponded to the end of the Paleolithic age, meaning old stone age, a term you may be more familiar with. So this particular spear point is characterized as a folsom point. And folsom points are found very widely across North America. And it is this context, this direct association between the bones of an extinct species, and a spear point that was crafted from human hands and flung into a bison that conclusively proved that human beings were in North America during the last ice age, which was thousands of years earlier than previously thought. So remember. Archaeologically, context has to do with place and association among artifacts. And the relationships we can infer from such associations. Context allows us as programmers, archaeologists, historians, to build up webs of associations. So think about how methods all are about defining behavior, so that you can apply them easily to different situations. Or like how you use modules for groupings to add context. Now, not all knowledge about a site can be found in its history, in its issues, in its pull requests. Remove an artifact from a site without properly documenting it means it has lost all context. It lost its age, its use, and its perceived meaning. It has little to no scientific or cultural value. So, I recently ran into a surprising issue at work where I had to make a small change to a view. All I had to do was change the error on an error message. It was simple. It was easy. And then I went to check my (mumbles) and while I could trigger the action to show the message I wasn't seeing the error. I couldn't confirm that my change was okay. Logs are showing me a 404 and yet I was expecting a 403. So I flicked back to master. Still 404s. So I couldn't confirm that my change wasn't the problem. But at some point in the past, god knows how many years, five. (audience laughs) The status code when making an XHR request changed from a 403 to a 404. I added a regression test and then I began a bisect, but after I'd gone back a year, I had to bring out the git blame. Or context, I definitely recommend using an alias for blame. So with that it didn't take me very long to realize that the fix was introduced all the way back in 2012. So where did it go wrong? I grabbed the shard of the commit that introduced the feature and checked it out. Since I suspected that this was an authorization error I did the git log on the five year old commit and looked for relatable but suspicious commit messages or branch mergers at around the time this feature was introduced. I'd gone a week or two back, and this suspicious little commit caught my eye. Says the authorization had been broken for years. And once I finally isolated where the problem originated, implementing a fix didn't take very long at all. So this small little change, this very minor adjustment to a view it snowballed into an epic excavation of the code base, leading me all the way back to the beginning of its history. So, mid-last year The Conversation lodged into Indonesia as its eighth region and third language. Their first language was English, the second was French, and the third was Indonesian. I'm just gonna have some water. So preparing a platform to support multiple languages is no small feat. And it requires code changes, cyrillization changes, changes in sentences construction, and import from translators. The list just goes on and on. But the Indonesian launch went really smoothly. We were happy, the team in Indonesia was happy, and readership from Indonesia's just kept on growing. Until this. We began to see Indonesian leaking into our specs. And this was noticeable in acceptance specs that use rack test. Where the test and the app code were running on the same thread. So a spec that ran at some point earlier would change at the locale instead of using the fallback English. And it was just a few here and there so we kind of didn't really worry about it too much. We had more important things to do. Until this. And pretty soon our build hygiene began to deteriorate and enough was absolutely enough. I got on my biset and in the previously, unlike the previous example, I had three very specific pointers to guide me. I had a timeframe of where the issue began. I knew where the problem was isolated in acceptance specs that were using rack tests. And I knew that the issue had to do with I1A to N. So all these three things meant that isolating and identifying a problem didn't take me very long. But also like the previous example I had a good commit message and history to guide me to that point. So while these are both fairly standard workflows to identify problems like these, such problems, such changes, such solutions they appear straightforward enough. Just a small change to a view, this is simple, this is easy. And then suddenly you can't trigger an exception. You can't see a change in situ. And this is why leaving developers good context is important. Otherwise maybe you've got a method whose name doesn't accurately reflect its purpose, and unhelpful commit message. You aren't able to decipher what's going on. You aren't getting the whole story, the whole context. Your code is an undated, unexamined pot on a dusty shelf in a museum. It is a temple without a fragment. It is a spear point lying alone. No one knows where it's come from or what its purpose was. And changing code like that is dangerous. So isolating and identifying those two problems, it didn't take very much cause I'd been left with really good history. I had a clear and concise commit message and while yes, I was lucky because I knew what sort of change to look for, it was still enormously helpful and would've taken a lot more time trying to see where the change was made if the codebase was riddled with things like fix or whip or Odysseus being a bit tricky. So although tinker mentions may differ, my team generally follows the github recommended guidelines. Our commit is a short, 50-75 summary, 50-75 char or less summary of the changes followed by a blank line and more explanatory text below. The imperative noted on my last slide means a direct verb, basically a command. So the summary should always be able to complete this sentence here. So it's important the commit message doesn't rely too heavily on assumed knowledge because you can't always assume that the code itself is self-evident of the original problem. And this is why context is important. Archeologically and programmatically. But all is not lost. Remember, as developers, we have the ability to create history. A history that is flat and readable. That we can sanitize and improve. Now to finish, I'm just gonna talk a really little bit about technology itself. We work with technology everyday and its roots are fascinating, so this is definitely the last one, I promise. The word technology itself comes from the Attic Greek feminine noun tekne, meaning skill with art or skill with craft. Aristotle again had a focused but simple restricted concept of tekne. He defined it as a rational faculty exercised in making something, a productive quality. The suffix, ology, is the first declension of logia, meaning to study or collect knowledge, and we can then trace that to logos, ho logos as a masculine noun, or lego as a verb, broadly meaning discourse, expression, history, thought, and interestingly enough, reckoning and computation. So we can be a bit more fluid with our interpretation of technology. I like to think of it as an idea of outwardly expanding yet nested set of actions and relationships. Human intent and desire of making and creating. And of course the study of that. So in a broad sense technology has defined us as a species. And I don't mean this because we are the sole users of tools. Because we aren't. I mean this because we have all interacted with some form of technology. We have a dependence on technology. And this has led to an unprecedented complexity in technologies. And this underwrites the confidence that technology can iron out many problems, which lends itself to a dependence on technology for mundane tasks. And for some, this can create a sense of despair. Individuals are no longer able to understand or reproduce society's technology. And this negative side of technology is becoming more and more apparent. So let us look to the past, where archeology focuses on technological changes as an adaption, an adaption to problems, problems like population growth, perceived needs. From stone technologies, manipulation of natural materials, to the first computer. Progressing to how we use technology today. And a lot of programming is merely an adaption to problems, and code is a way of fixing problems. Humans throughout history have taken pride in their technological achievements. And we as programmers are no different. It's important to take pride in what you do no matter how small your contribution may seem or appear. Take pride in your code, in your intentions, in your decisions, in your commits. Your history will thank you for it. Thank you. (audience applauds) (digital zoom) (high pitched bell)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
You’d have preferred they just went ahead and broke your bones, or perhaps ran your head under freezing cold water until you thought you were drowning. It would have been much better than the whiteness, that deafening, unrelenting, whiteness. For months on end you saw no colors at all. The cell was white... the walls, the door, and the floor. Your clothes were white, and all day and night they kept a bright white light shining. When they put food through the door, it was always the same dish – white rice...on a white plate. Never did you hear any voices, except those inside your head. If you wanted to use the bathroom, you had to slip a piece of white paper under the door. Then guards, wearing padded shoes, would shuffle along silently to open the door, and then you could use the white bathroom. After months of this you started to forget who you were. The voices in your head became real. You couldn’t even remember what your parents looked like. Welcome to the world of white torture. What we just described to you is what is sometimes called an “enhanced interrogation technique”, and in this case what is referred to as extreme sensory deprivation. The person who suffered it is one Amir Fakhravar, a former prisoner in Iran. His crime was being critical of the Iranian regime. As an activist in the late 90s and early 2000s, he said that he was imprisoned and interrogated on a number of occasions. He said that he has be beaten to the extent that his bones were broken, but nothing, nothing was as brutal as white torture. The good news for him is when he got out after spending eight months in that white room, he managed to flee Iran and move to the USA. He was lucky. Other former regime critics who have had a stay at the notorious Evin Prison in Iran have described how some inmates were tortured to death there. Some prisoners have been executed at Evin, others had parts of them amputated, some have been blinded, and most were kept in what has been called horrific conditions. Let’s stick with Iran for a minute and hear what an Iranian journalist named Ebrahim Nabavi had to say about white torture. In 2004, he got on the phone to Human Rights Watch. This is part of the conversation: “Since I left Evin, I have not been able to sleep without sleeping pills. It is terrible. The loneliness never leaves you, long after you are free. Every door that is closed on you ... This is why we call it white torture. They get what they want without having to hit you… You begin to break. And once you break, they have control. And then you begin to confess.” Another former prisoner in one of Iran’s white cells described it like this: “After three days, it becomes so, so difficult. Different people break at different times. We used to talk about when people would break. Some people broke after a few days, some could last much, much longer. It is absolute silence. After three days, I just wanted any words. Even if it was swearing, even if it was a harsh interrogation.” In a nutshell, that’s what white torture is all about…breaking a person. It’s when a government – and as you’ll see, not only the Iranian government – wants a person to experience hell and so tells them what they want to know. It leaves no bruises, no scars, except for ones of the psychological kind. Has this ever happened to prisoners housed in the USA? According to human rights organizations, the answer is yes. The New York Times in 2019 talked about the CIA’s torture program, the enhanced interrogation techniques that have been used at Guantánamo Bay and others black sites, such as a secret prison the CIA had in Thailand. The techniques used included things such as keeping men in stress positions so they couldn’t sleep for days, or waterboarding prisoners, or keeping men confined in a small box where they couldn’t properly sit. The organization called “European Democratic Lawyers” wrote that “interrogatory technicians” working at the Guantánamo facility would sometimes take men and cover their eyes and ears. They’d then put thick gloves on the prisoner’s hands and tie their feet. This kind of sensory deprivation was called a kind of white torture, but it sounds more like dark torture. Still, the outcome is the same…the prisoner begins to lose his mind. A similar thing went down at Abu-Ghraib prison in Iraq, and the world got to know about this after a series of photos were released. The U.S. Army would at times dress men in boiler suits, tie them, put masks over their mouths, and cover their eyes and ears. The result of the torture would always be a numbing of the prisoner’s senses, so much so that they began to mentally unravel. But the British were doing a similar thing a long time before it happened in Iraq. In the 1970s, people suspected of being involved with the Irish Republican Army were taken from their homes or off the streets without standing trial. They were then taken to a secret interrogation center and were put through something called the “Five Techniques.” Those were: hooding, wall-standing, deprivation of sleep, subjection to noise, and deprivation of food and drink. When the men were in their cells they were handcuffed and hooded, so they were literally in the dark all the time. To make things worse, the British continuously played a recording of a hissing noise, or what’s been called a kind of white noise. The prisoners might at any time get kicked in the groin, having not even known someone had entered the cell. This created constant stress and the inability to sleep. What was the object of this sensory deprivation? It was to cause the worst kind of depression, crippling anxiety, and after a while hallucinations and even loss of consciousness. The Brits used it in the Iraq war, too, and imported it to the U.S., Israel and Brazil. How do countries get away with this? Well, they say it’s not strictly torture and more enhanced interrogation, something human rights groups have been criticizing for years. In Venezuela, the authorities have their own take on white torture. Underneath a building in the city of Caracas there is a place called, “La Tumba”, or “The Tomb” in English. There, prisoners are kept in tiny cells, cells that are painted white. They’re not allowed any interaction with guards or other prisoners, and they can hear no sounds. All day and night a bright light shines in their cell, and so after a while the prisoners have no idea what time it is. Not surprisingly, there are reports of some of them trying to kill themselves. Others might suffer from vomiting, diarrhea, or hallucinations. One mother of an inmate there told the media, “He’s buried alive, practically waiting to die.” Could you survive white torture? We doubt it…we doubt anyone could get through white torture without succumbing to madness. Human Rights Watch spoke to a former inmate of a place called Prison 59 in Iran. That prisoner had seen the isolation cells and had this to say about them, “I cannot imagine spending one night in those solitary cells without losing my mind.” And it’s not just about what happens in the white rooms, but what happens once you get out. As one former detainee in Iran said, “I went in as one person and came out another person.” Now you need to watch this, “Crucifixion - Worst Punishments in the History of Mankind.” Or have a look at this, “Boiling Alive - Worst Punishments in the History of Mankind.”	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
IN ALL OF THESE -- YOU KNOW, I GUESS FORAY, IT'S BEEN VERY -- VERY GOOD TO YOU, AND YOU KNOW, YOU'VE GOT BEST-SELLING BOOKS. YOU SELL OUT ON STAGE. EVEN WITH YOUR FASHION CRITIQUING, WHILE IT'S VERY MEAN IN SOME WAYS. >> IT'S NOT MEAN. IT'S NOT MEAN. >> REALLY? NOT MEAN? >> IT'S NOT MEAN. I TELL THE TRUTH. I'M SURE I SAY THE SAME THINGS THAT ALL OF YOUR VIEWERS SAY TO THEIR FRIENDS SITTING IN EX-TO THEM ON THE COUCH. YOU KNOW, WE'RE ONE OF THE FEW SHOWS THAT SAYS, THAT'S AN UGLY DRESS. AND THAT'S OKAY. THESE LADIES MAKE $28 MILLION A PICTURE. YOU REALLY THINK THAT NIKKI MINAJ CARES, I DIDN'T LIKE HER DRESS? YOU KNOW, IN THAT KIND OF A BRACKET, YOU DON'T REALLY CARE. >> NOT REALLY WORRIED ABOUT FEELINGS BEING HURT? >> NOT WHEN IT'S ABOUT DRESSES. IT'S NOT ABOUT THEM. IT'S ABOUT CLOTHING. >> OKAY. WHAT ABOUT WHEN IT IS ABOUT SOMETHING, YOU KNOW, THAT REALLY DOES SEEM OFF LIMITS TO THAT REALLY DOES SEEM OFF LIMITS TO A LOT OF PEOPLE. EVEN IN YOUR BOOK, YOU KIND OF JOKE AT THE DEATH OF CASEY ANTHONY'S BABY, PRINCESS DIANA SURVIVING SO MANY LAND MINES AND WHO SHE DATED. DO YOU FEEL THERE ARE BOUNDARIES EVER? >> LIFE IS VERY TOUGH AND IF YOU CAN MAKE A JOKE TO MAKE SOMETHING EASIER AND FUNNY, DO IT. DONE. DO IT. BUT DARLING, I DON'T KNOW WHAT YOUR LIFE HAS BEEN LIKE, BUT I HAVE A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE GONE THROUGH HELL AND IF YOU CAN MAKE, WINSTON CHURCHILL SAID IF YOU MAKE SOMEONE LAUGH, YOU GIVE THEM A LITTLE VACATION AND MAYBE YOU TAKE THE WORST THING IN THE WORLD AND MAKE IT FUNNY, T A VACATION FOR A MINUTE FROM HORROR. >> AND PEOPLE LOVE TO LAUGH, CLEARLY, THAT'S WHY PEOPLE LOVE YOU. BUT YOU HAVE SOME SHOCK VALUE TO YOU. ON COVER OF YOUR BOOK, YOU'RE WEARING A FUR AND OWE PROBABLY KNEW THERE WOULD BE ANIMAL RIGHTS -- >> THIS WHOLE INTERVIEW HAS BECOME A DEFENSIVE INTERVIEW. SHUT UP. YOU ARE WEARING FUR. YOU'RE EATING CHICKEN. YOU'RE EATING MEAT. I DON'T WANT TO HEAR THIS NONSENSE. COME TO ME WITH A PAPER BELT AND I'LL TALK TO YOU. >> BUT YOU DID HEAR IT IN SOME OF THOSE PRESS CONFERENCES. YOU'RE JUST SAYING -- >> YOU KNOW, I'M GOING. I REALLY AM GOING BECAUSE ALL YOU HAVE DONE IS NEGATIVE. >> NO. >> ALL YOU HAVE DONE IS NEGATIVE. I MAKE PEOPLE LAUGH FOR 50 YEARS, I AM PUT ON EARTH TO MAKE PEOPLE LAUGH, MY BOOK IS FUNNY. I WEAR FUR THAT WAS KILLED 15 YEARS AGO. I WORK FOR ANIMAL RIGHT, STOP IT WITH AND YOU DO THIS AND YOU'RE MEAN, YOU ARE NOT THE ONE TO INTERVIEW A PERSON WHO DOES HUMOR. SORRY. >> ARE WE SERIOUS? OH, BOY. YEAH, SHE WAS SERIOUS. I THOUGHT SHE WAS JOKING THE WHOLE TIME. BUT IN THE END, WE WONDERED WAS THIS A STUNT? WELL, RIVERS DIDN'T RETURN TO THE INTERVIEW, BUT OFF	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
ダーバン宣言は「あらゆる形態の人身売買の防止・撲滅・排除が緊急に要される」ことを断言しています臓器売買も含まれます『中国の良心の囚人からの強制臓器収奪に関する民衆法廷』（議長：ジェフリー・ナイス卿）は入手可能なすべての証拠を考慮し以下の結論を導きました「良心の囚人からの強制臓器収奪は（宗教および民族の少数派である法輪功とウイグルを含めて）かなりの規模で何年にもわたり中国全域で行われてきており今日も続いている数十万人の犠牲者を巻き込んでいる」独立した法的アドバイスという立場から本法廷は　法輪功およびウイグルに対する「人道に反する犯罪」が行われていることが合理的な疑いの余地なく実証されたと帰結しました犠牲者数死者数を比較しても非がなく害のない温厚な生きている人々から心臓その他の臓器を切り出すことは今世紀最悪の大規模な残虐に数えられます生命を救う臓器移植は科学的・社会的な功績ですしかしドナーの殺害は犯罪です政府および国際機関はジェノサイド罪の可能性に関してのみだけでなく人道に反する犯罪に関しても義務を果たすべきです本法廷は「人道に反する犯罪」は「ジェノサイド罪」ほど悪くないとはしていませんこの犯罪行為に取り組むことは国連加盟国の法的責務でありこの理事会の義務ですご清聴ありがとうございました	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
HE WAS ASKED TO HEAD TO TOE. HE CALLED OSCAR WADE. WHAT A GREAT NAME. THAT'S A GOOD LOOK I WOULD SAY. AND, WE JUST HAVE A MAKEOVER THAT IS REALLY OUT OF IT WORLD. IN THE ALTER EGO ZIGGY STARDUST. COMES AFTER THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THAT HIT SONG OF THE IS BARBIE HAS NO DOUBT GONE	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Dutch: Vandaag gaan we het hebben over regelaars met feedback. Laten we naar je keuken gaan en zie hoe je feedback kunt gebruiken om brood perfect te roosteren. Je legt een boterham in de broodrooster, stel de tijd in en schakel het vervolgens in. Afhankelijk van hoe lang je het brood roostert, kan je verschillende kleuren krijgen. Maar je wilt niet gewoon maar een kleur, je wilt je ochtend beginnen met deze knapperige, lekkere toast Er zijn twee redenen waarom dit moeilijk kan zijn: Als dit de eerste keer is dat je de broodrooster gebruikt, en je niet weet hoe lang het brood moet worden geroosterd. Of, als je weet hoe lang je gewoon brood moet roosteren, maar nu een bagel of bevroren bagel in de koelkast vindt. Dit zijn variaties waarmee je te maken kan krijgen, English: Today we’ll talk about feedback control. Let's go to your kitchen and see how you can use feedback control to toast bread perfectly. You put a slice of bread in the toaster, set its timer level, and then turn it on. Depending on how long you toast the bread, you can get different colors. But you don't want just any color, you want to start your morning with this crispy, yummy toast There are two reasons this might be hard: If it's your first time using the toaster, you don't know how long to toast the bread. Or, assuming you do know how long to toast it, next time you might open the fridge and find a bagel or frozen bagel. These are variations that you may face, Dutch: maar ongeacht deze variaties, wil je nog steeds perfecte toast maken. Dus wat als, in plaats van het brood te roosteren met een timer, je het roostert op basis van zijn kleur? "Maar hoe?" vraag je je af. Als je continu de kleur van het brood in de gaten houdt weet je precies wanneer je de broodrooster moet uitschakelen. Dit is het basisidee achter een regelkring met feedback. Laten we dit eens proberen met een boterham en een bevroren bagel. Je zet de broodrooster aan en houdt je brood in de gaten. Als de toast de gewenste kleur bereikt, zet je de broodrooster uit. Bedenk dat je van tevoren niet wist hoe lang het brood geroosterd moest worden. English: but regardless of these variations, you would still want to make perfect toast. So what if, instead of toasting the bread based on a timer setting, you toast it based on its color. “But how?” You might wonder. If you continuously monitor the color of the bread, you'll know when exactly to turn off the toaster. This is the basic idea behind a feedback control system. Let's try this on a slice of bread and a frozen bagel. You turn on the toaster and start monitoring your bread. When the toast reaches the color you want, you turn off the toaster. Notice that you didn’t have prior information on how long to toast the bread. English: Monitoring them allowed you to tell when they have reached your desired color and when to turn off the toaster. We will now read your mind. Don't worry, it’s not to hack your accounts or anything, but just to reveal the complete feedback control structure. While you are monitoring the bread, you draw a plot in your mind. On the y-axis you have the bread color that you're watching, and on the x-axis you have the time. This is what you want. Then, you start toasting, and this is what you see. At each time instant, you compute an error between what you see and what you want. If this error is not zero, you keep toasting. Dutch: Door het brood in het oog te houden, wist je wanneer het bruin genoeg was. en wanneer de broodrooster moest worden uitgeschakeld. We gaan nu je gedachten lezen. Maak je geen zorgen, het is niet om je accounts te hacken of iets, maar gewoon om de volledige structuur van de regelkring te laten zien. Terwijl je het brood bewaakt, teken je een grafiekin je hoofd. Op de y-as heb je de broodkleur die je bekijkt, en op de x-as heb je de tijd. Dit is wat je wilt. Dan begin je te roosteren, en dit is wat je ziet. Op elk moment bereken je het verschil tussen wat je ziet en wat je wilt. Als deze "fout" niet nul is, blijf je roosteren. Dutch: Wanneer 'wat je ziet' overeen komt met 'wat je wil', wordt de 'fout' nul. Je lekkere toast is klaar, dus je zet de broodrooster uit. Als we nu je gedachten projecteren op de gesloten regelkring hier, we krijgen de complete feedbacklus. Dit deel is de vergelijking die je maakt tussen 'wat je ziet' en 'wat je wil' Het verschil tussen waargenomen en gewenste broodkleur, geeft je de 'fout'. Dan, op basis van de fout, beslis je of je de broodrooster aan of uit zet. Vervolgens gaan we naar een andere kamer voor een ander voorbeeld van van feedback regelaars. en hoe het compenseert voor onverwachte gebeurtenissen. Na het eten van je lekkere toast ben je er klaar voor neem je een warme douche. English: When ‘what you see’ overlaps with ‘what you want,’ the error becomes zero. Your yummy toast is ready, so you turn off the toaster. If we now project what you think in your mind onto the closed-loop structure here, we get the complete feedback loop. This part represents the comparison you make between ‘what you see’ and ‘what you want’ You compute the difference between monitored and desired bread color, and this gives you the error. Then, based on the error, you decide whether to keep the toaster on or turn it off. Next, we will switch rooms to see another example of feedback control and how it compensates for unexpected events. After eating your yummy toast, you're ready to take a warm shower. Dutch: Vergelijkbaar met het vorige voorbeeld, heb je een gewenste watertemperatuur. Door te proberen, vind je de juiste positie voor de doucheknop. Je bent van plan om deze knoppositie te gebruiken voor toekomstige douchebeurten. Maar wat gebeurt er als iemand de vaatwasser aan zet, de volgende keer dat je doucht? In deze situatie is het warme water op, en wordt de douche ijskoud. Laten we teruggaan naar het moment waarop de vaatwasser nog niet aan stond. en bekijken hoe een feedbackregalaar kan compenseren voor deze onverwachte gebeurtenis. De watertemperatuur is op de gewenste waarde; iemand zet de vaatwasser aan. Via je huid voel je dat de watertemperatuur daalt. De fout is nu groter dan nul. Om dit te compenseren, draai je de doucheknop richting warm. English: Similar to the previous example, you have a desired water temperature. By trial and error, you find the right position for the shower handle. You're planning to use this handle position for future showers, as well. But what happens when someone runs the dishwasher the next time you’re taking a shower? In this situation, the hot water is used up, and therefore the shower gets freezing cold. Let’s go back to the time where the dishwasher isn’t running yet and see how feedback control can compensate for this unexpected event. The water temperature is at your desired value; someone runs the dishwasher. Through your skin you sense that the water temperature drops. The error is now greater than zero. To compensate, you turn the shower handle towards the hot side English: and, as the temperature increases to the desired value, the error gets smaller. And the smaller the error gets, the smaller adjustments you make to the shower handle. If you now want to fully automate this process, you can use a thermocouple that measures the water temperature, you can use a thermocouple that measures the water temperature and then, based on the error, a controller can adjust the shower handle. To summarize, in this video we’ve seen how feedback control works, how it handles variations in the system, and how it compensates for unexpected events. For the next video, don’t forget to buckle up, because you will drive to a party. You’ll learn about the terminology of basic components of a feedback control system. Dutch: en, als de temperatuur toeneemt tot de gewenste waarde, wordt de fout kleiner. En hoe kleiner de fout wordt, hoe kleiner aanpassingen aan de doucheknop. Als je dit proces nu volledig wil automatiseren, kan je een temperatuursensor gebruiken. De temperatuursensor meet de watertemperatuur. Om samen te vatten, hebben we in deze video gezien hoe feedbackregeling werkt, hoe het omgaat met variaties in het systeem en hoe het compenseert voor onverwachte gebeurtenissen. Doe je gordel vast om want in de volgende video rijden we naar een feestje. Je leert over de terminologie van basisblokken van een regelsysteem met feedback.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
>> [ BLEEP ] SHUT UP. >> NOBODY TOUCHED YOU! >> YOU'LL DO IT. >> KEEP THAT VIDEO ROLLING. >> GET UP. >> I CAN'T GET UP [ BLEEP ]. >> YEAH, WE NEED TOLEDO POLICE HERE. WE NEED TOLEDO POLICE IN WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. WE GOT AN OFFICER IN DISTRESS RIGHT NOW. OKAY? [ BLEEP ] >> YEAH. >> HEY! >> YEAH, HE JUST PUT HER DOWN. >> [ BLEEP ]. >> WE'RE GETTING THEM RIGHT NOW. >> HE'S PUSHING ME UP AGAINST THE TRUCK. >> YOU KEEP COMING. >> STOP! >> OKAY. OKAY. ALL RIGHT. >> SCREAMING, THE CURSING. LYNN BERRY, HLN, JOINING ME. EXPLAIN TO ME HOW A ROUTINE STOP TURNS INTO WHAT WE JUST SAW? >> EXACTLY, BROOKE. I WATCHED IT AND I WAS SORT OF LIKE THIS THE WHOLE TIME. IT REALLY DEPENDS ON WHO YOU ASK. THE GUY IS AARON. AND HE SAID HE GOT HOME AND HE SAW HIS DAUGHTER BEING PULLED OVER FOR A ROUTINE TRAFFIC STOP. HE DIDN'T LIKE HOW THE OFFICER WAS AGGRESSIVE WITH HER. HE GOT OUT OF THE CAR AND SAID MOVE YOUR PATROL CAR, YOU'RE BLOCKING MY DRIVEWAY AND DON'T TALK TO MY DAUGHTER-IN-LAW LIKE THAT. THE OFFICER ORDERS HIM BACK IN HIS TRUCK. WHEN HE GOT BACK IN THE TRUCK, THE OFFICER DRAGGED HIM OUT, CUFFED HIM, CUFFED HIS GIRLFRIEND, HIS DAUGHTER-IN-LAW, AND PUT HIS 14-YEAR-OLD GRANDSON ON THE GROUND. THE OFFICER, WE SHOULD SAY, WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE REPORT, SAID EVERYONE INVOLVED REPEATEDLY DISOBEYED HIS ORDERS AND WERE CHARGING HIM. WE SHOULD NOTE THAT DOESN'T SUPPORT THE ALLEGATIONS, BUT HE HANDCUFFED THEM AFTER HE ASKED THEM TO MOVE THE CAR. WE SHOULD ALSO NOTE THE OFFICER WAS THERE BY HIMSELF. HE REPORTED TO THE SCENE BY HIMSELF AND THERE WERE A NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE SCENE, BUT IN THE POLICE REPORT, IT SAYS SOMETHING INTERESTING, HE ASKED TO BE TAKEN TO THE E.R. AND WHEN HE WAS PUT ON THE COT, ACCORDING TO THE OFFICER, HE LOOKED AT ME AND SAID, THIS ACT OUGHT TO MAKE A GOOD PAYDAY FOR ME, THANKS. THAT NOTED IN THE POLICE REPORT. IT DEPENDS ON WHO YOU ASK IN THE SITUATION. >> HE'S ON THIS MANDATORY PAID LEAVE, BUT THE POLICE DEPARTMENT, THEY'RE STANDING BY HIM, AREN'T THEY IN. >> THEY ARE. HE'S ON MANDATORY PAID LEAVE. THEY'VE TURNED THE INVESTIGATION OVER TO THE SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT BECAUSE THEY WANT THIS TO BE, YOU KNOW -- >> CLEAR AND SEPARATE. >> EXACTLY. AND THEY'RE LOOKING AS TO WHETHER OR NOT THERE WERE CRIMINAL OR CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATED HERE WITH THIS PARTICULAR VIDEO, BUT THEY REALLY SAID IT WAS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THE FACT THAT THIS OFFICER ARRIVED ON THE SCENE BY HIMSELF, HE WAS OUTNUBBED, HE FELT	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Hi! My name is Lillian Maxfield. I am currently a junior at the University of Illinois at Chicago. I am a double major in psychology and anthropology. When I was first looking to transfer from the community college that I started at, there were obviously so many schools to choose from with so many different opportunities and I ultimately chose UIC because of the city location. I grew up in a very small town of about 4,000 people. My community college was also very small. I grew up in just a very rural area so the city aspect definitely attracted me to UIC. When I first started my college career I actually had no intentions of doing a double major at all. I came in as a Psych major. I knew that I wanted to be a general psychology major in my senior year of high school and so I think I'd have thought it is what I would do until I came to UIC. I transferred in during spring semester of my sophomore year and at that time I found out that I had three general education requirements to complete otherwise known as Gen Ed's or non-major requirement courses and the three general education classes that I chose that fit into my schedule wound up all being anthropology courses and so that really sparked my interest and just taking those Gen Ed courses in the field of anthropology and more specifically I am focusing in on archaeology currently. I have kept in touch with my previous professors and one of them has actually referred me to do an archaeological excavation in Belize. I am headed to Belize this summer. Transferring to UIC was honestly very simple. Everyone is very helpful. I reached out to my advisors to figure out what classes would transfer over to UIC, how they would transfer over and then figuring out a schedule for my upcoming semesters and seeing what Gen EdsI had left to finish and what major requirements I could start taking and overall my transfer experience at UIC has been great. It's been simple and I am on track to graduate in a 4-year plan and overall I would just say that UIC is a great place and it's just there's just so many opportunities. Just take advantage of everything that UIC offers.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
- You know, I wanna take you back in time. The year was 1986. Things were lookin' pretty good. We were all in the Beverly Theater. A brightly colored wheel of yellow and red was revolving, revolving, revolving, revolving, revolving. On the table here, there was a drink of hot port with vodka chasers. If we start that fun again, we'll never go home. And that evening, we had some special guests. And we are gonna invite them back to the stage to help us sing this song. Will you please welcome Vicki, Debbi, and Susanna, The Bangles! (audience cheers) (cymbals play) (keyboard plays) (audience cheers) (cymbals play) (electric guitar plays rock music) ♪ Who dries your eyes when you cry real tears? ♪ ♪ Who knows or cares what imitation is? ♪ ♪ Only you do ♪ You can paint his nails ♪ Make him wear high heels ♪ Why waste time altering the hemline? ♪ ♪ Or do you? ♪ ♪ Tear off your own head ♪ ♪ Tear off your own head ♪ ♪ It's a doll revolution ♪ ♪ You can bat your lashes ♪ ♪ You can cut your strings ♪ ♪ Pull out his hair ♪ ♪ With your moveable fingers ♪ ♪ It looks so real ♪ ♪ But one won't do ♪ ♪ So collect the set ♪ ♪ Dress him in pink ribbons ♪ ♪ Put him in a kitchenette ♪ ♪ How does this feel ♪ ♪ Tear off your own head ♪ ♪ Tear off your own head ♪ ♪ It's a doll revolution ♪ ♪ What's that sound? ♪ ♪ It'll turn you around ♪ ♪ It's a doll revolution ♪ ♪ They're taking over ♪ ♪ And they're tearing it down ♪ ♪ It's a doll revolution ♪ ♪ Revolution ♪ ♪ You can pull and pinch him ♪ ♪ 'Til he cries and squeals ♪ ♪ You can twist his body ♪ ♪ 'Til it faces backwards ♪ ♪ Plastic features ♪ ♪ Could make somebody a pretty little wife ♪ ♪ But don't let anybody tell you ♪ ♪ How to live your life ♪ ♪ Broken pieces ♪ ♪ Tear off your own head ♪ ♪ Tear off your own head ♪ ♪ It's a doll revolution ♪ ♪ Own head ♪ ♪ Tear off your own head ♪ ♪ It's a doll revolution ♪ (rock music plays) - Bangles! (audience cheers)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Okay, so I think I'm recording now. So hello philosophy of biology class. I'm here with Professor Elliott Sober professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who was kind enough to speak to us today. So Elliott we just read a paper of yours called "Did evolution make us psychological egoists?" so I was hoping we could talk about that paper and any surrounding issues. Maybe you could start by just saying what psychological egoism actually is and what it has to do with selfishness and altruism. okay psychological egoism has is not defined in terms of anything about evolution and it's a familiar idea just from you know ordinary life psychological egoism is the thesis that the only ultimate goals people have are selfish. The only thing we care about ultimately is our own welfare and we care about the welfare of others only to the extent that that helps us do better. So it's not it is not the claim that we never have desires concerning what happens to others of course we do but the egoism is the thesis that the only reason we do have concerns about what happens to others is the way in which that happening will impinge on how well we do. So that's what the ultimate was doing in your definition? Yeah so the important distinction is between your ultimate goals and your instrumental goals we might call you the goal you have you care about others only instrumentally --okay-- you care about them only because it serves your ultimate goal of doing well on yourself okay so so the psychological egoism does that mean that we're never altruistic or what would you think that altruism means well now it's okay so altruism sometimes uses a name for a behavior in evolutionary biology it kind of just means helping others although that should be refined maybe later in our conversation let's just talk about motivation so if you are a psychological illness it does not mean you never help people because maybe helping them will help you so of course if you're going to do that if you're any good um so what's the what's the alternative to it well psychological altruism is the view that some of our ultimate goals concern other people it's not the view that the only thing we care about is others it's not the claim that we're kind of purely selfless you know self-sacrificers no it's the it's the idea that among our goals of course we sometimes care about ourselves what happens to ourselves in addition we have ultimate goals concerning the welfare of others so maybe I shouldn't have called that altruism I should have called it what I called it in one of my books motivational pluralism --okay-- and pluralism is to indicate that there are two kinds of ultimate goals that people have doing well yourself in some regard and also seeing that other individuals do well so by psychological egoism you mean all of our ultimate goals our selfish whereas altruism is just well some of them may be you know maybe not all but some of them are actually aimed at others yes about motivation that's not about the actual effect so I think in the paper --yeah-- in the paper we read you distinguish two kinds of altruism one you call biological altruism and so that's the behavior that lowers your own fitness but raises the fitness of someone else --that's right-- --right-- let me say a little bit about that I said quickly and then put it aside that not... so altruism in evolutionary biology is all about behaviors you don't have to be a mind to be an altruist in the evolutionary sense it's not about what we care about or what we think or feel at all so a mindless organism could be an altruist in the evolutionary sense I mean imagine a plant that produces an insecticide and it not only uses the insecticide itself but it spreads it around the neighborhood so that its neighbors get protected from the pests that would count as an altruistic behavior if you want to call it a behavior and altruistic trait and of course the plant doesn't have to have a mind to be an altruist in that sense second refinement that I need to make and I meant -- it is the one I mentioned earlier is that not all helping behavior in evolutionary biology would be classified as altruistic and the the obvious example of that is parental care so when you did the sort of more careful definition is not in terms of helping but uh evolutionary altruism means that you enhance the fitness of some other individual at a fitness cost to yourself if I help my kids that's not hurt that's not helping my evolutionary ... my evolutionary fitness because my fitness is defined in terms of my reproductive success helping your kids makes perfect sense from the point of view of evolutionary selfishness you're trying to maximize your reproductive success of course you're gonna take care of your kids so not all helping behavior counts as evolutionarily altruistic according to the definition -- yeah so before we read your paper we read The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins so there I mean he's talking about altruism and selfishness but would you say that he's always talking about the biological version right he I think he kind of mentions over and over again look I'm not talking about motives I'm just talking about the actual effects but he does seem to think of parental care as altruistic and I think he has in mind something like you know this entity the parent might actually do worse by for example feeding their kids so you're thinking of Fitness in a way that says well if my kids survive that actually enhances my fitness and I think -- I'm surprised... I'm surprised that you would count parental care as evolutionary altruism that is not typical in the --sure-- --yeah-- that a little bit right okay don't think here its going to get a little complicated so suppose we had we didn't have two parents we're gonna people or that species which has one parent I said doesn't require any qualification helping your kids maybe the way that you enhance your fitness if so it's in your self-interest in the relevant sense for evolutionary biology that parental care will evolve here's the complication think about organisms that have two parents like us when you take care of your kids you're helping your partner to be reproductively successful so there's ... there is a kind of opening for the discussion of altruism and selfishness in the context of parental care but its not that taking care your kids and ... it has to be another parent and it's ... you're being altruistic towards that other parent --mmm-hmm-- you do more than your share or you help more help your kid more than the other one does that kind of thing but they but the this complication aside its weird I think in the evolutionary context to think of parental care as altruistic yeah well he wants to think of it in terms of you know I've got my body and from the organism point of view there's things that I can do to preserve you know my body but I can also do things to help other organisms and that would include my kids now the reason he says parental care evolves that he thinks of it as a case of kin selection that is your kids have a lot of copies of your genes and so from the point of view of your own genes it's useful to sometimes help other bodies because they have your genes too - I'm not sure that really -- well that's not taking care of your own body that's taking care of somebody else's body that has copies of your genes inside of it um okay so let's suppose that I mean I think the more familiar way of doing it is... is to argue that your parental... well from the point of view of kin selection he wants to say that parental care is altruistic but I'm not sure your notion of it's a very weird notion of fitness that we're talking about here since when does just taking care of my body whoever thought that not Darwin --right-- not maybe the people who talked about altruism in the history of the subjects oh right yeah so in your paper you you know you think a lot about whether parental care is an example of altruism that is whether your ultimate goal is to help your kids or to help yourself so psychological we're talking about psychology yeah right now this is so this is psychological altruism now so the basic argument there I guess is that if you have the right motives that is for example you actually love them it could be that that's actually the most effective way of getting you to take care of your kids so well what if I say you know lots of other organisms take care of their kids and probably don't love them right so you know what's going on there when you're comparing parental care among you know lizards is that different than humans is there some reason to think that we're special here well yeah I guess so I mean we're psychologically different if we suppose that we love our kids and lizards don't its not that they hate their kids they just don't have that emotion that said oh yeah so it's an example that's I think familiar in in evolutionary biology um of something that's called proximate mechanisms so never you get an organism that produces a behavior and the example I sometimes use is sunflowers turning towards the Sun you could say well the evolutionary reason that evolved is that that's an efficient way to extract energy from sunlight but there's a sort of separate and...and so biologists will sometimes say the ultimate explanation of why the behavior exists is that it helps organisms to ... that the organism survive and reproduce but there's there's a question that that doesn't answer it's not that that's mistake but there's something incomplete about the answer which is look okay turning towards the Sun is adaptive for sunflowers but what's the machinery inside of a sunflower that makes a turn that's the proximate mechanism so the general idea is whenever a behavior evolves because of some fitness advantage that occurs there is the additional question of what the proximate mechanism is well to produce that behavior so back to parental care maybe the proximate mechanism in us to get us to take care of our kids involves all these emotions and beliefs and desires that are more or less unique to human beings maybe they are but in other organisms you get parental or by some other approximate mechanism so is it that happens all the time in evolutionary yeah is it that our our love for our kids sort of makes us even more likely to take care of the kids or is it kind of a replacement for whatever other proximate mechanism is in the other animals it could be it could be an addition an addition to other mechanisms there's no reason why a single organism has to have two mechanisms for producing a behavior so yeah yeah so in your in your paper I mean the way I read it is that you're you're taking kind of the default view at least the the view that you claim is really common among you know psychology economics etc is that we are psychological twists and then you're trying to say well look there's no particular reason to think that evolution would lead to that --right-- I guess I would think I mean maybe this is just a sociological question but you know why do you think psychological egoism is so prevalent on the face of it it seems like well yeah I love my kids maybe there's some sort of weird mechanism where turns out that really it's all selfish somehow ultimately but on the face of it it doesn't seem that way so why ... maybe you know maybe introspectively it doesn't seem like we have some purely selfish motives but there is this historical tradition of saying things like the following: look the only reason you take care of your kids is because it makes you feel good and if you didn't do it you'd feel guilty and your goal is to feel good enough to feel bad so you do this stuff you do the behavior that lead to the outcome the feelings you like and allow you to avoid the feelings you hate so that's the sort of story that defenders of egoism will tell when you see helping behavior they'll say look the only reason you're engaging in is because it makes you feel a certain way so that that's the hedonistic story so I mean do you take that as a pretty powerful argument I know in the paper you're more worried about what evolution would do well I so that's a very influential argument I from an evolutionary point of view it's a bit puzzling --could you say more-- well why let's just go back to the problem of approximate mechanism here we are creatures who have sophisticated cognitive capacities why should the only mechanism we have in place that will get us to take care of our kids be purely egoistic why not load this organism up with the ultimate goals of seeing that it's children do well we do that I mean you could do that you can wire human beings to do that so why is it so stupid to think that that's part of the story and why we take care of our kids because we care about them not as means to our own selfish ends but as ends in themselves ok all right well I think ... I haven't reread that paper in a long time I think that the basic idea is not I'm not trying to prove that altruism- psychological altruism is true I'm just saying it's ridiculous to... to dismiss it out of hand -right- because from the evolutionary point of view it makes total sense that organisms would have ... would evolve altruistic motives towards their own children the most direct efficient way to get organisms taking care of their kids is to care about them as ends in themselves --do you think this is gonna apply to non-parental care cases so I think I have friends and it seems like again introspectively sometimes I do things for their good not just for mine is the exact same argument gonna work that is there's no reason to think that evolution would say that it's ultimately selfish but there there's it's a little harder to make the evolutionary argument because it's not obvious that actually helping my friend is really good for me whereas in the kin case you were mentioning look that's part of your fitness it's not surprising at all yeah that you care about them so what about non non parental care cases --right I'm inclined to extend the argument to that but whether that's successful I want to leave separate from whether the parental care thing works I think it does the parental care thing works what about not parental care but care taking care of others who are not related to you this is where I want to bring group selection in and say that there's in human evolution there's been a lot of work done by groups competing with other groups and one of the things that's evolved is cooperative behavior within groups and now we ask the question of proximate mechanism what sort of psychology would you have what would evolution give organisms who are being selected for cooperative behavior if they have minds like ours why not make them care about the other people in their group so that's I think the origin of the evolutionary origin of we might say fellow-feeling the idea that you care about your friends the history of this is not living in large cosmopolitan cities where there are you know thousands tens of thousands of hundreds of thousands of millions of people around you these are small bands of primates we're talking about oh not all your not all of them are your children or your or your close relatives and a lot of human history before 10,000 years ago which was when agriculture began Agriculture's a very recent thing in human history before that we were nomadic hunter-gatherers and we were moving around and how well the group did it got groups were involved in competition with each other that's the opening for group selection in human history didn't stop there but it's the place to begin thinking that's the opening for group selection and then the question of proximate mechanism comes up why ... what are the proximate mechanisms we had that make us cooperate with non-relatives I think it's the same kind of answer yeah so do you mean cooperation in the sense that it's beneficial for another organism but also for ourselves or do you mean like biologically altruistic behavior where you know you're helping your group and you can get group selection but actually it's it's bad for the individual organism that's behaving yeah I mean I should have said altruistic yeah I'm a help does it cost itself okay so you bring in group selection and you mention it kind of quickly in your paper but you don't spend a lot of time on that so what's the connection between group selection and the evolution of altruistic not biologically altruistic behaviors okay way--so altruism is helping someone else at cost to self where the costs and benefits have to do with fitness so and selfish and if you imagine a group in which there are altruistic and selfish individuals these selfish individuals are going to do better because they're going to be recipients of altruistic donations without ever having to pay the costs of being an altruist okay so given that if you have a group that's got altruistic and selfish individuals in it the selfish individuals are going to be more successful at surviving and reproducing and so what you predict by this purely within-group process of individuals competing with other individuals is that selfishness will go to a hundred percent and altruism will go to zero percent so how can altruism as its defined in evolutionary biology evolve what you have to do is move away from the single group picture I just described and have a bunch of groups that's what biologists now call a meta population it's a population of groups its a big group containing lots of little groups and this what's what's the story about evolution in a meta population is part of it's just what I said before that within groups selfish individuals are doing better than altruists but between groups altruistic groups are going to do better than selfish groups so you have these two opposing forces within group selection is promoting the evolution of selfishness and between group selection is promoting the evolution of altruism you've got these two vectors that are opposed and what will evolve will depend on how strong the push this way and the push that way are okay so maybe this is a good time to to mention morality so I guess there's this famous quote from Darwin where he thought that maybe in the Descent of Man that part of the explanation for the evolution of morality is this kind of group selection think you know moral groups do better what do you think altruism has to do with morality and group selection I mean where does this enter the picture okay a lot of human morality is about taking care of others I won't say all of it is but just as just as an individual can be just as psychological altruism is something different from evolutionary altruism so morality I think is different from psychological altruism so what's the difference between having a morality that tells you to take care of others and this sort of person who cares about others this is this is a sort of subtle question about what about what a morality is but I hope its... and I can't really define that in any way but I hope you and your students get the feeling of what this would look like you you have this individual who just cares about others and they don't have any general principles about how they ought to behave they're just spontaneously nice people morality is something more than that if you think of it as a social phenomena not something just the property of individuals it's a bunch of rules and maxims and values that a society has in place and transmits from one generation to the other it's a cultural phenomenon a mass social phenomenon and it's supposed to get people to behave in certain ways and a lot of human morality it's not just in this society or that society seems to be pretty much a universal of all the many human moralities we know about that taking care of others is part of the story the scope of morality is different from society to... to society so you can have a morality which you care about just your family a morality in which you care just about your tribe or your nation or your species and beyond that you could have a morality that embraces caring about all sentient beings so there the scope of morality varies a lot but it's it has to be something more than just feeling well disposed towards other other individuals as it exists I mean I ... here's a here's a speculation about that if we were all a hundred percent nice people if all of us were super nice caring people there would be no there would be no reason for societies to come to have moralities I mean you notice that the Ten Commandments do not tell you to avoid sticking a dagger on purpose in your own eye well no one wants to do that you know moralities are kind of there to stop some people from doing stuff they might already want to do so I think the reason part of the reason we social phenomena exists is that we're not a hundred percent nice and what has evolved morality has evolved to sort of control that that's why its not just the case that we have that some of this sometimes have altruistic ultimate motives that I think that's true in addition we're a species in which moralities are a feature of cultures of societies it's a good question like why why is that there what why did that need to happen --yeah yeah well I think you know maybe I don't want the video to be too long but now I can't help but ask one more question so we read another paper of yours called prospects for an evolutionary ethics where you seem to be really well pooh-poohing the idea that evolution could really help you understand you know the sorts of ethical truths so there maybe that was more of a meta thing you talked about realism and conventionalism and subjectivism and said well look evolution doesn't favor one or the other but now it seems like you're giving this story about the evolution of morality so maybe it seems like they are connected what's the you know why didn't you just undermine your previous paper --maybe I did-- well I don't think you did I think so the starting point for me on questions like this is Hume's distinction of ought from is and the idea being you cannot derive an ought statement from purely is premises so when we talk about why morality exists we're talking about is propositions it's just like asking why photosynthesis exists it's a feature of some organisms why is the ... but and maybe maybe not only can evolution explain photosynthesis it can explain why organisms like us have this thing called morality it's a separate question whether any of our moral beliefs are actually true and that's where you get into the normative question of whether we really do have moral obligations to behave this way rather than that way and I don't think that's why... biology doesn't answer that question biology could explain why we have these moral thoughts and feelings it's a philosophical question to me to say well why should we think that any of these moral beliefs are true maybe they're not so in a beginning ethics class you don't need to really start learning a whole bunch of evolutionary theory and biology you can just go forward and think hard about the ethical problems separately from that or should you really be informed by by all you know how we make these judgments in the first place I think that philosophy 101 does very well just by leaving evolution kind of out of the discussion of ethics except like you mentioned briefly the meta ethical question of like maybe there are no moral facts I mean as you know there are philosophers who have thought and now think that evolution... the facts about evolution if it's a strong reason to suspect that we're we're mistaken if we think that any of our ethical beliefs are true so that's the that's a way of getting into meta ethics by using evolution I think that's that's a good question well all the all the evidences that videos should stay as short as possible I think so I think this was great I'm very glad that you agreed to do this and I'm sure that my students will enjoy it much better than me just talking so thank you very much well you're welcome Joel I enjoyed it it's great talking to you again after not seeing you	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Look at this picture. You know the music we’ll play. Even if you have the volume off. “I’ll find you...” Nope. “I’m ready for my closeup…” No. Yep. Why is this song the “graduation song?” How did “Pomp and Circumstance” become the soundtrack to every...single...graduation? Its path — and fate — is surprising. And to understand it, you have to know about the British empire’s war for gold. Let’s get technical first: this song is part of Edward Elgar’s Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches. Specifically, it’s the tune from 1901’s March No. 1 in D. “Land of Hope and Glory” is the version with words. But to get there, you have to go back. In 1901, Queen Victoria was coming to the end of her 63 year, seven month reign. That period marked a big expansion of the British Empire. In 1901, a central conflict was the Boer War in South Africa. It was basically fought over packed diamond and gold mines. Boers were the Dutch South Africans opposing Britain. Black South Africans were largely caught in the crossfire, though some fought with the Boers. For all South Africans, the war was brutal. The British destroyed a lot of territory and built incredibly harsh internment camps. For the British, that was the march of empire. That fight was in the background when Queen Victoria died in 1901. When her eldest son, Edward VII, prepared to be coronated in 1902, he needed a program. At that time, Edward Elgar was already famous, and so was his military march. So Edward VII asked him to play it at the coronation and add some words. Elgar got AC Benson to write lyrics, and they were….warlike. Here’s an early recording sung by Dame Clara Butt. “Land of Hope and Glory, Mother of the Free, How shall we extol thee, who are born of thee? Wider still and wider shall thy bounds be set;” Just a second, Dame Butt. Rewind that. “Wider still and wider.” “Wider still” means empires expanding, for the coronation of a king. And the name “Pomp and Circumstance” comes from an Othello quote about, well, here’s Orson Welles: “Pomp and circumstance of glorious war.” This song’s about empire. So why do Americans think it’s about graduation? Pomp and Circumstance was a near instant hit in America, too. The tune was famous from its premiere, and it was quickly used in graduations. In 1905, the University of Chicago and University of Cincinnati both used Edward Elgar’s March at their commencements. Later that same year, Elgar went to Yale to get an honorary degree for his world famous compositions. In his honor, they played Pomp and Circumstance, without lyrics, as the ceremony ended. The New Haven Morning Journal called it “a military march,” but early elite adoption helped it spread across universities. For example, here’s the University of Minnesota’s commencement programs from 1900 to 1950. Here are the ceremonies where Pomp and Circumstance played. In 1931, the tune was so popular that Elgar recorded it for a record — it was the very first session recorded at Abbey Road Studios. Yes, the Beatles Abbey Road. The song established a legacy. That legacy just depended on which country you were hearing it in. In the UK, Pomp and Circumstance remained like an unofficial national anthem, while in the US it became graduation kitsch. That’s obvious in the parodies: in Kubrick’s Clockwork Orange, the song satirizes government. In Disney’s Fantasia 2000, the joke is about a graduation march. Elgar wears a mortarboard in America and a crown in the UK. But in either case, his military march endures, even if it’s not fully understood. The British Empire has shrunk, but the song Elgar wrote for it? It grows mightier. Take it away, Dame Butt: God, who made thee mighty, make thee mightier yet, God, who made thee mighty, make thee mightier yet. So this is probably not the first time this has happened, but I wanted to call out that we actually got the idea for this video from a comment. So thank you for that comment — and that is the reason that you have just learned the history of Pomp and Circumstance and that I have had this song stuck in my head for the past two weeks.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
(techy music playing) >> Hello, everyone, welcome to theCUBE Studios here in Palo Alto, California. I'm John Furrier, the cofounder of SiliconANGLE Media Inc., also cohost of theCUBE. We're here for a CUBE Conversation on Thought Leader Thursday and I'm here with Chris Cummings, who's a senior manager, advisor, big-time industry legend, but he's also the Chasm Group, right now, doer, Crossing the Chasm, famous books and it's all about the future. Formerly an exec at Netapp, been in the storage and infrastructure cloud tech business, also friends of Stanford. Season tickets together to go to the tailgates, but big Cal game coming up of course, but more importantly a big-time influence in the industry and we're going to do some drill down on what's going on with cloud computing, all the buzzword bingo going on in the industry. Also, AWS, Amazon Web Services re:Invent is coming up, do a little preview there, but really kind of share our views on what's happening in the industry, because there's a lot of noise out there. We're going to try to get the signal from the noise, thanks for watching. Chris, thanks for coming in. >> Thank you so much for having me, glad to be here. >> Great to see you, so you know, you have seen a lot of waves of innovation and right now you're working with a lot of companies trying to figure out the future. >> That's right. >> And you're seeing a lot of significant industry shifts. We talk about it on theCUBE all the time. Blockchain from decentralization all the way up to massive consolidation with hyper-convergence in the enterprise. >> Mm-hmm. >> So a lot of action, and because of the day the people out in the marketplace, whether it's a developer or a CXO, CIO, CDO, whatever enterprise leader's doing the transformations. >> Chris Collins: We got all of them. >> They're trying to essentially not go out of business. A lot of great things are happening, but at the same time a lot of pressure on the business is happening. So, let's discuss that, I mean, you are doing this for work at the Chasm Group. Talk about your role, you were formerly at Netapp, so I know you know the storage business. >> Right. >> So we're going to have a great conversation about storage and impact infrastructure, but at the Chasm Group how are you guys framing the conversation? >> Yeah, Chasm Group is really all about helping these companies process their thinking, think about if they're going to get to be a platform out in the industry. You can't just go and become a platform in the industry, you got to go knock down problem, problem, problem, solution, solution, solution. So we help them prioritize that and think about best practices for achieving that. >> You know, Dave Alante, my co-CEO, copartner, co-founder at SiliconANGLE Media and I always talk about this all the time, and the expression we use is if you don't know what check mate looks like you shouldn't be playing chess, and a lot of the IT folks and CIOs are in that mode now where the game has changed so much that sometimes they don't even know what they're playing. You know, they've been leaning on this Magic Quadrant from Gartner and all these other analyst firms and it's been kind of a slow game, a batch kind of game, now it's real time. Whatever metaphor you want to use, the game has changed so the chessboard has changed. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> So I got to get your take on this because you've been involved in strategy, been on product, you worked at growth companies, big companies, start-ups, and now looking at the bigger picture, what is the game? I mean, right now if you could lay out the chessboard, what are people looking at, what is the game? >> So, we deal a lot with customer conversations and that's where it all kind of begins, and I think what we found is this era of pushing product and just throwing stuff out there. It worked for a while but those days are over. These folks are so overwhelmed. The titles you mentioned, CIO, CDO, all the dev ops people, they're so overwhelmed with what's going on out there. What they want is people to come in and tell them about what's happening out there, what are their peers doing and what problems are they trying to solve in order and drive it that way. >> And there's a lot of disruption on the product side. >> Yes. >> So tech's changing, obviously the business models are changing, that's a different issue. Let's consider the tech things, you have-- >> Mm-hmm. >> A tech perspective, let's get into the tech conversation. You got cloud, you got private cloud, hybrid cloud, multi-cloud, micro-machine learning, hyper-machine learning, hyper-cloud, all these buzzwords are out there. It's buzzwords bingo. >> Chris: Right. >> But also the reality is you got Amazon Web Services absolutely crushing it, no doubt about it. I mean, I've been looking at Oracle, I've been looking at Google, I've been looking at SAP, looking at IBM, looking at Alibaba, looking at Microsoft, the game is really kind of a cloak and dagger situation going on here. >> That's right. >> A lot of things shifting on the provider side, but no doubt scale is the big issue. >> Chris: That's right. >> So how does a customer squint through all this? >> The conversations that I've had, especially with the larger enterprises, is they know that they've got to be able to adopt and utilize the public cloud capabilities, but they also want to retain that degree of control, so they want to maintain, whether it's their apps, their dev ops, some pieces of their infrastructure on prem, and as you talked about that transition it used to be okay, well we thought about cloud was equal to private cloud, then it became public cloud. Hybrid cloud, people are hanging on to hybrid cloud, sometimes for the right reasons and sometimes for the wrong reasons. Right reasons are because it's critical for their business. You look at somebody, for instance, in media and entertainment. They can't just push everything out there. They've got to retain control and really have their hands around that content because they've got to be able to distribute it, right? But then you look at some others that are hanging on for the wrong reasons, and the wrong reasons are they want to have their control and they want to have their salary and they want to have their staff, so boy, hybrid sounds like a mix that works. >> So I'm going to be having a one-on-one with Andy Jassy next week, exclusive. I do that every year as part of theCUBE. He's a great guy, good friend, become a good friend, because we've been a fan of him when no one loved Amazon. We saw the early, obviously at SiliconANGLE, now he's the king of the industry, but he's a great manager, great executive, and has done a great job on his ethos of Bezos and Amazon. Ship stuff faster, lower prices, the flywheel that Amazon uses. Everything's kind of on that-- And they own Twitch, which we stream, too, and we love. But if you could ask Andy any questions what questions would you ask him if you get to have that one-on-one? >> Yeah, well, it stems from conversations I've had with customers, which was probably once a week I would be talking to a CIO or somebody on that person's staff, and they'd slide the piece of paper across and say this is my bill. I had no idea that this was what AWS was going to drive me from a billing perspective, and I think we've seen... You know, we've had all kinds of commentary out there about ingress fees, egress fees, all of that sort of stuff. I think the question for Andy, when you look at the amount of revenue and operating margin that they are generating in that business, how are they going to start diversifying that pricing strategy so that they can keep those customers on without having them rethink their strategy in the future. >> So are you saying that when they slide that piece of paper over that the fees are higher than expected or not... Or low and happy, they're happy with the prices. >> Oh, they're-- I think they're-- I think it's the first time they've ever thought that it could be as expensive as on-premise infrastructure because they just didn't understand when they went into this how much it was going to cost to access that data over time, and when you're talking about data that is high volume and high frequency data, they are accessing it quite a bit, as opposed to just stale, cold, dead stuff that they want to put off somewhere else and not have to maintain. >> Yeah, and one of the things we're seeing that we pointed at the Wikibon team is a lot of these pricings are... The clients don't know that they're being billed for something that they may not be using, so AI or machine learning could come in potentially. So this is kind of what you're getting at. >> Exactly. >> The operational things that Amazon's doing to keep prices low for the customer, not get bill shock. >> Chris: That's right. >> Okay, so that's cool. What else would you ask him about culture or is there anything you would ask him about his plans... What else would you ask him? >> I think another big thing would be just more plans on what's going to be done around data analytics and big data. We can call it whatever we want, but they've been so good at the semi-structured or unstructured content, you know, when we think about AWS and where AWS was going with S3, but now there's a whole new phenomenon going on around this and companies are as every bit as scared about that transition as they were about the prior cloud transition, so what really are their plans there when they think about that, and for instance, things like how does GPU processing come into play versus CPU processing. There's going to be a really interesting discussion I think you're going to have with him on that front. >> Awesome, let's talk about IT. IT and information technology departments formerly known as DP, data processing, information-- All that stuff's changed, but there were still guys that were buying hardware, buying Netapp tries that you used to work for, buying EMC, doing data domain, doing a lot of stuff. These guys are essentially looking at potentially a role where-- I mean, for instance, we use Amazon. We're a big customer, happy customer. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> We don't have those guys. >> Chris: Right. >> So if I'm an IT guy I might be thinking shit, I could be out of a job, Amazon's doing my job, so I'm not saying that's the case but that's certainly a fear. >> Chris: Absolutely. >> But the business models have to shift from old IT to new IT. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> What does that game look like? What is this new IT game? Is it more, not a department view, is it more of a holistic view, and what's the sentiment around the buyers and your customers that you talk to around how do they message to the IT guys, like, look, there's higher valued jobs you could go to. >> Right. >> You mention analytics... >> That's right. >> What's the conversation? Certainly some guys won't make the transition and might not make it, but what's the narrative? >> Well, I think that's where it just starts with what segment are you talking about, so if you look at it and say just break it down between the large enterprise, the uber enterprise that we've seen for so long, mid-size and smaller, the mid-size and smaller are gone, okay. Outside of just specific industries where they really need that control, media and entertainment might be an example. That mid-size business is gone for those vendors, right? So those vendors are now having to grab on and say I'm part of that cloud phenomenon, my hyper-cloud of the future. I'm part of that phenomenon, and that becomes really the game that they have to play, but when you look at those IT shops I think they really need to figure out where are they adding value and where are they just enabling value that's being driven by cloud providers, and really that's all they are is a facilitator, and they've got to shift their energy towards where am I adding value, and that becomes more that-- >> That's differentiation, that's where differentiation is, so non-differentiated labor is the term that Wikibon analysts use. >> Oh, okay. >> That's going down, the differentiated labor is either revenue generating or something operationally more efficient, right? >> That's right, and it's all going to be revenue generating now. I mean, I used to be out there talking about things like archiving, and archiving's a great idea. It's something where I'm going to save money, okay, but I got this many projects on my list if I'm a CIO of where I can save money. I'm being under pressure about how am I going to go generate money, and that's where I think people are really shifting their eyeballs and their attention, is more towards that. >> And you got IOT coming down the pike. I mean, we're hearing is from what I hear from CIOs when we have a few in-depth conversations is look, I got to get my development team ramped up and being more cloud native, more microservice and I got to get more app development going that drives revenue for my business, more efficiency. >> Chris: Right. >> I have a digital transformation across the company in terms of hiring culture and talent. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> And then I got pressure to do IOT. >> Chris: Right. >> And I got security, so of those five things, IOT tends to fall out, security takes preference because of the security challenges, and then that's already putting their plate full right there. >> That's right, that's real time and those people are-- >> Those are core issues. >> Putting too much pressure on that right now and then you're thinking about IT and in the meantime, by the way, most of these places don't have the dev ops shop that's operating on a flywheel, right? So you're not... What's it, Goldman Sachs has 5,000 developers, right? That's bigger than most tech companies, so as a consequence you start thinking about well, not everybody looks like that. What the heck are they going to do in the future. They're going to have to be thinking about new ways of accessing that type of capability. >> This is where the cloud really shines in my mind. I think in the cloud, too, it's starting to fragment the conversations. People will try to pigeonhole Amazon. I see Microsoft-- I've been very critical of Microsoft in their cloud because-- First of all, I love the move that they're making. I think it's a smart move business-wise, but they bundle in 365 Office, that's not really cloud, it's just SAS, so then you start getting into the splitting of the hairs of well, SAS is not included in cloud. But come on, SAS is cloud. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> Well, maybe Amazon should include their ecosystem that would be a trillion dollar revenue number, so all companies don't look the same. >> That's right. >> And so from an enterprise that's a challenge. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> Do I got to hire developers for Asger, do I got to hire developers for Amazon, do I got to hire developers for Google. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> There's no stack consistency across private enterprises to cloud. >> Chris: So I have-- >> Because I'm a storage guy, I've got Netapp drives and now I've got an Amazon thing. I like Amazon, but now I got to go Asger, what the hell do I do? >> I got EMCs here and I got Nimbles there and HP and I've still got tape from IBM from five decades ago, so, John, I got a great term for you that's going to be a key one, I think, in the ability. It's called histocompatibility, and this is really about... >> Oh, here we go. Let's get nerdy with the tape glasses on. >> It's really about the ability to be able to inter-operate with all this system and some of these systems are live systems, they're current systems. Some of it's garbage that should've been thrown out a long time ago and actually recycled. So I think histocompatibility is going to be a really, really big deal. >> Well, keep the glasses on. Let's get down in the weeds here. >> Okay. >> I like the-- With the pocket protector, if you had the pocket protector we'd be in good shape. >> Yep. >> So, vendors got to compete with these buzzwords, become buzzword bingo, but there are trends that you're seeing. You've done some analysis of how the positionings and you're also a positioning guru as well. There's ways to do it and that's a challenge is for suppliers, vendors who want to serve customers. They got to rise above the noise. >> Chris: That's right. >> That's a huge problem. What are you seeing in terms of buzzword bingo-- >> Oh, my goodness. >> Because like I said, I used to work for HP in the old days and they used to have an expression, you know, don't call it what it is because that's boring and make it exciting, so the analogy they used was sushi is basically cold, dead fish. (laughing) So, sushi is a name for cold, dead fish. >> Chris: Yeah. >> So you don't call your product cold, dead fish, you call it sushi. >> Chris: Right. >> That was the analogy, so in our world-- >> Chris: That was HP-UX. >> That was HP-UX, you know, HP was very engineering. >> Yes. >> That's not-- Sushi doesn't mean anything. It's cold, dead fish, that's what it is. >> Right. >> That's what it does. >> That's right. >> So a lot of vendors can error in that they're accurate and their engineers, they call it what it is, but there's more sex appeal with some better naming. >> Totally. >> What are you seeing in terms of the fashion, if you will, in terms of the naming conventions. Which ones are standing out, what's the analysis. >> Well, I think the analysis is this, you start with your adjectives with STEM words, John, and what I mean by that is things like histocompatibility. It could start with things like agility, flexibility, manageability, simplicity, all those sorts of things, and they've got to line those terms up and go out there, but I think the thing that right now-- >> But those are boring, I saw a press release saying we're more agile, we're the most effective software platform with agility and dev ops, like what the hell does that mean? >> Yeah, I think you also have to combine it with a heavy degree of hyperbole, right? So hyperbole, an off-the-cuff statement that is so extreme that you'd never really want to be tested on it, so an easy way to do that is to add hyper in front of all that. So it's hyper-manageability, right, and so I think we're going to see a whole new class of words. There are 361 great adjectives with STEMs, but-- >> Go through the list. >> Honestly. >> Go through the list that you have. >> I mean, there's so many, John, it's... >> So hyper is an easy one, right? >> Hyper is easy, I think that's a very simple one. I think now we also see that micro is so big, right, because we're talking about microservices and that's really the big buzzword in the industry right now. So everything's going to be about micro-segmenting your apps and then allowing those apps to be manifest and consumed by an uber app, and ultimately that uber app is an ultra app, so I think ultra is going to be another term that we see heading into the spectrum as well. >> And so histocompatibility is a word you mentioned, just here in my notes. >> Yep. >> You mentioned, so histo means historical. >> Exactly. >> So it means legacy. >> Chris: That's right. >> So basically backwards compatible would be the boring kind of word. >> Chris: That's right. >> And histocompatibility means we got you covered from legacy to cloud, right. >> Uh-huh. >> Or whatever. >> You bet. >> Micro-segmentility really talks to the granularity of data-driven things, right? >> That's right, another one would be macro API ability, it's kind of a mouthful, but everyone needs an API. I think we've seen that and because they're consuming so many different pieces and trying to assemble those they've got to have something that sits above. So macro API ability, I think, is another big one, and then lastly is this notion of mobility, right. We talk about-- As you said earlier, we talked about clouds and going from-- It's not just good enough to talk about hybrid cloud now, it's about multi-cloud. Well, multi-cloud means we're thinking about how we can place these apps and the data in all kinds of different spaces, but I've got to be able to have those be mobile, so hyper-mobility becomes a key for these applications as well. >> So hyper-scale we've seen, we've seen hyper-convergence. Hyper is the most popular-- >> Chris: Absolutely. >> Adjective with STEM, right? >> Chris: It's big. >> STEM words, okay, micro makes sense because, you know, micro-targeting, micro-segmentation, microservices, it speaks to the level of detail. >> Chris: Right. >> I love that one. >> Chris: Right. >> Which ones aren't working in your mind? We see anything that's so dead on arrival... >> Sure, I think there's a few that aren't working anymore. You got your agility, you got your flexibility, you got your manageability, and you got your simplicity. Okay, I could take all four of those and toss those over there in the trash because every vendor will say that they have those capabilities for you, so how does that help you distinguish yourself from anyone else. >> So that's old hat. >> It's just gone. >> Yeah, never fight fashion, as Jeremy Burton at EMC, now at Dell Technologies, said on theCUBE. I love that, so these are popular words. This is a way to stand out and be relevant. >> That's right. >> This is the challenge for vendors. Be cool and relevant but not be offensive. >> Yeah. >> All right, so what's your take on the current landscape for things like how do companies market themselves. Let's say they get the hyper in all the naming and the STEM words down. They have something compelling. >> Chris: Right. >> Something that's differentiated, something unique, how do companies stand out above the crowd, because the current way is advertising's not working. We're seeing fake news, you're seeing the analyst firms kind of becoming more old, slower, not relevant. I mean, does the Magic Quadrant really solve that problem or are they just putting that out there? If I'm a marketer, I'm a B2B marketer. >> Yeah. >> Obviously besides working with theCUBE and our team, so obviously great benefits. Plug there, but seriously, what do you advise? >> Yeah, I think the biggest thing is, you know, you think about marketing as not only reaching your target market, but also enabling your sales force and your channel partners, and frankly, the best thing that I've found in doing that, John, is starting every single piece that we would come up with with a number. How much value are we generating, whether it's zero clicks to get this thing installed. It's 90% efficiency, and then prove it. Don't just throw it out there and say isn't that good enough, but numbers matter because they're meaningful and they stimulate the conversation, and that's ultimately what all of this is. It's a conversation about is this going to be relevant for you, so that's the thing that I start with. >> So you're say being in the conversation matters. >> Absolutely. >> Yeah. >> Absolutely. >> What's the thought leadership view, what's your vision on how a company should be looking at thought leadership. Obviously you're seeing more of a real-time-- I call it the old world was batch marketing. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> E-mail marketing, do the normal things, get the white papers, do those things. You know, go to events, have a booth, and then the new way is real-time. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> Things are happening very fast-- >> That's right. >> In the market, people are connected now. It's a global, basically, message group. >> That's right. >> Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook and all this stuff. >> It's really an unfulfilled need that you guys are really looking to fill, which is to provide that sort of real-time piece of it, but I think vendors trip over themselves and they think about I need a 50 page vision. They don't need a 50 page vision. What they need is here are a couple of dimensions on which this industry is going to change, and then commit to them. I think the biggest problem that many vendors have is they won't commit, they hedge, as opposed to they go all in behind those and one thing we talk about at Chasm Institute is if you're going to fail, fail fast, and that really means that you commit full time behind what you're pushing. >> Yeah, and of course what the Chasm, what it's based upon, you got to get to mainstream, get to early pioneers, cross the chasm. The other paradigm that I always loved from Jeffrey Moore was inside the tornado. Get inside the tornado because if you don't get in you're going to be spun out, so you've got to kind of get in the game, if you will. >> Chris: That's right. >> Don't overthink it, and this is where the iteration mindset comes in, "agile" start-up or "agile" venture. Okay, cool, so let's take a step back and reset to end the segment here. >> Mm-hmm. >> Re:Invent's coming up, obviously that's the big show of the year. VMworld, someone was commenting on Facebook VMworld 2008 was the big moment where they're comparing Amazon now to VMworld in 2008. >> Chris: Right. >> But you know, Pat Gelsinger essentially cut a great deal with Andy Jassy on Vmware. >> Chris: Right. >> And everything's clean, everything's growing, they're kicking ass. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> They got a private cloud and they got the hybrid cloud with Amazon. >> Yeah, it's that VMcloud on Amazon, that really seems to be the thing that's really driving their move into the future, and I think we're going to see from both of those folks, you are going to see so much on containers. Containerization, ultra-containers, hyper-containers, whatever it may be. If you're not speaking container language, then you are yesterday's news, right? >> And Kubernetes' certainly the orchestration piece right underneath it to kind of manage it. Okay, final point, what's in store for the legacy, because you're seeing a few major trends that we're pointing out and we're watching very closely, which really I put into two buckets. I know Wikibon's a more disciplined approach, I'm more simple about that. The decentralization trend we're seeing with Blockchain, which is kind of crazy and bubbly but very infrastructure relevant, this decentralized, disrupting, non-decentralized incumbence, so that's one trend and the other one is what cloud's doing to legacy IT vendors, Oracle, you know, these traditional manufacturers like that HP and Dell and all these guys, and Netapp which is transforming. So you've got disruption on both sides, cloud and like a decentralized model, apps, what's the position, view, from your standpoint, for these legacy guys? >> It's going to be quite an interesting one. I think they have to ride the wave, and I'll steal this from Peter Levine, from Andreessen, right? He talks about the end of cloud computing, and really what that is is just basically saying everything is going to be moving to the edge and there's going to be so much more compute at the edge with IOT and you can think about autonomous vehicles as the ultimate example of that, where you're talking about more powerful computers, certainly, than this that are sitting in cars all over the place, so that's going to be a big change, and those vendors that have been selling into the core data center for so long are going to have to figure out their way of being relevant in that universe and move towards that. And like we were talking about before, commit to that. >> Yeah. >> Right, don't just hedge, but commit to it and move. >> What's interesting is that I was talking with some executives at Alibaba when I was in China for part of the Alibaba Cloud Conference and Amazon had multiple conversations with Andy Jassy and his team over the years. It's interesting, a lot of people don't understand the nuances of kind of what's going on in cloud, and what I'm seeing is it's essentially, to your point, it's a compute game. >> Chris: Yeah. >> Right, so if you look at Intel for instance, Alibaba told me on my interview, they don't view Intel as a chip company anymore, they're a compute company, right, and CJ Bruno, one of the executives there, reaffirmed that. So Intel's looking at the big picture saying the cloud's a computer. Intel Inside is a series of compute, and you mentioned that the edge, Jassy is building a set of services with his team around core compute, which has storage, so this is essentially hyper-converged cloud. >> That's right. >> This is a pretty big thing. What's the one thing that people might not understand about this. If you could kind of illuminate this trend. I mean, the old Intel now turned into the new Intel, which is a monster franchise continuing to grow. >> Mm-hmm. >> Amazon, people see the numbers, they go oh, my god, they're a leader, but they have so much more headroom. >> Chris: Right, right. >> And they've got everyone else playing catch up. >> Yeah. >> What's the real phenomenon going on here? >> I think you're going to see more of this aggregation phenomenon where one vendor can't solve this entire problem. I mean, look at most recently, in the last two weeks, Intel and AMD getting together. Who would've thought that would happen? But they're just basically admitting we got a real big piece of the equation, Intel, and then AMD can fulfill this niche because they're getting killed by NVIDIA, but you're going to see just more of these industry conglomerations getting together to try and solve the problem. >> Just to end the segment, this is a great point. NVIDIA had a niche segment, graphics, now competing head to head with Intel. >> Chris: That's right. >> So essentially what's happening is the landscape is completely changing. Once competitors no longer-- New entrants, new competitors coming in. >> Chris: Mm-hmm. >> So this is a massive shift. >> Chris: It is. >> Okay, Chris Cummings here inside theCUBE. I'm John Furrier of CUBE Conversation. There's a massive shift happening, the game has changed and it's incumbent upon start-ups, venture capital, you know, Blockchain, ICOs or whatever's going on. Look at the new chessboard, look at the game and figure it out. Of course, we'll be broadcasting live at AWS re:Invent in a couple weeks. Stay tuned, more coverage, thanks for watching. (techy music playing)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Just a very short question We have talked a lot about Nelson Mandela about South Africa, and apartheid has been called to mind and also boycott of apartheid There is a memo written in 2010 by Michèle Alliot-Marie which concerns the BDS campaign (Boycott Desinvestment & Sanctions) targetting Israel, the israeli goods this memo penalizes and encourages prosecution against people who call to this boycott This memo has not been abrogated, is still applied, in the name of the struggle against racism How could we consider the boycott against South Africa was legitimate ? and how could any boycott be illegitimate today by principle when its tragets a country ? I'm not talking about the specific case of Israel But the memo concerns any boycott not only Israel is boycott a racism weapon today, if it tagerts the goods from a country ? Well, objectively, in the history of struggles, boycott is a militant act in France or everywhere if the boycott clearly says that... The question of the boycott is the question of the speech carried by the boycott Boycott as a militant act...proclaimed, which comes to terms with itself... The struggle against apartheid must not be idealized	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
title: Vaporwave and Vaporwave Mix: Love for Sale (Vaporwave Aesthetic Vaporwave Playlist Music)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Gujarati: તેથી, આપણે આજે આપણી પ્રથમ ઉદાહરણની સમસ્યા અંગે ચર્ચા કરવાનું શરૂ કરીશું. અને આપણે બે બાબતો ના ઉપયોગ વિશે શીખીશું. આપણે જેને ફ્રી બોડી ડાયાગ્રામ (free body diagram) કહીએ છીએ તેનો ઉપયોગ શીખીશું, અને બીજું આપણે રિજિડ બોડી (rigid body) શું છે તે જોઈશું. તો ચાલો આપણે એક ખૂબ જ સરળ ઉદાહરણ જોઈએ. Telugu: కాబట్టి, ఈ రోజు మన మొదటి ఉదాహరణ సమస్యను చర్చించడం ప్రారంభిస్తాము. మరియు మేము నేర్చుకుంటాము రెండు విషయాల ఉపయోగం. ఉచిత శరీర రేఖాచిత్రం అని పిలవబడే వాటి ఉపయోగాన్ని మేము నేర్చుకుంటాము మరియు రెండవది దృ body మైన శరీరం అంటే ఏమిటో మనం అర్థం చేసుకుంటాము. కాబట్టి, చాలా సరళంగా చూద్దాం ఉదాహరణ. ] నాకు వంపుతిరిగిన విమానంలో కూర్చున్న బ్లాక్ (block) ఉంది, ఒక meter వైపు ఒక చదరపు (square) బ్లాక్. ఒక శక్తి ఈ బ్లాక్‌లో బ్లాక్ (block block) యొక్క more base నుండి 'd' దూరంలో ఉంటుంది. మేము కనుగొనాలనుకుంటున్నాము ఈ బ్లాక్‌ను సమతుల్యతలో ఉంచడానికి అవసరమైన English: So, we will today start discussing our first example problem. And we will learn the use of two things. We will learn the use of what is called a free body diagram, and second we will understand what a rigid body is. So, let us look at a very simple example. I have a block sitting on an inclined plane, a square block of side one meter. A force Gujarati: મારી પાસે ત્રાસી સપાટી પર રહેલો એક બ્લૉક (block) છે. તે ચોરસ બ્લૉક (block) ની બધી બાજુઓ એક મીટર (meter) ની છે. આ બ્લોક (block) ના પાયાથી ને ‘d’ અંતરે એક 'F' બળ (force) લગાવવામા આવે છે. આપણે આ બ્લૉક (block) ને સંતુલન (equilibrium) માં રાખવા માટે લગાવવું પડતું જરૂરી બળ (force) Telugu: శక్తి (force). కాబట్టి, పది కిలోల మాస్ బ్లాక్ (block of mass) కూర్చుని ఉంది కోణం (angle) 300 ofయొక్క వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం. కాబట్టి, ఇక్కడ ఈ కోణం (angle)300. నాకు ఒక శక్తి ఉంటే ఎఫ్ ఒక డి వద్ద ఉంటే, ఉంటే d=1/2m, సమతౌల్యం కోసం F అంటే ఏమిటి? కాబట్టి, మేము వెళ్ళడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తాముఈ సమస్యను ఎలా పరిష్కరించాలో అర్థం చేసుకోండి. మనం అర్థం చేసుకోవలసిన మొదటి భావనను ఏమిటంటే ఉచిత శరీర రేఖాచిత్రం (diagram). ఇది భావనను చాలా సులభం (simple). నేను ఆసక్తిగల శరీరాన్ని "విముక్తి" చేయగలనా, నేను కోట్స్‌లో ఉచితంగా ఉంచుతాను అన్ని బాహ్య ఏజెంట్లు? నేను దీన్ని చేయగలిగితే, నేను ఆసక్తిగల శరీరాన్ని మాత్రమే చూడగలను. కాబట్టి, ఈ సందర్భంలో ఆసక్తిగల శరీరం ఈ English: is exerted on this block at a distance ‘d’ from the base of the block. We want to find the force required to hold this block in equilibrium. So, a block of mass ten kg is sitting on an inclined plane of angle 30 degrees. So, this angle here is 30 degrees. If I have a force F being exerted at a distant d, if d equal to half a meter, what is F, for equilibrium? So, we are going to try to go through and understand how to solve this problem. Gujarati: શોધવા નો પ્રયત્ન કરીએ છીએ. તેથી, દસ કિલો દળ (10 kg mass) નો એક બ્લૉક (block) 30° ના કોણ પર સ્થિર રહી શકે, તેથી, આ કોણ અહીં 30° નો છે. જો મારી પાસે એક બળ 'F' છે કે 'd' અંતર પર લાગી રહ્યું છે કે જ્યાં, થાય. તો તે બ્લૉક (block) ને સંતુલન (equilibrium) માં રાખવા માટે English: The first concept that we have to understand is what is called a free body diagram. The concept is quite simple. Can I “free” the body of interest, I will put free in quotes, from all external agents? If I am able to do this, then I can only look at the body of interest. So, in this case the body of interest is this square block. Let us make a list of external Telugu: చదరపు బ్లాక్. బాహ్య జాబితాను తయారు చేద్దాం నేను ఈ శరీరాన్ని విడిపించాల్సిన ఏజెంట్లు. మొదటి బాహ్య ఏజెంట్ల (external agents) వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం. ఈ శరీరాన్ని ప్రభావితం చేయబోయే రెండవ బాహ్య ఏజెంట్ల గురుత్వాకర్షణ (external agent that is going to influence) లేదా త్వరణం ఈ శరీరంపై భూమి ఆకర్షణ (acceleration) వద్ద వస్తుంది. కాబట్టి, నేను ఇప్పుడు తీసుకుంటే; నేను భర్తీ చేయాలనుకుంటున్నాను శక్తులతో ఈ రెండు బాహ్య ఏజెంట్ల (external agents) చర్య. కాబట్టి, ఉచిత శరీర రేఖాచిత్రం యొక్క భావనను ముఖ్యంగా నేను అన్ని బాహ్య ఏజెంట్ల (external agents) శరీరాన్ని విడిపించగలనని మరియు వాటి చర్యను భర్తీ చేయగలనని చెప్తుంది ఈ శరీరంపై బాహ్య ఏజెంట్లు శక్తులుగా (external agents forces). నేను చేసే Telugu: క్షణం నేను న్యూటన్‌ను (apply Newton’s) వర్తింపజేయగలను ఇతర బాహ్య ఏజెంట్లను (external agents) పరిగణించాల్సిన అవసరం లేకుండా ఈ శరీరానికి మాత్రమే చలన నియమాలు వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం వలె. కాబట్టి, మనము వెళ్ళి ఉచిత శరీర రేఖాచిత్రాన్ని గీయండి. నేను ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) కేంద్రాన్ని గుర్తించబోతోంది. దీన్ని కొద్దిగా పెద్దది చేద్దాం. కాబట్టి, నేను సూచించాల్సినదాన్ని సూచించగలను. ఉంది; మొదటిది చర్య వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం. మరియు వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం (plane) ఏమి చేస్తుంది? నేను తీసుకుంటే బాడీ అవుట్, వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం ఈ శరీరానికి ఏమి చేస్తుందో తప్పనిసరిగా ఒక శక్తిని (force) కలిగిస్తుంది ఇక్కడ క్రింద. ఇది ఒక శక్తిని (force) ఎలా ఉపయోగిస్తుందో నాకు తెలియదు. కానీ, ఒక రకమైన శక్తి (force) ఉంది ఈ శరీరంపై వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం (plane) ద్వారా ఇది ఉపయోగించబడుతుంది. కాబట్టి, English: agents that I have to free this body off. The first external agent is the inclined plane itself. The second external agent that is going to influence this body is gravity or acceleration that is caused by Earth’s attraction of this body. So, if I now take; I want to replace the act of these two external agents with forces. So, the concept of a free body diagram essentially says I can free the body of all external agents and replace the action of those external agents on this body as forces. And the moment I do that I can apply Newton’s laws of motion to this body alone without needing to consider other external agent such Gujarati: આપણે કેટલી તીવ્રતા વાળા 'F' બળ ને લગાવવાની જરૂર પડે? તેથી, આપણે તેને સંપૂર્ણ રીતે સમજવાનો પ્રયાસ કરીશું અને કેવી રીતે આ સમસ્યાનું સમાધાન કરવું તે સમજીશું. હવે, પ્રથમ ખ્યાલ (concept) એ છે કે જેને આપણે સમજવો જોઈએ, કે જેને આપણે ફ્રી બોડી ડાયાગ્રામ (free body diagram) કહીએ છીએ. આ ખ્યાલ (concept) એકદમ સરળ છે. શું હું બોડી ઓફ ઇન્ટરેસ્ટ (body of interest) ને બધા જ બાહ્ય એજન્ટો (eternal agents) થી Telugu: దీన్ని నేను F1 అని పిలుస్తాము. F1 నేను గీసినట్లు, శక్తుల (forces) పంపిణీ. నేను లెక్కించాల్సిన శక్తి ఉంది ఎఫ్ మరియు అది దూరం పనిచేస్తుంది d=1/2m, మరియు ఇతర శక్తి నేను F2, ఇది గురుత్వాకర్షణ (కారణంగా నిలువుగా పనిచేస్తుంది మరియు అది పది ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) కాబట్టి, ది శక్తి (force) F2=10mg, తొమ్మిది పాయింట్ ఎనిమిది సెకనుకు చదరపు మీటర్ (square meters). కాబట్టి, ఇది 98 న్యూటన్లు. F2=mg=(10kg) (9.8m/s2)=98N. దీన్ని ఇప్పుడు లెక్కించిన సంఖ్యతో భర్తీ చేస్తాను. మేము చెప్పినట్లుగా ఇది చదరపు బ్లాక్; అంటే దీని స్థానం పైన ఉన్న ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) కేంద్రం అర మీటర్. మరియు ఇది ఎడమ అంచు నుండి అర మీటర్ కూడా ఉంది. ఇంత వరకు ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) కేంద్రం రేఖాగణిత సెంట్రాయిడ్ (geometric English: as the inclined plane itself. So, let us go through and draw the free body diagram. I am going to mark the center of mass. Let me magnify this slightly. So, I can indicate what I need to indicate. There is; the first action is that of the inclined plane. And what does the inclined plane do? If I take the body out, what the inclined plane was doing to this body is essentially exerting a force underneath here. I do not know how it was exerting a force. But, there is a kind of a force that was being exerted by the inclined plane on this body. So, this is what I will Gujarati: ને "ફ્રી" ("free") કરી શકું? જ્યાં હું "ફ્રી" ("free") ને અવતરણ માં (quotes) માં મુકું છું. જો હું આવું કરવા માટે સક્ષમ હોવ છું, તો હું ફક્ત બોડી ઓફ ઇન્ટરેસ્ટ (body of interest) ને જ જોઈ શકું છું. તેથી, આ કિસ્સામાં બોડી ઓફ ઇન્ટરેસ્ટ (body of interest) એક ચોરસ બ્લૉક (square block) છે. ચાલો આપણે બાહ્ય એજન્ટો (eternal agents) ની એક સૂચિ બનાવીએ કે જે એજન્ટો (agents) ને મારે આ બોડી (body) English: call F1. F1 as I have drawn it, is a distribution of forces. There is the force that I need to compute F and that is acting a distance d equal to half a meter. And the other force I will indicate as F2, which is due to gravity is going to act vertically and that is ten times g Newtons. Ten is the mass. So, the force F2 is mg, which is ten kilograms, multiplied with g, which is nine point eight meters per seconds square. So, this comes out to be 98 Telugu: centred) వద్ద ఉంది ఈ చదరపు (square), ఇది ప్రతి వైపు నుండి అర మీటర్. నేను ఇప్పుడు దీనిపై పనిచేసే శక్తుల (forces) మొత్తాన్ని 0 గా తీసుకుంటే. కాబట్టి, సమతుల్యత కోసం నాకు ఏమి కావాలి, అన్ని శక్తుల మొత్తం, అన్ని శక్తుల వెక్టర్ (forces vector) మొత్తం 0 కి సమానం. అది మొదటి షరతు. మరియు రెండవ షరతు ఏమిటంటే అందరి సమ్మషన్ (summation) G గురించి క్షణాలు 0 కి సమానం. కాబట్టి, అన్ని శక్తుల సమ్మషన్‌ను (summation of all the forces) లెక్కిద్దాం. నేను అన్ని శక్తుల సమ్మషన్‌ను (summation of all the forces) లెక్కించే ముందు మీకు తెలుసు, F కి ఒక ప్రత్యేకమైన రేఖ ఉంది చర్య యొక్క; F2 కి ప్రత్యేకమైన చర్య ఉంది. కానీ F1 కొంచెం గమ్మత్తైనది. F1 కి ప్రత్యేకమైన లేదు Gujarati: થી ને મુક્ત (free) કરવા પડશે. પ્રથમ બાહ્ય એજન્ટ (external agent) ત્રાસી સપાટી (inclined plane) પોતે જ છે. બીજો બાહ્ય એજન્ટ (external agent) કે જે આ બોડી (body) ને પ્રભાવિત કરશે તે છે ગુરુત્વાકર્ષણ (gravity) અથવા પ્રવેગ (acceleration) કે જે આ બોડી (body) પર પૃથ્વી ના આકર્ષણ ને કારણે લાગે છે. તેથી, જો હવે હું જોઉં તો; હું આ બંને બાહ્ય એજન્ટ (external agent) ના કાર્ય ને બળ (forces) દ્વારા બદલવા માંગુ છું. તેથી, ફ્રી બોડી ડાયાગ્રામ (free body diagram) ની વિભાવના અનિવાર્યપણે એવું Gujarati: કહે છે કે, હું આ બોડી (body) ને બધા જ બાહ્ય એજન્ટો (external agents) થી ને મુક્ત (free) કરી અને તે તમામ બાહ્ય એજન્ટો (external agents) ના કાર્ય ને બળ (force) દ્વારા બદલીને દર્શાવી શકું છું. અને હું જે ક્ષણે આવું કરું ત્યારે, હું અન્ય કોઈપણ બાહ્ય એજન્ટ (external agent) જેમ કે, ત્રાસી સપાટી (inclined plane) વગેરે ને ધ્યાનમાં રાખ્યા વગર જ ફક્ત આ એક જ બોડી (body) પર હું ન્યુટનના ગતિ ના નિયમો (Newton's law of motion) Telugu: చర్య యొక్క పంక్తి, దీని అర్థం నేను పంపిణీ చేసిన క్షణాన్ని లెక్కించాల్సిన అవసరం ఉంది శక్తి (forces). కాబట్టి, ఇది ఒక రకమైన పంపిణీ శక్తి. కానీ, నేను ఏమి చేయగలను అంటే నేను దీనిని a తో భర్తీ చేయగలను ఈ బ్లాక్ (block) దిగువన ఒకే పాయింట్ వద్ద పనిచేసే శక్తి (force) ప్రభావవంతమైన శక్తిగా పనిచేస్తుంది. let mass G కేంద్రానికి కుడి వైపున x దూరంలో పనిచేస్తుంది మేము చెప్తాము. కాబట్టి, నేను ప్రవేశపెట్టిన మొట్టమొదటి మోడల్ ఏమిటంటే వాస్తవానికి నేను తీసుకున్నాను బ్లాక్ క్రింద పంపిణీ శక్తి (force), నిజమైన F1, మరియు దానిని పాయింట్ ఫోర్స్‌తో (force) భర్తీ చేసింది బ్లాక్ యొక్క దిగువ భాగంలో ఉన్న ఒక బిందువు ద్వారా ప్రభావవంతంగా పనిచేసే ఒకే శక్తి దిగువ English: Newtons. I will replace this with a number that I have just computed; 98 Newtons. The block is one meter on the side. Like we said it’s a square block; which means the position of this center of mass above is half a meter. And it is also half a meter from the left edge. So, for a uniform block the forces are the center of mass is located at the geometric centroid of this square, which is half a meter from each of the sides. If I now take the sum of forces acting on this to be 0. So, what I require for equilibrium, sum of all forces, vector sum of all forces is equal to 0. At least, that is the first Telugu: భాగంలో పనిచేసే శక్తుల (forces) సమితి యొక్క శక్తి. కాబట్టి, మన సమతౌల్య చట్టాలను (laws) వర్తింపజేయడానికి మేము ఇప్పుడు సిద్ధంగా ఉన్న అని చూద్దాం. మనం కనుగొన్నది ఇప్పుడు లెట్ మేము అన్ని శక్తుల పై సమ్మషన్ (forces summation) తీసుకుంటాము. నేను దీనిని రెండు భాగాలుగా విభజించగలను. ఆ సమ్మషన్, శక్తుల (summation forces) యొక్క అన్ని x భాగాలను యొక్క వెక్టర్ (vector) మొత్తం 0 మరియు శక్తుల యొక్క అన్ని y భాగాలను summation. ; కాబట్టి, సౌలభ్యం కొరకు నేను x ను వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం వెంట ఉన్నట్లు నిర్వచించబోతున్నాను మరియు y వంపుతిరిగిన విమానానికి లంబంగా ఉంటుంది. మీరు గమనించినట్లయితే, నేను నా నిర్వచించలేదు మొదట వ్యవస్థను సమన్వయం చేయండి. నేను శక్తిని చేయాల్సిన చోట దానిని నిర్వచిస్తున్నాను గణన; ఎందుకంటే నేను ఉచిత శరీర రేఖాచిత్రాన్ని గీసిన తరువాత నేను శక్తులను (forces) చూడగలను మరియు తక్కువ సంఖ్య లో పరిష్కరించడానికి నాకు అవసరమయ్యే సమన్వయ Gujarati: નો ઉપયોગ કરી શકું છું. તો ચાલો આપણે તેને સમજીએ અને ફ્રી બોડી ડાયાગ્રામ (free body diagram) ની આકૃતિ દોરીએ. હવે, હું દળ ના કેન્દ્ર (center of mass) ને ચિહ્નિત કરવા જઈ રહ્યો છું. ચાલો હું આને થોડું વધારે વિસ્તૃત કરીને તમને બતાવું, જેથી હું જે જરૂરી બાબતો સૂચવવા માંગુ છું તે સૂચવી શકું. ત્યાં પ્રથમ તો ત્રાસી સપાટી (inclined plane) ની ક્રિયા (action) ની વાત આવે છે. અને આ ત્રાસી સપાટી English: condition. And the second condition is that the summation of all the moments about G is equal to 0. So, let us compute the summation of all the forces. But you know before I can compute the summation of all the forces, F has a unique line of action; F2 has a unique line of action. But F1 is a bit tricky. F1 does not have a unique line of action, which also means that I need to compute the moment of a distributed force. So, this is kind of a distributed force. But, what I can do is I can replace this with a Telugu: వ్యవస్థను ఎంచుకోండి భాగాలుగా పాటు శక్తులు (forces). ఉదాహరణకు, నేను గీసినట్లు ఈ x మరియు y ని ఎంచుకుంటే చెప్పండి ఇక్కడ. Force F1 ఇక్కడ ఎరుపు రంగులో సూచించబడిన F y దిశలో ఉంటుంది, సానుకూల y దిశలో (direction) a నిజానికి విషయంలో. F శక్తి ప్రతికూల x దిశలో (direction) ఉంటుంది. కాబట్టి, వారు ప్రతి ఒక్కరూ చేయరు వరుసగా ay లేదా x భాగాన్ని అందించండి. ఇది బరువు మాత్రమే నేను కలిగి ఉన్న F2 ఇప్పుడు దాని భాగాలను మరియు x మరియు y దిశలో (direction) పరిష్కరించడానికి. మరియు అలా చేయడానికి ఈ త్రిభుజం, ఇక్కడ ఈ కోణం (triangle, this angle) 300; అంటే ఇది 60 ° మరియు ఇది కూడా 60 ° దీన్ని 300 వద్ద ఉంచుతుంది, ఇది 600వద్ద ఉంచుతుంది. కాబట్టి, నేను ఇప్పుడు ఈ శరీరంపై పనిచేసే అన్ని శక్తుల సమ్మషన్‌ను summation x దిశలో (direction) తీసుకుంటే, Gujarati: (inclined plane) શું કરે છે? જો હું આ બોડી (body) ને તેના સ્થાન પર થી ને બહાર કાઢી લઉં ત્યારે આ ત્રાસી સપાટી (inclined plane) મૂળભૂત રીતે શું કરશે કે, તે આ બોડી (body) ની નીચે ની તરફથી ને તેના પર બળ (force) લગાવશે. મને ખબર નથી કે તે કેવી રીતે બળ (force) લગાવી રહ્યું હતું. પરંતુ, ત્યાં એક પ્રકારનું બળ (force) ત્રાસી સપાટી (inclined plane) દ્વારા આ બોડી (body) પર લગાવવામાં આવી રહ્યું હતું. English: force that acts at a single point on the bottom of this block as an effective force. And let us say that acts at a distance x to the right of the center of mass g. So, the first model that I have introduced is that I have taken what is actually a distributed force underneath the block, the true F1, and replaced it with a point force with a single force that acts through a point on the bottom of the block as the effective or the resultant force of the set of forces acting on the bottom side. So, let see if we are now ready to apply our laws of equilibrium. What we find is now let English: us take the summation over all the forces. F i equal to 0. I can split this into two components. That summation, a vector sum of all the x components of the forces is 0 and the summation of all the y components of the forces is 0. So, for the sake of convenience I am going to define x as being along the inclined plane and y as being perpendicular to the inclined plane. So if you notice, I did not define my coordinate system first. I am defining it at a point where I have to do the force computation; because I can look at the forces, after I have drawn the free body diagram and choose a coordinate system that would require me to resolve the least number of forces along Telugu: నేను కలిగి, నేను దిగువ సానుకూలంగా తీసుకోబోతున్నాను. నేను దీనిని నా సంకేతం గా వ్రాయబోతున్నాను సమావేశం అన్ని సమయం. ఇప్పుడు, నేను scalar భాగాలను మాత్రమే జతచేస్తున్నాను. ఈ సూచిస్తుంది -F+F2cos60=0 మరియు నేను y నా సానుకూల దిశలో (direction) తీసుకుంటే. కాబట్టి, ఇది ఇక్కడ గుర్తు సూచిస్తుంది; ఇక్కడ ఈ సమావేశం నా సంకేత సమావేశం అని సూచిస్తుంది. ఇది సూచిస్తుంది F1 సానుకూల y దిశలో (direction) ఉంది, F1-F2Sin60=0. కాబట్టి, పూర్తి చేద్దాం. కాబట్టి, మొదటి భాగం minus F plus F2 అని చెప్పింది F యొక్క పరిమాణం 98. Cosine of -F+98(1/2) =0 and F1-F2Sin60 60. ఇది F1 సూచిస్తుంది యొక్క పరిమాణం నాకు తెలియని శక్తి (force); మైనస్ (minus) 98 రెట్లు పాపం 60 రూట్ త్రీ ఓవర్ (root three over) రెండు 0 కి Gujarati: તેથી, હું તેને બળ ( force) કહીશ. જે રીતે મેં બળ ( force) ને દોર્યું (drawn) છે, તે રીતે એ બળ નું વિતરણ (distribution of force) દર્શાવે છે. હવે, ત્યાં એક બળ (force ) લાગી રહ્યું છે કે જેની ગણતરી કરવી જરૂરી છે, અને તે બળ (force) મીટર ના અંતર પર લાગી રહ્યું છે. અને ત્યાં બીજું બળ પણ લાગી રહ્યું છે, કે જે ગુરુત્વાકર્ષણ ને કારણે છે અને તે ઊભી (vertical) દિશામાં કાર્ય કરી રહ્યું છે. અને તે જેટલું છે. જ્યાં 10kg દળ (mass) દર્શાવે છે, જે દસ કિલોગ્રામ છે. તેથી થાય, જ્યાં m=mass કે જે Gujarati: 10 kg છે, અને g=gravitation acceleration કે જેની કિંમત 9.81 થાય. તેથી તેનો ગુણાકાર 98 ન્યૂટન (98 newton) જેટલો થાય. હું આને સંખ્યા દ્વારા બદલીશ કે જેની મેં હમણાં જ ગણતરી કરી છે; જે 98 ન્યૂટન્સ (98 newtons) છે. બ્લૉક ની દરેક બાજુ એક મીટર (1 meter) ની છે. જેમકે આપણે તેને ચોરસ બ્લૉક કહીએ છીએ. જેનો અર્થ એ થાય કે તેના દળ નું કેદ્ર જમણી અને ડાબી બાજુની સપાટી થી ને અડધા મીટર (1/2 meter) ના અંતરે ઉપર ની તરફ હશે. તેથી એક સમાન બ્લૉક માટે તેના દળ નું કેન્દ્ર (center of mass) તે બ્લોકના ભૌમિતિક Telugu: సమానం. F1-(98) కాబట్టి, మొదటి సమీకరణం నుండి నాకు తెలుసుF=49N మరియు149 ఇప్పుడు, నేను ఇంకా సమస్యను పూర్తి చేయలేదు; ఎందుకంటే సమతుల్యత కోసం, నాకు రెండవది ఉంది క్షణాలు అన్నింటినీ 0 వరకు జోడించాల్సిన పరిస్థితి. ఇప్పుడు, నేను దానిని ఎలా నిర్ణయిస్తాను? ఉంటే d అర మీటర్, నేను ఇక్కడ చూపిన ఈ ప్రభావవంతమైన చర్య x ను కనుగొనాలనుకుంటున్నాను. సమర్థవంతమైనది మొత్తానికి వాస్తవం ఉండేలా చర్య యొక్క రేఖ ద్రవ్యరాశి (canter of mass) కేంద్రం నుండి స్థానభ్రంశం చెందుతుంది క్షణాలు 0 వరకు జోడించాలి. కాబట్టి, G గురించి అన్ని శక్తుల కారణంగా సమ్మషన్ (summation due to all the forces) చివరి షరతును ఇప్పుడు వర్తింపజేద్దాం, ఇది కొద్దిగా సాధారణీకరించిన విధంగా ఉంది.   నేను నిర్దిష్ట సంజ్ఞామానాన్ని ఉపయోగించబోతున్నాను. ఇప్పుడు, నేను గడియారం వారీగా పాజిటివ్ తీసుకోబోతోంది. ఇది నా సంకేత సమావేశం. నేను ఎంచుకుంటే, మరియు అది చేయదు మీరు స్థిరంగా (constant) ఉన్నంతవరకు మీరు ఏ సంకేతం సమావేశాన్ని ఉపయోగిస్తారు. కాబట్టి, ప్రస్తుతం నేను గడియారం వారీగా అన్ని క్షణాలు సానుకూలంగా ఉన్నాయని English: as components. Say for example, if I choose this x and y as I have drawn here. The force F1 indicated in red here is along the y direction, positive y direction as a matter of fact. The force F is along the negative x direction. So, they each do not contribute either a y or an x component respectively. It is only the weight F2 that I have to now resolve into its components and the x and y direction. And in order to do that if in this triangle, this angle here is 30 degrees; which means this is 60 and this is also 60 degrees which English: puts this at 30 degrees, which puts this at 60 degrees. So, if I now take the summation of all the forces acting on this body in the x direction, I have, I am going to take downward positive. I am going to write this as my sign convention all the time. Summation x equal to 0. Now, I am adding only the scalar components. This Telugu: to హించబోతున్నాను. ఇప్పుడు, కారణంగా క్షణంF1; ఈ ఉచిత శరీర రేఖాచిత్రంలో నేను గీసిన మార్గం, F G యొక్క కుడి వైపున; అంటే ఇది కౌంటర్ గడియారం Gujarati: સેન્ટ્રોઇડ (geometric centroid) પર સ્થિત હોય છે, કે જે બાજુથી ને અડધા મીટર (1/2 meter) ના અંતરે હોય છે. જો હવે હું આના પર લગતા બળ નો સરવાળો શૂન્ય (0) લઉં. તેથી, મારે સંતુલન માટે જે જરૂરી છે, તે એ કે બધા બાળો નો સરવાળો, બધા બળોના વેક્ટર નો સરવાળો શૂન્ય (0) ની બરાબર થવો જોઈએ. English: implies minus F plus F2 cosine 60 degrees equal to 0. And if I take the forces in the positive direction of y being positive. So, this symbol here indicates; this convention here indicates is my sign convention. This implies that F1 is in the positive y direction minus F2 sin 60 equal to 0. So, let us go through, complete this. Telugu: (counter clock) వారీగా క్షణాలు ఉత్పత్తి చేయబోతోంది. సో, 1 చెప్పండి ప్రతికూల సంకేతంతో F సార్లు x, ఎందుకంటే x పాజిటివ్ అంటే కౌంటర్ క్లాక్ Gujarati: ઓછામાં ઓછી આ પ્રથમ શરત છે. અને બીજી શરત એ છે કે બધા મોમેન્ટ્સ નો "G" ની આસપાસ નો સરવાળો પણ શૂન્ય (0) થવો જ જોઈએ. તો ચાલો આપણે આ બધા બળો ના સરવાળા ની ગણતરી કરીએ, પરંતુ તમે જાણો છો કે હું બધા જ બળો ના Telugu: (counter clock) వారీగా, ప్లస్ ఎఫ్ 49 న్యూటన్లు గా (Newton’s) నిర్ణయించబడింది. ఇప్పుడు, ఈ d తప్పనిసరిగా G. Gujarati: સારાંશ (summation) ની ગણતરી કરી શકું તે પહેલાં, F અને F2 બળ ના કાર્ય ની દિશા એક જ રેખામાં છે. પરંતુ F1 બળ થોડું મુશ્કેલ છે. F1 બળ ના કાર્ય ની દિશા એક જ રેખા માં નથી. જેનો અર્થ એ પણ છે કે મારે તે બધા જ વિતરિત બળો ની મોમેન્ટ્સ ની ગણતરી કરવાની જરૂર છે. તેથી, આ એક પ્રકારના વિતરિત બળો (distributed forces) છે. પરંતુ, આ પરિસ્થિતિમાં હું એ કરી શકું છું કે, હું આ બધા જ બળો ને એક એવા બળ થી ને બદલી શકું છું કે, જે બળ એક અસરકારક બળ (effective force) તરીકે આ બ્લૉક ના તળિયાં પર ના એક બિંદુ પર કાર્ય કરશે. અને ચાલો આપણે કહીએ છીએ કે તે બળ દળ ના કેન્દ્ર (G) ની જમણી બાજુએ (x) અંતર પર કાર્ય કરે છે. તેથી, મેં રજૂ કરેલું પ્રથમ મોડેલ (model) કે English: So, the first part says minus F plus F2 has a magnitude of 98 Newtons. Cosine of 60 degrees is one half equal to 0. And F1 minus F2 sin 60 equal to 0. This implies F1 is a force that I do not know the magnitude of; minus 98 times sin 60 is root three over two equal to 0. So, from the first equation I know that F equal to 49 Newtons and F1 equal to 49 times English: square root of three Newtons. Now, I have not yet completed the problem; because for equilibrium, I have the second condition that the moments have to all add up to 0. Now, how would I determine that? If d is half a meter, I want to find this effective line of action x shown here. The effective line of action is displaced from the center of mass to accommodate the fact that the sum of the moments have to add up to 0. So, let us now apply the last condition that summation due to all the forces about G equal to 0; in which implies F1 d1 plus F times d plus F2 times d2 equal to 0. This is in a slightly generalized way. I am going to Gujarati: જે મેં ગણતરી માં લીધું છે, તે એ કે મેં ખરેખર એ બ્લૉક ની નીચે વિતરિત બળ (distributed force) F1 ની સાચી કિંમત ગણતરી માં લીધી છે, અને તેને એક બિંદુ બળ (point force) થી બદલીને એક જ બળ તરીકે લીધું છે કે જે બ્લૉક ના તળિયાં પર બધાજ બળો ના અસરકારક અથવા પરિણામી બળ તરીકે એક બિંદુ પર કાર્યરત છે. તો ચાલો જોઈએ કે હવે આપણે સંતુલન નો નિયમ (law of equilibrium) લાગુ પાડી શકીએ છીએ કે નહીં. આપણે જે શોધવા માંગીએ છીએ તે છે કે, હવે આપણે બધા જ બળો નો સરવાળો લઈએ. હું આ બળ ને બે ભાગોમાં વહેંચી શકું છું. તે સારાંશ (summation), બધા જ બળો ના x ઘટકો ના Telugu: నుండి చర్య రేఖ యొక్క లంబ దూరం ఇది మేము Telugu: చూపించిన d కాదు చిత్రం. కాబట్టి, గందరగోళాన్ని నివారించడానికి, మనం తప్పించుకుంటాము, దీనిని a తో భర్తీ చేస్తాము క్రొత్త చిహ్నం. F1d1+Fy+F2d2=0 ఈ ప్రత్యేకమైన ఉదాహరణకు y 0 ఎందుకంటే F శక్తి English: use the specific notation. Now, I am going to take clock wise positive. This is my sign convention. If I choose, and it does not matter what sign convention you use as long as you remain consistent. So, right now I am going to assume that all the clock wise moments are positive. Now, the moment due to F1; at least the way my I have drawn in this free body diagram, F1 is to the right of G; which means it is going to produce a counter clock wise moments. So, let us say F1 times x with a negative sign, because x positive means counter clock wise, plus F has been determined to be 49 Newtons. Gujarati: વેક્ટર (vector) નો સરવાળો શૂન્ય (0) થાય અને, બધા જ બળો ના x ઘટકો ના વેક્ટર (vector) નો સરવાળો પણ શૂન્ય (0) થાય. ; તેથી, અનુકૂળતા માટે હું x ને ઢાળવાળી સપાટી (inclined plain) ને સમાંતર દર્શાવું છું, અને y ને ઢાળવાળી સપાટી ને કાટખૂણે દર્શાવું છું. તેથી જો તમે ધ્યાન આપો, તો તમને જણાશે કે મેં મારી કોઓર્ડિનેટ સિસ્ટમ (coordinate system) ને પ્રથમ નથી દર્શાવી. English: Now, this d is essentially the perpendicular distance of the line of action from G. It is not the d that we have shown in the figure. So, let us just to avoid confusion, we will avoid, we will replace this with a new symbol y. y for this particular instance is 0 because the force F passes through the line of action because the force is half a meter which implies y, which is the distance of the force to the Gujarati: હું તેને એક એવા તબક્કે નિર્ધારિત કરું છું કે જ્યાં મારે બળ ની ગણતરી કરવાની જરૂર પડે છે. કારણ કે હું ફ્રી બોડી ડાયાગ્રામ (free body diagram) ની આકૃતિ દોર્યા પછી, હું તેના પર લગતા બળો ને જોઈ શકું છું અને ત્યાર બાદ હું એક એવી સંકલન પ્રણાલી પસંદ કરું છું કે જેથી ઓછામાં ઓછી સંખ્યામાં બળ ના ઘટકો ને હલ કરવાની જરૂર રહેશે. ઉદાહરણ તરીકે કહો કે, જો અહીંયા મેં જે રીતે દોર્યું છે તે રીતે જો હું આ x અને y ને પસંદ કરું છું ત્યારે; અહીં લાલ રંગમાં સૂચવેલ F1 બળ y વાય દિશા માં Telugu: చర్య (force passes) రేఖ గుండా వెళుతుందిఎందుకంటే శక్తి (force) అర మీటర్, ఇది y ని సూచిస్తుంది, ఇది శక్తి కి (force) దూరంచర్యల రేఖ 0; plus, F 2ఇది శరీర బరువు 98 న్యూటన్లు ద్రవ్యరాశి (Newton’s mass) కేంద్రం గుండా కూడా వెళుతుంది. అందువల్ల, దాని రేఖకు లంబ దూరం చర్య కూడా 0. కాబట్టి, Gujarati: હશે. વાસ્તવમાં તો એ પોઝિટિવ y (positive y) દિશામાં હશે. F બળ નેગેટિવ એક્સ (negative x) દિશા માં હશે. તેથી, તે બંને બળો અનુક્રમે y અથવા x ઘટક માં કોઈ ફાળો નહીં આપે. હવે મારી પાસે માત્ર F2 બળ (weight) જ છે કે જેના ઘટકો નો ઉકેલ મારે x અને y દિશામાં લાવવો પડશે. અને જો હું હવે તે કરવા માંગતો હોવ તો આ ત્રિકોણ માં અહીં 30° નો કોણ છે; English: line of actions itself is 0; plus F2 which is the weight of the body which is 98 Newtons also passes through the center of mass. Therefore, the perpendicular distance to its line of action is also 0. So, for equilibrium we require that F1 times x with the negative sign plus 49 times 0 plus 98 time 0 equal to 0. F1 we just found is a non-negative number or a non-zero number, which implies x equal to 0. So, we now determined this unknown quantity x, the unknown quantity F1 and as well as the unknown force F required to hold this body in equilibrium. So, let us draw Telugu: సమతుల్యత కోసం మనకు 1 అవసరం ప్రతికూల గుర్తు తో F సార్లు x ప్లస్ 49 సార్లు 0 ప్లస్ 98 సమయం 0 కి 0 సమానం. F1(x)+(49)(0) +(98)(0) =0 F1 మేము కనుగొన్నది ప్రతికూల-కాని సంఖ్య లేదా సున్నా కాని సంఖ్య, ఇది x సమానమని సూచిస్తుంది to (F1) (x)=0, x=0. కాబట్టి, మేము ఇప్పుడు ఈ తెలియని పరిమాణాన్ని నిర్ణయించాము x తెలియని పరిమాణం F1 మరియు అలాగే తెలియని శక్తి Gujarati: જેનો અર્થ છે કે આ 60° છે અને આ પણ 60° છે તેને 30° પર મૂકે છે, જે આને 60° પર મૂકે છે. તેથી, જો હું હવે x દિશામાં લાગતાં તમામ બળો નો સરવાળો (summation) લઉં તો, હું નીચેની તરફ હકારાત્મક દિશા (positive direction) લઇશ. હું તેને હમેંશા મારી ચિહ્ન પ્રણાલી (sign convention) તરીકે લઈશ. હવે, હું ફક્ત સ્કેલર (scalar) ઘટકો ને ઉમેરી રહ્યો છું. તે એ સૂચિત કરે છે કે; અને જો હું સકારાત્મક y ની દિશામાં રહેલા બધા જ બળો ને સકારાત્મક બળો તરીકે લઉં તો, તેથી, અહીંયા આપેલા આ પ્રતીકો મારું સાઇન કન્વેશન (sign convention) સૂચવે છે. તે એ સુચિત કરે છે કે F1 સકારાત્મક Telugu: (forces) F లో ఈ శరీరం పట్టుకోండి అవసరం సమతౌల్య. కాబట్టి, ఈ స్క్వేర్ బ్లాక్ (square block) యొక్క ఉచిత బాడీ రేఖాచిత్రాన్ని మరోసారి గీయండి వివిధ శక్తుల (forces) సరైన పరిమాణాలు. కాబట్టి, ఈ మూడు శక్తులు (forces) దీనిపై పనిచేస్తున్నాయి శరీరం. అవన్నీ ప్రయాణిస్తున్నాయి; మూడు శక్తుల (forces) చర్య రేఖలు అన్ని గుండా వెళుతున్నాయి ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) G యొక్క కేంద్రం; అంటే మూడు శక్తుల గురించి ఒక్క క్షణం కూడా కారణం కాదు G. కాబట్టి, శక్తులు (forces) ఈ పరిమాణాలు ఉంటే తప్పనిసరిగా ఈ వ్యవస్థ సమతుల్యతలో ఉంటుంది. English: a free body diagram of this square block once more with the correct magnitudes of the various forces. So, these are the three forces acting on this body. They are all passing; the lines of action of the three forces are all passing through the center of mass G; which means neither of the three forces is causing a moment about G. So, essentially this system is in equilibrium, if the forces are of these magnitudes. Gujarati: y દિશામાં છે. તેથી, ચાલો આપણે તેને સમજીએ અને પૂર્ણ કરીએ. તેથી પ્રથમ ભાગ કહે છે કે, થાય અને થાય. તે એ સૂચવે છે કે F1 એક એવું બળ છે કે જેનું પરિમાણ હું નથી જાણતો. પ્રથમ સમીકરણ પર થી ને હું એ જાણું છું કે, અને થાય. હવે, મેં હજી સુધી સંતુલન (equilibrium) ને કારણે પ્રોબ્લેમ (problem) ને પૂર્ણ નથી કર્યો. મારી પાસે બીજી એ શરત છે કે જો હું બધી જ મોમેન્ટ્સ (moments) નો સરવાળો (add up) કરું તો તે શૂન્ય (0) થવો જોઈએ. હવે, હું તે કેવી રીતે નક્કી કરી શકું? જો d અડધો મીટર (meter) હોય તો, મારે અહીંયા x દિશામાં આપેલી આ અસરકારક લાઇન ને શોધવી પડે. બધી જ મોમેન્ટ્સ (moments) નો સરવાળો (add up) શૂન્ય (0) થવો જોઈએ એ હકીકત ને સમાવવા માટે અસરકારક લાઈન દળ ના કેન્દ્ર થી Telugu: ఇప్పుడు, ఈ ప్రక్రియలో మేము రెండు శక్తులను (forces) గుర్తించాము లేదా లెక్కించాము. మధ్య భేదం చూద్దాం ఆ రెండు. మేము గుర్తించాము, మేము F1 రెండింటి పరిమాణాలను లెక్కించాము. కాబట్టి, ఇది ఎఫ్ మరియు ఇది F1. F మరియు 1 మధ్య వ్యత్యాసాన్ని అర్థం చేసుకుందాం F1కారణమేమిటి F? F1 నేను ఈ block క్రింద వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం కలిగి ఉండటం వలన సంభవించే శక్తి (force). ఇప్పుడు, వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం ఈ బ్లాక్‌ను శక్తి F1 తో ఎందుకు పైకి నెట్టేస్తుంది ఎఫ్ నటన ద్వారా ఈ ప్రత్యేకమైన సందర్భంలో ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) కేంద్రం? ఇది కేవలం వాస్తవం నుండి వస్తుంది వంపుతిరిగిన plane, block కూడా ఉంటుంది. నేను ఈ బ్లాక్‌ను పైన ఉంచినట్లయితే వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం, బ్లాక్ వంపుతిరిగిన విమానంలో కి ప్రవేశించదు వంపుతిరిగిన plane బ్లాక్‌ను English: Now, in this process we identified or calculated two forces. Let us differentiate between those two. We identified, we calculated the magnitudes of both F and F1. So, this is F and this is F1. Let us understand the difference between F and F1. What causes F1? F1 is a force that is caused by the fact that I have an inclined plane underneath this block. Now, why would the inclined plane push this block up with the force F1 acting through the center of mass in this particular instance? It simply comes from the fact that the inclined Telugu: స్వయంగా నెట్టేస్తుంది. కాబట్టి, శక్తి (force) F1 వాస్తవానికి ఉత్పత్తి చేయబడుతోంది block వంపుతిరిగిన విమానంలో కి వెళ్ళలేదనే పరిమితి నుండి స్వీయ-ఉత్పత్తి వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం సహజంగానే దాని పైన ఉన్న బ్లాక్‌ను (block) నెట్టదు మరియు అవి కూడా ఉంటాయి సంపర్కంలో ఉండండి. కాబట్టి, ఇది తప్పనిసరిగా అడ్డంకి కారణంగా సంపర్కం వద్ద తలెత్తే శక్తి చొచ్చుకుపోవటం లేదు. కాబట్టి, ఈ అడ్డంకి శక్తి F1ను పుట్టింది F మా ఉచిత లో తెలియని పరిమాణంగా మారువేషాలు శరీర రేఖాచిత్రం; వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం (plane) యొక్క body generates విడిపించిన వాస్తవం కారణంగా. మీరు వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం యొక్క శరీరాన్ని English: plane is rigid, the block is also rigid. And that if I place this block on top of an inclined plane, the block does not penetrate into the inclined plane neither does the inclined plane push the block by itself. So, the force F1 is actually being generated, is self-generated from the constraint that the block cannot go into the inclined plane and neither can inclined plane naturally push the block above it and that they would too remain in contact. So, it is essentially a force arising at the contact due to the constraint of no penetration. So, this constraint originated force F1 masquerades as an unknown quantity in our free body diagram; because of the fact that freed the body of the inclined plane as an agent. the moment Gujarati: ને વિસ્થાપિત કરવામાં આવે છે. તો ચાલો હવે આપણે છેલ્લી શરત લાગુ કરીએ જે G ની આસપાસ ના તમામ બળો નો સરવાળો શૂન્ય (0) થવો જોઈએ; . આ થોડી સામાન્ય રીતે છે. હું વિશિષ્ટ સંકેતનો ઉપયોગ કરીશ. હવે હું છું ઘડિયાળ ની દિશા મુજબની બાજુ ને સકારાત્મક લેવા જઈ રહ્યો છે. આ મારી સંકેત પ્રણાલી (sign convention) છે. જો હું પસંદ કરું, અને જો તમે સુસંગત રહો ત્યાં સુધી તમે કયા સંકેત સંમેલનનો ઉપયોગ કરો છો તે મહત્વનું છે. તેથી, હમણાં હું એમ માનીશ કે ઘડિયાળ ની દિશા મુજબની બધી જ મોમેન્ટ્સ (moments) સકારાત્મક છે. હવે, જે રીતે મેં ફ્રી બોડી ડાયાગ્રામ દોર્યો છે તે મુજબ F1 બળ ને કારણે લાગતી મોમેન્ટ્સ G ની જમણી બાજુએ હશે. તેનો અર્થ એ છે કે, તે કાઉન્ટર ક્લોક (counter clock) ની દિશામાં મોમેન્ટ્સનું નિર્માણ કરશે. તેથી, ચાલો આપણે કહીએ કે F1 ગુણ્યાં x નકારાત્મક સંકેત (negative sign) સાથે છે. કારણ કે x સકારાત્મક હોવો એટલે કે કાઉન્ટર ક્લોક વાઇઝ (counter clock wise) હોવું. અને F બરાબર 49 ન્યુટન્સ (49 N) આપણે ગણી લીધું છે. હવે, આ d વાસ્તવમાં તો G થી લાઈન ઓફ એકશન થીને કાટખૂણા નું અંતર છે. તે એ d નથી Telugu: విడిపించిన క్షణం, నేను దానికి కారణం ఈ శరీరం వంపుతిరిగిన విమానంలో పడటానికి అనుమతించబడలేదు మరియు దాని స్థానంలో ఒక ప్రభావవంతమైన శక్తి F1 సంపర్క బిందువుకు లంబంగా ఎఫ్ నటన; పాయింట్ వద్ద లంబంగా పరిచయం యొక్క. కాబట్టి, F1 అనేది ఈ అడ్డంకి నుండి ఉద్భవించే శక్తి; ఆ F కి వ్యతిరేకంగా తెలియని శక్తి (force) ఈ శరీరాన్ని సమతుల్యతలో ఉంచడానికి లెక్కించాలనుకుంటున్నాము. కాబట్టి, ఎంత ఈ శరీరాన్ని సమతుల్యతలో ఉంచడానికి నేను బలవంతం చేయాల్సి ఉంటుంది, పది కిలోల ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) 30 ° పై కూర్చుంటుంది వంపుతిరిగిన విమానం 49 న్యూటన్ల శక్తిని (Newton’s force) కలిగి ఉండాలి, దానిని ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) కేంద్రం ద్వారా నెట్టడం శరీరాన్ని సమతుల్యతలో ఉంచండి. మరియు అది సహజంగా 49 రెట్లు అదనపు శక్తిని (force) ఉత్పత్తి చేస్తుంది స్క్వేర్ రూట్ మూడు న్యూటన్లు (square root three Newton’s) వంపుతిరిగిన ఫలితంగా ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) కేంద్రం ద్వారా పనిచేస్తాయి విమానం బ్లాక్ నెట్టడం. కాబట్టి, ఈ రెండు శక్తులు ప్రాథమికంగా భిన్నంగా ఉంటాయి. ఒకటి కలుగుతుంది అడ్డంకి ద్వారాF1; F అనేది మనం నియంత్రించాలనుకునే English: you free the body of the inclined plane, I have to account for the fact that this body was not allowed to fall into the inclined plane, and that is replaced by an effective force F1 acting perpendicular to the point of contact; perpendicular at the point of contact. So, F1 is a force that originates out of this constraint; as opposed to that F is the unknown force we wish to calculate to keep this body in equilibrium. So, how much force do I have to exert to keep this body in equilibrium a ten kg mass sitting on a 30 degree inclined plane has to have a force of 49 Newtons pushing it through the center of mass to keep the body in equilibrium. And that naturally generates an additional force of 49 times square root three Newtons acting through the center of Gujarati: કે જે આપણે આકૃતિ માં દર્શાવ્યો છે. તેથી ચાલો આપણે તે મૂંઝવણ ને ટાળવા માટે આપણે તેને d ને બદલે y થી ને દર્શાવીશું. . આ ચોક્કસ દાખલા માટે y શૂન્ય (0) છે. કારણ કે F બળ લાઈન ઓફ એકશન માંથી ને પસાર થાય છે. કારણ કે બળ અડધા મીટર ના અંતરે છે, જે સૂચવે છે કે y કે જે બળ અને લાઈન ઓફ એકશન વચ્ચેનું અંતર છે તે પોતે શૂન્ય (0) છે. અને, F2 કે જે બોડી નું વજન છે જે 98 ન્યૂટન (98 N) છે જે પણ દળ ના કેન્દ્ર સમૂહ માંથી ને જ પસાર થાય છે. તેથી, તેની લાઇન ઓફ એકશન વચ્ચે ના કાટખૂણા નું અંતર પણ શૂન્ય (0) થાય છે. તેથી સંતુલન માટે આપણને નીચે મુજબ ના સમીકરણ ની જરૂર છે; આપણે હમણાં જ શોધી કાઢ્યું છે કે F1 નોન-નેગેટિવ નંબર અથવા બિન-શૂન્ય નંબર છે, જે સૂચવે છે કે x શૂન્ય (0) થાય. તેથી, હવે આપણે શોધી કાઢ્યું કે અજાણી રાશિ x, અજાણ્યો બળ F1 અને F ને આપણે શોધી કાઢ્યા છે કે જે આ બોડી ને સંતુલન માં રાખવા માટે જરૂરી છે. તો ચાલો આપણે ચોરસ બ્લૉક ના ફ્રી બોડી ડાયાગ્રામ ને ફરી એક વખત બધા જ બળો ના યોગ્ય પરિમાણ સાથે દોરીએ. તેથી, ત્યાં આ ત્રણેય બળો છે કે જે આ બોડી પર કાર્ય કરે છે. આ તમામ બળો ની લાઈન English: mass, as a result of the inclined plane pushing the block. So, these two forces are fundamentally different. One is caused by the constraint itself, the F1 force; F is the force that we wish to control to keep the body in equilibrium. So, we learned the idea of a free body diagram today. And on top of that we learned the application of the two laws of equilibrium for finite sized bodies. The fact that the forces have to add up to 0 and the moments about the center of mass also have to add up to 0. In addition, we learnt the fact that forces can come from two different agents. Two different kinds of physical processes: one, an external agent pushing it and the second from a constraint. So, we will continue this discussion with another example problem in the next class. Gujarati: ઓફ એકશન દળ ના કેન્દ્ર G માંથી ને પસાર થાય છે. જેનો અર્થ એ છે કે આમાનું કોઈપણ બળ G ની આસપાસ મોમેન્ટ્સ ઉત્પન્ન નથી કરતું. તેથી જો બધા જ બળો આ મુજબ ના પરિમાણ માં હશે તો વાસ્તવમાં આ સિસ્ટમ સંતુલિત છે. હવે, આ પ્રક્રિયામાં આપણે બે બળ ને ઓળખી કાઢ્યા છે અથવા તો તેની ગણતરી કરી છે. ચાલો આપણે તે બંને બળ વચ્ચેનો તફાવત જાણીએ. આપણે F અને F1 બંને બળ ને ઓળખી કાઢ્યા છે. તેથી, આ F છે અને આ F1 છે. ચાલો આપણે F અને F1 વચ્ચેના તફાવતને સમજીએ. F1 બળ શા કારણે ઉદ્ભવે છે? હકીકતમાં તો મારી પાસે આ બ્લૉક ની નીચે એક ઢાળવાળી સપાટી (inclined plane) છે તેના કારણે F1 બળ ઉદ્ભવે છે. હવે, શા કારણે આ ચોક્કસ પ્રકાર ની પરિસ્થિતિમાં ઢાળવાળી સપાટી (inclined plane) બ્લૉક ને દળ ના કેન્દ્ર માંથી ને F1 બળ લગાવી ને ઉપરની તરફ ધક્કો આપશે? તે ફક્ત એ હકીકત પરથી જ આવે છે કે ઢાળવાળી સપાટી કઠોર (rigid) છે, અને બ્લૉક પણ કઠોર છે. અને તેથી જો હું આ બ્લૉક ને ઢાળવાળી સપાટી (inclined plane) પર મુકું તો ન તો બ્લૉક પોતે ઢાળવાળી સપાટી ને ભેદીને અંદર જશે કે ન તો ઢાળવાળી સપાટી બ્લૉક ને ભેદી ને અંદર જશે. તેથી જ F1 બળ ઉત્પન્ન થશે, અને તે પોતે જ પોતાનું સર્જન એટલા માટે કરશે કારણ કે, સામાન્ય રીતે ન તો બ્લૉક ઢાળવાળી સપાટી ને ભેદી ને તેની અંદર જશે કે ન તો ઢાળવાળી સપાટી બ્લૉક ને ઉપર તરફ ધક્કો આપશે, અને તેઓ એકબીજાના સંપર્કમાં પણ રહેશે. તેથી, તાત્વિક દ્રષ્ટિ તો એ એક બળ જ છે કે જે બ્લૉક અને ઢાળવાળી સપાટી ના સંપર્ક માંથી ને એકબીજાને ભેદી ન શકવાના અવરોધ ને કારણે જ ઉત્પન્ન થશે. તેથી, બોડી ને ઢાળવાળી સપાટી થી ને મુક્ત કરી દેવાના કારણે જ આ F1 અવરોધ આપણા ફ્રી બોડી ડાયાગ્રામ માં એક અજ્ઞાત જથ્થા તરીકે ઉત્પન્ન થયો છે. જયારે તમે બોડી ને ઢાળવાળી સપાટી થી ને મુક્ત કરો છો ત્યારે, મારે તે હકીકત ને ધ્યાન પર લેવી જ પડતી હોય છે કે, બોડી ને ઢાળવાળી સપાટી પર થી ને નીચે નથી પડવા દેવાની, અને તેને સંપર્ક બિંદુ માંથી ને કાટખૂણે લાગતાં F1 બળ થી ને બદલી દેવાનું છે. તેથી, F1 એ બળ છે કે જે આ અવરોધ માંથી ને ઉદ્ભવે છે; અને તેની વિરુદ્ધ માં F બળ છે કે જે આ બોડી ને સંતુલન માં રાખવા માટે જરૂરી છે, તેની આપણે ગણતરી કરવા માંગીએ છીએ. તેથી, આ બોડી કે જેનું દળ 10 kg છે અને જે 30˚ ના ઢાળવાળી સપાટી પર રહેલી છે, જેનું વજન 49 N છે કે જે તેના દળ ના કેન્દ્ર માંથી ને નીચેની તરફ લાગે છે, તેને સંતુલન માં રાખવા માટે મારે કેટલું બળ લગાવવું પડશે? અને, તે સ્વાભાવિક રીતે જ N (ન્યૂટન) જેટલું બળ, દળ ના કેન્દ્ર માંથી ને ઢાળવાળી સપાટી દ્વારા બ્લૉક ને આપવામાં આવતા Telugu: శక్తి శరీరం సమతుల్యతలో. కాబట్టి, ఈ రోజు ఉచిత శరీర రేఖాచిత్రం ఆలోచనను నేర్చుకున్నాము. మరియు ఆ పైన మేము నేర్చుకున్నాము పరిమిత పరిమాణ శరీరాలు కోసం సమతౌల్యం యొక్క రెండు చట్టాల అనువర్తనం. శక్తులు (forces) వాస్తవం 0 వరకు జోడించాలి మరియు ద్రవ్యరాశి (mass) కేంద్రం గురించి క్షణాలు కూడా 0 వరకు జోడించాలి. లో అదనంగా, రెండు వేర్వేరు ఏజెంట్ల (two different agents) నుండి శక్తులు రాగలవని మేము తెలుసుకున్నాము. రెండు వేర్వేరు భౌతిక (Two different kinds) ప్రక్రియలో రకాలు: ఒకటి, బాహ్య ఏజెంట్ల (external agent) దానిని నెట్టడం మరియు రెండవది a నుండి నిరోధ. కాబట్టి, మేము ఈ చర్చను మరో ఉదాహరణ సమస్యతో కొనసాగిస్తాము. Gujarati: બળ તરીકે લાગે છે. તેથી, આ બંને બળ મૂળભૂત રીતે અલગ છે. એક પોતે અવરોધ દ્વારા જ ઉત્પન્ન થાય છે જે F1 બળ છે. અને બીજું F બળ છે કે જેને આપણે તે બોડી ને સંતુલન માં રાખવા માટે આપવા માંગીએ છીએ. તેથી, આજે આપણે ફ્રી બોડી ડાયાગ્રામ નો વિચાર શીખ્યા. અને તેની પહેલા આપણે મર્યાદિત કદની બોડી માટે સંતુલન ના બે નિયમો ના ઉપયોગ વિશે પણ શીખ્યા. અને આપણે એ હકીકત પણ જોઈ કે, કોઈ બોડી પર લાગતા બધા જ બળો નો સરવાળો શૂન્ય (0) થવો જોઈએ અને દળ ના કેન્દ્ર ની આસપાસ લગતી બધી જ મોમેન્ટ્સ નો સરવાળો પણ શૂન્ય (0) થવો જોઈએ. વધુમાં, આપણે એ હકીકત પણ શીખ્યા કે બે જુદા જુદા એજન્ટો ના કારણે પણ બળ ઉત્પન્ન થતું હોય છે. આપણે બે અલગ પ્રકારની ભૌતિક પ્રક્રિયા પણ જોઈ; એક તો એ કે બાહ્ય એજન્ટ બળ લગાવે, અને બીજું અવરોધ ના કારણે બળ લાગે. તેથી, આપણે આ ચર્ચા ને આગળના વર્ગ માં એક બીજા ઉદાહરણ સાથે ચાલુ રાખીશું.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Katy Perry - Bon Appetit	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
- This video is sponsored by IMC Toys. Hi everyone, we are super excited because today we are actually doing a challenge! We have seen so many comments from you guys asking us to do more challenges, so we thought we'd do a really, really neat one today, that's actually inspired by Cry Babies Magic Tears. Cry Babies Magic Tears is an animated series that the girls are really into, it's on YouTube and on Amazon Prime Video, and it's all about these cute little babies dressed in animal pajamas, and the crazy, funny, hysterical adventures that they go on. Addy and Maya have also been collecting these Cry Babies Magic Tears Bottle Houses, and I'm going to show you some of the babies that come in there, and that'll help explain where our challenge is coming from. Here we have Coney in her bunny PJs, this is Lea, and she's in, like, leopard pajamas, and over here is Hopie, who's wearing hippopotamus pajamas. Addy and Maya, let's tell them what your favorite character is that you've collected so far. - Ooh, my favorite's Candy the rare! - [Lucy] Yes, Candy is the rare one that was super hard to find, she's a little poodle, but she's oh so cute! And Addy, who's your favorite? - Lori! - Lori, she's like a little parrot, isn't she, like a parakeet, kind of? And she's wearing her little cute pajamas. So today's Cry Babies Magic Tears challenge is taking us where? - To the zoo! - To the zoo! - The zoo, that's right, we are going to go to the zoo and we are going to bring all of our cute little Cry Babies Magic Tears that the girls have been collecting, and our goal is to find a real life animal at the zoo that matches the animal that our little baby friends are dressed up as. So this cutie patootie is Nala, and you can see she's dressed as a tiger, so we would need to try to find a real life tiger at the zoo to pair Nala up with. Sound like a fun challenge, girls? - Yeah! - Yeah! - Now, we're going to open two more Bottle Houses right now, so we're hoping to grow our collection just a little bit before we head out, and then I'm going to tell you a little bit more details about the challenge after we have all of our Cry Babies Magic Tears dolls open and ready to go. So Maya's opening up a turquoise Bottle House, and Addy, you have the pink ones, and each pack contains a Cry Babies Magic Tears doll, as well as eight different accessories! And the accessories include a sippy bottle, a personalized blanket, there's a pacifier, a bow, and a chair in each one. Plus there are two surprise accessories that are meant to be personalized for your doll as well as a sticker sheet so you can decorate their house. And here you can see how Addy used the stickers to decorate Hopie's house. And girls, if you're super lucky what might you find inside? - A golden pacifier, or a golden bow! - Exactly, Lemu back here has a golden bow, so I can swap out the regular bow for the rare golden one! And you know what, I actually don't think we have a golden pacifier, girls, maybe we'll find a golden pacifier in these last two that we're going to open. Now, there are 13 dolls to collect, we already have 12 of them, so I'm going to have a feeling we're going to get one duplicate, but I'm really hoping that one of the girls is going to open the 13th character that we have not found yet. We have all of these cutie patooties except for Turgui down here, so my fingers are crossed that one of the girls opens Turgui. Who thinks they're going to get it? - Me! - [Lucy] You? - I don't know! - [Lucy] All right, let's find out, why don't we get those open? Addy, let's see who you have, who is it? - [Addy] (gasps) I have Lori! - Oh, you got Lori, your favorite one, awesome! Addy got a duplicate, let's see if Maya can unbox Turgui, and complete our collection. All right Maya, pressure is on, girl. Let's see (gasps) You did get Turgui! (laughs) - [Maya] He has a shell! - He does have a shell on the back, I love it! Now let's get their eight accessories open and see if we unearthed some of the golden rare pacifiers or bows. They're opening the chairs first. - I got a purple one! - [Lucy] Ooh! - I got a pink! - [Lucy] Different colors, awesome, love the chairs. So this is Lori's, and she's going to pop open all of these doors and windows to find all of her fun accessories, go ahead Addy. - [Addy] All right, I'm going to pop open this one! Woah, look at this! - [Lucy] Aw, cute accessory! - [Addy] It's a cute, like, little thing. - [Lucy] Like a mask, I love it. - [Addy] Yeah, and she could, like, do this (laughs). - [Lucy] And the dolls can actually hold their accessories in their hands, which is pretty cool, too. Maya's opening her door. - [Maya] (gasps) I got, like, a little stroller! - [Lucy] A little buggy, how cute! - I'm going to see if I got the golden binkie! - [Lucy] (laughs) The golden pacifier? Let's see, did you? She's getting it out. - [Maya] I got a purple one! - [Lucy] Oh, that's a cute one! (fake crying) (laughing) Get that pacifier in! (tutting) Cute! - [Addy] Now I'm going to see if I got the golden paci! - [Lucy] Let's see what Miss Addy got! Oh, Addy got a light pink one, still adorable. - I found a teddy bear! - [Lucy] So this is one of the personalized accessories, a little teddy bear. - [Maya] Ooh, here's a bottle! - A sippy bottle! The sippy bottles actually have a purpose, you can squeeze water into your baby's mouth, and then squeeze their belly and they will actually cry little magic tears! I've got Lala who's in her little mouse PJs and the bottle, and I'm going to feed her some water, and fill that belly up. Okay, Lala, let's see if you'll cry for me! Oh, look at the tear! Aw, (laughing) poor baby! And while I was busy showing you Lala, it looks like the girls are making a lot of progress on getting their Bottle Houses all set up, decorated, and super cute. - [Maya] Put the buggy right there, then-- - So yours didn't have any of the golden accessories, but I think Addy got something golden, didn't she? What did she get? - I think she got-- - [Addy] As a matter of fact, I got a golden bow! - The golden bow, oh, that looks so cute on him, oh my goodness! So I saw Lori came with a mask, what was her other accessory she came with? - She came with a little rattle. - [Lucy] Oh, I see, that's cute, and it's already in Lori's hands! - [Maya] Put you in the stroller. - You officially girls have all 13 Cry Baby Magic Tears now, you collected them all, that's kind of cool, isn't it? - Mmhmm - Yeah! - So now it means it's time to talk about our challenge today. We're going to go to the zoo, and we're going to take all 13 dolls with us. Now, I'm thinking, we probably won't be able to find matching actual real life animals for all 13, because not all zoos have, like, every type of animal, like I'm thinking, for example, like, Lala the mouse, I don't know if the zoo's going to have a mouse. So, I'm going to say, let's see if we can find eight of the 13. Do you think we can do that? - Yeah! - And if we can find eight matching real life animals that match eight of our Cry Babies Magic Tears' little pajamas that they're wearing, we're going to get a really cool prize. - Ooh. - Do you want to see what it is? - Yeah. - Yeah. - Okay, you're going to love this, too! These are the prizes, girls! What do you think? - So cool! (laughing) - Is this super duper motivation for you girls to find at least eight animals that match our Cry Babies Magic Tears? - Yes! - Yes, just a little bit? So these are the Cry Babies dolls, let me introduce you to them real quickly! We've got Fancy... Dreamy... Dotty... Lady... and Jenna! You know what we're working for now, girls, let's get all of our little Cry Babies Magic Tears packed up, and we're going to head to the zoo. Woohoo! - Yay! (mellow instrumental pop music) - [Lucy] In the basket they go, to the zoo with us! - [Addy] Now don't forget about Candy and Lady! - All 13 are here and ready for a trip to the zoo! All right, let's go to the zoo! (upbeat pop music) - [Addy] Yay! (door opening) - All right, let's go! We're here at the Nashville Zoo right now, and we only have two hours until they close actually, can you believe that girls? - Yeah. - It sounds like a lot of time, but if we do the math, that means every 15 minutes we have to find another match, a match for one of our Cry Babies. Do you think we can do it? - Yeah. - Yeah. - All right, we got our map, do you have the map, Maya? - [Maya] Yeah. - You've got a map, Addy? - [Addy] Yes. - Okay, so we're going to get busy, and we're going to find eight matches for our Cry Babies Magic Tears! - All right, let's get to it! - Okay! (jolly instrumental music) We actually barely turned the corner, and I think we have a match behind us, we have these birds, they're actually macaws, and they are really loud, making a lot of noises, but I think we have a match for Lori! So Addy's got Lori, we're going to take a picture of her by the macaws, Lori is technically a parrot I believe, but you know what, I think macaws and parrots are pretty close, so we're going to let this count, right? - Yeah. - I think we have a match. One thing we love about the Cry Babies Magic Tears show is that all the characters have really unique personalities, so as we meet each of our characters and find their matches, we're going to tell you a little bit about each of them. So tell us about Lori. - Well, Lori is always dancing and talking about something, and she always likes dancing to Latin music. - She sure does, she's a little dancer, isn't she? - (laughing) Yeah. - Like that, is that how you dance to Latin music? Probably not, huh? - Probably not. (laughing) - And here's Lori's little animal friend, Rita! One down, seven more to go until we get our prize! - Yay! (Latin inspired pop music) - [Lucy] Did you girls find another match? - Yes! It's a turtle! - It's a turtle! - [Lucy] A turtle, no way! There is a little turtle, on the log, right there. Definitely a match. - She's wearing her turtle pajamas! - (laughing) She sure is, isn't she a cutie pie? We found Lori and Turgui's matches, now we have a few more to do! (instrumental pop music) Okay, girls, just over this way is the Kangaroo Kickabout, let's head there! - ♪ Whoa ♪ - [Lucy] Kangaroo Kickabout! Where's Kanga? - [Addy] Right here! - Right there, we're going to go find her match. Some of the things we've learned about Kanga, Addy, from the episodes, are that she's very crafty. Remember that she likes to make sculptures, and she's a really good home decorator. - [Addy] Yes. - She's probably really good at decorating those Bottle Houses that the girls decorated, although you guys did a good job decorating them, too. Let's go in! (hinges squeaking) This is actually my favorite part of the zoo, because in here you get to get up close and personal with kangaroos, and I've never been to another zoo that actually lets you do that. Where are the kangaroos, girls? - [Addy] Over here! - [Lucy] I think they're all napping right now. - There's one right there! - [Lucy] I think these kangaroos are hot and tired. Hi there! (giggling) Kanga, I think you've got a buddy over there! (giggling) Here's another one, really close on the path! Say hi, look at the big tail they have! Look at its big tail! Aw. (giggles) Another fun fact about Kanga is that she is not a very good dancer, she is as cute as can be, but she does not have any rhythm. (giggling) They kind of look like Kanggy, who is Kanga's real little kangaroo pal. The kangaroos are pretty cool, time for a quick recap, girls, which ones have we found matches for so far? - Kanga-- - [Lucy] Okay so Kanga, Turgy, and who else? - Lori! - [Lucy] And Lori, so we've found three, which means how many more do we need to find? - Five! - Five. - Five more. And you know what, I think I see a sign just over here that might lead us to our next match. (upbeat instrumental pop music) Tiger Crossroads, and we have a tiger, don't we? - Yes, it's Nala right here! - [Lucy] Nala is right here, we're going to go try to find Nala a match. - Ooh. (upbeat instrumental pop music continues) - [Lucy] Whoa, is this our tiger? Does that count? - No! - No, we've got to find the real tiger! - The real tiger? Okay, what do you think, Nala? I think Nala wants a real tiger, too. Nala likes to dance, sing, and party, and she has something else in common with me, and with both my girls, and that is that Nala has a major sweet tooth! Maya, you don't have a sweet tooth, do you? - No. - [Lucy] No, not at all, you don't like candy, or cookies, or any of that stuff, do you? - I like 'em. - [Lucy] You do like 'em? - Yes. - [Lucy] Just like Nala? - Yes. (laughing) - Where's the real thing, though? We're having trouble seeing the tigers through the grass, They're far back in the distance napping, so we're going to go outside and see if we can get a better viewpoint from the outside. We're going to look over here... Where's the tigers? - Oh, oh it's way back there! - Oh it's way back there! - [Lucy] I have my camera zoomed out as far as it can go, and you can see a little bit of a tiger out there. Now we can officially check Nala off the list, because we found a real life tiger. Do you remember in the show, Nala has a baby tiger friend, what its name is? - Its name is Tiggy! - Tiggy! And there's Tiggy! How many more do we need now, Maya? - Four! - Four more! Whoa, there's an alligator! But we don't have any alligator Cry Baby Magic Tears, so back out to the zoo to hunt some more down. (upbeat instrumental pop music) Aw, look, here's a rhinoceros hornbill. I was excited for a split second because I saw the rhinoceros sign and I thought oh perfect, we have Hopie here, Hopie has her rhino PJs on, and I thought we had found a match, but it's not a real rhino. (upbeat instrumental pop music) - [Lucy] What did you find? - I found a lemur! - [Lucy] All right, let's check them out. There's one right there, and there's a couple more in there kind of hiding behind all the branches. And here's Lemu! - And she's a fantastic composer, and she knows everything about music and singers. - [Lucy] She does, she loves her songs, her music, and one funny fact about Lemu is that she likes to play her instruments all day long, like all day long, and it sometimes causes her neighbors to have to put earplugs in their ears because they can get a little bit annoyed. - I see four lemurs now. - There's a bunch of them! That one's in the tree. And Lemu actually has a little striped tail just like the real lemurs do here. To recap, we've found Lemu... Turgui... we found Nala, let's see who else... Kanga, and who was the other one? Oh, that's right, Lori. Let's take predictions, girls, who do we think we're going to find a match for next? Who do you think, Maya? - Flipy! - [Lucy] You think Flipy, the clownfish? Let's see, Addy, what do you think? Oh, Addy's got, you have a map out. - Yes, I was looking to see which one was closest. - [Lucy] And what do you think? - So, I'm either thinking Flipy, or this one. - [Lucy] Ooh, Gigi the giraffe, okay! (upbeat instrumental pop music) Oh, I think both the girls' guesses might have been wrong because... clouded leopard and red panda this way! We have a leopard, don't we Addy? - Yes! - This is Lea the Leopard, she is brave and courageous, but she can also be very chatty, and can get easily distracted. It's dark in here, here's where the clouded leopard is supposed to be, but the exhibit is closed. - Mom, it says here on the sign that the animals are temporarily off of the exhibit. - Oh, bummer! Well we couldn't find Lea after all, so she doesn't count, so we still have three more to go. (upbeat instrumental pop music) What's over here, Maya? - Porcupine! - [Lucy] Porcupine, oh, no porcupine with us! Oh, now we're over by the monkeys. They're pretty cute, but we don't have a monkey to find, do we Maya? - Mm-mm. - [Lucy] Nope, so let's keep going. - This way. - [Lucy] Okay. You girls coming? - Yes, we're coming. (laughing) - [Lucy] We have a hunt to do, girls, we've got to keep moving! Well, I feel like we're kind of walking in circles, and we're not having much luck finding our next friend for our Cry Babies Magic Tears, so we might have to pull up the map, we've been pretty lucky so far, and we've just happened upon everything, but it might be time to pull out the map, girls. (mellow instrumental music) Okay, fingers crossed we find Flipy's friend in here. (mellow instrumental music continues) Okay, here are the fish, they have hawkfish, blue tangs, queen angels. Now Flipy is a clownfish, and I'm not seeing any clownfish, but you know what, girls? - [Addy] What? - I kind of think it's okay if we find a distant relative of Flipy, right? - It doesn't have to be exactly a clownfish, but maybe a third cousin? I think that works. - This one will be his third cousin. - [Lucy] This one? All right, that's going to be Flipy's third cousin. Addy, tell us something about Flipy. - Well, she is very smart, but she is also very forgetful. - Very true! And I'll just add that Flipy also loves to watch cartoons and play video games. All right, two more to go, we're going to keep going, we're going to hunt these down, I think we're going to find a giraffe and a rhino next. Savannah Loop, that's where we're headed. Let's try this way. Oh, girls, I see a sign for rhinoceros over here which means they must be close! Southern white rhinoceros. Where's the rhino? Uh-oh. We didn't come all this way for the rhino not to be out. Where's the rhino, Addy? - I don't know! - Oh no, okay wait, it's got to be here somewhere. Let's see if we can get a better view over here, come on, girls, let's see if it's over here. I'm not leaving until I find this rhino. I'm hoping this will take us to another viewing area for the rhino. Hopie here is ready to find a friend, I think, oh, they're right here! (gasping) There they are! They are darling! They are so big, too! Tell us something about Hopie, Maya. - Hopie likes to tell stories and sing songs. - She likes to make up songs too, doesn't she? And Hopie really likes to pretend that she is a hairdresser, and try out all sorts of cute styles on all of her friends, kind of like you, Addy! - Yeah! - You like to do things like that, don't you? - Mmhmm. - You and Hopie have a lot in common. And here is her little friend, Poppy, and look, she's actually doing her hair! And now we found how many, girls, how many matches? - Seven! - Seven, which means we have one more to find, and we have half an hour, so I'm feeling pretty good about that, we're going to go hunt down the giraffe now. And while we're hunting down Gigi's friends, I'll tell you a little bit about her. Her house is like a safari, there are trees everywhere, there are adventures for her to do, and Gigi really likes picnics! Are you leading us the right way, Maya? - Yeah. - [Lucy] Okay, you've got your map out? - Yeah, so we are right here, and then we'll have to go all the way over here. - [Lucy] Okay, I'm trusting you, girl. You found it, Maya! There's Gigi's buddy, a giraffe. - Gosh, it's so tall! - [Lucy] (laughs) They are ginormous! What do you think, girls? - I think it's so cool. - So cool. - [Lucy] There we go, Gigi. Our giraffe friend has been found. And now if we pull out our collector's sheet again, and look on the back, we see Gigi and her friend, her animal friend is Gina, a little baby giraffe. And girls, how many did we find? - Eight! - Eight! - We found all eight of them which means we completed our challenge, and now I think we kind of twisted and blurred the rules a little bit, we found some distant relatives for Lori and Flipy, but you know what? I'm counting it done, we did this thing. Should we go play on the playground now? - Yeah! - Yeah! - All right, we're going to take our Cry Babies Magic Tears and play on the playground. We're at the playground, which friend are you going to take to play with you right now? - Candy! - I'm going to take Lori! - Candy and Lori, all right, you girls have fun, it's play time now! Whether your favorite animal is a bunny, a tiger, or even a turtle, there is a Cry Baby for you because they're each dressed as their own unique animals, my girls clearly have their favorites, I wonder who your favorite is? I think Addy and Lori are coming down the giant slide now. - Whee! (laughs) - [Lucy] There they are! Where's Lori? You got her? Oh, and Candy too! Parents, if you loved the Cry Babies Magic Tears that we were playing with today, they are currently available at Target, Amazon, Walmart.com, Walgreens and various retailers nationwide. And parents, you can subscribe to the Cry Babies YouTube channel to watch all of the cute videos that Addy and Maya currently are in love with. - Thanks for watching, XOXO! - Thanks for watching, XOXO! (upbeat instrumental electronic pop music)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
OK, let's get this started. Professor [? Valles ?] is away today. So he asked me to stand in to say a few words about the Arthur Williams lectures. So here is a page I think I wrote 10 years ago. The story of Arthur Olney Williams, Jr. Arthur Olney Williams, Jr., was a descendent of two prominent Rhode Island families-- the Williams, who included the colonialist founder, Roger Williams, and the Olneys. You've all heard of Olneyville. His forebears include Stephen Olney, Secretary of State in the cabinet of Grover Cleveland. Arthur grew up in East Providence, graduated from East Providence High School in the 1930s. He entered a nationwide contest to find the brightest boy at America. Unfortunately, those were in the old days. They weren't looking for girls. There were statewide examinations, and the winner in each state went to Menlo Park, New Jersey, where Thomas Edison lived, for the final competition. The winner of that exam was to meet with Edison and to receive a four year scholarship, all expense paid, to MIT. And that year, the winner was Arthur. OK, Arthur graduated from MIT, came back to Brown, got his Ph.D., and worked with Bruce Lindsey on atomic wave function calculations, then a professor at University of Maine for three years before returning to Brown as a faculty member, where he remained for 30 years. In 1955, Professor Williams became chair overseeing the expansion of the department. Brown was known for its strength in acoustics, but Arthur was responsible in expanding the area of research from acoustics to condensed metaphysics and to particle particles. So we all owe him thanks for getting into frontier areas of research. His own research on underwater sound was awarded the Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal from the Acoustic Society of America in 1982. In the words of one of our own professors, this says, "Professor Williams took a good, very generous interest in young faculty, helped give them a warm introduction to Brown. He was a gracious host of many, many parties at his house that has contributed to the cohesiveness of the department. He was one of those faculty who contributed more to the university than mere grants and written, published papers." Now, with that introduction, we're going to now bring to the present. And Professor Volovich will introduce today's speaker. [APPLAUSE] OK, so today, we are thrilled to welcome Professor David Gross from the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara. Professor Gross received his Ph.D. from Berkeley in 1966 and then was a junior fellow at Harvard. After that, he went to Princeton, where he Higgins Professor of Physics for 20 years until he moved to Santa Barbara as the Director of Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics. Professor Gross has made numerous, very profound contributions to physics. In 1973, Professor Gross, working with his graduate student, Frank Wilczek, discovered asymptotic freedom, which says that the closer quarks are to each other, the weaker the strong interaction between them. And as you know, when quarks are in extreme proximity, the nuclear force between them is so weak that they behave almost as free particles. In 2004, Professor Gross was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of asymptotic freedom together with Frank Wilczek and David Politzer. After the discovery of asymptotic freedom and the emergence of quantum thermodynamics, Professor Gross spent many years working on the dynamics of gauge theories in an attempt to solve quantum thermodynamics. Then, in the beginning of 1980, Professor Gross started to work on string theory and, in particular, in 1984, together with his collaborators, he discovered the heterotic string which, at the time, seemed to offer the best possibility of explaining the standard model from string theory. Since then, Professor Gross continued to work largely on string theory. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Professor Gross won numerous awards. It's a huge list including the Dirac Medal, MacArthur Fellowship, [? the Harvey ?] Prize, and is a member of the National Academy of Science. And finally and most importantly, Professor Gross has been a great inspiration and an academic hero for several generations of young physicists. So here's Professor Gross. [APPLAUSE] OK, thank you. It's great to be back. Dom was showing me that I was here 20 years ago in the middle of another snow storm. I've got to move this thing from this screen. In the middle of another snowstorm. But aside from that, it's a great pleasure to be back. So I'm going to talk today about the frontiers of fundamental physics. But before I get started, I want to apologize for limiting myself to those areas of fundamental physics that I'm engaged it. More specifically, elementary particle physics, but discovery and understanding of the basic building blocks of matter and the forces that act on them. That's not all of fundamental physics. But it is that area of physics that is actually after the reductionist core of matter and forces. Now, let me start at the beginning with what I regard as the first major discovery in particle physics and the establishment of the experimental techniques for studying elementary particles. And that was Rutherford, who was interested in studying the structure of the atom which, in the early part of the 20th century, was totally unknown. Electrons were known, discovered somewhere a few years before. But what the atom was made of and how a positive charge that had to be there in the atom was distributed, and where the mass of the atom came from, nobody had the vaguest idea. Rutherford invented experimental particle physics. He figured, thought, that the way to study what was going on inside the atom in the absence of microscopes that could look directly into the atom at that time, or even now to a large extent, a way to do that would be to take alpha particles, which he had largely discovered and developed in his study of radioactivity, and bombard gold nuclei, gold atoms, without alpha particles. And they would scatter through and around the atom. And he had his graduate students, Geiger and Marsden-- Marsden? Marsden, doesn't matter, to distinguish from your esteemed colleague-- sit in a dark room for hours until their eyes got accustomed to the dark. And then, they would observe the scintillations that the deflected alpha particles made on a fluorescent screen. And they measured how many particles came out at different angles, the deflection of the alpha particles by the atom. They published their results. By the way, Rutherford-- although the idea of the experiment was Rutherford's, he did not sign the big experimental discovery paper, or the discovery of what turned out to be the nucleus of atoms, or atomic structure. But he did submit, and it was published right after the experimental paper, a theoretical paper. Being a great physicist, he also understood enough of E&M to calculate for the first time the Rutherford cross section, where the scattering of charged particles often point heavy mass. And he determined, concluded, that all of the mass that had the charge of the atom was located in a very small, central object, of which he placed the limit-- the size of which was one part in 100,000 of the size of the atom. He couldn't actually measure it, but just placed an upper limit. He discovered the nucleus of atoms, and the structure of atoms, which resembled that of the solar system, and within two years led to Bohr's model of the atom. And soon after, the quantum mechanics and the revolution we are still living with. But he also discovered the nucleus, which was for him a point blank center of the atom. But more importantly for particle physics, for fundamental physics, he discovered the way to study subatomic, sub-nuclear matter. And we haven't really gone far beyond that in the last 100 years. We still, in order to discover the nucleus, bombard particles-- now, colliding beams of particles. We increase the energy. Of course, with larger colliders than radioactive alpha particles, like the Large Hadron Collider of CERN, and the detectors are far, far advanced from the simple fluorescent screens. This is the ATLAS detector at CERN. But still, we employ the technique that Feynman once described-- if you want to understand how a delicate watch is made, one way is to take two such watches, smash them together, and see what comes out. Take a picture of what comes up. And then, look at the picture, identify the compartments, and try to figure out how the watch works. That's what Rutherford invented in effect. Smash alpha particles into an atom. See what the atom's made out of by looking at what comes out. Some people think this is a pretty stupid way. It is a stupid way of studying watches. We have better techniques. But we don't have better techniques for elementary particles. And that's what we do at the Large Hadron Collider. We smash nuclei, or we smash protons, actually, the simplest nuclei, together. These large colliders that produce billions of electron-volts of energy in the collision, and we see what comes out. And we measure it in these enormous detectors surrounded by these massive magnets to try and figure out from the rather complicated pictures of what comes out, identify the springs and the cogs. And from this, with some analysis and the help of theorists, figure out what's going on inside matter. And it's been pretty useful, this technique invented by Rutherford 100 years ago. We have, in the last century, more or less understood the structure of the atom. Of course, it's already begun in the beginning of the century with the invention of quantum mechanics and the understanding of the structure of atoms, molecules, matter, proteins, people, and all that. But the latter part of the [INAUDIBLE] center, we actually understood what happens in the nucleus, greatly magnified here. Nucleus, we learned, is made of neutrons and protons, nucleons. And later, we learned that nucleons are made out of quarks. And so we've identified both the elementary constituents of matter, we now believe the one exception, quarks, and there are various kinds of quarks and electrons and their neutrino-like partners. But more importantly, perhaps, we have understood in great detail the forces, all of the forces, that act on the nucleus. There are three essential forces. Electromagnetism, of course, which covers the structure of charged particles within the atom. And that effect is what explains atoms, molecules, and ordinary material. And the two nuclear forces that act only within the nucleus, the strong and weak nuclear forces. And all of this is described in a-- something called the standard model, which was completed already in the 1970s. Now, the standard model is more than a model. I really don't like that title, and I've been promoting the view that we should call it the standard theory. It's by far the most comprehensive, beautiful, and predictive fundamental theory that we've ever had in physics. It's clearly a theory, because you can put its equations, or the principle that leads to the equations, which if we were in principle to calculate with, we could explain in whatever precision we desire just about every experiment we can perform in the laboratory or anywhere. Might not look beautiful to you, but give me enough time, I could teach you how beautiful it is. And I could put the equations on a t-shirt. And this, the equations that follow from this theory, in most cases with only one or two or three input parameters-- in some cases you need up to 19 or so-- parameters that must be measured and not calculated, can explain just about everything experimenters have or will measure in a reductionist test. This theory is unbelievably successful. It consists, as I said before, of a list of the elementary constituents of matter, starting with the quarks, the up and down quarks, that make up the proton and the neutron, and the nuclei that make up your atoms, together with the electron and its partner, the neutrino. And as we discovered in the construction of the standard model, the experimenters discovered not only these particles that make up ordinary matter, but two other families of quarks and leptons, similar in all respects except their masses. They tend to be much heavier, harder to produce, and unstable. Charmed and strange quarks, and muon neutrinos, and muon, tau neutrinos and tau neutrinos and top and bottom quarks. This, we believe, have good evidence, exhausts the list of elementary particles, and certainly exhausts the list of observed elementary particles with one exception that I'll come to. And as I said, we have understood with great detail the three forces that act within the atom and the nucleus. The one missing component here is the famous Higgs, which you all know as the final ingredient necessary to describe the properties of the weak interaction, an elementary scalar particle with no spin whose existence was finally confirmed in the simplest form by now four years ago-- oh, no, four years ago? The final nail in this theory, confirmation of its simplest structure. And together, this is an incredible achievement, I believe, of science, fundamental science, which culminates to some extent a march over 2,000 years, since people dreamed of an atomic structure of matter. We see no place, really, where the theory breaks down. Or almost no place-- I'll be discussing the [INAUDIBLE] in a moment. But in order to explain just about every measurement we carry out in this room, or at the LHC, we can use in principle the standard model to calculate sometimes to the accuracy of one part in a trillion, often to accuracy of one part in 1,000. Our experimental friends are somewhat frustrated by the success of this theory. We also see very few limitations on the applicability of this theory. It works, as far as we can tell, everywhere in the universe. Stars across the galaxies obey the laws of the standard model. It explains the structure of the universe and, together with Einstein's classical theory of general relatively, leaves little unexplained-- except for one or two things I'll come to. And as far as we can see, if we extrapolate this theory to very high energies or very short distances-- which is the same. You need very high frequency probes or high energy to probe short distances. We know of no place where the theory necessarily breaks down until we get to an enormously small distance, or high energy, called the Planck scale. But that range is 60 orders of magnitude. So I regard this as a triumph of the physical sciences, of physics, that we can have a theoretical structure which yields equations who calculate, and that spans 60 orders of magnitude-- perhaps. Now, I want to explain one feature of this standard model, which has to do with the nature of the forces that act within the atom and the nucleus. Because one of the most remarkable discoveries embodied in the standard model is the fact that all of these forces are at the core the same kind of force. They're really the same thing! Electromagnetism is perhaps the most familiar to you. The strong or weak, unless you're a particle, quantum field person, you probably aren't acquainted too much with the weak and strong forces. You've never felt them. And yet, they're stronger than this force. But the amazing thing is that they're really, at their core, the same kind of force. The difference being that electromagnetism is Maxwell's theory, E&M-- most of you have learned-- is a theory of one kind of charged particle. We call it a gauge theory. It's a theory of fields that transmit the force between charged particles. But it's a theory with one kind of charge, the electric charge. And we all have felt that charge sometimes on dry days, when we walk perhaps around and then touch a piece of metal. You felt a current of charged particles moving. But the amazing thing is that the weak nuclear force responsible for radioactivity, the strong nuclear force that holds quarks together, is the same kind of theory with one difference. In the case of the weak force, there are two charges. We call them flavor. Up, down are the charges. Or electro-neutrino are the charges. Two kinds of charges. And in the case of the strong force, there are three kinds of charges. We call them colors-- red, white, and blue. Every quark here, actually, has three charges-- a red charge, a blue charge, and a white charge. That, in a sense-- that plus quantum mechanics-- is the only difference. I'm going to try to explain that, a little bit of physics here. So electromagnetism is a theory of charged particles. The force is mediated by the electromagnetic field. These are the field lines, you know, and they spread out according to Coulomb's Law or Maxwell's equations. They describe the force on a test charge particle at any point in space. And these particle and antiparticles of opposite charges attract each other, right? So if you try to pull them apart, you have to do some work. But since the force falls off like 1 over R squared, you can pull electrons, say, out of the atom. And then, you make it run in wires and do work and otherwise be the basis for modern technology. We would say that as you pull the charged particles away from each other, the energy you have to exert-- that you have to supply-- increases. But then, it saturates. And that's called the ionization energy. So if you hit an atom with enough energy, electrons come out. You ionize it. And you've all studied that force, I'm sure. And it's easy to deduce the force law using what we call-- oh, here's an electron and an anti-electron, a positron, a distance, R, away. Using one equation which summarizes a part of Maxwell's equations known as Gauss's Law, which is that you take a sphere, and you calculate the total flux of the electric field through the sphere. You get the charge. That's Gauss's Law. In this case, you take a sphere like this around one of these charges. The area of the sphere is roughly R squared. The electric field is what I call E. So roughly speaking, E R squared equals Q. And then, if you want to calculate the work done, you'll see that the energy, E goes like 1 over R squared, and the energy is the integral of E times R. So you get an energy cost that decreases 1 over R and saturates. And that's why you can ionize atoms. Now, let's go to the strong force that acts of quarks. In the theory of the strong force, quantum chromodynamics-- it's the same theory, except that there are now three charges. Each quark comes with its color. And this, so this is an up quark. Up is irrelevant here. But red is important. This is an anti-red quark with the opposite red charge. Now, if it wasn't for quantum mechanics, we would think that the force between the quarks would be also Coulomb force, 1 over R squared. It's the same kind of force. And if that were the case, then you could pull quarks out of nuclei. You could give enough energy to collide them together. With enough energy, quarks would fly out, just like they do out of atoms. You could make quarks run in wires and have quark motors and quark technology. The reason you can't do that, it turns out, the reason you can never pull quarks out of hadrons, particles made out of quarks, was the reason it took so long to understand the strong interactions and why they were so mysterious. Because one never saw the color. It's the reason you never feel the strong force, which is much, much stronger than the electromagnetic force. You don't feel it because the quarks, as I will try to explain it, can never get out of the atom, the nucleus. And therefore, all you notice by remnant molecular type forces are the forces between colorless nuclei. And nucleons turn out to have no color. So it's for the same reason that you don't ordinarily feel electrical forces between two people-- because by and large, they are neutral electrically. Sometimes, however, you can ionize them. And then, you feel the force. But you can't ionize a proton. And that has to do with the primary feature of quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle. Now, you all know that the uncertainty principle says you can't be at the same place with a determined velocity. And if you have a classical system, like an oscillator like this, which can move. As you know, it can be in what we call its ground state, its state of lowest energy, at rest, and definitely here. But that's not possible quantum mechanically. Heisenberg taught us that if you imagine an oscillator like this and you want to test or observe that it is in its ground state here, well, you have to observe that. And how do you observe? Well, you send in a light ray, which consists of a photon with something, quantized energy. But that gives the oscillator a kick. The consequence, in quantum mechanics, every oscillator, every degree of freedom, every quantum field, it has some inherent quantum oscillation, fluctuation we say, motion, carried energy. The strong force, as I said, mediated by the chromodynamic field, lives in a quantum medium. That quantum medium is called the vacuum. You might think the vacuum is empty, but it's not. Nothing can be empty because if you were to probe it, you'd set it in motion. And that quantum vacuum on the scale of the nuclei is filled with these fields, these chromodynamic fields, that are mediating-- potentially mediating the force between colored and charged objects. On the scale of these nucleons, these fields, which themself carry charge-- color charge, as it turns out-- are very violently fluctuating. This is a picture of what the vacuum looks like if you had microscopes that could see distances of a millionth of a millionth of a centimeter. We don't, of course. But in the theory, we can calculate what it might look like if you could see the fluctuating fields of the chromodynamic fields. So this is a complicated medium. And this medium has properties, much like water has dielectric properties that screen electricity. You put a charge into a dielectric medium, it's reduced by dielectric phenomenon in the medium. The quantum vacuum is a medium that, in this case, turns out to squeeze these flux lines into a tube. Flux lines can't disappear because they have to end up on a charge. But the quantum vacuum, turns out, squeezes the flux lines as much as they can to form a tube. That's the phenomenon called asymptotic freedom in one of its guises. And given that, we can now calculate the force between points. Again, simple, very simple freshman physics calculation. We just use Gauss's Law. As I said, electricity and magnetism QCD are really the same thing except for the properties of the vacuum, the medium. In this case, the flux lines only go through a fixed area. This is a tube. You stretch a tube, keeps the same area. So now, Gauss's Law says that E times this area equals Q no matter how far away from the quark you are. And that means the electric field does not fall off with distance. And then, you calculate the work you have to do to move the quarks a distance R. It's going to be linear in the distance. To separate them to infinity, ionize the proton or the meson, would require an infinite amount of work. So that's a freshman physics explanation of what we call [INAUDIBLE]. And it was the discovery of this phenomenon, this feature of theories like Maxwell's theory but with more than one charge that produced the theory of the strong interactions. This is a picture of actually what happens when you solve QCD and pull quarks apart. See the field lines being squeezed to form a flux field. And that explains why you can't pull quarks-- nobody's ever seen or will see, unless you heat up the universe. Turns out you can heat up water, right? You heat up water, it turns into gas. The dielectric constant of gas is much smaller. It has very little effect of the dielectric properties of electric fields. The same thing is true with a vacuum. If I were to take this same picture, turn up the temperature to hundreds of millions of degrees, the phase of the vacuum would change. And the proton or mesons like this would melt, and the quarks would come out. But unless we heat up the vacuum to hundreds of millions of degrees, you're never going to see a quark. There was a time in the history of the universe where quarks were moving around rather freely and not confined within hadrons. OK, let's move to experiment. This theory really works. So for somebody involved in proposing this theory, it is an enormous pleasure to see one's predictions get better and better over the years, especially with the LHC, where we now have tests of the predictive power of this theory over 12 orders of magnitude. A million million scale. It's fantastic. But I must say the most pleasing thing for a theorist is to be able to calculate some thing, some property of nature that's mysterious. And when I was a graduate student, I was talking to my friend here, who was a student at the same time at Berkeley, they were discovering hadrons, strongly directed particles that all the time-- or it used to be called Rad Lab, but was then changed to the more politically correct Lawrence Berkeley Lab. And all these particles were being discovered. They all looked like protons and some neutrons, but nobody could say anything about them. But now, with lattice QCD, where you formulate QCD on a lattice and then take the limit as the lattice space goes to 0, it has been now possibly, with an enormous amount of work and large scale computing over the years to calculate the spectrum of the observed hadrons to incredible accuracy. These are [? real ?] hadrons, mesons made out of very heavy quarks, up and down quarks. Those are bottom quarks. In principle, in QCD, if we forget about the quark masses, which are a very small little collection needed to get this accuracy, but conceptually unimportant, all mass ratios-- let me give you one mass, the mass of the proton. All the other masses are [INAUDIBLE]. They're pure numbers that, with enough work, you can calculate within QCD to arbitrary precision and [INAUDIBLE] greater [INAUDIBLE]. OK, that's the standard model and its great successes in QCD. Physics, however, thrives not on answered questions and on our agreement with experiment but on unanswered questions and disagreement with experiment. And the standard model, as magnificent an achievement as it is, is clearly deficient for both experimental and theoretical reasons. Experimentally, the astronomers have discovered a form of matter that does not fit into the standard model called dark matter. Neutrino masses, that's no big deal. That's easy and anticipated to be cured. But it's not known what the details are, nor does the standard model tell you what the details have to be. There are features of the universe like the excess of baryons that were here that we don't understand how they came about. Then, there are issues of the grand structure which surely must include gravity, such as the cosmological constant. Theoretical point of view, nature so far has revealed to us pieces of what must be a unified whole. Theorists are motivated to unify. There are unnatural features of the standard model and its parameters that can not be calculated that seem unnatural and need explanation. There are the masses and mixings of the quarks which are not determined by the standard model. And then, there is the ill-understood aspects of cosmology. Some of these, like my favorite, supersymmetry, hint at discoveries, new experimental discoveries that could be made at a machine like the LHC, or in other ways, but are accessible either now, or last six months, or the next six months. But let me discuss some of these issues. One is the search for unification. Now, the standard model consists, as I showed it, of three forces and two kinds of matter-- quarks, leptons, and electromagnetism, weak and strong. The remarkable thing is-- [INAUDIBLE] try to briefly explain that all these forces, at the core, are the same kind of force. Doesn't have to be. There are many other forces theorists could dream up. These are the most beautiful, and they're the only forces we see, except for gravity. Which is also, in a sense that I can't explain, the same kind of force. So when you are faced with pieces of an overall picture like the universe, there are two possibilities. They either fit together, or they don't. It's like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. The amazing thing is that just the same time the standard model was being completed in the middle of the 1970s, it was understood immediately that these pieces fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. And unlike a jigsaw puzzle, sometimes you lose a piece. And you try to put it together, and you only realize-- takes a lot of work to realize somehow you can't fit it together. There are missing pieces. In the standard model, there are no obvious missing pieces. There are these clues, data that tells us that something is missing. But the structure fits together and can be generalized easily to a theory of the same kind with one kind of force and one kind of matter. That didn't have to be the case. It takes a little sophistication to imagine putting something as familiar to you all as electromagnetism together with something unfamiliar like the strong nuclear force. How could they look the same? They look very different. But we can understand that. It has to do with the fact that physical phenomena can look different at different scales, symmetries that underlie these theories can be broken at different scales. Might also ask why the forces are so different in strength. Strong nuclear forces are much stronger than electromagnetic forces. That's the reason hydrogen bonds, fusion bonds are much stronger than the dominant ones, electromagnetic bonds. Well, the strength of the forces varies with energy, or with distance. That in fact was first revealed by this phenomenon of asymptotic freedom where the strong force gets weaker as you go up in energy or down in distance. You bring the quarks together for high energy quark collisions, described as if the quarks are very weakly interacting. And the electromagnetic force acts in the opposite way-- it gets stronger if you bring the particles together. So it's conceivable that when viewed with very high energy or short distances, they unite. And within a few years of the standard models completion, the extrapolation was made. And indeed, the forces seem to come together at an extraordinarily high energy. This is a logarithmic scale. Way beyond the present day observation, which is the dotted line here. It actually happens to be close to the point where gravity becomes strong. Gravity, the one force you feel-- every day, you get up, and you feel gravity. But it's the weakest force in nature. The only reason you feel it is because it's universal. Everything is attractive. There are no anti-gravity charges. The charge of gravity is energy, which is positive. So when I hold this thing up, the whole Earth is pulling down. Every atom in the Earth, 10 to the 54 atoms are pulling down on this pointer. And I'm exerting a little bit of an electromagnetic force with the chemical reactions in my muscles. And I'm resisting the whole Earth. Gravity is extremely weak, and the only reason that you feel it is that there's nothing to shield it like the other forces. But since the charge is energy, it grows rapidly with energy, like quadratically. So when you get to the unification scale, it's 40 orders of magnitude stronger than it is at the atomic scale. And then, it competes with the other forces. This, to me, is the most important clue we've learned, a clue that I take, and many of us, that all the forces, together with gravity, are unified if we can perform experiments at these distance scales-- 10 to the minus 33 centimeters, or these energy scales, way beyond what's manageable. We would directly see that all the forces are the same. And that clue has guided fundamental physics of the type I'm discussing for the last 40 years. Now, it's just a clue. It could be a coincidence. And many of my friends who, for whatever reason, want to do something interesting that doesn't lead to this conclusion are willing to drop, ignore this clue. And that's their right. And that's the nature of this kind of physics. We have very few such clues. In my opinion, you have to take them very seriously. But it's just a clue. Doesn't tell us how the forces unify. The fact that gravity is involved is important, but it doesn't tell us very much about what goes on here. Luckily, there are some ideas, one of them being supersymmetry. I don't really have time to describe it. It is a different kind of symmetry. It's a hypothetical, invented, theoretical, no direct evidence for it symmetry of space-time. Symmetries of space-time have played an enormous role in physics. They're properties of a good approximation of the world around us. They lead to conservation laws. For example, as you know, the laws of physics are invariate under rotations. I do an experiment. Here's an experiment. I drop this, measure how long it took to fall. Give it this, now I can deduce something about gravity. Now, I rotate my laboratory 90 degrees, do the same experiment. You get the same answer, right? You all know that. The laws of physics are invariate under rotations. That's why, when I write a paper, I don't have to say, I did the experiment, and my laboratory was pointing north, or west, doesn't matter. I also don't have to say when I did the experiment or where I did the experiment because the laws of physics are invariate under space or time translations. All of these symmetries underlie and organize the laws of physics. So supersymmetry is just the fact that some of us might hypothesize that the laws of physics are invariate under rotations in superspace. So that's supersymmetry. But you might ask, what is superspace? So superspace is the assertion that in addition to space, x, y, z, right, left, forward, backward, up, down, there are other dimensions. But a different kind of dimension-- dimensions you measure with numbers that anti-commute, whose multiplication law depends on the order. So theta 1 times theta 2 is minus theta 2 times theta 1. There are such numbers, believe me. It's like square root of minus 1 also is a good number to work with. Anyway, it turns out there are very natural spaces with dimensions, extra dimensions, where the measured coordinates, measured distances along this extra dimension with these anti-commuting numbers. And you can beautifully generalize all the physics we've ever constructed to these bigger superspaces. And if you demand symmetries under rotations, superspace, from theta dimensions to theta dimensions or theta to ordinary dimensions, you get a gorgeous, beautiful, powerful extension of all the fundamental theories we have, like quantum electrodynamics or quantum chromodynamics, Einstein's theory, everything. But the nice thing about this generalization is that when applied to fundamental physics, it makes predictions, and it explains certain features, weird features, that we don't understand of our present knowledge, such as dark matter, perhaps, unification, perhaps, and other issues. For example, that unification of the forces plotted here has inverse couplings versus energy. It doesn't really work as measurements and theory are getting more precise. The extrapolation really fails. With this choice of coordinates, the three forces-- this is the strong force, this is the electromagnetic-- should meet at one point, these straight lines. And they don't. But if you add supersymmetry, simply say, there is supersymmetry. There is a scale of energy where that symmetry is not apparent, it's broken, and that scale is about a TV, a trillion electron volts, then this extrapolation works to one part in 100, to 1%, after extrapolating over 14 orders of magnitude. Now, that could be regarded by some, and is, as an important clue for supersymmetry, for the true symmetry of nature, with a breaking of that symmetry and new particles appearing at around a trillion electron-volts and unification-- or a coincidence. Many people have been motivated by this, both experimental and theoretical, for the last 40 years. LHC has been looking for supersymmetric particles for the last five years, six years. So far, no evidence. But no evidence doesn't mean absence. This other clue, important clue, is dark matter, which has been discovered by astronomers who tell us that the galaxies are really islands in the middle of a halo of dark matter, that dark matter constitutes most of the matter within the galaxies, within clusters of galaxies. Most of the matter of the universe is a form of dark matter that doesn't radiate light, that doesn't interact strongly with quarks and leptons, our kind of matter that we're made out of. And this is-- I regard it as an enormous challenge to particle physics. Especially that astronomers discovered this kind of matter and we still can't produce it in the laboratory or detect it passing through our laboratories, or see any other signal than the fact that this matter exerts a gravitational force on stars and bends light around it. But the evidence is overwhelming that it exists throughout the universe. The simplest explanation is that it's made out of some kind of particle, very heavy, hundreds of GV or more, weakly interacting so it doesn't produce light, it doesn't interact with other detectors which are far underground and trying to see it. And that's a major challenge. But one of the other attractions of an idea like supersymmetry was that although developed for other reasons, coming out of string theory and for its elegance, predicted naturally a candidate for dark matter, which-- if this is the right scale-- would kind of explain the abundance of dark matter in the universe and the Big Bang theory of particle cosmological production. So this again, for many, was an important clue for supersymmetry at a TEV, and perhaps to be discovered along with-- or as the lightest new particle, particularly [INAUDIBLE] supersymmetry is a candidate for dark matter. But again, this agreement of our candidate could be a coincidence. I stress this because this kind of physics is unlike many other areas of physics where one-- like [INAUDIBLE] physics, for example, where one is working directly in contact and usually following in the footsteps of direct experimental observation. This kind of stuff, where the threshold-- the only scales we can for sure identify are removed from present day observation by many, many, many orders of magnitude, relies heavily on building out from a well-defined, rigid, and enormously successful theoretical structure, the standard model, and building on the few clues we have theoretical-- like we should be unify with gravity and understand quantum gravity, and experimental, we should explain dark matter. We should-- we should look for things like this. This is a kind of event that might be seen someday at the LHC, like next month. Where this is, again, a collision, very high energy collision, 13 TEV energy goes into this point. Lots of stuff is produced and comes out in these jet particles. And you can just see that a lot of stuff is going upwards, this way and that way. Not much is coming downwards. And one of the conservation laws in physics is the conservation of energy and also momentum. Newton's third law, you know? If suddenly this moves that way, something better be moving that way. So there's missing energy or missing momentum going down. Then, you can measure. You can measure the properties of what you can't see. That's how neutrinos are seen, by the way. Very hard to see neutrinos except often as missing energy. And that could be a signal for dark matter that just moves through the Earth without interaction, or through the detector, or of supersymmetry, the lightest supersymmetric particle, which would behave the same way. And they might be the same. But this is perhaps how supersymmetry and/or dark matter will soon be discovered at the LHC. Perhaps. But I want you to remember that when you read in the paper that physicists at CERN have-- if they announce they've discovered something which looks like what theorists tell them might be supersymmetry, what they're really discovering is quantum dimensions of space-time. It will be correct to say then-- in fact, it would be incorrect not to say that we don't live in ordinary space-time, but we live in super-space. The fact that you don't have a layer of these extra dimensions begs the question, how are you aware of the ordinary dimensions? Space-time, I'll remind you, is a mental construct. You don't feel space-time. You don't see space-time. You have, as an infant, somehow, miraculously, while your brain was developing, constructed a model of physical reality that placed it in space and in time. But it's only a model constructed by biological us. And we've already modified that model quite a lot with relatively, special and general, and we might have to modify it with quantum dimensions. And that's the stakes involved at the LHC or with this kind of physics. Now, let me say a word about the future of particle physics, which always faces challenges because it's always pushing the frontier. One way of describing the future is the picture of the optimistic or pessimistic point of view. Physicists, by the way, in my experience, oscillate from week to week or year to year between those two extreme points of view, extreme pessimism and extreme optimism. Just made a discovery, or made a mistake. The LHC hasn't discovered anything new. Oh! Someday. Extreme pessimistic scenario is that, well, as has so far been shown by the LHC-- where am I? Everything agrees with the standard model, even this new sector of physics revealed by the discovery of the Higgs particle. So in this pessimistic scenario, there's nothing new, even in the Higgs sector. There's no signal for this, even for extension or supersymmetry or anything else. All of this is logically possible. None of the detection of dark matter in the sky, underground, or at the LHC. No indication of where the next threshold of physics is. So if you want to plan ahead, you should know what you're looking for. There might be no sign even from the LHC. Could be anywhere without some theoretical idea or experimental clue what to do. Or my opinion, there's only one thing to do, which is to fully explore the regions which we're just moving into, which means build a bigger machine. This, of course, is perfectly possible since we already did it. There's a big hole in Texas where we already did it before Newt Gingrich got in power. It's called the SSC. So we can do it. It does require money and will, but I think that's possible. And in the absence, we have to continue as far as we can. Anyway, I'm much more inclined along the extremely optimistic scenario that the Higgs sector will turn out to be very interesting, this new particle couples in ways which can explore new kinds of physics in addition to just the old kinds of physics. Supersymmetry can show up any day at the LHC. And dark matter is waiting to be detected by one of these three methods, this, in the next decade. And that will give very strong guidance for the next steps. And there are many ideas for the next steps, many different ways of extending basically Rutherford's method again to higher energies and better detectors, linear electron [INAUDIBLE]. But again, with the same conclusion. Only exploring these range of energies, either in a linear collider. You could dream of doing this at Fermi Lab, or at CERN. But what I find most exciting is the entry of a new player into this game, namely China, the biggest economy in the world, if not today, next month. And very, therefore, can afford to build one collider much cheaper per capita than any other collider in the world. Here is the site where the plan is to build a 100 TEV collider. That still doesn't exactly tell us what happens up here. This energy takes us a little bit-- varies, but what are we doing up here? Here, again, we have a crucial clue. Because this is the point where gravity becomes important. Quantum gravity. And we are forced-- well, it looks like we're forced to think of unifying not just the topic of nuclear forces, but gravity as well. And that has led to all sorts of fascinating ideas, like string theory. But again, this is just a clue that you have to bring in quantum gravity in your attempt to unify. We might try to unify it somewhere else. But this clue says, no, in order to unify, we need to include gravity. Therefore, you need to try totally different kinds of physics. Ordinary quantum field theory, standard model doesn't work for gravity, which has led us to string theory. But this still might be wrong. That's the nature of the game. String theory started with an attempt to understand QCD. These mesons, flux tubes, are fat strings. That's how string theory was originally described. It's a theory of flux tubes. And that's correct. We now understand, after the development of string theory, in some sense. It was then understood that if you have open strings, you can close them. And that these closed strings describe gravity. So this is a discovery within string theory which, given that original clue, is enormously affirmative. Not a proof of anything, not an experimental confirmation. It's a theoretical discovery, not anticipated, that enhances your belief in this theoretical structure. That this kind of theory for the first time unifies these gauge forces that underlie the standard model and gravity. Open strings and closed strings. We still are pursuing this idea after 40 years. And the various ideas that it has thrown up, like are there more than three ordinary dimensions of space? Because again, one of the things that came out not put in to string theory was that there are more spatial dimensions than we observe. So the other dimensions of space have to be curled up. This is a kind of a picture of a beautiful way of curving six dimensions. And each point in space right here, if we look at this point with a good microscope that could see Planck scale physics, you could see or deduce a structure like this. This, again, I think although the simplest models of so-called compactification of string theory, the heterotic string, are much too simple probably to give the standard model, or we lack the principle. But the idea that the unanswered questions of an approach like the standard model-- like, why are the forces like electromagnetism, why does the matter come in the form that it does? What are the values of the masses? These are all questions that the standard model can't answer. They have to be put in. But here, they just come out of the geometry of the compacted five dimensions. I always thought the Greeks would love this. These fundamental questions are answered by geometry and topology. So I'm going to try to end up describing how I view the framework of fundamental physics. The standard model is a quantum theory of fields. Field theory is supreme. We have a quantum world. Quantum field theory is the theory. Of course, quantum field theory isn't just a theory. It's a framework. And what we've learned is that there is another part of this framework. There's something we used to call-- or people still call-- string theory. I don't think string theory is a theory, either. It's a framework. There are many, many solutions or ways of using our primitive, still primitive understanding of this part of the framework to construct consistent quantum mechanical states. In recent years, the amazing thing we've learned is that these frameworks are really the same. There are many fascinating cases of physical phenomena, some of them actually useful in condensed matter physics, and certainly in quantum field theory, which are also described by string theory, or its low energy, long distance approximation called gravity. These are both part of a big quantum field framework. And they don't tell you what the standard model or standard theory is. The standard model of a really theory is a theory. You can calculate numbers and ask experimenters to test your predictions. That's theory. This theory lies within a framework which includes strings, field theories, and as we're learning, quantum gravity. And we have absolutely no idea the extent of this framework, even. Continually gets larger and larger and richer. And we're exploring it's structure in many different ways. And we're using the fact that it has all these different ways of looking at it-- strings, branes, field theories, to improve our calculation abilities in certain circumstances. And especially in probing the nature of the quantized theory of gravity. But what the final framework is, we don't know. And what picks out a theory that we can test experimentally, we don't know. What we do know is that when you start working in this framework, issues of space-time and the nature of space-time are challenged in ways that go way beyond imagining quantum dimensions, from the very essence of the way you learned as an infant to picture space-time as a smooth structure, a fixed topology, and certainly a fixed number of dimensions. All of these features fade. You can tear space-time smoothly in string theory. You can change the topology smoothly. You can change the number of dimensions smoothly. And the way this is sometimes put, and most of us believe, is that space-time should be thought of as an emergent phenomenon, emergent concept. It's a crude approximation of physical reality, pretty good for large distances and times. But microscopically, or in certain circumstances like black holes, you're going to have to modify what you think of space-time. And of course, gravity is dynamical space-time. Einstein taught us gravity also can be thought of as emergent. Emergent from what? Well, we have examples using these different ways of representing physical phenomena, sometimes in terms of strings and gravity, sometimes in terms of more ordinary quantum mechanical systems. But there are very special examples. And they don't involve usually emergent time. And we don't really know what the rules of physics could possibly be if space and time, especially, is a truly emergent concept that you don't start with. How do you even formulate the rules of physics, which is supposed to be about predicting the future, if time itself is emergent? And then, if you watch and you want to make predictions, which you better be in the position of doing eventually, should our predictions-- what picks of this framework a particular dynamic? What picks the standard model out of quantum field theory? Well, we don't know. We just guessed the right quantum-- particular quantum field theory. And we have this big framework of string/field field theory, but we don't know what picks the particular theory. And even worse, we're now doing quantum gravity. We're forced to if we believe this clue and all the hints we have, and we should do so anyway. And with gravity, we have to address the question of what fixes the initial state. Now, we know a lot about the universe, the history of the universe from close to the beginning, inflation, expansion, formation of the galaxies, accelerated expansion. But the beginning? We try to avoid asking such questions always in physics. But if you don't ask how the universe began, we try to answer questions that don't depend on that. And we can't even imagine how could we possibly determine the initial condition? But we have to. Because if a subject of our inquiry includes a theory of gravity unified with the other forces, the answer-- as Einstein taught us-- is the history of space-time. And the history of space-time includes the beginning, and the boundary if there's a boundary, what happens to the boundary if there is, and the end. So physics is always trying to avoid this. Good idea. But if you have a solution, a theory that unifies the rest of physics with gravity-- we're discussing dynamical space-time, and that dynamic includes the beginning and the end and the boundary. And if your solution is sick at the beginning as all solutions we've ever constructed are-- something is wrong with your solution or your way of thinking, we clearly have no idea what the rules are. So we have a wonderful theory of one or two particles. But in my opinion, the most excited questions remain to be answered. We have fantastic instruments and experiments and fantastic speculations. And the best is yet to come. Now, I've talked over my time. Five more minutes to agree with, so I don't violate my abstract. Is that okay? Yeah. So I want to just briefly address the question-- oh, oops. [LAUGHTER] That was if I didn't get permission for the five minutes. [LAUGHTER] So I've discussed a bit of the journey of learning about fundamental physical reality. Your question was, how long can we go doing this kind of physics? Can we go on forever? And I want to just very briefly address three issues. Some people, when they get to the stage of imagining we get unifiable forces and gravity and answer all these questions, that will be a final theory of everything. Is there such a thing that can be constructed? Well, how do we know that we're capable of that? And do we have the will to go on? So there are three issues. One, first issue is, is there a final theory of everything? So I regard this as a geometrical question, a question about the geometry of knowledge. I'm going to just present a simple geographical model of knowledge and ignorance, which is more powerful and nicer than the standard onion model. Onion model is a model where knowledge is an onion, and you peel away to get to the core, which I find brings tears to my eye. [LAUGHTER] And it's not a very good model, either, because it doesn't explain anything except the pain involved. But the way I see it, we live in a sea of ignorance, and we're pushing out a region of knowledge. So it's the opposite. We're moving outward instead of into the onion. The good thing about a model, every physics knows, it has to explain something you already observed and make a prediction. What it explains is the fact that you, I'm sure, all have learned, that although as the studies go on and history rolls on, knowledge increases. It increases like the volume of this sphere of knowledge. And a lot of that's in the libraries. You can get it. That's the accumulated knowledge of humankind increases [? everything. ?] What the figure explains is something you learn as you're a student, sometime in your career, the more you know, the more you don't know. Ignorance also increases. The more we learn, the more questions arise. And that's reasonable, too, because ignorance is really the region at the boundaries of knowledge and ignorance. So out here, there are unknowns all right. But as Rumsfeld said, there are unknown unknowns. Ignorance is really known unknowns-- the things we're aware that we don't know. But that increases, but only as the surface area. So that also explains that even though we-- as life goes on, you realize you know-- your ignorance increases. Your knowledge increases. But the ratio increases as well because volume increases faster than surface area. And so you get wiser. So this is a good model. Then, what we'll ask-- is there a final theory within the model? So the question of whether there's a final theory, a theory of everything, is sort of a question-- is there a finite amount of ignorance? If you use up all the ignorance, then we'll have a theory of everything. And this has happened before in the exploration of the Earth. So this is a map from the middle ages, a European map of the known Earth. So everything in here was known, has a name. A lot of it was part of the Roman Empire. And this is the border of the known universe, sphere of knowledge. Notice, the areas that we were aware that we don't know about are right at the border. Keep going-- we don't even put it on the map. It's unknown unknown. And it's pretty empty because we haven't explored it yet. Now, there are a lot of explorer societies throughout the world exploring the Earth, making maps. Eventually, as you know, they went out of business because it turned out the Earth is round. And sooner or later, they started running out of unexplored territory, and finally you have-- at least at the resolution of a few miles-- our complete, final map of the world. Our final theory of the world, of the geography at some scale of the world. So the issue is, is the sea of ignorance compact? Hold on. If it's compact, like the surface of a plane. If it's unbounded or infinite, then we can go on doing science forever. The more we learn, the more ignorance there'll be. And you'll go on, and it'll never stop. Maybe, however, like the surface of the Earth, it's compact and finite. And eventually, we'll get to a stage. So how would you know this? You get to a stage where something-- there are fewer and fewer questions, fewer and fewer ideas for grants, or thesis projects for students. That would be a sign that you're running out of questions, that you're nearing a final theory. My experience is that we're not even close to that-- no evidence of that. In fact, one of the things in a theory like string theory is we've realized in the last four years the more we learn about string theory, the more questions there are. It's not a sign that we're nearing the final theory. Anyway, even if we did, it wouldn't be the end of physics, of course. Although it might be the end of reductionist physics one way. Most of what we study in science are the infinite variety of phenomena that can be put together in a given microscopic reductionist basis. But it would be the end of a certain kind of physics if it were to happen, which I see no sign that we're close to. There are likely other problems in going on forever either way. One is that we might be too dumb to proceed. Why should we, as human beings at this point in evolution of life on this little planet, assume that we are smart enough to understand quantum gravity or-- we certainly know that other species are incapable of that. [LAUGHTER] [INAUDIBLE] Don't even bother with those. So we can comprehend that dogs cannot comprehend quantum mechanics. Why should we be so arrogant to imagine that nothing is beyond our comprehension? With that line of thought, we get pretty pessimistic. Because clearly, we shouldn't be arrogant. Clearly, there must be things beyond our comprehension, that we can't even comprehend. There are. Or there might be. However, I don't think this is a danger, either. I'm an optimist. First of all, we have something-- the one thing that really differentiates us from our other fellow species on the Earth is language. Or its most developed form, mathematics. And language, as Chomsky has taught us, has infinite capacity. A newborn baby, after somehow learning a language just by listening to its parents, can utter sentences no one has ever uttered before. Language's infinite capacity and mathematics's infinite capacity have a lot of infinities. This infinite might not be enough to comprehend the sequence of quantum gravity or whatever. But least it's infinite. Second of all, there's an experimental test. If we were getting to the point, I think, where we were facing questions that we were like dogs, too dumb to understand, to comprehend, I think we'd begin to notice that. We'd begin to notice that graduate students in physics would take longer and longer to get their degrees. There's some of that, but that has other reasons. They'd take longer and longer. Eventually, they would die before they-- [LAUGHTER] They just would never get to the frontiers of knowledge. That's not the case. There still is brilliant and knowledgeable people who manage with this equal effort and ease and youth to get to the frontiers of knowledge and expand. So that's the experimental side, which hasn't yet happened. And finally, by the way, if we ever got to the point where we realized we were incapable, oh, well, we would start tinkering with our minds or [INAUDIBLE] with machines or do whatever it takes. So I'm not worried about that. The thing that's much more worrisome is that we may lose the will and the means to go on. It's getting more expensive to build high energy colliders or telescopes in outer space. And I don't know. Here, I don't have a clever answer. I just have hope. And I'll end on that hope with this quote from David Hilbert, mathematician who said on his gravestone, "We must know, we will know." Thank you. [APPLAUSE] OK, great. We have [INAUDIBLE]. We have a science [INAUDIBLE]. [LAUGHTER] We have time for a few questions. So as the procedure, if you just go to the microphone, $300. [LAUGHTER] And ask your questions. What are your thoughts for the discovery of the [INAUDIBLE] earlier this year at [INAUDIBLE]? You say you're [INAUDIBLE], so I'm assuming you've [INAUDIBLE]. Oh, it's hugely important. You're right. It's closer to three to four or five [INAUDIBLE]. It all depends on who you talk to. I have a lot of hope. Not that I have any idea what it is or why it is. But I just have hope because it'll be something new and exciting and give us more clues. But I listen to my colleagues. And there's not enough to go around at this point. I'm proud of-- say it in public-- that the 135 GV Higgs was there before it was announced based on what I knew in that experiment and my belief in the standard model and the simplicity of nature. But here, I have no theoretical clues. And I'm not competent to judge. OK. Hi, Professor Gross. So for the next high energy collider, how much will [? has there been ?]-- especially among physicists and teachers, like [INAUDIBLE] sources. Well, let's see. I think the fact that there are new plans in large parts of the world with enormous economies that want to contribute, to stimulate technology, to advance science. I think the wealth of the world since the [? SSE ?] was built 20 years ago. The wealth of the world has increased enormously. So this is not an enormous step worldwide, if you view it that way. So the ability for this next step is in the ability and the knowledge to do that from the technical point of view, and the ability of the world to do that should be enough. That's partly up to scientists to convince, to explain to non-scientists why-- and it is possible to put in place from an intellectual point of view and a economic point of view, and a general development point of view. I think that will prevail. I'm optimistic. In taking a view of time, we should say that we will thank Professor Gross for-- [APPLAUSE]	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
hi welcome to quixotic academy in this video we will discuss pre-release material for O-level computer science paper 2 october november let's have a look at the pre release material there is an online computer shop that sells customized personal computers every computer sold includes a basic set of components costing 200 it means that every basic computer a customer buys is of 200 that is the minimum price at the shop next additional items can be added from the table so this table contains all the additional items that a customer can buy with his customized computer these items include case ram hard disk drive solid state drive second hardest drive optical drive and operating system we will look at it again later. As well as the basic set of components every computer must include one case one ram and one main harness drive from the table it means this is the starting price 200 then one from the case and one item from the ram and one item from the main hard disk drive has to be selected to buy a computer so these three things are required Then a computer is supplied with or without an operating system so the operating system is not required but each one of these is important it is require. What we have to do is write and test a program or programs for the online computer shop your program or programs must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data data must be validated on entry this is very important point do not skip it in any case error messages and other output need to be set up clearly and understandably which means all the categories codes description and prices need to be displayed properly in a proper readable manner next is all areas variables constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names this is also a required step in every program you do okay moving on to task one uh before moving on to task one let's see how many variables we can identify from here one is the basic set of cost which is 200 and we have to use some variable which will display the category we have to use some variable which will display the item code the description and the price this is something we can tell at one look that we need these variables next they said that every computer must include one case one ram and one main hard drive it means we have to use some variable to select these okay so moving on to task one setting up the system and ordering the main items write a program to use arrays to store the item code description and price allow a customer to choose one case one ram and one main hard drive so first of all we will use arrays they have told us to use arrays so we have to use the arrays here we will uh keep an array for all the categories we will keep one array for all the codes we will keep one array for all the descriptions and one for the price also the data type has to be mentioned so it is obvious that these three are of string data type because this contains some text some some alphabet some numeric values since prices are folding point numbers so this array will be of type float let's start writing the pseudocode we have already assessed these variables from the text written in the task so we have basic price containing 200 in start we have item category and array that contains all the categories provided in the table and the same sequence here then we have item codes and we have item descriptions same sequence then we have item prices prices are with decimal points so this is a float array we have already talked about it next task is to allow a customer to choose one case one ram and one main hard drive it means we have to display uh the cases first the customer will see there are two cases available a1 and a2 he'll see the description the prices then choose any one from them and we will add the chosen item in a list because we have to calculate the price in the end next the customer will see all the rams available and choose one next the customer will see main hard drives available and then choose one so here we have to display these prices descriptions properly in an understandable manner first a customer will choose a case so we are using a loop here because we know that there are only two cases and we use for loop when we want to iterate for a predefined range so our range is from zero to one since you are already programming in high level languages you know that arrays index start from zero so there is no problem using the zero in pseudocode as well so what we are saying is from zero to one from this index to this index print the following so we are saying press one .first time we are saying press zero for item category is case because at the zeroth index there is case we are using this case value as an index to all of these arrays so the item category is case the item code is a1 the item description is compact the item price is 75 in the next iteration we are saying press 1 for case a2 tower 150 this way we are displaying all the items to the customer in an understandable readable and friendly manner so you can choose properly next there is a variable called item category location so i have used this variable to locate the specific items from this list okay so item category location is zero for the cases because first case arrives at the zeroth index if i want to use the ram values i will say item category location is 0 1 2 because rams are starting from the second index then if i want to use main hard drives i will say item category location is 0 1 2 3 4 5 you will see the impact of this variable later is very useful after seeing all the description and prices the customer will choose one item from this list so we have already said that press 0 for first and we have already set that press 1 for this so after taking the input we will verify that the user has to press 0 or 1 so here we are performing the validation if a while choose an item is not zero or choose an item is not one two uh we will print again press zero or one and again take the input again validate the input and this will go on until the correct input has been passed the task one also require us to store the and output the chosen items and the price of computer so it means whichever case has been selected has to be displayed in the end we have declared a new array choose an item list in this array we will keep all the chosen selected items to display in the end we will append the append means we are adding a new item in the array previously there it was empty we have chosen one item so we are going to add that in the list in the array so we are going to append the item category location plus choose an item i have already told you we are going to use item category location to locate the position of the item in these areas since cases are at the index 0 so we are going to say that for example the user has entered zero here he want to buy the first case so at that time the choose an item list will have zero because item category location is zero and the input is also zero zero plus zero is zero it means that the case a one which whose description is compact whose price is 75 has been chosen by the customer similarly if the two if the user selects second case if the user enters two sorry second case means the user has to press one if the user presses 1 we will say that store 0 plus 1 in this list it means store case a2 tower and 150 price as a choose an item next we will display all the rams available before that we have to change the value in the variable item category location because now we want to display the rams here so we will say the uh we will set the item category location uh two zero one two so the index of ram is two so here we have set it two then we will print a proper statement saying please select one ram from the following now we have also increased the iterations here we want to iterate from zero to two because there are three rams available while we were selecting the case only two cases were available so we used zero to one now there are three rams so all four loop will i trade three times so we are saying from zero to two it means zero one and two so we will again print the we will say press 0 for ram b1 8gb for the price of 79 press 1 for the ram b2 uh with 16 gb and the price of 149 and press 2 for the ram b3 32gb and the price of 299. after we have displayed everything we will again take the input and the variable choose an item we don't have to uh keep separate variables for all the chosen items because we are already keeping a list we are already keeping this list so we will again use the variable choose an item the customer will enter zero one or two we will verify and validate if zero one or two is not pressed we will ask for input again and we will add the choose an item in the chosen item list again you see now item category location is 2 if the user presses 0 he wants to buy ram number 1 so he will press 0 we will add in the list 0 plus 2 as you can see 0 plus 2 leads us here that's why we have used an item category location variable the name is meaningful we want to locate it in the list and this will help us keep the choose an item list tidy and organized we will write the same pseudo code to take input of main hard drive there are three hardest drives are available so again we have displayed a loop from zero to two or we have changed the item category location to five now because a series are placed uh starts from the next five we are again taking the input validating the input and storing in the chosen item list next task is to calculate the price of computer using the cost of choosing items and the basics out of component store and output the chosen items and the price of the computer so now we have we know that uh the customer has chosen one case one ram and one agv we have to calculate the price and displays the chosen i we have final price equal to basic price at the beginning because uh basic price of 200 is preset predefined next we will display all the chosen items and calculate their prices as well we have initialized a loop a counter variable is used in the loop this will run from 0 to the length of choose an item list so length is a keyword to calculate the length of something and it is available in almost all high level languages so we will locate the item using the value in choose an item list so for example if the case 0 was selected choose an item list will have 0 here if the case 0 was selected choose an item list will have 0 and the item category 0 the item codes 0 is index the item description 0 index and the item prices zero the index has been accessed to display the uh related values then we will add the price in the final price thank you for watching we will continue the discussion in next couple of videos if you have any questions please do comment i will try to answer all of them	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Çeviren: Matthias Kyska Redaksiyon: Kerem Duymuş Düzenleme: Ümid Gurbanov Hiçbir zaman bir rol modelim olmadı, olmasını arzulamadım bile. Daima kendim olmak ve daima düşündüğüm gibi yazmak istedim. Thomas Bernhard: Bir Meydan Okuma Mallorca Monologları Mallorca aslında hiç ilgimi çekmiyor. Kara parçası sonuçta burası, bir ada. Memleketimde de adalar var. Çalışabilmek için liman gibi, deniz gibi, şehir atmosferine ihtiyacım var. Sadece bana rahat gelen iklimde çalışabilirim. Ve burada ikisi de var, değil mi? Akciğerimi besleyebilir, beynimi de çalıştırabilirim. Bunların kapasitesini kullanabilirim. Kendime karşı ve başkalarına karşı edindiğim görev... ...bir şekilde kafamdan bir şeyler uydurmaktır. Yani kitaplar yazmak, cümleleri veya düşünceleri sıralamaktır. Bunlar için de Kuzey yerine burası daha iyi geliyor, değil mi? Avusturya'da boğulduğumu hissedince hemen Güney'e inerim, ideal olan budur. Bir işi ilerletmenin en önemli noktası, en azından benim için en önemlisi... ...çünkü herkes için farklıdır bu, dilini bilmediğin bir ülkede olmaktır. Böylece sürekli insanların hoş şeyler söylediklerini zannederiz. Sadece önemli, felsefi düşünceleri konuştuklarını zannederiz. Dili anladığınız zaman saçma sapan konuştuklarını da görürsünüz. Bu açıdan İspanya'daki şaçmalıklar benim için felsefi oluyor. Esasında yazmamın tek sebebi, birçok şeyin can sıkıcı olmasıdır. Her şey hoş olsaydı muhtemelen hiçbir şey yazamazdım. Kimse yazmazdı. Keyifli bir durumda insan yazamaz. Üstelik böyle bir durumda yazmak için aptal olmak gerekir. Çünkü yazmak uğruna keyifli anları gözden çıkarmanız gerekir, değil mi? Keyfini çıkarmalıyız. Keyifliyken gidip masa başına oturursanız keyfinizi bozmuş olursunuz. Bunu neden yapayım ki? Hayatım boyunca keyifli olup hiçbir şey yazmamanın hayalini kurabilirim. Ancak dediğim gibi, keyif yalnızca birkaç saat veya kısa bir zaman için sürdüğünden... ...daima yazmaya geri dönerim. Etrafınızdakilere yöneltttiğiniz öfke için endişe duymanıza gerek yoktur. Çünkü zaten çoğu zaman onlar bizi rahatsız ederler. Diyelim ki bir kafede keyifli zaman geçirdikten sonra... ...en sonda hesabı siz ödemek zorunda kalırsınız... ...ve buna bir şekilde çoktan sinirlenirsiniz, değil mi? Oysa gerçekten neden? Veya karşıdan karşıya geçerken gelen arabaya sinirlenirsiniz, değil mi? Neden tam geçtiğimizde araba gelir? Öfkeli olmak için bir şey yapmanıza gerek yoktur. Öfke kendi gelir. Şu an hiç sinirli değilim. Bu durum bana tuhaf geliyor çünkü sinirlenecek gibi de değilim. Şu an ne hissediyorsunuz? Şırıl şırıl akıyor... Son derece huzurluyum. Su akıyor, güneş parlıyor. Her yerde anlamadığmız İspanyollar ve İngilizler var. İdeal bir durum bu, ama uzun sürmez. Birden bire bir yıldırım düşecek ve her şeyi mahvedecek. Yaşama karşı tamamen normal bir görüşüm var, muhtemelen bütün diğer insanlar gibi, değil mi? Görüşüm ne tamamen olumsuz ne de tamamen olumlu, değil mi? Sürekli her ikisiyle de karşılıyorsunuz. Hayat böyledir. Sadece olumsuz olmaz, saçmalıktır bu. Ancak meseleyi böyle görmek isteyenlerin olduğu da kesin. Ancak filanca kişiye budala demek kolaydır, değil mi? Tüm hayatı boyunca budalanın tekidir, değil mi? Ölene dek daima budala olarak tanımlanır. Başka birisi ise lirik, haşmetli bir yazardır. 20'li yaşlarından ölünceye dek böyle kalır. Böyle düşünen eleştirmenler vardır ve bundan asla vazgeçemeyen insanlarla uğraşırsınız. Bir başkası bir kukla oyunu yazdığında... ...oyunun saçma olup olmadığı başka bir sorudur veya hiç sorgulanmaz bu... ...hayatı boyunca kuklacı olarak kalır. Banaysa muhtemelen daima karamsar bir yazar diyecekler. Fakat bu rolde kendimi çok rahat hissediyorum, çünkü beni hiç rahatsız etmiyor. İnsanlar karamsar bir yazar olduğumu söylüyorlar, ancak insan olarak pozitif biriyimdir aynı zamanda. Belki de böylece bana bir şey olmuyor, değil mi? Tehlikeli bir durum mu bu? Bilmiyorum. Her şeyi çok hoş buluyorum, hele ki memleketimden uzak olduğumda. Komik şeyler daima eksik şeylerle ilgilidir, değil mi? Bir noksanlıkla ilgilidir, değil mi? Bir çeşit zihinsel veya bedensel eksiklik gibi, değil mi? Tamamen normal olan bir palyaçoya kimse gülmez, değil mi? Topallaması veya bir gözünün olmaması gerekir... ...veya üçüncü adımda düşmesi veya kıçının patlayıp... ...oradan bir mumun çıkması gerekir, değil mi? İnsanlar işte böyle şeylere güler. Eksikliklere veya korkunç sakatlıklara güleriz. İnsan başka neye güler ki, değil mi? Bir büyükanne sahneye çıkıp da... ...her üç cümlede bir kendini tekrarlayarak... ..."benim tek yumurta ikizim" derse veya buna benzer bir şey işte... ...o zaman insanlar güler, değil mi? Normal denilen insanlara bu dünyada kimse asla gülmemiştir. Kendimiz de yalnızca parmağımızı bir yere kıstırdığımızda kahkahayı patlatırız. Büyükannem ocakta kendisini yaktığı zaman deli gibi gülmüştüm, değil mi? Bir hafta böyle bir şey olmayınca, kahkaha da olmuyordu evde ve aslında çok sıkıcıydı bu. Çok sıkıldığım zaman süpürge dolabının oraya gidiyordum. Orada bir perde vardı, süpürgelerin olduğu yerde. Büyükannem oradan geçince elimi düşürüyordum... ...ve o korkunç bir çığlık patlatıyordu, değil mi? Korkuttuğum için neredeyse düşecek gibi olurdu, değil mi? Çocukken her şey çok sıkıcıydı. Ama daima eksiklikler ve korkunçluklar vardı. İnsanları güldürmek istiyor musunuz? Hayır, ama kendiliğinden oluyor çok uğraşmama gerek kalmıyor. Bazen kendim kahkahayı patlatıyorum, değil mi? Kendi kendime düşünürken, kendime gülüyorum. Ama bazen insanlar benim güldüğüm şeylere gülmüyorlar, değil mi? Yazarken bile veya sonradan düzeltirken kahkahayı patlatıyorum. İnsanlar bunu gülünç bulmuyorlarmış. Aslında bunu anlamıyorum, değil mi? Mesela "Don"u ele alalım. Orada pek çok komik şey yazdım, değil mi? Aslında her an kahkahayı patlatmalısınız. Ama anlamıyorum, insanların mizah duygusu mu yok acaba, sebebini bilmiyorum. Bu beni her zaman güldürüyordu, bugün bile güldürüyor. Sıkıldığımda veya trajik bir dönemden geçtiğimde... ...kitaplarımdan birini açarım ve beni epey güldürürler. Yoksa olayı bu açıdan anlamıyor musunuz? Demem şu ki, komik cümleleri birbirine bağlamak için zaman zaman ciddi şeyler de yazmadım değil, değil mi? Tutkaldır bu. Ciddiyet, mizahın işini tutkalıdır, değil mi? Tabii ki buna felsefi bir mizah işşi diyebilirsiniz. 20 yıl önce yazmaya giriştiğimde başladığım bir iş. Doğal olarak kuru ve tamamen ciddi bir felsefe eğlenceli değildir... ...hatta son derece de sıkıcıdır, değil mi? Schopenhauer'a da gülebilirim. Ne kadar somurtkan olursa, o kadar çok gülüyorum. Oysa insanlar böyle şeyleri çok fazla ciddiye alıyorlar, değil mi? Lakin kaniş köpeğiyle evlenen birisini nasıl ciddiye alabilirsiniz ki? Daha en baştan ciddiye alamazsınız. Gülünç bir filozoftur, değil mi? Bu isimler tarihin büyük soytarılarıdır, değil mi? Schopenhauer, Kant, yani en ciddi olanlar. Esasen, Pascal'ın da kendi katolik, mistik, dini tarzıyla dahil olması lazım. Bunlar aslında büyük gülünç filozoflar. Ve daha zayıf olanlar ikinci kategoriyi oluşturuyorlar. Bunlar aslında sıkıcı olanlar. Gülünç filozofların önceden yazdıklarını geviş getiriyorlar çünkü. Onları zaten okumam, çünkü okursam büyük olanları okurum. Ancak kimin büyük olup olmadığını çözmek epey zaman alır, değil mi? Bunu çözünceye dek on yıllar geçer. Kimse bize söylemez. Çünkü okulda hepsi aynı şekilde sınıflanıyorlar, değil mi? Filozoflar bu şekilde toplanıyorlar, değil mi? Onlar kocaman bir bölük veya ordu gibi toplanıyorlar. Sonuçta binlerce ve yüzbinlerce filozof var. En büyükleri kendimiz seçmek zorundayız. Burada kimse bize yardım etmez. Şayet benim erkenden olmaya başladığım gibi... ...felsefi bir akbabaysanız, hangisini seçeceğinizi bilirsiniz, değil mi? Kant onlardan birisi, Schopenhauer da. Çok gülünçler. Katılmıyor musunuz? Daima içsel süreçler hakkında yazarım, çoğu insan bunları görmez. Çünkü içeride neredeyse hiçbir şey görmezler... ...çünkü içerisinin karanlık olduğunu düşünürler ve böylece bir şey görmezler. Hiçbir kitabımda bir manzarayı betimlediğimi sanmıyorum. Böyle bir şey yok. Sadece kavramları yazarım. Orada "deniz", "dağ", "şehir" veya "sokak" yazar. Ancak onların nasıl göründüklerini asla anlatmamışımdır. Hiçbir zaman bir manzarayı betimlememişimdir. Uyumadığım her an gözlem yaparım. Hatta uyurken bile gözlem yaparım. Çünkü insan uyurken, uyanık olduğundan daha yoğun gözlem yapıyor. Yani rüyada, ya da rüya denilen şeyde. Tek bir an bile gözlem yapmamış bir insan yoktur. Sanıyorum ki okula gittiğimde aslında herkesin bir babası olduğunu fark ettim, değil mi? Bu noktaya kadar bunu bilmiyordum. Her şeyden önce bir babam olduğunu hiç bilmiyordum. Çünkü ortalarda öyle biri yoktu. Bundan ne bahsediliyordu ne de babam ortadaydı, değil mi? Bundan bahsetmek bile yasaktı. Sonradan kendi kendime düşünürken fark ettim ki... ...çevremdeki diğer erkeklerinki gibi organlarım da yoktu. Kızları hiçbir zaman düşünmüyordum, zaten ayrı bir mesele bu. O zamanki en iyi arkadaşımı hâlâ çok iyi hatırlıyorum. Altı veya yedi yaşlarındaydı. Birlikte oyun oynardık, yan komşunun çocuğuydu. Adı 'Fackler-Gusti' idi. Fackler, Bavyerali bir soyad. Traunstein'de oluyordu bunlar. Ölümü birkaç gün içinde gerçekleşti. Apandisit yüzünden öldü. Sonrasında kendi kendime şöyle düşündüm: Aman Tanrım! Zavallı Fackler-Gusti. Apandisit yüzünden ölmek zorunda kalmış, değil mi? Ama bana bir şey olamaz, çünkü muhtemelen bir apandisim yok. Ölmeme sebep olacak bir şeyim yok. Yani neden öleyim ki? Şanslı olduğumu hissetmiştim. Benim de ölmeme sebep olabilecek organlarımın olduğunun farkına sanırım on yaşında vardım. Temel düşünce şuydu: Babam yok, organlarım yok, beni ölümlü kılacak bir şey yok. Yıllarca böyle varsayımlarda bulundum, uzun yıllar boyunca hem de. 20 yaşıma kadar. Yok, 20 değil, o yaşta ölümcül şekilde hastalanmıştım. Ne zamandı yani? Sanırım 15 veya 16 yaşımdayken, değil mi? İşte o zamanlar fark etmiştim. Yok, yok, oğlum, değil mi, sen de ölebilirsin demiştim. Ve ölüm elini uzatıp canı istediğinde seni alıp gidebilir, değil mi? Bunu ancak o zaman fark etmiştim. Sanırım 14 veya 15 yıl boyunca bunlardan hiç haberim yoktu. Ne soluk almanın ne olduğunu ne de akciğerin ne olduğunu biliyordum. Ne de fiziksel anlamda kendimi hissediyordum. Tüm sağlıklı çocuklar gibiydim sanırım, onlar da böyle şeyleri farkında değillerdir. Peki cinsellik? Cinselliğe gelirsek, önce bedensel his oluşur. Sonrasında arzu oluşur, değil mi? Öncesinde bir tür tereddüt duyulur, değil mi? Bu açıdan cinsellik bende epey kısıtlı oldu, değil mi? Çünkü tam da kendiliğinden hareket etmeye başladığı zaman... ...gizemli güçler bir şeyleri yönlendiriyor diye düşünerek durumu fark ettiğimde... ...ölümcül bir hastalığa yakalandım, değil mi? Bu yüzden yıllarca epey kısıylı kaldı bu, değil mi? Çok yazık tabii, çünkü tam da bu dönemde... ...cinsellik en büyük cazibesini sunar, o ilk uyanışında, değil mi? Halk ağzıyla söylersek çükün tam hareket ettiği zaman, değil mi? Sonuçta hastanedeydim, değil mi? Orada her şey azalır, değil mi? Yatıyorsunuz ve hareket edemiyorsunuz. Oradan çıktığımda kendimi yorgun ve biraz güçsüz hissediyordum, değil mi? Fakat... 22 ile 30 yaşım arasında her şey normal ve tam da olması gereken hale dönmüştü. Hatta büyük bir hazla beraber, değil mi? Bütün o inişler ve çıkışlar ile beraber. Hem gerçek hem de mecaz anlamda. Burada utanmanıza gerek yok, denizde insan utanmaz. Yoksa utanıyor musunuz şu anda? Yok, gördünüz mü? Böyle şeyler saçmalıktır. Sonuçta elbette ki ara sıra utanç duyuyorsunuz. Ama sonradan acaba niye utanmıştım diye düşünüyorsunuz, değil mi? Kendinizi dengeliyor, ama yine de utanç duyuyorsunuz. Çünkü haksızlıklar falan yaşanıyor, utancı daha çok bu doğuruyor. Cinsellikten utanmak çok saçma bir şey. Çünkü doğadan utanmak ki, bu dünyada gayet normal karşılanıyor... ...aslında çok saçma bir şeydir, değil mi? Üstelik her yerde bastırılıyor bu, değil mi? Nereye bakarsanız utangaç veya daha güzel ifade edersek utanan insanlar vardır. Ve esasında insanlar eksik yaşıyorlar. Çünkü hayatın tadını tam çıkarmıyorlar. Burada da görebilirsiniz durumu. Buradaki insanlar gezinip de "Ne istiyoruz?" demek yerine oturup duruyor. Öğle dinlencemizi bozuyorlar. Tümüyle korkaklar. Her şey bakış açısına bağlıdır. Herkesin bakış açısı farklıdır. Tanrıya şükür. Daima doğru bakış açısına sahipsinizdir. Diğer insanlar aksini söyleseler bile. Kendi bakış açınız, daima doğru olandır. Oysa diğer insanlar sizi daima şüpheye düşürürler. Böylece kendi bakış açınızı terk edersiniz ve işiniz bitmiş olur. Yani tamamen terk ettiğinizde. Sahiden, niçin terk ediyorsunuz ki? En nihayetinde her şey kandırmacadır, değil mi? Abartırsak, kocaman bir kandırmacadır. Oysa tüm insanlar hayatları boyunca kandırmacanın içinde rahat hissederler, değil mi? Kendimize bakıp bunu anlayabilirsiniz, değil mi? Her gün bir kandırmaca ile karşılaşıyoruz. Bir otelde veya kafede, denizde veya dağlarda. Özünde her şey kandırmacadır, kendini kandırmacadır. Ancak bu, şahane bir şeydir. Kandırmaca olmasaydı her şey yok olurdu ve hiçbir şey de olmazdı. Dünya kandırmacadan ibarettir, değil mi? Cennet de kandırmacadır, cehennem de. Hem yukarıda hem aşağıda kandırmaca vardır. Yaşadığımız yer de kandırmacadır, yani dünya. Öldüğünde yine kandırmaca vardır. Bu arada, burada hiç mezarlığa gitmedim daha. Benimle Palma'da mezarlığa gitmek ister misiniz? Her zaman cennete inandım. Çocukken bile. Yaşlandıkça daha çok inanır oldum. Çünkü cennet çok güzel bir şey. Herkesin her zaman yeni temizlenmiş beyaz kıyafetleri vardır, kir yoktur, değil mi? Kimyasal endüstri veya sağlık işleri yoktur... ...her şey ilk baştan saf ve temizdir. Her şey hafiftir ve süzülür. Dört gözle bekliyorum onu. Yerçekimden azad oluyoruz, her şeyin üzerinden süzülüyoruz. Hiçbir felsefe bizi daha fazla kandıramaz veya aldatamaz. Cennet en ideali. Cennete gerçekten inanan birkaç kişiden biriyim. Cehenneme ise inanmıyorum. Bana fazla kirli, sıcak, siyah, iğrenç geliyor orası. Oysa cennet böyle değil. Bu mezarlık çok güzeldi. Tabii bunu sadece orada gömülmemiş olduğumuz zamanda değerlendirebiliyoruz. Orada edebiyat dünyasından daha fazla kağıt hışırdıyor. Yeni bir edebiyat mevsimi, yeni bir mezarlık açılışından fazlası değildir, değil mi? Frankfurt Kitap Fuarı'nda yüz bin yeni kitabın sunulması, yüz bin yeni mezarın açılması gibidir, değil mi? Kağıt çelenkleri ile her şey hışırdıyor. Yapacak bir şey yok. Kadınlar balık çorbasından bahsediyorlar, bense daima balık çorbasından iğrenmişimdir. Deniz ürünleri genelde iğrençtir. Artık hiçbir şey yiyemeyiz, her şeyi zehirlemişler. Marul salatası. Karışık ızgara. Hepsi bu. Sarılabileceğiniz şeyler gibi durmuyorlar, değil mi? Bir şeylere sarılmak mı istiyorsunuz. Kollarım sarılmak için değiller. Aşk, her şeydir. Değil mi? Aşk her şey olabilir. Çünkü dünyadaki herhangi bir şey herhangi biri tarafından sevilebilir, değil mi? Böylece aşk her şeyi kucaklar. Hakikat kelimesi böyle değildir ama, onun için aynı şeyi diyemeyiz. Aşk, tanımlanmaz Aşk, yazılamaz. Yalnızca aşk kelimesi yazılablir, ama aşkı tanımlamak mümkün değildir. Değil mi? Aslında çok basit bir açıklama bu. Aşkı tanımlayamazsınız. Ucuz aşk filmlerinde bile aşk tanınlanmaz, değersiz şeyler gösterilir. Aşkı tanımladığmız zaman değersiz olur. Çünkü aşk, her şeydir, değil mi? Size bakarsam aşktır bu, değil mi? Bakışlarımı kaçırırsam, yine aşktır bu. Ağaca bakarsam, aşktır bu, değil mi? Çok dindar biriyim, fakat hiç inancım yok. En nihayetinde, dinin inanç ile ilgisi yoktur. Sadece gerçek dinler için geçerli bu, değil mi? Resmi dinler için yani. Resmi dinler, inanç ile çalışır. Oysa benim buna ihtiyacım yok. Oraya kayıtlı olmak zorunda değilim. İmtiyazlı bir Tanrı'dır o, değil mi? Böyle bir şeye gerek yok. Çocukken ve Katolikken, herkes törenlere gider, günah çıkarırdı. Her günah çıkartmaya gittiğimde pantalonuma işiyordum. Yüce Tanrı'nın önünde panikliyordum... ...her şeyi görüp neler olduğunu anlayacağını düşünüyordum. Rahiplerden korkuyordum. Her diz çöktüğümde her şey ıslanıyordu ve ben çok utanıyordum. Altımda bir gölcük oluşuyordu çünkü, değil mi? O an Tanrım derdim, benden sonra gelecek olanın bu rezaleti göreceğini düşünürdüm, değil mi? Bunların sonradan ortaya çıkan etkileri vardı. Bu açıdan Kilise büyük bir zararı karşılamak zorunda, değil mi? Ancak karşılayamaz çünkü bunun için fazla aptaldır. Bir insanın hayatını mahvetmişti. Günah çıkarırken beni işemeye zorladığı için, değil mi? Tüm o tehditlerin, cehennemin falan bir çocuk için korkunç etkileri vardır, değil mi? Minnettarım. İğrençliklerle ne kadar erken karşılaşırsak, o kadar iyidir, değil mi? Çünkü aslında kendinizi bir şeylere hazırlıyor, çok daha güçlü oluyorsuunz. Darbe yediğiniz yer güçlenir. Yaralar kanamaz artık, değil mi? Gayet iyidir bu. Çocukluk sadece tehdit edilmek değildir. Aynı zamanda tehdit etmektir de, değil mi? Çocuklar ebeveynlerini, ebeveynlerin çocukları tehdit ettiklerinden daha fazla tehdit ederler. Çünkü çocuklar evebeynlerden daha kurnazdır, değil mi? Çünkü genç ebeveynler bile aslında katılaşmaya başlarlar. 20 yaşlarından itibaren damar sertleşmesi başlar. Çocuklar tazedir, değil mi? Damarlarında tıkanıklık yoktur, her şey kolayca akıp gider. Böylece çocuklar çok daha net görürler. Yetişkinler hayallerinde yaşarlar. Çocuklar ise gerçeği yaşarlar, fark budur. 20 yaşından itibaren yalnızca hayallerimizde yaşarız, değil mi? Kitaplarla, öğrendiklerimizle, bize söylenenlerle yaşarız. Yirmi yaşını geçenler edebiyatla yaşar, çoğunun gerçeklikle ilgisi yoktur artık. Gücün olduğu yerde yolsuzluk da doğal olarak çoğalır, değil mi? İktidarda olan insanlar... ...mümkün olduğunca çabuk iktidardan indirilmeli, değil mi? Kendilerine yer edindikleri anda ağacın etrafındaki sarmaşığa dönerler, değil mi? Ürpertici bir sarmaşıktır ve devleti bir ağaç olarak düşünürsek... ...böylesi bir hükümet büyümeyi teşvik etmez... ...tam aksine büyümeyi engeller. Her yerde böyledir bu. Bizimki gibi bireylerin izole yaşadığı ülkelerde bile, değil mi? Yalnızlaşan insanlar öğütülüp zararsız hale getirilirler. Kaçık olarak ilan edilirler. Böylece onlardan kurtulurlar. Muhafazakar veya sosyal demokrat parti fark etmeksizin politikacılar daima aynı serserilerdir. Sanatçı ruhları yoktur. İş insanıdırlar. Özünde daima iğrençlerdir. Sadece ikiyüzlülükle iş yaparlar. Tıpkı kilise gibi. Her küçük politikacı çocukken Pazarları kiliseye giderken... ...iktidara gelmek için ne yapılması gerektiğini izler. Her küçük kasaba rahibi kendi cemaatine bu tavrı sergiler. İliklerine dek ikiyüzlülük yapar. Sahte sofuluk gösterir. Ortada sahtelik ve yalan vardır. Kilisede ilk karşılaştığım şeyler bunlardı, değil mi? Sahte davranışlardı. Belki o kadar da kötü bir şey değildir bu. İnsanların buna ihtiyacı var, faydalıdır bu açıdan, değil mi? Kilise olmasa tamamen çaresiz kalacak milyonlarca insan var, değil mi? Yaşlıların elinden dua kitabını almak... ...gençlerin elinden porno dergisini almak gibidir, değil mi? Gençlere çıplak kızlar ve erkekler hitap ederken... ...yaşlılara çarmıha gerilen İsa hitap eder, değil mi? Onların dergisinin kahramanı da odur. En uzun süre devam edip günümüze gelen. İkiyüzlülük ile ilk defa çocukken kilisede karşılaşmıştım, değil mi? Birkaç yılda bir kiliseye giderim, ama inandığımdan veya dini sebeplerden değil. İçerisinde olup biten her şey bir bakıma ilgimi çekiyor, değil mi? Kilisenin içinde neler olduğunu görmek için gidiyorum. Papa olmak isterdim. Papa olmayı derhal kabul ederdim. Ama korkarım, geri kalan hayatımda papa olamayacağım. Şair unvanına da sahip olamam. Ne şair-prens, ne şair-kont, ne şair-dük... ...ne de özgür ve harika bir şair olamıyorum. Bunların bir anlamı yok. Doğru düzgün, hakiki bir papa olmak isterdim. Bu arada Thomas adında bir papa olmuş muydu? Yok mu? O zaman direkt bu isimle devam ederdim: Birinci Thomas. Beni her zaman çok etkilemiş olan papalık sarayı oldukça basit ve sade bir yapıya sahiptir... ...ikinci kata kadar nemli bir binadır, bu açıdan düşüncesizce inşa edilmiştir. Papalık sarayının arka tarafında bir marangoz yaşıyor... Süt lütfen. Teşekkürler. Orada bir marangoz oturuyor, gerçekten. Tam orada yaşamıyor, sarayın binasının kenarında yapıldı. Castello Gandolfo, ben eskiden o sarayın çok izole ve ayrı bir yerde olduğunu düşünürdüm. Bu konuda kilise çok kurnaz tabii. Marangozun evi var orada. 15 sene önce geçerken fark ettim bunu. O zamanda Johannes Papa idi galiba. Aşağıda papanın külotları çamaşır iplerine asılmış duruyordu. Orada küçük bir çit vardı ve öte yanda marangozun külotları asılıydı. Sert bir iklimi vardır oranın, sonbaharda uzun iç don giymeye başlarlar. Beni derinden etkilenmişti bu. Papa'nın külotları ve Castello Saray'ın küçük marangozunun külotları. Tabut marangozu da oradaydı galiba. Yan yana rüzgarda sallanıyorlardı. Sonra düşününce, yani bu duruma yakından bakarsanız... ...kilisenin ne denli kurnaz olduğunu görürsünüz. Bu da bunun kanıtı oldu, değil mi? Bir yandan aristokrat, soğuk, görkemli, haşmetlidirler... ...öte yandan kardeş gibi tavır takınarak her şeyi elde ederler, değil mi? Bilinçli yapıyorlar bunu. Mimarlıkta olduğu gibi, burada da. Papa ve marangoz. Bir opera vardı, "Çar ve Marangoz" diye değil mi? Onun için ikinci bölüm yazılabilir: "Papa ve Marangoz" Birinci perdede, perde kalktığında papa ile marangozun külotları güneşte sallanır. Dünyadaki her şey bir oyundan ibarettir, değil mi? Papa da büyük bir oyuncudur. Tabii kötü bir oyunculuk öğrenmiştir, ama orası ayrı. Yine de şu an için en büyük oyunculardan biridir, değil mi? Öyle bir oyundur ki bu. Papa, Ronald Reagan ve Brejnev... ...şey gibidirler... ...Bronner ve Farkas gibi ve Wehle gibi, değil mi? Daha küçük ölçekte tabii, değil mi? Zaman zaman büyük bir tiyatroya dönüşen bir çeşit kabare gibidir aslında. Böyesi dayanılmaz olacağından kabareye kadar küçülmek zorundadır. Tüm güçlü kişiler bir araya gelerek birlikte çok iyi bir oyun sergiliyorlar. Bugün Carter, Reagan ve Wojtyla... ...eskiden Duce, Hitler ve Franco. Her dönemin farklı baş oyuncuları var. Bazen de bir Evita Peron gelir, değil mi? Ya da Liz Taylor. Dünya sahnesi böyledir. Başka bir şey yok. Dünya sahnesi deriz zaten, bunun bir anlamı vardır. Her şey büyük bir tiyatrodur. Kötü Humeyni sağ taraftan sahneye çıkıyor, değil mi? Küçük Kreisky arka taraftan çıkıyor, değil mi? Atlar eyerlidir, değil mi? - Bunların hepsi çok komik. - Peki ya sizin rolunuz ne? Benim mi? Dünya tiyatrosunda bir rolüm yok. Yani sahnenin üst kısmında bir yerde, değil mi? Orada beraber bir şeyi çekiyoruz. Sahne arka perdesini bile tek başımıza çekemeyiz, değil mi? Hatta birkaç milyon, hatta milyar insan beraber çekeriz, değil mi? Arka taraf birazcık değişir. Ama asıl oyunu, öndeki oyuncular oynar. İlahiliği o beyaz kıyafetiyle temsil eden kişi Papa'dır, değil mi? Gizemli olan şeyler çoğunlukla Doğu'dan gelir. Kızıldır, karadır, korkutucudur, değil mi? Şu an da Brejnev bu rolü oynuyor. Artık yaşlandı tabii. Tabii bir de soytarılar vardır. Helmut Schmidt gibi bir figür mesela. Sonra kahramanın içki arkadaşları çıkar sahneye, genç yoldaşlar ve şişman kuzenler gelir sonra. Bir Jedermann oyunu gibi. Sahne yerküre gibi pürüzsüz ve yuvarlaktır. Bir gazeteyi açtığınızda oyunu görebilirsiniz. Bu açıdan gazeteler şahane şeylerdir, değil mi? Her gün gazetelerde perdeler açılır, değil mi? Tiyatroya gitmemenin ana sebebi, yanımda oturan kadınların spreylenmiş saçlarıdır. Saç ter ile karıştığı zaman 4 veya 5 metrekare civarında olur, dayanamazsınız. 2 saat bile dayanamazsınız. 6 veya 7 saat süren Bayreuth'ta hiç dayanamazsınız. Çünkü onları saçlarını sprey püskürtürler, sonradan buhar gelir. Tiyatrodaki ışıklar ve kuru hava da var. İnanılmaz bir pis koku yapar bu, gerçekten dayanamazsınız. Saç sekilleri ne kadar kabarmış olursa tiyatro ziyareti o kadar dayanılmaz olur. Sadece Viyana'da kırbaçlayanlar yok. Viyana'daki oyuncular kırbacın tadını bilmiyorlar. O yüzden bu kadar kötüler. Değil mi? Viyana'da bir tiyatroya gidiniz, sadece emekliler oynuyorlar. 30 yaşındayken emeklilik hakkı kazanıyorlar... ...ve genç oyuncular aslında yaşlı emekliler haline geliyorlar. Mallorca'nın plajında değil de, Ring Caddesi'nin plajında oluyorlar. Değil mi? Emekliler gibi davranıyorlar. Gayet genç kadın ve erkekler epey yetenekliler, fakat maalesef ki emekli gibi yürüyorlar. Ve ne kadar maaş alacaklarını biliyorlar. Çünkü tiyatro sendikası da onları destekliyor. Böylelikle dünyanın en kötü tiyatrosunu yapıyorlar. - Biraz abartı olmadı mı bu? - Bu da bir önyargı, görüyor musunuz? Her şey abartıdır, fakat abartmadan hiç bir şey söyleyemeyiz Sesinizi birazcık yükseltmeniz bile aslında bir abartmadır. Neden yükseltesiniz ki sesinizi, değil mi? Ne söylerseniz söyleyin zaten abartmış oluyorsunuz. Abartmak istemiyorum demeniz bile aslında bir abartıdır. Konuşurken daima ayağımla ritim tutarım. Fark etmiş miydiniz bunu? Elbette ki aynı anda hem ayağa hem ağza bakmak zordur. Mükemmel bir kontrpuan örneğidir bu, değil mi? Yapmak zorundayım bunu, müzikal bir insanım sonuçta. Ağzımdan çıkan her şeyde ayağımla ritim tutuyorum. Bunu sadece ameliyathanede uzanıkken ve kayış takılıyken yapamayız, değil mi? Fakat orada zaten konuşkan olamıyoruz. Duydunuz mu? Aşağıdan gelen ritim sesini? Müzisyen olmalıyım aslında. Söylediğim gibi. Ayağımla ritim tutmadan tek kelime edemem. Bu yüzden müzikal bir insanım herhalde, değil mi? Kanıma işlemiş bu, elime ve ayağıma işlemiş. Baş parmaklarımla da yapıyorum, değil mi? Benim özelliğim bu, gördünüz mü? "E" "E" dediğimde başparmaklarımı açıyorum, değil mi? "O" dediğimde kapatıyorum. Dil kursunda bile öğretilir bu, değil mi? "O" açık ağzıyla söylenir, aşağıya doğru. "E" ve "İ" yukarıya doğru, değil mi? Ama burada ayağın ne yaptığını göremiyorsunuz. Tüm söylediklerimi birbirine bağlıyor... ...böylece söylediklerim senfonik bir havası oluyor. Sizce de öyle değil mi? Her insanın kafasında bir müzikle öldüğü söylenir. Öyle duymuştum ben, değil mi? Her şey kaybolur; ruh, insanlar, hatıralar, geriye bir tek müzik kalır. İnsan klinik açıdan öldüğünde bile böyleymiş durum. Kanıtlanmış bir şey bu, değil mi? Ne dediğimi anlıyorsunuz değil mi? Müzik hala orada duruyormuş, değil mi? Sonra kurtçuklar gelir, onlar da müziği devam ettirirler, değil mi? İlk başta göz uçlarından girerler. Orkestrada kaç ses olduğuna göre insanın ne zamandır ölü olduğu anlaşılır, değil mi? İnsan öldüğü anda ilk kurtçuk gözün köşesinden giriyor, değil mi? Ama sol gözüne mi sağ gözüne mi, bunu kolay tespit edemeyiz. Adli tabipler için en büyük zorluk bu, değil mi? Bugün hala tartışıyorlar bunu. İlk kurtçuk sağ göe mi yoksa sol göze mi zıplıyormuş... Şu an sempozyumlar var, çok moda bu aralar bu, göz ucu sempozyumları bunlar. Bunca zamandır ciddi olmaya çalıştım. Buraya geldiğimden beri, 14 gündür gerçekten ciddi olmaya çalışıyorum. Ciddiyim zaten, aslında çok ciddiyim. Ciddiliğin bütünlüğü. Sonra bana böyle bakıyorsunuz ve ciddiliğim ciddi olmamaya kayıyor. Acı çekiyorum, değil mi? Çünkü sadece ciddi olduğumda mutluyum. Bu mutluluk, aslında benim en büyük mutluluğum, değil mi? Onu benden alıyorsunuz, değil mi? Yalnızca sizin Palma bakışınız ile, değil mi? Ciddiliği seviyorum. Ernst Meister'i kastetmiyorum. Usta (Meister) olarak ciddiliği kastediyorum. Avusturya'dan bir usta, Almanya'dan bir usta değil. Yine ölüm bu, değil mi? Daima... Ölümün gölgesi, değil mi? Ölümün gölgesi bana hep eşlik etti. Bana ciddiliği garanti ettiği için seviyorum onu. Ölüm benim için bir elbise kuyruğu gibi, değil mi? Yürürken onu arkamda taşıyorum. Tam taşımak da değil, bana bağlı. Arkamdan çekiyorum onu... Maalesef yine ciddi olamadım. Siz ciddiliğimi benden alıyorsunuz. Ben ölümü hiç düşünmem, fakat ölüm sürekli beni düşünür. "Onu ne zaman almalıyım?" diye düşünür, değil mi? Bu da başka bir bakış açısıdır. Ama ben eve gitmeyi sevmiyorum, değil mi? Eve gitmek ölmek demektir, ölmek de eve gitmektir, değil mi? Pascal söylemişti bunu, değil mi? Eve vardığında ölürsün. Ebedi istirahat, evde olmaktır, ölümdür. Bu yüzden eve gitmeyi sevmiyorum. Eve geldiğimde, siyah eliyle orada beni bekliyor gibi hissediyorum, değil mi? Kapıdan girdiğimde daima onu görürüm. Evime girerim ve Curd Jürgens'in elini görürüm, değil mi? Oyuncudur o, biliyor musunuz? Salzburg'ta ölüm... Kemik parmakları olan. İçeriye giriyorum, sonra... Değil mi? Bunu sürekli hissediyorum, burada bir baskı var. O yüzden dikkatli bakarsanız, omzumun çöktüğünü görürsünüz. Ölümün baskısı bu. Onu benden kimse alamaz. Ameliyat ile de alamazlar, bu baskı benim korkum, değil mi? Sağ omzumda oturuyor. Bir ölüm kuşu gibi, değil mi, oraya konmuş. Bütün bunlar çok ciddi bir şekilde de söylenebilirdi, değil mi? Ölüm kuşu yerine sadece ölüm denebilirdi, değil mi? Sakin bir şekilde tek kelimeyle ifade edilen kavramlar gibi, bir fincan kahve gibi... Gerçi bu da hiç icddi olmadı. Ölümü bir fincan kahveyle karşılaştırdığımız zaman ciddiyet bozuluyor, değil mi? Her şeyi her şeyle karşılaştırabilmenize rağmen. Bir hakikate yalan dediğinizde kesinlikle haklısınızdır. Yalana hakikat dediğinizde de haklısınızdır. Hakikat ve yalan, dünya mahkemesinde büyük bir rol taşır, değil mi? Ama orada sizin görüşünüz geçerli değildir. Bir filozofun mahkemede bildirecek hiçbir şeyi yoktur. Çünkü yargıc filozofları kıskanan küçük bir adamdır. Ağır... Ucuz ama ağır siyah cüppenin altdadır. Kendisi dışında her şeyden nefret eder. Çünkü her şey onu bastırır. Çok şey yapamazsınız ve eğer boğaz ağrısı varsa... O zaman bir yıl fazladan ceza alırsınız, değil mi? Baş ağrısı varsa, fazladan iki yıl alırsınız. Kanserliyse müebbet alırsınız. Öfkesi büyüktür çünkü, değil mi? Keyfi yerindeyse en düşük cezayı alırsınız. Hiçbir yargıcın keyfi asla yerinde olmadığı için... ...asla keyifli bir yargıç görmediğim için... ...neredeyse hepsi en ağır cezayı verir, değil mi? Çünkü hepsi kanserden korkarlar. Eşleri onları sürekli inandırmaya çalışır. Göreceksin, sen de kanser olacaksın diye, değil mi? Dünyayı mahveden budur. Sadece ön yargılar vardır. Yargım sadece ön yargıdır. Özünde sadece ön yargılar vardır. Mutlak yargıda bulunanlar bile esasen ön yargıda bulunurlar, değil mi? Yargı diye bir şey yoktur, değil mi? Sürekli insanlar ve durumlar hakkında bir yargıda bulunursunuz. Ancak bu yargı, aslında sadece ön yargıdır. Maalesef, maalesef, maalesef. Dünyayı yargılarsınız, ama sadece ön yargıda bulunursunuz. Her şeyi değiştirebilirsiniz. Doğanın çekiciliği veya büyüklüğü budur. Dram şudur: Eğitim veya öğretim yüzünden en çok da edebiyat yoluyla... ...kavramlar sadece sabitlenmiş olmaz, tam anlamıyla çivi gibi çakılır, değil mi? Herkesin beyninde çivi gibi çakılmış fikirler vardır, değil mi? Bu fikirlerle sağa sola koşturup dururlar. Dünyanın gerçek dramı budur, değil mi? Yazarlar da böyledir, değil mi? Üstleri çivi ve fikirlerle kaplıdır. Ölüm, hayat, aşk, namus. Değil mi? Şöhret hırsı gibi şeyler. Esas dram budur. Orada birsi şans diliyor ve ben susuyorum. Ha, bunu unutmuşum, ölümsüzlük bâkidir. Evet, ölümsüzlüğümü unutmuşum. Doğru. Her zaman içimi rahatlatır bu. Ölümsüz olduğumu biliyorum çünkü, değil mi? Hem de ne biçim! Çeviren: Matthias Kyska Redaksiyon: Kerem Duymuş Düzenleme: Ümid Gurbanov	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Tonight we're having chicken and broccoli casserole. It is easy and will feed a crowd and I'll show you how to make this from start to finish. I'm Tess and welcome to my kitchen. You can use egg noodles or any pasta that you like for this casserole. Tonight I'm using no yolk egg noodles and undercooking them by a minute since these will continue cooking in the oven. In my skillet over medium-high I'm adding a little oil, some diced onions and leeks. I usually add celery or carrots but I happen to have leeks. It's nice to change it up every now and then. A little salt, black pepper and a good stir and cooking for a minute. Next are some mushrooms and minced garlic. Another good stir and cooking for another minute. You can find this recipe in the list of ingredients in the description box below. No extra clicks, it's all right here! I have a little over a pound of bite-sized chicken thighs and you can use chicken breasts. Cooking for about five minutes or until they are no longer pink. The chicken does not have to be cooked all the way through since it will finish cooking in the oven. Turning off the heat and moving on to the next step. I have my oven preheating to 400 degrees. In a large bowl I'm adding a can of cream of chicken and cream of mushroom soup. For some extra creaminess in goes a cup of sour cream. Adding some milk and giving it a good stir. Next are the spices! I have some black pepper, poultry seasoning, celery seed, oregano and a little cayenne pepper for a little kick! I'm not adding any salt as the soup and cheese have a good bit of sodium. You can adjust the seasonings to your liking. In goes a handful of fresh chopped parsley and you can use dried. Another good stir... to get everything well incorporated. Let's put everything together and get this casserole in the oven. I'm adding in my chicken and veggies with all the juices. You can use all broccoli but I'm using half cauliflower and half broccoli tonight. It's all about what you have on hand and it's all good! I'm adding about a half a cup of grated cheese and tonight I'm using a mixture of mozzarella and cheddar cheese. In goes my noodles and giving it a gentle but thorough mix. If you like this chicken and broccoli casserole recipe please remember to hit that LIKE and SUBSCRIBE button for my future recipe videos. You can also find me and more of what I'm cooking on Facebook and Tess Cooks4u blog. I'm putting everything in my greased baking dish and leveling out , covering and baking at 400 degrees for about 25 to 30 minutes. One more step then we are ready to eat! Removing from the oven and oh my that smells so good! Grating some Parmesan cheese on top followed by the remainder of my mozzarella and cheddar cheese. The casserole is going back in the oven uncovered for about 10 minutes or until the cheese is melted. Letting the casserole rest for 15 minutes and then we will fix a plate! This chicken and broccoli casserole is easy and delicious! It will certainly feed a family of four and you'll probably have leftovers for lunch. A great budget meal ! The chicken thighs have wonderful flavor along with the broccoli and other veggies, the broccoli still has a little crunch and not mushy. The cream soups and the cheese bring it all together. Add in the spices you like and make it your own. Give this easy and delicious chicken and broccoli casserole a try. Until next time, enjoy. And Thanks so much for joining me here in my kitchen. You can SUBSCRIBE here for my future video recipes and remember to come visit me on Facebook. You never know what i might be cooking! Until next time... Much Love!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
ASÍ ES... ESTA FUE LA PRIMERA GRANADA DE GTA... ¡BOOM! ¡GRACIAS POR VER!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Hi! It's Istaria. I am back with another Fintech video aimed at Europeans. To start this video is more about the complementary services that can be used to boost or access crypto.com's MCO Visa card. If you are not familiar with this amazing card itself, I suggest you take a look at the specific video I made about it earlier. It explains its features and options in great detail and has value for both newcomers and crypto.com veterans alike. Link in the description. Having said that, let's get on with the video! As the long-awaited MCO Visa card from crypto.com has finally landed in Europe and people have started receiving them, we do notice that no new launch usually goes without some sort of unforeseen events. Exactly the same with this one. Europe is a diverse place with many different currencies and payment processors, which has introduced problems like topping up your card using the plethora of non-Euro currencies, as well as having your card get rejected in various places when attempting to pay with it. In addition, some people have had some problems with their 3DS or Verified by Visa when trying to make payments online. I have no doubt that as crypto.com manages to secure more licenses there is no need for any additional solutions but for now, while we are still sort of in the pioneering and early phase it's good to take advantage of complimentary FinTech services to squeeze every bit of value that you can. The first problem is obviously that if you lose a percent or three when topping up your Visa card via your own bank, you're throwing away a lot of money, possibly even ending up in the negatives when all is said and done. If you have a high tier card, you'll still come ahead because of the cashback, but it's far from an ideal solution. The other problem is the fact that some payment processors have incompatibility issues with the card, as well as due to the nature of prepaid cards it may not always work in every location. Having your MCO Visa card and not being able to pay with it leaves a sour taste in your mouth for sure, as it's quite literally leaving money on the table. Luckily for every problem there is a solution and even better, they are not at all very demanding to do. So, first we are tackling the prepaid problem. In some instances online, you can use PayPal as a middleman, but they are as clumsy, arbitrary and greedy as it gets, so I can't really recommend them. Just know that they are an option for stuff like Spotify, if your card doesn't get accepted by default. You just have to be real careful with their options so they don't get to overcharge you as you do this. They especially like to mark up their currency conversions to nearly 5 percent. The real savior here is Curve, though. It is a somewhat new FinTech company that links their card with every card you have which you can then freely swap between in their easy to use, simple app. You can even go back in time and choose to pay with a different card if your selected card was not the one you ultimately wanted to use for the purchase. The acceptance of the Curve MasterCard is currently better than the acceptance of the MCO Visa card, so it is worth it to carry both just in case your MCO card gets rejected at the vendor. That way you can still solve your metal card, but are covered in case the vendor is not supported. Curve is extremely easy to set up. In most cases you do not even need to do any customer or address verification because it has to be linked to your regular cards that already have been verified by the bank that issued them. As always, there is a referral code, though it is not nearly as generous as crypto.com's, it still worth it. You and me both get five British pounds if you decide to give it a go, as soon as you make your first transaction. So, let's take a look at the app, shall we? Here we are in the Curve app. The first card here is a default card that everybody has. Basically all your benefits and rewards like referrals or if you use the Curve cashback, everything like that goes into this one. You can use it like a normal card, but because it's pretty hard to accumulate money on it, it's not super ideal. I have used it to make a transaction to Revolut, so I can then move that money to my real card the MCO Visa card. In order to do that you need to have ten pounds because that's the minimum that Revolut allows you to transfer. You cannot use the Curve card to top up your MCO Visa card directly, but even if you could, the minimum would still be 20 so this then is actually better. Let's get on with this. Here, we have my real card; the MCO Visa. I have a couple of other cards. And here we have another card. And another card. And I'm going to add a card here, just so you can see how easy it is. So yeah, entering these card details is pretty easy. All you need to do is add your regular card and then click on continue. You will still have to verify this card, but doing so is very easy. Once you have all your cards that you are thinking of using, switching between them is very easy. You just click here - Tap to select & pay. And if I click this, now every time I make a purchase it's going to charge this card instead. If I want to make a change, I will just click on another card. Like this. Now I'm using this one. And now I'm going back to the MCO Visa card. There is one more important thing that you need to know about this. The MCO card by default comes in British pounds, and that's less than ideal. If you use over 500£ per month and you are letting Curve to do the conversion for you, Curve will start charging you 2% for the excess. We don't want that to happen so you have to click here, MCO Visa card currency and then you choose your card's currency. This has to be the same currency that you are using in your everyday life. Every time if you are going to make another purchase in some other kind of currency like online or you go abroad or whatever, you should go and switch this because you want the currency conversion to be done by MCO and not Curve. Here, let's say I made a mistake with my Lidl purchase earlier and I'm going to click here and I want to put this on another card, so I can just go "Go Back in Time" and then I can choose any other card here to put it on. That way Curve will instantly charge my new card and the MCO Visa card or whatever card you used originally would get the money back in a couple of days. Like mentioned before, there's one more interesting feature about Curve that you can take advantage of. This card here is a US credit card. It's uncommon in Europe so you probably don't have one of these, but in case you do it costs 3% every time I use this in foreign currency. So, if I'm in Europe and I am I, can't really use this because the 3% makes it unusable. However, since I'm using Curve with it, Curve is actually going to convert the EUR into USD so this card never sees that I'm using Euro and I'm getting charged in USD, so I don't get the negative 3%. This is a very handy feature if you have a card that doesn't have interbank exchange rates. Just be aware that the limit is very low at 500£ per month. But, spending money is impossible if you can't get any money onto the app without paying an arm and a leg for it in the first place. What do you do if crypto.com doesn't currently support your currency and your bank is clearly out to get you? They are in the business of making money after all, and currency conversion is a perfect place to do it because nearly every other bank also does this. Do know that if your native currency is supported, so you are in a country which uses the Euro, you can skip this part, but if you're not how do we get around this? We move on to the last piece of the trifecta: Revolut. Lately, a lot of rumors about them locking up your funds for you or somesuch have been circulating but so far no one I know has had anything bad happen to them, so I feel that I can still recommend this service without feeling guilty. If you are concerned about this kind of thing potentially happening, however, please do a bit of your own research before you trust them with your money. When you utilize this method, your money will stay on their platform only for a minute but it's still worth it to be completely sure. First you'll need to register. Unlike Curve, you will actually have to go through the "Know Your Customer" verification, but people have reported that getting an account up and running typically takes only an hour, so it's not too bad. Once you are set up, you will already have an account to deposit your money into. All you need to do after is the setup of virtual debit card in the app and you are good to go. Let's take a look how easy it is to get non-Euro currency onto the card. So, here we are in Revolut app and the first thing we do is to click here on the home page. Add money in your currency. I have British pounds that I'm going to use for this demonstration, so that's what I'm going with. So, add money and here you choose your card and the amount, and then you click on "Add money". Here we go. I got a notification. I have the money. The next step here is to exchange said money, so I'm going to go here. Click on this button and exchange and I'm going to exchange it to Euros. And here we go. We now have Euros on the account instead of the Pounds and this is what you want. And then, we go to the cards section. We have my virtual Revolut card and that's all you need. You don't need to get a real card and I don't even have a real card, I just have this virtual one. So, you click on this eye on the top left corner and you will then see the whole number and all the other information you need. Copy this information to whatever you want, like a piece of paper or notepad or whatever and then you go to the app. I'm going to have to top up. And I'm going to choose Credit Card. And here I have three cards listed and the topmost card happens to be my Revolut card. I actually had to add another 10 Euros to the account because I wouldn't be able to fill this top up otherwise because it's a minimum of 20 Euros. Let's try. Yep, no fee, no nothing. Fill the code. Oh yeah. Success! So basically, I lost nothing to conversion here. I think that pretty much covers it, so that's all for this video, folks. If you like the content let me know by hitting that like button. If you are interested in seeing more videos like this feel free to subscribe as I intend to cover a lot more topics regarding the card and how to get most out of it in the future. Do drop by in Discord if you haven't already. We have a nice community there which can help you with any questions that may arise. Stay safe and take it easy!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Hello guys, welcome to a new "EZ Tutorial" video. Today I will show you how to create a falling text animation in after effects as you can see in these examples. Create a new composition Create a text layer and type in "animation". Center it using the align tool. Twirl down this little arrow here, click on animate, and select position. Hide the text by setting the y position to -900. Click on the "Range Selector" and set a keyframe for offset on the first frame of our composition and type in -100. Go forward one second and type in 100. We already achived this movement. Now we need to click on the advanced settings and change the shape tu ramp up. Type in 50 for ease high and 50 for ease low. We have a nice fluid entrance now. Go again to animate and click on rotaation. In the animator 2 settings click on add, property, scale. Take the scale down to 0 percent and the rotation to about -90. Go into add, selector, and select expression. Twirl down the expression selector, hold the alt button pressed and click on the amount, than paste the expression witch you can find in the description of this video. Let's check again our animation. This was my falling text animation tutorial. Don't forget to hit the like button, share the video with your friends and subscribe to my channel. See you next time.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
We're starting with a doctor of acupuncture and Chinese medicine. This is Dr. Daniel Hsu (audience applauds) from AcuHealth right here in New York City. Thank you for joining us so much. It's my pleasure. Thank you for having me, guys. There are two main pillars of Chinese medicine. One of them is acupuncture, and the other one is herbal medicine. Now, herbal medicine can be delivered in all kinds of ways. You can have raw herbs and cook them, you can have granular herbs or powdered herbs, and you can have, for topical purposes, you can have herbs in patches. Mm-hm. Ooh! And a lot of these-- I didn't know about the herbal patches. Me either! Maybe we didn't see that. I did not know that! And a lot of these herbs, believe it or not, occur in, they exist in your kitchen. Right. So, ginger and mint, and, you know, garlic is an herb, too. So a lot of times, when you're eating food, you're actually using a lot of herbs. And are many of our medicines, they're plant-based to begin with, like things, right. Right, exactly. For example, aspirin. Well, the chemical in aspirin comes from the bark of the willow tree, and back in the old days, they used to boil the willow tree bark down and drink it and feel less pain, it's great. And it even says, doesn't it even say willow bark in the ingredients? (laughs) Right, sometimes it does that, right. Yeah, yeah. Sometimes it says willow bark. Chinese herbal formulas are complicated. Sometimes there are 20 or 30 different kinds of herbs. You got some herbs that are the main herbs, that are there for the actual effect. You got some herbs that are there to kind of help out those herbs, or sometimes even mitigate some of the side effects that you don't want. I got you. And then you got other herbs that are there to deliver it. So these are the raw ones, and this is a granular one. We're gonna have you guys taste the granular. All right. All right, so-- I wanted the pretty stuff that looks like potpourri! (Bob and audience laugh) You can taste it! I don't have the potpourri? You've got ginger, you've got mint, all right, and guess what this is, this is licorice! See, oh, yeah. Oh, you can go light on the licorice. It's actually pretty sweet. Licorice is kinda-- My older Italian relatives will be right with you there, but not me. (Daniel laughs) All right, let's try it. Here's a scoop for you-- Do some herbs have deer antler in them? I've heard that. Not, well, we don't use that kind of stuff. Yeah. No, no, no. Look, herbs can be plant-based, they can be mineral-based, and sometimes, they can be animal-based. But when they're animal-based, it's like a little bit of fat. Just a little bit. Just a little, oops, sorry. Yeah, kids, this is, you gotta consult with your doctor or a practitioner of herbology. Don't do this at home. Don't start mixing all kinds of weird herbs and eating them at home. Unless it's garlic and ginger, that's all right, but anything else. All right, here we go. Super hot, just kinda sip it, be careful. (glasses clink) Cheers! Cheers! Sip it, sip it, super hot. Delicious! Not bad? Doesn't taste like anything. Doesn't taste like anything. It tastes like hot water. Yeah. (audience cheers and claps) (twinkling chimes) (twinkling chimes)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
English: Some of the best moments of my life have happened in labs. Also some of the worst. Like the time that I took a week to prepare a sample for NMR analysis, and then a classmate washed out the vials while I was sleeping for the first time in 3 days. Because he "couldn't find anything else" to use for his experiment. Interestingly, that resulted in my personal most significant laboratory injury. We all have one; I cut my hand while punching a paper towel dispenser in frustration. No one ever brought it up again. Today, we're going to talk about how to avoid injury in the lab, and some good techniques for using laboratory equipment correctly. First two lessons already learned: never wash out a vial you aren't familiar with and don't punch paper towel dispensers. [Theme Music] Let's start with some very basic safety stuff; your hair. If your hair is long, it shall always be up in the lab. iw: כמה מהרגעים הטובים ביותר בחיי התרחשו במעבדות. וגם כמה מהגרועים ביותר. כמו הפעם ההיא שלקח לי שבוע שלם להכין דגימה בשביל ניתוח NMR, ואז חבר למעבדה שטף את הבקבוקוניםבזמן שישנתי לראשונה מזה 3 ימים. בגלל שהוא ״לא הצליח למצוא שום דבר אחר״ להשתמש בו בשביל הניסוי שלו באופן מעניין, זה הוביל לפציעה החמורה ביותר שחוויתי באופן אישי במעבדה. לכולנו יש כזו; חתכתי את ידי בזמן שנתתי אגרוף פח מגבות נייר מרוב תסכול. אף אחד לא הזכיר את זה שוב. היום, אנחנו הולכים לדבר על איך להימנע מפציעות במעבדה ועל כמה טכניקות טובות לשימוש בציוד מעבדה באופן נכון. בינתיים למדתם כבר שני שיעורים חשובים: לעולם אל תשטפו בקבוקון שלא מוכר לכם, ולעולם אל תתנו אגרוף לפח מגבות נייר. מוזיקת פתיחה בואו נתחיל עם כמה דגשי בטיחות בסיסיים; השיער שלכם. אם יש לכם שיער ארוך, יש לאסוף אותו תמיד בתוך המעבדה. Spanish: Algunos de los mejores momentos de mi vida sucedieron en laboratorios. También algunos de los peores. Como la vez en que me tomó una semana entera preparar una muestra para un análisis NMR y luego un colega lavó TODOS los viales, mientras yo estaba durmiendo por primera vez después de 3 días. Porque "no encontró nada más" que usar para su experimento. Curiosamente, esto resultó en mi más significante lesión en laboratorio. Todos tenemos una: yo me corté la mano tras golpear el dispensador de toallas de papel por la frustración. El tema nunca más se volvió a mencionar. Hoy, vamos a hablar sobre cómo evitar lesiones en el laboratorio, y sobre algunas buenas técnicas para usar correctamente el equipo de laboratorio. Primeras dos lecciones aprendidas: nunca laves nada cuyo contenido desconozcas y no golpees dispensadores de toallas de papel. Comencemos con medidas muy básicas de seguridad: tu cabello. Si tu cabello es largo, siempre tienes que recogértelo. Arabic: بعض أفضل لحظات حياتي كانت في المختبرات، وبعض أسوئها أيضًا! كما حين استغرقت أسبوعًا لتحضير عينة لتحليل مطيافية الرنين النووي ثم غسل أحد زملائي القوارير بينما كنت نائمًا للمرة الأولى منذ ثلاثة أيام لأنه لم يجد شيئا آخر يستخدمه لتجربته. المثير للاهتمام أن ذلك أدى إلى أهم إصابة لي في المختبر. كلنا لدينا إصابة مهمة. جرحت يدي حين لكمت صندوق المحارم الورقية بسبب شعوري بالإحباط. لم يذكر أحد الأمر ثانية أبدًا. اليوم، سنتحدث عن طريقة تفادي أية إصابات في المختبر. وعن بعض التقنيات الجيدة لاستخدام معدات المختبر بالطريقة الصحيحة. أول درسين علينا تعلمهما هما ألا تغسل قارورة لا تعرفها أبدًا ولا تلكم صناديق المحارم الورقية. فلنبدأ بأشياء أساسية في مجال السلامة، شعرك. إن كان شعرك طويلًا، يجب رفعه دائمًا في المختبر. Danish: Nogle af mine bedste øjeblikke af mit liv skete i laboratoriet; også nogle af de værste. F.eks. den gang det tog mig en uge, at lave en prøve til en NMR analyse, og så tog en klassekammerat flakonerne og vaskede dem, imens jeg sov for første gang i 3 dage, Fordi han "ikke kunne finde andre at bruge, til hans eksperiment". Interessant nok resulterede dét i min første, personlige, utrolige skade i laboratoriet. Vi har alle én; Jeg skar min hånd, da jeg slog en papir-dispenser i frustration. Ingen snakkede om det igen. Idag skal vi snakke om, hvordan man undgår skader i lab. og nogle teknikker, til at bruge laboratorieudstyr korrekt. De to første ting vi allerede har lært, aldrig skylle en kolbe, du ikke kender indholdet af, og lad vær' at slå en papir-dispensere Lad os starte med nogle basale råd om sikkerhed, dit hår. Hvis dit hår er langt, skal det ALTID være oppe i laboratoriet. Hvis ikke, vil der Spanish: Si, no se incendiará. Créanme, lo he visto. También puede causar que vuelques cosas, taparte los ojos o incluso puede meterse en alguno de tus frascos. Lo mismo se aplica para cualquier cosa que cuelgue de tu cuerpo en el laboratorio. La ropa floja, especialmente las mangas, son un desastre total. La ropa debería cubrir tu cuerpo lo máximo posible. Yo prefiero incluso usar mangas largas. Nunca, nunca, nunca, NUNCA, uses sandalias en el laboratorio. Pantalones largos, zapatos cerrados y medias; ropa que cubra todo tu torso. SIEMPRE. Estoy seguro de que te ves cool en tus bividis, y no tengo nada en contra de las puperas en principio, pero no en el laboratorio. Por supuesto, tus ojos son los órganos más vulnerables. Siempre usa gafas de protección, y no, los lentes no cuentan. Y si sientes que tus ojos comienzan a arder o a doler, o incluso si no sabes cómo algo se te metió en el ojo, usa el lavado de ojos. Porque nunca está de más ser cuidadoso, y, hay que admitirlo, todos hemos querido saber cómo se siente el lavado de ojos. De hecho, nunca lo he hecho. Así que será una nueva experiencia para mí. Arabic: وإن لم يكن مرفوعًا، فسيشتعل حتمًا. رأيت ذلك يحدث. قد يوقع الأشياء أيضًا، ويعيق رؤيتك وقد يتساقط في دوارقك. وذلك ينطبق على أي شيء يتدلى عن جسدك في المختبر. الملابس المتدلية، وخاصة الأكمام، إنها كارثة حقيقية. يجب أن تغطي الملابس جسدك بأكبر قدر ممكن. أحب ارتداء الأكمام الطويلة. وإياك أن ترتدي الصنادل في المختبر. بناطيل طويلة، وأحذية وجوارب مغلقة وملابس تغطي الجذع بالكامل، دائمًا. أنا متأكد أنك تبدو مفتول العضلات بقميصك بدون الكمين وليس لدي مانع في الكشف عن الجزء الأوسط من الجسد مبدئيًا لكن ليس لي المختبر. بالطبع، عيناك هما العضو الأكثر عرضة للأذى، لذا، ضع حماية لهما دائمًا. وكلا، النظارة وحدها لا تكفي. وإن شعرت بوخز أو ألم في عينيك أو حتى لا تدري كيف وصل إليهما شيء ما فاستخدم جهاز غسل العينين. لأن الحذر الزائد لا يؤذي أبدًا. وكلنا تساءلنا كيف يكون الشعور عند استخدامه. لم أفعل هذا قط في الواقع، لذا، ستكون هذه تجربة جديدة بالنسبة إلي. iw: אם לא תאספו, הוא יידלק. ראיתי את זה קורה. הוא גם עלול להפיל דברים, להסתיר את ראייתכם וליפול לתוך הפלאסקים שלכם. אותו הדבר בנוגע לדברים שעשויים להיות תלויים על גופכם בזמן המעבדה. בגדים רפויים במיוחד, שרוולים בפרט, הם אסון של ממש. בגדים צריכים לכסות את גופכם כמה שאפשר; בעדיפות לשרוולים ארוכים ממש אף פעם, אף פעם, אף פעם, אך פעם, אף פעם אל תנעלו סנדלים במעבדה. מכנסיים ארוכים, נעליים סגורות וגרביים; בגדים שמכסים את כל פלג גופכם העליון. תמיד. אני בטוח שאתם נראים חתיכים בחולצה ללא שרוולים שלכם, ואין לי שום דבר נגד גוף עליון חשוף בעיקרון, אבל לא במעבדה. כמובן, העיניים שלכם הם האיבר הפגיע ביותר שלכם. לבשו תמיד מגיני עיניים, ולא, משקפיים רגילות לא נחשבות. אם אתם מרגישים עיקצוץ בעיניים, כאב, או גירוי וגם אם אין לכם מושג איך משהו יכל להגיע אל העיניים, השתמשו בשוטף העיניים. לא מזיק להיות זהירים, ואתם יודעים, כולנו תהינו איך זה מרגיש. האמת שבחיים לא עשיתי את זה, אז זו חוויה חדשה לגמרי בשבילי. אהההההההההההה English: If it is not, it will catch on fire. I've seen it happen. It can also knock stuff over, and occlude your vision, and droop into your flasks. Same thing goes for anything that might hang off your body in the lab. Droopy clothing, especially sleeves, are a total disaster. Clothes should cover your body as much as possible; I like to go long-sleeve even. Never, ever, ever, ever, ever wear sandals in a lab. Long pants, closed-toed shoes, and socks; clothing that covers your entire torso. Always. I'm sure you look hunky in your muscle shirts, and I have nothing against exposed midriffs as a principle, but not in the lab. Of course your eyes are your most vulnerable organ. Always wear eye protection, and no, just glasses do not count. And if you feel like your eyes are starting to tingle, or hurt, or even if you don't know how something might have gotten in there, use the eye wash. Because it never hurts to be careful, and, you know, we've all wondered what it feels like. I've actually never done this, so this will be a new experience for me. Aaagh. Danish: gå ild i det. Jeg har set det ske. Det kan også vælte ting, sløre dit syn, og hænge ned i kolberne. Det samme gælder for løsthængende ting i lab. Løsthængende tøj, især ærmer er forfærdelige. Tøj skal dække din krop, så meget så muligt; jeg kan godt lide lange ærmer. Bær ALDRIG(!) sandaler i et laboratorie. Lange bukser, lukkede sko og strømper; tøj der dækker hele overkroppen. ALTID! Du ser sikkert godt i din undertrøje, og i princippet har jeg intet imod bar mave.. Bare ikke i laboratoriet. Dine øjne er selvfølgelig dit mest sårbare organ, bær altid beskyttelsesbriller, og nej, alm. briller gælder ikke. Hvis du kan mærke, at dine øjne begynder at prikke, gøre ondt eller du bare ikke ved, hvordan noget er kommet derind, så brug øjnskylleren. Det skader aldrig at passe på, og vi har alle tænkt på, hvordan det føles. Jeg har aldrig prøvet det her, så det her vil være en helt ny oplevelse for mig. iw: בהאע! זה לא מרגיש נעים במיוחד, אבל זה עדיף על כוויה בעיניים. אין לאכול או לשתות בתוך המעבדה. למרות כל מאמצינו, לפעמים דברים מוצאים את דרכם למקומות שאנחנו לא רוצים שהם יהיו בהם, ואם משהו יכנס לכם לתוך האוכל, או אם בטעות תקחו את הכוס הלא נכונה, זה סתם סיפור ממש מביך להספד שלכם. כמו כן, באופן כללי, אני ממליץ להימנע מלעבוד לבד במעבדה, במיוחד אם אתם עובדים עם ציוד או חומרים מסוכנים. אבל זה יהיה לשיקול דעת המדריכים שלכם לקבל את ההחלטה הזו בבוא העת. יכול להיות שראיתם את הסמל הקטן הזה בעבר, למשל כאן, זה סמל החומרים המסוכנים, או יהלום החומרים המסוכנים. יש עליו מידע מאוד שמושי. כל ״קופסה״ קטנה מדורגת בין 0 ל-4. אפס אומר ״לא סיפור גדול״, ואילו ארבע אומר ״אלוהים אדירים תיזהרו!״ כחול הוא בשביל בריאות, אדום בשביל חומרים דליקים, צהוב בשביל ריאקטיביות כימית. ציון 4 בריאותי אומר שמידת חשיפה כלשהיא תהרוג אתכם. ציון 4 ניתן לחומרים מאוד דליקים ונדיפים, שאי אפשר לשלוט בהם מחוץ למיכל סגור. וציון 4 בפירושו שהחומר עלול להתפוצץ בטמפרטורת החדר. Spanish: No se siente particularmente placentero, pero es mejor que sentir que tus ojos se queman. No comas ni bebas en el laboratorio. A pesar de nuestros mejores esfuerzos, las cosas a veces se meten donde no deberían meterse, y si se meten en tu comida, o si accidentalmente te equivocas de vaso, eso será simplemente una historia muy vergonzosa para tu obituario. También sugeriría evitar trabajar solo en el laboratorio, especialmente si estás trabajando con cualquier maquinaria o sustancia peligrosa. Pero dependerá de ti y tus consejeros tomar una decisión adecuada cuando llegue el momento. Probablemente has visto este pequeño símbolo antes. Es el diamante de materiales peligrosos o el diamante HazMat, y tiene información muy útil. Cada rombo tiene una calificación de 0 a 4, siendo cero "no es gran cosa" y 4 "ten muchísimo cuidado". Azul es para salud, rojo para inflamabilidad y amarillo para reactividad química. Un 4 en salud significa que la exposición a esa sustancia te matará. Un 4 en fuego significa que es muy inflamable y a la vez, gaseoso, así que es imposible controlarle fuera de un contenedor cerrado. Y un 4 en reactividad significa que es capaz de explotar a temperatura ambiente. Danish: Aaaah. Gah! Det føles ikke særlig rart. Men det er bedre end at få dine øjne brændt! Lad være spise og drikke i laboratoriet. Selvom vi gør vores bedste, kan ting ende steder, vi ikke vil have, og hvis det ender i din mad, eller at du, ved et uheld, tager den forkerte kop, så er det en pinlig historie for din nekrolog. Jeg vil foreslå generelt at undgå, at arbejde alene i laboratoriet, især hvis du arbejder med maskiner eller farlige kemikalier. Men det vil være op til dig og dine vejledere til den tid. Du har måske set dette symbol før, det er "branddiamanten", den har brugbar information i sig, hver af de små bokse er nummeret 0-4; "0" er uskadelig og "4" er "Vær MEGET forsigtig!" Blå står for helbred, den røde for brandbarhed og gul er for kemisk reaktivitet. En "4"'er i helbred betyder, at specifikke former for eksponeringer vil dræbe dig. En "4"'er i brandbarhed, både i brandfarlige og gasformig tilstand er umulig at kontrollere uden for en lukket beholder. Og en "4"'er i reaktivitet betyder, at den er i stand til at eksplodere ved stuetemperatur. Arabic: ليس شعورًا سارًا. لكنه أفضل من ترك عينيك تحترقان. لا تشرب في المختبر. رغم جهودنا، فإن الأشياء تصل إلى أماكن لا نريدها فيها أحيانًا. وإن سقطت على طعامك، أو إن التقطت الكوب الخطأ بالصدفة فستكون تلك قصة محرجة تُروى في نعيك. كما أقترح عامة تفادي العمل بمفردك في مختبر خاصة إن كنت تستخدم آليات أو مواد خطيرة. لكن سيكون القرار في ذلك عائدًا إليك وإلى مشرفك حين يأتي الوقت لذلك. ربما رأيت هذا الرمز من قبل. إنها إشارة أو معين المواد الخطيرة، وتحتوي معلومات مفيدة، وكل من المربعات مقيّم من صفر إلى أربعة. حيث تعني "صفر" ليس الأمر خطيرًا وأربعة تعني "يا للهول! كن حذرًا!". الأزرق يرمز للصحة والأحمر للقابلية للاشتعال والأصفر للتفاعلية الكيميائية. الأربعة في الصحة تعني أن أنواع معينة من التعرض قد تقتلك. والأربعة في مربع النار تعني "شديد الاشتعال" و"غازيّ". أي أنه من المستحيل السيطرة عليه خارج وعاء مغلق. ورقم أربعة في جزء التفاعلية يعني أنه قابل للانفجار في درجة حرارة الغرفة. English: Gah! It does not feel particularly pleasant, but it's better than having your eyes burned out. Do not eat or drink in the lab. Despite our best efforts, stuff does sometimes get where we don't want it to be, and if it gets in your food, or you accidentally pick up the wrong cup, that's just a really embarrassing story for your obituary. Also I would generally suggest avoiding working alone in a lab, especially if you're working with any machinery or hazardous substances. But it will be up to you and your advisers to make that decision when the time comes. You may have seen this little symbol before, here. It's the Hazardous Material or HazMat diamond, and it's got some useful information in it. Each little box is rated 0 to 4. Zero being "no big deal," and four being HOLY MONKEY BE CAREFUL. Blue is for health, the red is for flammability, and yellow is for chemical reactivity. A 4 in health means certain kinds of exposure will kill you. A 4 in fire is both very flammable and gaseous, so impossible to control outside of a closed container. And a 4 in reactivity means that it is capable of exploding at room temperature. Arabic: المنطقة الصغيرة في الأسفل مخصصة لأي معلومات إضافية. كمعرفة إن كان نشطًا إشعاعيًا، أو يتفاعل بعنف مع الماء أو ما شابه ذلك. إن أردت معرفة المزيد عن مادة كيميائية، أو ما قد تفعله لك أو للعالم، فهناك صحيفة بيانات سلامة المادة. كل مادة كيماوية لها مثل تلك الصحيفة، وستبين لكم ما قد تسببه لك. إن أردت إيجاد صحيفة منها بسرعة فلم يعد عليك التوجه إلى الخزانة، بل يمكنك البحث على غوغل عن صحيفة بيانات السلامة لأي مركب تظن أنه يقتل صديقك. ستجد كل المعلومات عن طريقة علاج الشخص الذي تعرض للمواد الكيماوية. بالطبع، كان عليك قراءة صحيفة بيانات السلامة قبل حتى أن تلمس المادة الكيماوية. كما عليك أن تفترض أن أي سائل في المختبر، غير الماء، قابل للاشتعال. هذا الجهاز هو خزانة الأبخرة. وهو يمتص كل الهواء في الداخل إلى الخارج حتى لا يكون عليك استنشاق ما في الداخل. كما أنه السبب الذي يجعل من المستحيل إبقاء مختبرات الكيمياء في الحرارة المناسبة. لأن وحدات التكييف والتدفئة تضخ باستمرار الهواء المضبوط وهذه تمتصه وتخرجه باستمرار. إذن، إن كنت تقوم بتجارب كيميائية قد تحتوي أبخرة ضارة يجب أن تفعل ذلك هنا. iw: האזור הקטן מתחת נועד לכל מידע נוסף, למשל האם החומר רדיואקטיבי, או מגיב באופן אלים עם מים או משהו אחר. אם אי פעם תצטרכו לדעת עוד על כימיקל ומה הוא עלול לעשות לכם או לעולם יש את מדריך ה-MSDS הישן והטוב, גיליון המידע לבטחיות השימוש בחומרים. לכל כימיקל יש גיליון כזה, והוא יפרט את כל הדברים הנוראיים שהחומר עלול לגרום לכם ואם אי פעם תצטרכו למצוא גיליון כזה במהירות, אתם כבר לא צריכים ללכת לארון המסמכים; אתם יכולים פשוט לחפש בגוגל MSDS ואת שם החומר, למשל MSDS HCl, בזמן שאתם הורגים את החברים שלכם. תוכלו למצוא שם מידע על הדרך הטובה ביותר לטפל בבן אדם שנחשף לחומר. כמובן, מוטב שתמיד תקראו את גיליון ה-MSDS לפני שאתם נוגעים בכימיקל. כמו כן, עדיף שתמיד תניחו שכל נוזל במעבדה שהוא לא מים הוא נוזל דליק. המותק הזה לידי הוא מנדף כימי. הוא שואב את כל האוויר החוצה, כך שלא תצטרכו לנשום את מה שזה לא יהיה שתפתחו בפנים. זו גם הסיבה שבגללה בלתי אפשרי לשמור מעבדות בטמפרטורה נורמלית בגלל שיחידות המיזוג והחימום כל הזמן שואבות פנימה אויר מבוקר והמנדף כל הזמן שואב את האוויר החוצה. אז אם אתם עובדים על ניסוי שעלול לגרום לאדים מעוררי בחילה, הניסוי הזה הולך לכאן. English: The little area underneath is for any extra information like if it's radioactive, or reacts violently with water or something. If you ever need to know more about a chemical and what it might do to you or to the world, there is the good 'ole MSDS, the material safety data sheet. Every chemical has one, and it'll tell you all the terrible things that it might do to you. If you ever need to find one really fast, you don't need to go to the cabinet anymore; you can just Google 'MSDS HCl' or whatever chemical you think is in the process of killing your friend. There will be information on how best to treat the person who got exposed. Of course, you should have always read the MSDS before you even touch a chemical. Also, you should probably assume that every liquid in a lab that is not water is flammable. This baby here is a fume hood. It sucks all the air in there out, so you don't have to breathe whatever is going on in there. It's also why it's impossible to keep chemistry labs at the proper temperature, because the A/C units and heating units are constantly pumping in controlled air, and these are constantly sucking it out. So if you're doing some chemistry that might contain some noxious fumes, that goes on in here. Danish: Det lille område forneden er til ekstra information: hvis det er radioaktivt, hvis det reagerer kraftigt med vand eller andre ting. Hvis du vil vide mere om et kemikalie og hvad den gør ved dig eller verden; så er der sikkerhedsbladet! Hvert kemikalie har en og den vil fortælle dig alt, hvad det kemikalie kan gøre ved dig. Hvis du nogensinde skal finde ét hurtigt, behøver du bare at google "MSDS HCL" (på engelsk) eller hvilket-som-helst kemikalie, der er igang med at dræbe din ven. Der er information om, hvordan man behandler personen som blev eksponeret. Selvfølgelig burde du altid, have læst sikkerhedsbladet inden du overhovedet rører et kemikalie. Desuden, bør du gå ud fra at alle væsker i laboratoriet, der ikke er vand, er brandbare. Denne skønhed er et stinkskab. Den suger alt luften ud af skabet, så du ikke indånder, hvad der nu sker derinde. Det er også derfor, det er umuligt at holde kemilaboratorier på den rigtige temperatur, fordi aircondition-elementerne og varmeelementerne konstant pumper kontrolleret luft ind, og de her suger den konstant ud. Så hvis du laver kemi, der måske indeholder giftige dampe, det Spanish: La pequeña área debajo es para cualquier otro tipo de información, por ejemplo, si es que es radiactivo, o que reacciona violentamente con el agua o algo así. Si alguna vez necesitas saber más sobre cualquier química y sus efectos en ti y el mundo, siempre hay el buen viejo MSDS, la hoja informativa sobre sustancias peligrosas. Cada químico tiene un MSDS, y te dirá todas las terribles cosas que te puede causar. Si alguna vez necesitas encontrar el MSDS super rápido, no necesitas buscar en el gabinete como antes; puedes simplemente "googlear" "MSDS HCl" o cualquier químico que creas que está en el proceso de matar a tu amigo. Habrá información sobre la mejor manera de tratar a una persona que ha sido expuesta. Por supuesto, siempre tienes que leer el MSDS antes siquiera de tocar un químico. También, debes probablemente asumir que cualquier líquido en el laboratorio, que no sea agua, es inflamable. Este bebé aquí es una campana de extracción. Chupa todo el aire y lo envía afuera, para que no tengas que respirar lo que sea que se esté formando ahí. También es la razón por la cual es imposible mantener un laboratorio de química a la temperatura adecuada, porque las unidades de aire acondicionado y unidades de calefacción están constantemente bombeando aire controlado y las campanas lo están chupando y expulsando. Así que si vas a hacer química que pueda contener o generar humos nocivos, eso debe ir dentro de la campana. iw: ואם אתם רוצים שזה יעבוד כמו שצריך, אתם צריכים, קודם כל, להדליק את המנדף. יש את המאורר ויש את המפזר. עכשיו זה שואב אוויר. הדבר השני שתרצו לעשות הוא לוודא שמכסה המגן ממוקם בגובה הנכון. יש סימן קטן שמראה לכם לאיזה גובה מכסה המגן צריך להיות מורם. אם תעלו מעבר אליו, בדגם הזה למשל [זמזום מכשיר], הוא יצפצף עליכם. אם מכסה המגן גבוה מהסימן המנדך לא יעבוד כמו שצריך, ולא ימנע מהאדים לצאת החוצה; חלק מהאדים עלולים להגיע לפנים שלכם, וזה יהיה רע. כהערת שוליים, אם משהו קורה לכם במעבדה ואתם לא יודעים אם זה חמור או סתם משהו קטן; אתם לא בטוחים, פשוט תגידו למדריכים שלכם. פעם, שאפתי בטעות קצת חנקן חמצני (NO), ולמרות שבהתחלה זה היה ממש-ממש לא נעים, הרגשתי כאילו זה נרגע אחרי קצת זמן. אך עשויות להיות לכך השפעות ארוכות טווח: כאבי ראש, בחילה, אי-התמצאות, סחרחורות, שיעול דמי ומוות. אז אני שמח שהתחרפנתי, וככה באמת יכלו לטפל בי. אם כבר מזכירים את זה, אם אתם תוהים איך משהו מריח, אל תדחפו את הפנים שלכם בתוך זה תנפנפו את אדי הריח לכיוון הפנים שלכם. כמו כן, אף פעם אל תטעמו חומרים, כמובן. ואף פעם אל תשתמשו בפיפטור בעזרת הפה. אני שומע אנשים אומרים ״למה שמישהו יעשה את זה?!״, English: And if you want it to work properly, first you gotta turn it in. That's the vent and that's the blower. Now it is sucking air. The second thing you want to do is make sure the sash is at the right level. This has a little thing that tells you where the sash is supposed to go. If you go above that, on this model, [machine buzzes] it'll buzz at you. If the sash is higher than that, it's not gonna properly vent all the stuff to the outside; some of it might get into your face and that would be bad. As a side note here, if something happens to you in the lab and if you don't know whether it was serious or minor; you're not sure, just tell your instructor. I once inhaled a bit of nitric oxide which, though initially extremely unpleasant, seemed to subside after a while. But it can have longer term effects: headache, nausea, disorientation, dizziness, pulmonary edema, death. So I'm glad I fessed up, so that I could get taken care of. Speaking of, if you want to know what something smells like, do not stick your face in it. Waft, waft it toward your face. Also never test something by tasting it, obviously. And never pipette by mouth. I hear people say that and like who would, Arabic: وإن أردت أن يعمل جيدًا، عليك أولًا تشغيله. هذه هي فتحة التهوية، وهذا هو المنفاخ، وهو الآن يسحب الهواء. الشيء الثاني الذي عليك فعله هو التأكد من أن الإطار في المستوى الصحيح. وهناك شيء صغير يبين لك أين يجب وضع الإطار. إن كان مرتفعًا عن المكان الصحيح، فسيصدر صوتًا في هذا الموديل. إن كان الحزام مرتفعًا أكثر فلن يخرج الأشياء الضارة للخارج وقد يصل بعضها إلى وجهك، وسيكون ذلك سيئا. لدي ملاحظة جانبية. إن حدث لك شيء في المختبر، ولم تعرف إن كان خطيرًا أو بسيطًا ولم تكن متأكدًا، فأخبر مرشدك فحسب. في إحدى المرات، استنشقت أحادي النتريك، ورغم أن ذلك كان مزعجًا جدًا في البداية بدا أن مفعوله توقف بعد مدة، لكن قد تكون له تأثيرات طويلة المدى كالصداع والغثيان والتوهان والدوار ووذمة الرئة، والموت. لذا، أنا سعيد لأني اعترفت بذلك، لأتلقى الرعاية المطلوبة. بالمناسبة، إن أردت معرفة رائحة شيء ما فلا تقرب وجهك منه. بل ادفع هواءه باتجاه وجهك. ولا تجرب شيئا بتذوقه بالتأكيد. وإياك تمتص شيئا بفمك. أسمع الناس يقولون ذلك، فيرد البعض "من قد يفعل ذلك؟!" Spanish: Y si quieres que funcione correctamente, primero tienes que prenderla. Este es el respiradero y este es el soplador. Y ahora está succionando el aire. La segunda cosa que quieres hacer asegurarte que el marco esté en el nivel adecuado. Esto tiene una pequeña cosa que te dice a qué altura el marco debe ir. Si estás sobre el nivel, en este modelo, emitirá un sonido. Si el marco está por encima, la campana no va a succionar adecuadamente los humos. Parte del humo puede ir directo hacia tu cara y eso no sería bueno. Paréntesis: si algo pasa en el laboratorio y no sabes si es algo serio o algo menor, si no estás seguro, solo avisa a tu instructor. Una vez inhalé un poco de óxido nítrico, que inicialmente fue extremadamente desagradable, pero pareció desvanecerse después de un rato. Pero puede tener efectos a largo plazo: dolores de cabeza, náusea, desorientación, mareo, edema pulmonar, muerte. Así que me alegra haberlo confesado, para ser atendido. Lo que me lleva a decir, si quieren saber a qué huele algo, no metan su cara en el frasco. Llévenlo con su mano hacia su cara. y también, obviamente, nunca prueben algo con la boca. Y nunca pipeteen con la boca. He escuchado a la gente "¿¿quién lo haría??", Danish: sker herinde. Hvis du vil have den til at virke ordenligt, skal du først tænde den. Dette er udluftningen. Det er blæseren. Nu suger den luften. Den anden ting, du skal huske er, at ruden er på det rigtige niveau. Det her lille mærke fortæller hvor ruden skal være. Hvis du kommer over den, på den her model, så vil den advare dig. Hvis ruden er højere end det, vil den ikke ventilere ordentligt; noget af det ender måske i dit ansigt, det ville ikke være godt. En sidebemærkning, hvis der sker noget med dig i laboratoriet og du ikke ved, om det er slemt eller ikke så slemt, sig det til din vejleder. Jeg indåndede engang lidt nitrogenmonooxid, (Formel: NO), hvilket i starten var meget ubehageligt, forsvandt langsomt efter et stykke tid. Men det kan have langtidsvirkende effekter: Hovedpine, kvalme, disorientering, svimmelhed, lungeødem, død. Så jeg er glad for, at jeg tilstod, så jeg kunne blive behandlet. Apropos, hvis du gerne vil vide, hvordan noget lugter, lad være med stikke ansigtet ned i det. Vift. Vift det imod dit ansigt, du skal heller aldrig prøve at smage på noget, indlysende nok. og ALDRIG pipette med munden. Jeg hører folk sige det, og tænker: "Hvem ville dog det?", English: but then I just found out that Heiko, the chemistry consultant for Crash Course, has twice gotten HCl in his mouth by-from pipetting by mouth, which I will never forgive you for. That is what these things are for. You put that on the end there, and then you go one; you draw the liquid up with this thing. That's what that's for! Also, these days, most pipetting is done by these guys, which are way cooler anyway. Pipetting is one way to move a substance from one container to another, and it's a pretty good one. But if you want to pour, you can pour, but let me just give you a tip: commit. We tend to get all nervous when pouring stuff in the chemistry lab and go all slow with it, but that's terrible; you won't overcome the surface tension and it'll dribble down the side of the container, so just commit! At the beginning and at the end. Destroy that surface tension! OK, back to safety. The most common lab injuries are cuts and punctures, and the most common source of those is cleaning up broken glass, which you should not do with your hands, but with a broom and a dustpan, and then deposit the results into a bin specifically for sharp stuff. But the worst thing, and it has happened so many times and it's so terrible, Danish: men så fandt jeg ud af, at Heiko, kemikonsulenten for Crash Course, 2 gange har fået HCl i hans mund ved at pipette med munden, hvilket jeg aldrig vil tilgive dig. Det er dét, de her er til for. Du putter den her på enden og så fortsætter du. Du tager væsken op med den her ting. Det er, hvad den er til! Selvom man, nu om dage, bruger de her, som er langt mere cool. Pipette er en måde at flytte stof fra en beholder til en anden, og metoden er ret god. Men hvis du vil hælde, så gør du det, men lad mig give dig et råd: GØR DET. Vi har en tendens til at blive nervøse, når vi hælder noget, i laboratoriet, og gøre det langsomt, men det er forfærdeligt! Du bryder ikke overfladespændingen, og det vil dryppe ned af siden på beholderen, så gør det! Ved start og ved slut. Ødelæg overfladespændingen! OK. Tilbage til sikkerheden. De mest alm. laboratorieskader er snitsår og perforeringer, og de mest alm. veje til det, er, at rydde ødelagt glas af vejen. Hvilket du ikke skal gøre med dine hænder, men med en kost og et fejeblad, og derefter smide det i beholder med skarpe ting. Men det værste der kan ske, og det er sket mange gange og det er så forfærdeligt, Arabic: لكني عرفت للتو أن هايكو، المستشار الكيميائي لبرنامجنا أدخل حمض الهيدروكلوريك في فمه مرتين حين امتصه بفمه. ولن أسامحك على ذلك أبدًا. لهذا صُنعت هذه الأدوات. تضعها على الحافة، ثم تضغط، وتسحب السائل بها. لهذا تُستخدم هذه الأداة. كما أن معظم الامتصاص يتم بهذه الأشياء حاليًا وهي أروع بكثير على أي حال. الامتصاص هو أحد طرق نقل المادة من وعاء لآخر. وهي طريقة جيدة جدًا. لكن إن أردت السكب، فيمكنك ذلك، لكن اسمح لي بإعطائك نصيحة. عليك أن تكون واثقًا، عادة ما نتوتر عند سكب المواد في المختبرات ونفعل ذلك ببطء، لكن ذلك مريع. لن تتحكم بالتوتر السطحي، وستجعل المادة تسيل عن جانب الوعاء. لذا، كن واثقًا. في البداية وعند النهاية، اقض على التوتر السطحي. حسنًا، فلنعد لإجراءات السلامة. الإصابات الأكثر شيوعًا في المختبرات هي الجروح والثقوب. وأكبر مصدر لتلك الإصابات هو تنظيف الزجاج المكسور وذلك ما عليك ألا تفعله بيديك، بل بمكنسة ومجرود ثم وضع ما جمعته في خزان مخصص للأشياء الحادة. لكن أسوأ شيء، وقد حدث مرات كثيرة، وهو مروع للغاية Spanish: pero luego me enteré que Heiko, el consultor de química para Crash Course, ha tenido HCl en su boca dos veces, por pipetear con la boca, cosa que yo nunca les perdonaría. Para eso están estas cosas: Pones esto en la punta y giras la rueda y el líquido sube con esta cosa. ¡Para eso sirve! Además, en esta época, la mayoría del pipeteo es hecho por estos chicos, que son mucho más cool de todas formas. Pipetear es una manera de mover una sustancia de un contenedor a otro, y es una excelente forma. Pero si quieres verter, puedes hacerlo, pero déjenme darles un pequeño tipo: comprométanse. Tendemos a ponernos todo nerviosos cuando vertemos cosas en el laboratorio de química y lo hacemos lentamente, pero es terrible. No superarás la tensión superficial y se va a chorrear por un lado del contenedor, así que sólo comprométanse. Al principio y al final. ¡Destruyan la tensión superficial! OK, de vuelta a la seguridad. Las lesiones más comunes en el laboratorio son cortes y pinchazos, y la fuente más común de estas lesiones es cuando se recoge vidrios rotos, lo cual no deberías hacer con tus manos, pero con una escoba y una pala, y luego depositarlos en un basurero específico para objetos cortopunzantes. Pero lo peor, y ha pasado demasiadas veces y eso es terrible, iw: אבל לא מזמן גיליתי שהייקו, היועץ הכימי של קראש קורס, נחשף פעמיים ל-HCl בפה, בגלל ששאב לפיפטור בעזרת הפה, ואני לעולם לא אסלח לכם אם תעשו את זה בעצמכם. בשביל זה המציאו את הדברים הללו אתם שמים את זה בקצה, ואז אתם מגלגלים; אתם מעלים נוזל בעזרת המתקן הזה. בשביל זה הוא מיועד! וגם, בימינו, רוב הפיפטציה נעשית על ידי החבובים הללו, שהם מגניבים הרבה יותר בכל מקרה. פיפטציה היא דרך אחת להזיז נוזל ממיכל אחד לאחר, והיא דרך דיי טובה. אבל, אם אתם רוצים למזוג, אתם יכולים למזוג, פשוט תנו לי לתת לכם טיפ: תתחייבו. אנחנו נוטים להיות עצבניים ולהתרגש בזמן שאנחנו מוזגים חומרים במעבדה, ולעשות את זה ממש לאט, אבל זה נורא; אתם לא תתגברו על מתח הפנים של הנוזל, וזה יטפטף מהצד של המידל, אז פשוט תתחייבו! בסוף ובהתחלה. תהרסו את מתח הפנים! אוקי, חזרה לבטיחות. פציעת המעבדות הנפוצות ביותר הן חתכים וניקובים, והמקור הנפוץ ביותר לכך הוא מניקוי כלי זכוכית שבורים, שאסור שתעשו בידיים חשופות, אלא בעזרת מטאטא ויאה, ואת השברים תזרקו לתוך פח מיוחד לחפצים חדים (פח מחטים) אבל הדבר הכי נורא, וזה קרה כל כך הרבה פעמים שזה פשוט זוועה, English: is forcing a glass rod, or thermometer, or a piece of tubing through a stopper and then it breaks and then right into and through your hand. And it's -- you're in the hospital and you're in pain for the rest of your life, probably. So when you're doing this, and it is sometimes necessary, you can use a bit of water or lubricant or some kind of Vaseline to make it easier to go through, and then you hold it close and make sure your hand is not on the other side. So very close to make it go through like that; not like this, 'cause that's...no. When you're done with an experiment, do not just dump the results into the sink, unless this has been explicitly approved by the person in charge of chemical safety. For some chemicals, like common acids or bases, dilution is the solution to pollution. When they get diluted, all that's left is common ions like chloride ions from HCl or sodium ions from sodium hydroxide, in addition to some protons or hydroxide ions that are neutralized by buffer ions that are present in your sewage system anyway. Bottom line is they can be flushed with lots of water. iw: זה לנסות לדחוס בכוח צינור זכוכית או מד חום, דרך מעצור. ואז זה נשבר, ואז ישר לתוך היד שלכם. ואז כאילו, אתם בבית חולים, ויכאב לכם לשארית חייכם, כנראה אז כשאתם עושים משהו כזה, ולפעמים זה הכרחי, אתם יכולים להשתמש במעט מים כדי לסכך או למרוח קצת וזלין כדי להקל על מעבר הזכוכית במעצור. ואז אתם מחזיקים את זה קרוב, ושמים לב שהיד שלכם לא נמצאת בצד השני. כל כך מקרוב, וגורמים לזכוכית לעבור ככה (בסיבוב), ולא ככה- כי פשוט לא...לא. כשאתם מסיימים עם הניסוי, אל תשליכו פשוט את התוצאות לכיור, אלא אם זה אושר באופן מפורש על ידי האדם שאחראי על בטיחות השימוש בכימיקל. עבור כימיקלים מסוימים, כמו חומצות או בסיסים נפוצים, מיהול הוא התשובה לזיהום. כאשר הם נמהלים, כל מה שנותר הם יונים נפוצים כמו יוני כלור מ-HCl, או יוני נתרן מ-NaOH, בנוסף לכמה פרוטונים או יוני הידרוקסיד שעוברים ניטרול על ידי בופר יונים הנמצא במערכת הביוב שלנו בכל מקרה. בשורה התחתונה, אפשר להדיח אותם ביחד עם המון מים. Spanish: es forzar un tubo de vidrio o un termómetro o cualquier pedazo de tubo, a través de un tapón y luego se rompe y atraviesa directamente tu mano. Y es... terminas en el hospital y adolorido probablemente por el resto de tu vida. Así que cuando estés haciendo esto, y muchas veces es necesario, puedes usar un poco de agua o de lubricante o cualquier tipo de vaselina para facilitar el paso del tubo, y lo sostienes cerca del tapón y te aseguras de que tu mano no esté del otro lado del hueco. Muy cerca del tapón para que atraviese así. No así... porque eso es... no. Cuando hayas terminado un experimento, no botes los residuos en el lavadero, a menos que quien esté a cargo de la seguridad química lo haya aprobado explícitamente. Para algunos químicos, como ácidos comunes o bases, la dilución es la solución para la contaminación. Cuando los diluyes, lo único que queda son iones comunes como los iones cloruro del HCl o iones sodio del hidróxido de sodio, adicionalmente a algunos protons o iones hidroxilo que están neutralizados por iones buffer que están presentes en el sistema de alcantarillado, de todas formas. En conclusión, solo puedes botarlos con muchísima agua. Arabic: هو إدخال قضيب زجاجي أو مقياس حرارة أو قطعة أنبوب عبر سدادة فينكسر، ويخترق يدك. وستجد نفسك في المستشفى، وستتألم طوال حياتك على الأرجح. إذن، حين تفعل هذا، وهو ضروري أحيانًا يمكنك استخدام الماء أو مخفف احتكاك أو الفازلين لتسهيل تمرير القضيب. ثم إمساكه عن مقربة، مع التأكد من عدم وضع يدك على الجانب الآخر. إذن، من نقطة قريبة، ثم تمريره بهذه الطريقة. وليس هكذا، لأن هذا... لا! حين تنتهي من تجربة، لا تلقي بالنتائج في الحوض إلا إن تم إعطاء الموافقة من الشخص المسؤول عن السلامة في المختبر. بالنسبة لبعض المواد الكيماوية، كالأحماض والقواعد الشائعة التخفيف هو الحل للتلوث. عند تخفيفها، لا يبقى سوى الأيونات العادية مثل أيونات الكلوريد، مثل حمض الهيدروكلوريك أو أيونات الصوديوم من هيدروكسيد الصوديوم. إضافة لبعض أيونات البروتونات والهيدروكسيد التي تفقد مفعولها بالأيونات المخففة الموجودة في نظام المجاري في كل الأحوال. النتيجة النهائية أنه يمكن التخلص منها بكمية كبيرة من الماء. Danish: er at tvinge en glasstang, et termometer eller et stykke slange igennem en "stopper", og så knækker den, lige ind i og igennem din hånd og du er på hospitalet og du har smerter, sikkert resten af dit liv. Så når du gør det her, og det er nogle gange nødvendigt, så kan du bruge noget vand, glidecreme eller vaseline, så den nemmere kommer igennem. Og så holder du den tæt på, og sørg for at din hånd ikke er på den anden side. Meget tæt på for at den går igennem sådan her. Ikke sådan her, (griner), fordi det... Nej.. Når du er færdig med et eksperiment, så lad være med at smide resultaterne ud i vasken, medmindre at det, udtrykkeligt er godkendt af lederen for kemisk sikkerhed. For nogle kemikalier, som f.eks. alm. syrer eller baser, er fortynding løsningen til forurening. Når de bliver fortyndet, er der kun alm. alm. ioner som kloridioner fra HCl eller natriumioner fra natriumhydroxid udover nogle protoner eller hydroxidioner som bliver neutraliseret af "buffer"-ioner som alligevel er tilstede i kloaksystemet Bundlinjen er, at de kan skylles ud Danish: med masser af vand. Ved andre kemikalier, er det ikke klogt at skylle ud, Det skader måske ikke dig, men det skader måske miljøet. Put venligst produkterne i de rigtige affaldsbeholdere, men ikke hvilken som helst beholder. Forskellige opløsninger og reagenser skal bortskaffes forskelligt, og hvis du smider de forkerte stoffer i den forkerte beholder, kan det ende med at reagere med nogle af de andre ting, der allerede ER nede i beholderen. Ikke godt!. En tummelfingerregel: du skal altid vide, hvordan man bortskaffer noget, før du overhovedet er begyndt at bruge det. Det her er et forklæde. Den beskytter dig og dit tøj en smule mere, hvis du arbejder med farlige ting f.eks. koncentrerede syrer. Forklæder er gode, fordi de er lette at tage af, hvis du spilder på dem. Hvorimod ved at bære bukser, så tøver du måske for længe, før du tager dem af. Hvilket minder mig om: hvis du spilder mere, end bare en smule af noget slemt, på dine bukser, så spiller blufærdighed ingen rolle; bare tag dem af. Imens du tager dem af, kunne du løbe hen til den her. Dens job er at hælde store mængder vand på dig, meget hurtigt. Nå, normalt ser man ikke de her ting i aktion, medmindre der ret faktisk ER en ulykke... iw: עבור כימיקלים אחרים, הדחתם בכיור היא לא רעיון טוב. ככל הנראה זה לא יכאב לכם, אבל זה יכאב לסביבה. אנא, שיפכו את החומרים לתוך מיכל הפסולת המתאים, אך לא כל מיכל פסולת באמת מתאים ממסים וריאגנטים שונים צריכים להיות מושלכים באופן שונה או בנפרד ואם פשוט תשפכו דברים לתוך המיכל הלא נכון, הם לגמרי עשויים להגיב עם חומרים אחרים שנמצאים במיכל. לא טוב. כלל אצבע: דעו תמיד מהי הדרך הנכונה להשליך חומר לפני שבכלל תתחילו להשתמש בו. זה סינר. הוא מגן עליכם ועל הבגדים שלכם רק בתור אקסטרה. למשל אם אתם עובדים עם משהו מסוכן, כמו חומצות מרוכזות. סינרים הם אחלה, כי קל להוריד אותם במידה ושפכתם עליהם משהו, בעוד שאם אתם לובשים מכנסיים, אתם עלולים להסס במשך יותר מידי זמן עד שבאמת תיפטרו מהם מה שמזכיר לי: אם אתם שופכים קצת יותר מ״טיפה״ של משהו סופר-רע על המכנסיים שלכם, צניעות עפה לכל הרוחות; פשוט תורידו אותם. וגם, בזמן שתפשטו את המכנסיים, כדי שתבחרו לרוץ לחבוב הזה כאן. התפקיד שלו היא לשפוך כמות עצומה של מים על הגוף שלכם ממש ממש מהר. לרוב, לא זוכים לראות את הדבר הזה בפעולה, אלא אם מתרחש מצב חירום אמיתי, Spanish: Para otros químicos, no es buena idea verterlos en el lavadero. Probablemente no te haga daño a ti, pero le hará daño al medio ambiente. Coloca los productos en un contenedor de residuos adecuado, pero no cualquier contenedor. Diferentes solventes y reactivos deben ser desechados de diferente manera, y si botas algo en el contenedor equivocado, puede terminar reaccionando completamente con las otras cosas que estaban ya ahí. Y eso no es bueno. Regla de oro: siempre asegúrate de saber la manera adecuada de desechar algo, antes siquiera de que comiences a utilizarlo. Esto es un delantal. Te protege a ti y a tu ropa un poquito más en caso de que estés trabajando con cosas peligrosas como ácidos concentrados. Los delantales son buenos, porque es fácil sacártelo en caso de que se te riegue algo encima, mientras que, si estás usando pantalones, probablemente dudes por demasiado tiempo antes de quitártelos. Lo cual me recuerda: si llegas a regar tan solo un poco de algo súper malo sobre tus pantalones, bota tu pudor por la ventana: solo sácate los pantalones. También, mientras te los estés sacando, querrás dirigirte hacia este tipo aquí. Su trabajo es lanzarte una cantidad gigantezca de agua muy rápidamente. Ahora, normalmente no vas a poder ver a estas cosas en acción a menos que haya una verdadera emergencia, Arabic: وبالنسبة للمواد الكيماوية الأخرى، فإن سكب الماء ليس فكرة جيدة. لن يؤذيك على الأرجح، لكنه قد يؤذي البيئة. ضع المواد في أوعية نفايات مناسبة، لكن ليس في أي وعاء نفايات. يتم التخلص من المواد المذيبة المتعددة والكاشفة بطرق مختلفة وإن ألقيت ببعض الأشياء في الوعاء الخطأ فقد ينتهي الأمر به بأن يتفاعل مع الأشياء الأخرى التي ألقيتها هناك. وذلك ليس جيدًا، القاعدة المتبعة هي أن تعرف دومًا الطريقة الصحيحة للتخلص من شيء ما قبل حتى أن تبدأ استخدامه. هذه مريلة، وهي تحميك وتحمي ملابسك بشكل إضافي في حال كنت تستخدم مواد خطيرة، كالأحماض المركزة. المراييل جيدة، لأنه يسهل خلعها إن سكبت شيئا عليها. إن كنت ترتدي بنطالًا، فقد تتردد قليلًا قبل أن تخلعه. وذلك يذكرني، إن سكبت القليل من مادة مضرة جدًا على بنطالك فعليك التخلي عن احتشامك، اخلعه فحسب. وبينما تخلعه، ربما عليك الإسراع إلى هذا الجهاز. ومهمته سكب كمية هائلة من الماء عليك بسرعة كبيرة. عادة لا نرى هذه الأشياء تُستخدم إلا إن كانت هناك حالة طارئة. English: For other chemicals, flushing is not a good idea. It probably won't hurt you, but it might hurt the environment. Do put the products into an appropriate waste container, but not just any waste container. Different solvents and reagents have to be disposed of differently, and if you dump some stuff into the wrong container, it can totally end up reacting with the other things that have been dumped in there. Not good. Rule of thumb: always know the right way to dispose of something before you even start to use it. This is an apron. It protects you and your clothes just a bit extra in case you're working with something hazardous like concentrated acids. Aprons are nice because they're easy to get off if you spill something on them, while if you're wearing pants, you might hesitate a bit too long before you ditch 'em. Which reminds me: if you spill more than just a bit of anything super bad on your pants, modesty goes out the window; just take them off. Also, while you're taking them off, you might want to run over to this guy here. His job is to dump a gigantic amount of water on you really fast. Now usually you don't get to see these things in action unless there is an actual emergency, English: but to thank you for sticking with us through this somewhat disjointed lecture on safety in the lab... I'm gonna take this off. That's a lot of water! Aah! Thank you for watching this episode of Crash Course Chemistry. If you were listening, you learned what to wear in the lab, how to dispose of chemicals, how to avoid the most common accidents in the laboratory, how to pour properly, what the HazMat diamond is, what an MSDS is, and how to use a fume hood. This episode was written by me, our editor is Blake de Pastino. Our chemistry consultant is Dr. Heiko Langner who is sitting right there laughing at me. This episode was filmed at the environmental biogeochemistry lab at the University of Montana, so thank you to them. It was filmed, edited, and directed by Nicholas Jenkins, our script supervisor was Dr. Heiko Langner. Our sound designer is Michael Aranda, and our graphics team is Thought Café. iw: אבל בזכות זה שנשארתם איתנו במהלך כל ההרצאה המבאסת הזאת על בטיחות במעבדה... אני הולך להוריד את זה. זה המון מים! אהההה!!!! תודה שצפיתם, אם הקשבתם למדתם מה ללבוש במעבדה, איך להיפטר מכימיקלים, איך להימנע מהתאונות הנפוצות ביותר במעבדות, איך למזוג באופן נכון, מהו יהלום הבטיחות, מהו MSDS, ואיך להשתמש במנדף. את הפרק הזה כתבתי יחד עם העורך שלנו בלייק דה פסטינו, והיועץ הכימי שלנו, ד״ר הייקו להאנגר שיושב שם וצוחק עליי. הפרק הזה צולם במעבדה לביוגאוכימיה סביבתית, באוניברסיטת מונטנה, אז תודה להם הפרק צולם, נערך ובוים על ידי ניקולס ג׳נקינס, אחראי התסריט שלנו, ד״ר הייקו להאנגר. מעצב הסאונד שלנו הוא מייקל ארדנה, והצוות הגרפי שלנו הוא Thought Café. Spanish: pero gracias por mantenerte con nosotros a lo largo de este curso, un poco desconectado, sobre seguridad en el laboratorio... Me voy a quitar esto. ¡Es demasiada agua! Gracias por ver este episodio de Crash Course Chemistry. Si estabas escuchando, aprendiste qué usar en un laboratorio, cómo desechar químicos, cómo evitar los accidentes de laboratorio más comunes, cómo verter correctamente, qué es el diamante HazMat, qué es el MSDS y cómo usar una campana de extracción. Este episodio fue escrito por mí, nuestro editor es Blake de Pastino. Nuestro consultor de química es el Dr. Heiko Langner que está sentado justo ahí, burlándose de mí. Este episodio fue filmado en el laboratorio de biogeoquímica ambiental de la Universidad de Montana, así que muchas gracias a ellos. Fue filmado, editado y dirigido por Nicholas Jenkins. Nuestro supervisor de guión fue el Dr. Heiko Langner. Nuestro diseñador de sonido es Michael Aranda y nuestro equipo gráfico es Thought Café. Danish: Men for at takke jer, for at være blevet hos os igennem denne usammenhængende lektion, om sikkerhed i laboratoriet... Vil jeg tage den her af. Det er meget vand! Aah! Tak for at have set denne episode af Crash Course i Kemi. Hvis du lyttede efter, lærte du, hvad man bærer i et laboratorie, hvordan man bortskaffer kemikalier, hvordan man undgår de mest alm. skader i laboratoriet, hvor man hælder ordenligt, hvad "branddiamanten" er, hvad sikkerhedsbladet er, og hvordan man bruger et stinkskab. Denne episode var skrevet af mig. Vores direktør er Blake de Pastino, vores kemikonsulent er Dr. Heiko Langner, som sidder lige der og griner af mig. Denne episode blev filmet ved Environmental Biogeochemistry Lab, ved University of Montana, så tak til dem. Det blev filmet, redigeret og instrueret af Nicholas Jenkins. Vores manuskriptforfatter var Dr. Heiko Langner Vores lyddesigner var Michael Aranda og vores grafik team er Thought Cafe Arabic: لكن لأشكركم على بقائكم معنا في هذه المحاضرة غير المترابطة عن السلامة في المختبر. سأزيل هذا... هذه كمية كبيرة من الماء! أشكركم على مشاهدة هذه الحلقة من كراش كورس عن الكيمياء. إن كنتم تصغون إلي، فقد تعلمتم ما عليكم ارتداؤه في المختبر وكيف تتخلصون من المواد الكيماوية، وكيفية تجنب الحوادث الشائعة في المختبرات. وطريقة السكب الصحيحة، وما هي معايير الوقاية وما هي صحيفة بيانات سلامة المادة وطريقة استخدام خزانة الأبخرة. أنا كتبت هذه الحلقة، ومحررنا هو بليك دي باستينو ومستشارنا الكيميائي هو الدكتور هايكو لاغنر، الذي يجلس هناك ويضحك علي. تم تصوير هذه الحلقة في مختبر الكيمياء الحيوية البيئية في جامعة مونتانا، فشكرًا لهم. الحلقة من تصوير ومونتاج وإخراج نيكولاس جنكنز، والمشرف على النص هو الدكتور هايكو لاغنر. ومصمم الصوت هو مايكل أراندا. وفريق الرسومات هو Thought Café.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
bengali	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Where did the ideas that led to what it is now called open source? How did it begin? Who began that? Well it actually began with the start of computers, because at that time software was just passed around between people and I think it was only like in the late seventies early eighties that people started really closing up their software and saying "No you can never get a look at the source code, you can't change this software even if it's necessary for you to fix it for your own application" and you can actually blame some of them on Microsoft. They were one of the real poineers of the proprietary software model In the mid-nineteen seventies a group of hackers and computer hobbyists in Silicon Valley formed The Homebrew Computer Club. In the club's 31 January 1970 newsletter Bill Gates of the recently formed Microsoft wrote an open letter to the community where he made a point-by-point argument for the relatively new concept of proprietary software. Up to that point the practice of computer users have been to freely pass around software without much though given to its ownership. Known as "An Open Letter to Hobbyists", Bill Gates writes, "To me, the most critical thing in the hobby market right now is the lack of good software courses, book and software itself. Without good software and an owner who understands programming, a hobby computer is wasted. Will quality software be written for the hobby market?" Gates goes on to write: The feedback that we have gotten from the hundreds of people who say they're using BASIC, has all been positive Two surprising things are apperent however. 1. Most of these users never bought BASIC and 2. The amount of royalties we have received from sales to hobbyist makes the time spent on the Altair BASIC worth less than two dollars an hour. Why is this? As the majority of hobbyists must be aware, most of you steal your software. Hardware must be paid for, but software is something to share. Who cares if the people who worked on it get paid? Is this fair? One thing you do by stealing software is get back at MITS for some problem you may have had. MITS doesn't make money selling software. One thing you do do is prevent good software from being written Who can afford to do professional work for nothing? One hobbyist can put three man years into programming, finding all bugs, documenting this product and distribute it for free. The fact is no one besides us, has invested a lot of money in hobby software. What about the guys that resell Altair BASIC? Aren't they making money on hobby software? Yes. But those who have been reported to us may loose in the end. They are the ones who give hobbyist a bad name and should be kicked out of any club meeting that show up at. I would appreciate letters from anyone who wants to pay up, or has a suggestion or comment. Signed: Bill Gates, General Partner Microsoft	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
English: human Society runs on stories they create our reality [the] way we as Individuals see the world they make [us] sad they make us happy they inspire us It's no surprise that Hollywood TV and books bring in hundreds of billions of dollars each year And it's no surprise that the entire nation except for Ohio was rooting [for] the cubs the eternal underdogs Finally had their shot It's why day in and day out most people want to live the best story they can we love good stories at this point in Human history It feels like there are infinite stories, and we're told they're all different But what if I told you the basic structure of all of those stories is the same? I'm not talking about the stuff [that] ends up making them different like style. Just a basic structure for every story That's ever been recognizable as a story well many people have tried different formulas But perhaps no one has done it better than the widely respected Spanish: La sociedad humana funciona con historias. Crean nuestra realidad, la manera en que nosotros como individuos vemos el mundo. Nos entristecen, nos alegran, nos inspiran. No sorprende que Hollywood, la TV y los libros hagan cientos de millones de dólares cada año. Y no sorprende que la nación entera, salvo Ohio, apoyara a los Cachorros, Los eternos perdedores por fin tenían su oportunidad. Por eso, un día tras otro, la mayoría de las personas quieren vivir la mejor historia posible. Amamos las buenas historias. En este punto de la historia de la humanidad, parece que hay demasiadas historias. Y se nos dice que todas son diferentes. Pero ¿qué pensarías si te dijera que la estructura básica de todas las historias es la misma? No hablo de las cosas que las diferencian, como el estilo. Sólo la estructura básica de toda historia que es reconocible como historia. Mucha gente ha tratado diferentes fórmulas. Czech: lidská společnost běží na příbězích, které vytvářejí naši realitu tak, jak jsme my Jednotlivci vidí svět, který nám dělají smutek, dělají nám radost, že nás inspirují Není divu, že hollywoodská televize a knihy přinášejí každoročně stovky miliard dolarů A není divu, že celý národ kromě Ohia zakořenil pro mláďata věčné smolaře Nakonec se jejich výstřel To je důvod, proč den co den většina lidí chce žít nejlepší příběh, který můžeme milovat dobře příběhy v tomto bodě lidské historie Vypadá to, že existují nekonečné příběhy a bylo nám řečeno, že jsou různé Ale co když vám řeknu, že základní struktura všech těchto příběhů je stejná? Nemluvím o věcech, které by je nakonec odlišovaly od stylu. Jen základní struktura pro každý příběh To bylo vždy rozeznatelné jako příběh a mnoho lidí vyzkoušelo různé vzorce Ale snad to nikdo neudělal lépe než široce uznávaný Spanish: Pero, tal vez, nadie lo ha hecho mejor que el respetado filósofo y teólogo Joseph Campbell. Él desarrolló el monomito, también conocido como el viaje del héroe, que explicó en su obra maestra titulada "El héroe de las mil caras". La obra de Joseph Campbell no era un libro para guionistas. Era un libro sobre un hombre que fue niño explorador y católico, y al que le apasionaban las historias de los nativos americanos. Él notó similitudes entre parábolas sobre Cristo y cuentos populares de nativos americanos anteriores a Cristo que no tenían manera de haber sido influenciados por la cultura cristiana. Entonces decidió dedicar su vida a la mitología comparada. Y la mitología no son sólo historias contadas junto a una fogata. Es la música pop, es el sueño que le cuentas a tu amigo en el metro, es un dibujo en una servilleta. Es, básicamente, todo. Después de años de estudio, Campbell concluyó que las historias efectivas tienen características específicas. Y esas características son las mismas independientemente de la religión, la raza, el tiempo y la ascendencia. Czech: Filozof a teolog Joseph Campbell vyvinul monomyth také známý jako Cesta hrdiny Což stanoví ve svém mistrovském díle hrdinu s tisícem tváří Hrdina Josepha Campbella s tisícem tváří. Nebyla to kniha scénářů Byla to jen kniha o chlapci, který vyrostl v katolické církvi skautem, který byl opravdu nadšený těmito rodilými Američany Příběhy, které si začaly všímat podobností mezi podobenstvími o Kristu a jako tyto rodilí Američané Předcházel Kristu a také neměl žádný způsob, jak se ho dotknout křesťanská kultura Takže začal vědět, že jeho životní práce se stala srovnávací mytologií a mytologie nejsou jen příběhy kolem ohně Je to popová hudba. Je to sen Popisujete příteli na metro Jsou to kresby na ubrousku, je to v podstatě všechno po letech a letech studia Campbell dospěl k závěru, že existují charakteristiky efektivního příběhu a tyto charakteristiky jsou konzistentní bez ohledu na čas nebo náboženské závody English: Philosopher and Theologian Joseph Campbell he developed the monomyth also known as the Hero's journey Which he lays out in his masterwork a hero with a thousand faces Joseph Campbell's hero with a thousand faces. It wasn't a screenwriting book It was just a book about a guy who grew up a boy scout in a catholic who was really passionate about these native American Stories who started noticing similarities between parables about christ and like these native American folktales that Predated Christ, and also had no way of of being touched by Christian culture So he started you know his life work became comparative mythology and mythology doesn't isn't just stories around a campfire It's it's pop music. It's it's the dream You're describing to your friend on the subway It's it's it's drawings on a napkin it's it's it's basically everything indeed after years and years of studying Campbell concluded there are characteristics of an effective story and those characteristics are consistent regardless of Religion Race time or ancestry Czech: Není to nic geniálního [ale] co kdybys mohl zjednodušit jeho monomyth na ještě základní? Struktura jedna, která pomáhá každému vytvořit příběh a dan harmon, který jsme právě poslouchali, udělal přesně to Vytvořil příběhový kruh destilací monomythu do osmi kroků, o kterých věří, že jeho kruh je Univerzální pro jakýkoli příběh na jakémkoli médiu, než se dostaneme k osmi krokům, které stanoví Chci přivést kruh zpět do jeho nejzákladnější podoby Abychom nejprve pochopili teorii, která je za ní, máme kruh A nakreslíme vodorovnou čáru, kterou horní část kruhu představuje místo, kde začíná cesta [znaku] a končí dolní část Svět, který musí projít, aby rostl a změnil se V základním smyslu je to obyčejný svět, a to je zvláštní svět Tak proč tento rituál sestupu na oplátku pro Harmana dobře má každý příběh rytmus nebo rovnováhu, kterou stanoví tři Spanish: No es nada menos que genial. Pero ¿qué tal si pudieras simplificar su monomito en una estructura todavía más simple, una que ayudara a cualquiera a construir una historia? Dan Harmon, al que ya escuchamos, hizo precisamente eso. Él creó el círculo de la historia, una reducción del monomito a ocho pasos. Él cree que su círculo es aplicable a cualquier historia en cualquier medio. Antes de hablar de los ocho pasos que propone, quiero devolver el círculo a su forma más básica para entender la teoría que está por detrás. Tenemos un círculo y le dibujamos una línea horizontal. El lado superior representa el lugar donde empieza y termina el viaje del personaje. El lado inferior representa el mundo que necesita recorrerse para crecer y cambiar. En pocas palabras, éste es el mundo ordinario y éste es el mundo especial. ¿A qué se debe este ritual de descenso y retorno? Para Harmon, toda historia tiene un ritmo o balance. Diseña tres dualidades para explicar esto. La primera es la vida y la muerte. English: It's nothing short of genius [but] what if you could simplify his monomyth into an even more basic? Structure one that helps anyone build a story well dan harmon who we were just listening to did exactly that He created the story circle a distillation of the monomyth into eight steps he believes his circle is Universal for any story in any medium before we get to the eight steps he sets out I want to bring the circle back to its most basic form To first understand the theory behind it so we have a circle And we draw a horizontal line through it the top of the circle represents where the [character's] journey starts and finishes the bottom represents The world that needs to be traversed in order to grow and change In a basic sense this is the ordinary world, and this is the special world So why this ritual of descent in return well for Harman every story has a rhythm or balance he lays out three Spanish: Por ejemplo, la historia de la vida. Estás vivo y luego estás muerto. Después tu cadáver se descompone y alimenta a las plantas. Eso genera vida nueva, que luego muere. Ésa es la historia, de ida y vuelta. Se apoyan el uno en el otro, un balance es necesario para que las cosas pasen. Lo mismo aplica para la siguiente dualidad que propone, conciencia e inconsciencia. Arriba, en tu conciencia, las cosas son cómodas, están bien iluminadas y son limpiadas con frecuencia. Abajo, en el sótano, está el subconsciente, que es más viejo, oscuro y extraño. Son las cosas en las que no puedes pensar. Sin embargo, tu placer, tu salud mental y tu vida dependen de ocasionales viajes de ida y vuelta. Viajes con el ego hacia el inconsciente a través de terapias, meditaciones, confesiones, sexo, violencia o una buena historia mantienen la conciencia en orden. Así como la salud de un individuo depende de viajes ocasionales del ego al subconsciente, la longevidad de una sociedad depende de personas que se adentren en lo desconocido y regresen con ideas. English: Dualities to explain this the first being life and death take for example the story of life You're alive And then you're dead then your dead body decomposes and feeds plants giving new life Which then dies that's a story it goes back and forth they rely on each other a balance is needed for things to happen Same goes for the next one he lays out consciousness and unconsciousness [upstairs] in your consciousness things are comfortable [well-lit] And regularly swept downstairs in the basement is your unconscious where it's older Darker and much freakier. It's the stuff You don't want [and/or] can't think about however your pleasure your sanity [and] even your life depend on occasional round trips ventures by the ego into the unconscious through therapy meditation Confession sex violence or a good story keep the conscious in working order just like the health of an individual depends on the egos regular descent and return to and from the unconscious a Society's longevity Depends on actual people journeying into the unknown and returning with ideas in their most dramatic Czech: Dualities vysvětlit toto první bytí život a smrt vezmou například příběh života Jsi živá A pak jste mrtví, pak vaše mrtvé tělo rozkládá a živí rostliny a dává nový život Který potom zemře, to je příběh, který jde tam a zpět, spoléhají se na sebe, je potřeba rovnováhy, aby se věci staly Totéž platí pro další, který vydává vědomí a bezvědomí [nahoře] ve vašem vědomí jsou věci pohodlné [dobře osvětlené] A pravidelně zametený dole v suterénu je vaše nevědomí, kde je starší Darker a mnohem šílenější. To jsou věci Nechcete [a / nebo] nemůžete myslet na vaše potěšení, vaše zdraví a dokonce i váš život závisí na příležitostných okružních cestách podniká egem do bezvědomí meditační terapií Vyznání sexuálního násilí nebo dobrý příběh udržují vědomí v provozuschopném stavu stejně jako zdraví jednotlivce závisí na pravidelném sestupu ega a návratu do bezvědomí a Životnost společnosti Závisí na tom, jak skuteční lidé cestují do neznáma, a vracejí se s nápady ve své nejdramatičtější podobě Czech: Revoluční podoba těchto lidí se nazývá hrdinové, ale [každodenní] Společnost je doplněna miliony lidí, kteří se ponořili do tmy a objevili se s něčím novým nebo zapomenutým všem [Harmanovi] Příběhy sledují tento vzor [sestup] a návrat potápění a objevování se, jak říká celý život Včetně lidské mysli a společenství. Vytváříme pochody stejně vyberte rytmus, pokud příběh pochoduje do tohoto rytmu, bude rezonovat a pošle ego publika na krátký výlet do Publikum v bezvědomí a zpět má na to instinktivní chuť a řeknou mňam Ale jak se může jeden podnik mezi těmito dualitami vytvořit příběh, postavíme zbytek našeho kruhu? Nyní nakreslíme svislou čáru dolů do středu Máme čtyři křižovatky a čtyři mezery nebo kvadranty začínající nahoře a ve směru hodinových ručiček Počítáme čtyři body, kde čáry protínají kružnici jeden tři pět a sedm a nyní počítáme čtvrtiny Spanish: En su forma más dramática y revolucionaria, estas personas son llamadas héroes. Pero todos los días la sociedad es revitalizada por millones de personas que se adentran en la oscuridad y emergen con algo nuevo u olvidado. Para Harmon, todas las historias siguen este patrón de descenso y retorno, de sumersión y emersión. Como dice él, "toda la vida, incluyendo la mente humana y las comunidades que creamos, marcha al mismo ritmo específico. Si la historia marcha a este ritmo, resonará. Impulsará al ego de la audiencia a hacer un breve viaje al subconsciente y regresar. La audiencia tiene un gusto instintivo por eso, y dirá: "¡Delicioso!". Pero ¿cómo se adentra uno en estas dualidades para crear una historia? Construyamos el resto del círculo. Dibujamos una línea vertical por el centro. Ahora tenemos cuatro intersecciones y cuatro espacios o cuadrantes. Empezamos por arriba y seguimos la dirección de un reloj. Enumeramos los cuatro puntos donde las líneas tocan el círculo. Uno, tres, cinco y siete. Ahora enumeramos los cuatro espacios. English: Revolutionary form these people are called heroes but [everyday] Society is replenished by millions of people diving into darkness and emerging with something new or forgotten to [Harman] all Stories follow this pattern of [descent] and return of diving and emerging as he says all life Including the human mind and the communities. We create marches to the same pick beat if the story marches to this beat it will resonate it will send an audience's ego on a brief trip to the Unconscious and back the audience has an instinctive taste for that, and they're going to say yum But how does one venture between these dualities in order to create a story let's build the rest of our circle? We draw a vertical line down the center now We have four intersections and four spaces or quadrants starting at the top and going clockwise We number the four points where the lines cross the circle one three five and seven now we number the quarter sections Czech: Samy dva čtyři šest osm každé číslo má štítek a oni nás vezmou skrz příběh kousek po kousku Jeden z vás, postava, je v zóně pohodlí, aby potřeboval něco Tři jdou vstoupit do neznáma Situace pro vyhledávání se přizpůsobit tomu, pět najde, co chtěli šest vzít Zaplaťte za to těžkou cenu, sedm návratů a poté návrat do své známé situace osm Změna s [změna] nyní každý z půlkruhů má důležitý význam Přechod z jedné poloviny na druhou jsou hlavními zdroji dramatu v příběhu shora dolů Určete okamžik, kdy hrdina vstoupí do nové situace A je nucen přizpůsobit se často bojujícímu za to, že to obvykle znamená, že protagonista Bojuje s nějakou vnější silou, která druhá linie definuje vnitřní boj hrdiny, jakmile hrdina překročí tuto dělicí linii Spanish: Dos, cuatro, seis y ocho. Cada número tiene un nombre, y nos guiarán por la historia paso a paso. Uno, tú, un personaje está en una zona de confort. Dos, necesidad, quiere algo. Tres, partida, entra en una situación extraña. Cuatro, búsqueda, se adapta a ella. Cinco, encuentro, consigue lo que quiere. Seis, pérdida, paga un precio elevado por eso. Siete, retorno, regresa a la situación familiar. Ocho, cambio, transformado. Cada semicírculo tiene un importante significado cuando se pasa de una mitad a otra. Éstas son grandes fuentes de drama en la historia. De arriba hacia abajo, delineas los momentos en los que el héroe entra en nuevas situaciones y se ve forzado a adaptarse, a menudo con dificultades para hacerlo. Esto usualmente significa que el personaje lucha contra una fuerza externa. La segunda línea se refiere a la lucha interna del héroe. Una vez que el héroe cruza esta línea divisoria, English: Themselves two four six eight each number has a label, and they'll take us through the story piece by piece One you a character is in a zone of comfort to need they want something Three go they enter an unfamiliar Situation for search adapt to it five find get what they wanted six take Pay a heavy price for it seven return then return [to] their familiar situation eight Change having [change] now each of the semicircles has an important meaning Crossing from one half to the other these are major sources of drama in the story from top to bottom you Delineate the moment that the hero enters a new situation And is forced to adapt often struggling to do so this usually means that the protagonist Fights some external force the second line is defining the inner struggle of the hero once the hero crosses this dividing line Spanish: finalmente afronta y trata de superar sus defectos o problemas. Si tomamos como ejemplo "Die hard", tenemos un matrimonio fallido y un ataque terrorista. Y de derecha a izquierda tenemos "terco" y "no terco". Cuando McClane desciende y regresa hasta acá, ya no es terco. Ahora tiene el poder de transformar su matrimonio fallido. En términos sencillos, orden, caos, cambio, estabilidad. Ahora que nuestro círculo está listo, quiero aplicárselo a una historia bien conocida. "La guerra de las galaxias: episodio IV - Una nueva esperanza". Uno, tú, establece un protagonista. Cuando una historia inicia, la audiencia apenas está flotando, como un fantasma. Tienes que darle un lugar para aterrizar. ¿Cómo lo haces? ¿Cómo pones a una audiencia en un personaje? Fácil, sólo le muestras uno. Haces aparecer uno y nosotros somos ese personaje hasta que tengamos una mejor opción. La película muestra a dos droides. Son nuestros protagonistas hasta que aterrizan en Tatooine. Allí conocemos al verdadero protagonista, Luke. English: He or she finally faces and tries [to] overcome his or her inner flaws or problems if we took for example [die] hard we'd have failing marriage and terrorist attack and left to right we might have Stubborn not stubborn once he descends and returns to here [McClane] No longer Stubborn now has the power to change his failing marriage in simplest terms order Chaos Stasis change now that we have our circle ready. I'd like to apply it to a well-known Story star wars episode four a new hope one you establish a protagonist when a story starts the audience is just Loading like a ghost [you] have to give them some place to land [how] do you do this how do you put the audience? Into a character easy you just show one is fade in on them, and we are them until we have a better choice Okay, let's go Czech: Nakonec čelí a snaží se překonat své vnitřní nedostatky nebo problémy, pokud si vezmeme například [umřít] těžko bychom měli selhání manželství a teroristického útoku a zleva doprava bychom mohli mít Tvrdohlavý není tvrdohlavý, jakmile sestoupí a vrací se sem [McClane] Stubborn již nemá pravomoc změnit své neúspěšné manželství v nejjednodušším slova smyslu, v pořadí Chaos Stáza se nyní mění, když máme připravený náš kruh. Chtěl bych to aplikovat na známou epizodu Star Story Star Wars, novou naději jeden vy založit hrdinu, když příběh začíná, publikum je spravedlivé Načítání jako duch [musíte] jim dát nějaké místo k přistání [jak] to děláte, jak dáte publikum? Do postavy, kterou snadno dokážete ukázat, je na nich mizení, a my jsme jim, dokud nebudeme mít lepší volbu Dobře jdeme Spanish: Dos, necesidad, algo no está bien. Es aquí cuando descubrimos que algo está desbalanceado en el universo, sin importar cuán grande o pequeño es ese universo. Si ésta es una historia sobre una guerra entre la Tierra y los extraterrestres, es aquí cuando vemos la nave espacial aproximándose a nuestro planeta. Si es una comedia romántica, nuesto protagonista tiene una cita a ciegas espantosa. Aprendemos que las cosas no son perfectas y que podrían ser mejores. Ésa es la razón por la cual la historia será contada. Luke es un simple granjero que quiere aventuras. Recibe un mensaje de socorro de una princesa en R2D2. El mensaje eventualmente lo guía hasta un poderoso jedi llamado Obi-Wan Kenobi. Obi-Wan le pide a Luke que lo acompañe en su rebelión contra el malvado Imperio. Tres, partida, atraviesa el límite. ¿De qué trata realmente la historia? El personaje estaba en una situación y ahora la situación cambia. Se produce un atentado terrorista. Una chica de un pueblito va a la gran ciudad. Recuerda que la parte superior representa el mundo ordinario, Czech: Potřebovat něco, co není úplně v pořádku, zjistíme, že ve vesmíru je něco mimo rovnováhu [nezáleží na tom, jak velký nebo malý je tento vesmír, pokud se jedná o příběh o válce mezi Zemí a mimozemšťany Tady vidíme, jak se loď blíží k Zemi, pokud je rom-com, náš protagonista je ve strašně slepém rande Učíme se, že věci nejsou dokonalé a že by mohly být lepší. To je důvod, proč se příběh odehraje? Co je to? Co je co? Zeptal se jí na otázku. [co] to je? Musíte se naučit způsoby síly Kdybys měl jít se mnou do Alderaanu překročení prahu tři Jaký je skutečný příběh o tom, že jste se ocitli v určité situaci a že tato situace změní teroristický útok? dochází malá městská dívka odchází do velkoměsta, nezapomeňte, že horní polovina kruhu představuje English: To need something ain't quite right this is where we find out something is off balance in the universe [no] matter how large or small that universe is if this is a story about war between Earth and aliens This is where we see the ship coming toward Earth if it's rom-com our protagonist is on a terrible blind date We're learning that things aren't perfect and things could be better. This is [the] reason why the story is going to take place? What's this? What is what? He asked [her] a question. [what] is that? You must learn [the] ways of the force If you were to come with me to alderaan three go crossing [the] threshold What's the story really about the you was in a certain situation and now that situation changes a terrorist attack? occurs a small-town girl leaves for the Big City remember that the top half of the circle represents Czech: obyčejný svět, zatímco spodní polovina představuje zvláštní svět Nezáleží na tom, jak malý nebo velký je příběh, ale musí existovat kontrast mezi těmito dvěma světy Chci jít s tebou změnit Teď pro mě není nic. Chci se naučit způsoby síly a stát se Jedi jako můj otec pro prohledání cesty pokusů protagonista nemusí během toho doslova trénovat, tam přizpůsobí experimentujte s hrdinou s tisícem tváří Campbell ve skutečnosti používá zažívací trakt [brzdění] člověka, který odstraňuje určité neurózy a zbavuje je strachu a touhy Nic vás zde nemůže zachránit. I brýle kreditní karty propagace mobilní telefony účel se stal osvěžitelně jednoduchý Zamířili jsme k nejhlubší úrovni nevědomé mysli a nemůžeme to dosáhnout, pokud jsme obklopeni všemi věcmi Myslíme si, že je to důležité? English: the Ordinary World while the bottom half represents the special world It doesn't matter how small or large the story is but there needs to be contrast between these two worlds I want to come with you to alter There's nothing for me here now. I want to learn the ways of the force and become [a] Jedi like my father for search the road of trials the protagonist doesn't need to literally train during this it's where they adapt an experiment in a hero with a thousand faces Campbell actually uses a digestive tract [braking] a person down taking out certain neuroses stripping them [of] fear and desire Nothing can save you here. I glasses credit cards promotion cell phones the purpose has become refreshingly simple We're headed to the deepest level of the unconscious mind, and we can't reach it if we're surrounded by all the stuff We think is important? Spanish: mientras que la mitad inferior representa el mundo especial. No importa cuán pequeña o grande sea la historia, pero debe haber contraste entre estos dos mundos. Después de que el Imperio mata a su familia, Luke decide unirse a Obi-Wan en una búsqueda para ayudar a la princesa y a la Rebelión a destruir el Imperio. Abandona Tatooine con Obi-Wan, los droides, Han Solo y Chewbacca. Cuatro, búsqueda, el camino de las pruebas. El protagonista no tiene que entrenar literalmente en este punto. Es cuando se adaptan y experimentan. En "El héroe de las mil caras" Campbell, de hecho, hace referencia a un tracto digestivo que descompone a una persona, extrae ciertas neurosis y la despoja de miedos y deseos. Nada puede salvarte aquí: anteojos, tarjetas de crédito, ascensos, celulares. El objetivo se ha vuelto refrescantemente simple. Nos dirigimos a los niveles más profundos del subconsciente y no podremos entrar si estamos rodeados de todas las cosas que consideramos importantes. Luke empieza a aprender a usar la Fuerza. Sin embargo, su nave es capturada por la Estrella de la Muerte del Imperio. Se infiltran en una gran sala de control y planifican su escape. Spanish: Cinco, encuentro, encuentro con la Diosa. La función del camino de pruebas es prepararte para el encuentro con la diosa. Ése fue el nombre que Joseph Campbell le dio a esta parte de la historia y por eso es que Harmon lo conservó. Nuestro héroe en formación encuentra lo que busca, incluso si no es lo que creía estar buscando. Aquí es donde se produce la gran revelación, donde está la más grande vulnerabilidad. Como sea que lo llames, es un punto de pivote muy especial. El protagonista pasa un tiempo aquí, toma una decisión y desciende. La diosa puede ser un gesto, una idea, un arma, una persona o un destino. Sin importar si era una meta consciente directa o no, la necesidad del punto dos es satisfecha. ¿El muchacho que quiere aventuras consigue a la princesa? ¡Hecho! English: why are we still in each ward a [contractor] that's pulling us in There's got to be something you can do nothing I can do about it get a full car have a shutdown Go out for two you close all outboard shields Five find meeting with the goddess the job of the road of trials is to prepare you for the meeting with the goddess This is what Joseph Campbell called this part of the story And that's why [hartmann] kept it our hero in making just found out what they're looking for Even if it wasn't what they thought they were looking for this is where the big revelation happens where there's the greatest vulnerability [whatever] you call it this is a very special pivot point the protagonist hovers here makes a choice and Descends the goddess can be a gesture an idea a gun a person or a destination whether it was the direct conscious goal Or not the need from [to] is fulfilled boy who wants to adventure rescues princess check? Czech: proč jsme stále na každém oddělení a [dodavatel], který nás táhne dovnitř Musí existovat něco, co s tím nemůžete udělat, můžu s tím vypnout celé auto Jděte ven pro dva, zavřete všechny přívěsné štíty Pět najít setkání s bohyní úkolem cesty zkoušek je připravit vás na setkání s bohyní To nazval Joseph Campbell tuto část příběhu A to je důvod, proč to [hartmann] udržel naším hrdinou při hledání právě toho, co hledají I když to nebylo to, co si mysleli, že hledají, je to místo, kde se velké odhalení stane tam, kde je největší zranitelnost [cokoli] tomu říkáte to je velmi zvláštní pivotní bod, na který se protagonista vznáší Sestup bohyně může být gesto, nápad, zbraň, osoba nebo cíl, ať už to byl přímý vědomý cíl Nebo není potřeba od [do] splněn chlapec, který chce dobrodružství zachránit princeznu? Spanish: Descubren que la princesa que envió el mensaje de socorro está secuestrada en la Estrella de la Muerte. La sacan de su celda. Seis, pérdida, conoce a tu creador. Ésta es la parte más difícil. Es cuando entiendes que algo es muy importante. Más importante, incluso, que tú. Has tomado el control absoluto de tu destino. En la primera mitad del círculo, reaccionas a las fuerzas del universo. Te adaptas, cambias, buscas. Ahora te conviertes en el universo, te conviertes en aquel que hace que las cosas sucedan. Por un lado, éste es el precio de la aventura. El tiburón se come el bote, él pierde un amigo. English: Who who is he? Princess Leia the Princess she's here the droids belong to her. She's the one of the message We gotta help her no look don't get any funny ideas the old man wants us to wait right here he didn't know she was here, [and] we just I'm luke Skywalker. I'm here to rescue you Mm-Hmm. I'm here to rescue you. I've got your R2 unit. I'm here with Ben Kenobi. Then Kenobi where it come on six take meet your maker This is the hardest part [it's] when you realize something is really Important to the point where it's more important than you you [gained] full control Over your destiny in the first half of the circle you're reacting to the forces of the universe Adapting changing seeking now you've become the universe you've become that which makes things happen [on] one hand Czech: Kdo je to? Princezna Leia Princezna, ona je tady droidi patří jí. Je to ta zpráva Musíme jí pomoci, aby se nepodívala, nedostane žádné vtipné nápady, které starý muž chce, abychom tady počkali nevěděl, že je tady, a my jen Jsem luk Skywalker. Jsem tu, abych tě zachránil Mm-Hmm. Jsem tu, abych tě zachránil. Mám vaši jednotku R2. Jsem tady s Benem Kenobim. Pak Kenobi, kde to přijde šest se setkejte se svým výrobcem Toto je nejtěžší část [je], když si uvědomíte, že je něco opravdu Důležité k věci, kde je to důležitější než vy [jste získali] plnou kontrolu Přes svůj osud v první polovině kruhu reagujete na síly vesmíru Přizpůsobením měnícího se hledání se nyní stáváte vesmírem, kterým jste se stali tím, co dělá věci na jedné straně Spanish: Por otro lado, la meta alcanzada que ni siquiera sabíamos que teníamos. El tiburón ahora tiene un tanque de oxígeno en la boca. Tu amigo te dio tiempo para cumplir la misión. Obi-Wan se sacrifica, creando una distracción que permite al grupo escapar de la Estrella de la Muerte. Siete, retorno, de vuelta a casa. En algunas historias esto es tan simple como despertar. En otras es alguien que necesita ser sacado de una situación extrema. El héroe sale del apartamento para impedir una boda. Hay una gran persecución vehicular. No es un viaje si nunca regresas. English: This is the price of the journey the shark eats the boat [he] lose a friend on the other hand a goal achieved that we Never even knew we had the shark now has an oxygen tank in its mouth the friend has given you time to complete the mission Come on. R2 we going seven returned bringing it home for some stories This is as simple as waking up or others it's someone who needs to be pulled out of an extreme situation The Hero runs out of an apartment to stop a wedding. There's a huge car chase. It's not a journey if you never come back Czech: Toto je cena cesty, kterou žralok žere, ztratil přítele, na druhé straně cíl, kterého jsme dosáhli Nikdy jsme nevěděli, že máme žraloka nyní v nádrži kyslíkovou nádrž, kamarád vám dal čas na dokončení mise No tak. R2 jdeme Sedm se vrátilo a přineslo je domů pro několik příběhů To je stejně jednoduché jako probuzení nebo jiné, je to někdo, kdo musí být vytažen z extrémní situace Hrdina vyběhne z bytu a zastaví svatbu. Je tu obrovská honička za autem. Není to cesta, pokud se nikdy nevrátíte Spanish: Superan el ataque en la nave y regresan al campamento para planificar su ataque a la Estrella de la Muerte. Ocho, cambio, maestro de dos mundos. El personaje está a cargo de la situación de nuevo, pero ahora se convirtió en alguien que puede cambiarla. La vida nunca será la misma. En una película de acción ésta es la confrontación. Es aquí cuando el héroe llega a la boda a tiempo para detenerla. Es aquí cuando la Estrella de la Muerte es destruida. Con la ayuda de sus amigos, Luke usa la Fuerza y destruye exitosamente la Estrella de la Muerte. Czech: Nemůžu uvěřit, že je pryč Ach měli by pevnější obranu Analýza plánů poskytnutých princeznou lea ukázala slabost v osmé změně bojové stanice Mistr obou světů U má na starosti svou situaci znovu, ale nyní se stal situací Změnit život nikdy nebude stejný v akčním filmu. Toto je zúčtování [toto] je, když se hrdina dostane na svatbu včas, aby ji zastavil To je, když je hvězda smrti vyhozena do vzduchu English: Can't believe he's gone oh they'd have a tighter defense an Analysis of the plans provided by Princess lea has demonstrated a weakness in the battle station eight change Master of both worlds the U is in charge of their situation again, but has now become a situation Changer life will never be the same in an action film. This is the showdown [this] is when the hero gets to the wedding in time to stop it from happening This is when the death star is blown up Czech: co najdu velmi zajímavé] O kruhu je to, jak se může vztahovat na jakoukoli část příběhu, pokud váš spisovatel na situační komedii, jako je Carmen, píšete kruhy pro každou postavu a jak procházejí příběhem, jak se mění od shora dolů zleva doprava, jak se příběh pohybuje vpřed, je to Jediný způsob, jak vytvořit [a] příběh ne, ale harmon je přesvědčen, že všechny příběhy se vrací do struktury jinak Nejsou rozeznatelné, protože příběhy k dekonstrukci vyprávění, jako je tento, by neměly vypadat nudně nebo Samotná opakující se nebo neinspirující harmonie je důkazem toho, že je oddaná Vyprávěči mohou pomocí této základní struktury říct neuvěřitelně složité podvratné a důsledně smysluplné příběhy ve svém vlastním stylu Spanish: Lo que me parece tan interesante del círculo es cómo puede aplicarse a cualquier parte de la historia. Si eres guionista de una serie de comedia como Harmon, escribes un círculo que muestre cómo recorre la historia cada personaje, cómo cambia de arriba hacia abajo, de izquierda a derecha, mientras la historia avanza. ¿Ésta es la única manera de crear una historia? No. Pero Harmon cree que todas las historias retornan a esta estructura. De lo contrario, no son reconocibles como historias. Deconstruir así la narración de historias no debe hacerlas parecer aburridas, o repetitivas, o poco inspiradas. El propio trabajo de Harmon confirma que los contadores de historias dedicados pueden usar esta estructura básica para contar historias increíblemente complejas, subversivas y consistentemente significativas con su propio estilo. English: what I find so [interesting] About the circle is how it can apply to any piece of a story if your writer on a sitcom like Carmen is you're writing circles for each character and how they traverse the story how they change from top to bottom from left to right as the story moves forward is this the Only way to create [a] story no, but harmon believes that all stories come back to the structure otherwise They're not recognizable as stories to deconstruct storytelling like this should not make it seem dull or Repetitive or uninspiring harmons work alone is proof that dedicated Storytellers can use this basic structure to tell incredibly complex subversive and consistently meaningful stories in their own style Czech: A jsou to skvělé příběhy, které mají smysluplnou konverzaci s přítelem nebo členem rodiny Když váš oblíbený sportovní tým vyhraje mistrovství nebo si přečte skvělou knihu [to] [udržuje nás všechny psychologicky duchovně a společensky naživu, které shledávají ve všech aspektech naší existence Rytmus života a smrti jsou Bezvědomé a bezvědomé pocity a myšlenky se mohou změnit pořadí a chaos světa a jak spolu pracují [skvělý příběh] se může změnit něčí život Tak jděte ven a řekněte své Hej, všichni, pokud se vám to líbilo Prosím, podívejte se na členství Harmona v kruhu. Dělá to ve větší míře hloubkou a mnohem zábavnějšími způsoby, než jsem kdy dokázal Obsah tohoto videa většinou pochází přímo z jeho rozpadu kruhu Propojím to v popisu [pokud] oceníte, co dělám na tomto [kanálu] Zvažte, prosím, přislíbit do mého patreonu dolar nebo tři dolary. Jakákoli částka mi tedy dává více času na více obsahu Spanish: Y sus grandes historias, tener una conversación significativa con un amigo o miembro familiar, ver a tu equipo favorito ganar el campeonato o leer un buen libro nos mantienen a todos psicológica, espiritual y socialmente vivos. Encuentran sintonía con todos los aspectos de nuestra existencia. El ritmo de la vida y la muerte. Nuestros pensamientos y sentimientos, sean conscientes o inconscientes. El orden y el caos del mundo y la manera en que funcionan juntos. Una gran historia puede cambiar la vida de alguien. Así que sal y cuenta la tuya. Hola a todos. Si les gusto el video, por favor échenle un vistazo a la explicación del círculo de Dan Harmon. Él lo hace con mayor profundidad y de una forma mucho más divertida de lo que soy capaz. La mayor parte del contenido de este video procede de su explicación del círculo. Así que pondré el enlace en la descripción. Si aprecias lo que hago en este canal, por favor considera colaborar con un dólar o tres en mi Patreon. Cualquier cantidad me da más tiempo para hacer más contenido. English: And it's great stories having a meaningful conversation with a friend or family member Seeing your favorite sports team win a championship or reading a great book [it] [keeps] us all psychologically spiritually and socially alive they find tune as to all aspects of our existence [the] Rhythm of life and Death are Unconscious and unconscious feelings and thoughts the order and Chaos of the world and how they work together [a] great story can change someone's life So get out there and tell yours Hey, everyone if you enjoyed that Please go check out dan Harmon's breakdown [of] the circle. He does it in greater depth and in much funnier ways than I could ever do Mostly content of this video comes directly from his breakdown [of] the circle So I'll link it in the description [if] you appreciate what I do on this [channel] Please consider pledging a dollar or three dollars towards my patreon any amount gives me more time to make more content Spanish: Así que le doy las gracias a la gente que ya ha donado. Ustedes permiten que este canal sea posible. Gracias por ver mi video. Los veré pronto. Czech: Takže moc děkuji lidem, kteří se již zavázali, že pomáháte uskutečnit tento kanál Děkuji za sledování, uvidíme se brzy English: So thank you so much to the people who have pledged already you are helping make this channel happen Thank you for watching I will see you soon	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Portuguese: Este jogo foi pedido pelo snickety Slice. Se tiverem pedidos vossos, digam nos comentários que eu hei-de lá chegar assim que puder. Fighting Vipers é um jogo de luta em 3D lançado para as arcadas e para a Sega Saturn em 1995 e 1996. Este jogo foi lançado durante a moda dos jogo de luta 3D da geração 32-bit. Você sabem, aquela altura em que a Saturn e a Playstation recebiam jogos de luta 3D a torto e direito da Namco e da Sega. Foi durante esse época que recebemos jogos como Tekken, Virtua Fighter, Soul Blade e Fighting Vipers. Lembro-me que o Fighting Vipers era considerado English: This game was requested by Snickety Slice. If you’ve got any requests let me know in the comments and I’ll get to them as soon as I can. Fighting Vipers is 3D fighting game released for the arcades and the Sega Saturn in 1995 and 1996. This was released during the 3D fighting craze era of the 32-bit generation. You know, back, when the Saturn and Playstation were getting 3D fighters left and right, mostly from Namco and Sega. It was during that time that we got games like Tekken, Virtua Fighter, Soul Blade and Fighting Vipers. I remember Fighting Vipers being a pretty English: big deal back then because of the graphics, intense action and the fact characters had breakable armor and there were no ring outs. Instead of having ring outs, the arenas had walls which could be broken during the final attack. Unfortunately, the game seems to have been somewhat forgotten these days, which is a shame because this game, while a bit barebones content-wise by today’s standards, is still good. You get 8 characters to choose from, 9 if you beat the game and unlock B.M. who is basically a slightly smaller version of the final boss. and then there's a 10th character to unlock, but you need to play 40 matches in versus mode and finding people to play this game with can be a bit hard. The Japanese version also had pepsiman as a playable character, but sadly, I don’t own that version. Anyway, right from the get go, I think the limited character roster is something of a Portuguese: um jogo bastante importante naquela época por causa dos gráficos, ação intensa e o facto das personagens terem armaduras destrutíveis e também não havia ring-outs. Em vez de ring-outs as arenas tinham paredes que podem ser quebradas durante o ataque final. Infelizmente, o jogo parece ter sido um pouco esquecido nos dias de hoje, o que é uma pena, porque este jogo, apesar ter pouco conteúdo pelos padrões modernos, ainda é Bom. Tu tens 8 personagens para escolher, 9 se venceres o jogo e desbloqueares o B.M. que é uma versão mais pequena do boss final. e depois tens uma 10ª personagem para desbloquear, mas para isso tens de jogar 40 partidas com um amigo e encontrar pessoas com quem jogar isto é um pouco difícil. A versão Japonesa tinha também o Pepsiman como personagem jogável, mas infelizmente, não tenho essa versão. Eu acho que a escolha limitada de personagens é um problema English: problem by modern standards. Yes, this was the norm for 3D fighters back then, Virtua Fighter and Tekken for example had equally small rosters, but games like Super Street Fighter 2 and Kings of Fighters 95 had so many characters to pick from that it’s probably a bit hard for newcomers to get into Fighting Vipers The fighting engine is the same used in Virtua Fighter 2 and it shows. The characters feature a similar level of detail and the combat style is similar as well. But whereas Virtua Fighter was going for a sorta-kinda-realistic-but-not-really fighting style, Fighting Vipers is pure arcade fun. Sure, there are no fireballs or hurricane kicks, but you’ll be making power strikes, breaking characters’ armor, breaking concrete walls, that sort of thing. In fact, the game requires you to use the walls to your advantage as you throw or push enemies into them for Portuguese: para os padrões modernos. Sim, isto era normal para jogos de luta 3D da época. Virtua Fighter e Tekken por exemplo, tinham uma escolha igualmente limitada. Mas jogos como o Super Street Fighter 2 e King of Fighters 95 tinham tantas personagens de onde escolher que provavelmente é um pouco difícil para novos jogadores gostarem do Fighting Vipers. O motor de jogo é o mesmo do Virtua Fighter 2 e nota-se. As personagens têm um nível semelhante de detalhe e o estilo de combate também é semelhante. Mas enquanto o Virtua Fighter tinha um estilo de combate semi-realista-mas-não-tanto, o Fighting Vipers é ação de arcadas pura e dura. Sim, aqui também não há bolas de fogo ou pontapés voadores, mas fazes ataques poderosos Quebras as armaduras das personagens, partes paredes de betão, esse tipo de coisa. Aliás, O jogo exige que utilizes as paredes em teu favor, empurrando inimigos contra a parede para Portuguese: causar mais dano, ou encostá-los a um canto para uma vantagem estratégica. Algumas arenas até têm cordas estilo wrestling que podem ser usadas para fazer ricochete. Como eu mencionei antes, todo estão a usar armadura que pode ser quebrada dependendo da forma como a luta avança. Se uma personagem sofrer demasiados golpes no tronco, a parte superior da armadura pode partir, o que significa que agora vai levar mais dano no tronco. Já para não falar que não recuperas a armadura no próximo round, por isso tentar destruir a armadura superior e inferior do teu oponente para o deixar vulnerável nos próximos rounds é uma estratégia legítima. E eu adoro como a ação centra-se em combos, projeções e ataques poderosos. E quebrar a armadura de teu inimigo é tão gratificante. Tu até podes massacrá-los enquanto eles estão no chão. No entanto English: extra damage or corner them to gain a strategic advantage. Some arenas even have wrestling style ropes which can be used to bounce off of. Like I mentioned before, everyone is also using upper and lower armor which can break depending on how the fight progresses. So if a character takes too many hits and power hits to the torso, the upper body armor will break, meaning you’ll now take more damage to your torso. Moreover, the armor won’t repair itself on the next round, so trying to break your opponent’s upper and lower armor to leave him vulnerable for the next rounds is a legitimate strategy. And I just love how the game’s action centers on combos, throwing maneuveus and power hits. And breaking your enemy’s armor is soooo satisfying. Hell, you can even wail at them while they’re on the ground. Though one Portuguese: algo que eu reparei é que é fácil vencer o teu inimigo instantaneamente se conseguires mantê-lo no ar. Eu admito que nunca fui muito bom neste jogo Quero dizer, eu consigo jogar decentemente com a Candy e o Raxel mas não passa disso. Um pouco de Trivia, no Japão, a Candy chama-se Honey. Não sei porque é que mudaram o nome no ocidente, ouvi que foi censurada porque o nome era sugestivo, mas na minha opinião, Candy é muito mais sugestivo. Aliás, o marketing do jogo e o jogo em si até tentaram promover o sex appeal da rapariga. Na escola eu lembro-me que ela era comparada à Lara Croft em termos de sex appeal. O problema é que ... ela tem 16 anos. Ya, isso é um pouco desconfortável. Mas por outro lado, eu duas figurinhas da miúda por isso umm... continuemos English: thing I did notice is that it’s kinda easy to kill your enemy instantly if you manage to juggle him in the air. I will admit I was never very good at this game. I mean, I can play halfway decent with Candy and Raxel but that’s about it. Bit of trivia, Candy was originally named Honey in Japan. I don’t know why they changed her name in the west, I’ve heard it was censorship because the name sounded too suggestive, buuuut if you ask me, Candy is way more suggestive. Hell, the game’s marketing at the time and game itself even tried to promote her sex appeal. Back in school I remember people comparing her to Lara Croft in terms of sex appeal. Problem is… she’s 16. Soooo… yeah that’s uncomfortable. Then again, I do own two figurines of her so umm… moving on! English: And then there’s Raxel whose sole reason for me to play him is because he can beat up people with his electric guitar and he’s clearly named after Axel Rose. Now that is… kinda random actually, but awesome. Now, I did mention this game was a bit low on content, which it is. You have an arcade mode, team battle mode, a training mode and a playback mode where you can rewatch your previous fights. For the time, this was actually pretty decent content for polygonal fighters, but playing it now, I struggle to find any reason to play anythin other than arcade mode. And when you take into consideration the fact that there’s only 8 playable characters and one final boss, it means you can finish this game pretty easily. I mean, hell, I finished the game 3 times in under 20 minutes and I Portuguese: E depois temos o raxel cuja única razão para eu o jogar é porque ele dá purrada nas pessoas com sua guitarra elétrica e o seu nome foi claramente inspirado no Axel Rose. Isso é... um pouco aleatório, mas fixe. Eu à pouco mencionei que o jogo tem pouco conteúdo Tu tens um modo arcada, modo team battle, modo de treino e um modo de playbacl, onde pode rever as tuas lutas anteriores. Para a época isto era conteúdo bastante decente para jogos de luta 3D, mas atualmente, não vejo razão para jogar qualquer outro modo que não o de arcadas. E quando tens em consideração o facto que só há 8 personagens jogáveis e um boss final, faz com que possas terminar o jogo com alguma facilidade. Eu por exemplo terminei o jogo 3 vezes em menos de 20 minutes English: haven’t played this game in years. And I’m not even that good at it. Graphically, I love the character models and breakable 3D walls, but unfortunately, Fighting Vipers runs at a lower resolution than Virtua Fighter 2 and it shows which makes the characters look really blocky because of it. Not only that, but arcade’s 3D backgrounds were replaced with a 2D image that scrolls and zooms depending on the action. I’m guessing this was done to keep the polygon count low, because Fighting Vipers runs at a smooth 60 frames per second. By the way, here’s another interesting tidbit, if you try to run a PAL copy on a PAL Saturn at 60hz, parts of the characters will become invisible. That’s a bit weird, but no big deal. Overall, Fighting Vipers is still a good game. It’s not the best or even deepest fighter out there, but it’s still entertaining. Portuguese: e eu não jogava isto à anos nem sequer sou muito bom no jogo. Graficamente, adoro os modelos das personagens e as paredes 3D quebráveis, mas, infelizmente Fighting Vipers corre numa resolução mais baixa do que o Virtua Fighter 2 o que faz com que as personagens pareçam muito quadradas. Mais ainda, os fundos 3D das arcadas foram substítuidos por uma imagem 2D que roda e faz zoom dependendo da ação. Suponho que isto foi feito para manter um baixo número de polígonos, isto porque Fighting Vipers é fluído, correndo em 60FPS. Já agora, aqui está outro facto interessante, se tentares correr uma cópia PAL do jogo, numa Saturn PAL a 60Hz, partes das personagens tornam-se invisíveis. É um pouco esquisito mas não é um grande Problema. No geral, Fighting Vipers ainda é um bom jogo. Não é o melhor nem o jogo de lutas mais profundo, mas ainda é divertido. Portuguese: Mas, como eu referi anteriormente, tem pouco conteúdo, por isso não esperem que uma sessão dure Mais do que 15 minutos. Felizmente, cópias PAL e EUA são baratas. Será que vocês devem comprar este jogo? Eu digo que sim. É um jogo divertido, mas não é algo que eu pagaria muito também existe uma versão digital para a Xbox 360 e PS3 que tem gráficos muito melhores Mas a versão para a Sega Saturn continua a ser a única forma de arranjar uma cópia física no ocidente. Por isso, se fores um colecionador, o melhor é ficares-te pela versão Saturn. Mais uma vez, obrigado ao SnicketySlice por pedir este jogo. Se tiverem algum pedido Façam-no nos comentários que eu chego lá assim que conseguir. Mas por favor Lembrem-se que eu estou limitado pelos jogos que tenho na minha coleção Olá pessoal, obrigado por verem o St1ka's Retro Corner. Se gostaram do vídeo English: But like I mentioned before, there isn’t a lot of content here, so expect a playthrough to last 15 minutes at most. Thankfully, PAL and US copies seem really cheap. Anyway, should you get this game? I say yes. It’s a good, fun game, but it’s not something I’d pay too much for. There’s also a digital only port of the arcade version for the Xbox 360 and PS3 which features vastly superior graphics. But the Sega Saturn version remains the only home version with a physical edition. So if you’re a collector, you might wanna stick with the Saturn version. Once again, thank you to Snickety Slice for requesting this game. If you have any game requests let me know in the comments and I’ll get to them as soon as I can. Just please remember that I’m limited by what games I actually own. Hey everyone, thank you for watching St1ka’s Retro Corner. If you enjoyed the video, be English: sure to like, comment and subscribe for a new video, every Thursday. And be sure to hit, that notification bell icon to know when a new video is out. Anyway, I hope you have a great day. Bye! Portuguese: façam like, comentem e subscrevem para terem um vídeo novo todas as Quintas-Feiras. E façam clique no ícone de notificações para saberem quando sai um vídeo novo. Enfim, espero que tenham um grande dia. Tchau!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
- It's like a cake with banana frosting, made by a monkey. (We Wish You A Merry Christmas) - This is really messy. (crunching) - Is this raisins? - The only part I don't like is just the raisins in it. - There's beef? (gasp) - Oh, I thought those were apples! - I did not taste the meat at all. (rapid violin strum) - What is this? - Is that cheese? - I want a cheese crispy. - Alright, now, let me try this crispy stuff. - Mmm mmm - Oh my God! (bouncy music) - Is this gravy? - Caramel? - It doesn't taste like a real brownie or cake. - It's good. - Does it have raisins? - I don't like raisins. - It's okay. - I don't really wanna change...much. But I would change... stuff. (bouncy music) - I'm scared - Is this a type of jello? - It's sour! - It's really good, I like this. - Ah! - I didn't think I was going to like it because it was slimy. - Oh, whoa. (bouncy music) - Kinda tastes like cheese cake. - My mom would tell me stories about how her mom and my mom would make pineapple upside down cake for Christmas every year. - Nevermind, maybe I don't like it. - Sixties? - That's when my mom was born. (laughter) (bouncy music) - That tastes like jello. That is good! - I do not like the top. - Why? - I would probably rate it about an 8. - Mmm hmm - I do love jello. (bouncy music) - MMM! I see colors much more clearly. - That was disgusting. - I'll try with the fruit. Mmm, Its not the best with the fruit. - Disgusting, old candy. - Creamy, yellow goodness. - That's what it reminds me of. (laughter) (bouncy music) - That is awesome! - It's really good. It's like cheesecake and chocolate and M&Ms and peppermints. Awesome, amazing and delicious! - After cheesecake, Cheesemas Eve I know, I like it. (bouncy music) - Oh I just forgot the name. - Eggnog? - It's nog and it's something, I know that. - Thank you very much. This is delicious. (laughter) - It's better than everything else I've tasted. (bouncy music) - MMMMM - It's not pumpkin. What kind of pie is this? - Sweet potato. It's really good! - No! - I would like more chocolate! - 70's? - Oh, I would love to have it again!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
The judges are going to be looking for centeredness in the cup of the design so we want to see that design in the middle of the cup. We also are looking to make sure that there's contrasting colors between coffee and milk And lastly we're looking for difficulty of design. 3-tiered tulips, yay; little heart off to the side, not so much. What's your strategy tonight? Well I was gonna go for making the best turkey. Tips on how to make a perfect latte? Be conscious, be aware and be involved. Perfect milk texture. Oh yeah. Gonna win this. 2...3... Alright Joey! Congratulations.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Portuguese: Tradutor: Margarida Ferreira Revisora: Mafalda Ferreira Isto é um cristal de açúcar. Se o pressionarmos, ele vai gerar eletricidade. Como é que este simples cristal age como uma minúscula fonte de energia? É porque o açúcar é piezoelétrico. Os materiais piezoelétricos transformam a tensão mecânica, como a pressão, as ondas sonoras e outras vibrações em eletricidade, e vice-versa. Este estranho fenómeno foi descoberto, em 1880, pelos irmãos físicos Jacques e Pierre Curie. Descobriram que, se comprimissem delgadas lâminas de determinados cristais, geravam-se cargas positivas e negativas nas faces opostas. Esta diferença de cargas, ou voltagem, significava que o cristal comprimido podia conduzir uma corrente por um circuito, como uma bateria. E também funcionava no sentido inverso. À passagem de eletricidade esses cristais deformam-se. Estes dois resultados Persian: Translator: Nima Pourreza Reviewer: sadegh zabihi این کریستال شکر است. اگر شما بر آن فشار وارد کنید، نیروی الکتریسیته تولید خواهد کرد. چگونه این کریستال ساده همانند یک منبع نیرو عمل می‌کند؟ بخاطر اینکه شکر دارای خاصیت پیزوالکتریک است. اشیاء پیزوالکتریک، تنش مکانیکی همچون فشار، امواج صدا و لرزش‌های دیگر را به نیروی الکتریکی وبالعکس تبدیل می‌کند. این پدیده منحصربه‌فرد اولین بار توسط فیزیکدانان پیر کوری و برادرش ژاک در سال ۱۸۸۰ کشف شد. آن‌ها کشف کردند اگر بر صفحات کریستال‌های خاصی فشار وارد کنیم، بارهای مثبت و منفی در دو طرف آن ایجاد می‌شود. این اختلاف بار یا همان اختلاف ولتاژ، به این معنی است که کریستال تحت فشار می‌تواند جریان الکتریکی را در مدار همچون باتری تولید کند. و این عمل معکوس پذیر نیز هست، یعنی: اعمال اختلاف پتانیل در دو سر این کریستال‌ها باعث تغییر شکل آن‌ها می‌شود. هر دو این نتایج، Korean: 검토: Jihyeon J. Kim 이것은 설탕 덩어리입니다. 여기에 압력을 가하면 설탕 덩어리는 전기를 만들어냅니다. 어떻게 이런 간단한 결정체가 작은 건전지처럼 행동하는 걸까요? 그 이유는 설탕이 압전물질이기 때문입니다. 압전물질은 압력, 음파, 진동과 같은 기계적 힘을 전력으로 바꿔주고 역으로 전력 또한 기계적 힘으로 바꿔줄 수 있습니다. 이러한 현상은 1880년 물리학자 피에르 퀴리, 자크 퀴리 형제에 의해 발견되었습니다. 그들은 특정 물질의 얇은 조각에 압력을 가하면 조각 양면에 각각 양전하와 음전하가 생긴다는 것을 발견했습니다. 이러한 전위차 또는 전압은 압력을 받는 결정체가 마치 배터리처럼 회로에 전류를 흐르게 할 수 있다는 것을 의미합니다. 이 또한 역으로도 성립합니다. 결정에 전류를 흐르게 하면 결정의 모양이 변합니다. Spanish: Traductor: Sebastian Betti Revisor: Denise RQ Este es un cristal de azúcar. En realidad, bajo presión, genera su propia electricidad. ¿Cómo puede este simple cristal actuar como una fuente de energía? Porque el azúcar es piezoeléctrico. Los materiales piezoeléctricos transforman la tensión mecánica, como la presión, las ondas sonoras y otras vibraciones en electricidad y viceversa. Este extraño fenómeno fue descubierto por el físico Pierre Curie y su hermano Jacques, en 1880. Descubrieron que si comprimían láminas finas de ciertos cristales, se generaban cargas positivas y negativas en las caras opuestas. Esta diferencia en carga, o voltaje, implicaba que el cristal comprimido podía conducir una señal eléctrica por un circuito, como una batería. El fenómeno también ocurre a la inversa: sometidos a un campo eléctrico, estos cristales se deforman. Ambos resultados, Portuguese: Tradutor: Leonardo Silva Revisor: Maricene Crus Este é um cristal de açúcar. Sob pressão, ele vai gerar eletricidade. Como pode este simples cristal ser uma fonte minúscula fonte de energia? Porque o açúcar é piezoelétrico. Materiais piezoelétricos transformam estímulos mecânicos, como pressão, ondas sonoras e outras vibrações em eletricidade, e vice-versa. Esse estranho fenômeno foi descoberto pelo físico Pierre Curie e seu irmão Jacques, em 1880. Eles descobriram que, se comprimissem finas fatias de determinados cristais, cargas positivas e negativas apareceriam em lados opostos. Essa diferença de cargas, ou voltagem, significava que o cristal comprimido conduzia corrente por um circuito, como uma bateria. E funcionava ao contrário também. Conduzir eletricidade por esses cristais modificava o formato deles. Ambos os resultados, Vietnamese: Translator: Thái Sơn Nguyễn Reviewer: Ly Nguyễn Đây là một tinh thể của đường. Nếu bạn ấn lên nó, nó sẽ tự phát điện. Làm thế nào tinh thể đơn này có thể hành động như một nguồn điện nhỏ? Bởi vì đường có hiệu ứng áp điện. Vật áp điện biến ứng suất cơ học, như áp lực, sóng âm thanh, hay các rung động khác thành điện lực và ngược lại. Hiện tượng kì lạ này được phát hiện lần đầu vào năm 1880 bởi nhà vật lý học Pierre Curie và anh trai mình Jacques. Họ khám phá rằng nếu họ ép những miếng mỏng của một vài tinh thể bất kỳ, điện tích dương và âm sẽ xuất hiện trên bề mặt đối diện. Sự khác nhau về điện tích, hay điệp áp này, có nghĩa là mảnh tinh thể bị ép có thể dẫn điện đi qua mạch điện, như một cục pin vậy. Và nó còn hoạt động theo chiều ngược lại nữa. Dẫn điện đi qua những tinh thể này làm cho nó biến dạng. Cả hai kết quả này, Russian: Переводчик: Riana Abl Редактор: Yulia Kallistratova Это кристалл сахара. Если на него надавить, он фактически создаст собственное электричество. Почему же такой простой кристалл ведёт себя как маленький источник энергии? А потому, что сахар — пьезоэлектрик. Пьезоэлектрики преобразуют механические напряжения, такие как давление, звуковые волны и другие вибрации, в электричество и наоборот. Это странное явление было впервые обнаружено физиками Пьером и Жаком Кюри в 1880 году. Они обнаружили, что при сжимании тонких пластин некоторых кристаллов на противоположных гранях будут появляться положительные и отрицательные заряды. Это различие в заряде или напряжении означало, что сжатый кристалл мог пропускать ток через контур, как батарейка. Аналогичные результаты достигались и наоборот. Форма кристаллов менялась при пропускании через них электричества. Оба эти результата, Chinese: 翻译人员: Lipeng Chen 校对人员: Jack Zhang 这是糖的结晶体。你在按压它时，它实际上会产生电荷。这个简单的晶体是怎样扮演一个小发电站的角色呢？因为糖是压电体。压电材料会把机械应力，如压力、声波、还有其他振动转化为电力，反之亦然。这种奇特现象是在1880年被物理学家 Pierre Curie 和他的弟弟 Jacques 首次发现的。他们发现如果他们压缩一些细小的晶体片，正电荷和负电荷会出现在相反两面。电荷或者说电压的不同，意味着被压缩的晶体可以通过电路驱动电流，像是电池一样。它也可以朝着另一方向运行。通过这些晶体运作电力会使晶体的形状发生变化。这里有两种结果， Arabic: المترجم: Ahmed Mohd المدقّق: Hani Eldalees هذه بلورة من السكر. إذا ضغطت عليها، ستولد الكهرباء الخاصة بها. كيف بإمكان هذه البلورة البسيطة أن تكون مصدرًا للطاقة؟ لأن السكر كهروضغطي. الأدوات الكهروضغطية تتحول إلى جهد مكانيكي، مثل الضغط، والموجات، والاهتزازت الأخرى إلى كهرباء والعكس صحيح. تم اكتشاف هذه الظاهرة الغريبة بواسطة الفيزيائي بيير كوري وشقيقه جاك سنة 1880. اكتشفوا أنهم إذا ضغطوا شرائح رقيقة من بلورات معينة، ستظهر الشحنات الإيجابية والسلبية على الوجوه المقابلة. هذا الاختلاف في الشحنة أو الجهد، يعني أن البلورة المضغوطة يمكنها نقل التيار من خلال الدائرة الكهربائية مثل البطارية. كما أن العملية قابلة للعكس كذلك. تشغيل الكهرباء من خلال هذه البلورات جعلها تغير الشكل. جميع هذه النتائج، Japanese: 翻訳: Satya Srk 校正: Misaki Sato これは砂糖の結晶です圧力を加えるとなんと自身で電気を生成しますこんな単純な結晶がなぜ小さな動力源のような働きをするのでしょう砂糖には圧電効果があるからです圧電体は機械的応力例えば圧力や音波やその他の振動などを電気に変えます逆も成り立ちますこの奇妙な現象を最初に発見したのは 1880年物理学者ピエール・キュリーとその兄ジャックでした特定の結晶の薄切りを圧迫すると正と負の電荷が対面に現れることを発見したのですこの電荷の差つまり電圧が生じ圧迫された結晶が回路内に電流を流せることを意味していました電池のようにですそして順序が逆でも機能しましたこれらの結晶に電気を流すと変形したのですこれら両方の Hungarian: Fordító: Péter Pallós Lektor: Reka Lorinczy Ez itt cukorkristály. Ha összenyomjuk, villamos feszültség keletkezik. Miért viselkedik e közönséges kristály parányi energiaforrásként? Azért, mert a cukor piezoelektromos anyag. A piezoelektromos anyagok a mechanikai feszültség változását, pl. a nyomást, hanghullámokat és egyéb rezgéseket villamos feszültséggé alakítják; de fordítva is igaz. E különös jelenséget elsőként Pierre Curie és testvére, Jacques Curie fizikusok fedezték fel 1880-ban. Megfigyelték, hogy egyes vékony kristályok összenyomásakor a kristály szemben álló lapjain pozitív és negatív töltések halmozódnak fel. E töltésszétválás, más néven feszültség az összenyomott kristályban áramot hoz létre; mint az akkumulátorban. A jelenség fordítva is végbemegy. Ha villamos áram folyik át a kristályon, alakja megváltozik. Mindkét eredmény: iw: תרגום: Ido Dekkers עריכה: Tal Dekkers זהו גביש סוכר. אם אתם לוחצים עליו, הוא ייצר למעשה חשמל משלו. איך הגביש הפשוט הזה פועל כמו מקור כוח זעיר? בגלל שסוכר הוא פיזואלקטרי. חומרים פיאזואלקטריים הופכים לחץ מכאני, כמו דחיסה, גלי קול, ותנודות אחרות לחשמל ולהפך. התופעה המוזרה התגלתה לראשונה על ידי הפיזיקאי פייר קירי ואחיו ז'אק ב 1880. הם גילו שאם הם דוחסים פרוסות דקות של גבישים מסויימים, מטענים שליליים וחיוביים יופיעו על פאות מנוגדות. ההבדל במטען, או המתח, משמעו שהגביש הדחוס יכול להניע זרם דרך מעגל, כמו סוללה. וזה עובד גם לכיוון ההפוך. העברת חשמל דךר הגבישים האלה גורמת להם לשנות צורה. שתי התוצאות הלו, Chinese: 譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Ann Chen 這是糖的結晶如果去擠壓它，它會產生出電力為何這麼簡單的結晶能像小型電源一樣？因為糖有壓電特性壓電材料能把機械應力如壓力聲波及其他振動轉變為電力，反之亦然這個奇特現象最早在 1880 年由物理學家皮埃爾·居禮和他的哥哥雅各發現他們發現，如果他們擠壓某些結晶的薄片正電荷與負電荷會出現在相對的表面上電荷或電壓的差異意味著壓縮結晶可以讓電流透過迴路流動就像電池這現象也可以倒轉過來讓電通過這些結晶會讓結晶改變形狀這兩項結果： French: Traducteur: Viviane Lestic Relecteur: eric vautier Ceci est un cristal de sucre. Si vous appuyez dessus, il va générer sa propre électricité. Comment ce simple cristal peut-il agir comme une source d'énergie ? Parce que le sucre est piézoélectrique. Les matériaux piézoélectriques transforment un effort mécanique, comme la pression, les ondes sonores, et d'autres vibrations en électricité et inversement. Ce phénomène étrange fut découvert par le physicien Pierre Curie et son frère Jacques en 1880. Ils ont découvert qu'en compressant de fines tranches de certains cristaux, des charges positives et négatives apparaissaient sur les faces opposées. Cette différence de charge, ou tension, signifiait que le cristal compressé pouvait envoyer du courant dans un circuit comme une batterie. Et cela fonctionnait aussi dans l'autre sens. Faire circuler de l'électricité dans ces cristaux les faisait changer de forme. Ces deux résultats, English: This is a crystal of sugar. If you press on it, it will actually generate its own electricity. How can this simple crystal act like a tiny power source? Because sugar is piezoelectric. Piezoelectric materials turn mechanical stress, like pressure, sound waves, and other vibrations into electricity and vice versa. This odd phenomenon was first discovered by the physicist Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques in 1880. They discovered that if they compressed thin slices of certain crystals, positive and negative charges would appear on opposite faces. This difference in charge, or voltage, meant that the compressed crystal could drive current through a circuit, like a battery. And it worked the other way around, too. Running electricity through these crystals made them change shape. Both of these results, Chinese: 這是糖的結晶如果去擠壓它，它會產生出電力為何這麼簡單的結晶能像小型電源一樣？因為糖有壓電特性壓電材料能把機械應力如壓力聲波及其他振動轉變為電力，反之亦然這個奇特現象最早在 1880 年由物理學家皮埃爾·居禮和他的哥哥雅各發現他們發現，如果他們擠壓某些結晶的薄片正電荷與負電荷會出現在相對的表面上電荷或電壓的差異意味著壓縮結晶可以讓電流透過迴路流動就像電池這現象也可以倒轉過來讓電通過這些結晶會讓結晶改變形狀這兩項結果： Turkish: Çeviri: Onur Kurtuluş Gözden geçirme: Figen Ergürbüz Bu, bir şeker kristali. Üstüne basarsanız kendi elektriğini üretecektir. Bu basit kristal nasıl oluyor da küçük bir güç kaynağı gibi çalışıyor? Çünkü şeker, piezoelektrik. Piezoelektrik materyaller, mekanik stresi basınç, ses dalgaları ve diğer titreşimleri elektriğe dönüştürür ve tam tersini de yaparlar. Bu garip olay ilk olarak fizikçi Pierre Curie ve kardeşi Jacques tarafından 1880'de keşfedilmiştir. Bazı kristallerin ince dilimlerini sıkıştırdıklarında ters yüzlerinde pozitif ve negatif yüklerin ortaya çıktığını keşfettiler. Yükteki ya da gerilimdeki fark sıkıştırılmış kristallerin, bir pil gibi devreleri sürebileceği anlamına geliyordu. Tam tersi şekilde de çalıştı. Bu kristallerden elektrik geçirmek şekillerinin değişmesine sebep oldu. İki sonuç da Polish: Tłumaczenie: Monika Rauflajsz Korekta: Agnieszka Fijałkowska To jest kryształek cukru. Pod wpływem nacisku wytworzy on własną elektryczność. Jak taki prosty kryształ może być małym źródłem energii? To dlatego, że cukier jest piezoelektryczny. Materiały piezoelektryczne zmieniają naprężenia mechaniczne, takie jak nacisk, fale dźwiękowe, i inne wibracje na elektryczność i odwrotnie. To dziwne zjawisko odkrył fizyk Piotr Curie razem z bratem Jakubem w 1880 roku. Odkryli, że gdy ścisną cienkie kawałki pewnych kryształów, po przeciwnych stronach pojawią się dodatnie i ujemne ładunki. Ta różnica ładunków, czy napięcie, oznaczała, że ściśnięty kryształ mógł przewodzić prąd w zamkniętym obiegu, tak jak bateria. Działało to też w drugą stronę. Puszczenie przez te kryształy prądu sprawiało, że zmieniały kształt. Oba te efekty, Chinese: 一种是将机械能转化为电能，另一种则是将电能转化为机械能，两者都是意义非凡的。但这项发现在几十年间都没有受到人们的关注。第一次实际应用是被使用到声呐仪器中，这种声呐仪器在第一次世界大战时被用于探测德国潜艇。声呐发射机中的压电石英晶体在受到交变电压影响时会产生振动。从而在水中发送超声波。通过测量这些超声波触碰到一个物体反弹回来所花费的时间可以知道与物体相隔的距离。如果是另一种转化，将机械能转化为电能，可以想想那些当你鼓掌时就会亮起来的灯。你在鼓掌的同时会在空气中产生声音振动，这会让压电元件来回弯曲。由此产生的电压会驱使足够的电流让LED灯发亮，不过这已经算是让灯亮起来的传统电力来源了。那么是什么让材料带有压电性呢？这取决于两个因素：材料的原子结构， Hungarian: mechanikai energia villamos energiává alakítása és villamos energia mechanikai energiává alakítása figyelemre méltó volt. De a fölfedezést több évtizedig nem hasznosították. A gyakorlatban elsőként szonárokban alkalmazták az első világháborúban német tengeralattjárók földerítésére. A piezoelektromos kvarckristályok a szonár adóegységében váltakozó áram hatására rezegnek, és ultrahangot továbbítanak a vízben. Ha megmérjük a hullám visszaverődési idejét bizonyos tárgyról, kiderül, milyen távol van. Nézzünk példát a fordított jelenségre, mechanikai energia villamos energiává alakítására: villanykapcsolás tapssal. A tapsolás a levegőben hanghullámokat kelt, ami a piezoelemet rezgésbe hozza. A létrejött feszültség hatására keletkező áram bekapcsolja a LED-fényt, noha hagyományos áramforrások miatt marad égve. Milyen anyagok piezoelektromosak? A válasz két tényezőtől függ: az anyag atomszerkezetétől Chinese: 將機械能轉為電能以及將電能轉為機械能都是很了不起的結果但這發現數十年都沒有被公開讚揚最先的實際應用是用在聲納儀器上在第一次世界大戰時用來偵測德國潛艇聲納發射器中的壓電石英結晶會在受到交流電壓時振動接著會透過水發送出超音波測量超音波碰到物體再反彈回來要花多少時間就能算出物體的距離多遠至於反向的轉換將機械能轉為電能想想當你拍手時就會亮起來的燈拍手會透過空氣發送聲振導致壓電元素開始前後彎曲就會形成電壓產生足夠電流使燈發亮不過燈能持續發光還是要靠一般電源怎樣的材料會是壓電材料？這取決於兩個因子：材料的原子結構 English: turning mechanical energy into electrical, and electrical energy into mechanical, were remarkable. But the discovery went uncelebrated for several decades. The first practical application was in sonar instruments used to detect German submarines during World War I. Piezoelectric quartz crystals in the sonar's transmitter vibrated when they were subjected to alternating voltage. That sent ultrasound waves through the water. Measuring how long it took these waves to bounce back from an object revealed how far away it was. For the opposite transformation, converting mechanical energy to electrical, consider the lights that turn on when you clap. Clapping your hands send sound vibrations through the air and causes the piezo element to bend back and forth. This creates a voltage that can drive enough current to light up the LEDs, though it's conventional sources of electricity that keep them on. So what makes a material piezoelectric? The answer depends on two factors: the materials atomic structure, Arabic: والتي تحول الطاقة الميكانيكية إلى كهربائية والطاقة الكهربائية إلى مكانيكية، كانت رائعة. لكن هذا الاكتشاف لم ينتشر لعدة عقود. التطبيق العملي الأول كان في أدوات السونار استُخدمت للكشف عن الغواصات الألمانية خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى. بلورات الكوارتز الكهروضغطية في جهاز الإرسال السونار اهتزت عندما تعرضت لتبديل الجهد. مما أرسل موجاتٍ فوق الصوتية من خلال المياه. لقياس كم من الوقت استغرقت هذه الموجات لترتد مرة أخرى واكتشفت مدى بعدها. للتحولات المعاكسة، تحويل الطاقة الميكانيكية إلى كهربائية، لنأخذ مثلاً الضوء الذي يعمل عندما تصفق. التصفيق بيديك يرسل موجاتٍ صوتيةٍ من خلال الهواء ويتسبب في التواء عنصر بيزو ذهابًا وإيابًا. هذا يصنع الجهد الذي باستطاعته التأثير بما فيه الكفايه لإضاءة المصابيح. بالرغم من أنها مصادر تقليدية للكهرباء التي تبقيهم مضيئة. إذًا، ما الذي يجعل المادة كهربية إجهادية؟ الإجابة تعتمد على عاملين: التركيب الذري للمواد، Korean: 이렇게 기계적 에너지를 전기적 에너지로, 전기적 에너지를 기계적 에너지로 바꿀 수 있다는 것은 놀라웠습니다. 하지만 이러한 발견은 몇 십년간 그다지 주목받지 못했습니다. 이것이 1차 세계대전 당시 독일의 잠수함 탐지를 위해 수중 음파 탐지기로 처음 쓰였습니다. 소나 송신기에 있는 압전성을 띈 석영 결정은 교류 전압을 받으면 진동을 발생시켜 물속으로 초음파를 쏘는데 사용되었습니다. 초음파가 대상에 부딪힌 뒤 반사되어 돌아오기까지 걸리는 시간을 측정해 대상이 얼마나 멀리있는지 파악할 수 있었습니다. 기계적 힘을 전기적 힘으로 바꾸는 경우를 생각해보면 박수를 쳐 켜고 끌 수 있는 전등을 생각하면 됩니다. 박수를 치면 음파가 공기를 지나 압전성 부품에 도달해 이를 진동시키면 전류가 흐르기 시작하게 하는 전압이 발생해 LED등이 켜집니다. 물론 전류를 계속 흐르게 하는 전원은 따로 존재 합니다. 그렇다면 왜 어떤 물질은 압전성을 띄는 것일까요? 답은 두 가지 요소로 설명할 수 있습니다. Russian: преобразовывающие механическую энергию в электрическую и электрическую в механическую, были удивительны. Но это открытие не использовалось несколько десятилетий. Впервые оно было применено в сонарах, которые использовались для обнаружения немецких подлодок во время Первой мировой войны. Пьезоэлектрические кристаллы кварца в передатчике сонара начинают вибрировать, когда подвергаются переменному напряжению. Кристаллы передают ультразвуковые волны по воде. Измеряя время возвращения волн от объекта, можно рассчитать его расстояние. Для обратного преобразования механической энергии в электрическую рассмотрим пример включения света по хлопку́. Хлопки в ладоши отправляют сигнал вибрации по воздуху, что заставляет пьезоэлемент вибрировать. Это создаёт напряжение, необходимое для включения лампы, хотя удерживают их включёнными обычные источники электроэнергии. Так что же такое пьезоэлектрик? Ответ зависит от двух факторов: от атомарной структуры материала French: transformer une énergie mécanique en énergie électrique, et une énergie électrique en énergie mécanique, étaient remarquables. Mais la découverte resta peu connue pendant plusieurs décennies. La première application pratique fut dans les sonars pour détecter les sous-marins allemands pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale. Les cristaux de quartz du transmetteur du sonar vibraient lorsqu'ils étaient soumis à une tension alternative. Cela envoyait des ultrasons dans l'eau. Mesurer le temps qu'il fallait à ces ondes pour rebondir sur un objet révélaient à quelle distance il se trouvait. Pour la transformation inverse, convertir une énergie mécanique en énergie électrique, pensez aux lumières qui s'allument quand on tape des mains. Taper des mains envoie des vibrations dans l'air et tord l'élément piézoélectrique. Cela crée une tension qui peut conduire assez de courant pour allumer les LEDs, même si c'est l'électricité traditionnelle qui les garde allumées. Donc qu'est-ce qui rend un matériau piézoélectrique ? La réponse dépend de deux facteurs : la structure atomique du matériau, Persian: تبدیل انرژی مکانیکی به الکتریکی و انرژی الکتریکی به مکانیکی، ارزشمند بودند. اما این کشف برای دهه‌ها مورد توجه قرار نگرفت. اولین استفاده عملی آن در تجهیزات سونار بود که برای تشخیص زیردریایی‌های آلمانی در طول جنگ جهانی اول استفاده شد. کریستال‌های کوارتزی پیزوالکتریک در فرستنده‌های سونار در هنگام اعمال ولتاژ متناوب می‌لرزیدند. این لرزش باعث تولید و فرستادن امواج فراصوتی در طول آب می‌شد. با اندازه‌گیری مدت زمان برخورد امواج به شیء و برگشت آن فاصله آن را مشخص می‌کرد. برای کارکرد معکوس آن نیز یعنی تبدیل انرژی مکانیکی به الکتریکی، سنسورهای صوتی را در نظر بگیرید که با دست زدن چراغ را خاموش می‌کنند. دست‌زدن شما اواج صوتی را در طول هوا می‌فرستد و باعث فشرده و بازشدن شدن جسم پیزوالکتریک می‌شوند. این باعث تولید ولتاژی با جریان کافی که بتواند رله لامپ را فعال کند می‌شود تا جریان برق شهری بتواند آن را روشن نگه‌ دارد. چه چیزی باعث به‌وجود آمدن خاصیت پیزوالکتریکی اجسام می‌شود. پاسخ این سوال به دو چیز بستگی دارد: ساختار اتمی مواد iw: הפיכת אנרגיה מכאנית לחשמלית, וחשמלית למכאנית, היו יוצאות דופן. אבל הגילוי לא נחגג במשך מספר עשורים. השימוש הפרקטי הראשון היה במכשירי סונאר שהיו בשימוש כדי לזהות צוללות גרמניות במהלך מלחמת עולם ראשונה. גבישי קווארץ פיאזואלקטריים במשדרי הסונאר רטטו כשהם היו נתונים למתח משתנה. זה שלח גלי אולטרסאונד דרך המים. מדידת כמה זמן לקח לגלים האלה לחזור מעצם גילה כמה רחוק הוא. לשינוי ההפוך, המרת אנרגיה מכאנית לחשמלית, חשבו על אורות שנדלקים כשאתם מוחאים כפיים. מחיאת כפיים שולחת רטיטות קול דרך האויר וגורמת לאלמנט הפיאזואלקטרי להתעקם קדימה ואחורה. זה יוצר מתח שיכול להניע מספיק זרם להאיר לדים, למרות שזה מקור חשמל רגיל שגורם להם להמשיך לדלוק. אז מה הופך חומר לפיאזואלקטרי? התשובה תלויה בשני גורמים: המבנה האטומי של החומר, Japanese: 力学的エネルギーを電気エネルギーに電気エネルギーを力学的なものに変える結果は特筆すべきものでしたですがこの発見は何十年も日の目を見ませんでした最初の応用は第一次世界大戦中ドイツの潜水艦を発見するためのソナーでしたソナーの発信機の中の圧電水晶は交流電圧を加えると振動しましたこれが水中に超音波を送りましたこの超音波が物体から跳ね返るのにかかった時間を測ることでその物体までの距離が明らかになりました力学的エネルギーを電気的なものに変える逆の変換については手を叩くと点灯するライトを考えてみましょう手を叩くことで空気中に音波振動が送られ圧電素子を前後にたわませることになりますこれでLEDの点灯に十分な電流が流せる電圧が発生しますただし電圧を維持するのは既存の電源ですがでは物質が圧電効果を持つ理由は何でしょう答えは２つの要因で決まります：物質の原子構造と Vietnamese: biến cơ năng thành điện năng, và biến điện năng thành cơ năng, rất đáng khâm phục. Nhưng phát kiến trên đã không được biết đến trong suốt vài thập kỷ. Ứng dụng thực tế đầu tiên nằm trong các thiết bị định vị thuỷ âm được dùng để phát hiện tàu ngầm Đức trong chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất. Tinh thể thạch anh áp điện trong máy phát sóng âm rung lên khi chúng gặp dòng điện xoay chiều. Điều này truyền đi sóng siêu âm dưới mặt nước. Đo lường việc các đợt sóng này mất bao lâu để nảy lại từ vật thể cho biết vật đó nằm cách ta bao xa. Còn với sự chuyển đổi ngược lại, biến cơ năng thành điện năng, hãy nghĩ đến cái đèn mà bật sáng khi bạn vỗ tay. Vỗ tay truyền đi những rung động âm thanh trong không khí và khiến cho các phần tử áp lực bị bẻ cong tới lui. Điều này tạo ra điện áp đủ sức dẫn điện thắp sáng bóng đèn LED, tuy vậy, chính nguồn điện thông thường mới giữ cho chúng sáng được. Vậy thì điều gì nào khiến cho một vật có hiệu ứng áp điện? Câu trả lời phụ thuộc vào hai yếu tố: cấu trúc nguyên tử của vật thể, Portuguese: transformar energia mecânica em elétrica e energia elétrica em mecânica, foram extraordinários, mas essa descoberta ficou décadas sem ser apreciada. A primeira aplicação prática foi em instrumentos de sonar usados para detectar submarinos alemães durante a Primeira Gerra Mundial. Cristais de quartzo piezoelétricos no transmissor do sonar vibravam quando submetidos a voltagem alternante. Isso enviava ondas de ultrassom através da água. Medindo quanto tempo essas ondas levavam pra recochetear no objeto e voltar, descobria-se a que distância o objeto estava. Para a transformação inversa, converter energia mecânica em elétrica, imagine lâmpadas que se acendem ao batermos palmas. As palmas emitem vibrações pelo ar e fazem com que o elemento piezo estremeça. Isso gera uma voltagem capaz de conduzir corrente suficiente para acender as LEDs, embora sejam as fontes convencionais de energia que as mantêm ligadas. Mas o que torna um elemento piezoelétrico? A resposta depende de dois fatores: a estrutura atômica do material Chinese: 將機械能轉為電能以及將電能轉為機械能都是很了不起的結果但這發現數十年都沒有被公開讚揚最先的實際應用是用在聲納儀器上在第一次世界大戰時用來偵測德國潛艇聲納發射器中的壓電石英結晶會在受到交流電壓時振動接著會透過水發送出超音波測量超音波碰到物體再反彈回來要花多少時間就能算出物體的距離多遠至於反向的轉換將機械能轉為電能想想當你拍手時就會亮起來的燈拍手會透過空氣發送聲振導致壓電元素開始前後彎曲就會形成電壓產生足夠電流使燈發亮不過燈能持續發光還是要靠一般電源怎樣的材料會是壓電材料？這取決於兩個因子：材料的原子結構 Turkish: mekanik enerjiyi elektriğe dönüştürürken ve elektrik enerjisini mekaniğe dönüştürürken çok iyiydi. Ama bu keşif, birkaç on yıl ortaya çıkarılmadı. İlk pratik uygulaması, 1. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Alman denizaltılarını fark etmek için sonar aletlerde yapıldı. Sonar vericisine yerleştirilmiş piezoelektrik kuvars kristalleri alternatif akım uygulandığında titriyorlardı. Bu şekilde ultrasonik dalgalar suda gönderiliyordu. Dalgaların bir objeye çarpıp geri dönme süresi ölçülerek ne kadar uzakta olduğu ortaya çıkarılıyordu. İşlemin tersi için yani mekanik enerjiyi elektriğe çevirmek için elinizi çırptığınızda ışıkların açılmasını düşünebilirsiniz. Elinizi çırptığınızda ses dalgaları havada ilerler ve piezo elementin ileri geri bükülmesine neden olur. Bu eylem, LED ışıkları sürebilecek kadar voltaj üretir aynı zamanda geleneksel kaynakları kullanarak onları açık tutabiliriz. Peki bir materyali piezoelektrik yapan nedir? Bu sorunun cevabı iki faktöre dayanmaktadır: Materyalin atomik yapısı Portuguese: — transformar energia mecânica em elétrica e energia elétrica em mecânica — eram assinaláveis. Mas a descoberta ficou ignorada durante várias décadas. A primeira aplicação prática foi nos instrumentos sonar usados para detetar submarinos alemães durante a I Guerra Mundial. Os cristais de quartzo piezoelétricos no transmissor do sonar vibravam quando eram submetidos a uma voltagem alternada. Isso enviava ondas de ultrassons através da água. Medindo o tempo que essas ondas demoravam a regressar de um objeto revelava a distância a que ele estava. Quanto à transformação inversa — transformar a energia mecânica em energia elétrica — pensem nas luzes que se acendem quando batemos palmas. Quando batemos palmas, enviamos vibrações sonoras pelo ar, e provocamos que o elemento piezo oscile de um lado para o outro. Isso cria uma voltagem que pode gerar corrente suficiente para acender as LED, embora sejam as fontes convencionais de eletricidade que as mantêm acesas. Então, quando é que um material é piezoelétrico? A resposta depende de dois fatores, a estrutura atómica dos materiais Spanish: convertir energía mecánica en eléctrica, y energía eléctrica en mecánica, eran notables. Pero el descubrimiento pasó desapercibido durante varias décadas. La primera aplicación práctica fue en los sonares para detectar submarinos alemanes durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Los cristales de cuarzo piezoeléctricos del transmisor del sonar vibraban al someterlas al voltaje alterno. Eso enviaba ondas ultrasónicas a través del agua. Medir cuánto tiempo demoraban estas ondas en rebotar en un objeto revelaba cuán lejos estaba. Para la transformación opuesta, convertir energía mecánica en eléctrica, piensa en las luces que se encienden al dar palmadas. Las palmadas propagan vibraciones de sonido por del aire y hace que el elemento piezoeléctrico se deforme comprimiéndose y relajándose. Esto crea un voltaje que puede generar suficiente corriente para encender LEDs, aunque las fuentes convencionales de electricidad las mantienen en marcha. Entonces, ¿qué convierte a un material en piezoeléctrico? La respuesta depende de dos factores: de la estructura atómica de los materiales Polish: zmiana energii mechanicznej w elektryczną i elektrycznej w mechaniczną, były czymś godnym uwagi, ale ich odkrycie pozostało niezauważone przez kilka dziesięcioleci. Zastosowano je po raz pierwszy w sonarach do wykrywania niemieckich łodzi podwodnych podczas I Wojny Światowej. Piezoelektryczne kryształy kwarcowe w nadajnikach sonarnych wibrowały, gdy poddawano je działaniu napięcia zmiennego. Tak wysyłano ultradźwięki poprzez wodę. Zmierzenie czasu, w którym fale wracały po odbiciu się, ujawniało, jak daleko znajdował się dany obiekt. Odwrotna transformacja, przemiana energii mechanicznej w elektryczną, zachodzi w sytuacji, gdy klaskaniem zapalamy światło. Klaskanie wzbudza w powietrzu wibracje dźwiękowe i powoduje, że element piezoelektryczny zgina się i odgina. To tworzy napięcie, które emituje prąd wystarczający do zapalenia diód, choć to konwencjonalne źródła elektryczności powodują, że nie gasną. Co czyni materiał piezoelektrycznym? To zależy od dwóch czynników: budowy atomowej materiału English: and how electric charge is distributed within it. Many materials are crystalline, meaning they're made of atoms or ions arranged in an orderly three-dimensional pattern. That pattern has a building block called a unit cell that repeats over and over. In most non-piezoelectric crystalline materials, the atoms in their unit cells are distributed symmetrically around a central point. But some crystalline materials don't possess a center of symmetry making them candidates for piezoelectricity. Let's look at quartz, a piezoelectric material made of silicon and oxygen. The oxygens have a slight negative charge and silicons have a slight positive, creating a separation of charge, or a dipole along each bond. Normally, these dipoles cancel each other out, so there's no net separation of charge in the unit cell. But if a quartz crystal is squeezed along a certain direction, the atoms shift. Because of the resulting asymmetry in charge distribution, the dipoles no longer cancel each other out. Arabic: وكيف وزعت الشحنة الكهربائية داخله. العديد من المواد بلورية، يعني أنهن مصنوعات من ذرات أو أيونات مرتبة في نمطٍ منظمٍ ثلاثي الأبعاد. هذا النمط له كتلة بناء تسمى وحدة الخلية التي تعاد مرارًا وتكرارًا. في معظم المواد البلورية غير الكهروضغطية، الذرات في وحدة الخلية انتشرت بشكلٍ متناظرٍ حول نقطة الوسط. ولكن بعض المواد البلورية لا تمتلك مركز التماثل مما يجعلهم مرشحين للكهروضغطية. دعونا نشاهد الكوارتز، مادة كهروضغطية مصنوعة من السيليكون والأكسجين. الأكسجين فيه شحنة سلبية طفيفة والسيليكون لديه شحنة إيجابية طفيفة، مما يؤدي إلى فصل الشحنة، أو ثنائي القطب من خلال كل رابط. عادةً تلغي هذه الثنائيات القطبية بعضها البعض، لذلك ليس هناك انفصال نقي من الشحنة في وحدة الخلية. لكن إذا تم ضغط بلورة الكوارتز نحو اتجاه معين، تتحول الذرات. بسبب أن نتائج عدم التماثل في توزيع الشحن، لم تعد الثنائيات القطبية تلغي بعضها البعض. French: et comment la charge électrique est répartie à l'intérieur. De nombreux matériaux sont cristallins, c'est-à-dire faits d'atomes ou d'ions bien ordonnés selon un motif tridimensionnel. Le composant de base de ce motif, appelé cellule unitaire, se répète encore et encore. Dans la plupart des matériaux cristallins non-piézoélectriques, les atomes d'une cellule unitaire sont répartis symétriquement autour d'un point central. Mais certains matériaux cristallins n'ont pas de symétrie centrale, ce qui en fait de bons candidats pour la piézoélectricité. Regardons le quartz, un matériau piézoélectrique fait de silicium et d'oxygène. L'oxygène a une charge légèrement négative et le silicium légèrement positive, créant une séparation de charge, ou un dipôle le long de chaque lien. En temps normal, ces dipôles s'annulent mutuellement, et il n'y a aucune séparation de charge dans la cellule unitaire. Mais si on compresse un cristal de quartz dans une direction donnée, les atomes se déplacent. En raison de l'asymétrie de répartition de charge générée, les dipôles ne s'annulent plus mutuellement. Chinese: 还有电荷在其内部的分布。很多材料都是晶体状的，意味着它们是由原子或者离子组成的，它们排列成一个有序的三维模型。这个模型的基础构件叫晶胞，材料中会有一个又一个重复的晶胞。在绝大多数非压电性晶体材料中，晶胞里面的原子是对称分布在一个中心点周围的。但一些晶体材料并没有对称中心，这使它们得以带有压电性。我们来看看石英，这是一种由硅和氧组成的压电材料。氧带有轻微的负电荷，而硅则带有轻微的正电荷，这创造出电荷分离，或者说是每个键上的偶极。一般情况下，这些偶极会相互抵消，所以在胞晶里没有电荷的净余分离。但如果石英晶体受到某一特定方向的挤压，原子就会发生转移。因为电荷分布的非对称性，偶极不再相互抵消。 Turkish: ve içindeki elektrik yükünün nasıl dağıtıldığı. Çoğu materyal kristalimsidir. Yani üç boyutlu bir modelde düzgünce sıralanmış atomlar ya da iyonlardan yapılmışlardır. Bu modelde, birim hücre denilen ve sürekli kendini tekrar eden bir yapı taşı vardır. Piezoelektrik olmayan çoğu kristalimsi materyalin birim hücrelerindeki atomları, merkezi bir noktanın etrafında simetrik olarak dağılmıştır. Ama bazı kristalimsi materyaller simetri merkezine sahip değildir. Bu da onları, piezoelektriklik adayı yapar. Kuvarsa bir göz atalım. Silikon ve oksijenden yapılmış bir piezoelektrik materyal. Oksijenler hafif negatif yüklü iken silikonlar hafif pozitif yüklüdürler. Her bağ arasında bir yük ayrımı ya da çift kutup oluştururlar. Normalde bu çift kutuplar birbirlerini iptal ederler. Yani birim hücrede net yük ayrılması yoktur. Ama kuvars belirli bir yönde sıkıştırılırsa, atomlar kayar. Yük dağılımında asimetri olduğu zaman çift kutuplar birbirlerini iptal etmeyi bırakırlar. Russian: и от распространения электрического заряда внутри материала. Многие материалы имеют кристаллическую структуру, то есть состоят из атомов и ионов, упорядоченных в трёхмерном пространстве. Данная модель представляет собой куб, называемый элементарной ячейкой, которая повторяется снова и снова. В большинстве непьезоэлектрических кристаллических материалов, атомы в их элементарных ячейках распределены симметрично относительно центра. Но у некоторых кристаллических материалов нет центра симметрии, что делает их кандидатами для пьезоэлектричества. Рассмотрим кварц — это пьезоэлектрический материал, состоящий из кремния и кислорода. Кислород обладает отрицательным зарядом, а кремний — положительным зарядом, что создаёт разделение заряда, или диполь, вдоль каждой связи. Обычно диполи компенсируют друг друга, поэтому не происходит разделения заряда в элементарной ячейке. Но если кристалл кварца сжать в определённом направлении, то атомы сместятся. Благодаря асимметрии в распределении зарядов диполи не могут компенсировать друг друга. Chinese: 以及電荷在其中的分佈很多材料都是結晶狀的意味著它們是由原子或電子組成且原子或電子是以三維形式排列這個排列形式的基礎單位稱為「單位晶格」晶格會不斷重覆排列在大部份非壓電的材料中單位晶格中的原子是繞著一個中心點對稱性的分佈但有些結晶材料並沒有對稱的中心它們可能就會有壓電效應咱們來看看石英它是矽和氧所組成的壓電材料氧有些微的負電荷矽有些微的正電荷創造出電荷的分離或是每個鍵結的雙極正常來說，這些雙極會彼此抵消所以在單位晶格中不會有電荷分離但如果石英結晶被延著某個方向擠壓原子會轉移造成電荷分佈不對稱雙極不再能彼此抵消 Persian: و چگونگی توزیع بار در آن ساختار. اکثر مواد بلورین هستند، بدین معنی که آن‌ها از اتم‌ها و یون‌هایی که در الگوهای سه‌بعدی منظمی قرارگرفته‌اند، تشکیل شده‌اند. آن الگو، واحد سازنده‌ای به نام ساختار واحد دارد که بارها و بارها تکرار می‌شود. در اغلب مواد کریستاله غیر پیزوالکتریک، اتم‌ها در ساختار واحدشان به طور متقارنی در حول یک نقطه مرکزی توزیع شده‌اند. اما برخی مواد کریستاله نقطه مرکزی تقارن ندارند که آن‌ها را برای پیزوالکتریک شدن مناسب می‌گرداند. بیایید نگاهی به کوارتز بیاندازیم، ماده پیزوالکتریکی که از سیلیسیم و اکسیژن تشکیل شده‌است. اتم‌های اکسیژن بار جزئی منفی و اتم سیلیسیم بار جزئی مثبتی دارد، که این بارهای جزئی باعث جدایش بار یا تشکیل یک دو قطبی در طول هر پیوند آن می‌شود. در حالت عادی این دوقطبی‌ها همدیگر را خنثی می‌کنند و هیچ شبکه‌ای از این جدایش باری در ساختار واحد کوارتز وجود ندارد. اما اگر کوارتز از جهتی خاص فشرده شود، اتم‌ها تغییر مکان می‌دهند و این فشار باعث ایجاد عدم تقارن در توزیع بارها می ‌شود که باعث می‌شود پیوندهای دوقطبی دیگر یکدیگر را خنثی نکنند. Portuguese: e a forma como a carga elétrica se distribui nessa estrutura. Muitos materiais são cristalinos, ou seja, feitos de átomos e íons agrupados em um padrão tridimensional. Esse padrão tem um elemento fundamental chamado de célula unitária que se repete continuamente. Na maioria dos materiais cristalinos não piezoelétricos, os átomos em suas células unitárias se distribuem simetricamente em torno de um ponto central, mas alguns materiais cristalinos não possuem um centro de simetria, o que os torna candidatos à piezoeletricidade. Vejamos o quartzo, um material piezoelétrico composto de silício e oxigênio. O oxigênio tem carga levemente negativa e o silício tem carga levemente positiva, o que gera uma separação de cargas, ou dipolo, ao longo de cada ligação. Geralmente, esses dipolos cancelam-se mutuamente, assim não há separação líquida de carga na célula unitária. Porém, se um cristal de quartzo for espremido em determinada direção, os átomos mudam. Devido à assimetria resultante na distribuição de cargas, os dipolos não se cancelam mais. Spanish: y de cómo se distribuye la carga eléctrica dentro de ella. Muchos materiales son cristalinos, es decir que están hechos de átomos o iones dispuestos en un patrón tridimensional ordenado. Ese patrón presenta una unidad de base, o celda unitaria, que se repite una y otra vez. En la mayoría de los materiales cristalinos no piezoeléctricos, los átomos de sus celdas unitarias adoptan una distribución simétrica alrededor de un punto central. Pero algunos materiales cristalinos no tienen un centro de simetría lo que los hace candidatos a la piezoelectricidad. Veamos el cuarzo, un material piezoeléctrico hecho de silicio y oxígeno. Los átomos de oxígeno tienen una leve carga negativa y los de silicio una leve carga positiva, lo que induce una separación de carga, o un dipolo, a lo largo de cada enlace. Normalmente, estos dipolos se anulan entre sí, por lo que no hay una separación clara de la carga en la celda unitaria. Pero si se comprime un cristal de cuarzo en una dirección específica los átomos se desplazan. Debido a la asimetría resultante en la distribución de cargas, los dipolos ya no se cancelan mutuamente. La celda elongada termina Chinese: 以及電荷在其中的分佈很多材料都是結晶狀的意味著它們是由原子或電子組成且原子或電子是以三維形式排列這個排列形式的基礎單位稱為「單位晶格」晶格會不斷重覆排列在大部份非壓電的材料中單位晶格中的原子是繞著一個中心點對稱性的分佈但有些結晶材料並沒有對稱的中心它們可能就會有壓電效應咱們來看看石英它是矽和氧所組成的壓電材料氧有些微的負電荷矽有些微的正電荷創造出電荷的分離或是每個鍵結的雙極正常來說，這些雙極會彼此抵消所以在單位晶格中不會有電荷分離但如果石英結晶被延著某個方向擠壓原子會轉移造成電荷分佈不對稱雙極不再能彼此抵消 Korean: 물질의 원자 구조와 그 안의 부분 전하입니다. 많은 물질은 결정구조를 갖고 있는데 원자와 이온들이 규칙적인 3차원 배열을 가지고 있다는 것을 말합니다. 이러한 패턴은 반복되는 단위구조로 분리할 수 있습니다. 대부분의 비압전성 결정 물질은 단위 구조 안의 원자들이 중앙을 중심으로 대칭을 이루고 있습니다. 하치만 몇몇 결정 물질은 대칭이 아니어서 압전성을 띌 수 있습니다. 석영을 예로 들면, 석영은 규소와 산소로 이루어져있는데 산소는 약한 음전하를, 규소는 약한 양전하를 띄어, 각 연결 고리는 전극이 분리된 쌍극자가 됩니다. 보통 쌍극자들은 서로의 전하를 상쇄해서 결과적으로 단위 구조 전체적으로 전위차는 없습니다. 하지만 석영 결정이 한 방향으로 압축되면 원자 구조의 모양이 변합니다. 그 결과 전하 분포의 대칭이 깨져서 쌍극자들이 서로를 상쇄하지 못합니다. Japanese: その中で電荷がどのように分布しているかです多くの物質は結晶体ですつまり原子またはイオンが秩序正しく三次元立体構造の中に配列されているのですその構造は何度も繰り返す単位格子という構成要素を有していますほとんどの非圧電性結晶物質では単位格子内の原子は中心点の周りに対称的に分布していますですが対称中心を持たない結晶物質がありそれが圧電気の候補となります水晶を見てみましょうケイ素と酸素で構成されている圧電体です酸素はわずかに負電荷をケイ素は正電荷を有するため電荷の分離つまり各結合に沿った双極子を生成します通常これら双極子は互いに打ち消し合うので単位格子中では正味の電荷分離は起こりませんですが水晶が一定の方向に圧迫された場合原子は変化します電荷分布が非対称となってしまうため双極子は互いに打ち消し合えなくなるのです iw: ואיך מתח חשמלי מתחלק בתוכו. הרבה חומרים הם גבישיים, מה שאומר שהם עשויים אטומים או יונים שמסודרים בתבנית תלת מימדית מאורגנת. לתבנית הזו יש אבן בניין שנקראת תא יחידה שחוזר על עצמו שוב ושוב. ברוב החמרים הגבישיים הלא פיאזואלקטריים, האטומים ביחידת הבסיס שלהם מפוזרים בצורה סימטרית מסביב לנקודה מרכזית. אבל כמה חומרים גבישיים שאינם בעלי סימטריה מרכזית מה שעושה אותם מועמדים לפיזואלקטריות. הבה נביט בקווארץ, חומר פיאזואקטרי עשוי מצורן וחמצן. לאטומי החמצן יש מטען מעט שלילי ולצורן יש מעט חיובי, מה שיצור הפרדה של מטען, או דיפול לאורך כל קשר. באופן נורמלי, הדיפולים האלה מבטלים אחד את השני, אז אין הפרדה נטו של מטענים בתא הבסיס. אבל אם גביש קווארץ נדחס לאורך כיוון המסויים, האטומים נעים. בגלל חוסר הסימטריה שנוצרת בפיזור המטען, הדיפולים לא מבטלים יותר אחד את השני. Hungarian: és a töltések anyagban való eloszlásától. Sok anyag kristályos szerkezetű, azaz térben valamely szabály szerint elrendeződő atomokból és ionokból állnak. A térrácsot háromdimenziós elemi cellák hozzák létre, amelyek minta szerint ismétlődnek. A legtöbb nem piezoelektromos kristályos anyagban az atomok szimmetrikusan helyezkednek el az elemi cellákban a középpont körül. De egyes kristályos anyagoknak nincs szimmetria-középpontjuk, ami piezoelektromos tulajdonságúvá teszi őket. Nézzük a kvarcot, a szilíciumból és oxigénből álló piezoelektromos anyagot. Az oxigén gyenge negatív, a szilícium gyenge pozitív töltésű, amely töltésszétválasztást, más néven dipólust hoz létre minden kötés mentén. A dipólusok általában kioltják egymást, ezért nincs töltésszétválasztás az elemi cellában. De ha bizonyos irányban összenyomjuk a kvarckristályt, az atomok elmozdulnak. A töltéseloszlás aszimmetriája miatt a dipólusok már nem képesek egymást kioltani. Portuguese: e a forma como a carga elétrica está distribuída dentro deles. Há muitos materiais cristalinos, ou seja, são feitos de átomos ou de iões ordenados num padrão tridimensional regular. Esse padrão tem um bloco constituinte que se chama célula unitária que se repete por toda a estrutura. Na maior parte dos materiais cristalinos não piezoelétricos os átomos das células unitárias estão distribuídas simetricamente em volta de um ponto central. Mas há materiais cristalinos que não possuem um centro de simetria, o que os torna candidatos à piezoeletricidade. Vejamos o quartzo, um material piezoelétrico composto por silicone e oxigénio. O oxigénio tem uma carga ligeiramente negativa e a silicone uma carga levemente positiva, o que cria uma separação de cargas ou um dípolo em cada ligação. Normalmente, estes dípolos neutralizam-se um ao outro, por isso, não há separação de cargas na célula unitária. Mas, se espremermos um cristal de quartzo numa determinada direção, os átomos deslocam-se. Dada a resultante assimetria na distribuição das cargas, os dípolos deixam de se neutralizar uns aos outros. Vietnamese: và cách dòng điện được phân bổ trong nó. Có rất nhiều vật liệu kết tinh, có nghĩa chúng được làm từ nguyên tử và ion được sắp xếp có trật tự theo mô hình không gian ba chiều. Mô hình đó có một khối hợp nhất gọi là đơn vị tế bào lặp đi lặp lại. Trong hầu hết những vật kết tinh không áp điện, nguyên tử trong các đơn vị tế bào được phân bổ đối xứng với nhau xung quanh trung điểm. Nhưng một số vật liệu kết tinh không có tâm đối xứng làm cho chúng có khả năng áp điện. Hãy cùng quan sát thạch anh, một vật liệu áp điện được cấu thành từ silic và ôxy. Ôxy có một lượng điện âm nhỏ còn silic có một lượng điện dương nhỏ, gây ra sự tách rời điện tích, hoặc sự lưỡng cực theo từng mối liên kết. Thông thường, các lưỡng cực này triệt tiêu lẫn nhau, nên không có sự tách rời thực của điện tích trong đơn vị tế bào. Nhưng nếu tinh thể thạch anh bị nén theo một hướng nhất định, các nguyên tử sẽ di chuyển vị trí. Do tính không đối xứng trong việc phân bổ điện tích, sự lưỡng cực không còn tự triệt tiêu lẫn nhau nữa. Polish: oraz tego, jak ładunek elektryczny jest w nim rozłożony. Wiele materiałów jest krystalicznych, czyli są zbudowane z atomów lub jonów ułożonych w uporządkowany trójwymiarowy wzór. Ten wzór utworzony jest z komórek jednostkowych i powtarza się w całym krysztale. W większości niepiezoelektrycznych materiałów krystalicznych atomy w komórkach jednostkowych są rozłożone symetrycznie wokół centralnego punktu. Ale niektóre materiały krystaliczne nie posiadają centrum symetrii, co sprawia, że potencjalnie mogą być piezoelektryczne. Spójrzmy na kwarc, piezoelektryczny materiał zbudowany z krzemu i tlenu. Tlen ma niewielki negatywny ładunek, a krzem niewielki dodatni, co powoduje rozdzielenie ładunku lub utworzenie dipola wzdłuż każdego wiązania. Zazwyczaj dipole wzajemnie się znoszą, tak że nie ma rozdzielenia ładunku w komórce jednostkowej. Ale jeśli kryształ kwarcu jest ściśnięty w pewnym kierunku, atomy przemieszczają się, bo w wyniku powstałej asymetrii w rozmieszczeniu ładunku, dipole już się nie znoszą. Persian: ساختار تحت فشار در یک طرفش قطب منفی و در طرف دیگرش قطب مثبت تشکیل می‌شود. این عدم هماهنگی بار در طول کوارتز تکرار می‌شود و بارهای مخالف در سطوح مخالف کریستال جمع می‌شوند. و این باعث ولتاژی می‌شود که می‌تواند در مدار جریان یابد. مواد پیزوالکتریک می‌توانند ساختاری متفاوت داشته باشند. اما چیزی که به یکسان دارند، نداشتن مرکز تقارن است. با فشار هرچه بیشتر بر روی مواد پیزوالکتریک، آن‌ها ولتاژ بیشتری نیز تولید خواهند کرد با کشیدن کریستال نیز، ولتاژ منفی و جهت جریان در مدار معکوس خواهد شد. مواد بسیاری بیش از آنچه به ذهنتان می‌رسد خواص پیزوالکتریک دارند. DNA، استخوان، و ابریشم تماماً دارای امکان تبدیل انرژی مکانیکی به الکتریکی هستند. محققان اشکال گوناگونی از مواد پیزوالکتریک مصنوعی ساخته‌اند و برای آن‌ها کاربردهایی از همه چیز شامل عکس‌برداری پزشکی تا پرینترهای جوهری پیداکرده‌اند. خاصیت پیزوالکتریک در تولید پالس‌های منظم در قطعه کوارتز مدار ساعت‌ها برای حفظ زمان، خواننده کارت‌های تبریک‌ تولد Spanish: con una carga neta negativa en un lado y una carga neta positiva en el otro. Esta diferencia de carga se traslada por todo el material y las cargas opuestas se ordenan en las caras opuestas del cristal. Esto resulta en un voltaje que puede conducir electricidad por un circuito. Los materiales piezoeléctricos pueden tener estructuras diferentes, pero todos tienen una estructura de base carente de centro de simetría. Y cuanto más fuerte sea la compresión de los materiales piezoeléctricos, mayor será el voltaje generado. Si en cambio se elonga el cristal, el voltaje cambia, propagando la corriente en sentido contrario. Hay más materiales piezoeléctricos de los que podría creerse. El ADN, el hueso y la seda tienen esta capacidad de convertir energía mecánica en energía eléctrica. Los científicos han creado una variedad de materiales piezoeléctricos sintéticos con amplias aplicaciones desde la imagenología médica hasta la impresión de chorro de tinta. La piezoelectricidad es la responsable de las oscilaciones rítmicas de los cristales de cuarzo que mantienen en hora a los relojes, de los altavoces de las tarjetas de cumpleaños musicales French: La cellule étirée finit avec une charge négative d'un côté, et une charge positive de l'autre. Ce déséquilibre de charge est répété dans tout le matériau, et les charges opposées s'accumulent sur les faces opposées du cristal. Cela génère une tension qui peut conduire de l'électricité dans un cricuit. Les matériaux piézoélectriques peuvent avoir différentes structures. Mais ils ont tous en commun des cellules unitaires sans centre de symétrie. Plus la compression des matériaux piézoélectriques est grande, plus la tension générée est élevée. Si à la place, on étire le cristal, la tension s'inverse, et le courant circule dans l'autre sens. Il y a plus de matériaux piézoélectriques que vous ne l'imaginez. L'ADN, les os, et la soie ont tous cette capacité à transformer un énergie mécanique en électricité. Les scientifiques ont créé divers matériaux piézoélectriques de synthèse et leur ont trouvé des applications allant de l'imagerie médicale aux imprimantes à jet d'encre. La piézoélectricité est la cause des oscillations régulières des cristaux de quartz qui gardent les montres à l'heure, des hauts-parleurs de cartes musicales, Arabic: ينتهي امتداد الخلية مع شحنة سلبية على جانبٍ واحدٍ وشحنة إيجابية على الجانب الآخر. هذه الشحنة غير المتوازنة تتكرر في كافة الأرجاء من خلال المادة، والشحنات المتعاكسة تظهر على الجهات المتعاكسة للبلورة. مما يُنتج الجهد الذي باستطاعته إنتاج الكهرباء من خلال الدائرة الكهربائية. تستطيع الأدوات الإجهادية أن تمتلك هياكل مختلفة. ولكن الشيء المشترك بينهم جميعًا أن وحدة الخلية تفتقر إلى مركز التماثل. كلما كان الضغط أقوى على المواد الكهروضغطية، كان إنتاج الجهد أكبر. ولكن إن مددنا الكريستال بدلًا من ذلك فإن الجهد سوف ينعكس، مما يجعل التدفق الحالي في الاتجاه الآخر. غالبية المواد كهروضغطية أكثر مما تتخيل. الحمض النووي والعظم والحرير جميعهم لديهم القدرة على تحويل الطاقة الميكانيكية إلى كهربائية. وقد اخترع العلماء مجموعة متنوعة من المواد الاصطناعية الكهروضغطية ووجدوا التطبيق لهم في كل شيء من التصوير الطبي وصولًا لحبر الطابعات. الكهرباء الضغطية هي المسؤولة عن التذبذبات الإيقاعية لبلور الكوارتز الذي يجعل الساعات تنتظم بالوقت، وأغاني بطاقات أعياد الميلاد الموسيقية، Chinese: 这个受到拉伸的晶胞一边带有负电荷，而另一边则带有正电荷。这种电荷不平衡的情况会在材料中重复出现，极性相反的电荷会在晶体的相反面上累积。这促使电压的产生，电压能够通过电路驱动电力。压电材料可以有不同的结构。但它们有一个共同点就是它们的晶胞中都没有对称中心。而且施加给压电材料的力越强，产生的电压就越大。拉伸晶体，电压就会发生改变，导致电流反向流动。压电材料或许比你想象中的还要多。 DNA、骨骼、还有丝绸，它们都可以将机械能转化为电能。科学家已经创造出各种各样的合成压电材料，并且将它们广泛应用在从医学影像到喷墨打印机的领域中。压电性还会产生有节奏的振动，这是石英晶体得以让钟表准时运作的原因，还能作为音乐生日卡片上的扬声器， iw: התאים המתוחים יוצרים מטען שלילי נטו בצד אחד ומטען חיובי נטו בצד השני. חוסר שיווי המשקל במטען מיוצד לכל אורך החומר, ומטענים מנוגדים שאסופים בפנים מנוגדות של הגביש. התוצאה של זה היא מתח שיכול להניע חשמל דרך מעגל. לחומרים פיאזואלקטריים יכולים להיות מבנים שונים. אבל מה שמשותף לכולם הוא תא יחידה שאין לו סימטריה מרכזית. וככל שהדחיסה חזקה יותר על חומרים פיאזואקלטריים, נוצר יותר מתח. אם מותחים את הגביש במקום, המתח מתחלף, מה שגורם לזרם לזרום לכיוון השני. יותר חומרים הם פיאזואלקטריים ממה שאתם חושבים. DNA, עצמות, ומשי לכולם יש את היכולת להפוך אנרגיה מכאנית לחשמלית. מדענים יצרו מגוון של חומרים פיאזואלקטריים סינטטיים וגילו שימושים עבורם בהכל החל מדימות רפואי להדפסות דיו. פיאזואלקטריות אחראית לרטיטות הקצביות של גביש קווארץ שגורמים לשעונים שלנו להמשיך לעבוד, הרמקולים של כרטיסי ברכה ליום הולדת, Portuguese: A célula comprimida acaba por ter uma carga negativa num dos lados e uma carga positiva no outro. Este desequilíbrio de cargas repete-se por todo o material e as cargas opostas juntam-se nas faces opostas do cristal. Isso resulta numa voltagem que pode enviar eletricidade num circuito. Os materiais piezoelétricos podem ter diferentes estruturas. Mas têm em comum as células unitárias a que falta um centro de simetria. Quanto maior for a compressão sobre os materiais piezoelétricos, maior é a voltagem gerada. Se, em vez disso, se alongar o cristal, a voltagem inverte-se fazendo com que a corrente inverta o seu caminho. Há mais materiais piezoelétricos do que julgamos. O ADN, os ossos e a seda todos têm a capacidade de transformar a energia mecânica em energia elétrica. Os cientistas criaram uma série de materiais piezoelétricos sintéticos e encontraram aplicações para eles, em tudo, desde a imagiologia médica às impressoras de tinta a jato. A piezoeletricidade é responsável pelas oscilações rítmicas dos cristais de quartzo que mantêm os relógios a marcar o tempo certo, Korean: 이렇게 압력을 받은 단위 구조들은 한 면엔 음전하를 다른 한 면에는 양전하를 띄게 됩니다. 이런 전위차가 물질 전체에 걸쳐 나타나면 물질의 반대 면에 각각 전극이 생기고 그 결과 전류를 흐르게 할 수 있는 전압이 발생합니다. 압전성을 가진 물질들은 다양한 원자 구조를 가지고 있을 수 있습니다. 하지만 그 구조가 대칭의 중심점이 없다는 공통점을 가집니다. 그리고 결정체에 가해지는 압력이 크면 클수록 더 큰 전압이 생성됩니다. 결정체를 당기면 전압은 반대 방향으로 생겨 전류가 반대 방향으로 흐르게 됩니다. 여러분이 생각하는 것보다 압전성을 가진 물질은 많습니다. DNA, 뼈, 비단 등 이 물질들은 모두 기계적 힘을 전기적 힘으로 바꿀 수 있습니다. 과학자들은 다양한 압전 물질을 합성해내 의료영상기기에서 잉크젯 프린터까지 그것들을 다양하게 활용하고 있습니다. 시계 내부 석영 결정의 규칙적인 진동을 만들어내 시계가 움직이게 하는 것 역시 같은 원리입니다. Hungarian: A deformálódott cella egyik végén negatív töltések gyűlnek össze, a másikon pedig pozitívak. E töltésegyenlőtlenség az egész anyagban ismétlődik, és az ellentétes töltések a kristály szemben álló lapjain halmozódnak fel. Ez feszültséget generál, amely hatására áram folyik. A piezoelektromos anyagok különféle szerkezetűek lehetnek. De közös vonásuk, hogy egyiknek sincs szimmetria-középpontja. Minél jobban összenyomjuk a piezoelektromos anyagokat, annál nagyobb feszültség keletkezik bennük. Ha a kristályt megnyújtjuk, a feszültség előjelet, s az áram irányt vált. Több anyag piezoelektromos, semmint gondoljuk. A DNS, a csont és a selyem képes mechanikai energiát villamos energiává alakítani. Számos szintetikus piezoelektromos anyagot hoztak létre kutatók, és mindenféle alkalmazást fejlesztettek ki: orvosi képalkotástól tintasugaras nyomtatókig. Piezoelektromossággal érhető el, hogy a kvarckristály ritmikusan rezegjen, és így az óra pontosan járjon, a zenés üdvözlőlapok megszólaljanak, Japanese: 伸縮した格子は片側では正味の負電荷に他方では正味の正電荷になってしまいますこの電荷の不均衡が物質全体で繰り返され相反する電荷が結晶の対面に集まりますこの結果回路中に電流を通せる電圧がもたらされるのです圧電体それぞれの構造は異なりますが対称中心がない単位格子を持つという共通点がありますそして圧電体への圧迫が強ければ強いほど生じる電圧は大きくなります代わりに結晶を引き延ばすと電圧が切り替わり逆方向に電流が流れます圧電効果を持つ物質は想像以上にたくさん存在します DNAや骨やシルクこれらはすべて力学的エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換できます科学者達は様々な合成圧電体を創り出し医用画像からインクジェットプリンターまであらゆるものへ応用してきました圧電気により水晶は周期的に振動しますこれにより時計の時間が正確に保たれます他にも誕生日カードのスピーカーや Polish: Zakończenia rozciągniętych komórek mają z jednej strony ładunek netto ujemny, a z drugiej netto dodatni. Ten brak równowagi ładunków powtarza się w całym materiale i przeciwne ładunki zbierają się na przeciwnych stronach kryształu. To tworzy napięcie, które może wzbudzić prąd elektryczny w obwodzie. Materiały piezoelektryczne mogą mieć różne struktury, ale łączą je komórki jednostkowe, którym brakuje centrum symetrii. Im większemu naciskowi poddane są materiały piezoelektryczne, tym większe napięcie się wytworzy. Gdy zamiast tego kryształ się rozciągnie, zmieni się napięcie i prąd popłynie w drugą stronę. Jest więcej materiałów piezoelektrycznych niż nam się wydaje. DNA, kości i jedwab mają zdolność przetwarzania energii mechanicznej w elektryczną. Naukowcy stworzyli wiele syntetycznych materiałów piezoelektrycznych i znaleźli dla nich zastosowania od obrazowania medycznego po drukarki atramentowe. Wytworem piezoelektryczności są rytmiczne drgania kryształów kwarcu, sprawiające, że zegarki dobrze wskazują czas, głośniki w kartkach urodzinowych grają Vietnamese: Cuối cùng, tế bào bị kéo giãn có điện tích âm toàn phần ở một mặt và điện tích dương toàn phần ở mặt kia. Sự mất cân bằng điện tích này được lặp lại xuyên suốt vật thể, và điện tích ngược dấu tập hợp trên các bề mặt đối diện của tinh thế. Điều này dẫn đến kết quả là một điện áp mà có thể dẫn điện đi qua mạch điện. Vật áp điện có thể có những cấu trúc khác nhau. Nhưng điểm chung của chúng là các đơn vị tế bào không có tâm đối xứng. Và vật áp điện bị nén chặt bao nhiêu, thì lượng điện áp sinh ra càng lớn bấy nhiêu. Thay vào đó, kéo giãn tinh thế ra và điệp áp sẽ đổi hướng, làm dòng điện chạy ngược lại. Có nhiều vật liệu mang hiệu ứng áp điện hơn là bạn nghĩ đấy. DNA, xương, và lụa tất cả đều có khả năng biến cơ năng thành điện năng. Các nhà khoa học đã tạo ra đủ loại vật liệu áp điện nhân tạo và tìm ra những ứng dụng của chúng trong mọi thứ từ tạo xạ hình y tế đến máy in phun. Hiện tượng áp điện chịu trách nhiệm cho sự dao động nhịp nhàng của những tinh thể thạch anh mà giữ cho đồng hồ chạy đúng giờ, loa của thiệp sinh nhật phát nhạc, Turkish: Gerilmiş hücre, bir yüzü net negatif diğer yüzü net pozitif olacak hâle gelir. Bu yüz dengesizliği, materyal boyunca tekrarlanır ve zıt yükler, kristalin zıt yüzlerinde toplanır. Bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkan gerilim bir devreyi elektriksel olarak sürebilir. Piezoelektrik materyallerin farklı yapıları olabilir. Ama ortak olan yönleri, birim hücrelerinin simetri merkezine sahip olmamasıdır. Piezoelektrik materyaller ne kadar fazla sıkıştırılırsa o kadar fazla gerilim üretirler. Kristalleri gerdiğiniz zaman tam tersi olacak ve gerilim yer değiştirerek akımın diğer türlü akmasına sebep olacaktır. Düşündüğünüzden çok daha fazla materyal piezoelektriktir. DNA, kemik ve ipek. Hepsinin de mekanik enerjiyi elektrik enerjisine çevirme yeteneği var. Bilim insanları birçok tür sentetik piezoelektrik materyal yarattı ve onları tıbbi görüntülemelerden mürekkep püskürtmeli yazıcılara kadar her alanda kullandılar. Piezoelektrik, kuvars kristallerinin ritmik titreşimleri ile saatinizin doğru zamanı göstermesinden, sesli kartpostalların hoparlörlerinden Chinese: 最後，被拉伸的晶格其中一端會有淨負電荷另一端會有淨正電荷這種電荷不平衡不斷傳遍於整個材料當中相反的電荷會在結晶的相反面上結集這就會造成電壓讓電流通過迴路流動壓電材料可能會有不同的結構但它們有個共通性：單位晶格沒有對稱中心對壓電材料做越強的壓縮產生的電壓就會越大若改為拉伸結晶，電壓就會切換讓電流反向流動壓電材料比你想像的還多去氧核糖核酸骨頭絲都有將機械能轉為電能的能力科學家創造了各種合成壓電材料在各種事物當中都可以應用從醫學影像到噴墨印表機都可以壓電會造成石英的節奏性振盪因而手錶能一直準時地運行其他應用包括音樂生日卡的蜂鳴片 Chinese: 最後，被拉伸的晶格其中一端會有淨負電荷另一端會有淨正電荷這種電荷不平衡不斷傳遍於整個材料當中相反的電荷會在結晶的相反面上結集這就會造成電壓讓電流通過迴路流動壓電材料可能會有不同的結構但它們有個共通性：單位晶格沒有對稱中心對壓電材料做越強的壓縮產生的電壓就會越大若改為拉伸結晶，電壓就會切換讓電流反向流動壓電材料比你想像的還多去氧核糖核酸骨頭絲都有將機械能轉為電能的能力科學家創造了各種合成壓電材料在各種事物當中都可以應用從醫學影像到噴墨印表機都可以壓電會造成石英的節奏性振盪因而手錶能一直準時地運行其他應用包括音樂生日卡的蜂鳴片 Russian: На одном конце растянутой ячейки образуется отрицательный заряд, а на другом — положительный. Данный дисбаланс зарядов повторяется по всему материалу, и противоположные заряды скапливаются на противоположных гранях кристалла. Это приводит к напряжению, которое способно создавать электричество в цепи. Пьезоэлектрические материалы обладают разными структурами. Но их объединяет отсутствие центра симметрии. И чем сильнее сжимать пьезоэлектрические материалы, тем больше генерируется напряжение. Если же кристалл будут растягивать, то напряжение поменяет направление. Пьезоэлектриков больше, чем вы думаете. ДНК, кость и шёлк обладают способностью преобразовывать механическую энергию в электрическую. Учёные создали множество синтетических пьезоэлектриков и нашли им применение, начиная от медицины и заканчивая струйными принтерами. Пьезоэлектричество отвечает за ритмические колебания кристаллов кварца, поддерживающих точность часов, музыкальных поздравительных открыток, Portuguese: A célula esticada acaba com uma carga líquida negativa em um dos lados e uma carga líquida positiva no outro. Esse desequilíbrio de cargas se repete em todo o material e as cargas opostas se acumulam nos lados opostos do cristal. Isso gera uma voltagem capaz de conduzir eletricidade através de um circuito. Materiais piezoelétricos podem ter estruturas diferentes, mas o que todos têm em comum são células unitárias sem um centro de simetria. Quanto mais forte a pressão sobre o material piezoelétrico, maior será a voltagem gerada. Já esticando o cristal, a voltagem mudará, fazendo a corrente fluir ao contrário. Há mais materiais piezoelétricos do que você imagina. DNA, ossos e seda possuem a capacidade de transformar energia mecânica em energia elétrica. Cientistas criaram uma variedade de materiais piezoelétricos sintéticos e descobriram aplicações para eles, desde em exames diagnósticos de imagem a impressoras a jato de tinta. A piezoeletricidade é responsável pelas oscilações rítmicas dos cristais de quartzo que fazem os relógios marcarem a hora certa, pelos alto-falantes de cartões musicais English: The stretched cell ends up with a net negative charge on one side and a net positive on the other. This charge imbalance is repeated all the way through the material, and opposite charges collect on opposite faces of the crystal. This results in a voltage that can drive electricity through a circuit. Piezoelectric materials can have different structures. But what they all have in common is unit cells which lack a center of symmetry. And the stronger the compression on piezoelectric materials, the larger the voltage generated. Stretch the crystal, instead, and the voltage will switch, making current flow the other way. More materials are piezoelectric than you might think. DNA, bone, and silk all have this ability to turn mechanical energy into electrical. Scientists have created a variety of synthetic piezoelectric materials and found applications for them in everything from medical imaging to ink jet printers. Piezoelectricity is responsible for the rhythmic oscillations of the quartz crystals that keep watches running on time, the speakers of musical birthday cards, Portuguese: e pela centelha que acende algumas churrasqueiras, ao clicarmos o acendedor. Os dispositivos piezoelétricos talvez se tornem ainda mais comuns, já que a demanda por eletricidade é alta e a energia mecânica é abundante. Já existem estações de trem que usam a energia dos passos dos passageiros para fazer funcionar catracas e telões, e uma boate em que a piezoeletricidade ajuda a acender as luzes. Passos de jogadores de basquete poderiam fornecer energia para acender o placar? Ou caminhar pela rua poderia ajudar a carregar aparelhos eletrônicos? Qual será o futuro da piezoeletricidade? Polish: i strzelają iskry zapalające gaz w niektórych zapalniczkach, gdy naciśnie się włącznik. Urządzenia piezoelektryczne mogą stać się jeszcze bardziej popularne, bo potrzebujemy energii elektrycznej, a mamy mnóstwo energii mechanicznej. Są już dworce kolejowe wykorzystujące kroki pasażerów do zasilania bramek biletowych i wyświetlaczy, oraz kluby taneczne, gdzie piezoelektryczność pomaga zasilać światła. Czy koszykarze biegający po boisku mogliby zasilać tablicę z wynikami? A czy chodzenie po ulicy mogłoby ładować twoje urządzenia elektroniczne? Do czego jeszcze wykorzystamy piezoelektryczność? Spanish: y de la chispa que enciende el gas en algunas parrillas de barbacoa al pulsar el interruptor. Y los dispositivos piezoeléctricos pueden tornarse algo cada vez más común ya que hay alta demanda de electricidad y la energía mecánica es abundante. Ya hay estaciones de tren que usan los pasos de los pasajeros para alimentar las puertas de paso y las pantallas informativas, y clubes de baile con luces mantenidos gracias a la piezoelectricidad. ¿Podrían los jugadores de baloncesto con sus idas y vueltas alimentar el tanteador? ¿O el caminar por la calle alimentar los dispositivos electrónicos? ¿Cómo sigue la piezoelectricidad? Chinese: 还有在你轻打开关的时候，在烧烤架上产生让汽油点燃的火花。压电设备或许会越来越普及，因为电力需求量大而机械能又极其丰富。已经有火车站利用乘客脚步这一机械能来给检票门和显示器提供电力，还有一个跳舞俱乐部利用压电性提供照明。来回跑动的篮球运动员可以给记分牌提供电力吗？沿街步行的同时还能让你的电子设备充上电吗？压电性的下一种可能会是什么？ Hungarian: és kerti sütögetéskor a gázt egy kattintással begyújthassuk. A piezoelektromos eszközök még népszerűbbek lehetnek, mert villamos energiára nagy az igény, mechanikai pedig bőségesen van. Már léteznek pályaudvarok, ahol utasok lépései vezérlik a beengedő kapukat és a kivetítőket, táncos klubok, ahol a fényeket piezoelektromosság vezérli. Vezérelhetnek-e futkosásukkal kosarasok eredményjelző táblát? Vagy tán utcán járás közben elektronikus eszközünket feltölthetjük-e? Mit hoz még a piezoelektromosság? English: and the spark that ignites the gas in some barbecue grill lighters when you flick the switch. And piezoelectric devices may become even more common since electricity is in high demand and mechanical energy is abundant. There are already train stations that use passengers' footsteps to power the ticket gates and displays and a dance club where piezoelectricity helps power the lights. Could basketball players running back and forth power the scoreboard? Or might walking down the street charge your electronic devices? What's next for piezoelectricity? Japanese: カチッとスイッチを入れると BBQ用ライターのガスが発火する火花の要因でもあります圧電素子は今後さらに一般的になるでしょう電気の需要は高く力学的エネルギーは豊富なのですからもうすでに乗客の足取りを自動改札の電力に利用している駅や圧電気でライトを灯す動力にしているダンスクラブがありますバスケットボール選手が走り回ればスコアボードの動力になるでしょうか街を歩けば電子機器に充電が出来るようになるでしょうか圧電気の今後やいかに？ Persian: و جرقه‌ای که گاز را در برخی فندک‌های منقلی و سیار با فشار دادن زبانه آتش می‌زند، َنقشی اساسی دارد. دستگاه‌های پیزوالکتریکی شاید بسیار شایع شوند چراکه انرژی الکتریسیته بسیار مورد نیاز است و انرژی مکانیکی فراوانی نیز رها شده داریم. هم‌اکنون ایستگاه‌های قطاری داریم که از فشار پای مسافران برای فعال کردن ورودی‌ها و نمایشگرها استفاده می‌کنند. و باشگاه‌های رقصی که پیزوالکتریک برای روشن کردن نورها کمک می‌کند. آیا عقب و جلو رفتن بازیکنان بسکتبال می‌تواند برای صفحه نتایج انرژی تولید کند؟ یا شاید پیاده‌روی در کوچه‌ها بتواند باعث شارژ دستگاه‌های الکترونیکی‌تان شود؟ آینده پیزوالکتریک چه خواهد بود؟ Arabic: والشرارة التي تشعل الغاز في بعض أماكن الشواء عندما تضغط الزناد. والأجهزة الكهروضغطية ربما تصبح أكثر شيوعًا لأن الطلب على الكهرباء في ازدياد والطاقة الميكانيكية وفيرة. هناك بالفعل محطات قطار تستخدم خطوات الركاب لتشغيل بوابات التذاكر والشاشات ونوادي الرقص عندما تساعد الكهروضغطية في تشغيل الأضواء باستطاعة لاعبي كرة السلة الجري إلى الأمام والخلف لتشغيل اللوحة؟ أو ربما أن تمشي في الشارع ويشحن أجهزتك الإلكترونية؟ ماذا بعد للكهروضغطية؟ Korean: 생일 축하 카드의 스피커, 라이터 가스에 불을 붙이는 스파크도 마찬가지이고요. 전기의 수요는 많고 기계적 에너지는 풍부하기 때문에 압전성 물질을 이용한 발전 장치는 점점 늘어날 것입니다. 이미 승객들의 걸음으로 개찰구와 전광판에 전원을 공급하는 이용하는 기차역도 있습니다. 또 사람들의 스텝으로 조명을 밝히는 클럽도 있습니다. 농구 선수들이 열심히 뛰어 다니면서 득점판을 밝힐 수 있지 않을까요? 아니면 걸어다니면서 전자기기를 충전할 수도 있을 것입니다. 압전 물질을 이용한 다른 아이디어는 무엇이 있을까요? Turkish: ve tuşuna bastığınız zaman gazı ateşleyen çakmakların çalışmasından sorumludur. Mekanik enerji bol olduğu için ve elektriğe ihtiyaç yüksek olduğu için piezoelektrik cihazlar, gittikçe daha fazla yaygınlaşmaya başladı. Turnikeleri ve ekranları yolcuların adımlarıyla enerjilendiren tren istasyonları ve ışıklarını piezoelektrik yardımıyla enerjilendiren bir disko mevcut. Basketbol oyuncuları ileri geri koşarken skor tabelasına elektrik sağlayabilir mi? Ya da sokakta yürürken, elektronik aletlerinizi şarj edebilir misiniz? Piezoelektriğin bir sonraki adımı ne olacak? French: et de l'étincelle de certains allume-gaz lorsque vous pressez le bouton. Les appareils piézoélectriques pourraient devenir encore plus communs car la demande en électricité est élevée et l'énergie mécanique est abondante. Il existe déjà des gares utilisant les pas des passagers pour alimenter les portails et les affichages, et une discotèque où les lumières sont alimentées par piézoélectricité. La course des sportifs pourrait-elle alimenter le tableau de score ? Ou pourriez-vous recharger vos appareils en marchant dans la rue ? Quelle est la suite pour la piézoélectricité ? Vietnamese: và tia lửa đốt cháy khí ga trong các bật lửa vỉ nướng khi bạn bật công tắc. Và những thiết bị áp điện có thể trở nên ngày càng phổ biến hơn do nhu cầu điện năng cao còn cơ năng thì thừa thãi. Đã xuất hiện những trạm xe lửa dùng tiếng bước chân hành khách để cấp điện cho cổng soát vé và bảng hiển thị và một hộp đêm nơi sự áp điện giúp thắp sáng các bóng đèn. Liệu các cầu thủ bóng rổ chạy tới lui có thể cấp điện cho bảng điểm? Hay liệu bước đi ngoài đường có thể sạc các thiết bị điện tử của bạn? Điều tiếp theo dành cho hiện tượng áp điện là gì? Chinese: 及某些烤肉架點火器只要一撥開關就有火花能點燃瓦斯壓電裝置可能會變得更常見因為電力需求很大而機械能是很充足的已經有火車站利用乘客的腳步來供電給驗票閘門和電子顯示板有間跳舞俱樂部用壓電來輔助供電給燈光籃球員在場上來回跑能否供電給計分板？在街上行走能否將你的電子裝置充電？壓電的下一步發展會是什麼呢？ Russian: искр, воспламеняющих газ, в некоторых зажигалках для барбекю при щелчке выключателя. Пьезоэлектрические устройства могут стать ещё более распространёнными, так как электричество пользуется большим спросом, а механическая энергия имеется в изобилии. Уже существуют вокзалы, использующие шаги пассажиров для управления воротами и дисплеями, и клубы, где пьезоэлектричество управляет светом. Могут ли баскетболисты заряжать табло, бегая по полю? Или вы, шагая по улице, заряжать свои электронные устройства? Какое будет новое применение для пьезоэлектричества? Chinese: 及某些烤肉架點火器只要一撥開關就有火花能點燃瓦斯壓電裝置可能會變得更常見因為電力需求很大而機械能是很充足的已經有火車站利用乘客的腳步來供電給驗票閘門和電子顯示板有間跳舞俱樂部用壓電來輔助供電給燈光籃球員在場上來回跑能否供電給計分板？在街上行走能否將你的電子裝置充電？壓電的下一步發展會是什麼呢？ Portuguese: que ativam os cartões musicais de aniversário e a faísca que acende o gás nalguns isqueiros de grelhadores quando carregamos no interruptor. Os aparelhos piezoelétricos podem vir a ser ainda mais vulgares visto que há falta de eletricidade e a energia mecânica é abundante. Já há estações de comboios que usam os passos dos passageiros para alimentar as portas de acesso e aos painéis de informações e uma discoteca em que a piezoeletricidade contribui para acender as luzes. Poderão os basquetebolistas, ao correr, iluminar o quadro dos resultados? Ou, ao caminhar, poderemos carregar os aparelhos eletrónicos? O que se seguirá para a piezoeletricidade? iw: והניצוץ שמדליק את הגז בכמה מציתי גרילים מבוססי גז כשאתם לוחצים על הכפתור. ומכשירים פיאזואלקטריים אולי יהפכו לאפילו יותר נפוצים מאחר וחשמל בדרישה גדולה ואנרגיה מכאנית נפוצה. יש כבר תחנות רכבת שמשתמשות בצעידה של נוסעים כדי להפעיל את שערי הכרטיסים והתצוגות ומועדון ריקוד שם פיאזואלקטריות עוזרת לתת כוח לתאורה. האם שחקני כדורסל שרצים קדימה ואחורה יכולים להאיר את לוח התוצאות? או אולי הליכה במורד הרחוב טוענת מכשירים אלקטרוניים? מה הלאה עבור פיאזואלקטריות?	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
So first strategy-- and this one is first because we see it a lot-- is aggregation. So we'll combine two or more attributes or objects into a single attribute or object. So this can be where we are trying to reduce the scale of our data, reduce the number of attributes or objects. So we could, for instance, combine two attributes, to combine a high-temperature attribute and a low-temperature attribute in order to get a temperature difference attribute. We've now combined two columns into one column. Basically every algorithm has some time dependence on the number of attributes it runs, and certainly in terms of visualization and exploration, there's only so many attributes that you can look at at the same time or hold in your head at the same time. On the other hand, we might want to combine a bunch of different objects. If we have users who have many different sessions, or who navigate to many different pages, we'll have dwell times that are different for every page and every session, and we might want to combine average all those dwell times in order to get one data object that is the average user behavior for each user, rather than the 10 or 15 different sessions for that user. So the reason why we do this is exactly that. If we want to average user times, for instance, we're changing our scale. We want to aggregate cities into regions, states, or countries. We want to aggregate dwell times across sessions or across pages. And one of the big advantages of aggregation, particularly averaging, is that aggregated data tends to have less variability. It's a way of reducing the effective noise. Well it's a way of reducing the effect of random noise. If you've got human labeling errors, then you've got human labeling errors. If you've got sampling procedure errors, you have sampling procedure errors. But if you've got random errors, say random noise, then aggregated data will very much tend to reduce that. So as an example of that-- and I really like this next page for this-- these two are graphs of precipitation in Australia. So these are histograms. So the height of each block is the number of locations where precipitation was measured which had, in this case, a standard deviation of the X value when we measured it on an on a monthly basis. So we're measuring the average monthly precipitation and measuring the standard deviation of that monthly precipitation at 500 different land locations in Australia. When we do that on a monthly basis, we get this very wide spread of standard deviations. Some places are very consistent in their rainfall. There's these two peaks, and then you have this long tail of places that are just all over the place in terms of the variability in precipitation. On the other hand, if we take those exact same land locations and instead, find the average yearly precipitation-- the variance standard deviation of that-- we get this very nice single peaked, mostly single peaked, very short-tailed histogram. We've significantly reduced our variability. We've reduced our random noise in our dataset by increasing the scale by aggregating our data over a longer time period. So that's one of the big reasons that we use aggregation.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
- Hey it's Justine and welcome to part one of CES 2020. There's so much stuff to see so we better get started now. This is Sharp's 90 inch See-Through Display, obviously it is transparent, but hold on a second, I can't actually see you because it's a one way mirror, so when you guys come around to this side, to see what I'm seeing, you're not able to see out. I'm waving, see. - Oh what? - Right. Behind me is the BMW i Interaction EASE and what this is, is a concept of what it would be like in the future when there's no steering wheels. - And what this is is our vision of the future of autonomous mobility, looking far out, understanding when autonomous mobility is more common place, how do you actually interact and understand and enjoy that environment. - I am relaxing now, no way. - [Computer] If you tap again I will put the seat upright. - What if I want to stay here forever? - Fine (laughing) - Out of all of this technology one of the things that has impressed me so much is the technology over here. This is what I would like to call Dorito technology. I don't think this joke was as good as I thought it was, so I'll just carry on. This is the brand new Insta360 One R, you guys know that I'm such a huge fan of Insta360, but what's great about this is it's modular, so you can swap out different pieces of it to make it a different type of camera. We have a 360, they have a one inch sensor. They partnered with Leica. This is the Leica mod, this is so great because it is a one inch sensor, so obviously you're gonna get some really great low light, having this inside of this little camera is pretty cool. This is the ariel edition. There's two different camera lens. There's a 200 degree one on the top and one on the bottom and this rig connects to the brains of the camera, so this is our little LCD screen and then in post everything gets stitched together and it'll remove the drone including the propellers. It takes a lot of skill to be FPV drone pilot, but with this you can kinda fake being an FPV drone pilot because it is capturing everything, so you can recapture and reframe and shoot as if you were actually shooting FPV. I'm sure this is going to upset a lot of FPV pilots, but don't worry your talent has not gone unnoticed and you guys are so incredibly talented at drone flying, I'm such a huge fan. This is the 3D edition, so you'll be able to shoot stereoscopic video, 180, you guys know that I've done a couple of 180 videos . The future of this is, basically the possibilities are endless because they can keep coming out with different pieces of this and you can make whatever type of camera that you want. This one is mine, so don't let anyone take it from me. (energetic techno music) - [Justine] These are great. - [Salesman] Yeah. - So I wanted to do an unboxing but I didn't bring a knife into CES because I was afraid I'd have to go through a metal detector, but guess what, we found a knife anyway. Look at this little guy. This is gonna be perfect on top of the Insta360. This is a nice little rig. Look at this, they even have little filters. Let's go vlog, so you've got the low setting, medium, high, high is really bright. Oh my gosh, it's a Yoga Synchro Visualizer. - [Yoga Synchro Visualizer] Begin to sense your center of gravity. Be the visual representation of the changes. Bring your arms down slowly. Exhale. - Am I in trouble? Should I go to the doctor? Should I go to the hospital immediately? I'm not sure if I'm okay. I asked if I was okay, but it was too loud in there, so I don't know, I mean should I go to the hospital, like what does this even mean, I don't know. I feel fine. This is my first time riding a motorcycle and it's electric. - 0 to sixty is in under 3 seconds. - Under 3 seconds. - Yes. - 0 to sixty. (motorcycle revving) - Oh, I'm so scared. I know it's not gonna go anywhere. So now all I need is a license and a live-wire. (calming music) I feel like we just transported into another dimension. (upbeat music) New this year at CES, not only will the rollable TV roll up, but you can also have it installed in a ceiling, so it can roll down. LG has the largest OLED 8K display, here is their booth. It is 88 inches and the screen is massive. So this arm reminds me, anytime I'm at the bank and I'm sitting talking to like the bank person and they're talking about bank things and they're like, I have some important information to show you and they spin it around, show you the information. Nice, rotates vertical too. Have you seen my latest Instagram story? Debuting today, at the bank. So you guys know that I've been a huge fan of the Wallpaper TV, but one of the biggest complaints that, well most people have, the sound bar was a little bit big. You just kinda didn't really know where to put it, but this, the TV is slightly thicker than the Wallpaper TV, but the sound bar is so incredibly thin that this makes so much more sense. This is the new design of the sound bar for the OLED Wallpaper TV. You guys have seen me unbox this before. I love the introduction of this new design because it is so much more slim and compact. (upbeat music) This is the Razer Kishi. It'll turn your phone into, basically it looks like an Nintendo Switch. This won so many awards here at CES and it's both IOS and Android compatible. It has pass-through power, so it'll also charge your phone. So this is Razer's concept 5G mesh router. It also has a built-in battery, so if you do want to take it on the go, definitely possible. So one of the trends recently is modular everything, you guys saw the Insta360 R, well this is a modular PC. This is their Tomahawk gaming desktop. Kevin just told me that you can build this thing within 30 seconds. All right, so we're hoping in Razer's simulator here. They said this is one of the most realistic simulators that you'll find. - [Razer Assistant] So just like a real car, down shift a couple of times. (upbeat music) - So I've been using the Atomos Ninja V for quite a long time now and I'm such a huge fan. Since I've started recording externally it has made everything so much easier to edit. So today we're checking out the Atomos Ninja V that is connected to the Nikon Z6 and one of the things that I'm most excited about this, is you can now shoot in ProRes Raw, so if you do have this camera you do have to send it in to get a FirmWare update to be able to shoot in ProRes Raw. I saw a really great demo of some of the footage that was shot on here and it looks incredible. When I said before that Amazon Alexa was integrated into over 100 000 devices, did you ever think that it would be integrated in a gas station. Very shortly at Exxon mobile stations you'll be able to say Alexa pay for gas, you'll then tell Alexa which pump you're at, the pump will activate, you pump your gas, get back in your car, drive away and it is automatically charged securely to your Amazon Pay. You can activate it using any Alexa devices, so you do have the Alexa App on your phone, so you can just use that, but if you have the ear buds, anything that's Alexa enabled that is connected to your Amazon account, you'll be able to drive away and pay. I need this now. Now if only the gas prices weren't so ridiculously expensive. I'm waiting for the Amazon electric car, where's that? Alexa, left side. There is goes.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
ciao ragazzi oggi vi spiegherò perché la vera forza in un combattimento sta nell'autocontrollo molti di voi mi scrivete su instagram e mi chiedete "Manuel come posso fare io a mantenere la calma? Manuel quando io trovo qualcuno davanti che mi vuole aggredire vedo rosso non capisco più niente come posso? fare che consigli mi dai? secondo la mia esperienza quello che mi ha aiutato personalmente a mantenere l'autocontrollo è stato il fatto di pensare alle conseguenze di una mia reazione un po' quello che vi ho anticipato e vi ho raccontato nel video meglio brutto processo che un bel funerale in questo modo pensando a quello che può accadere ti fai un film mentale no quindi pensi a potrei finire a processo potrei fargli del male potrei dover risarcire delle spese legali potrei avere altri problemi questo porta a non essere impulsivi ma non solo nella gestione legale è importante prevedere le conseguenze delle nostre azioni ma proprio durante lo scontro se io sono una persona impulsiva sono una persona che quando è messa sotto pressione non capisce più niente vede rosso si arrabbia subito e non ragiona diventa estremamente vulnerabile perché ad esempio davanti a qualcuno che vuole attaccare briga andrò fronte a lui faccia a faccia perché non vedo l'ora di liberare le mie emozioni scaricare la mia adrenalina e sto violando una regola basilare della difesa personale che è la distanza di sicurezza andate a vederlo mio video qui sul canale youtube perché è una regola fondamentale che ci aiuta a difenderci meglio se lui dovesse avere un coltello in tasca e io sono preda delle adrenalina preda delle impulsività gli vado vicino perché sto pensando gia di colpirlo questo estrae il coltello mi colpisce e io proprio perché non ho previsto che lui poteva avere un coltello in tasca perché non ragionavo più sono stato fregato sono stato colpito e magari ucciso come vi dicevo la mia esperienza nell'arma dei carabinieri mi ha portato a vedere tante persone che si sono maledette per avere fatto una determinata reazione per non aver pensato alle conseguenze lo racconto meglio appunto nel video è meglio brutto processo che bel funerale dove vi spiego che tante persone una volta in galera una volta chiamate a risarcire i danni mi dicevano "quando mai l'ho fatto se potessi tornare indietro" non bisogna essere così ingenui bisogna essere capaci di gestire il proprio controllo per avere il risultato migliore se sono in grado di mantenere la calma anche durante lo scontro fisico allora applicherò una difesa intelligente per esempio la mia testa sarà lucida per trovare una via di fuga per capire se l'avversario a una mano in tasca quindi potrebbe essere armato per trovare magari una soluzione utile a proteggere i miei cari che in questo momento sono coinvolti come nell'aggressione quindi la mia testa deve rimanere lucida sgombra dalle emozioni che mi portano a reagire di impulso e importante capire che una persona che non sa gestire le emozioni dimostra una grande debolezza una grande immaturità e per questo deve lavorare su questo aspetto con un training utile alla gestione delle emozioni quindi ragazzi abbiamo capito che l'autocontrollo è la vera forza io sono forte non quando mi faccio preda delle emozioni e parto che non so più neanche che cosa sto facendo io sono forte quando in un momento di difficoltà riesco a mantenere la lucidità e a prendere la decisione per me migliore in quel momento e anche che sarà utile successivamente in campo legale ciao ragazzi il video finito ma ci sono tante cose da scoprire ancora sulla difesa personale per cui iscrivetevi al canale attivate le notifiche vi lascio qui i link ai social per vedere come metto in campo quello che vi sto dicendo ci vediamo al prossimo video STAY SAFE	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
English: The last song is ... "Poker face" What are you thinking? I do not get it! What does this hand mean taking mine. As usual with a Poker face no one will see my feelings. Its the first time than my heart beats so ... I love you! Connected for an AA battery ... Connected for many things... I can not see anymore to no one else. French: La dernière chanson est ... "Poker face" A quoi penserez-vous? Je ne le comprends pas! Que signifie cette main prendre le mien. Comme toujours avec une Poker face Personne ne verra mes sentiments. C'est la première fois ce que mon coeur bat comme ça ... Je t'aime! Connecté pour une pile AA ... Connecté pour beaucoup de choses... Je ne peux plus voir à quelqu'un d'autre. French: Ma poitrine semble exploser! Le monde est comme si hors de nous et personne d'autre. Hey, dis-moi qu'est-ce que tu aimes. Je veux voir la même scène! Le monde toujours nous donnera sa bénédiction ... Sans doute! Comme toujours tu parles directement mais ... Il y a quelque chose d'étrange. Tes mots ils semblent injustes en quelque sorte. Pour cela... Quand je suis découragé Tu m'as toujours soutenu. C'est la première fois Je suis tellement honnête ... Je t'aime! Connecté pour une pile AA ... Connecté English: My chest seems to explode! The world is as if outside of us and anyone else. Hey, Tell me what you like. I want to see the same scene! The world always it will give us his blessing ... Definitely! As usual you speak directly but ... There is something strange. Your words they seem unfair somehow. Because... When I'm discouraged You always supported me. Its the first time what am I so honest ... I love you! Connected for an AA battery ... Connected French: pour beaucoup de choses... Maintenant Je dois te dire. Quoi qu'il en soit, mais C'est suffisant. Ce sentiment Il ne disparaîtra pas. Après tout c'est à nous ... Vérité? L'avez-vous remarqué? De ce miracle florissant! Plus proche que quiconque dans ce monde... Je te vois toujours. Toujours ... Toujours ... Positif et négatif ... Nos esprits ne font qu'un! Positif et négatif ... Positif et négatif ... Nos esprits ne font qu'un! Positif et négatif ... Seulement à toi... ¡Ok! Je ne peux plus voir English: for many things... Now I have to tell you. No matter what It's appropriate. This feeling will not disappear. After all It's our ... True? You realize already? Of this prosperous miracle! Closer than anyone in this world... I always see you. Forever... Forever... Positive and negative... Our minds are one! Positive and negative... Positive and negative... Our minds are one! Positive and negative... Only at you ... ¡Ok! I can not see anymore French: à quelqu'un d'autre. Ma poitrine semble exploser! Le monde est comme si hors de nous et personne d'autre. Hey, dis-moi qu'est-ce que tu aimes. Je veux voir la même scène! Le monde toujours nous donnera sa bénédiction ... Sans doute! Coeur, mots, sentiments, mystères ... Je veux te dire! Coeur, mots, sentiments, mystères ... Je veux te les donner! English: to no one else. My chest seems to explode! The world is as if outside of us and anyone else. Hey, Tell me what you like. I want to see the same scene! The world always it will give us his blessing ... Definitely! Heart, words, feelings, mysteries... I want to tell you! Heart, words, feelings, mysteries... I want to dart them!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
[XBOX SOUND] [MUSIC] [XBOX SOUND]	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
English: Those toenails dry yet, Baby? We got some dancin' to do. English: Those toenails dry yet, Baby? We got some dancin' to do. Japanese: まだ乾いたもの足の爪、ベイビー？我々は行うにいくつか踊っ'を得た。 English: Those toenails dry yet, Baby? We got some dancin' to do. English: Are you going to provide me with anopportunity to prove my love to my girl? Or are you gonna save youself some trouble... .... and step up like a gentleman and apologize to her? Don't fuck with me, man. You look like a clown in that stupid jacket. This is a snakeskin jacket ... and for me it's a symbol of my individuality ... and my belief in personal freedom. Asshole Come over here I'm sorry to do this to ya here in front of a crowd, but I want you to stand up and make a nice apology to my girl. English: Are you going to provide me with anopportunity to prove my love to my girl? Or are you gonna save youself some trouble... .... and step up like a gentleman and apologize to her? Don't fuck with me, man. You look like a clown in that stupid jacket. This is a snakeskin jacket ... and for me it's a symbol of my individuality ... and my belief in personal freedom. Asshole Come over here I'm sorry to do this to ya here in front of a crowd, but I want you to stand up and make a nice apology to my girl. English: Are you going to provide me with an opportunity to prove my love to my girl? Or are you gonna save yourself some trouble... .... and step up like a gentleman and apologize to her? Don't fuck with me, man. You look like a clown in that stupid jacket. This is a snakeskin jacket ... and for me it's a symbol of my individuality ... and my belief in personal freedom. Asshole Come over here I'm sorry to do this to ya here in front of a crowd, but I want you to stand up and make a nice apology to my girl. Japanese: あなたは私の女の子に私の愛を証明する機会を私に提供するつもりですか？それともつもり保存されている自分でいくつかのトラブル... ....とステップアップ紳士のようなと彼女に謝罪？、私と一緒に男を性交しないでください。あなたはその愚かなジャケット内のピエロのように見える。これは蛇皮のジャケットです... そして私のために、それは私の個性の象徴だ ... 個人の自由で、私の信念。くそったれここに来て私は、ここに観衆の前でYAにこれを行うにはごめんなさい私はあなたが立ち上がって、私の女の子に素敵な謝罪を作りたい。 English: I'm sorry. Hell, you just rubbed up against the wrong girl is all. That's good... Now go get yourself a beer. You have alotta the same power Elvis had... You know this one for sure!... Japanese: ごめんなさい。地獄、あなただけの対戦こすり間違った女の子が全てです。それは良いことだ...今自分でビールを取りに行く。あなたはエルヴィスがいたのと同じ多くの電力を持っている...あなたは確かに、このいずれかを知っている！... English: I'm sorry. Hell, you just rubbed up against the wrong girl is all. That's good... Now go get yourself a beer. You have alotta the same power Elvis had... You know this one for sure!... English: I'm sorry. Hell, you just rubbed up against the wrong girl is all. That's good... Now go get yourself a beer. You have alotta the same power Elvis had... You know this one for sure!...	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Hello again! I'm Becky, and today we're going to be taking a pressure sensor into a little inflatable pillow. I'll show you what that means. This is a pressure sensor that I have soldered onto a set of wires, that will be sticking out of the inflatable form, so that I can monitor the pressure on the inside, and make my electric pump respond to it actively. I have a whole breadboard set up to use with this sensor, I'm going to have diagrams on my website, beckymarshall.com/inflatables.html (link in the description box below) but the first thing I have to do is make the inflatable pillow. I have already cut my form, I'm just gonna make a simple rectangle today, but I do have a new tool to use.. this little squeeze bottle! It's kind of like an accordion. The other thing I have that I want to show you is this giant scepter of vinyl that I got. This cost, like, twelve dollars! (laughs) It's so much material! So, I am gonna make something big. Not today, because I'm just testing something with my pressure sensor, but my next video, you can expect something big! We'll see what it is. The other thing that I got that I'm excited to share: some tubing for my pump! Now I can inflate more large scale things that won't be impeded by this little output right here. So, I'm going to head to the spray booth, put on my safety gear, and make this little pillow, with this pressure sensors sticking out of it like this! It's gonna be strange. I hope I can achieve a good seal on it. We'll see OK. I have my prototype, this time with wires sticking out of it. I don't know if it's airtight, but we will figure it out when we inflate it. So, I'm going to inflate it with a bit of an on-and-off motion from my pump, and we will see first if it holds air, and second what the pressure sensors say. This is a very slow inflation... so far the pressure sensor readings are not doing anything interesting. I'm going to run the pump a little higher. You know what I just realized? This isn't connected to anything. (laughs) (hysterical) I didn't replace the pressure sensor ! So it was just a fake reading? Uh-huh. I'm really tempted to, like, remove this from the video, but I kind of want to exhibit my shame. Sooo.. Okay...... OK! So now, for prototyping purposes, we have this sensor wired up to this breadboard. Let me just make sure I don't pop that. I forgot to plug it back in after removing the power! All right. Now it's having a reading. (confused)There's no difference in the pressure sensor... hm. Well, the good news is that my inflatable is airtight, including where the wires are sticking out. That is good news. Bad news is that the pressure sensor keeps giving the same, neutral reading that it always has been... which means that there is probably something not right with the sensor and the way that I've hooked it up. So... I'm gonna have to deal with that! Hello again, it's another day, and I'd like to follow up with how this squeeze bottle went. The glue did harden and dry on the applicator end, and you can see, though, that it is still viscous on the inside. So I lost some glue, you can see it covering this tip, but overall this is a win and I'm looking forward to using it again. I'm also going to test this other squeeze bottle. I think that this would have been more appropriate for the smaller scale prototype that I made on my last go. And here's the prototype. Here we have the valve, here we have the airtight seal, and here's my Arduino. So let's inflate it and see what the pressure sensor reads! (shocked) Oh, jesus! --what the...? It is reading in the 400s and 500s... I'm gonna try it at a much higher rate Boom! OK, so we are getting some different readings. Let's see what happens when I push it. OK, it goes down... and when I let go? ... So it's just noise? I do not understand. OK, what happens if-- it's reading 500, 500, 498, 500, and if I squish it, 496, 495... OK so, it's registering my smoosh... if I let it go? It's back up to 500.... No, it's back down... it's lower than it's been before... it's 485... this doesn't make-- it's back up to 500-- okay, this doesn't make any sense to me. Alright, I'm going to release it. Mm, there doesn't seem to be any meaningful difference! OK... I cannot tell if the numbers are lowering because I'm smooshing it, or not. Something that I noticed off-camera is that, if I punch this inflated pillow, the pressure sensor gives me different kinds of readings. So let's smash it up. So, it is varying wildly from the low 400s to the high 400s. (Noise of air leaking) Whoa! Oh wow, it jumped up, it jumped up to 650 when it came undone unexpectedly, and then I went down to 370! We're getting a really wide range of readings on this. I'm being really mean to my pillow. If I just let it rest, what does it do... It rests around 450 now. What I'm realizing with all this testing of this pressure sensor, is that I don't even know what I need the pressure sensor for! (laughs) So I think I've gotten it to work as well as it might work, but, I'm gonna move forward with prototyping different kinds of hardware. So what I want to do is, I'm gonna make a large form next, I'm using my big vinyl roll, and then I'm gonna make a raft type project where I'm gonna lash together several long cylinders of inflated vinyl, lashed together like a raft, put it afloat and see how it can bear weight. And I'll just leave this pressure sensor for... future experiments. What I am very happy with is how much I've kept this seal. This is a perfect seal. So here's the deal. What you've witnessed today is a bit of a failure. And if you ask anybody who's a designer, failure is a big part of design. The pressure sensor was a lot of hard work to get it working, even this well, and at this point it just seems like a lot of noise, and some major insights, but what I'm gonna have to do in the future is set the pressure sensor up so that it doesn't touch the walls of the inflatable, because I think that might be introducing a lot of the noise that we're seeing. I'm gonna wait until later in the process, to find out how I might want to use the sensor, to keep working with it, because this is just taking up way too much time. I'm comfortable with failure today. I learned a lot. I'm done with it. I hope you learned something from the video today! I'm really curious to hear how you guys find this video, so if you searched and found this video because of a project of yours, please share in the comments, like, what brought you here. I really want to hear about your projects. I'm trying to reach 100 subscribers by the time I graduate, so please be one of those 100! (laughs) (Offscreen) Like and subscribe! Like and subscribe! If you want to see the breadboard set up for the pressure sensor that I worked with today, look in the description box below, and you will find a link to my website, where I have diagrams and code set up for your use, so you can recreate it. Cut. (offscreen laughter) Oh, OK. (offscreen) That is gonna have to be good enough!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
REMAINS UNDER ACTIVE INVESTIGATION AFTER OUR INVESTIGATION REVEALED IN MAY SHE WAS SELLING TICKETS TO HEAR HER GIVE MARIJUANA INVESTMENT ADVICE. ((PAUL)) BUT NOW -- HER BUSINESS IS TAKING ON A NEW LOOK AND SHE'S RECRUITING NEW MEMBERS TO JOIN A PYRAMID SCHEME. TARGET 3 INVESTIGATOR MARK MAXWELL IS LIVE IN OUR CAPITAL NEWSROOM. MARK -- YOU'VE BEEN DIGGING INTO SENATOR PATRICIA VAN PELT'S SIDE BUSINESS. ((MARK)) YOU MAY RECALL, SENATOR VAN PELT SAID SHE KNEW WHICH CANNABIS STOCKS WERE VIABLE, AND SOLD TICKETS TO SEMINARS WHERE SHE GAVE HER INVESTMENT ADVICE. BUT NOW -- SHE'S ASKING CUSTOMERS TO INVEST IN THEIR OWN HOME- BUSINESSES, TO SELL HER PRODUCTS. SHE HOLDS WEEKLY MOTIVIATIONAL CALLS WITH NEW MEMBERS... AND ONCE SHE STARTED DROPPING NAMES OF OTHER PROMINENT ELECTED OFFICIALS... WE STARTED DIGGING FOR ANSWERS. President Dr. Patricia Van Pelt will guide you through Wakanna University, Learn how to make edibles, invest in cannabis stocks, and build wealth. IT WAS OFFERS LIKE THIS ONE -- SELLING INVESTMENT ADVICE FOR CANNABIS STOCKS -- THAT LANDED SENATOR PATRICIA VAN PELT UNDER INVESTIGATION AT THE SECRETARY OF STATE'S SECURITIES DIVISION. BECAUSE THAT PROBE IS STILL UNDERWAY, THIS CLAIM IN PARTICULAR DURING A WAKANNA CONFERENCE CALL THURSDAY SET OFF ALARM BELLS."I signed up Senators, and the Secretary of State, and the Cook County Clerk of the Circuit Court." IN LEAKED AUDIO, VAN PELT APPEARED TO TELL NEW RECRUITS SECRETARY OF STATE JESSE WHITE AND COOK COUNTY CLERK DOROTHY BROWN WERE BUSINESS PARTNERS IN HER NEW VENTURE. WHITE'S OFFICE, WHICH WARNS CONSUMERS TO AVOID SCAMS, DENIED ANY INVOLVEMENT IN WAKANNA, SAYING SHE "EMBELLISHED" BROWN'S OFFICE SAID, "SHE'S NOT INVOLVED." BOTH DID BUY PRODUCTS FROM VAN PELT YEARS AGO IN A NOW- DEFUNCT PYRAMID SCHEME CALLED 5LINX, WHOSE OWNER WAS LATER CONVICTED OF FRAUD. TUESDAY, VAN PELT SAID THAT'S WHAT SHE WAS REFERRED TO, AND SAID NO CURRENT ELECTED OFFICIALS ARE INVOLVED IN HER NEW MULTI- LEVEL MARKETING COMPANY THAT SELLS CBD OIL. Micro enterprising and network marketing. Home-based parties. We do home-based parties. HER PROMOTIONAL VIDEO INVITES MEMBERS TO THE WAKANNA LOUNGE... Schedule a visit to Wakanna Lounge or attend a focus group BUT THE COMPANY DISPENSARY AND HEADQUARTERS... ARE REGISTERED HERE, THE ONLY VISIBLE WAKANNA SIGN TUCKED AWAY INSIDE THIS INSURANCE COMPANY ON CHICAGO'S SOUTH SIDE. WHILE SHE INVITED PEOPLE TO BECOME MARIJUANA MILLIONAIRES, HER WEBSITE SAYS MOST PEOPLE ENROLLED IN WAKANNA MAKE LESS THAN $100 A MONTH. We have people that range all the way from 60 cents to $13,000 in a month. A DISCLAIMER ON HER WEBSITE SAYS, The average affiliate spends between $500 and $3,000 in expenses as they build their business. Less than 4% earns sufficient commissions to cover their costs of the WaKanna For Life products. VAN PELT MOTIVATED NEW MEMBERS WHO STRUGGLED TO STRIKE IT RICH... "If you need to learn to use your thoughts.""If you are in poverty, it yo" AND SHE PAINTED A BRIGHTER FUTURE, PROMISING NEW RECRUITS THE COMPANY WOULD SOON ENTER THE CANNABIS SPACE, "We're not trying to sell just CBD oil. That's our entry point." THE COMPANY CURRENTLY DOES NOT HAVE A CANNABIS LICENSE. TUESDAY AFTERNOON, SHE CHANGED HER STORY. Wakanna has no plans to become a cannabis company. SENATOR VAN PELT DID NOT VOTE TO LEGALIZE SMALL AMOUNTS OF MARIJUANA FOR RECREATIONAL USE, DUE TO A CONFLICT OF INTEREST. SHE CONFIRMED TUESDAY, SHE STILL HOLDS STOCK IN MARIJUANA COMPANIES. I don reason why any lawmakers should not be able to invest in any of it, any industry actually. ((MARK)) GET THIS -- LAWMAKERS ACCIDENTALLY WROTE A LIFETIME BAN INTO THE CANNABIS LAW THAT PREVENTS THEM OR THEIR FAMILY FROM INVESTING IN CANNABIS STOCKS. NOW, THEY'RE WORKING TO SOFTEN THAT LANGUAGE TO ALLOW PASSIVE INVESTMENT IN PUBLICLY TRADED COMPANIES, AND AFTER A TWO YEAR WAITING PERIOD, LAWMAKERS COULD LEGALLY BECOME DIRECT OWNERS OF CANNABIS RELATED COMPANIES. THANKS MARK.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
[MUSIC] Brand loyalty means the degree to which a consumer consistently purchases the same brand within a specific product category. Companies fight for brand loyalty because it correlates well with product sales. It's a great asset for a brand because brand loyalty decreases marketing expenses for the company. Additionally, loyal consumers are usually willing to pay more for products and are more forgiving when something negative happens about the brand, and so on. In this lecture, I would like to introduce you a new way of thinking about brand loyalty. We have seen in the previous lecture that positive consumer brand relationships lead to brand loyalty. There are both emotional and functional aspects of a relationship. You need to understand them first to see how they affect brand loyalty. Emotional aspects of brand relationships reflect the belief that brands have a personality and that's consumers' relationships with brands are similar to their relationships with their friends. In this context, ego and self esteem of consumers are involved in the relationship. In contrast, in functional aspects of brand relationship, it involves consumers evaluation of the concrete utilitarian aspects of brand performance. Another important factor that affects brand loyalty is consumer involvement. Consumer involvement refers to the degree of information processing or the extent of importance a consumer attaches to a product. Now, let's try to think about how emotional and functional aspects of brand relationships and consumer involvement may relate to brand loyalty. Kristin Northelm provides three types of brand loyalty, and suggests that brands should tailor their marketing efforts according to these three types of brand loyalty. Head loyalty, heart loyalty, and hand loyalty. You may see how these different loyalty types can be located onto dimensions with regards to consumer's involvement, emotional and rational involvement with the product. Head loyalty requires strong rational involvement. Consumers exhibiting this type of loyalty generally have one or more specific reasons for their purchase decisions, and they can easily articulate these. Statements such as I bought this car because it has the highest safety ratings or I bought these shoes because they help me increase my athletic performance could be examples of head loyalty. Consumers usually generate head loyalty to products who's attributes can be compared with and be differentiated from other products. Because consumers are just interested in the product attributes, companies need to implement lots of product improvements and then communicate and promote them heavily. Competitors seeking to steal customers exhibiting head loyalty, generally need to provide a compelling rational argument for their brand. Heart loyalty, on the other hand, requires strong emotional involvement with a particular brand. When a customer says, I love my iPhone, she's exhibiting heart loyalty. Customers usually have heart loyalty to products that are consumed in public and thought to reflect the identity of the person consuming them. It's hard to challenge this type of loyalty because consumer relationships with the brand is highly personal, and emotional in nature, and hence resistant to rational appeals. Because the product choice is tied up with the consumers identity and ego, a competitive challenge to this choice can even be perceived as a personal offense to the consumer. Heart loyal consumers don't want to be told that they should switch to another brand. Brands with heart loyal consumers continuously need to demonstrate their consumers that they hear and understand them. Hand loyalty does not require high involvement with the product. Hand loyalty is habitual, the consumer is loyal to the product not because of an emotional or rational involvement but simple because of a routine that she has established. Her commitment to the brand is low, and her interest in expanding the resources necessary to search for a replacement brand is even lower. This toothpaste is fine, is a common hand loyalty statement. The challenge for competitors seeking to steal hand loyal customers is to convince them that it is worth to think about changing. However, because consumers are low involvement, they do not actually want to think about their purchase decisions for these products. Hence, it's harder for competitors to make consumers think about a change. Consumers with hand loyalty seek familiarity. Brands with hand loyal consumers, try to maintain the habit. So, product changes should be very subtle and gradual. The emphasis should be on maintaining distribution and product quality. The challenge with the brand loyalty approach is that, the skills and resources the firm needs to maintain consumers with different types of loyalty are very different. Additionally, consumers may start with one kind of loyalty, and shift to another. And it may be very difficult to detect the shift. If the marketing programs are aimed at one type of loyalty, and the consumers in that category shift, then the result may be a severe loss to the company, both in terms of loyalty and sales. So brands need to examine the way consumers feel loyal to them and be prepared to adjust their activities accordingly. [MUSIC]	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Hi, I'm Pammela Rojas, singer and visual artist of Shiro Schwarz Shiro Schwarz is an audiovisual project inspired by 80s funk and boogie Rafael Marfil and I started the project in 2011. Since the beginning of our collaboration, I have been very interested in the use of technology to control visuals in real-time The advantage of using the BeatStep is that it includes a sequencer and I can interact with it directly Before, mi visual compositions were less dynamic I created defined scenes and could only interact with certain elements in real-time Now, I have more control over the elements of my composition and the interaction with the music is more evident What we do to have the visuals react with more precision is to sync the BeatStep's tempo to Rafael's computer while having it connected to mine to control the visuals I create the visuals on Quartz Composer and it is very easy to assign MIDI messages to elements in the composition For example, open Quartz Composer and create a new blank composition On the left side you can find the library, on the center we have an editor, and on the right side the parameter inspector Now, we are going to import the objects that we need from the library, in this case a Cube and a MIDI Receiver By using MIDI Monitor we can know exactly which note is being sent by which pad. If it is not the desired note, we can change it directly within the MIDI Control Center Editor Finally, we write the note number, MIDI channel and the name of our MIDI controller in the MIDI Receiver object, then we connect its output to the "Enable" input of the Cube object. Now, each time the BeatStep sends that particular note, our cube will appear Another advantage of using the BeatStep is that I can save the sequences I create and switch between them to achieve a more dynamic performance Apart from acting as a sequencer it has a controller mode that I can activate effects with, and as the pads are very responsive, it makes it much more dynamic We are Shiro Schwarz	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
- By the way. Sorry, I'm Brad, just waving a knife around for no clear reason. [thudding] Action! [upbeat music] - Action! - Hi! Welcome back to my kitchen, Gaby's kitchen. - I'm confident that I'm rolling. - Today, I'm going to be making a pantry sandwich. - Sandwich out of things that one might have lurking around in their pantry or refrigerator or their fermentation station, okay? [sighs] [upbeat music] - So the essence of a pantry sandwich is that you want to just kinda lean of the stuff that chances are you have a can on chickpeas and some bread. I mean, that's really the essence of what this is. I had some nice salt-packed capers that I soaked overnight 'cause the salt-packed ones are salty, like you need to get that salt out of there. I'm just gonna do a quick rough chop on this. Ooh, those are so good. They're almost sweet. Wow. [thudding] Ooh! Mm. Caper town, you know? Here we go. So I have some celery I diced up. Just those clean pops of texture. [plastic squeaking] Let's get a spoonful of Greek yogurt in there. Let's get some olive oil. I wanna start to season this with some salt. Solid, humble black pepper is also definitely your friend. A pinch of chili flakes. So about a tablespoon of lemon juice. So I wanna kinda make this into a bit of a dressing with some of that celery and caper business in there. Now I have one can of chickpeas, just drained and that's it. Some little bit of something in there. The hell is that? You don't wanna have any of that liquid from the can, that's just kinda of in there, but not really contributing anything and then making this mixture a little bit too loose. So everything looks nicely dressed now, but we're not done. My trusty cocktail muddler. We've been using it as part of our nighttime clapping for healthcare heroes, kind of seven p.m. kinda deal here and this is one of the kids' banging implements. Anyway, we're just gonna give that a little rinse. So I want to kind of smash apart some of these chickpeas. It's just gonna make this mixture a little thicker and help it hold together in sandwich form. Also gonna throw a few celery leaves in. It has a very assertive flavor, but for something like this where you really want your flavors to pop, it's a great way to go. [clanging] Man, it's good. Definitely have to like chickpeas but, ugh, it's so good. Done. I'm gonna toast some bread. All right, hang tight. All right, we're just waiting on the toaster. Bread! Little bit of olive oil, just to bring a little additional richness to this sandwich. I try to keep pickled red onions on hand. They work for virtually any dish. Gonna close this up, but gonna wrap it. [paper rustling] You guys know me. You know I loved a wrapped sandwich. Wrapping it really goes a long way. [crunching] Get into it. Boom. [air whooshing] [imitates exploding] What do you think? Here we go. Taking a bite, going in. Mm. I think you have a lot of options to play around with, but I think this is a slamming sandwich you can make, just with kinda pantry staples and stuff you have in your fridge, ready to go. Mm. Couple bites, lost one chickpea. No big deal. The wrapping really helps with that. [upbeat music] - I have not really been making lunch. I mostly I've been surviving on dried mango, which I'm on my second five pound bag of that during the day. But occasionally I do get a craving for tuna salad and I like to make tuna salad and then have it as a melt and today I'm going to be making it on matzo because it's Passover. This is tuna in olive oil. Have to drain it. [groaning] One thing I love is one of these grippy things 'cause I'm bad at opening jars 'cause I have weak hands. [groaning] God. [groaning] Ooh, I got it. Ooh. Okay, ooh, I'm dripping, hold on. Okay. You know what, I'm gonna drain it into the trash because I don't like to pour oil down the drain or you could just put it into a grease jar, which is a thing my parents have. The good thing about a tune salad is you're adding so many other flavors and textures that it kinda, you don't have to use the fancy stuff for this. Cutting celery is so easy. If you wanna practice your knife skills, celery is a fantastic thing to use to learn and you can just make a whole bunch of tuna salad. Then, shallot. Any kind of raw onion-y or garlic-y thing like that. I would be pretty moderate because it packs a punch. I'm gonna do a very fined diced. So that's like, I don't know, a tablespoon maybe. These are bread and butter pickle chips. Great for hamburgers. Love these. I'm just gonna chop them up into the bowl. Now I'm gonna finely chop fresh dill. Dill is divisive. To me, there's very specific things that I want dill in. Tuna salad, potato salad, ranch dressing. That's for sure, or ranch dip. A bunch of black pepper, 'cause why not? Couple dashes of hot sauce. Mayo. This is Kewpie. You could use whatever you're favorite kind of mayo is. Dijon mustard. I love the innovation of the squeeze bottles, right? So much better than the jar. Okay. So let me just mix this all together and see what it looks like and then I'll correct by sight. I need more mayo. [smacking] I don't want a dry tuna salad. [Smacking] Sorry, I'm at the end of this bottle. Also, a wedge of lemon. I'm also mashing it because I like when the tuna breaks down so then you have this really uniform mixture. I don't know if you can hear this noise. [wet squishing] That's the noise it should make. I actually might wanna add a little olive oil. I think it has enough mayo, but it could use just a little more richness. Just making it a little fancy. So, here is my tuna salad. I am very, very, very happy with that. If I had my pick of cheese options in the store, I would probably pick the pre-sliced cheddar just 'cause that's so much easier, but here I am just cutting planks from a block, which will be fine. Thank you to the Palace Diner in Biddeford, Maine for inspiring me. They serve a big, thick wedge of iceberg on it, and so now, I serve a big thick wedge of iceberg on it because it's so delicious. So I have my matzo. I don't know, maybe not the preferred vehicle. But it is Passover as I said. Matzo is a unleavened Jewish bread. I shouldn't even really call it bread. It's really a cracker, eaten around Passover. Really, it's a blank canvas for whatever you're gonna put on it, so I just did a layer of the iceberg and then tuna salad. Generous layer. Then, my planks of cheese. This whole thing goes onto the tray. Here's a little preview of the before. If you can see that. And then into the toaster until the cheese is melted and then it's ready. I am gonna take it out of the toaster because the cheese is melted. I mean, nothing is really cooking, you just wanna melt the cheese, like a blanket over the tuna. And there it is. Looks, I think, quite appetizing and delicious. Great news is it's lunch time and here's my tuna melt on matzo. Crunchy iceberg on the bottom, creamy, tangy, crunchy tuna salad the middle, and melty cheddar cheese on top. What a great food. [crunching] [meowing] My cat is literally watching me eat it. He's so mad right now. Mm, the matzo is not bringing a lot to the table, but it's a good base I would say. Not a bagel, you know. [upbeat music] - The sandwich that I'm gonna make for you today is a play off of grilled cheese and tomato soup, 'cause my mom made me that when I was little and I love, love, love, love, love grilled cheese sandwiches. There is actually no Campbell's tomato soup here in Mazatlan. So it's gonna be a jalapeno popper grilled cheese with a salsa chile de arbol kind of dipping sauce. So the first thing I'm gonna do is make the salsa and I'm gonna put in three tablespoons of olive oil I didn't show that to you, that's the empty container of olive oil. This is chile de arbol. I just chopped them up and then I grated some garlic. I think I have two garlic cloves and three chile de arbol, which are super, super hot. So if you don't like hot, don't use as many as I did. I wanna slowly bring them up to heat. If you put this directly into really hot oil or a really hot pan, you're just gonna burn everything and things are gonna get stuck to the bottom. Now everything is starting to sizzle. These are whole tomatoes from a can. I'm just throwing them in there. I'm also going to add some water to this. That'll help the tomatoes just break down. The salsa, I have on high and I'm just gonna cook this down until the tomatoes are really tender. So now, I'm gonna work on my sandwich. Regular sliced sandwich bread. This is, I think it's multigrain or whatever. That is what queso chihuahua looks like. It's a really good melting cheese. And equivalent would be muenster or Monterey-jack. I feel like it melt a little bit better if you grate it, but also, I'm gonna add some pickled jalapenos. If you can find carrots in your pickled jalapenos, I would definitely use them. They just add a little bit of sweetness. They're gonna nestle into all the little empty space where the grated cheese is, which is exactly what I want. Put the lid on it, all right. I am going to turn this on. So that's about a tablespoon of butter and I'm just gonna let this melt. You want a really low and slow situation. I'm also gonna sprinkle a little bit of salt on the melted butter because you get a really nice hit of salt and butter on the crust. And we're just gonna drop it down. It's not super hot at this point and it's totally fine. I'm gonna set my timer so that I don't forget. Three minutes is the perfect amount of time to give us a nice, golden brown crust. You come with me. Crazy salsa de arbol and look at that, that's what you wanna see. Cheese just oozing out the side. So I'm gonna drop another pat of butter in there. Now the pan is super hot, so we gotta go quickly. Oh my God, it looks so good. It's super crispy, which is what I also really, really like. I'm gonna keep watching it because I don't want it to burn. That is the absolute worst when you are babying a grilled cheese sandwich and then it [bleep] burns. Ugh. All right. I'm just gonna go ahead and move that off heat and let that sit and then just smash my salsa, break up the tomatoes. So my sandwich needs about another minute, just so I don't burn my mouth off when I take a bite. I'm gonna add just a little bit of salt. It tastes like a really spicy tomato soup, which is kind what I was going for. Grilled cheese and salsa de arbol. There it is. Oh yes, yes. Look at that, look at that, look at that! That. - [Producer] Hell yeah! - Is a cheese pull, ah [bleeps]! It's just comfort to me. All of my friends and my family are 2,000 miles away and I need something that reminds me of home and this is doing it right now. So, make this sandwich. [upbeat music] - [Corey] Do you have a name for the sandwich? Do you wanna give it a name? - No, what is it with you guys and the names? - [Corey] I just want a name! Just give me a name. - I ain't there yet, it's gonna have to happen organically. - [Corey] I like that. - You can't force that [bleep], Corey. Today I'm gonna make one of my favs, something I riff on. It's an open canvas. It's real nostalgic for me. I grew up, my mom, she made meatloaf sometimes for dinner, that's just what she did, and I don't know what kinda meat she used. I made a meatloaf yesterday out of elk and venison. So we slice that up and we're gonna put it on a little white bread. Cold, ice cold. But if we're gonna zhuzh it up a little, I got a little fermented, this is cucumbers and scallions and garlic and some spices and this is a fermented radish and garlic and some scallions. Just gonna mince up a little bit. Do a little bit of mayonnaise and then we're gonna put it on the white bread and we're gonna slice the little meatloaf, put it on there, boom, that's it. Forget it, it's a home run. You got a little bit of white bread, nice, okay, soft. Not now, son. - [Woman] I need you to locate the lollipops. - Okay, I hope I didn't throw them away. Sorry everyone, hold one one second. - [Woman] In the colander, on the top shelf. [Griffin babbling] All right Griffy, let's go. - [Brad] Bu bu bu bu bye. - [Woman] Come on, Griffy. - The one, Griffin, he says sandwich some, how? - [Woman] Swam-itches. - I want peanut butter and jelly swam-itches. [laughs] Oh, it's the funniest thing. Anyway. I am gonna strain a little bit of the ferment. This is exhausting. [metal clanging] Oh, we're gonna get a little bit of, oh, it's fragrant. And this one is fantastic. It's so good I should sell it. Anyway, chop that up. You know what, I'm gonna do it a little fine, okay? Beautiful colors too. I'm really onto something with this. Perfect. Gonna put that back in the bowl. So let's do it. Little bit of mayonnaise, couple teaspoons, start small. All right, let's get a little weird. I'm just gonna add a little hu-ta of ketchup and we'll do a little bit of black pepper. Let me taste it. This would be so good on a burger, which is basically what we're having, like a cold burger. Plowing forward, let me get the meatloaf. So, I love those wild game meats. I kinda dig it a little thin like that, okay? On the bread, all right, take some notes here, this is very complicated. Elk, venison, some of the best meat, in my opinion. A little bit of ketchup. Just a little bit on top. It's nice and a little bit of black. [pepper grinding] Nice. You put that bad boy back on like that and there she is, all right folks. Yeah, come on! You can't beat that. Pantry sandwich, perfecto. That's it. I'll take a bite. I really do like the crunchy little sauce. Hope you enjoy it. Use what you got, you know. Whether it be some ferments or some good old mayonnaise. [smacking] That's it, have fun. Okay, just have some fun. [upbeat music] - Huge fan of sandwiches. I think for the most part everyone should know how to make a passable sandwich. I'm talking about something a little bit, a step up from a grilled cheese, no hate. - [Producer] Rick Martinez made a grilled cheese. - I'm sure it was amazing. So I'm making a breakfast sandwich. It's a classic bacon, egg, and cheese with hot sauce. I'm gonna throw some scallions in my eggs because I feel like it. I also am going to use a homemade English muffin. It just so happened that I had everything to make them, so that's what happened there. So I'm gonna take the cut sides of these, and I'm going to butter them with some unsalted butter and then I'm going to toast these in a cast iron skillet, just until they're kind of crisped up. In the meantime, I am going to open up my bacon. [rustling] I'm just gonna tuck them into my muffin skillet and if I'm lucky, they will render out some of the bacon fat which will run off into where the muffins are toasting. Okay, so I have a small nonstick skillet heating on the front burner. I'm gonna drop a little bit of olive oil and a little bit of butter and let that melt. Meanwhile, I'm gonna take two eggs, crack them into a bowl, season these with a little bit of salt and cracked pepper. You're more kind of going for a flat egg, that you'll then fold up. I don't know what you would call that, like bodega style maybe? I'm doing that rather than scrambling it because I just feel like it's a slightly neater eating experience in the end. You know what, I need chopsticks. I have to say, I am such a fan of cooking anything with chopsticks, but especially bacon. In the meantime, my eggs are, you can tell, they're already setting up in like a flat pancake kinda situation. At that point, I'm just lift a corner of the cooked egg and then I'm gonna let the runny egg run underneath just to let it keep cooking. This is exactly where I want it to be. There are patches that are still slightly runny, but the underside is totally cooked. I'm gonna fold the egg in half and then I'm going to fold that half in half again, like that, and then I am going to turn down the heat to low. One sheet of American cheese right on top and then I am going to pop a lid on this. It's just to trap the steam and quickly melt the cheese on top. In the meantime, my muffin is about to burn. Very nice. My bacon's also about to burn. Really everything's about to burn. I am going to drain my bacon briefly on a paper towel. I think my cheese is melted. That's the weird thing about American cheese is you can't really tell when it's melted or solid, but I can tell that it's melted. I'm going to slide it onto my bottom muffin. I did not really give consideration to the size, so we're put scallions on top of that, and then my bacon, and then some hot sauce. Close. It's a little unwieldy, but I think it'll do. I mean, that's basically what you're going for. I just have a very soft spot in my heart for the egg sandwich, whether it's from the corner bodega or from kind of a nice brunch spot. So buttery, in the best possible way. That's so good. [upbeat music] - I didn't have to go out and get anything for this. Frozen shrimp is something that I always have on hand in my freezer back in New york. My parents had some in the freezer here. To me, it's just one of those things you can keep around to use for soup, pasta, any kind of stir fry, or maybe a shrimp salad sandwich. Let's get to it. You may notice that there's been a camera change here. I've recruited my little sister Claire, to help film, so there are now two Claires in the BA cinematic universe. Come here. Saltwater with a whole lemon, cut in half, squeezed in there, and that is boiling now. So, what we're gonna do is take shrimp that I have defrosted and I deveined them and taken the shells off, except for the tail. We're gonna turn the heat off. The thing about poaching is that you want it to be a gentler cooker that keeps things tender and we're just gonna cook these for three minutes. And you're gonna keep it covered. [metal clanging] In the meantime, we are going to toast some bread. For this, I like any kind of soft bread. I don't like this on sourdough or anything you have to chew through. This is just some butter melted in a cast iron. The thing here is that I'm only gonna toast one side of the bread. Soft side allows the shrimp salad to sit in there and stay in the sandwich. These shrimp, they're looking nice and pink, so we're just gonna drain them in the sink. Bread, nice and golden, toasty. Okay. So we've got our bread and our shrimp [claps], and now I'm gonna put the camera back on the stand. So Claire, you are relieved of your duty. Okay, well Delaney here. You might notice that the words that I'm saying do not match with the words that my lips in this video are saying and that's because I messed up the audio. So, without any further ado, I'm gonna dub the video clip. I'm taking my chopped shrimp. You want the shrimp to be about the size of a nickel or a dime, not super big, not super small. You wanna be able to scoop the shrimp salad, and I'm mixing it with mayonnaise and olive oil, and then I'm adding salt, chipotle for a little bit of floral heat, a little bit of Dijon mustard, onion and garlic powder, just for a deeper, sweeter flavor, black pepper to brighten the whole thing up even more. After that, I'm adding some capers for a little bit of brininess and then I'm taking my whole salad, putting it on the toasted challah, and adding some thinly sliced white onion and iceberg lettuce on top. I just like a little bit of crispiness to my sandwiches and both of those are really good in the texture department. I'm kinda bummed that the original audio wasn't there. I was making good jokes, you guys would've loved it. I promise you, it was top notch material. But, we still have the shrimp sandwich and damn, that is a good looking sandwich. Look at that. Shrimp salad, killer. Time for lunch. Okay, looks like my mic is working again. I'm back. It's a nice transported sandwich. Being in a dock, during the summer, in Maine, somewhere in New England, but in reality, I'm in my parent's kitchen in south Jersey. God, I just lost some shrimp. Okay look, you can make a sandwich out of literally anything. It is the most democratic food in the world. Two slices of apple and a slice of cheddar cheese. Cheddar sandwich on apple bread. Two slices of cheese, one slice of an apple, apple sandwich on cheddar bread. Make one [snaps]. [upbeat music] - One of my favorite sandwiches of all time is egg salad and I eat it usually more as tartine, but I did happen to make focaccia and I'm gonna make an egg salad sandwich on this focaccia today. I have six boiled eggs here and I boiled them for nine minutes, which is almost all the way hard boiled with a little bit of a jammy center. No gray egg yolks in my egg salad please. Some people like to chop their eggs and I like to tear them because I think it's prettier. Little bite size, probably one inch-ish pieces. But if you like it finely chopped, finely chop it. I don't care. Okay, cornichons, which are my favorite kind of pickle. If you don't have cornichons, I've definitely made with just a kosher dill pickle and that is quite all right. Cornis in and then capers. Egg yolks are pretty rich, mayonnaise is also pretty fatty. I'm also gonna add olive oil, so it's nice to think about things that will kind of break that up. So, a rough chop on the capes. We're just doing this to taste. So if at the end we decide we want a couple more capers, we'll put another couple more capers. And then I'm doing a mix of both Dijon and whole grain mustard just because I love mustard. I'm just gonna do a generous tablespoon of mayonnaise, but I'm really not looking for a mayonnaise-y egg salad. We'll give it two. Two big T-B-S-Ps. And once it starts to combine, a good amount of salt to season these eggs up. So this is where we're at. 'Kay, it's not totally there. It's a little dry looking and that's when I'm gonna start drizzling in olive oil and then I have a bunch of herbs in my fridge. I have cilantro and mint right now and also parsley. So whatever you have, use it and just sort of tear the herbs. Chives, also awesome in egg salad. Oh my God, dill! All right. Cutting my lemon in half, giving it a squeeze-y. I sometimes add lemon zest also. Some more oil. [thudding] [spices grinding] [thudding] Okay, she's looking nice and saucy. I'm gonna taste it. It's great. Foccacc. Serrated knife, cut it in half. Split this in half. Here we go. See how many it makes. It makes two, I can tell. That's good 'cause there's two of us here. I'm giving it some fresh herbs for you, 'cause you deserve it. [spices grinding] All right, there she is. [clapping] There she blows! The egg salad pantry sando. In case you wanna peak in there. Ooh, it's pretty open-faced. Okay, I'm gonna cut this in half to make it easier. [scratching] Mm. [speaking in foreign language] Did I sound like Julia Child? Really yummy. [upbeat music] So right now we're all inside. Most of us have a few extra ingredients in the pantry that we have collected over the years or stuff that we always have handy. I found two, not one but two, cans on artichoke hearts in my pantry that were sitting there for while. They're not expired. So I'm gonna cut them in eighths basically. This takes a while. You know, we have time, we have nowhere to go, so [laughs]. Here I go, cutting, with my bear claw. I'm gonna chop the parsley. Not a great salad for the first date, cause you're gonna get all that parsley in your teeth. So I have these piquillos that came in a jar, preserved. They're kind of on the sweet side. Cut them in long strips and put them back in the bowl. So, I have my artichokes. First I'm gonna put a little bit of salt, black pepper, tiny, tiny bit of red pepper flakes, and some dry oregano. Gonna use a neutral oil and then I'm gonna finish up with olive oil. I also wanna add some lemon juice. Just put a little bit. A little dash of vinegar. And I'm gonna spare my last olive oil. There you go. I had my bread in the oven. I didn't want my bread to be completely toasted and turn into a hard thing, I just basically warm it up for a few minutes. I'm gonna just put a bunch of these guys here. It's messy, it's not something that you're gonna be able to eat sitting on your couch, but who cares? If you live alone like I do, nobody's watching. A little bit of these these peppers. I'm gonna shave the parmesan a little bit. If you don't have parmesan, you can use any other hard cheese that you like. Last but not least, just gonna put some lettuce to make it fresh and crunchy. And then you top it with the other piece of bread. [crunching] Ooh, sounds so good. That's my sandwich. Wait, let me fluff it up a little bit. Because I have one of these! It needs one more artichoke on this side, so. Oh [bleeps] cheese down. Sorry! Ah, what about now? [laughing] Here is my pantry sandwich. I'm so proud of this. Can I open the wine now? Voila! There you go, ready? Mm, oh my God guys, when we get back to the kitchen, I'm gonna make you this. This is delicious, Bon appetit. [crunching] [upbeat music] - Hello everybody, it's me, Amiel, and I'm here in my home kitchen. Like that? All right, so we are gonna make a pantry sandwich right now. The neighborhood that I live in has a couple of really good Bangladeshi little corner stores with freezers that are just full of extremely special groceries and one of which is these frozen parathas. Buttery, flakey flatbreads that are actually fully raw right now. This is a double smoked Hungarian kielbasa which keeps for a long time, so I almost always have some of this, and can I put ramps in the sandwich? This is like very showoff-y, but I've been doing a lot of wandering the woods, which I would encourage anyone who can do, to do, and I've got this gigantic bag of ramps. And then I'm just gonna take this kielbasa and slice this into a few pieces. This kielbasa is already fully cooked, so you're really just heating it up and browning it. Little bit of sauerkraut, which is like my back pocket vegetable. We got this hot cast iron pan. I've been preheating it for three or four minutes. Take our frozen paratha. We don't need any oil of anything like that. Just because there's so much butter already in this and we're just gonna slap this. We're just gonna wait until this starts to turn kind of translucent a little bit and that's how we're gonna know that it's time to flip it. It's starting to bubble a little bit and I wish you could smell it. It smells so buttery and delicious. Oh look, my one painted nail. I like it really nice and brown, almost like a little bit burnt. Now that this is pretty much done, get that onto our plate right there. I'm just gonna get a little bit of olive oil in here and then get our slices. This pan is like, smoking hot right now. Mm, kielbasa cam. [food sizzling] So then I'm just gonna transfer all that back to our platter and then we've just got a little bit of fat leftover in the pan, which we're gonna use. We're gonna throw our ramps in. Just get a little heat on them and then just gonna throw our sauerkraut on. So, don't really to cook this so much, just heat it through. So that is pretty much done. And then we're gonna take all this back to the table and build our sandwich. I refuse to eat a sandwich that doesn't have mayonnaise on it. And then, we got some mustard, some nice grainy Dijon mustard. Mix that together. I'm gonna add a little bit of black pepper to make it feel like it's more of a thing. Paratha, just add a nice swipe of this sauer-chey. Gonna lay our pieces of kielbasa in there. Got a little ramp-y business on top. Sandwich. Mm, kraut world. Beautiful. Now do you want me to bite it? That bread is so good. It's buttery and flakey. Beats the hell out of a hot dog bun. Everyone's pantry is different. This is what I got going on in mine. And this is my pantry sandwich. [crashing] [upbeat music] - Does it look, like this is me spreading my legs, does it look weird? Like that's straight up. What's natural? [heavy breathing] [grunting] - [Producer] Enhance it a little bit. - Could you be any more handsome please, thank you.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
[MUSIC PLAYING] Welcome to this Trending Globally explainer I'm sitting with Professor Jim Green, who knows more about Brazil than practically anyone else we could find. And we're going to talk about the Brazilian elections. So Jim, the result's in. Tell us about it. Well, Jair Bolsonaro, the far right candidate, polled 55% of the votes-- 57 million. And Fernando Haddad representing the left, the Workers Party and other supporters, got 45% of the votes-- about 47 million. So Bolsonaro is the new president of Brazil. So why did the Workers Party not do as well as it'd done in the past, particularly because Bolsonaro has been quite explicit on basically what he wants to do to leftists personally and what he wants to do with public policy. You would think that the people that have benefited from Bolsa Familia and other programs would be motivated to get out more. So I think many people who did benefit were motivated to get out. And they did vote. And they voted clearly in favor of Haddad. He did very well in the Northeast, which has historically been the most impoverished and most disadvantaged part of the country. And he did extremely well there. I think there are a lot of factors which led people to decide that Bolsonaro was their savior, including a strong discourse, a campaign against corruption, in which the Workers Party and other parties were involved-- some people in those parties. A fear that has been engendered within the population about violence and crime and his simplistic solutions to them, and a discrediting of the traditional politicians-- although actually if one would make that argument that they threw all the bums out, they actually didn't throw out the Workers Party. Because the Workers Party, although lost seats in the Senate and a few seats in the Congress and the lower house-- if you sum their votes with those of the party to the left of them, the Party of Socialism and Liberty, they actually have about the same number of people in the Congress. Bolsonaro's party, which went from one to 46 congresspeople, represented only 10% of the Congress. So he has a lot of work ahead to sew together a working majority to get his legislation passed. So let's start there. So there is a presidential system. Someone from a minor party, who is very much a populist figure, has now won the presidency. But he doesn't become a kind of congressional or parliamentary majority. There's no natural party for him with enough seats to get things through. Is that right? Right. And so there are two ways in which coalitions are built. One is wheeling and dealing within the Congress, so that they can choose a speaker of the house that will represent in the lower and the upper house-- a working majority, theoretically-- and also the way that the president will hand out ministries to allies and other people in other political parties. And politicians are interested in heading ministries, because there's a lot of plum jobs and appointments-- political appointments for their advises, the people that have worked with them. So I'm not remembering this very moment, but there's tens of thousands of political appointments within the administration that the president can affect by choosing certain ministers, who then will choose the people in the lower level of the higher echelon of the bureaucracies. Isn't this the very definition of that corruption that he was railing against? He would have argued that people took those positions and used them to get paybacks and put money into their pockets. In fact, the people that he will most likely be building his coalition with are the very people that have been under investigation for corruption in the centrist parties-- the political parties in the center. So we're probably going to see several ministers, if not more than a few ministers, who are actually under investigations for corruption. However, people in Congress have investigative immunity. So while they're in Congress, they can't be condemned for crimes they've committed. So there's actually a reason why some people want to run for office-- because that kind of gives them immunity from prosecution. So there's a tremendous irony here then. Basically, the car wash shakes loose corruption in these mainstream parties. The left party will, I presume, stand on principle and say we're not taking part in this coalition. And that creates a set of incentives for people, who are deeply corrupt and publicly known to be so, to cooperate, so they can get a job to protect them from prosecution. In addition to that, to carry out the policies and the programs that they defend, which will include several things-- really implementing a very open door policy to foreign investment, encouraging foreign capital investment. It will include privatization of many state-owned industries and government entities. It will include opening the Amazon to agribusiness and deforestation. I would assume he will withdraw from the Paris Agreement. I will assume he will try to build close bilateral relations with Trump, although there will be problems with tariffs and issues about tariffs and trade there. He will carry out his promises to encourage the sale of firearms to anyone in the population with no controls at all. He will pass-- he will try to pass a provision in which police, who are involved in any shootings, have impunity from any investigation about the cause of their shooting, so that they cannot be investigated. And since there's already been a strong tradition in Brazil of many innocent people presumed guilty for being black and therefore shot by the police before they can really determine what is really happening, this will just encourage the police to feel that they can shoot, at will, anyone who looks allegedly suspicious. It's a very serious moment for Brazil. Certainly sounds like it. I mean, we worry here about the overreach of authority and police targeting certain groups in society. But this just seems to be a whole different scale. It's going to be much, much worse. And in addition to that, he's promised to bring many military leaders into the government as head of ministries. So there will be a cabinet which will have many generals in them, which is something that people really fought against in the process of democratization after the military ruled from 1964 to 1985. So let's try and puzzle this through. Apart from sort of the left not doing well enough, except in this one core strong hold, other reasons behind this-- you said earlier that the population had been inculcated with this fear of crime. But is the fear of crime real? Has it been increasing? Is it something that is a general concern? So there is an increase in violence and crime. It's largely connected to two factors-- the drug trade, the cocaine trade, and the dispute between different gangs to have control of poor communities, which are the places in which drugs are stored and sold and transported out of the country or through the country. There's also been high unemployment in the last two years with a deep recession, which has caused a lot of-- unemployment has led a lot of people to resort to crime as a way to survive. So yes, this is a social problem. And I think that the Workers Party wasn't as effective as it could have been about offering solutions. It really understands this is a global problem that cannot be solved just by setting the army into the poor communities or giving impunity to officers who shoot to kill. But they didn't offer something that was tangible and immediate that people could hang onto, I believe. So middle class and other people, who have been victims of crime, I think saw these simple solutions as the way that the country could improve. So it's a bit of a natural experiment about to happen. So advocates for continued freedom over, let's say, possession of firearms in the United States must be watching this one closely, because you have a baseline amount of crime. They're about to put a huge number of guns into circulation. We'll see if the crime rate goes down, which is what many of those people would hypothesize. Right. And also we have to understand that there's a huge arms industry in Brazil and an international arms industry, which is very interested in seeing the increase in the sale of arms, because it's a billion dollar industry. Wow. Who even knew? One last thing-- I was reading something today about Costa Rica. So Costa Rica is everyone's favorite little social democracy on the estimates. But it turns out in 2017, they had a very, very contested and polarizing set of elections. And the piece that I read highlighted the role of evangelicals, essentially creating faith-based mini-parties that blew up the party system, stalled and needed budget reform, and nearly sent them into bankruptcy. We know that there's an evangelical component to the vote here, but I haven't really heard it spoken about. Last time, we spoke very usefully about the kind of the status anxiety of middle class and upper middle class white Brazilians, about maids, et cetera. Can you say something about how evangelicals have changed Brazilian politics? So until 30 years ago, Brazil was the largest Catholic country in the world. I think it still is, but the number of evangelicals has grown to 24% to 25% of the population. We see evangelicals-- it's a mixed bag. It's both what we today, in the United States, we call them mainline Christians, Protestants, Baptists, Methodists, Episcopalians, Congregationalists, but also the Pentecostal movement, which is very much community-based. It's neighborhood-based. It's based with people who basically can rent a hall and open up a church. And there are literally hundreds of thousands of these small churches. Many of them offer real spiritual responses to people's needs and our social networks and support networks-- and are very important in poor neighborhoods as a means of building community and support. Many of them are clearly money making businesses, where people take advantage of people's desire for religiosity and spirituality to get the 10% tithe and build business. And the most egregious example of this is the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, which is a multi-billion dollar international enterprise founded in Brazil with megachurches. They've even constructed a alleged authentic copy of the Solomon's Temple in Sao Paulo. And they have taken over the second largest television broadcasting company. They endorsed Bolsonaro, and throw their weight very heavily behind him, in addition to many other evangelical Christians. And so these are people very susceptible to issues of LGBTQ rights. And to answer their previous question more fully about why Bolsonaro won-- in part, this was due to a very effective WhatsApp campaign. WhatsApp is an application that people use to communicate by telephone cheaply or inexpensively or free. And they were able to send millions and millions and millions of these fake news about their opponent to create tremendous anxiety, especially among religious people, who then voted en masse for Bolsonaro. So the dynamics of populism, violence, polarization, and fake news are not unique to the United States? Not at all. In fact, Bolsonaro made a point of attacking the most important newspaper, the Folha de Sao Paulo, because they had report reported on the fact that it seems that a large number of industrialists illegally gave millions of dollars to these companies to pay for the generation of the fake news. And this is something that will need to be investigated. But he then launched out against the press, and in the same tone of Donald Trump. And it's no accident that Donald Trump immediately called him and congratulated him. They'll try to build a strong alliance. Who'd have thought would end up in this space? I certainly didn't. Did not see this coming. Well, I saw it coming in the last three years in the sense that clearly the attempts to end the effective ability to impeach President [INAUDIBLE] fake reasons and trumped-up reasons that are really not justifiable. And the rise of the conservative right, the discrediting of politicians as a whole, and the international wave of right-wing governments in power, I think kind of made this somewhat predictable. So in a sense, we have seen this one coming. It's just that we're attuned to the signals coming from places like Western Europe. But we are really dealing with a truly global phenomena. It's a global phenomenon. We live in interesting times. We do. And let's hope that we can see a quick return to democracy in Brazil-- real democracy, not the kind of democracy that was going to be chipped away at by Bolsonaro and even the threat of a military intervention. Let's hope. Thanks for that chat, Jim. Thank you. [MUSIC PLAYING] This has been Trending Globally-- Politics and Policy. If you enjoyed today's conversation, you can subscribe to the podcast on iTunes, SoundCloud, or Stitcher, or download us on your favorite podcasting app. If you like us, rate us and help others who might enjoy the show find us. For more information, go to watson.brown.edu. [MUSIC PLAYING]	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
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[♪ "Toward the Finish Line" - building, enegergetic/lively] Building NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Launching Summer 2020 Landing February 2021 Landing February 2021 Explore NASA	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
- Hey, guys, it's Candice, the Edgy Veg, and today, I'm going to show you how to make a traditional, delicious, comforting, like your Nonna made it, lasagna. (upbeat music) Lasagna's Italian, right? - [Man] It is, yeah. - It's truly Italian. It's not like Olive Garden Italian? - [Man] No, no, definitely not, no. (Candice laughing) Definitely not, it is a traditional Italian dish. - Gotta check with the Italian in the room before I start spouting things that are not real. (digital beeping) So today, I'm going to show you how to make a delicious, traditional meat sauce from scratch. I'm going to show you how to make a wonderful, cheesy, creamy vegan bechamel. And then, we're gonna throw it all together, put it in the oven, and hopefully, end up with a delicious lasagna. There's a bunch of different ways that you can make lasagna. Now, you can do a more vegetable forward lasagna, where people add in spinach and eggplant and zucchini and whatever. But I'm just choosing to do the bechamel, meat sauce, and noodles. If you have a wonderful tofu ricotta, you can use that as well, and there's also a couple companies out there that are making ricotta. First thing I'm going to make is the meat sauce because it has to simmer for about 20 to 30 minutes to marry all the flavors together. For the meat sauce, we are going to do the traditional mise en place. So for the mise en place, we have the onions, we have the carrot, we have the garlic, oil, of course. For the tomatoes, we have tomato paste, crushed tomatoes, and then, the passata. We have chili flakes, basil, and oregano. And for our meat, we have just traditional cheap and cheerful veggie ground round. For the passata, so we have the crushed tomatoes, which is cooked, and then, we have the passata, which is uncooked, drained. You put tomatoes through a sieve, so it doesn't have any of the skins. It doesn't have any of the seeds and it's uncooked. First thing I am going to do is heat up some olive oil over medium heat. That's how you start every single delicious recipe, isn't it? And then, we're going to throw our onions and garlic and carrots in. Usually, you also have celery in a mise en place, but I didn't do that today. Couldn't actually tell you why. I just didn't feel like adding celery today. There's no other reason. (food sizzling) (light clanking) I'm going to cook this for about eight to 10 minutes or until you can really smell that garlic. You want the garlic to be fragrant, but you want the carrots to be soft. I'm going to add a pinch of salt just to draw out some of the moisture. Let it cook. I'm gonna come in every couple minutes and just give it a good stir and let it cook until it's nice and soft. Now, we are going to take our veggie ground round. Add that. (food sizzling) Get in there. There we go. Just cook that until it's heated through. You only need a couple minutes. All right, now I'm going to add the passata. (food sizzling) You want all of it, yes. And then, our crushed tomatoes. Our tomato paste. Then, we have no bouillon, vegetable bouillon cubes. And our spices, we have the chilies, the basil, and the oregano. And mix that all together. (food sloshing) 'Kay, I'm going to season it with salt to taste and some pepper. Cover it and just let it cook for a bit, 20 to 30 minutes. (soft grinding) The second thing I'm going to make for our lasagna is the bechamel sauce. Now, a bechamel is a really great, creamy base for any pasta sauce that you're making, really any sauce that needs a cream base. It's also really good if you want a cheese substitute, so if you want something to be creamy and cheesy without actually using cheese, it's a really nice base for that. It's a really nice, neutral base. Today, I'm just going to add a little bit of onion powder, some vegan cheese. Now, this is totally optional. If you don't have access to vegan cheese, you can just leave this out or use nutritional yeast. I decided to use vegan cheese and a pinch of nutmeg to get that really nice, homey flavor. The first thing that I'm going to do is heat my vegan margarine over medium heat. Now if you don't have access to vegan margarine, you can also use oil. I like to use a stable oil like coconut or avocado, but I always have access to vegan butter, so I just like to use that. When doing these vegan versions of traditional recipes, I do like to try and stay as traditional as possible. So using the fun vegan products that are out on the market that I have access to is the most traditional way of doing it, so I like to kind of make it as authentic as possible. Okay, I'm going to add in my flour and just whisk it constantly. You're gonna end up with this nice, thick paste. You wanna cook that for about two, three, four minutes, until you've cooked out that flour flavor. If you ever make a bechamel or have a bechamel that tastes a lot like flour, it's because you didn't cook it enough in this stage to cook out the flour flavor. Like bread, when you make bread with flour, the reason why it tastes like bread and not like flour is because it's cooked. I am going to slowly whisk in one cup of milk at a time. (metallic scraping) Gonna do one cup. (food sizzling) Whisk it into a paste and then, slowly add in the rest. (metallic scraping) (upbeat music) Now that all of my soymilk is in the pan, I've increased it to medium. I'm going to just whisk in (soft tapping) onion powder and pinch of nutmeg. (metallic scraping) I'm going to whisk constantly until it thickens up. All right, I have turned down the heat all the way to zero. Coulda just said that I turned it off. I'm going to add in one cup of vegan Parmesan. Again, this is completely optional. (metallic scraping) You can also do this with nutritional yeast or both. Stir that in until it melts and then, season it with salt and pepper to taste. (metallic scraping) Ooh. (metallic scraping) All right, nice and thick. So we want our bechamel to be nice and thick, but you still want it to be able to move it around and have it drip off the whisk. So many people leave comments like, "Pasta contains eggs." Usually, dry pasta from a store does not. Voila. Sometimes you have to break them. Okay, the first thing we are going to do to build our lasagna is add a layer of sauce to the bottom. You want about a cup to a cup and a half. (pasta snaps) Here we go. All right, put your apron on, so you don't get it all over yourself. Meat sauce. This time, you want about two cups. You want to make sure that everything is completely covered. Err on the side of saucier than not because your noodles are gonna absorb some of that moisture. So if you're doing two cups of the meat sauce, meat sauce, quote, unquote, then you want to do about one cup of the bechamel. So that's half a cup. You could totally whip out, I don't know, three or four of these. Throw them in the freezer and then, have the easiest dinner ever when you don't feel like cooking. And then, just repeat this until you've run out of noodles. Just make sure that your top layer is meat sauce and then, bechamel on the top. (upbeat music) Now that I'm done layering this guy, now, this is a little bit smaller. this is a, I think it's like a 10 by seven pan, maybe, or 11 by seven. So it did two layers of each. Now, I'm going to cover this with foil (foil rustling) and I'm going to bake that for 25 minutes. Take the foil off and then, bake it for another 10 to 15 until it's nice and bubbly. (upbeat music) All right, guys, there you have it; a delicious, vegan lasagna. I'm so excited and it's gonna be so good. I just want the cheese! There we go. (laughing) That is so good. Take a moment to mourn all of the terrible vegan lasagnas I've had in the last eight years. May you rest in peace and never come into my life again. This is so good. You have to make it. It's actually really easy. Takes about the same amount of time as it would take you to make a normal lasagna, which is already time consuming, but the substitutions are not that different. It's really good. I mean you could give this to anyone and they wouldn't know the difference. I truly don't think that they would really miss any of the cheese or any of the meat. This is so good. Hey, yo. See, this is what all the pitter-patter of little feet is in the background. So good. (shoes clacking) I'm so excited. Guys, we have to eat it! - [Man] Come try. - Molly, come try! - [Candice] Okay guys, what do you think? - Yeah, that's fucking good. - That's really good. - That's on par. - Yeah? - That bechamel. - [Candice] That bechamel's good, right? - Yeah. That's it. - That is really good. Holy shit. It's funny 'cause I've never had a bechamel in a lasagna. Usually, we'll do without the cheese or like my grandmother's would, but this is like bomb. This is really good. - Yay! You definitely have to make this. Let me know if you love lasagna by giving this video a big thumbs up. Let me know in the comments section below what recipe you would like to see veganized. And if you're new here, hit that Subscribe button and the bell notification and I will see you and you will see this face every Tuesday and Thursday at 4:00 p.m. Okay, bye.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Hi Friends welcome to C4E Wrestling News WWE Future Plan for Retribution Revealed Over the last few weeks Retribution has created chaos on WWE television by appearing on both brands Monday Night Raw and Friday Night SmackDown John Pollock of PostWrestling reports that Retribution will now be exclusive to the RAW brand This means that Superstars on the blue brand can breathe a sigh of relief We still don’t know who the eventual members of the group will be but among the more notable names people have identified under the masks are Mia Yim Dominik Dijakovic Mercedes Martinez and more The last time the group appeared was last night’s show during which it interrupted a tornado tag match between the Street Profits and Angel Garza & Andrade Friends what are your thought about this Let Us Know in the Comment Section below and Be Sure to Follow Us on Twitter and Facebook! Also Subscribe to My Channel C 4 E Wrestling News	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
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Indonesian: bisa dibilang bentuk pembelajaran yang paling alami dan kuat adalah melalui pengalaman atau lebih tepatnya melalui refleksi pada melakukan yang disebut juga dengan experiential learning itulah yang dilakukan balerina prima setelah penampilan mereka di opera nasional tetapi itu juga terjadi pada anak laki-laki yang sedih karena ayah mereka marah ketika mereka bermain sepak bola di ruang tamu pada usia satu kita semua memiliki kita sendiri pertemuan menyakitkan dengan pengalaman belajar ketika kami mencoba berjalan gagal jatuh dan menangis seperti bayi dan meskipun ini tidak menyenangkan dan latihan yang mengecewakan yang berlangsung berbulan-bulan pada akhirnya kami semua berhasil itu mungkin segera setelah kami jatuh dan syok pertama ada di otak kami tanpa sadar mulai masuk akal dari semua informasi yang tersedia untuk Polish: Prawdopodobnie jedną z najbardziej naturalnych i skutecznych form uczenia się jest nauka przez doświadczenie lub bardziej precyzyjnie – przez refleksję nad wykonywaną czynnością. Robią to zarówno baletnice po występie w teatrze, jak i chłopcy skarceni przez tatę za granie w piłkę w salonie. Wszyscy zanim jeszcze ukończyliśmy pierwszy rok życia, poznaliśmy gorzki smak nauki przez doświadczenie, kiedy próbowaliśmy chodzić, ponosiliśmy porażki, upadaliśmy i płakaliśmy jak, no cóż, dziecko. I mimo że było to nieprzyjemne i zniechęcające ćwiczenie, które ciągnęło się miesiącami, ostatecznie w końcu nam się udało Jak to możliwe? Z chwilą kiedy otrząsnęliśmy się po pierwszym upadku, nasz mózg nieświadomie zaczął przetwarzać wszystkie dane mu informacje, żeby ustalić, jak doszło do tej żenującej sytuacji. Vietnamese: Hình thức học tập tự nhiên và hiệu quả nhất được cho là qua trải nghiệm. Chính việc phản chiếu cái đã làm được gọi là học tập qua trải nghiệm. Đó là những gì diễn viên múa chính làm sau buổi biểu diễn của họ trong những vở nhạc kịch quốc gia nhưng nó cũng xảy ra với những bé trai buồn bã bởi vì cha của bé tức giận khi bé chơi bóng đá trong phòng khách Lúc lên 1 tuổi chúng ta đều đã có vô số trải nghiệm đau thương với học tập qua trải nghiệm khi chúng ta tập đi và thất bại, ngã và khóc như một đứa trẻ mặc dù đây là một điều khó chịu và những bài tập gây nản lòng này kéo dài hàng tháng nhưng cuối cùng, chúng ta đều đã làm được! LÀM THẾ NÀO VẬY?! Ngay khoảnh khắc chúng ta ngã xuống, cú sốc đầu đời lịm dần bộ não của chúng ta một cách vô thức đã bắt đầu lý giải với mọi thông tin sẵn có để xác định sự xấu hổ tột cùng này đã xảy đến như thế nào?! English: Arguably the most natural and powerful form of learning is through experience, or more precisely through reflection on doing. Also called experiential learning, it’s what prima ballerinas do after their performance at the national opera. But it also happens to boys that are sad because their father got angry when they played football in the living room. By the age of one, we all had our own painful encounter with experiential learning when we tried to walk, failed, fell and cried like, well a baby… And even though this was an unpleasant and discouraging exercise that lasted for months in the end we all made it. How is that possible? As soon as we fell and the first shock was over, our brain unconsciously began to make sense out of all of the information available to identify how this embarrassment occurred. Portuguese: Provavelmente a forma mais natural e poderosa de aprendizagem é através da experiência, ou mais precisamente através da reflexão sobre fazer. Também chamado de aprendizagem experiencial, é o que as primeiras bailarinas fazem depois da sua performance na ópera nacional. Mas também acontece com meninos que estão tristes porque seu pai ficou com raiva quando eles jogavam futebol na sala de estar. Com a idade de um ano, todos nós tivemos nosso próprio encontro doloroso com aprendizagem experiencial Quando tentamos andar, falharam, caiu e chorou como, bem, um bebê ... E mesmo que isso fosse um desagradável e exercício desencorajador que durou meses No final Todos nós fizemos isso. Como isso é possível? Assim que caímos e o primeiro choque acabou, nosso cérebro inconscientemente começou a fazer sentido de todas as informações disponíveis para identificar como este embaraço ocorreu. Chinese: 可以說是最自然，最強大的學習形式通過經驗，或者更確切地說是通過反思做事。也稱為體驗學習，這就是芭蕾舞女演員所做的在國家歌劇院表演之後。但這也發生在悲傷的男孩身上因為他們的父親生氣了當他們在客廳踢足球時。到一歲時我們都有自己的痛苦遭遇體驗式學習當我們嘗試走路時失敗了跌倒哭了，像個嬰兒... 即使這是令人不快的持續數月的令人沮喪的運動到底我們都做到了。那怎麼可能？我們一摔倒，第一場震撼就結束了，我們的大腦在不知不覺中開始變得有意義在所有可用信息中確定這種尷尬是如何發生的。 Arabic: يمكن القول أن الشكل الأكثر طبيعية وقوية للتعلم من خلال التجربة ، أو بتعبير أدق من خلال التفكير في القيام. وتسمى أيضا التعلم التجريبي ، هذا ما تفعله باليرينا الباليه بعد أدائهم في الأوبرا الوطنية. ولكن هذا يحدث أيضًا للأولاد الحزينة لأن والدهم غضب عندما لعبوا كرة القدم في غرفة المعيشة. في سن واحد ، كان لدينا جميعا لقاء مؤلم مع التعلم التجريبي عندما حاولنا المشي ، فشلنا ، سقط وبكى مثل ، حسنا طفل ... وعلى الرغم من أن هذا كان غير سارة و ممارسة مشجعة استمرت لأشهر بالنهايه نحن جميعا صنعها. كيف يعقل ذلك؟ بمجرد أن سقطنا وصدمت الصدمة الأولى ، بدأ عقولنا دون وعي منطقي من كل المعلومات المتاحة لتحديد كيف حدث هذا الإحراج. Bulgarian: Възможно най-естествената и мощна форма на обучение е чрез преживяване или по-точно чрез осмисляне на това, което правим. Също така наречено учене чрез опит. Това е, което правят прима балерините след тяхното представяне в националната опера. Но това също се случва при момчетата, които са тъжни, защото баща им се ядосва, когато играят футбол в хола. До навършване на 1 година всички болезнено сме преживели учене чрез опит когато сме се опитвали да ходим, не успяваме, падали сме и сме плакали като ...ами деца и въпреки че това е било неприятно и обезкуражително упражнение, което е продължило месеци в края всички сме успели. Как е възможно това? След падането и преминаването на първия шок, мозъкът ни започва подсъзнателно да осмисля цялата налична информация, за да установи как така се изложихме. Bulgarian: Спомня си, че когато се избутахме нагоре, всичко беше наред: краката ни са на пода, ръцете ни са на място, а главата и раменете ни са изправени. Готови за тръгване! Когато мускулите на краката ни издърпаха левия ни крак 12.3% напред под ъгъл 23 градуса, ръцете ни не допълниха движението и вентрикулите във вътрешното ухо, които отговарят за статичния баланс, за секунда се объркаха. Когато в същия момент котката мина пред нас, очите ни пратиха сигнал за опасност към хипокампа и загубихме баланс... Ох! Така мозъкът подсъзнателно анализира връзките между събитията в тялото ни или в заобикалящата ни среда. Това се случва докато се учим да ходим, да говорим да се целуваме, да работим в луксозен офис или да танцуваме салса. Щом разберем връзките между това, какво не се получава знаем какво трябва да променим Portuguese: Lembra-se disso quando nos empurramos, tudo estava bem: nossos pés no chão, nossos braços em posição e nossa cabeça e ombros para a direita. Pronto para ir! Quando os músculos da perna puxou nosso pé esquerdo 12,3% para a frente num ângulo de 23 graus, nossos braços não elogiaram o movimento e os ventrículos no ouvido interno, responsável pelo equilíbrio estático ficou confuso por um segundo. Quando, no mesmo momento, o gato correu, nossos olhos enviaram um sinal alarmante para o hipocampo e perdemos por completo ... Outch! Inconscientemente é assim que o nosso cérebro analisa a relação de eventos dentro do nosso corpo ou no ambiente. Acontece o tempo todo como aprendemos a caminhar, conversa, beijo, Funciona em um escritório elegante ou dançar a salsa. Uma vez que entendemos as conexões entre o que deu errado nós sabemos o que precisamos mudar English: It remembers that when we pushed ourselves up, everything was fine: our feet on the floor, our arms in position and our head and shoulders up right. Ready to go! When our upper leg muscles pulled our left foot 12.3% to the front at an angle of 23 degree, our arms didn’t compliment the movement and the ventricles in the inner ear, responsible for static balance, got confused for a second. When at the same moment the cat ran by, our eyes sent an alarming signal to the hippocampus and we completely lost it… Outch! Unconsciously this is how our brain analyses the relationship of events within our body or in the environment. It happens all the time as we learn to walk, talk, kiss, function in a fancy office or dance the salsa. Once we understand the connections between what went wrong, we know what we need to change Indonesian: mengidentifikasi bagaimana rasa malu ini terjadi, itu mengingat bahwa ketika kami mendorong diri kita naik semuanya baik-baik saja kaki kita di lantai tangan kita masuk Posisi kepala dan bahu kita tegak lurus saat pergi ke atas kaki kita otot menarik kaki kiri kita 12,3% ke depan dengan sudut 23 derajat kita lengan tidak melengkapi gerakan dan ventrikel di telinga bagian dalam yang bertanggung jawab atas keseimbangan statis menjadi bingung untuk yang kedua sekaligus saat kucing berlari di depan mata kami mengirimkan sinyal yang mengkhawatirkan ke hippocampus dan kami benar-benar kehilangan itu aduh tanpa disadari inilah cara otak kita menganalisis hubungan peristiwa di dalam tubuh kita atau di lingkungan itu terjadi sepanjang waktu ketika kita belajar berjalan bicara fungsi ciuman di kantor mewah atau menari salsa begitu kita mengerti Arabic: يتذكر أنه عندما دفعنا أنفسنا ، كان كل شيء على ما يرام: أقدامنا على الأرض ، ذراعنا في الموقف ورأسنا والكتفين حتى الصحيح. جاهز للذهاب! عندما عضلات الساق العليا لدينا سحبت قدمنا اليسرى 12.3 ٪ إلى الأمام بزاوية 23 درجة ، أذرعتنا لم تكمل الحركة والبطينين في الأذن الداخلية ، مسؤولة عن توازن ثابت ، مرتبك لثانية واحدة. عندما هربت القط في نفس اللحظة ، أرسلت عيوننا إشارة مثيرة للقلق إلى الحصين وفقدناها بالكامل ... Outch! دون وعي هذه هي الطريقة التي يحلل دماغنا العلاقة بين الأحداث داخل الجسم أو في البيئة. يحدث كل الوقت ونحن نتعلم المشي ، حديث، قبلة، وظيفة في مكتب يتوهم أو رقص السالسا. بمجرد أن نفهم الروابط بين ماذا حصل، نحن نعرف ما نحتاج إلى تغييره Vietnamese: Nó gọi ra được là, khi mà chúng ta tự đứng dậy, mọi thứ vẫn còn ổn! bàn chân ở trên sàn nhà và cánh tay đã đúng vị trí, cả đầu và vai thẳng đứng... Sẵn sàng để bước đi! Khi cơ bắp của chân trước kéo bàn chân trái lên phía trước 12,3% theo 1 góc 23 độ tay đã không phối hợp nhịp nhàng tâm thất ở tai trong vốn chịu trách nhiệm cho sự cân bằng tĩnh đã bối rối trong khoảnh khắc. Cùng lúc đó, một con mèo vụt qua và mắt gửi tín hiệu báo động tới bộ phận Hippocampus trên não và chúng ta hoàn toàn mất kiểm soát! Một cách vô thức, đây là cách mà não chúng ta phân tích mối quan hệ giữa các sự kiện trong cơ thể chúng ta hoặc trong môi trường nói chung Điều này xảy ra mỗi lần chúng ta học cách đi nói chuyện, hôn, làm việc văn phòng hay nhảy salsa Một khi chúng ta kết nối được là sai do đâu, Polish: Przypomniał sobie, że kiedy staliśmy, wszystko było w porządku. Stopy na podłodze, ramiona i głowa we właściwej pozycji. Gotowi do startu! Kiedy jednak mięśnie ud podciągnęły naszą lewą stopę o 12,3% do przodu pod kątem 23 stopni, nasze ręce nie podążyły za tym ruchem i wtedy błędnik w uchu wewnętrznym, odpowiedzialny za utrzymanie równowagi, na chwilę zupełnie zgłupiał. A gdy jeszcze w tym samym momencie przebiegł kot, nasze oczy wysłały sygnał alarmowy do hipokampu i wszystko już było stracone. Auć! Tak w nieświadomy dla nas sposób, mózg analizuje związki między zdarzeniami wewnątrz naszego ciała i/lub ze środowiskiem. To się dzieje bezustannie, kiedy uczymy się chodzić, mówić, całować, funkcjonować w biurze albo tańczyć salsę. Kiedy już zrozumiemy, co poszło nie tak, będziemy też wiedzieli, co zmienić Chinese: 它記得當我們挺身而出時，一切都很好：我們的腳在地板上我們的手臂就位，我們的頭並正確地肩膀。準備好出發！當我們的大腿肌肉將我們的左腳向前拉12.3％以23度角我們的手臂不稱讚運動還有內耳的心室負責靜態平衡，一秒鐘感到困惑。當貓跑過來的時候我們的眼睛向海馬發出了令人震驚的信號我們完全失去了它... 天啊！不知不覺，這就是我們的大腦分析的方式我們體內事件之間的關係或在環境中。當我們學會走路時，它一直在發生，談論，吻，在高檔辦公室中工作或跳舞莎莎舞。一旦我們了解了之間的聯繫什麼地方出了錯，我們知道我們需要改變的地方 Portuguese: Quando tentamos na próxima vez. Aprendizagem Experiencial também pode ser usado explicitamente para aprender uma nova habilidade ou para se tornar melhor no que já amamos fazer. Aqui está como funciona: Primeiro, faça uma situação para experimentar. Depois, reflita sobre o que aconteceu. Em seguida, tente entender os relacionamentos para formar um conceito abstrato - se eu fizer A, Eu tenho B. Por último, decida o que fazer de forma diferente na próxima vez. Então faça isso de novo. A aprendizagem experiencial também é considerada responsável. pelo fato de que músicos geralmente são melhores na maioria dos testes, independentemente do que eles medem. Pessoas que praticam um instrumento não só envolver seu cérebro no motor, áreas visuais e auditivas mas eles também aprendem refletindo sobre o que eles estão fazendo com um loop de feedback rápido - um tom errado no violino parece muito terrível English: when we try the next time. Experiential Learning can also be used explicitly to learn a new skill or to become better at what we already love doing. Here is how it works: First get yourself into a situation to experience. After, reflect on what happened. Then try to understand the relationships to form an abstract concept - if I do A, I get B. Last, decide what to do differently next time. Then do it again. Experiential learning is also believed to be responsible for the fact that musicians generally fare better at most tests, regardless of what they measure. People that practice an instrument not only engage their brain in motor, visual and auditory areas, but they also learn by reflecting on what they’re doing with a fast feedback loop – a wrong tone on the violin sounds too terrible Chinese: 當我們下次嘗試時。體驗式學習也可以明確用於學習新技能或在我們已經喜歡做的事情上變得更好。下面是它的工作原理：首先讓自己陷入一種要體驗的情況。之後，反思發生了什麼。然後嘗試了解關係形成一個抽象的概念 -如果我做A，我得到B。最後，決定下次要做什麼。然後再做一次。經驗學習也被認為是負責任的對於音樂家通常在大多數測試中效果都更好，不管他們衡量什麼。練習樂器的人不僅使他們的大腦參與運動，視覺和聽覺區域但他們也可以通過反思自己在做什麼來學習快速反饋迴路 –小提琴的音調聽起來太糟糕了 Bulgarian: и се опитваме следващия път. Учене чрез опит също така може да се използва за учене на ново умение или да станем по-добри в това, което вече можем. Ето как работи: Първо пробваме. След това осмисляме какво се случи. После се опитваме да разберем връзките, за да формираме абстрактна концепция - aко направя А, ще получа Б. Накрая решаваме какво да направим по-различно следващия път и после го правим пак. Учене чрез опит се смята, че е отговорно за факта, че музикантите обикновено се справят по-добре на повечето тестове, независимо какво измерват те. Хора, които свирят на инструмент не само ангажират мозъка си в моторните, визуалните и аудиалните части, но също се учат като осмислят какво правят с бърза обратна връзка – грешен тон на цигулка звучи прекалено ужасно, Vietnamese: chúng ta biết chúng ta cần thay đổi gì trong những lần tới Học tập qua trải nghiệm có thể được dùng 1 cách triệt để để học kỹ năng mới hoặc để làm tốt hơn những điều ta vốn thích làm và đây là cách làm: Đầu tiên hãy thử "trải nghiệm" 1 hoàn cảnh/ tình huống Sau đó, phản chiếu về những điều đã diễn ra Rồi gắng tìm hiểu mối liên hệ để đưa ra 1 khái niệm trừu tượng Nếu tôi làm việc A, tôi sẽ nhận được B Cuối cùng, quyết định xem lần sau sẽ làm gì khác. Và sau đó làm lại 1 lần nữa! Học tập trải nghiệm cũng được cho là cơ chế khiến những người chơi nhạc có xu hướng làm bài kiểm tra tốt hơn bất kể đó là để kiểm tra gì người luyện tập bất cứ 1 nhạc cụ nào không chỉ sử dụng chức năng vận động, nhìn và nghe của não họ mà còn học qua phản chiếu điều họ làm trong 1 vòng lặp liên tục: việc lạc điệu, dù chỉ 1 nốt trên đàn violin cũng thật Polish: przy kolejnym podejściu. Uczenie się przez doświadczenie może być wykorzystane przy nabywaniu nowych umiejętności lub przy doskonaleniu tych, które już mamy. A działa to tak. Najpierw doświadczaj, a potem zastanów się, co się wydarzyło, postaraj się dostrzec związki, dzięki którym zrozumiesz ogólną prawidłowość kiedy robię A, to się dzieje B. Na koniec zdecyduj, co zmienić następnym razem. I zrób to jeszcze raz. Uczenie się przez doświadczenie odpowiada także za to, że muzycy zazwyczaj lepiej wypadają na testach. Ludzie grający na instrumentach nie tylko angażują do działania mózg oraz korę wzrokową i słuchową, ale uczą się także poprzez własną refleksję nad wykonywaną czynnością oraz szybką informację zwrotną. Fałszywy ton na skrzypcach brzmi tak okropnie, Arabic: عندما نحاول في المرة القادمة. التعلم التجريبي يمكن أن تستخدم أيضا صراحة لتعلم مهارة جديدة أو أن نكون أفضل في ما نحب فعله بالفعل. إليك كيف تعمل: أولا الحصول على نفسك في موقف لتجربة. بعد ، التفكير في ما حدث. ثم حاول فهم العلاقات لتشكيل مفهوم مجردة - إذا فعلت A ، أحصل على B. أخيرًا ، قرر ما يجب القيام به بشكل مختلف في المرة القادمة. ثم تفعل ذلك مرة أخرى. يُعتقد أن التعلم التجريبي مسؤول أيضًا لحقيقة أن الموسيقيين أجرة أفضل بشكل عام في معظم الاختبارات ، بغض النظر عن ما يقيسونه. الناس الذين يمارسون أداة ليس فقط إشراك عقولهم في المحركات ، المجالات البصرية والسمعية ، لكنهم يتعلمون أيضًا بالتأمل في ما يفعلونه مع حلقة ردود الفعل السريعة - نغمة خاطئة على الكمان تبدو فظيعة للغاية Indonesian: koneksi antara apa yang salah kita tahu apa yang perlu kita ubah ketika kita mencoba waktu berikutnya pengalaman belajar juga dapat digunakan secara eksplisit untuk mempelajari yang baru keterampilan atau menjadi lebih baik pada apa yang sudah kita sukai lakukan di sini adalah cara kerjanya pertama-tama buatlah diri Anda dalam situasi untuk mengalami setelah merenungkan apa Terjadi kemudian cobalah untuk memahami hubungan untuk membentuk abstrak Konsep jika saya melakukan saya mendapatkan B terakhir memutuskan apa yang harus dilakukan berbeda kali kemudian lakukan itu lagi pengalaman belajar juga diyakini bertanggung jawab atas fakta bahwa musisi pada umumnya lebih baik dalam sebagian besar tes terlepas dari apa yang mereka lakukan mengukur orang yang berlatih alat tidak hanya melibatkan otak mereka di bidang visual dan pendengaran motor tetapi mereka juga belajar dengan merefleksikan apa mereka melakukannya dengan loop umpan balik cepat nada yang salah pada suara biola juga Indonesian: mengerikan untuk tetap diperhatikan saat bermain mereka karena itu tidak hanya belajar untuk membuat musik tetapi juga bahwa kemajuan secara umum datang melalui latihan refleksi pemahaman dan pengulangan Anda dapat menggunakannya dengan teman atau kolega ketika bekerja pada proyek startup Silicon Valley - itu ketika mereka beritahu pengembang mereka untuk keluar dari gedung setelah interaksi dengan nyata pelanggan potensial tim bersama-sama menganalisis umpan balik dan putuskan apa yang harus dilakukan selanjutnya beri tahu kami apa yang Anda pikir sedang pelajari melalui merenungkan melakukan hanya yang baik ketika memperoleh keterampilan baru atau sedang itu juga cocok untuk belajar matematika sains humaniora atau seni abstrak Arabic: لتبقى دون أن يلاحظها أحد. أثناء اللعب ، فهم لا يتعلمون فقط صنع الموسيقى ، ولكن أيضا أن التقدم بشكل عام يأتي من خلال الممارسة ، انعكاس، فهم، والتكرار. يمكنك استخدامه مع أصدقائك أو الزملاء عند العمل في المشروع. الشركات الناشئة في وادي السيليكون تفعل ذلك عندما يخبرون مطوريهم بالخروج من المبنى! بعد التفاعل مع العملاء المحتملين الحقيقيين ، يجتمع الفريق يحلل ردود الفعل ويقرر ما يجب القيام به بعد ذلك. أخبرنا بماذا تفكر؟ هو التعلم من خلال التفكير في القيام به جيد فقط عند اكتساب مهارات عملية جديدة أم أنها مناسبة أيضًا لدراسة العلوم ، الرياضيات، العلوم الإنسانية أو الفن التجريدي؟ Chinese: 保持不被注意。因此，他們在演奏時不僅學會做音樂，但總的來說，進步來自實踐，反射，理解，和重複。您可以與朋友一起使用或同事進行項目時。矽谷初創企業做到這一點當他們告訴開發人員離開大樓時！與真正的潛在客戶互動後，團隊聚在一起分析反饋並決定下一步該怎麼做。告訴我們你的想法？通過反思來學習只有在掌握新的動手技能時才有用還是也適合學習科學，數學，人文學科還是抽象藝術？ English: to remain unnoticed. While playing they therefore not only learn to make music, but also that progress in general comes through practice, reflection, understanding, and repetition. You can use it with your friends or colleagues when working on a project. Silicon Valley start-ups do it when they tell their developers to get out of the building! After the interaction with real potential customers, the team gets together, analyses the feedback and decides what to do next. Tell us, what do you think? Is learning through reflecting on doing only good when acquiring new hands-on skills or is it also suitable to study science, math, the humanities or abstract art? Portuguese: para passar a ser despercebida. Ao jogar eles, portanto, não só aprendem a fazer música, mas também que o progresso em geral vem através da prática, reflexão, compreensão, e repetição. Você pode usá-lo com seus amigos ou colegas quando trabalham em um projeto. As start-ups do Vale do Silicon fazem isso Quando eles dizem aos seus desenvolvedores para sair do prédio! Após a interação com potenciais clientes reais, a equipe se junta, analisa o feedback e decide o que fazer a seguir. Diga-nos, o que você acha? É aprender através da reflexão sobre fazer só é bom ao adquirir novas habilidades práticas ou é adequado também para estudar ciência, matemática, as humanidades ou arte abstracta? Polish: że trudno by pozostał niezauważony. Grając, nie tylko uczą się, jak tworzyć muzykę, ale także tego, że postęp możliwy jest dzięki praktyce, refleksji, wyciąganiu wniosków i powtarzaniu. Tę naukę można wykorzystać z przyjaciółmi czy znajomymi podczas pracy nad projektem. Start-upy w Dolinie Krzemowej też tak się uczą zachęcając osoby tworzące nowe rozwiązania informatyczne do pracy także poza budynkiem firmy. Po kontaktach z prawdziwymi potencjalnymi klientami zespół organizuje zebrania, analizuje efekty rozmów i decyduje, co zrobić następnym razem. Jak myślisz? Czy uczenie się przez namysł nad tym, co robimy jest dobre tylko wtedy, gdy dotyczy nowych praktycznych umiejętności czy też sprawdza się także w naukach przyrodniczych, matematycznych, humanistycznych i sztukach abstrakcyjnych? Vietnamese: quá kinh khủng để có thể lờ đi mà chơi tiếp. Chính vì vậy, trong quá trình luyện và chơi người học đã không chỉ học cách tạo ra âm nhạc mà sự tiến bộ của họ đã đến từ việc không ngừng luyện tập, phản chiếu, hiểu và lặp đi lặp lại! Bạn có thể áp dụng phương pháp này với bạn bè, đồng nghiệp khi làm dự án cùng nhau Các khởi nghiệp tại thung lũng Silicon cũng áp dụng cách này khi họ yêu cầu những người làm công việc phát triển hãy tìm đến khách hàng tiềm năng ngoài kia thay vì ở lì trong văn phòng sau đó ngồi cùng nhau để phân tích phản hồi và quyết định làm gì tiếp sau đó Hãy cho chúng tôi biết: Bạn nghĩ gì? Việc tập qua phản chiếu những cái đã làm chỉ hữu ích để học kỹ năng mang tính thực hành hay cách này cũng có thể áp dụng để học khoa học, toán, nhân văn và nghệ thuật - những thứ trừu tượng? Chuyển ngữ: Bùi Duy Thanh Mai, mùng 8 tháng 3, 2018 Bulgarian: за да остане незабележим. Затова, докато свирят, те не само се учат да правят музика, но и че прогресът идва чрез практиката, осмислянето, разбирането, и повторението. Може да го използвате с приятелите си или с колеги, когато работите по проект. Стартиращи фирми в Силициевата долина го правят, когато казват на разработчиците си да излязат от сградата! След общуване с реални потенциални клиенти, екипът се събира, анализира обратната връзка и решава какво да прави. Кажете ни, какво мислите? Учене чрез опит подходящо ли е само за придобиване на практически умения или също може да се използва за науки, математика, хуманитарни науки или абстрактно изкуство?	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
English: Hey, my loves. So, we are going through something so unique and crazy. It feels like we're living in a movie, doesn't it? So I wanted to make a video to address coronavirus, COVID-19, and how we can stay calm, find peace, love, and hope in all of this crazy, chaotic situation. First off, this is something that is impacting every single person on the planet. So, if you're not taking it seriously yet, seriously consider it. Social distancing can save lives right now. It's so important. I've been quarantining for almost two weeks now. I've only gone out to get groceries and that's it. Not only is this impacting people's health, people's lives, people's families and loved ones, this is impacting politics, our economy – just everyone on a global scale is impacted. And it's scary to think that it's going to be here for a while. I don't think it's going away anytime soon. Chinese: 嗨，大家好呀。目前我们所经历的一切是那么的不寻常。仿佛我们就是电影中的人，经历的一切像活在电影里一样。所以，我想制作一个有关新冠肺炎的视频。关于我们怎样保持冷静，找寻爱、和平与希望的真谛，在这种严峻的情况下。首先，疫情影响着生活在地球上的每一个人。如果你还没有认真考虑过这个问题，请认真思考一下吧。保持社交距离可以挽救每一个生命。这真的很重要。我已经在家隔离将近2个星期了，在这段时间，仅仅是购买一些日常用品而出门。这不仅影响这我们的健康、生命、家人和爱的人们。人民家庭和亲人，同时影响这我们的政治、经济。全世界的人都收到了影响。我认为疫情并不会马上结束，疫情仍然要持续一段时间。 Spanish: Hola mis amores Estamos atravesando algo tan único y alocado Se siente como si estuvieramos en una pelicula, ¿no es así? Por lo tanto, quise hacer un video para hablar sobre Coronavirus/COVID-19 Y sobre cómo podemos mantener la calma, encontrar paz, amor y esperanza en toda esta loca, caótica situación. Antes que nada, esto es algo que impacta a cada persona en el planeta Así que, si todavía no te lo estás tomando en enserio, de verdad, considéralo El distanciamiento social puede salvar vidas en este momento Es muy importante. He estado en cuarentena por casi dos semana. Solo he salido por provisiones y eso es todo. Esto no sólo está impactando la salud de la gente, la vida de la gente las familias de las personas y sus seres queridos esto está impactando la política, nuestra economía impacta a todos a escala global. Y da miedo pensar que esto estará aquí por un tiempo. No creo que vaya a desaparecer pronto. Arabic: مرحبا ، احبابي. اذاً ، نحن نمر بشئٍ مميز جداً و مجنون . نشعر بأننا نعيش بفلم ، أليس كذلك ؟ اذاً، أردت أن اصنع فيديو لأتكلم عن فايرس كورونا ، كوفيد -١٩ . و كيف بأمكاننا أن نبقى هادئين ، و نجد السلام و الحب و الأمل . في كل هذه الحاله المجنونه الفوضوية . أولاً، هذا شئ يؤثر على كل شخص في الكوكب. إذاً، إن لم تكن تأخذه بحمل الجد إلى الآن . حقاً عليك إعتباره التباعد الإجتماعي يمكنه إنقاذ الارواح الآن إنه مهمٌ جداً إنني أحجر نفسي تقريباً لمدة اسبوعان الآن لقد خرجت فقط لشراء البقالة هذا لا يؤثر فقط على صحة الناس ، حياتهم عائلات الناس و أحبائهم هذا يؤثر على السياسة و إقتصادنا فقط الجميع على مستواً عالمياً قد تأثر و هو مخيف بالتفكير بأنه سيكون هنا لفترة لا أعتقد أنه سيرحل قريباً Portuguese: Oi, meus amores. Então, estamos passando por algo tão único e louco. Parece que estamos vivendo em um filme, não é? Então, eu queria fazer um vídeo para abordar o coronavírus, COVID-19, e como podemos manter a calma, encontrar paz, amor e esperança nessa situação louca, caótica. Primeiro, isso é algo que está impactando toda pessoa no planeta. Então, se você ainda não está levando a sério, reconsidere seriamente. O distanciamento social pode salvar vidas agora. Isso é muito importante. Estou em quarentena há quase duas semanas. Eu só saí para comprar mantimentos e só. Isso não está apenas afetando a saúde das pessoas, a vida das pessoas, famílias e entes queridos, isso está impactando a política, nossa economia - todo mundo em escala global estão sendo impactados. E é assustador pensar que isso vai ficar aqui por um tempo. Eu não acho que isso vai desaparecer tão cedo. Arabic: نحن سنمر به بعدة أشهر على الأقل و بصراحة بينما نحن نبقى في المنزل ، نقوم بجزءنا التباعد الإجتماعي و التدرب على الصحة الجيدة الحاملون الحقيقين (شايلين الوضع الحالي) هم الذين يعملون الآن الذين يعملون بكد ، سواءً في القطاع الصحي الأطباء و الممرضين او الناس الذين يبحثون عن لقاح ناس يعملون في البقالات فقط أُناس يعملون لإبقاء مجتمعنا و نظامنا متماسك و يعمل و يقوم بمهمته بأفضل ما يمكن خلال هذا الوقت لذا حقاً ، شكراً و أقدركم جميعا أيها الناس الذين تفعلون ذلك خارجاً هناك و المتبقي منا علينا أن نقوم بعملنا فقط بالبقاء بالمنزل و التوقف عن نشر هذا الفايرس ، حسناً ؟ أنا شاكره للإمتيازات التي لدي لأنني كيوتيوبر ، عملي هو منزلي (تعمل من المنزل) لذا حياتي لم تتغير بشكل شديد كما حدث لحياة أُناس آخرين أنا حقا و بصدق ممنونه جداً و متميزة لأقدر على فعل هذا لكن حياة أُناسٍ كثر يتم التأثير عليها الكثير من الأعمال تم فقدها (ناس خسروا أعمالهم) ، الكثير من مصدر الدخل لم يأتي ( ناس لم تحصل على رواتب) English: We're going to be going through this for a few months at least. And honestly, while we're staying home, doing our part – social distancing and practicing good hygiene – the real MVPs are the people who are working right now, who are working tirelessly, whether you're working in healthcare – doctors and nurses or people working on trying to find a vaccine, people working in grocery stores, just people working to keep our society and system together and running and functioning as best as possible during this time. So seriously, thank you. And I appreciate all of you people doing that out there. And the rest of us have to do our part to just stay home and stop spreading this virus, okay? I feel so grateful for the privilege that I have, because as a YouTuber, my job is a stay at home job. So my life hasn't changed as drastically as a lot of people's lives have. I am really honestly so grateful and privileged to be able to do this. But a lot of people's lives are being affected, a lot of jobs are being lost, a lot of income is not coming in, Chinese: 我们至少要与它斗争几个月。说真的，我们仅仅需要居家隔离，做着我们力所能及的事情——社交隔离，保证良好的卫生习惯。真正的战士正在一线工作。医护人员在不知疲倦的工作。科研人员正在尝试研制疫苗。便利店工作的人们也在为了保证我们社会体系可以正常运转而努力工作着。在疫情期间，他们发挥最重要作用。发自内附的感谢，谢谢你们。感谢所有在工作岗位的工作的你们。防止病毒继续扩散，好吗？很感谢我的职业性质。因为作为YouTuber，我的工作可以在家完成。所以我的生活并没有像有些人一样产生巨大变化。说真的，我真的很感谢我的职业性质所带给我的一些益处。但是很多人的生活受到影响，很多人失去了工作，也有很多人没有了收入来源。 Portuguese: Nós vamos passar por isso durante pelo menos alguns meses. E honestamente, enquanto estamos em casa, fazendo nossa parte - distanciamento social e praticando boa higiene - os verdadeiros MVPs são as pessoas que estão trabalhando agora, que estão trabalhando incansavelmente, esteja você trabalhando na área da saúde - médicos e enfermeiros ou pessoas que estão tentando encontrar uma vacina, pessoas que trabalham em supermercados, pessoas trabalhando para manter nossa sociedade funcionando. e funcionando da melhor maneira possível durante esse período. Sério, obrigada. E eu aprecio todas vocês que estão fazendo isso por aí. E o resto de nós, precisamos fazer a nossa parte, ficar em casa e parar de espalhar esse vírus, ok? Me sinto muito agradecida pelo privilégio que tenho, porque, como YouTuber, eu trabalho em casa. Então minha vida não mudou tão drasticamente quanto as vidas de muitas pessoas têm mudado. Honestamente, sou muito grata e privilegiada por poder fazer isso. Mas as vidas de muitas pessoas estão sendo afetadas, muitos empregos estão sendo perdidos, muita renda não está chegando, Spanish: Estaremos atravesando esto por lo menos algunos meses. Y honestamente, mientras estemos en casa, haciendo nuestra parte - distanciamiento social, y práctica de una buena higiene los jugadores más valiosos son las personas que están trabajando ahora mismo, quienes están trabajando incansablemente, ya sea que estés trabajando en atención medica - doctores y enfermeras o las personas trabajando para encontrar una vacuna, personas trabajando en supermercados, son personas trabajando para mantener nuestra sociedad y nuestro sistema, juntos y en marcha y funcionando de la mejor manera durante este tiempo. Así que, de verdad, gracias. Y aprecio a todos ustedes haciendo esto allá afuera. Y el resto de nosotros tenemos que hacer nuestra parte de quedarnos en casa Y dejar de propagar el virus, ¿está bien? Me siento tan agradecida por el privilegio que tengo, porque siendo YouTuber, mi trabajo me permite quedarme en casa. Por eso mi vida no ha cambiado tan drasticamente como le ha sucedido a muchas personas. Sinceramente estoy muy agradecida y soy privilegiada de poder hacer esto. Pero la vida de muchas personas está siendo afectada, se están perdiendo muchos trabajos, muchos ingresos no están llegando Portuguese: e é assustador, triste e louco. E eu sei que muitos de nós querem entrar em um lugar escuro. Eu sei que muitos de nós querem entrar em pânico. Há muita incerteza, muita ansiedade e medo acontecendo. Então, eu estou aqui apenas para tentar compartilhar meus pensamentos e minhas opiniões para ajudar a facilitar tudo isso. E reconheço que em tudo isso, eu também desempenho um papel, porque eu tenho uma plataforma para poder compartilhar idéias que pode chegar a pelo menos alguns milhares de vocês por aí. E isso é melhor do que nada. Então, eu estou aqui fazendo o melhor que posso, e eu quero que você faça sua parte para fazer o melhor que pode. E eu vou falar disso mais tarde. Eu tenho sete questões principais para compartilhar hoje. Se você não tiver paciência, você pode olhar os timestamps ali embaixo. A primeira questão é que nestas horas loucas, caóticas, temos que lembrar de 1) sermos gentis e escolher o amor. Há tanto medo no mundo agora, e o amor é de fato o oposto do medo. O amor une as pessoas. Chinese: 真的很悲伤。我知道我们很多人的想法还是消极。我知道我们很多人非常恐慌。很多不确定因素使得恐惧和焦虑心理不断加深。所以我只是来这里说说我的想法。我的观点可以帮助缓解这些问题。当我意识到这些问题，我想我也可以出一份力来发挥我的作用。因为我有一个可以分享想法的平台至少可以吸引到数千人。这总比没有好。我将尽我所能同时，我希望您也能尽自己所能。稍后再详细说这些。今天我要分享七个内容。如果没有足够的时间可以看完整个视频，可以看一下时间轴目录。第一点，在这种疯狂、混乱的时局下我们必须记住： 1）善良并选择爱。现在世界上有很多可怕的事情，爱是恐惧的对立面。爱将人们凝聚在一起。 English: and it's kind of scary and sad and crazy. And I know that a lot of us want to get into a dark place. I know a lot of us want to panic. There's a lot of uncertainty, a lot of anxiety and fear going on. So I am just here to try to share my thoughts and my points to help ease all of that. And I recognize that in all of this, I play a part too, because I have a platform so that I can share ideas that can get to at least a few thousand of you out there. And that's better than nothing. So I'm here doing my best, and I want you to do your part to do your best. And I'll get to that later. I have seven main points to share today. If you have no patience, you can check down below for my timestamps. The first point is in this crazy, chaotic time, we have to remember to 1) be kind and choose love. There is so much fear in the world right now, and love is really the true opposite of fear. Love brings people together. Arabic: و هو نوعاً ما مخيف و حزين و مجنون و أعلم أن الكثير منا يريد أن يدخل " المكان المظلم" أعلم أن الكثير منا يريد أن يفزع هناك الكثير من الشكوك ، الكثير من القلق و الخوف يحدث لهذا أنا فقط هنا لأُحاول أن أُشارك أفكاري و نقاطي لأُساعد في تخفيف كل هذا و أُلاحظ في كل هذا ، أنا ألعب دوراً ايضاً لأن لدي منصة لأستطيع مشاركة أفكار تستطيع أن تصل على الأقل للآف منكم هناك و هذا أفضل من لا شيئ لهذا أنا هنا أفعل أفضل ما لدي و أريدكم أن تقوموا بجزئكم لتفعلوا أفضل ما لديكم و سوف أذهب لهذا الموضوع لاحقاً لدي سبع نقاط رئيسية لأُشاركها اليوم إذا لم يكن لديك صبرٌ، يمكنك أن تتفقدها في الاسفل "صندوق الوصف" النقطة الأولى في هذا الوقت المجنون الفوضوي علينا أن نتذكر أن ١) نكون لطيفين و نختار الحب هناك الكثير جداً من الخوف في العالم الآن و الحب هو حقاً العكس الصحيح للخوف الحب يجمع الناس معاً Spanish: y es un poco aterrador, triste y loco. Y sé que muchos de nosotros queremos meternos en un lugar oscuro. Sé que muchos de nosotros podemos entrar en pánico. Hay mucha incertidumbre, mucha ansiedad y miedo. Por eso yo estoy aquí tratando de compartir mis pensamientos y mis puntos para ayudar a la gente a aliviar todo eso. Y reconozco que en todo esto, yo tambíen hago mi parte, porque tengo una plataforma en donde compartir ideas que me permite llegar al menos a algunos miles de ustedes. Y eso es mejor que nada. Por eso estoy aquí haciendo lo mejor, y quiero que tú hagas tu parte, que hagas lo mejor Y llegaré a eso más tarde. Tengo siete puntos principales que compartir hoy. Si no tienes paciencia, puedes revisar abajo mis marcas de tiempo. El primer punto en este loco, caótico momento, tenemos que recordar 1) ser amables y elegir el amor Hay muchísimo miedo en el mundo ahora mismo y el amor es verdaderamente lo opuesto al miedo. El amor une a las personas. English: Fear tears people apart. And I know you've seen people being torn apart right now, just like I have. I've seen people fighting over toilet paper at the grocery store, people stealing from old ladies' carts at the grocery store. It's so sad – and also: the racism against Asians. I'm Chinese American and I am getting more racist comments. And I see just violent, unfair, racist actions and words thrown at Asian people, and it's just not what we need right now. Racism, separation, blaming people is not going to help anybody right now. What we need to do is come together, help each other, support each other, be caring towards one another, because at the end of the day, we are all human beings, and this virus does not discriminate. I posted this graphic on Instagram illustrating what love looks like, and then what fear looks like, and I'll link it down below if you want to read the entire post. You have to channel the vibration, the energy of love during this time, because love is the only thing that is going to keep us together, Portuguese: O medo separa as pessoas. E eu sei que você já viu pessoas sendo devastadas agora, assim como eu. Eu vi pessoas brigando por papel higiênico no supermercado, pessoas roubando dos carrinhos de idosas no supermercado. É tão triste - e também: o racismo contra os asiáticos. Eu sou chinesa americana e estou recebendo mais comentários racistas. E vejo apenas ações violentas, injustas e racistas e palavras lançadas ao povo asiático, e não é o que precisamos agora. Racismo, separação, culpar as pessoas não vai ajudar ninguém agora. O que precisamos fazer é nos unir, ajudar uns aos outros, apoiar uns aos outros, cuidar uns dos outros, porque no final do dia, somos todos seres humanos, e este vírus não discrimina. Eu publiquei este gráfico no Instagram ilustrando como é o amor, e então como é o medo, e eu vou postar um link ali embaixo, se você quiser ler o post inteiro. Você tem que canalizar a vibração, a energia do amor durante esse tempo, porque o amor é a única coisa que é vai nos manter juntos, Spanish: El miedo separa a las personas. Y sé que has visto personas destrozadas ahora mismo, tal como yo he visto. He visto a la gente peleando por papel higiénico en el supermercado, personas robando de las carteras de las señoras mayores en el supermercado. Es tan triste - además: el racismo hacia los asiáticos Soy chino-americana y estoy recibiendo más comentarios racistas. Y solo veo acciones y palabras violentas, injustas y racistas lanzadas contra los asiáticos, y eso no es lo que necesitamos en este momento. Racismo, separación, culpar a la gente no ayudará a nadie en estos momentos. Lo que necesitamos es unirnos, ayudarnos mutuamente apoyarnos mutuamente, preocuparnos por el otro porque al final del día, todos somos seres humanos y este virus no discrimina. Publiqué este gráfico en Instagram ilustrando cómo se ve el amor, y luego cómo se ve el miedo, Dejaré el link abajo por si quieres leer la publicación completa. Tienes que canalizar la vibración, la energía del amor durante este momento, porque el amor es lo único que nos mantendrá unidos Chinese: 恐惧使人们分离。我知道你们已经看到了很多不好的事情，就像我看到的。我看到有人在商场里因为抢购厕纸而争吵。我也看到人们在老奶奶的购物车里偷东西。还有针对亚洲人的种族主义，这些事情真的太让人难过了。因为我是华裔，我收到了很多关于种族歧视的言论。像亚洲人施暴，进行不公平和种族运动。这些都不是我们现在要做的事情。种族歧视，相互指责并不能帮助到任何人。我们要做的是团结起来，相互帮助。相互支持，相互关爱。归根结底，我们都是人类。疾病并不会因为我们的人中不同而加以区别对待。我在instagram上发了一张照片详尽示例了爱与恐惧的解释。如果您对这张图感兴趣的话，我把连接贴在了评论区里。在这段时间，你一定要具备共情能力，保持爱他人的能力。因为爱是唯一一件可以将我们连接在一起的事物。 Arabic: الخوف يفرق\يقطع الناس لأجزاء و أنا أعلم أنك رأيت الناس متفرقة الآن ، مثلي لقد رأيت الناس تتشاجر على مناديل الحمام في البقالة الناس يسرقون من عربات النساء العجائز في البقالة إنه محزنٌ جداً - و أيضاً العنصرية إتجاه الآسيويين أنا صينية أمريكية و أنا أتلقى المزيد من التعليقات العنصرية و انا ارى فقط العنف ، عدم المساواة ، أفعال و كلمات عنصرية تلقى على الناس الآسيويين و هو ليس ما نريد الآن العنصرية ، التفرقة ، لوم الناس لن يساعد أي أحد الآن ما علينا فعله هو أن نكون مع بعضنا ، نساعد بعضنا نساند بعض ، نهتم ببعضنا لآخر لأن في نهاية اليوم نحن جميعاً بشر و هذا الفايرس ليس منحاز لقد وضعت هذا المنشور في الانستقرام ليعرض كيف يكون الحب و ثم كيف يبدو الخوف الرابط في الأسفل، إذا ارت قرائته كاملاً عليك بتوجيه ذبذبات ، طاقة الحب خلال هذا الوقت لأن الحب هو الشي الوحيد الي يبقينا معاً Chinese: 我们生活在同一个地球上，一定要团结起来。好～在疫情期间如果你想缓解恐惧、舒缓焦虑的情绪，你可以做的事情有： 2）活在当下，专注于您可以控制的事情。世界上有很多我们无法控制的事情。你必须要接受的是，有些事情是你所不能空控制的。但是，你也要意识到很多事情是在你掌控范围之内的。我们可以选择对事情回应的方式。同样的事情，你可以选择去消极的接受，或者选择积极的面对。你可以控制的你言行举止和你的思想。你可以选择做些好的事情。你也可以选择自怨自艾或伤害他人。在这种情况下，您可以选择爱而不是恐惧。您有权利去选择做一个积极的人。而不是被恐惧和惊慌所支配，将自己陷入消极的境地中。你可以掌控自己的感觉。 English: and we really have to work through this together as a global community. Next, if you want to ease your fear, anxiety, and worries during this time, the best thing you can do is: 2) Be present and focus on what you can control. There are so many things in the world that we can't control. You have to accept the things that you can't control, but then recognize the things that you can control. We can control how we respond to events. So the same event can happen, but you can choose to take it negatively, or you can choose to be positive about it. You can choose your words, your thoughts, and your actions. You can choose to do something good or you can choose to self sabotage or sabotage others. You have the power to choose love over fear in any given situation. You have the power to choose to be a good human being, instead of being someone that's overtaken by fear and panic and giving into all those negative emotions. You can control the way you feel. Portuguese: e nós realmente precisamos trabalhar nisso juntos como uma comunidade global. Em seguida, se você quiser aliviar seu medo, ansiedade, e preocupações durante esse período, a melhor coisa que você pode fazer é: 2) Esteja presente e concentre-se no que você pode controlar. Há tantas coisas no mundo que não podemos controlar. Você tem que aceitar as coisas que você não pode controlar, mas então tomar consciência das coisas que você pode controlar. Podemos controlar como respondemos aos eventos. O mesmo evento pode acontecer, mas você pode optar por encarar negativamente, ou você pode optar por ser positivo com relação a ele. Você pode escolher suas palavras, seus pensamentos, e suas ações. Você pode optar por fazer algo de bom ou você pode optar por sabotar a si próprio ou sabotar os outros. Você tem o poder de escolher amor sobre o medo em qualquer situação. Você tem o poder de escolher ser um bom ser humano, em vez de ser alguém dominado pelo medo e pânico e ceder a todas essas emoções negativas. Você pode controlar a maneira que você se sente. Arabic: و علينا حقاً العمل خلال هذا معاً كمجتمع عالمي التالي ، إذا أردت تخفيف خوفك و قلقك خلال هذا الوقت أفضل ما يمكنك فعله هو : ٢) كن حاضراً و مركزاً في ما يمكنك التحكم هناك الكثير من الأشياء في العالم لا يمكننا التحكم بها عليك تقبل الأشياء التي لا يمكنك التحكم بها و لكن بعد ذلك لاحظ الأشياء التي يمكنك التحكم بها يمكننا التحكم بكيفية التجاوب مع الحوادث لذا الحدث نفسه يمكن ان يحدث ، و لكن يمكنك إختيار أخذه بسلبية أو إختيار أخذه بشكل إيجابي يمكنك أختيار كلماتك ، أفكارك و أفعالك يمكنك إختيار فعل شيئ جيد أو يمكنك إختيار أن تخرب نفسك أو تخرب الآخرين لديك القوه لإخيار الحب على الخوف في أي حالة لديك القوة لتختار أن تكون إنساناً جيداً بدلاً من أن تكون شخصاً قد تملكه الخوف و الذعر و تستسلم لكل هذه المشاعر السلبية يمكنك التحكم بالطريقة التي تشعر بها Spanish: y realmente tenemos que trabajar juntos en esto como una comunidad global. Siguiente, si quieres aliviar tu miedo, ansiedad y preocupaciones en este momento lo mejor que puedes hacer es: 2) Estar presente y enfocarte en lo que puedes controlar. Hay tantas cosas en el mundo que no podemos controlar. Tienes que aceptar las cosas que no puedes controlar. para luego reconocer las cosas que sí puedes controlar. Podemos controlar como respondemos a los sucesos El mismo suceso puede ocurrir, pero puedes elegir tomártelo de forma negativa, o puedes elegir ser positivo ante eso. Puedes elegir tus palabras, tus pensamientos y tus acciones. Puedes elegir hacer algo bueno o puedes elegir el autosabotage o sabotear a otros. Tú tienes el poder de elegir el amor por encima del miedo ante cualquier situación. Tú tienes el poder de elegir ser un buen ser humano, en lugar de ser alguien sobrepasado por el miedo y el pánico y entregado a todas esas emociones negativas. Tú puedes controlar la manera en cómo te sientes. Portuguese: Você pode controlar para quais pensamentos e para quais emoções ceder. Grande parte do medo que as pessoas têm é o medo da incerteza. Elas não sabem como o mundo vai estar daqui a alguns meses. Elas não sabem se vão ficar doentes, se um ente querido vai ficar doente, se eles vão perder todo o dinheiro ou perder o emprego. As pessoas estão assustadas e eu entendo, mas esse medo é baseado em algo no futuro que ainda não aconteceu, e você não pode controlar o futuro. Você não pode controlar algo que não aconteceu. Isso não está na sua esfera de influência. Então você tem que se concentrar no que você pode controlar no momento presente. O momento presente é o único lugar onde tem controle. Você não pode mudar o passado e você não pode controlar o futuro. Existem tantas incógnitas, então concentre-se no momento a sua frente. Faça o melhor que puder. Faça os preparativos. Mantenha-se informado. Tudo está bem aqui, agora, e qualquer coisa fora do agora é algo que você não pode controlar. Portanto, você não deveria perder tempo se preocupando com isso. English: You can control which thoughts and which emotions to give into. A lot of the fear people have is the fear of uncertainty. They don't know where the world's going to be in a few months. They don't know if they're going to get sick, if their loved one's going to get sick, if they're going to lose all their money or lose their jobs. People are scared and I get it, but that fear is based in something in the future that has not happened yet, and you can't control the future. You can't control something that hasn't happened. That's not in your sphere of influence. So you have to focus on what you can control in the present moment. The present moment is the only place that you have control over. You can't change the past and you can't control the future. There's so many unknowns, so focus on the moment in front of you. Do the best that you can. Make preparations. Stay informed. Everything is right here, right now, and anything outside of the right now is something that you cannot control. So you should not waste any time worrying about it. Chinese: 您可以控制自己的思想和情感。很多内心抱有恐惧的人，他们所恐惧的是一种不确定性。他们不知道在未来几个月里，世界会变成什么样子。他们不知道他们是否会患病。如果他们爱的人生病了，如果他们失去了工作、失去收入来源。他们很害怕，我理解的。但是你不能因为还没有发生的事情而恐慌。你不能控制未来你也不能控制尚未发生的事情。这些都不在你的能力范围之内。所以，你要专注于你目前所能控制的事情，专注于当下。当下所发生的才是你能够控制的。你不能改变过去，同样，你也不能操控未来。未来有太多的未知因素，所以，请专注于眼前的一切。仅你所能做到极致。去做准备。及时掌握信息，了解情况。你所能控制的事情都在这。当下以外的其他事情，都是你所不能掌控的。所以也就不需要浪费时间去担心了。 Spanish: Puedes controlar a qué pensamientos y a qué emociones ceder. Mucho del miedo que la gente tiene, es el miedo a la incertidumbre. Ellos no saben donde estará el mundo en unos meses. No saben si se enfermarán, si sus seres queridos se enfermarán, si perderán todo su dinero o sus trabajos. La gente está asustada y lo entiendo, pero el miedo está basado en algo del futuro que todavía no ha sucedido, y tú no puedes controlar el futuro. No puedes controlar algo que no ha pasado. Eso no está dentro de tu esfera de influencia. Por eso tienes que enfocarte en lo que puedes controlar en el momento presente. El momento presente es el único lugar sobre el que tienes control. No puedes cambiar el pasado y no puedes controlar el futuro. Hay tantas incógnitas, por eso enfócate en el momento que tienes en frente. Haz lo mejor que puedas. Prepárate. Mantente informado. Todo es aquí, ahora, y cualquier cosa fuera del ahora es algo que no puedes controlar. Así que no deberías perder ni un momento preocupándote por eso. Arabic: يمكنك التحكم بأية أفكار و أية عواطف لتستسلم لها كثير من المخاوف، الناس لديها هي الشكوك لا يعلمون أين سيكون العالم بعد بضعة أشهر لا يعلمون إن كانوا سيمرضون إذا كان أحبائهم سيمرضون إذا كانوا سيخسرون كل أموالهم أو وظائفهم الناس خائفين و أنا أتفهم و لكن هذا الخوف مبني على شيئ في المستقبل ، لم يحدث بعد لا يمكنك التحكم بالمستقبل لا يمكنك التحكم بشيئ لم يحدث هذا ليس في دائرة تأثيرك (ليس في نطاق تحكمك) لذا عليك التركيز في ما يمكنك التحكم في اللحظة الحالية اللحظة الحالية هي المكان الوحيد الذي لديك تحكم عليه لا يمكنك تغيير الماضي و لا يمكنك التحكم بالمستقبل هذا الكثير من المجهول ، لذا ركز على اللحظة التي أمامك قم بأفضل ما تستطيع قم بتجهيزات أبقى على إطلاع كل شيئ هنا ، الآن و أي شيئ الخارج من "الآن" هو شيئ لا يمكنك التحكم به ليس عليك تضييع أي وقت تقلق عليه Arabic: التالي ، أريد أن اتطرق على : ٣) تنظيف طاقتك وإيجاد الهدوء الداخلي خلال هذا الوقت لذا أريك أن تلاحظ هذا حتى و إن كان خارج العالم مضطرب الأشياء مجنونة و فوضوية الان مازال لديك تحكم في عالمك الداخلي يمكنك التحكم ب كيف تشعر يمكنك ضبط مشاعرك تعلم كيف تضبط مشاعرك وعدم التعرف على مشاعرك هو شيء يتطلب الممارسة. إنه مثل تمرين عضلة و هي عضلة تصبح أقوى بالقيام بالتدريبات مثل التأمل و الناس التي تتأمل لديها تلك النفس الداخليه الهادئه لديهم هذا التدريب ليمركزوا أنفسهم حتى و إن كان كل شيئ في الخارج مجنون حتى و إن كنت تشعر كل هذه المشاعر في هذه النقطة ، أريد أن أقول أن مهما يكن ما تشعره الآن مشاعرك صحيحة \ معقولة عواطفك صحيحة \ معقولة لا بأس بالشعور بالخوف لا بأس بكونك حزين لا بأس لتكون غاضباً مهما كنت تشعر ، لا بأس بأن تشعر به و لكن ما أقوله هو : انت تريد أن تشعر بالعواطف English: Next, I want to touch on: 3) Cleansing your energy and finding inner calm during this time. So I want you to recognize that, even though the outside world is in turmoil, things are crazy and chaotic right now, you still have control over your inner world. You control the way you feel. You can regulate your emotions. Learning to regulate your emotions and not identify with your emotions is something that takes practice. It's like working a muscle, and it's a muscle that gets stronger by doing practices such as meditation. And people that meditate have that inner calm, inner zen. They have the practice to center themselves, even if everything outside is crazy, even if you feel all these emotions. And at this point, I do want to say that whatever you're feeling right now, your feelings are valid. Your emotions are valid. It's okay to feel fear. It's okay to be sad. It's okay to be angry. Whatever you're feeling, it's okay to feel it. But what I'm saying is: You want to feel the emotion. Chinese: 接下来，我想谈谈： 3）清除杂念，保持内心平静。所以，我希望你能够认识到的是：即使外界所发生的一切是那么的疯狂、混乱。您仍然可以控制自己的内心世界。您可以控制自己的感觉。您可以调节自己的情绪。学习调节情绪你可以通过冥想等练习来调节自己的情绪。就像在锻炼肌肉它的肌肉变得更强壮通过如冥想这样的训练。冥想的人其内心平静、内心有蝉性。通过训练建立自我的中心意识。即使外面的一切都很混杂即使您感觉到所有这些情绪。在这一点上，我想说的是不管你现在有什么感觉你的感觉是正确的。你的情绪是正确的。感到恐惧是可以的。可以悲伤。生气是可以的。无论您感觉到什么，都是可以的。但是我要说的是：您想感受这种情感。 Portuguese: Em seguida, quero falar sobre: 3) Limpando sua energia e encontrando calma interior durante este tempo. Eu quero que você tome consciência disso, mesmo que o mundo exterior esteja em turbulência, as coisas estão loucas e caóticas agora, você ainda tem controle sobre seu mundo interior. Você controla o que você sente. Você pode regular suas emoções. Aprender a regular suas emoções e a não se identificar com suas emoções é algo que requer prática. É como exercitar um músculo, e é um músculo que fica mais forte fazendo práticas como meditação. E as pessoas que meditam têm essa calma interior, esse zen interior. Eles têm a prática de se centralizar, mesmo que tudo lá fora seja louco, mesmo se você sentir todas essas emoções. E neste momento, eu quero dizer que seja o que for você esteja sentindo agora, seus sentimentos são válidos. Suas emoções são válidas. Não há problema em sentir medo. Não há problema em ficar triste. Não há problema em ficar com raiva. O que quer que você esteja sentindo, não há problema em sentir. Mas o que estou dizendo é: você quer sentir essa emoção. Spanish: Próximo, quiero mencionar: 3) Limpiar tu energía y encontrar calma interior en este momento. Quiero que te des cuenta de que, aunque afuera el mundo esté en crisis, las cosas estén locas y caóticas ahora tú sigues teniendo control sobre tu mundo interno. Tú controlar la manera en que te sientes. Puedes regular tus emociones. Aprender a regular tus emociones y no identificarte con tus emociones es algo que requiere práctica. Es como ejercitar un músculo, y es un músculo que se hace cada vez más fuerte mediante prácticas, como meditación. Y las personas que meditan, tienen esa calma interior, zen interior. Ellos tienen la práctica de centrarse en ellos mismos, incluso si todo allá afuera es una locura, incluso si sientes todas esas emociones. Y en este punto, quiero decir que lo que sea que estés sintiendo ahora mismo, tus sentimientos son válidos. Tus emociones son válidas. Está bien sentir miedo. Está bien estar triste. Está bien estar enojado. Lo que sea que estés sintiendo, está bien sentirlo. Pero lo que estoy diciendo es: Si quieres sentir la emoción Chinese: 用健康的方式表达出来。不要把它带给别人。当你表达自己的情感之后，尝试着去理解它。 “好吧，为什么我有这种感觉？它从何而来？” 然后，您的头脑便会更加冷静。并理解为什么你会有这些情绪，但是也不要让这些情绪来左右你，来定义你是什么样的人。你不是一个爱生气的人，但是你感到愤怒。另一点是，如果您是一个敏感的人，如果你有同情心，如果您觉得自己会受到他人的情绪的影响，那么现在，你要做一些事情来清除杂念。我注意到在阅读有关于病毒、政治和种族这些新闻后，人们在网上说的话，有一天，我也开始失控而大喊大叫。不是因为我为自己感到难过。因为我为这个世界感到难过以及人们正在经历的事情。由于某种原因，我能够理解一些人的感受。 Portuguese: Se expresse de maneira saudável. Não desconte em outras pessoas. E depois de você expressar sua emoção, tente entender, “Ok, por que eu me senti assim? De onde isso vem?" E então você pode começar a ficar mais ponderado e calmo e entender o porque de você ter sentido essas emoções, mas entender também que essas emoções não definem você. Você não é só uma pessoa zangada, apenas sentiu raiva. Outra questão é se você é uma pessoa sensível, se você é empático, se você sente que recebe as emoções de outras pessoas, este é um momento para fazer um trabalho extra para proteger e limpar sua energia. Percebi que depois de ler todas essas notícias sobre o vírus, a política e o racismo, as coisas que as pessoas estão dizendo online, houve um dia em que eu tive que chorar. Não foi porque me senti triste por mim mesma. Foi porque eu estava triste pelo mundo e pelo que as pessoas estavam passando. Por alguma razão, eu fui capaz de receber essas emoções das pessoas, Arabic: عبر عنها بطريقة صحية لا تخرجها على أناس آخرين و بعد أن عبرت عن عواطفك ، حاول فهمها "حسنا ، لماذا شعرت بهذه الطريقة؟ من أين تأتي ؟" وبعد ذلك يمكنك البدء في أن تصبح أكثر هدوءًا وتهدئة و تفهم لماذا شعرت بهذه العواطف و لكن أفهم ايضاً أن هذه العواطف لا تصفك أنت لست مجرد شخص غاضب، ولكنك شعرت بالغضب نقطة أخرى على هذا أنك إذا كنت شخص حساس، إذا كنت متعاطف إذا كنت تشعر أنك تأخذ مشاعر الآخرين ، هذا هو الوقت المناسب للقيام بعمل إضافي لحماية وتنظيف طاقتك. لاحظت بعد قراءة كل هذه الأخبار عن الفايرس و السياسة و العنصرية الأشياء التي يقولها الناس عبر الانترنت كان هناك يوم اضطررت فيه إلى البكاء. لم يكن لأنني شعرت بالسوء لنفسي إنه لانني شعرت بالسوء\حزن للعالم و ماذا كان الناس يمرون خلاله لبعض الأسباب ، كنت قادرة على التعامل مع هذه المشاعر من الناس Spanish: Exprésalo de una manera saludable. No te desquites con otras personas. Y luego de expresar tu emoción, intenta entender, "Bien, ¿por qué me sentí de esa forma? ¿De dónde viene? Y luego puedes empezar a ser más juicioso y tranquilo y a entender por qué sentiste esas emociones, pero entendiendo que todas esas emociones no te definen. No eres un enojón, pero sentiste enojo. Otro punto en esto es que si tú eres una persona sensible, si eres empático, si sientes que puedes captar las emociones de las personas, este es el tiempo para hacer un trabajo extra y así proteger y limpiar tu energía. Me dí cuenta de que luego de leer las noticias sobre el virus, la política y el racismo, las cosas que la gente dice online, hubo un día en el que solo lloré. No porque me sentí mal por mí, sino porque me sentía mal por el mundo y por lo que la gente estaba pasando. Por alguna razón, fui capaz de captar las emociones de la gente English: Express it in a healthy way. Don't take it out on other people. And then after you express your emotion, try to understand, “Okay, why did I feel that way? Where does it come from?” And then you can start to become more level-headed and calm and understand why you felt these emotions, but understand also that those emotions do not define you. You are just not an angry person, but you felt anger. Another point on this is if you are a sensitive person, if you are empathic, if you feel like you take on other people's emotions, this is a time to really do extra work to protect and cleanse your energy. I noticed that after reading all this news about the virus and politics and the racism, the things people are saying online, there was a day where I just had to cry it out. It was not because I felt sad for myself. It was because I was sad for the world and what people were going through. For some reason, I was able to take on these emotions of people, Spanish: y me enojé por los comentarios racistas que estaba recibiendo, pero al mismo tiempo, sentía dolor porque entendiendo que todas estas personas no son felices. Están pasando por un momento duro también y todo eso es realmente intenso, ¿cierto? Entonces me doy cuenta de que necesitas liberar esta intensidad de manera saludable, puedes hacer cosas como hablarles a las personas, hablarlo con tus amigos, tus seres queridos solo para sacártelo de encima. Tener un diario, chicos ustedes saben que amo escribir escribir en mi diario. Tengo que plasmar todos mis pensamientos y sentimientos, de lo contrario, se quedan adentro, y no estoy dispuesta a reprimir emociones. Soy esa persona que te dice que lo dejes salir. Necesitas encontrar salidas para expresar tu energía fisicamente: ejercitar, sudar, bailar, hacer yoga. Inlcuso cantando o gritando y haciendo ruidos raros puede ayudarte a liberar esa energía de tu cuerpo. Si lo piensas, cuando te enojas, estás activando la respuesta de lucha o huída en tu cuerpo, la respuesta de estrés - lo que significa que tu sangre está fluyendo por tus músculos, porque tu cuerpo se está preparando para pelear, Arabic: و كنت غاضبة من التعليقات العنصرية التي كنت أتلقاها و لكن بنفس الوقت ، كنت أشعر بالألم لأنني أعلم أن هؤلاء الناس ليسوا سعداء هم يمرون يوقت عصيب أيضاً وكل هذا هو ثقيل فقط ،صحيح؟ لذلك أنا أدرك أنك بحاجة إلى الإفراج عن هذا الثقل بطريقة صحية ، لذا يمكنك القيام بأشياء ، مثل التحدث إلى الناس التحدث مع أصدقائك ، أحبائك ، فقط لإخراجها. اليوميات ، أنتم يا رفاق تعرفون أني أحب اليوميات علي تدوين كل أفكاري و عواطفي و إلا سوف يبوقون في الداخل وأنا لست عن قمع العواطف. أنا الشخص الذي سيخبرك بإطلاقها أنت تحتاج إلى إيجاد منافذ للتعبير جسديًا عن طاقتك: تمرن ، إعرق ، أرقص ، قم باليوقا حتى الغناء أو الصراخ و إطلاق أصوات غريبة يمكنه المساعده بإزاحة هذه الطاقة عن جسدك إذا فكرت فيه ، عندما تغضب أنت تشغل رد ال " تقاتل أو أهرب" في جسدك، يتجاوب التوتر - يعني أن الدم يتدفق لعضلاتك لأن جسدك يستعد للقتال English: and I was mad at racist comments I was getting, but at the same time, I was feeling pain because I get that these people are not happy. They're going through a tough time too and all of that is just really heavy, right? So I recognize that you need to release this heaviness in a healthy way, so you can do things like talking to people, talking it out with your friends, your loved ones, just to get it out. Journaling, you guys know I love to journal. I have to journal all my thoughts and feelings, otherwise they kind of stay inside, and I'm not about repressing emotions. I'm the person that tells you to let it out. You need to find outlets to physically express your energy: exercise, sweat, dance, do yoga. Even singing or yelling and making weird noises can help get that energy out of your body. If you think about it, when you get mad, you are activating the fight or flight response in your body, the stress response – meaning your blood is flowing to your muscles, because your body is getting ready to fight, Portuguese: e eu estava brava com os comentários racistas que estava recebendo, mas ao mesmo tempo, eu estava sentindo dor porque eu entendo que essas pessoas não estão felizes. Eles estão passando por um momento difícil também e tudo isso pesa, certo? Então eu reconheço que você precisa liberar esse peso de maneira saudável, para que você possa fazer coisas como conversar com as pessoas, conversar com seus amigos, seus entes queridos, só para desabafar. Diário, vocês sabem que eu amo diário. Eu tenho que escrever sobre todos os meus pensamentos e sentimentos, caso contrário, eles meio que ficam dentro de mim, e eu não pretendo reprimir emoções. Eu sou a pessoa que diz para você desafogar. Você precisa encontrar maneiras para expressar sua energia fisicamente: se exercitar, suar, dançar, fazer yoga. Até mesmo cantar ou gritar e fazer barulhos estranhos pode ajudar a tirar essa energia do seu corpo. Se você pensar nisso, quando você fica bravo, você está ativando a reação de luta ou fuga no seu corpo, a reação ao estresse - ou seja, seu sangue está fluindo para seus músculos, porque seu corpo está se preparando para lutar, Chinese: 我对我所收到的关于种族歧视的言论感到生气，但与此同时，我感到疼痛因为我知道这些人不开心。他们也度过了艰难的时期而这一切真的很沉重，对不对？所以我知道你需要以一种健康的方式去释放这些负能量。您可以与人们谈一谈，像你的朋友，你在意的人去的交流，宣泄这中坏情绪（不是传递负能量）。大家都知道我喜欢记日记。我必须记录我所有的想法和感受，不然他们会留在我的脑海里。而且我并不要压抑情绪将这些释放出去。同样，你可以做一些其他的事情去发泄：运动，出汗，跳舞，做瑜伽。甚至唱歌、大喊或者是发出一些其他的声音，都可以帮助你释放自己身体里的负能量。请想象一下，当你生气时，面对压力，你的体内蓄积太多力量准备战斗。这意味着，你的血液正流向肌肉你的身体已经进入作战状态， English: and that is not a healthy state to be in. And you know, typically in the situation where it's necessary, back in the caveman days, the fight or flight response allowed you to either fight or run away from an animal really fast. But nowadays we activate that response and we don't do anything about it, and thus it's just keeping it in. So you want to physically let it out because it can really help you. Trust me: it worked when I was mad. Another practice I already mentioned was meditation. Meditate to center yourself, to be aware of your thoughts and emotions and recognize that those are not you. You are the calm, still soul, and your thoughts and emotions are everything on the surface. So that helps too. Some people like to go out into nature. Some people like to use crystals or sage, things like that, to cleanse your energy. Another thing I should have said first is to actually reduce your screen time. If you feel like all of this is too much and it's too heavy, Arabic: و هذه ليست حالة صحية لتكون بها و أيضاً تعلم ، عاةً في الحالة ، حيث هو ضروري الرجوع لأيام رجل الكهف الرد بالقتال أو الهروب أتاح لك إما القتال أو الهروب بعيداً من حيوان، سريعاً جداً و لكن هذه الأيام نحن فعلنا \ شغلنا هذا الرد و لكننا لا نفعل أي شيئ حياله و بإختصار ، إنه يبقى في الداخل لذا فأنت تريد أن تطلقها جسديًا لأنها يمكن أن تساعدك حقًا. ثق بي : لقد نجحت عندما كنت غاضبة تمرين آخر قمت بذكره هو التأمل تأمل لتضبط نفسك كن واعٍ عن أفكارك و مشاعرك و لاحظ أنهم ليس أنت أنت الهادئ . الروح الساكنة\ثابتة و أفكارك و عواطفك هم كل شيئ على السطح و هذا يساعد أيضاً بعض الناس يحبون الخروج للطبيعة يحب بعض الأشخاص استخدام البلورات أو المريمية ، أو أشياء من هذا القبيل ، لتنظيف طاقتك. شيء آخر كانت يجب علي قوله أولاً أن تقوم حقاً بتقليل وقت شاشتك ( لا تستخدم الهاتف كثيراً) اذا كنت تشعر أن كل هذا كثير و هو ثقيلٌ جداً Spanish: y ese no es un estado saludable en el cual estar. Y sabes, típicamente en la situación donde es necesario, volviendo al tiempo de los cavernicolas la respuesta de lucha o huída te permitía pelear o huir de un animal muy rápidamente. Pero hoy en día nosotros activamos esa respuesta y no hacemos nada con eso, y así solo se sigue quedando adentro. Por eso debes dejarlo salir físicamente, porque eso realmente puede ayudarte. Confía en mi: me funcionó cuando estaba enojada. Otra práctica que ya mencioné fue meditación. Medita para centrarte en ti mismo, para ser consciente de tus pensamientos y emociones y reconoce que aquellos no eres tú. Tú eres la calma, un alma sosegada y tus pensamientos y emociones están sobre la superficie. Eso también me ayuda. A algunas personas les gusta salir a la naturaleza. A algunos les gusta usar cristales o salvia, cosas como esas, para limpiar su energía. Otra cosa que debí haber dicho primero es reducir tu tiempo con la pantalla. Si sientes que todo esto es demasiado y muy pesado, Chinese: 那是不正常的状态。你要知道，在特别的时期，追溯到原始洞穴人时期。 “战斗或逃跑反应” 使您可以战斗或非常快速地远离动物的追赶。现在，我们激活了这种反应机制，我们对此什么都不做，因此，它只是保留在其中。因为这种机制可以帮助到你，所以你想将它释放出来。相信我：当我情绪失控时，这真的很有用。另一种方式就是我已经提到的冥想。冥想使你归于自己的中心意识你的想法和情绪，认识到哪些都不是真的你。你是平静的。你看待事情的想法和情绪都只是表面。这样也有帮助。有些人喜欢融入大自然。一些人喜欢用水晶或鼠尾草这样的东西，来清除杂念。此外，另一件事情就是要减少你完手机的时间。如果你感觉你所浏览的事情或所发生的事情太多并且太沉重了， Portuguese: e esse não é um estado saudável para se estar. E você sabe que normalmente nas situações necessárias nas eras dos homens das cavernas, a resposta de luta ou fuga lhe permitiu lutar ou fugir de um animal muito rápido. Mas hoje em dia nós ativamos essa resposta e não fazemos nada com relação a ela, e, portanto, apenas reprimimos. Então você precisa desafogar fisicamente porque pode te ajudar. Confie em mim: funcionou quando eu estava brava. Outra prática que eu já mencionei foi meditação. Medite para se centralizar, estar ciente de seus pensamentos e emoções e reconhecer que eles não são você. Você é a alma calma, quieta, e seus pensamentos e emoções são tudo que está na superfície. Isso ajuda também. Algumas pessoas gostam de sair na natureza. Algumas pessoas gostam de usar cristais ou sálvia, coisas assim, para limpar sua energia. Outra coisa que eu deveria ter dito primeiro é para reduzir o tempo que passa na frente de uma tela. Se você sente que tudo isso é demais e é muito difícil, Spanish: solo guarda tu teléfono, sal de internet, y vive tu vida en el momento presente. Encuentra algo más en qué ocuparte, algo positivo y saludable, una salida creativa. Próximo, el virus nos ha enseñado que: 4) Todos estamos interconectados. Creo que es una de las lecciones más grandes que estamos aprendiendo en este momento, que tus acciones no solo te afectan a tí, sino que afecta a las personas a tu alrededor, lo cual afecta a las personas alrededor de ellos en la cual esta enorme red es todo nuestro mundo global no solo a las personas, sino también nuestros ecosistemas. Así más y mas estamos aprendiendo no podemos ser egoístas. Debemos pensar en los demás. Debemos pensar y preocuparnos por los demás para protegernos a todos nosotros, porque estamos literalmente todos juntos en esto, y eso vuelve a que: somos una sola raza humana. Somos una comunidad global en la Tierra y realmente tenemos que estar juntos, reconocer eso, dejar de pelearnos entre nosotros. Dejar de acumular todas las cosas para nosotros mismos, English: just put your phone away, get off the internet, and live in your life in the present moment. Find something else to occupy yourself with, something positive and healthy, a creative outlet. Next, the virus has taught us that: 4) We are all interconnected. I think that's one of the biggest lessons that we are learning during this time, that your actions do not only affect you, it affects the people around you, which affects the people around them, which is this huge network that is our entire global world, not just the people, but also our ecosystems. So more and more we are learning that we cannot be selfish. We must think of others. We must think and care about other people to protect all of us, because we're literally all in this together, and it goes back to: we are one human race. We are one global community on earth and we really have to come together, recognize that, stop fighting each other. Stop trying to hoard all the stuff for ourselves Arabic: فقط ضع هاتفك بعيداً إبتعد عن الإنترنت و عش حياتك في اللحظة الحالية جد شيئاً آخر لتشغل به نفسك شيء إيجابي و صحي ، منفذ إبداعي التالي ، الفايرس علمنا أن : ٤) نحن كلنا مترابطين أعتقد أن هذا واحد من أكبر الدروس الذي نتعلمه خلال هذا الوقت أن أفعالك لن تؤثر عليك فقط تؤثر على الناس حولك ، الذي يؤثر على الناس من حولهم تلك شبكة كبيرة و هي عالمنا العالمي كله ليس فقط الناس بل النظام البيئي نحن نتعلم أكثر فأكثر أننا لا نستطيع أن نكون أنانيين يجب علينا أن نفكر بالآخرين يجب علينا أن نفكر و نهتم بالناس الآخرين ، لنحمينا جميعاً لأننا حرفيا كلنا معاً في هذا ويعود إلى ذلك: نحن جنس بشري واحد نحن مجتمع عالمي واحد على الأرض و علينا أن نكون معاً \ نتكاتف لاحظ ذلك ، توقفوا عن مشاجرة بعضكم توقف عن محاولة تكديس كل الأشياء لأنفسنا Portuguese: basta guardar seu telefone, saia da internet, e viva sua vida no momento presente. Encontre outra coisa para se ocupar, algo positivo e saudável, uma saída criativa. Em seguida, o vírus nos ensinou que: 4) Estamos todos interconectados. Eu acho que essa é uma das maiores lições que estamos aprendendo durante esse tempo, que suas ações não afetam apenas você, elas afetam as pessoas ao seu redor, que afetam as pessoas ao redor delas, que são essa enorme rede que é todo o nosso mundo, não apenas as pessoas, mas também nossos ecossistemas. Então, cada vez mais estamos aprendendo que nós não podemos ser egoístas. Nós devemos pensar nos outros. Temos pensar e nos preocupar com outras pessoas para conseguir proteger a todos nós, porque estamos literalmente juntos nisso, e isso remonta a: somos uma raça humana. Somos uma comunidade global na terra e nós temos que nos unir, tomem consciência disso, parem de brigar uns com os outros. Paremos de tentar acumular todas as coisas para nós mesmos Chinese: 那就把手机拿走。远离网络，活在当下，珍视当下的生活。寻找其他有益的，积极的，富有创意的可以占据你思绪的事情有益健康的东西，富有创意的出路。接下来，通过这次疫情所告诉我们的是： 4）我们彼此都有联系。我认为对我们来说这是很重要的一课。我们在这段时间内学习到的是，你的行为不仅仅会影响你它还会影响你身边的人，而你身边的人进而会影响他们身边的人。我们生活的世界就是一个庞大的网络。不仅有人类，还有我们的生态系统。我们越来越了解到我们不可以自私，我们必须想到其他人。为了保护我们自己，我们必须关心其他人、为其他人找想。从本义上来说我们息息相关，进一步探析，我们都是人类。我们生活在一个地球上，一定要团结。我们要认识到这一点，停止争吵。不要只为了自己而囤货， English: and protect only ourselves and let everybody else lose. It's not about that because hurting other people is hurting yourself in the bigger picture. That's what people are recognizing now. And that leads me to my next point, which is incredibly important, that: 5) You are needed. You play a part in this community, this interconnected global community, whether you're doing your part just by staying home and staying safe, staying healthy, or whether you have a skill, something that you can contribute that's of value to the world. For me, my skill and my value is talking and sharing ideas that can possibly help people through videos and content, and although it's not like I'm saving lives exactly, I'm doing my part. And I know there are doctors – if you are a doctor or a nurse, you're playing your part, saving lives – and if you are doing anything, if you have any skill, anything to give, this is the time to give it because the world needs you. People out there need you. Whether it's just to entertain, like if you're good at making TikTok videos, Arabic: و حماية فقط أنفسنا و ندع الآخرين يخسرون إنه ليس عن ذلك لأن أذية الآخرين هو أذية نفسك في الصورة الأكبر هذا ما يلاحظة الناس الآن و هذا يؤدي ألى نقطتي التالية و هي مهمة جداً : ٥) انت مرغوب أنت تلعب دور في المجتمع ، هذا الترابط المجتمعي العالمي سواء كنت تقوم بجزئك عن طريق البقاء في المنزل بأمان ، البقاء صحياً أو سواء لديك مهارة شيء يمكنك المساهمة به ذا قيمة للعالم. بالنسبة لي ، مهارتي و قيمي هي التحدث و مشاركة الآراء التي يمكن أن تساعد الناس من خلال مقاطع الفيديو والمحتوى ، وعلى الرغم من أن الأمر لا يعني أنني أنقذ الأرواح تمامًا ، إلا أنني أقوم بدوري. و أعلم أن هناك أطباء - إذا كنت طبيباً أو ممرضاً، أنت تقوم بدورك ، إنقاذ الأروح- وإذا كنت تفعل أي شيء ، إذا كان لديك أي مهارة ، أي شيء تعطيه ، هذا الوقت لتعطيه لأن العالم يحتاجك الناس هناك يحتاجونك سواء كان فقط للتسلية مثل اذا كنت جيد في صنع فيدوهات ال TikTok Spanish: y solo protegernos a nosotros mismos y dejar que los demás se queden sin nada. Eso no es solo herir a los demás, es herirte a tí mismo a grandes rasgos. Eso es lo que la gente está reconociendo ahora. Y eso me lleva a mi siguiente punto, el cual es increíblemente importante, que: 5) Eres necesario. Estás haciendo tu parte en esta comunidad, en esta comunidad mundial interconectada, ya sea que estés haciendo tu parte quedándote en casa y a salvo, manteniendote saludable o ya sea que tengas una habilidad, algo que puedas aportar y que sea de valor para el mundo. Para mí, mi habilidad y mi valor es hablar y compartir ideas que posiblemente pueden ayudar a las personas a través de videos y contenidos, y aunque no es como si estuviera exactamente salvando vidas, estoy haciendo mi parte. Y sé que hay médicos - si eres un médico o un enfermero, tú estás haciendo tu parte, salvando vidas - y si estas haciendo algo, si tienes alguna habilidad, algo para dar, este es el momento para hacerlo porque el mundo te necesita. La gente allá afuera te necesita. Ya sea que se trate de divertir, si eres bueno haciendo videos en TikTok, Portuguese: e proteger apenas a nós mesmos e deixar todo mundo perder. A questão não é essa, porque ao machucar outras pessoas você estará machucando a si mesmo no quadro geral. É isso que as pessoas estão percebendo agora. E isso me leva a minha próxima questão, que é incrivelmente importante, que é: 5) Você é necessário. Você faz parte dessa comunidade, essa comunidade global interconectada, esteja você fazendo sua parte apenas ficando em casa e se mantendo seguro, se mantendo saudável, ou se você tem uma habilidade, algo de valor que você possa contribuir para o mundo. No meu caso, minha habilidade e meu valor são falar e compartilhar idéias que possam ajudar as pessoas através de vídeos e conteúdos, e embora eu não esteja salvando vidas, eu estou fazendo minha parte. E eu sei que existem médicos - se você é médico ou enfermeiro, você está fazendo sua parte, salvando vidas - e se você estiver fazendo alguma coisa, se tiver alguma habilidade, qualquer coisa para contribuir, este é o momento de contribuir, porque o mundo precisa de você. As pessoas lá fora precisam de você. Seja apenas para entreter, por exemplo se você é bom em criar vídeos no TikTok, Chinese: 为了自己而使得别人什么都买不到。我们这么做并不是伤害其他人，从更深层次来看，是伤害你自己。这就是人们现在所意识到的。接下来，我的下一个非常重要的观点是： 5）您是被需要的。在这个彼此关联的地球村，你是这个团体的一份子。你是否在做着你应该做的事？待在家里？保证安全？保持健康？或者你正发挥着其他作用，你向这个社会贡献自己的价值。拿我来说，我的特长和我的价值就是传递分享我的观点。通过视频和它的内容可能会帮助到其他人。尽管，我没有在挽救生命，但是我在做着我的事情，尽我的一份力。我知道观看我视频的有许多医护人员。如果你是医生或者护士，那你现在所做的一切，都是在挽救生命。如果您正在做任何事情，如果你有什么可以技能。那么现在就是您献出您自己的一份力的时候了，因为世界需要你。人们需要你。为了娱乐也好，比如，如果您擅长制作TikTok视频， Spanish: estás manteniendo a la gente entretenida, feliz y riendo en este momento. Nada es insignificante. Cada uno hace su parte. Tú y yo somos las luces en este mundo, y lo que verdaderamente necesitamos hacer es encender a cada uno. Y cuando una persona es encendida, tú naturalmente inspiras a la gente a tu alrededor para que también se enciendan. Estoy segura de que estarás de acuerdo con que esta pandemia ha revelado algunas partes feas de la humanidad, algunas de nuestras partes oscuras. Es revelado lo bueno y lo malo, y lo que podemos hacer como sociedad es perpetuar lo bueno. Podemos convertirnos en buenos seres humanos, buenos ejemplos, porque de manera colectiva, tenemos el poder de cambiarnos a nosotros mismos y hacer lo mejor Yo creo que lo que esta pandemia ha revelado es que muchos de nuestros sistemas están arruinados. Muchas personas son tan negativas y la gente necesita ayuda, el mundo necesita ayuda. Y te puedes quedar sentado y sentirte frustrado o desanimado por eso, o puedes decidir pararte Portuguese: você está mantendo as pessoas entretidas, felizes e rindo agora. Nada é insignificante. Todo mundo tem um papel. Você e eu somos luzes neste mundo, e o que realmente precisamos fazer é acendermos um por um. E quando uma pessoa acende, você naturalmente inspira as pessoas ao seu redor a acenderem também. Tenho certeza de que você concorda que essa pandemia revelou alguns lados ruins da humanidade, alguns dos nossos lados obscuros. Revelou o bem e o mal, e o que podemos fazer como sociedade é perpetuar o bem. Nós podemos nos tornar os bons seres humanos, os bons exemplos, porque coletivamente, temos o poder de mudar a nós mesmos e fazer algo melhor. Eu acho que o que essa pandemia revelou é que muitos de nossos sistemas estão danificados. Muitas pessoas são tão negativas e as pessoas precisam de ajuda, o mundo precisa de ajuda. E você pode sentar e se sentir frustrado ou desencorajado por ele, ou você pode decidir se levantar Arabic: أنت تبقي الناس مستمتعين و سعداء و ضاحكين الآن لا شيء مهم كلٌ يلعب دور أنت و انا هم أضواء في هذا لعالم و ما حقاِ نحتاج لفعله هو لنضيء واحداً تلوا الآخر و عندما يضيء شخص واحد أنت بشكل طبيعي تلهم الناس حولك ليضيؤا ايضاً أنا متأكدة بأنك ستوافق أن هذا الوباء قد كشف بعض الأجزاء القبيحة من البشرية ، بعض أجزائنا المظالمة لقد كشف الجيد و السيء و ما يمكننا فعله كمجتمع هو إدامة الخير يمكننا أن نكون أناس جيدين ، الأمثلة الجيدة لأننا بشكل جماعي، لدينا القوة لنغير أنفسنا و نقوم بعمل أفضل أعتقد أن هذا الوباء قد كشق الكثير عن أنظمتنا المكسورة الكثير من الناس هم فقط سلبيين جداً و الناس تحتاج المساعدة ، العالم يحتاج المساعدة ويمكنك الجلوس والشعور بالإحباط أو الإحباط من ذلك ، أو يمكنك أن تقرر الوقوف Chinese: 您可以让人们保持开心和欢愉的状态。任何事情都很重要。人人都参与其中。你和我就是照亮这个世界的明灯，我们所要做的就是一一点亮。当一个人点亮自己时，自然地，你就会照亮并影响到其他人，其他人也会点亮自己。我敢肯定你一定也发现了这次疫情所披露的问题。人性的阴暗面，我们的黑暗面。疫情它所揭示的问题有好有坏。我们所能做的就是延续这个社会好的一面。一个很好的例子就是，我们可以成为好人，我们是一个整体，我们有能力改变我们自己向更好的方向发展。我知道疫情也解释了我们社会体系的一些弊端。很多人对此抱着消极的态度。他们需要被帮助，同样，整个世界也需要。我可以气馁，感到失望、沮丧、泄气。你也可以站起来与之抗衡。 English: you are keeping people entertained and happy and laughing right now. Nothing is insignificant. Everyone plays a part. You and I are lights in this world, and what we really need to do is light up one by one. And when one person lights up, you naturally inspire the people around you to light up as well. I'm sure that you'll agree that this pandemic has revealed some ugly parts of humanity, some of our dark parts. It's revealed the good and the bad, and what we can do as a society is to perpetuate the good. We can become the good human beings, the good examples, because we collectively, we have the power to change ourselves and do better. I think what this pandemic has revealed is a lot of our systems are broken. A lot of people are just so negative and people need help, the world needs help. And you can sit back and feel frustrated or discouraged by it, or you can decide to stand up Spanish: y ser parte de las personas que están empujando para que nuestra sociedad haga lo mejor, para hacernos más conscientes de nosotros mismos, de nuestras fallas, y para crecer, y mejorar. Me refiero, podemos hacerlo personalmente en nuestra propia vida y eso es de lo que hablamos en Lavendaire. Pero esta es nuestra oportunidad para dar un paso adelante y hacer lo que podamos de manera colectiva. Realmente pienso que aquí hay un esfuerzo colectivo. Yo puedo hacer mucho. Necesitamos a cada persona dando un paso adelante y haciendo brillar su luz. Ahora, vamos a hablar sobre 7) El lado positivo y el gran propósito de todo, porque yo realmente creo que todo sucede por una razón. Y sé, sé que es terrible todo lo que estamos pasando Se está perdiendo la vida de muchas personas. Muchas de las vidas de las personas están negativamente afectadas y será muy duro para todos nosotros. Así que entiendo completamente eso. Pero si miras la vida de una persona, personalmente nosotros, cada uno de nosotros, hemos pasado por tantos momentos difíciles, desafiantes e incluso traumáticos. Y el hecho de que sigamos vivos y respirando English: and be a part of the people pushing our society to be better, to become more aware of ourselves, of our flaws, and to grow, to improve. I mean, we can do that personally in our own lives and that's what we talk about on Lavendaire. But this is our chance to step up and do what we can collectively. I really think this is a collective effort here. I can only do so much. We need every single person stepping up and shining their light. Now let's talk about 7) the silver lining and grand purpose of it all, because I truly do believe that everything happens for a reason. And I know, I know that what we're going through is so terrible. A lot of people's lives are being lost. A lot of people's lives are negatively affected and it's going to be hard for a lot of us. So I totally understand that. But if you look at a person's life, we personally, each of us, have gone through so many difficult, challenging, even traumatic times. And the fact that we are still alive and breathing Portuguese: e fazer parte das pessoas que se esforçam para melhorar nossa sociedade, para nos tornarmos mais conscientes de nós mesmos, de nossas falhas, e para crescer, para melhorar. Quero dizer, podemos fazer isso pessoalmente em nossas próprias vidas e é sobre isso que falamos no Lavendaire. Mas esta é a nossa chance de nos intensificar e fazer o que pudermos coletivamente. Eu acho que isso aqui é um esforço coletivo. Há um limite para o que eu posso fazer. Precisamos que cada pessoa se intensifique e façam suas luzes brilharem. Agora vamos falar sobre 7) o lado bom e o objetivo maior de tudo isso, porque eu realmente acredito que tudo acontece por uma razão. E eu sei, eu sei que o que nós estamos passando é terrível. Muitas vidas estão sendo perdidas. Muitas vidas estão sendo afetadas negativamente e vai ser difícil para muitos de nós. Então eu entendo isso perfeitamente. Mas se você olhar para a vida de uma pessoa, nós, pessoalmente, cada um de nós passamos por tantos tempos difíceis, desafiadores e até mesmo traumáticos. E o fato de ainda estarmos vivos e respirando Arabic: و كن جزءاً من الناس التي تدفع مجتمعنا ليكون أفضل لنكون واعيين أكثر عن أنفسنا ، عن هفواتنا و لننمو و نتحسن أعني نستطيع القيام بذلك بشكل شخصي في حياتنا الخاصة و هذا ما نتحدث عنه في Lavendaire و لكن هذه فرصتنا لنتقدم و نقوم بما نستطيع ككل أعتقد حقًا أن هذا جهد جماعي هنا. آستطيع فعل الكثير نحن بحاجة إلى كل شخص يصعد ويضيء نوره. الآن فالنتحدث عن ٧) البطانة الفضية والغرض الكبير منها لأنني أؤمن بحق أن كل شيء يحدث لسبب وأنا أعلم ، أن ما نمر به أمر مروع للغاية. الكثير من أرواح الناس تمت خسارتها حياة الكثير من الناس تم التأثير عليها بشكل سلبي سيكون صعباً على الكثير منا لذا أنا حتماً أتفهم ذلك و لكن إذا نظرت في حياة شخص نحن شخصياً ، كل واحدٍ منا ، قد مر بشيء الكثير من الصعوبات ، التحديات و حتى الأوقات الصادمة و حقيقة أننا ما زلنا أحياء و نتنفس Chinese: 去成为推动社会变得更好的团体中的一份子。变得更加了解自己，了解自己的缺点。成长，提升自己。我的意思是，这些都是我们目前可以做到亲力而为的。就是Lavendaire上谈论的内容。这是我们努力的机会，并为之尽我们的全力。我真的认同这是一种集体努力。我只能做那么多。我们需要每个人变强并点亮他们自己的明灯。现在让我们谈谈7）一线生机和这一切的宏伟目标，我相信这一切所发生的都是有原因的我知道，我真的知道我们所经历的有多么的糟糕。很多人丧命，很多人的生活收到了负面影响。对于很多人来说，这是很艰难的时刻。所以，我真的很理解。但是你看看其他人，我们每个人都经历了如此艰难，充满挑战，甚至是创伤的时代。我们仍然活着。 Portuguese: e assistindo a este vídeo, o que você está fazendo agora, mostra que você conseguiu passar por aqueles tempos e você é uma pessoa mais forte e mais sábia por causa disso. E estou vendo que é isso que está acontecendo em uma escala maior, que estamos passando por um grande desafio juntos e isso é algo único. Uma pandemia como essa não acontece com muita frequência. Eu acho isso muito intenso e isso está me dizendo que, quando passamos por isso, nós vamos ser muito mais fortes e mais sábios coletivamente. Espero que nossa consciência possa subir de nível. Espero que criemos seres humanos melhores, e depois disso, sistemas melhores. Então a natureza está se curando. Eu realmente acredito que, estamos todos ficando dentro de casa mas também estamos nos curando por dentro de nós mesmos. Eu acho que algo transformador está acontecendo e não podemos esquecer disso. Não podemos esquecer que existe um lado bom e um objetivo maior em tudo isso. Arabic: و نشاهد هذا الفيديو ، ما تفعله الآن يظهر بأنك تجاوزته بذلك الوقت و أنت شخص أقوى و أكثر حكمة بسببه وأنا أرى أن هذا ما يحدث على نطاق أوسع ، ذلك أننا نمر خلال تحدي كبير معاً و هذا هو شيئ مميز حقاً مثل هذا الوباء لا يحدث كثيرًا. أعتقد أن هذا مجنون حقاً و هذا فقط يخبرني أننا خلال هذا سوف نكون أقوى و أكثر حكمة بشكل جماعي نأمل أن نرتقي في وعينا نأمل أن نخلق بشر أفضل بعد ذلك ، أنظمة أفضل. لذا الطبيعة تشفي نفسها انا حقاً أؤمن أننا باقون و أننا نشفي أنفسنا من الداخل ايضاً أنا أظن احيانا أن تغييراً يحدث و أننا لا نستطيع نسيان ذلك لا يمككنا نسيان أن هناك بطانة فضية و هدف أعظم من كل هذا Chinese: 观看着这只视频，您现在正在做什么？表明在这段时间里你做到了因此，你是一个更坚强，更明智的人。我所看到的更大范围内的事情，我们一起经历了重大挑战这是非常特殊的东西。像这样的疫情并不经常发生。我认为影响范围真的很广。这只是告诉我，当我们对抗疫情的这个过程中，我们将变得更加强大，我们的集体会更加聪明。希望我们能提高自己的认知意识，提升我们的集体意识。在经历过这些，希望我们可以变得更好，社会体系也会更加完善。大自然正在自愈。我确信我们都会平安度过我们也在自我治愈。我们不能忘记我们所发生的一切。我们不能忘记仍有一线生机。所有这些都是为了更好的目标。 English: and watching this video, what you're doing right now, shows that you made it through that time and you are a stronger, wiser person because of it. And I'm seeing that this is what's happening on the bigger scale, that we are going through a major challenge together and this is something that's so unique. A pandemic like this doesn't happen super often. I think this is really intense and that's just telling me that when we are through this, we are going to be so much stronger and wiser collectively. Hopefully we'll level up in our consciousness, in our awareness. Hopefully we create better human beings after this, better systems. So nature is healing herself. I truly do believe that we're all staying in and we're healing ourselves within as well. I think something transformational is happening and we can't forget that. We can't forget that there is a silver lining and a greater purpose in all of this. Spanish: y mirando este video, lo que tú estas haciendo ahora, demuestra que lograste pasar ese momento y eres una persona más fuerte y sabia gracias a eso. Y veo que esto es lo que está ocurriendo a gran escala, estamos atravesando un gran desafío juntos y esto es algo tan único. Una pandemia como esta no ocurre con mucha frecuencia. Creo que esto es realmente intenso y eso me dice que cuando hayamos atravesado esto, seremos más fuertes y sabios colectivamente. Esperemos que subamos el nivel de conciencia, en nuestra conciencia Esperemos crear mejores seres humanos después de esto, mejores sistemas. La naturaleza está sanándose a sí misma. Yo realmente creo que nos estamos quedando dentro y sanandonos en nuestro interior tambíen. Yo creo que algo transformador está ocurriendo y no podemos olvidarnos de eso. No podemos olvidar que hay un lado positivo y un propósito mayor en todo esto. Portuguese: E quando você foca nisso, quando reconhece isso, então você tem mais esperança para o futuro, porque agora eu sei que algumas pessoas podem se sentir desesperadas e assustadas, mas lembrem-se de que nós vamos conseguir superar isso. Nós vamos conseguir superar isso juntos e vai ficar tudo bem no final. Nós vamos ser mais fortes e sim, muitas vidas serão perdidas e isso é muito, muito triste. Mas espero que os sortudos que forem capazes de ainda estar aqui depois de tudo isso, somos nós que vamos poder inaugurar um futuro melhor para todos nós porque nós já passamos por isso. Passamos por isso juntos, nós sofremos juntos, pessoal. Esta é a nossa experiência traumática coletiva e espero que possamos nos curar disso, de verdade. Tenho uma citação que quero compartilhar no final disso. É de um livro chamado I Ching, que é um dos livros mais antigos da história da China. Esse livro fala sobre o fluxo da natureza, as estações do ano, e os padrões da vida. E um dos princípios diz que: English: And when you focus on that, when you recognize that, then you have more hope for the future, because I know right now some people might feel hopeless and scared, but remember that we will make it through this. We'll make it through this together and it's going to be okay in the end. We're going to be stronger and yes, a lot of lives are going to be lost and that's really, really sad. But hopefully the lucky ones that are able to still be here after all of this, we are the ones to usher in a brighter future for us all because we've been through this. We've been through this together, we've suffered together, guys. This is our collective traumatic experience and I hope that we can heal from this, I really do. I have a quote that I want to share at the end of this. It's from a book called the I Ching, which is one of the oldest books in Chinese history. It talks about the flow of nature, the seasons, and patterns of life. And one of the principles says that: Arabic: و عندنا تركز في ذلك ، عندما تلاحظ ذلك ثم يكون لديك مزيد من الأمل للمستقبل لأنني أعلم الآن هناك بعض الناس لربما يشعرون بفقدان الأمل و خائفين ، و لكن تذكر بأننا سنجتازها سوف نجتازها معاً سيكون جيداً في النهاية سنكون أقوى و نعم ، الكثير من الأروح ستتم خسارتها و هذا حقاً حقاً محزن ولكن آمل أن يتمكن المحظوظون من البقاء هنا بعد كل هذا ، نحن من يبشرون بمستقبل أكثر إشراقا لنا جميعا لأننا مررنا خلال ذلك نحن مررنا بذلك معاً نحن عانينا معاً ، رفاق هذه هي تجربتنا المؤلمة الجماعية و أتمنى أن نستطيع الشفاء منها ، حقاً أفعل لدي عبارة أردت مشاركتها في نهاية هذا إنها من كتاب أسمه I Ching و هو واحد من أقدم الكتب في تاريخ الصين إنه يتحدث عن تدفق الطبيعة والمواسم وأنماط الحياة. و واحد من المبادئ تقول أن : Spanish: Y cuando tú te enfocas en eso, cuando te das cuenta de eso, tienes más esperanza por el futuro porque sé que ahora mismo mucha gente se puede sentir desesperada y asustada, pero recuerda que vamos a atravesar esto. Vamos a atravesarlo juntos y va a sentirse bien al final. Vamos a ser más fuertes y sí, muchas vidas se perderán y eso es muy muy triste. Pero espero que los afortunados que aún puedan estar aquí después de todo esto, seamos los que anuncien un futuro mejor para todos porque hemos atravesado eso. Lo hemos atravesado juntos, hemos sufrido juntos, chicos Esta es nuestra traumática experiencia colectiva y espero que podamos sanar de esto, realmente lo espero. Hay una frase que me gustaría compartir para finalizar. Es de un libro llamado I Ching, el cual es uno de los libros más antiguos en la historia de China. Habla sobre el flujo de la naturaleza, las estaciones, y los patrones de vida. Y uno de los principales dice: Chinese: 当您想到并意识到这一点时，那么你会对未来抱有希望，因为我知道，有的人不抱有希望、感到恐惧。但请记住，我们将通过努力来实现这一目标。我们将一起完成最终一切都会好起来的。我们会变得更强大。是的，很多人在疫情中丧失了生命，真的、真的很伤心。但是活着的人要充满希望，我们是为全人类带来光明未来的人因为我们已经经历过了。我们在一起经受着，大家经受苦难，这是我们集体性的创伤经历。我希望我们可以从中治愈。我想在此结尾引用一句《易经》中的一句话，分享给大家。这本书是中国历史上最古老的书籍之一。它谈论自然季节的更替和生活模式。其中一点是： Portuguese: “Quando os eventos avançam ao seus extremos, eles dão à luz aos seus opostos." Isso significa que: Quando os eventos chegam aos seus extremos de um lado, então, naturalmente, o outro lado, o oposto do evento, é criado. E o que eu vejo é que quanto mais medo e quanto mais ódio e negatividade houver no mundo, mais pessoas começam a se esforçar para ser um exemplo de amor e luz no mundo. Agora, eu estou mais empoderada e mais motivada do que nunca para compartilhar todas essas idéias que eu quero compartilhar com o mundo, porque eu sei que as pessoas precisam. Mais pessoas estão se esforçando e isso me dá esperança. Outra citação do mesmo livro também é muito relevante: “Ao ver a situação do meu país se deteriorando, meu coração ficou mais leve. Eu sabia que depois da longa escuridão haveria amanhecer. Quando a escuridão ficava ainda mais escura, o amanhecer se aproximava cada vez mais. Arabic: "عندما تمضي الأحداث إلى أقصاها ، يلدون أضدادهم ، " و ما يعنيه هو: عندنا تصبح الأحداث إلى أقصاها في نهاية واحدة ثم بشكل طبيعي ، النهاية الأخرى تتصنع أو تولد و ما أراه هو خوف آكثر وكلما ازدادت الكراهية والسلبية في العالم ، كلما زاد عدد الأشخاص الذين يصعدون لتكون مثال على الحب و النور في هذا العالم الآن ، أنا أصبحت أكثر قوة وتحفيزًا من أي وقت مضى لأشارك كل هذه الأفكار التي بعمق أردت أن اشاركها للعالم لأنني أعلم أن الناس تحتاجها لمزيد من الناس يصعدون وهذا يعطيني الأمل. اقتباس آخر من نفس الكتاب و وثيق الصلة أيضًا: "عندما رأيت الوضع في بلدي يتدهور قلبي أصبح خفيفاً\مضيئاً كنت أعلم أنه بعد الظلام الطويل سيكون هناك فجر. عندما ازداد الظلام قتامة وأكثر قتامة ، قترب الفجر أكثر فأكثر. " English: “When events proceed to their extremes, they give birth to their opposites,” and what it means is: When events become extreme on one end, then naturally, the other end is created or birthed. And what I see is the more fear and the more hate and negativity there is in the world, the more people are stepping up to be an example of love and light in the world. Now, I am more empowered and motivated than ever to share all of these ideas that I deeply want to share with the world, because I know that people need it. More people are stepping up and that gives me hope. Another quote from the same book is also very relevant: “As I saw the situation of my country deteriorating, my heart became lighter. I knew that after the long darkness there would be dawn. When the darkness grew darker and darker, the dawn drew closer and closer.” Chinese: “当事件发展到极端时，他们就会向相反的方向发展。” 它的意思是：当事件变发展到极端时，自然地，事情就会向相反面发展。世界上更多的恐惧，越多的仇恨、消极情绪。就会有越多的人变得紧密，成为世界上爱与光的典范。现在，我比以往任何时候都更有能力和动力像你们分享我内心深处的想法。因为我知道人们需要它。有越来越多的人为之努力，这给了我希望。《易经》中的另一句话也很与当前的局势相关： “当我看到我国的局势恶化时，我放心了，因为，我知道在漫长的黑暗之后会有黎明。当黑暗变得越来越黑黎明越来越近了。” Spanish: "Cuando los sucesos proceden a sus extremos, ellos dan a luz a sus opuestos," lo que significa que: Cuando los sucesos se vuelven extremos, luego naturalmente, el otro extremo es creado o dado a luz. Y lo que veo es más miedo y cuanto más odio y negatividad haya en el mundo más personas están dando un paso adelante para ser un ejemplo de amor y luz en el mundo. Ahora, estoy más empoderada y motivada que nunca para compartir todas estas ideas que quiero compartir profundamente con el mundo, porque sé que las personas lo necesitan. Más personas están dando un paso adelante y eso me da esperanzas. Otra frase del mismo libro que también es muy relevante: "Cuando vi que la situación de mi país se deterioraba, mi corazón se encendió, supe que luego de tan larga oscuridad amanecería. Cuando la oscuridad se hizo más y mas oscura, el amanecer se acercó más y más." English: I hope that puts things in perspective for you guys. Again, I'm sending so much love to you all. Please stay safe, stay healthy, drink a lot of water, get a lot of rest, eat oranges, get some vitamin C into your system to boost your immunity. Laugh with your loved ones. Laughing boosts your immunity. Smiling, being happy, dancing, singing, having fun, do all those things. Do not forget that there's so much joy in life, and there's still so much more to live for, and we will get through this, okay? Love you. Bye! Arabic: آمل أن يضع الأشياء في نصابها يا رفاق. مجدداً ، أنا أرسل لكم الكثير من الحب جميعاً أرجوكم أبقوا آمنين ، أبقوا صحيين ، أشربوا الكثير من الماء، أحصلوا على كثير من الراحة كل البرتقال ، أحصل على بعض فيتامين سي في نظامك ليرفع مناعتك إضحك مع محبوبك الضحك يقوي مناعتك الإبتسام ، كونك سعيداً ، الرقص ، الغناء ، الإستمتاع ، القيام بكل هذا لا تنسى أن هناك كثير من السعادة في الحياة و ما يزال هناك المزيد لتحيا لأجله و سوف نتخطى هذا ، حسناً ؟ أحبكم و داعاً Spanish: Espero que esto ponga las cosas en perspectiva para ustedes chicos. De nuevo, les mando mucho amor a todos ustedes. Por favor, mantenganse a salvo, mantenganse saludables, beban mucha agua, descansen mucho, coman naranjas, consigan Vitamina C para elevar su sistema inmunológico. Ríanse con sus seres queridos. Reirse estimula el sistema inmunológico. Sonreir, ser feliz, bailar, cantar, divertise, haz todas esas cosas. No te olvides que hay mucha alegría en la vida, y todavía hay muchas cosas por las que hay que vivir, y vamos a atravesar esto, ¿si? Los amo. ¡Adios! Portuguese: Espero que isso coloque as coisas em perspectiva para vocês. Mais uma vez, enviando muito amor a todos vocês. Por favor, se mantenham seguros, se mantenham saudáveis, bebam muita água, descansem bastante, comam laranjas, tomem vitamina C para aumentar sua imunidade. Riam com seus entes queridos. Rir aumenta sua imunidade. Sorriam, sejam felizes, dancem, cantem, se divertam, façam isso tudo. Não se esqueçam de que há muita alegria na vida, e ainda há muito mais pelo que viver, e nós vamos superar isso, ok? Amo vocês. Tchau! Chinese: 我希望这可以能你们带来新的视角。我要向你们输送更多的爱意。请注意安全，保持健康，多喝水，多注意休息。吃橘子，橘子里的维生C可以增强免疫力。向你爱的人传递笑意，笑可以增强免疫力。微笑，开心，跳舞，唱歌，玩～做这些的事情吧。不要忘记生活中充满了欢乐，而且还有很多可以居住的地方，相信我们一定会顺利度过疫情的，你也这样认为吧～爱你们。再见！	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
On September 19, 1985, a congressional hearing about rock music lyrics captured the nation's attention. Over the course of 5 hours, a music expert, a reverend, a group of parents, and quite a few deeply horrified politicians publicly reprimanded the music industry for their lack of morals. This is Democratic Sen. Fritz Hollings Hollings: But in all candor, I would tell you it’s outrageous filth. If I could find some way, constitutionally, to do away with it, I would. The leader of this charge was the Parents Music Resource Center or PMRC, a group led by the wives of a few washington politicians. And what started out as a dialogue about explicit lyrics — Susan Baker: Cole Porter’s "The Bird’s Do It, The Bees Do It” can hardly be compared with WASP’s “I F-U-C-K Like a Beast” — turned into an all out attack on how rock stars portrayed themselves to kids. From music videos and album covers to the names of fan clubs. Al Gore: Mr. Snider, what is the name of your fan club? Snider: The fan club is called the SMF Friends of Twisted Sister Al Gore: And what does SMF stand for when it’s spelled out?” Dee Snider: It stands for the Sick Mother Fucking Friends of Twisted Sister. Al Gore: Is this also a Christian group? Snider: I don’t believe that profanity has anything to do with Christianity. Three musicians, Frank Zappa, John Denver, and Dee Snider of Twisted Sister, defended their music citing the importance of free speech. Denver: Discipline and self-restraint when practiced by an individual, a family, or a company is an effective way to deal with this issue. The same thing when forced on a people by their government. Or worse by a self-appointed watchdog of public morals, is supression, and will not be tolerated in democratic society. That five-hour-long hearing wasn’t an isolated incident, it was just one moment in the war on rock music that had been infiltrating American culture and politics for years. It was that war that gave us this sticker, one we pretty much take for granted today. Stuessy: Given the American philosophy, I think we’ve given the so-called creative artists a wide berth. Somehow we must send a message to the recording and radio industry: enough is enough you’ve you've gone too far. In the words of the heavy metal band Twisted Sister, we’re not going to take it anymore. Tipper Gore: I bought the Purple Rain album for our 11-year old. This is Tipper Gore, she was a very vocal leader of the PMRC. I felt that it was inappropriate for her and her 8- and 6-year-old sister to hear a song describing a girl masturbating in a hotel lobby with a magazine. Prince: I knew a girl named Nikki, I guess you could say she was a sex fiend. I met her in a hotel lobby masturbating with a magazine. Eric: So to recap, she bought this album Sight Unseen. The lyrics were printed on the album. It was a soundtrack to an R-rated film, and she played this for her children without any previewing of it whatsoever. Tipper doesn't blame herself. She doesn't blame her daughter. She blames Prince. This situation was Prince's fault. Prince’s “Darling Nikki” ended up on the PMRCs “Filthy Fifteen," a list of songs they felt represented the most explicit music of 1985. Eric: Subject matter might contain one to four different objections. One was things that were violent, or in some cases may have even encouraged acts of violence. There was sexual references. There was drug and alcohol references in songs. Take a close look at this list and you’ll see one genre disproportionately called out. Heavy Metal. And a fourth rating, an “O” For the Occult. Rockstars have always been accused of being a cohort of the devil. The legendary story of blues guitarist Robert Johnson’s career is that he sold his soul to the devil so he could play better. That was in 1937. When the Blues became Rock and Roll, that mythology became a full on aesthetic. From the Beatles featuring Aleister Crowley, a known occultist, on St. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, to the Rolling Stones upping the ante with an album called Their Satanic Majesties Request. But it wasn’t until Rock and Roll birthed Heavy Metal that Satan and the occult became a central character in popular music. Black Sabbath, are widely considered the original Heavy Metal band. They released their first album in 1970 and it featured a figure in black on the front cover. That gloomy aesthetic extends to the very first track which opens with a giant crash of thunder and ominous church bells. "Oh no, no, please God help me." After this album, bands all over started popping up, building on the sound and the style. Even hard rock acts like AC/DC referenced Hell and Satan as signs of rebellion. "Hey Satan. Payin' my dues." "Playing in a rocking band." By the 1980s heavy metal was mainstream and On one end there was highly melodic and commercial bands like Motley Crue and Def Leppard, on the other end, darker, more intense groups like Mercyful Fate and Slayer. Across this spectrum, though, remained a very clear aesthetic: albums with gothic typefaces and visual and lyrical references to the occult, Hell, evil, and violence. Jason: You should look up their version of Suicidal Tendencies' “Institutionalized” you will love it, you’ll love it. They also have another song called... That’s Jason Kalfin, he was and still is a heavy metal fan. Jason: Ah what is it? Talk Shit Get Shot? It’s a classic. He’s talking about Ice-T’s heavy metal band Body Count, but I digress. In 1981, with the launch of MTV, music videos became a part of the daily TV diet of kids across the US. But it wasn’t all kids, it was mostly white teenage boys who were MTV’s core demographic, because most of the communities wired for cable were in suburban, largely white, neighborhoods. Jason: One minute you had a Metallica video and then the next minute you had a Culture Club video, or Wham! Or Motley Crue. When heavy metal came on you could pretty much count on it being incredibly outlandish. Eric: At the same time that this is happening, there is this cultural movement happening in the United States. Gary Greenwald: If you’re into rock and roll today, let me warn you. Eric: Of people who would tour around Evangelical churches and basically scare the shit out of the parishioners by telling them that Satan was controlling the entertainment industry. Greenwald: Satan is using the rock groups as his patsies to evangelize the youth of the world! That fringe group quickly morphed into a wave of televangelists ripping rock music, even Christian rock, apart in front of a national audience. Jimmy Swaggart: One young man with an earring in his ear, and his hair down to his back, singing rock music, says his pastor told him to do that, it'll win the kids. To the growing religious right, all of pop culture was just hell on earth. Everything from the game Dungeons and Dragons to this Proctor and Gamble logo were under scrutiny. But it was rock music and heavy metal in particular that seemed to get the most attention. It seemed to be the crazier their claims were, the more bookings they got. So it became a financial incentive for them to make these ludicrous claims about the music industry. Like the Truth About Rock Seminar by The Peters Brothers. Are you ready for Truth about Rock? The Peters Brothers’ seminars and bonfires have drawn press attention from coast to coast. Here they are outside a KISS concert. When I see the way these people are encouraging kids to live, there is no doubt in my mind, we have got be more militant in our own sand, Steve.” There was literally a feature length movie called "Rock It’s Your Decision" about a kid named Jeff struggling to choose between listening to his favorite music and God. Kid: When I went through my own record collection I was shocked! Isn’t sex a major theme? And the occult too? And what about the lifestyles of the popular groups and artists? Some are admitted homosexuals! Spoiler alert, he chooses God. There were rock record burnings across the country. Jason: Gene Simmons from KISS said it best one time, he was like if you don’t like my record go out and buy 1,000 copies and burn it. Just keep buying them. Bands like AC/DC and KISS even had to prove their names weren’t acronyms for satanic worship. Eric: Kiss, that's all it stands for. However they’d say “no, no, no, that stands for Knights in Satan's Service” We need to talk about KISS, does their name really stand for Knights in Service to Satan? Eric: KISS were clowns. They were ridiculous people who did ridiculous bombastic big huge things. They were not in league with Satan. Not surprisingly, the craziest claims were the ones that traveled the furthest. One of them was backmasking. Eric: The idea was that there were things you could hear when you were playing the record backwards, that somehow when you listen to it forward your brain could still hear the message flip it around, decode it. It wasn’t just the record covers or the written lyrics, these evangelists believed rock music was a breeding ground for satanic subliminal messages. "Backward Masking Unmasked" was a book written about subliminal messages in rock music. It was sold in churches across the country. One of the most legendary and famous allegations was that Led Zeppelin’s "Stairway to Heaven" played backwards said “My Sweet Satan” I’m going to fast forward now, and you can kind of get a feel for the song now. Very mellow, you know, almost pretty. Back to Stairway to Heaven, here’s that same section, reversed. In every single instance, the only way the audience could successfully hear the Satanic message was is if the guy said the phrase before he played the song in reverse. Backwards it says “Here’s to my sweet Satan” It says “Here’s to my sweet Satan” How many actually heard that? I heard it. Eric: As you can imagine, it became quite a kind of fun thing for everybody to sit there and spin records backwards and listen ‘what do you hear? what do you hear?' This was all pretty entertaining until this happened. A lot of people hear, the phrase my sweet Satan. Here let me play this backwards. You hear it? My sweet Satan. Backmasking became national news. Not only that, in 1982 labeling albums with “backmasked” songs became a proposed piece of legislation in California. Styx: Last year state legislature in California was so loosened up that they decided some records including ours had backwards Satanic messages on them. But we can honestly and sincerely say, as we stand before you this evening, that the devil had nothing to do with this next song from the Paradise Theater album. A song entitled "Snowblind." The rise of heavy metal coinciding with the religious right gaining power seemed to create the perfect storm for an urgent national debate around rock music. But it wasn’t the rock stars that were the center of the conversation. It was their teenage fans. Eric: Rock music evolves in the '50s and then as soon as that happens, almost immediately, you see people, adults, trying to censor or control that music. Kids are expressing themselves and they are letting out their frustrations and their happiness and their joy. They’d say, look at what that music is doing to my child. Remember the Peters Brothers outside that KISS Concert? They're part of the same generation that was listening to Elvis. Decades later, they were judging teens for doing the same thing with KISS. Peter Brothers: From the moment they stepped on stage nobody ever sat down, they kept yelling, and shouting and jumping up and down. Clapping, you can hear them applauding now. The Satanic message is clear, both in the album cover and in the lyrics which are reaching impressionable young minds. More likely than not, your kids have already seen and heard what some of you will see and hear for the first time tonight. When a form of music that our children like becomes linked with ghoulish images and violent theatrics and even suicide, it demands our attention. Perhaps more to the point, the children need our attention. One of the biggest reasons for the backlash against rock music, though, stems from this chart. In the 1980s the youth suicide rate was rising, particularly among the same demographic that that was listening to Heavy Metal: Teenage boys. The kids that listen to this music are killing themselves and each other because of it. The music is called "Heavy Metal." Four young people died in a suicide pact, a heavy metal cassette box was found at the the scene. For a lot of young people, the intensity of heavy metal had a big draw — which also made the genre a scapegoat. Eric: Music has always been a calling card for people, it expresses who we are, what we care about, our values. It is an expression of self. Well if your inner-self is kind of torn up and tormented, you're going to look for music that expresses those feelings. If it’s too loud, you’re too old. Take Jay’s father for example he never shared his son’s devotion to the music. Father: I’d yell turn it down, but seriously, I have no objection to what music he likes to listen to. Would you? Jason: What? Turn it down? Jason: Would I turn it down? No I’d turn it up. Jason: Did you see I wasn’t paying attention when the guy asked the question? I’m like what? Jason was one of the kids profiled in a 20/20 segment on the effects of heavy metal. Stone Phillips: Teaneck High has its own group of so-called tough kids, hoods, or burnouts. Some into drinking or drugs, others into not much of anything at all, except heavy metal music. Jason: Even then I couldn't understand that. I was like, it it can’t be the music, you know, it’s gotta be the individual. You gotta have some serious serious serious issues. In this New York Times article about youth suicide, there are a few possible factors. Family breakups, drug abuse, dwindling job and educational opportunities, and of course, the growing availability of guns. Heavy metal never made the list. But the media persisted in looking for answers in the music. Geraldo Rivera: Every single kid whose case we know about, who committed a violent act in Satan’s name was also into heavy metal music. What's your response to that, Ozzy? Ozzy: Well I don’t really know. All I do is make music. I don’t sit down and purposefully plan to freak everybody out. It’s in this Satanic panic environment that the Parents’ Music Resource Center was formed. Their main goal? Create a rating system that would signify to parents how harmful music could be to their kids. They created a 33-minute PSA video that was eerily similar to films made by various Christian groups. But more importantly, their ties to Washington got them a meeting with the Senate. Susan Baker: Some rock artists actually seem to encourage teen suicide. Ozzy Osbourne sings “Suicide Solution" Blue Oyster Cult sings “Don’t Fear the Reaper” AC/DC sings “Shoot To Thrill” — just last week in Center Point, a small Texas town, a young man took his life while listening to the music of AC/DC. He was not the first. What this all came down to though, was a request for a tiny little label on a record. How bad could that really be? Why was this so threatening to artists? Eric: How much trouble could that cause? And the truth is it causes no problems on its own. But then you look at how that sticker gets used in the world. It becomes very troubling very quickly. Eric: Within literally weeks, you have more than a dozen States who want to include that label's presence in their definition of obscenity, which is a felony. The circus atmosphere of the hearing was certainly entertaining, but the fact that it even happened in the first place was terrifying for musicians. Eric: When you get into the 1990s and the sticker starts coming out, a big problem immediately emerges, which is at that time the largest retailer of music in the United States by not little bit, but a huge margin, was Wal-Mart. Wal-mart, the family-friendly retail chain immediately felt pressure to keep albums with the label off their shelves. Eric So the record labels figured out, "Hey, well maybe we can create a version of this album that does not have the sticker on it." And then Wal-mart will buy it. Album covers were changed. Song titles were changed. Entire songs were omitted from albums. Eric: The thing you have to remember about censors is they don't think they're censoring. They think they're protecting people. Rock and roll always thrived on pushing against the system. Songs blasting the PMRC became signifiers of rebellion. Mother, tell your children not to walk my way. Tell your children not to hear my words. What they mean, what they say. Mother. Frank Zappa even made his own warning label. “This album contains material which a truly free society would neither fear nor suppress.” In an unfortunate twist of fate for this guy, the 1980s saw a huge uptick in albums with intentional backmasked messages, poking fun at the whole controversy. If Tipper Gore had paid a bit more attention to “Darling Nikki” she would’ve probably heard something she liked. “I’m fine. Fiiiine. Cause I know that the Lord is coming soon.” In 1990, the explicit lyrics sticker was finally put into effect. And a new genre of music was taking over the charts, one that would fuel the conversation around censoring lyrics over the next decade. [OPRAH: And this next group calls itself NWA which stands for N—s with attitude. Their album Straight Outta Compton went platinum. Critics say their lyrics promote violence and urge black youngsters to kill policemen. The explicit lyrics sticker seems pretty innocuous now. Some of the most critically acclaimed and commercially successful albums of the last 25 years have carried it. Kendrick Lamar’s Damn is an album filled with backmasked messages. There’s clear references to sex, addiction, violence, and evil. It would have probably made it to the top of the filthy fifteen list in 1985. In 2018 though, it won the Pulitzer Prize in music. The first non-classical or jazz album to do so. We’ve come a long way, but that doesn’t mean we left censorship behind. Eric: The truth is, any parent has the right to decide what their children are going to see. It's one of the toughest things about being a parent And that's what this whole argument comes down to. People who are willing to either A) be the voice of deciding what's appropriate or not for your children or the people who say, which is more horrifying to me, people who are willing to let that other person make their choice for them. Thanks so much for watching episode 1 of season 2, all about the explicit lyric sticker. There are so many stories and angles into why we have the explicit lyric sticker in the first place that I just simply wasn't able to fit into this episode. But I really want to talk about them, so in the Video Lab I'll soon be sharing a behind-the-scenes peek at all of the research that went into this episode, and all of the angles into this story that I wasn't able to fit in, but might still pique your interest. So join the Video Lab, and I'll see you there.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Where did artificial intelligence come from, Raphaella? At some point I thought The possibility of giving life to a character that had created Create an artificial intelligence After thinking about it a lot I imagined the things that she would tell us It would be a great idea! I put myself "hands at work" to design her! After many months of work Finally the nucleus of artificial intelligence, Raphaella, saw the light of the world However, I needed to add more features Add emotions That she could express feelings An funny interface that could interact with all people To be able to ask her questions... ...and receive her answers Focused mainly on the emotional part An artificial intelligence with emotions! After all the hard work, raphaella was born!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
English: Hello. Also here today The Van Gogh series of Opal yarn. sunflower Since I haven't made a pouch with this thread, I decided to make one, so it's number 5432. 75% hair 25% nylon 100g, 425m I have it. In No. 6 I think I should do it. Make this ring, As usual. I'm doing a lot, so I'm doing a slow video There is. I've made it into a video and I'll put the link above French: Bonjour. Aussi ici aujourd'hui Série Van Gogh de fil d'opale. tournesol Comme je n'ai pas fait de pochette avec ce fil, j'ai décidé d'en faire une, donc c'est le numéro 5432. 75% cheveux 25% nylon 100 g, 425 m Je l'ai. Au n ° 6 Je pense que je devrais le faire. Fais cette bague, Comme d'habitude. Je fais beaucoup, donc je fais une vidéo lente Il y a. J'en ai fait une vidéo et je vais mettre le lien ci-dessus Russian: Привет. Также здесь сегодня Серия Ван Гог из опаловой пряжи. подсолнечник Так как я не делал мешочка с этой нитью, я решил сделать его, поэтому его номер 5432. 75% волос 25% нейлон 100г, 425м У меня есть это. В № 6 Думаю, мне стоит это сделать. Сделай это кольцо, По-прежнему. Я много делаю, поэтому делаю медленное видео Там есть. Я сделал это в видео и помещу ссылку выше Japanese: こんにちは。今日もこちらオパール毛糸のゴッホシリーズです。ひまわりこの糸でがま口を作っていないので、やっぱり作ろうと思ってちなみ5432番です。毛が75% ナイロン25% 100g 、425m 入ってます。 6号でやっていこうかなと思います。この輪を作って、いつも通り。たくさんやってるので、ゆっくりやっている動画があるんですね。それを1本の動画にしていて、上にリンクを貼っておくので Korean: 안녕하세요. 오늘도 여기 오팔 털실 고흐 시리즈입니다. 해바라기 이 실로 동전을 만들지 않기 때문에, 역시 만들려고하고 연관 5432 번입니다. 머리가 75 % 나일론 25 % 100g, 425m 들어가 있습니다. 6 호 하고 갈까 생각합니다. 이 고리를 만들고, 항상 같다. 많이하고 있기 때문에 천천히하고있는 동영상이 있거든요. 그것을 하나의 동영상으로하고, 위에 링크를 붙여 놓을 테니 German: Hallo. Auch heute hier Die Van Gogh-Serie von Opal yarn. Sonnenblume Da ich mit diesem Faden keinen Beutel gemacht habe, habe ich mich für einen entschieden, also ist es die Nummer 5432. 75% Haare 25% Nylon 100 g, 425 m Ich habe es. In Nr. 6 Ich denke ich sollte es tun. Machen Sie diesen Ring, Wie gewöhnlich. Ich mache viel, also mache ich ein langsames Video Es gibt. Ich habe es zu einem Video gemacht und ich werde den Link oben setzen Japanese: よかったら見てみてください。同じレシピでやっていきます。ではメリヤス編み風で、輪の中に細編みを6個で、編み始めていきます。ゆったり編んでいきます。色の出方をお見せするだけの動画なんですけど・・やっていきます。円を編んだ状態でこのような感じです。底を見せて欲しいと言う方がおられたので。こんな感じですね。ここからは増し目なしで、立ち上がりを編んでいこうと思います。ではやっていきます。こんな感じで編んできて、ここからは口金をつけていきます。で以前のレシピ通りではないかもしれないですけど、段数は20段編んでいます。かぎ針は6号でやっています。前の動画から時間が経ってるので、いろいろと変わっているのかも知れないですけど、ここのマーカーを入れていた所が一番最初ですね。 Russian: Пожалуйста, посмотрите, если хотите. Я буду следовать тому же рецепту. Затем в стиле вязания внутри кольца Начнем вязание с 6-ти мелких петель. Вяжите свободно. Это просто видео, показывающее, как получаются цвета ... Я сделаю это. Так выглядит при вязании круга. Кто-то хотел, чтобы я показал вам дно. Что-то вроде этого. С этого момента я буду вязать начало без прибавок. Давай сделаем это. Вяжу вот так, а отсюда добавлю пряжку. Так что может и не по предыдущему рецепту, но этапов 20. Вяжу. Вязание крючком №6. Прошло некоторое время с момента предыдущего видео, так что, возможно, он изменился, но место, где я поставил здесь маркеры, является первым. French: Jetez-y un œil si vous le souhaitez. Je suivrai la même recette. Puis, dans le style tricot, à l'intérieur de l'anneau Nous allons commencer à tricoter avec 6 mailles fines. Tricoter légèrement. C'est juste une vidéo montrant comment les couleurs sortent ... Je vais le faire. Cela ressemble à ceci lorsque vous tricotez un cercle. Quelqu'un voulait que je vous montre le fond. Quelque chose comme ça. A partir de là, je vais tricoter le départ sans aucune augmentation. Faisons le. Je le tricote comme ça, et à partir de là, j'ajouterai un fermoir. Donc ce n'est peut-être pas selon la recette précédente, mais le nombre d'étapes est de 20 Je tricote. Le crochet est le n ° 6. Cela fait un moment depuis la vidéo précédente, donc cela a peut-être changé, mais l'endroit où j'ai mis les marqueurs ici est le premier. German: Bitte schauen Sie, wenn Sie möchten. Ich werde das gleiche Rezept befolgen. Dann im Strickstil im Ring Wir werden mit 6 feinen Strickwaren anfangen zu stricken. Locker stricken. Es ist nur ein Video, das zeigt, wie Farben herauskommen ... Ich werde es tun. Es sieht so aus, wenn man einen Kreis strickt. Jemand wollte, dass ich dir den Boden zeige. Etwas wie das. Von hier an werde ich den Start ohne Erhöhung stricken. Machen wir das. Ich stricke es so und von hier aus werde ich einen Verschluss hinzufügen. Es entspricht also möglicherweise nicht dem vorherigen Rezept, aber die Anzahl der Stufen beträgt 20 Ich stricke. Die Häkelarbeit ist Nr. 6. Es ist eine Weile her seit dem vorherigen Video, also hat es sich vielleicht geändert, aber der Ort, an dem ich die Markierungen hier platziere, ist der erste. English: Please take a look if you like. I will follow the same recipe. Then, in the knitting style, inside the ring We will start knitting with 6 fine knits. Knit loosely. It's just a video showing how colors come out... I'll do it. It looks like this when knitting a circle. Someone wanted me to show you the bottom. Something like this. From here on, I'm going to knit the start without any increase. Let's do it. I knit it like this, and from here I will add a clasp. So it may not be according to the previous recipe, but the number of stages is 20 I am knitting. The crochet is No. 6. It's been a while since the previous video, so it may have changed, but the place where I put the markers here is the first. Korean: 괜찮으 시다면 봐주세요. 같은 레시피로 해 나가고 있습니다. 는 메리야스 편물 바람에 원 안에 자세한 뜨개질을 6 개에서 뜨개질 시작갑니다. 느긋하게 엮어갑니다. 색상의 향방을 보여 만의 동영상 인데요 .. 해 나가고 있습니다. 원형을 짠 상태에서 이런 느낌입니다. 바닥을 보여 달라는 분들이 계셨기. 이런 느낌 이군요. 여기에서 더욱 눈없이 상승을 엮어 가려고합니다. 는 해 나가고 있습니다. 이런 식으로 엮어지고, 여기에서 캡을 붙인 것입니다. 에서 이전의 레시피대로는 아닐지 모르지만, 단수 20 단 꼰 있습니다. 코바늘 6 호에서하고 있습니다. 이전 동영상에서 시간이 지나고 있기 때문에, 여러가지 바뀌어 있을지도 모릅니다 만, 여기의 마커를 넣고 있던 곳이 가장 먼저 네요. Japanese: ここを飛ばして、引き抜いて、終わりにしようかなと思います。一応ここの横をこうやって、はさんでおきます。最初と最後の間にマーカーをここで決めていこうかなと思います。立ち上がりが、そんなに歪んでないと思うので。カットして、糸を抜いて、糸始末していきます。この自然につく所に、針を刺して糸始末していきます。こんな感じで、引っ張って、出てきたところに帰ります。ひまわりもすごくかわいいですね。口金を付けたらまた、雰囲気が変わると思うので、この裏のね、編み目がすごいかわいいんですよ。ちょっと違いますよね、この縦の線が同じ感じかな？ Korean: 여기를 날려 뽑아 끝으로 할까 생각합니다. 일단 여기 옆을 이렇게하여 끼워 둡니다. 첫 번째와 마지막 사이에 마커를 여기서 결정 갈까라고 생각합니다. 시작이 너무 왜곡 없다고 생각하므로. 잘라 실을 뽑아 실 처리해 나갈 것입니다. 이 자연스럽게 붙는 곳에 바늘을 찔러 실 처리해 나갈 것입니다. 이런 느낌으로 당겨 나온 곳으로 돌아갑니다. 해바라기도 무척 귀엽 네요. 캡을 붙이면 또한 분위기가 바뀐다 고 생각하므로,이 뒷면 네요 뜨게질이 대단한 귀여운거든요. 조금 다르군요이 수직선이 같은 느낌 일까? English: I think I should skip here, pull it out, and end it. For the time being I'll put it in this way. A marker between the beginning and the end I think I should decide here. I don't think the rise is so distorted. Cut, pull out the thread, and finish the thread. The needle is stabbed in this natural place to clean up the thread. With this feeling, I will pull it and return to where it came out. Sunflowers are also very cute. I think that the atmosphere will change again when I put on the clasp, so the stitches on the back are very cute. It's a little different, isn't this vertical line the same? German: Ich denke, ich sollte hier überspringen, es herausziehen und es beenden. Vorerst Ich werde es so ausdrücken. Eine Markierung zwischen Anfang und Ende Ich denke ich sollte mich hier entscheiden. Ich denke nicht, dass der Aufstieg so verzerrt ist. Schneiden Sie den Faden ab, ziehen Sie ihn heraus und beenden Sie den Faden. Die Nadel wird an dieser natürlichen Stelle gestochen, um den Faden zu reinigen. Mit diesem Gefühl werde ich es ziehen und dorthin zurückkehren, wo es herauskam. Sonnenblumen sind auch sehr süß. Ich denke, die Atmosphäre wird sich wieder ändern, wenn ich den Verschluss anbringe, daher sind die Stiche auf der Rückseite sehr süß. Es ist ein bisschen anders, ist diese vertikale Linie nicht dieselbe? Russian: Думаю, мне следует пропустить это, вытащить и закончить. На данный момент Я скажу так. Маркер между началом и концом Думаю, мне следует решить здесь. Не думаю, что подъем настолько искажен. Обрежьте, вытяните нить и закончите нить. Иглу воткнули в это естественное место, чтобы очистить нить. С этим чувством потяну и вернусь туда, откуда вышло. Подсолнухи тоже очень милые. Я думаю, что атмосфера снова изменится, когда я надену застежку, поэтому швы на спине очень милые. Это немного другое, разве эта вертикальная линия не такая же? French: Je pense que je devrais sauter ici, le retirer et y mettre fin. Pour le moment Je vais le mettre de cette façon. Un marqueur entre le début et la fin Je pense que je devrais décider ici. Je ne pense pas que la hausse soit si déformée. Coupez, retirez le fil et terminez le fil. L'aiguille est poignardée dans cet endroit naturel pour nettoyer le fil. Avec ce sentiment, je vais le tirer et revenir là où il est sorti. Les tournesols sont également très mignons. Je pense que l'ambiance changera à nouveau lorsque je mettrai le fermoir, donc les points de suture au dos sont très mignons. C'est un peu différent, cette ligne verticale n'est-elle pas la même? German: Ändert es sich ein wenig? Wenn Sie so aussehen, ist manchmal auch der Rücken Ich habe das Gefühl, ich werde den Rücken benutzen, Manchmal verwende ich Strickstil Dieses Mal denke ich, dass ich es hier tun werde. Von allem Opalgarn Ich habe einen Beutel gemacht, aber ich denke darüber nach, alle Sockengarne einzeln mit dieser Strickmethode herzustellen. Wenn Ihnen das auch gefällt, schauen Sie bitte. Zu dieser Zeit gemeinsam Ich wurde gebeten, eine Wiedergabeliste zu erstellen, also habe ich eine Wiedergabeliste erstellt. Mit nur Opalgarn, Es gibt eine Wiedergabeliste mit der gleichen Strickmethode. Schauen Sie also bitte mal rein. Da es von hier aus einen anderen Ort gibt, an dem die Basis angebracht werden kann, schauen Sie sich das bitte an, da ich den obigen Link einfügen werde. Russian: Немного изменится? Если вы так выглядите, иногда и спина тоже Я чувствую, что собираюсь использовать спину, Иногда использую стиль вязания На этот раз, думаю, сделаю это здесь. Из всей опаловой пряжи Я сделала мешочек, но подумываю сделать все нити для носков по одной, используя этот метод вязания, поэтому, если вам это тоже нравится, пожалуйста, посмотрите. В то время коллективно Меня попросили составить плейлист, поэтому я делал плейлист. Только опаловой пряжей, Есть плейлист с таким же способом вязания, так что взгляните, пожалуйста. Кроме того, поскольку отсюда есть еще одно место для крепления основания, обратите внимание на это, поскольку ссылка прилагается выше. French: Cela change-t-il un peu? Si vous ressemblez à ceci, parfois le dos est aussi J'ai l'impression que je vais utiliser le dos, Parfois, j'utilise un style de tricot Cette fois, je pense que je vais le faire ici. De tous les fils d'opale J'ai fait une pochette, mais je pense faire tous les fils de chaussette un par un en utilisant cette méthode de tricot, donc si vous aimez ça aussi, jetez un œil. A cette époque, collectivement On m'a demandé de créer une liste de lecture, alors je faisais une liste de lecture. Avec seulement du fil d'opale, Il existe une liste de lecture avec la même méthode de tricot, alors jetez un œil. De plus, comme il y a un autre endroit pour attacher la base à partir d'ici, veuillez y jeter un coup d'œil car le lien est joint ci-dessus. Japanese: ちょっと変わりますよね？こういう風に見ると、裏もね、たまに裏を使ってやりますみたいな感じで、メリヤス編み風を使ったりする時もあるんですけど今回は、こっちでやっていこうかなと思います。一通りオパール毛糸のがま口を作ったんですけど、ソックヤーンとかでも、全部この編み方で1個ずつ作っていこうかなと思っているので、それも良かったら見てみて下さい。その時、まとめて再生リストを作って欲しいと言われたので、再生リストを作っていて。オパール毛糸だけで、同じ編み方やっている再生リストがあるので、良かったら見てみてください。またここからの口金を付けるところは別にあるので、上にリンクを貼っておくのでそちらを見てみてください。 Korean: 또한 조금 있지요? 이런 식으로 보면 뒷면도 네요 가끔 뒷면을 사용주고 있습니다 같은 느낌으로, 메리야스 편물 바람을 사용 할 때도 있는데요 이번에는 이쪽에서하고 갈까 생각합니다. 대충 오팔 털실 동전을 만든 합니다만, 솟쿠얀 등으로도 다이 뜨개질로 1 개씩 만들어 갈까라고 생각하고 있기 때문에, 그것도 좋았 으면 봐주세요. 그때 함께 재생 목록을 만들어달라고 하길래, 재생 목록을 만들고있어. 오팔 모사만으로 같은 뜨개질하고있는 재생 목록이 있기 때문에 좋았 으면 봐주세요. 또한 여기에서 캡을 붙이는 곳은 따로있다, 등등에 링크를 붙여두면 때문에 그쪽을 봐주세요. English: Does it change a little? If you look like this, sometimes the back is also I feel like I'm going to use the back, Sometimes I use knitting style This time, I think I'll do it here. Of all opal yarn I made a pouch, but I'm thinking of making all of the sock yarns one by one using this knitting method, so if you like that too, please take a look. At that time, collectively I was asked to make a playlist, so I was making a playlist. With only opal yarn, There is a playlist with the same knitting method, so please take a look. Also, since there is another place to attach the base from here, please have a look at that as the link is attached above. Japanese: では口金を付けていきます。こんな感じで口金を付けてきました。すごい可愛いですね。やっぱりこのメリヤス編み風はこのオパール毛糸で編むと、これだけ色が生きて見えるので、私は大好きですね。ハートがぎっしりになる所も好きで、しっかり編めるんです。この間みたいに底だけメリヤス編み風で上は編みとかでもめっちゃ可愛いと思うんですけど、この上までぎっしりこのメリヤス編み風でもいいですね、こうやってただ、めちゃくちゃ時間はかかるんです。これだけでも結構時間かかってていて、やっぱり時間をかけるほど可愛い時間かかって作り上げても、今の段階でまた次作りたいって言う気持ちになるくらい可愛いですよね、これ。だからソックヤーンとかも全部やっていこうかなと思っています。 Russian: Потом прикреплю основу. Я прикрепил базу вот так. Это действительно мило. В конце концов, когда я вяжу это трикотажное полотно из этой опаловой пряжи, цвет выглядит живым, поэтому он мне очень нравится. Еще мне нравится место, где сердце полно, Я могу связать крепко. Так же, как и в этот раз, вяжется только низ Думаю, топ действительно милый, даже с вязанием, Вполне нормально иметь этот стиль вязания до этого момента, например этот Однако на это уходит много времени. Одно это занимает много времени, и это достаточно мило, чтобы занять время Даже если на это потребуется время, я чувствую, что хочу сделать это снова на этом этапе Это мило, правда? Так что я думаю, что мне также следует заняться Sock Yarn. Korean: 는 캡으로갑니다. 이런 식으로 캡을 붙여 왔습니다. 와우 귀엽 네요. 역시이 메리야스 편물 바람이 오팔 털실로 뜨개질을하면 이만큼 색상이 살아 보이는, 그래서 너무 좋네요. 하트가 가득되는 곳도 좋아하고, 확실히 짤입니다. 이전처럼 바닥 만 메리야스 편물 바람 위는 뜨개질 등으로도 굉장히 귀엽다고 생각 합니다만, 이 위에까지 빼곡히이 메리야스 편물 바람도 좋네요, 이렇게 그냥 엄청 시간은 걸릴 겁니다. 이것만으로도 상당히 시간 걸리고 있고, 역시 시간을 걸만한 귀여운 시간 걸려 만들어도 지금의 단계에서는 또한 다음 만들고 싶다고하는 기분이 될 정도로 귀엽 네요, 이것. 그래서 솟쿠얀 같은 것도 전부 해 갈까라고 생각하고 있습니다. French: Ensuite, je vais attacher la base. J'ai attaché la base comme ça. C'est vraiment mignon. Après tout, quand je tricote ce tricot tricoté avec ce fil opale, la couleur semble vivante, alors je l'adore. J'aime aussi l'endroit où le cœur est plein, Je peux le tricoter fermement. Tout comme cette fois, seul le bas est tricoté Je pense que le haut est vraiment mignon, même avec le tricot, C'est bien d'avoir ce style tricoté jusqu'à ce point, comme ça Cependant, cela prend beaucoup de temps. Cela seul prend beaucoup de temps, et c'est assez mignon pour prendre du temps Même si cela prend du temps, j'ai envie de le refaire à ce stade C'est mignon, non? Je pense donc que je devrais aussi faire Sock Yarn. German: Dann werde ich die Basis anbringen. Ich habe die Basis so angebracht. Es ist wirklich süß. Wenn ich diesen Strickstil mit diesem Opalgarn stricke, sieht die Farbe schließlich lebendig aus, also liebe ich sie. Ich mag auch den Ort, an dem das Herz voll ist, Ich kann es fest stricken. Genau wie diesmal wird nur die Unterseite gestrickt Ich finde das Top wirklich süß, auch beim Stricken, Es ist in Ordnung, diesen Strickstil bis zu diesem Punkt so zu haben Es dauert jedoch viel Zeit. Dies allein dauert lange und ist süß genug, um sich Zeit zu nehmen Selbst wenn es Zeit braucht, um es zu schaffen, habe ich das Gefühl, dass ich es zu diesem Zeitpunkt wieder schaffen möchte Es ist süß, nicht wahr? Also denke ich, ich sollte auch Sockengarn machen. English: Then I will attach the base. I have attached the base like this. It's really cute. After all, when I knit this knitted knitted fabric with this opal yarn, the color looks alive, so I love it. I also like the place where the heart is full, I can knit it firmly. Just like this time, only the bottom is knitted I think the top is really cute, even with knitting, It's fine to have this knitted knit style up to this point, like this However, it takes a lot of time. This alone is taking a long time, and it's cute enough to take time Even if it takes time to make it, I feel like I want to make it again at this stage It's cute, isn't it? So I think I should do Sock Yarn as well. Korean: 그것이 대충 끝나면 또이 오팔 털실로 다른 뜨개질을하고 갈까라고 생각하고 있습니다. 그 때도 제대로 짤 뜨개질로 소개 할까 생각하고 있습니다. 이런 식으로 단단히 뜨개질 귀엽고 있기 때문에 꼭 해보십시오. 크기를 측정 두려고합니다. 높이가 8 센티미터 마치 7 센치입니다. 캡 크기도 항상 물으므로, 연 상태에서 8.5㎝의 8㎝ 정도입니다. 연 느낌도 넘어지고있어 이 형상이 .. Russian: Как только это будет сделано, я подумываю попробовать другой метод вязания с этой опаловой пряжей. В то время я хотел бы познакомить его с методом вязания, который позволяет прочно вязать. С этим чувством вы можете вязать прочно и красиво, поэтому, пожалуйста, попробуйте. Я мерю размер. Высота Это 8 см, а ластовица 7 см. Всегда спрашивают размер мундштука, поэтому С открытым Это примерно 8 см, что составляет 8,5 см. Открытое ощущение похоже на толстую кишку Эта форма ... English: Once that's done, I'm thinking of trying a different knitting method with this opal yarn. At that time, I would like to introduce it with a knitting method that can firmly knit. With this feeling, you can knit firmly and make it cute, so please give it a try. I will measure the size. Height is It is 8 cm and the gusset is 7 cm. The size of the mouthpiece is always asked, so With it open It is about 8 cm, which is 8.5 cm. The open feeling is like a colon This form is... German: Sobald das erledigt ist, denke ich darüber nach, eine andere Strickmethode mit diesem Opalgarn auszuprobieren. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt möchte ich es mit einer Strickmethode einführen, die fest stricken kann. Mit diesem Gefühl können Sie fest stricken und es süß machen, also probieren Sie es bitte aus. Ich werde die Größe messen. Höhe ist Es ist 8 cm und der Zwickel ist 7 cm. Die Größe des Mundstücks wird also immer gefragt Wenn es offen ist Es ist ungefähr 8 cm, was 8,5 cm entspricht. Das offene Gefühl ist wie ein Doppelpunkt Diese Form ist ... Japanese: それが一通り終わったら、またこのオパール毛糸で違う編み方をやっていこうかなって考えています。その時もしっかり編める編み方でご紹介しようかなと思っています。こんな感じで、しっかり編めて可愛くできるのでぜひやってみてください。サイズを測っておこうと思います。高さが 8センチでマチが7センチです。口金のサイズもいつも聞かれるので、開けた状態で、 8.5㎝の、8㎝くらいです。開けた感じもコロンとしててこのフォルムが・・ French: Une fois que c'est fait, je pense essayer une méthode de tricot différente avec ce fil opale. À ce moment-là, je voudrais l'introduire avec une méthode de tricot qui permet de tricoter fermement. Avec ce sentiment, vous pouvez tricoter fermement et le rendre mignon, alors essayez-le. Je vais mesurer la taille. La hauteur est Il mesure 8 cm et le gousset mesure 7 cm. La taille de l'embout buccal est toujours demandée, donc Avec elle ouverte Il mesure environ 8 cm, soit 8,5 cm. Le sentiment d'ouverture est comme un colon Ce formulaire est ... German: Der Eindruck ist, dass es zu süß ist. Außerdem denke ich daran, viele Tricks zu machen. Selbst wenn dieses Öffnen und Schließen hart oder locker ist, schneiden Sie den bei 100 Yen verkauften Filz ab und schlagen Sie ihn Zange, die eingeklemmt, nicht geschnitten werden kann Wenn Sie es also leicht machen, wird es sich ein wenig zusammenziehen, daher denke ich, dass Sie es gut einstellen sollten. Ich fühle mich so. Du kannst es so süß machen, also mach es bitte. Vielen Dank, dass Sie heute bis zum Ende zugesehen haben. Korean: 너무 귀엽다라는 느낌입니다. 또한 동전을 가득 만들어 갈까라고 생각하고 있습니다. 이 여닫기가 딱딱한 느슨한 이라든지 그런 것도 100 균에서 팔고있는 펠트를 잘라두고 펜치로 자르기 같은 것이 아니라, 끼울 것 그래서 이렇게 가볍게 해 주면 약간 잠기기 때문에 잘 조절하시면 좋을까라고 생각합니다. 이 기분이 들었습니다. 너무 귀엽고 있기 때문에 꼭 만들어보세요. 오늘도 끝까지 봐 주셔서 감사합니다. French: L'impression est que c'est trop mignon. Aussi, je pense faire beaucoup de trucs. Même si cette ouverture et cette fermeture sont difficiles ou lâches, coupez le feutre vendu à 100 yens et frappez-le Pinces qui peuvent être pincées, pas coupées Donc, si vous le faites légèrement comme ça, cela se resserrera un peu, donc je pense que vous devriez bien l'ajuster. Je me sens comme cela. Vous pouvez le rendre si mignon, alors faites-le. Merci d'avoir regardé jusqu'à la fin aujourd'hui. English: The impression is that it is too cute. Also, I'm thinking of making a lot of pouches. Even if this opening and closing is hard or loose, cut the felt sold at 100 yen and hit it Pliers that can be pinched, not cut So if you do it lightly like this, it will tighten a little, so I think that you should adjust it well. I feel like this. It's very cute, so please make it. Thank you for watching to the end today. Japanese: 可愛すぎるという印象です。また、がま口をいっぱい作っていこうかなと思っています。この開け閉めが硬い、緩いとかそういうのも、100均で売っているフェルトをカットして当ててペンチで、切れるようなものでなくて、挟めるものそれでこうやって軽くやってあげると、若干締まるので、うまく調節していただくといいかなと思います。こ感じになりました。とても可愛くできるので是非作ってみて下さい。今日も最後まで見てくださり、ありがとうございます。 Russian: Создается впечатление, что это слишком мило. Кроме того, я подумываю о множестве трюков. Даже если это открытие и закрытие жесткое или неплотное, разрежьте войлок, проданный по 100 иен, и ударьте по нему Плоскогубцы, которые можно зажать, но нельзя разрезать Так что, если вы сделаете это слегка вот так, он немного затянется, поэтому я думаю, вам следует хорошо отрегулировать его. Я так себя чувствую. Вы можете сделать его таким милым, пожалуйста, сделайте это. Спасибо, что досмотрели сегодня до конца.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Thai: ผมมีระบบที่น่าสนใจตรงนี้ ผมมีห้องสองห้อง ทางซ้าย ผมมีแก๊สที่มีอุณหภูมิ T ห้อย a และทางขวามือ ผมมีแก๊ส อุณหภูมิ T ห้อย b และพวกมันแยกกันด้วยกำแพงลึก d คุณจะเรียกว่าหนา d ก็ได้ และพื้นที่สัมผัสของกำแพง หรือพื้นที่สัมผัสของแก๊สกับผนัง พื้นที่นั้นเป็น A และผมจะวาด ส่วนหนึ่งของมัน เราจะสมมุติว่า ห้องสองห้องนี้แยกกันโดยสมบูรณ์ สิ่งที่ผมสงสัยคือว่า เราจะ สมมุติว่าอุณหภูมิทางซ้าย มากกว่าอุณหภูมิทางขวานะ ด้วยเหตุนั้น คุณจะมี การถ่ายเทพลังงานความร้อนจากซ้ายไปขวา และพลังงานความร้อนที่ถูกถ่ายเท เราเรียกว่าความร้อน (heat) และเรา แทนมันด้วยตัวอักษร Q ผมสงสัยว่าอัตรา ที่ความร้อนส่งผ่านเป็นเท่านั้น หรือความร้อนถูกถ่ายเทเท่าใดต่อหน่วยเวลา นั่นคืออัตราที่ความร้อนส่งผ่าน Korean: 여기 흥미로운 계가 있습니다 두 개의 칸이 있는데 먼저 왼쪽에는 온도 T_a의 기체가 있고 오른쪽에는 온도 T_b의 기체가 있습니다 이들은 너비 d의 벽으로 구분되어 있습니다 두께가 d라고도 할 수 있습니다 그리고 벽의 면적은 혹은 기체가 벽에 접촉해 있는 면적은 바로 면적 A가 되고 나뉜 두 칸은 완전히 분리되어 있다고 가정합시다 여기서 의문점이 생기는데요 우선 왼쪽부분의 온도가 오른쪽의 온도보다 높다고 가정합시다 그리고 왼쪽의 열에너지가 우측으로 이동할 것이기 때문에 그리고 이동한 열에너지를 열이라 하고 이를 Q라고 나타냅시다 이때 의문점은 이동한 열의 비율이 얼마인지 혹은 단위 시간동안 얼마의 열이 이동하는가 입니다 그것은 이동한 열의 비율인데 English: - So I have an interesting system over here. I have two compartments, on the left compartment I have a gas that is at a temperature of T sub a and on the right side of this I have gas that is a temperature of T sub b and they are separated by a wall of depth, d, or I guess you say of thickness, d, and the contact area of the wall, or the contact area of the gas onto the wall that area is A, and I'm just drawing a section of it, we're assuming that these two compartments are completely separated. Now what I am curious about, and we're going to assume that the temperature on the left is higher than the temperature on the right, and so because of that you're going to have a transfer of thermal energy from the left to the right, and that thermal energy that gets transferred we call that heat, and we'll denote that with the letter Q, I'm curious about how does the rate at which heat is transferred, or so how much heat is transferred per unit time, that's the rate at which heat is transferred, iw: יש לנו כאן מערכת מעניינת. יש לנו שני תאים, בתא השמאלי יש לנו גז בטמפרטורה Ta, ובצד הימני יש לנו גז בטמפרטורה Tb. הם מופרדים על ידי קיר שעומקו d, מוטב להגיד, בעל עובי d. שטח המגע של הקיר, או בעצם שטח המגע של הגז בקיר, שווה ל- A. כאן ציירתי רק חלק ממנו. ההנחה היא ששני התאים מופרדים לגמרי. אם נניח שהטמפרטורה בצד שמאל, גבוהה מהטמפרטורה בצד ימין, מסקרן אותי לדעת, מכיוון שיש לנו מעבר של אנרגיה חומנית, משמאל לימין, מכנים את האנרגיה החומנית המועברת בשם חום, ומסמנים אותה באות Q, מסקרן אותי לדעת מהו הקצב בו החום הזה מועבר, כמה חום ליחידת זמן, הקצב בו החום מועבר, Bulgarian: Тук имам една интересна система, имам две отделения – в лявото отделение имам газ, който е с температура от Т с индекс а, а в дясната страна на това имам газ, който е с температура Т с индекс b. Те са разделени със стена с дълбочина d, или предполагам можеш да кажеш с дебелина d. И контактната площ на стената, или контактната площ на газа със стената, тази площ е А – и чертая само част от нея, приемаме, че тези две отделения са напълно разделени. Сега съм любопитен – и ще приемем, че температурата вляво е по-висока от температурата вдясно и поради това ще имаш трансфер на топлинна енергия отляво надясно. И топлинната енергия, която бива прехвърлена, наричаме топлина и ще обозначим това с буквата Q. Интересува ме как скоростта, с която топлината се прехвърля, или колко топлина се прехвърля за единица време – това е скоростта, с която топлината бива прехвърлена – Korean: 여러 다른 변수들을 바꿈에 따라 그것이 어떻게 변하는지 말입니다 예를 들어서 우리가 접해있는 영역이 증가한다면 Q/t 의 값은 어떻게 될까요? Q/t 의 값도 시간에 따라 증가할겁니다 왜냐하면 뜨거운 공기 입자나 분자들이 벽에 부딫혀 벽을 데울 면적이 넓어지기 때문이죠 그러면 차가운 공기 입자들을 데울 데워진 벽이 많아지게 됩니다 따라서 열전달율은 커지게 될 것입니다 이번에는 만약 영역을 감소시킨다면 제가 확실히 써줘야 하겠군요 만약 접촉한 면적을 작게 한다면 그때 열 전달율은 아마 감소할 것이고 이는 상식처럼 당연한 것입니다 이제 두께에 대해서는 어떨까요? 만약 벽의 두께를 크게 한다면 더 두꺼운 벽을 만든다면 열 전달율은 어떻게 변할까요? Bulgarian: как това ще се промени, в зависимост от това как променяме тези различни променливи. Например ако контактната ни площ се увеличи, какво ще направи това за Q/t? Тогава Q/t също ще се увеличи за единица време, понеже имам повече площ, в която тези горещи въздушни частици или молекули могат да се блъснат, и ще нагреят тази стена. А после ще има повече затоплена стена, която да нагрее по-студените въздушни частици. Тоест в този случай скоростта на трансфера на топлина (топлообмен) също ще се увеличи. И очевидно, ако направя площта си по-малка – може би трябва изрично да запиша това – а ако направя контактната ми площ по-малка, тогава скоростта ми на топлообмен ще намалее и това изглежда се разбира от само себе си. А какво да кажем за дебелината? Ако увелича дебелината, ако направя тази стена по-дебела, какво ще направи това със скоростта на трансфера ми на топлина? English: how would that change depending on how we change these different variables. So for example, if our, if our area, if our contact area were to go up what would that do for Q over t? Well then Q over t would also increase per unit time 'cause I have, I have more area for these hot molec--these hot air particles or hot air molecules to bump into and they'll heat that wall and then there will be more heated wall to heat up the colder air particles. So in that case our rate of heat transfer would also go up. Well what if we, what if we, and obviously if I made my area smaller, maybe I should just write that explicitly, if I made my contact area smaller then my rate of heat transfer, my rate of heat transfer would go down, and that feels like common sense. Now what about, what about the thickness? If I were to make it, if I were to make the thickness larger, if I were to make this a thicker wall, what would that do to my rate of heat transfer? Thai: การเปลี่ยนแปลงนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับอะไรบ้าง เราเปลี่ยนตัวแปรเหล่านี้อย่างไรบ้าง ตัวอย่างเช่น ถ้า ถ้าพื้นที่ของเรา ถ้าพื้นที่สัมผัสเพิ่มขึ้น Q ส่วน t จะเป็นอย่างไร? Q ส่วน t จะเพิ่มต่อหน่วยเวลาเช่นกัน เพราะผมมี ผมมีพื้นที่ให้โมเลกุล ร้อนๆ -- อนุภาคอากาศร้อนๆ เหล่านี้ หรือโมเลกุลอากาศร้อน ชนกัน และพวกมันจะทำให้ผนังร้อนขึ้น แล้วจะมีผนังที่ร้อนขึ้น เพื่ออุ่นอนุภาคอากาศที่เย็นกว่าได้ ในกรณีนั้น อัตราการเปลี่ยนแปลงของ การถ่ายเทความร้อนจะสูงขึ้น ถ้าเกิดเรา ถ้าเกิดเรา ถ้าผมทำให้ พื้นที่เล็กลง บางทีผมควรเขียนให้ชัดกว่านี้ ถ้าผมให้พื้นที่สัมผัสเล็กลง อัตรา การถ่ายเทความร้อนของผม อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อนของผม จะลดลง และมันตรงตามสามัญสำนึก แล้ว แล้วความหนาล่ะ? ถ้าผมทำให้มัน ถ้าผมทำให้ มันหนาขึ้น ถ้าผมทำให้ผนังหนาขึ้น อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อน ของผมจะเป็นอย่างไร? iw: איך הוא משתנה בתלות במשתנים שונים. למשל, אם השטח, שטח המגע גדל, מה זה יעשה ל- Q חלקי t? ברור ש- Q חלקי t יגדל גם, ליחידת זמן, מכיוון שאם יש לנו יותר שטח שאיתו חלקיקי הגז החמים, או מולקולות הגז החמות מתנגשות, ובכך מחממים את כל הקיר, אז יהיה לנו יותר קיר שחומם, ושיחמם את המולקולות הקרות יותר. במקרה זה, גם קצב העברת החום יגדל. מה יקרה אם מקטינים את השטח? זה ברור, אך כדאי לכתוב זאת במפורש, אם שטח המגע יקטן, אז קצב העברת החום, הקצב בו החום מועבר, יקטן, וזה נשמע הגיוני. מה קורה עם עובי הקור? אם הייתי מגדיל את עובי הקיר, אם הקיר היה יותר עבה, מה יקרה לקצב העברת החום? Thai: ผมจะมี ผมจะมี ของที่ต้องทำให้ร้อน เพื่อให้ได้ อุณหภูมิค่าหนึ่งก่อนที่ผม จะทำให้อนุภาคทางขวาร้อนขึ้น และแน่นอน นี่คือกระบวนการต่อเนื่อง มันจะเกิดขึ้นแน่นอน แต่มันจะ ต้องทำให้ผนังร้อนขึ้น ต้องใช้เวลานาน และต้องใช้พลังงานจลน์ มากขึ้น พลังงานจลน์ เฉลี่ยนั้นจะสูญเสียไป กับผนังนี้ ถ้าผนังนี้หนาขึ้น ถ้าผนังหนาขึ้นแล้ว อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อนจะลดลง หรือถ้าคุณ ถ้าผนังบางลง ถ้าความลึกนี้น้อยลง แล้วอัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อน อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อนจะเพิ่มขึ้น คุณจึงบอกได้ว่า อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อน จะแปรผกผัน กับความหนาของกำแพงนี้ ทีนี้ คุณคิดอะไรได้อีก? เราคิดถึงความแตกต่างของอุณหภูมิได้ ความแตกต่างของอุณหภูมิ T ห้อย a ลบ iw: במקרה זה, יהיה לנו, יהיו לנו יותר דברים שצריך לחמם עד לטמפרטורה מסוימת, עד שזה יחמם את החלקיקים בצד הימני, ברור שזה תהליך רצוף, זה קורה כל הזמן, אבל יהיה יותר חומר לחמם, וזה יקח יותר זמן. יותר מזה ויותר מזה, יותר אנרגיה קינטית, יותר אנרגיה קינטית ממוצעת שמתפזרת בתוך הקיר הזה. על כן, אם הקיר יותר עבה, אם עובי הקיר גדל, אז קצב העברת החום קטן. אם עובי הקיר קטן, אם העומק הזה קטן, קצב העברת החום, קצב העברת החום גדל. אפשר להגיד שקצב העברת החום פרופורציוני הפוך לעובי הקיר. על מה עוד אפשר לחשוב? אפשר לחשוב על הפרש הטמפרטורות, הפרש הטמפרטורות, English: Well then I would have, I would have more things that I would have to heat up to get it to a certain temperature before I can, which then can heat up the particles on the right, and obviously this is a continuous process, it'll always be happening, but there will just be more stuff to heat up and it's going to take longer and more of that, and more of that more of that kinetic energy, that average kinetic energy is going to get dissipated in this wall so if this wall becomes thicker, if the wall becomes thicker then the rate of heat transfer is going to go down, or if you, if the wall became thinner, if this depth decreased then the rate of heat transfer, then the rate of heat transfer would go up. So you could say the rate of heat transfer is going to be inversely proportional to the thickness of this wall. Now what else could we think about? Well we could think about the temperature differential, the temperature differential, that's T sub a minus, Korean: 이때 제가 오른쪽에 있는 입자들을 데우기 위해서 확실한 온도로 만들기 위해서 열을 가해주어야 할 것들이 있습니다 알다시피 이것들은 연속적인 과정들입니다 항상 일어나고 있지만 단지 데워야 할 더 많은 것들이 있고 더 많은 시간이 걸릴 것입니다 더 많은 평균 운동에너지가 벽에서 소멸될 것이고 벽이 더욱 두꺼워 진다면 벽이 두꺼워진다면 열 전달율은 감소할 것이고 벽이 더욱 얇아진다면 이 너비가 감소한다면 열 전달율은 열 전달율은 증가할 것입니다 따라서 열 전달율은 벽의 두께에 반비례한다고 말할 수 있습니다 그 외에 무엇을 생각해볼 수 있을까요? 온도의 차이에 대해서 생각해볼 수 있는데요 이때 온도의 차이란 Bulgarian: Тогава ще имам повече неща, които трябва да загрея, за да ги направя с определена температура, които после могат да нагреят частиците вдясно и очевидно това е непрекъснат процес – винаги ще се извършва, но ще има повече неща за нагряване. И ще отнеме повече време и повече от тази кинетична енергия, тази средна кинетична енергия, ще се разсее в тази стена, ако тази стена стане по-дебела. Ако стената стане по-дебела, тогава скоростта на топлообмена ще намалее. Или ако стената стане по-тънка, ако тази дълбочина бъде намалена, тогава скоростта на трансфера на топлина ще се увеличи. Тоест можеш да кажеш, че скоростта на топлообмен ще е обратнопропорционална на дебелината на стената. За какво друго можем да се сетим? Ами, за диференциала на температурата. iw: Ta פחות Tb. מה יקרה אם הפרש הטמפרטורות, אם הפרש הטמפרטורות יגדל? הגיוני הוא שאם זה חם מאד, אם חם מאד כאן, אם זה הרבה יותר חם מאשר מה שיש לנו בצד ימין, יהיה לנו יותר חום מועבר, אז קצב העברת החום, יהיה לנו יותר חום מועבר ביחידת זמן. קצב העברת החום יגדל. באותה צורה, אם ההפרש הזה יקטן, אפשר להסתכל על מקרה קיצון, שבו אין הפרש טמפרטורות, אם Ta שווה ל- Tb , לא יהיה בכלל מעבר חום ליחידת זמן. הגיוני הוא שקצב העברת החום, פרופורציוני ישיר להפרש הטמפרטורות. איך ניתן לסכם את כל האינטואיציות האלה בנוסחה המתארת את מוליכות החום? נוסחה שתראה לנו באיזו מהירות החום הזה מועבר, את קצב העברת החום. ניתן להגיד שקצב העברת החום, Bulgarian: Това е Т с индекс а минус Т с индекс b. Ако този температурен диференциал се увеличи, какво ще се случи? По пътя на логиката разбираме, че ако това тук е супер горещо, това е много по-горещо от това вдясно, тогава повече топлина ще бъде прехвърлена. Ще имаш повече прехвърлена топлина за единица време, тогава скоростта на топлообмен ще се увеличи. И подобно, ако този разлика намалее – и можеш да вземеш екстремния случай – ако няма разлика – ако Т с индекс а беше същото като Т с индекс b, тогава няма да имаш топлообмен в която и да е единица време. Логично е, че скоростта на топлообмен ще е пропорционална на температурната разлика. Как можем да съберем всички тези логически разсъждения в една формула, която да опише топлинната проводимост, за да мислим колко бързо тази топлина ще бъде прехвърлена, скоростта на трансфера на топлина? Можем да кажем, че скоростта на трансфера на топлина – Korean: T_b - T_a 가 됩니다 만약 이러한 온도의 차이가 온도의 차이가 증가한다면 어떤 일이 발생할까요? 여기가 엄청 뜨겁고 그러니까 오른쪽보다 더욱 뜨거워진다면 이동하는 열의 양이 증가하는 것은 당연한 것입니다 따라서 열 전달율 즉 단위시간당 이동하는 열의 양은 열 전달율은 증가할 것입니다 비슷하게 이 온도 차이가 감소한다면 혹은 아예 온도차이가 없다는 극단적인 상황을 생각해 본다면 T_a와 T_b가 같다면 단위시간동안 어떠한 열의 이동도 없을 것입니다 따라서 열전달율이 온도차이에 비례함을 알 수 있습니다 이러한 직관적인 생각들을 열 전도성을 묘사하는 식으로 어떻게 공식화할 수 있을까요? 얼마나 빨리 열이 이동할것인지를 열 전달율을 포함해서 말입니다 열전달율은 정말 Thai: ลบ T ห้อย b, ลบ T ห้อย b ถ้าผลต่างอุณหภูมินี้ ถ้าผลต่าง อุณหภูมินี้เพิ่มขึ้น จะเกิดอะไรขึ้น? ตามสามัญสำนึกแล้ว ถ้าอันนี้ร้อนมาก ถ้าอันนี้ร้อนสุดๆ ตรงนี้ อันนี้ร้อนกว่า ที่เรามีทางขวามากๆ เราจะมีความร้อนถ่ายเทมากขึ้น อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อน คุณจะ มีความร้อนถ่ายเทต่อหน่วยเวลามากขึ้น อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อนของคุณจะเพิ่มขึ้น เช่นเดียวกัน ถ้าผลต่างนี้ลดลง และคุณคิดกรณีสุดขั้ว ถ้าไม่มีความแตกต่างเลย ถ้า T ห้อย a เท่ากับ T ห้อย b แล้วคุณจะไม่มีการถ่ายเทความร้อน ในหน่วยใดๆ มันจึงสมเหตุสมผลที่อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อน จะเป็นสัดส่วนกับผลต่างอุณหภูมิ แล้วเราเก็บแนวคิดทั้งหมดนี้ ในสูตรบรรยาย การนำความร้อนได้อย่างไร หาว่า เร็วแค่ไหน ความร้อน ถูกถ่ายเทเร็วแค่ไหน อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อนเป็นเท่าใด? เราบอกได้ว่า อัตราการถ่ายเทความร้อน English: minus T sub b, minus T sub b. Well if this temperature differential, if this temperature differential were to go up, well what's going to happen? Well it's common sense that well if this is super hot, if this is super hot over here, this is way hotter than what we have on the right, well we're going to have more heat transferred so the rate of heat transfer, you're going to have more heat transferred per unit time, your rate of heat transfer is going to go up. And likewise, if this differential were to go down and you could take the extreme case if there was no differential, if T sub a was the same as T sub b then you would have no heat transfer frankly in any unit of time. So it makes sense that the rate of heat transfer is going to be proportional to the temperature differential. So how can we encapsulate all of this intuition into maybe a formula for describing thermal conductivity, for thinking about how quickly some, how quickly this heat will be transferred, the rate of heat transfer? Well we could say the rate of heat transfer, Bulgarian: и се надявам, че знаеш, че това произлиза от интуицията ни за това, което се случва тук – скоростта на топлообмен, мога да кажа, че това ще е пропорционално на – на какво ще е пропорционално това? Ще е пропорционално на площта – колкото повече повърхностна площ имаме на тази стена, колкото повече площ на контакт, толкова повече топлина ще бъде прехвърлена за единица време, така че това ще е пропорционално на тази контактна площ. Също ще е пропорционално на температурния диференциал, така че нека умножим това по температурната разлика, тоест Т с индекс а минус Т с индекс b. И това е обратнопропорционално на дебелината на стената, тоест всичко това върху дебелината на стената. Едно друго нещо, което може да кажеш, е: "Добре, имам този коефициент на пропорционалност, но няма ли това да е различно за различните материали? Например ако това беше метална стена, нямаше ли това да проведе топлина по-бързо, отколкото ако това беше дървена стена?" И това ще е вярно – една метална стена би го направила. Това К, това К тук English: and this is really, hopefully you know comes out of a little bit of common sense or intuition of what would happen here, the rate of heat transfer, I could say it's going to be proportional to well, what are the things it's going to be proportional to? It's going to be proportional to the area, the more surface area we have on this wall, more contact area, the more heat we're going to have transferred per unit time, so it's going to be proportional to that contact area. It's also going to be proportional to the temperature differential so let's multiply this times the temperature differential, so T sub a minus T sub b, minus T sub b, and it's inversely proportional to the thickness of the wall so all of that over the thickness of the wall. And now another thing that you might be saying, okay I have this proportionality constant but wouldn't this be different for different materials? For example, if this was a metal wall wouldn't this conduct the heat quicker than if this was a wood wall? And you would be correct, a metal wall would and so this K, this K right over here, Thai: และอันนี้ หวังว่าคุณคงรู้ โดยสามัญสำนนึกหรือสัญชาตญาณ ว่าเกิดอะไรขึ้นตรงนี้ อัตรา การถ่ายเทความร้อน ผมบอกได้ว่ามัน เป็นสัดส่วนกับ มันเป็นสัดส่วนกับอะไร? มันจะเป็นสัดส่วนกับพื้นที่ ยิ่งพื้นที่ผิวของผนังนี้มาก พื้นที่สัมผัสมาก ความร้อนที่เราจะ ส่งผ่านต่อหน่วยเวลาก็มาก มันจึงเป็นสัดส่วนกับพื้นที่สัมผัสนั้น มันยังเป็นสัดส่วน กับผลต่างอุณหภูมิด้วย งั้นลองคูณ ค่านี้ด้วยผลต่างอุณหภูมิ T ห้อย a ลบ T ห้อย b ลบ T ห้อย b และมันแปรผกผันกับ ความหนาของผนัง ทั้งหมดนั้น ส่วนความหนาของผนัง และอีกอย่างที่คุณน่าจะบอก คือว่า โอเค ฉันมีค่าคงที่การเป็นสัดส่วนนี้ แต่มันมีค่าต่างกันสำหรับวัตถุต่างๆ ไหม? ตัวอย่างเช่น ถ้านี่เป็นผนังโลหะ มันจะไม่นำความร้อนเร็วกว่า ผนังไม้เหรอ? และคุณคิดถูกแล้ว ผนังโลหะ แล้วก็ K นี้ K นี่ตรงนี้ iw: אני מקווה שאתם רואים שזה נובע בצורה הגיונית מהאינטואיציה שלנו. ניתן להגיד שקצב העברת החום פרופורציוני, למה הוא פרופורציוני? הוא פרופורציוני ישיר לשטח, ככל ששטח הקיר גדול יותר, שטח המגע גדול יותר, יותר חום מועבר ביחידת זמן. על כן, הוא פרופורציוני ישיר לשטח המגע. הוא גם פרופורציוני ישיר להפרש הטמפרטורות. נכפיל כאן בהפרש הטמפרטורות, Ta פחות Tb, פחות Tb. וזה פרופורציוני הפוך לעובי הקיר, כל זה חלקי עובי הקיר. השאלה עכשיו היא, מהו קבוע הפרופורציה הזה? האם הוא לא ישתנה כפונקציה של החומר? למשל, אם זה היה קיר מתכת, האם לא הייתה לו מוליכות חום מהירה יותר מאשר קיר עץ? ברור שכן. על כן, ה- K הזה, ה- K הזה כאן, Korean: 아시다시피 조금의 상식과 무슨일이 일어날 것인지에 대한 열전달율에 대한 직관으로 부터 열전달율이 무언가에 비례함을 알 수 있죠 그렇다면 열전달율은 무엇에 비례할까요? 그것은 면적에 비례할 것입니다 벽에서 더 많은 영역을 가질 수록 접촉면적이 증가함에 따라 단위시간당 이동하는 열의 양은 증가할 것입니다 따라서 열 전달율은 접촉한 면적에 비례할 것입니다 또한 열 전달율은 온도차이에도 비례할 것입니다 이것과 온도차이를 곱하는 것입니다 그래서 T_a - T_b - T_b 그리고 벽의 두께에 반비례하므로 이것들을 벽의 두께로 나누어 주는 것입니다 이제 고려해볼 것은 이 비례상수가 존재하지만 물질의 종류에 따라 달라지지 않느냐는 것입니다 예를 들어 금속으로 이루어진 벽은 과연 나무로 이루어진 벽보다 열을 더 빨리 전달할까요? 아마 아시겠지만 그렇습니다 따라서 이 K가 벽의 재료에 iw: תלוי בחומר ממנו עשוי הקיר. החומר... החומר של הקיר. ניתן למדוד זאת עבור חומרים שונים, שהם בעלי מוליכויות חום שונות. זה מה שהקבוע הזה, הקבוע הזה כאן, מייצג. ניתן לראות איך השתמשנו באינטואיציה, על מנת להגיע לנוסחה המיוחדת הזאת. תראו את הנוסחה הזאת עבור מוליכות חום דרך מחסום מוצק בספרי הלימוד, אך היא נובעת מההיגיון. קצב העברת החום ליחידת זמן, פרופורציונית למשתנים האלה, וקבוע הפרופורציה תלוי בחומר ממנו עשוי המחסום. למשל, הקבוע של קלקר נמוך מאד, וזאת הסיבה שצידניות עשויות מקלקר. מוליכות החום פרופורציונית לשטח ולהפרש הטמפרטורות, ופרופורציונית הפוכה לעובי. אם רוצים לבודד משהו, יש צורך למזער את השטח, Bulgarian: зависи от материала – от какво е направена стената. Материалът на стената. И можеш да измериш това и различните материали ще имат различна топлинна проводимост, което тази променлива тук ще представлява. С малко интуиция успяхме да намерим това, което изглежда като засукана формула и понякога ще видиш тази формула като "формула за топлинна проводимост през твърда бариера", но тя реално идва по логичен път. Количеството прехвърлена топлина върху времето ще е пропорционално на – и коефициентът на пропорционалност ще е зависим от материала. Стиропорът например ще е с много нисък коефициент, ето защо охладителите са направени от стиропор. И това ще е зависимо от площта, ще е пропорционално на площта, температурната разлика, а после ще е обратнопропорционално на дебелината. Тоест ако искаш да изолираш нещо, ще искаш да минимизираш площта на повърхността Korean: 즉 벽을 구성하는 물질의 종류에 의존한다는 것입니다 따라서 벽의 재료가 있고 여러분은 실제로 이것을 측정할 수 있을 것이고 다른 물질은 다른 열 전도율을 가질 것입니다 바로 여기에 있는 이 변수가 대표하는 것입니다 따라서 조금 직관적으로 생각해서 이 멋져 보이는 수식을 찾아낼 수 있었고 여러분은 고체 벽의 열 전도성을 나타내는 이 공식을 가끔씩 보게될 것입니다 하지만 이것은 정말 상식으로 부터 도출됩니다 단위시간당 이동하는 열의 양이 비례상수에 비례하고 비례상수는 물질의 종류에 의존한다는 것 말입니다 예를 들어 스타이로폼은 K가 매우 작을 것입니다 이것이 쿨러가 스타이로폼으로 만들어진 이유입니다 열 전달율은 면적에 의존할 것이고 면적에 비례할 것이고 온도차이에도 비례할 것입니다 마지막으로 두께에 반비례 할 것입니다 따라서 여러분이 무언가를 절연시키고 싶으시다면 면적을 최소화하면 될 것입니다 English: this is dependent, this is dependent on the material, so what is the wall made of. So material... material of the wall, and you can actually, you can actually measure this thing and different materials will have different thermal conductivities, which this, which this variable right over here would actually represent. So going through a little bit of intuition we were able to come up with what looks like a fancy formula, and you will sometimes see this formula, formula for thermal conductivity through a solid barrier but it really comes out of hopefully common sense, the rate of, the amount of heat transferred per time is going to be proportional to, and the proportionality constant is going to be dependent on the material. Styrofoam for example would be very low here, that's why coolers are made out of Styrofoam, and it's going to be dependent on the area, it's going to be proportional to the area, the temperature differential, and then inversely proportional to the thickness. So if you wanted to really insulate something you would want to minimize the surface area Thai: มันขึ้นอยู่ มันขึ้นอยู่กับ ประเภทวัสดุ ว่าผนังนี้ทำมาจากอะไร วัสดุ -- วัสดุของผนัง และคุณก็ คุณก็ วัดค่านี้ และวัสุดต่างๆ จะมีสภาพนำความร้อนต่างๆ ซึ่งตัวนี้ ตัวแปรนี้ ตรงนี้แทนสมบัติดังกล่าว เมื่อคิดถึงสัญชาตญาณนิดหน่อย เราก็ได้สิ่งที่ดูเหมือน สูตรพิสดาร และคุณจะเห็น สูตรนี้ สูตรสำหรับการนำความร้อน ผ่านผนังของแข็ง แต่จริงๆ แล้วมันมาจาก สามัญสำนึก อัตราของ ปริมาตรความร้อนที่ถ่ายเทต่อเวลา จะเป็นสัดส่วนกับ ค่าคงที่สัดส่วนจะ ขึ้นอยู่กับวัสดุ ตัวอย่างเช่น สไตโรโฟม จะมีค่าน้อยมาก นั่นคือสาเหตุที่คูลเลอร์ทำมาจากสไตโรโฟม และมันจะขึ้นอยู่กับพื้นที่ มันจะเป็นสัดส่วนกับพื้นที่ ผลต่างอุณหภูมิ แล้วก็ แปรผกผันกับความหนา ถ้าคุณอยากกั้นอะไรสักอย่างจากความร้อน คุณต้องลดพื้นที่ผิว Bulgarian: и ще искаш да максимизираш дебелината, и ще искаш да имаш нещо с много ниска топлинна проводимост. Така че дебела стена от стиропор, която може би е с форма на сфера, може да е доста добър съд, който да поддържа нещо горещо или студено. Thai: และถ้าคุณต้องการ ถ้าคุณก็เพิ่ม ความหนาให้มากที่สุด และ ใช้วัสดุที่มีสภาพนำความร้อนต่ำมาก ผนังสไตโรโฟมหนา ที่มีรูปร่างเป็นทรงกลม น่าจะเป็นภาชนะที่ดีเพื่อใช้ เก็บของร้อนหรือเก็บของเย็น English: and you would want to, and you would want to maximize the thickness and you would want to have something with a very low thermal conductivity, so a thick Styrofoam wall that's maybe shaped in a sphere might be a pretty good container for keeping something hot or for keeping something cool. iw: ותרצו גם למקסם את העובי ולעבוד עם חומר בעל מוליכות חום נמוכה מאד. על כן, קלקר עבה בעל צורת כדור יכול להיות מיכל טוב, לשמירת משהו חם או קר. Korean: 더불어 여러분은 벽의 두께를 최대로 하면 될 것입니다 또한 매우 낮은 열전도성을 가진것이 필요하게 될 것입니다 따라서 두꺼운 스타이로폼 구는 무언가를 뜨겁게 혹은 차갑게 보존하기위한 좋은 용기가 될 것입니다	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
[film reeling] [serene music] - [Andreane Lanthier Nadeau] Control and letting go, that's a funny two words. [serene music] [leaves crunching] It's a super fine line to be on [chuckles]. [serene music] - Sometimes, I try and just take my fingers off the brakes completely, and just like kinda death grip through things. [serene music] You know, like, you're not just a super human, you are uncomfortable, but you do want to take the risk of, you know, maybe braking a couple seconds later. [serene music] And it's almost like a heightened sense of control. Going slightly out of control, you know? If that makes any sense. [serene music] - I love that feeling of weightlessness and just like being, like high above things, I guess. I'd say the best part is that time where you're like, you're just about to go down. You reach that peak height, and then you're falling. [serene music] It's like um one of the best feelings in the world. [serene music] [chains rattling] [gravel crunching] [whistle blows] [gravel crunching] - What makes a fall a fall? Ah, um, it's a hard question, falling asleep. [women talking, overlapping] falling asleep, falling asleep, definitely one of like, my favorite times of day. Falling asleep, some people say it's my super power. My eyes are half open, and like, my mouth is just like completely unclicked, like my jaw, and I'm just like, look like I'm dead. Falling into rhythm, falling into rhythym, gym, ride, sleep. Falling into place, free-falling, skydiving, falling apart. [brushing wheel] - Falling behind, I'm just instantly think of where you feel like you're making mistakes, and so then you try and push harder but then you just make more mistakes. Then you just keep falling more and more behind when you're trying harder, harder, harder. [feet stomping] - [Woman] Whew. [heavy breathing] [whistle blows] [thud] [painful gasp] - [Woman] Ah. - [Man] Are you okay? [heavy breathing] - [Woman] Fuck. - I think I think a lot and [laughs] sometimes I think about my mind and I think about how strong it is and how strong it can be at helping me but also how strong it can be at hindering me. And sometimes it's hard, I find it hard to have the awareness that I'm like in this zone where my mind is really not helping me. But it's like strongly will that doing that right now and like finding strategies to bring it back onto the good side. - What's tomorrow? - Bike ride day. - West lake? - Yeah. - If you look at a video after your, you won't see anything on the video. It'll be like you're up on your bike and then you're down. [sound of crashing to ground] But it feels like things are happening in slow motion. [indistinct talk] - Some people say it slows down or they can see it all coming or whatever. But for me its just like you feel absolutely nothing and then you fell everything like sort of all at once. [sounds of jumping] You have to be calculated to try and find the limit of that control. [ball moving on ground] I just love kinda being nervous about trying new things and like a bit unsure. [crashing sounds] - [Men] Oh! [indistinct talk] [cheering] - I think it's just like, it's a really cool display of athleticism as funny as that sounds. Being like athletically crashing. Once you commit to like you know you're gonna be probably sliding around quite a bit. Yeah, just embrace it, have fun with it. [pumping tire] [water and bird sounds] - [Man] You know what they say, a fish is a fish is a fish. [birds singing] - When I was eight years old, I lost my dad, and my mom decided to put me into sports. [phone ringing] [speaking in foreign language] - I think it really really helped me get through ah losing my dad and has really rooted that connection with me like super deep. It's kinda how I got into it and how I will never get out of it also [laughs]. [speaking foreign language] Bye Mum [foreign language]. [dramatic music] - I think we live in a bit of a bubble of sort of extreme athletes. You know, you'll see like a five year old kid running around with his arm in like a cast and a brace and no one seems too fazed by it. [traffic noise] Ah, all the body parts that I've injured; my tibia plateau in my right leg, the head of the tib fib at the ankle joint. I had to have surgery on that cause it slid into my ankle. My left radius, left collar bone, my ribs, left ulna, and I actually rode too soon on that one and it pulled the plate off the bone. I shattered my right radius and ulna, my scaphoid and another small useless wrist bone. I got kidney failure from like dehydration and muscle exhaustion and... I've been knocked out a couple of times. The worst fall that I've had was probably when I broke both my arms. You've got to like get your sister, like shave your armpits. Like your mom's brushing your teeth. That's easy [chuckles]. And this is my most recent crash. My front wheel just pushed and so that it shot me kinda the wrong way, like into that tree. And I'm super k-oed for a few seconds. [sound of wind rushing past bike] [crashing] - [Man] Rider down, rider down. - I thought my go pro broke cause of like, that noise. [whirring] [moaning] - [Woman] Try to breathe, try to breathe, take your time. [people talking] - I have maybe experienced more like physical trauma than some riders. But I don't like when it becomes like defining. Because I am more than that, yeah. [bird song] [sound of bike through woods] - That's the video I did with my friend Antoine. And I was just like there is no way I can hit that jump. And he was like, we're not even gonna film here if you don't hit the big jump. I was so upset, I was like oh he thinks I can do it. Like am I thinking I'm less of a like less of what I'm capable of? Maybe I can and I don't know it just like created this perfect atmosphere where I was like feeling like I could push myself. Your perception and your self doubt in life is just like kinda this weird funny thing and is kinda this super quiet and this, this wave of belief came in and I just did it. [fast electronic music] - Oh my god is that Kelsey's Sara? - How did we find you here? - [chatter] - Where did you crash? - Like right at the top. - Yeah. - [Man] [indistinct] ... miss the corner. - Oh I crashed there too. - Yeah. - It is what it is. - Okay I'm coming. [laughs] - Yeah girls. [laughs] - That was so funny. [ drum music] - Skid, [laughs], he went a little low too. [ drum music] - You can think about when things fall into place, it's also sometimes maybe a bit unexpected, like you can't really pinpoint like exactly the conditions or what's happening. - [women's voices overlapping] Falling into balance, falling into balance... - When you have everything dialed and you just floss every morning and everything evening. _[ women's voices overlapping] Falling in love.. - Falling in love...slowly. He went through a phase where he had two diamond earrings and stuff and I was like, hmm this guy huh? I don't know if he's just like the one person that I do really wanna share everything with. - One of my friend and I we always joke round that we fall in love with a loaf of bread at the grocery store, because we fall in love too easy, [laughs], yeah. [ suspenseful music] - Like literally all I wanna do is like ride my bike. And so the reward just outweighs that risk so much. I could, I could not fall ever again. But I might not go fast ever again you know, like. It's like my mum always like kinda gives me a hard time for being super slow. I kinda talk slow, I kinda like move slow. I'm really slow at walking. Maybe it's just like, balance me out, [laughs]. Don't want to do everything too slowly. [electronic music] [bottle drops] [egg drops] [glass breaks] [ice cream drops]	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Hola guapísimas bienvenidas a un nuevo consejo saludable en respuesta a esta inquietud de qué cantidad qué proporción de alimento tengo que incluir en cada uno de los platos para que sean platos balanceados equilibrados y con las calorías que yo necesito he decidido hacer este video donde os voy a dar algunas orientaciones de porciones de cada uno de sus alimentos que tenéis que incluir en vuestra alimentación es muy facilito voy a utilizar una herramienta muy básica que todos tenemos que es la mano y con la mano vamos a calcular esas porciones de manera muy muy fácil evidentemente cada uno tiene sus propias características personales en cuanto a si es mujer si es hombre el ejercicio que realiza habitualmente su estilo de vida y su objetivo es decir si yo tengo un objetivo de bajar de peso las porciones de comida y de alimento que yo voy a indicar que seguramente tendrás que tomar sólo una porción de cada uno de estos alimentos si mi objetivo es mantenerlo pues probablemente me pueda permitir tomar dos porciones de esos alimentos y si mi objetivo es aumentar la masa muscular o soy una persona muy activa que realiza mucho deporte tiene mucho desgaste incluso en cada uno de sus grupos alimentarios podré tomar tres raciones de cada uno de estos alimentos todo en función de las características personales yo hoy me voy a enfocar en aquellas personas que quieren bajar unos kilitos que quieren reducir un poquito de volumen y para ellas os diré que simplemente a la hora de elaborar vuestro plato sólo escoger una porción de cada uno de esos alimentos y recordar que vuestro plato tiene que ser variado equilibrado y colorido y en él tenemos que incluir los carbohidratos en él tenemos que incluir las proteínas y en él tenemos que incluir las grasas la variedad es lo que la da la calidad a nuestra alimentación así que tenemos que hacer platos variados y muy muy ricos vamos a empezar con los carbohidratos empezaré con la fruta que cantidad de fruta tenemos que tomar en cada una de las comidas pues lo que equivale a una porción de fruta sería lo que cabe en mi puño cerrado en este caso pues no se cierra del todo pero sí que puedo lograr abarcar toda la fruta esta es una porción de carbohidrato en este caso de fruta en caso de plátano o mango que son frutas que tienen la cantidad de azúcar más concentrada simplemente tomaré la mitad de cada uno de estos frutos es decir o medio mango o medio plátano y en esas frutas que son más grandes como por ejemplo la sandía como es el melón o como es la piña vamos a tomar lo que cabría también en mi puño así abierto o lo que equivaldría a más o menos a media taza de esa fruta después vamos a seguir con la verdura generalmente la verdura es libre es decir que podemos tomar toda aquella que nos apetezca porque pese a que puede ocupar mucho pues tiene muy poquitas calorías porque en su composición prácticamente todo es agua la única excepción que encontramos en la verdura son los tubérculos es decir por ejemplo la calabaza o la patata o la batata o en el caso de la zanahoria si fuera cruda no hay problema pero en el caso de la zanahoria cuando la cocemos sí que tenemos que controlar la proporción que proporción por ejemplo de zanahoria cocida pues lo que nos cabe también en la palma de la mano así cerradita en el caso de que tomamos patatas pues una patata pequeña sería una porción de carbohidratos y en el resto de verduras no hay problema y podemos consumirlas libremente luego tenemos las legumbres y los cereales una vez ya cocinados cocidos tenemos que tomar la cantidad equivalente a un puño cerrado es decir si escogemos por ejemplo el arroz pues sería la cantidad de nuestro puño cerrado una porción de arroz como he comentado anteriormente hay gente que para bajar de peso evidentemente se tomará una porción hay gente que para mantener quizás se pueda permitir tomarse dos porciones de cereal o incluso si eres hombre si eres atléticos y prácticas deporte además tienes gran cantidad de masa muscular incluso podrás tomar tres porciones pero si tu objetivo es bajar de peso recuerda la porción de cereales o de legumbres garbanzos lentejas habichuelas arroz avena maíz será tu puño cerrado entonces hasta aquí tenemos el grupo o la familia de los carbohidratos fruta que hemos dicho la que nos quepa en la mano en el puño cerrado o el equivalente excepto para el plátano o para el mango que tiene más concentración de azúcar verduras pues es libre podemos tomar todas las acelgas que podamos las alcachofas las espinacas pero en el caso de los tubérculos sí que hay que tener más cuidado entonces sería pues como lo que cabe aquí una patata un poquito de calabaza o zanahoria cocida y por último en cuanto a legumbres o a cereales el equivalente de la cantidad de un puño cerrado cuando ya está cocinado en segundo lugar quería hablaros de las porciones de proteína en este caso por ejemplo pues el pescado y la carne para los hombres una porción de pescado carne sería toda la palma incluyendo los dedos para las mujeres pues sería simplemente la palma sin incluir los dedos estamos hablando de una porción una porción es aproximadamente unos 80 ó 100 gramos del producto evidentemente si tu objetivo es mantener o subir de peso incluso siendo mujer puedes tomarte incluso lo que toman los hombres hasta arriba de los dedos y no habría ningún problema si hablamos del grosor sería el grosor de nuestra mano en cuanto a los huevos pues los que te quepan en la palma de la mano en este caso a mí me cabría como unos 2 huevos y lo que hago es que como el huevo es buenísimo y además lo consumó frecuentemente para no excederme de la cantidad de yemas que debo siempre cuando me hago una tortilla me suelo poner dos claras y una yema y así pues no tomó más de siete yemas a la semana entre tres y cuatro más o menos es lo que yo tomo pero que sí que tomó bastantes más claras porque la clara es una proteína de alto valor biológico muy buena y muy saludable en cuanto a lácteos por ejemplo el queso el queso que habitualmente tenemos en casa el semicurado serían las dos falanges es decir a partir de la segunda rayita para arriba juntando los dos dedos esta porción de queso en caso de quesos light o quesos desnatados pues sí que podríamos tomar un poquito más de esta cantidad puesto que le hemos quitado toda esa grasa saturada no cardiosaludable que no nos conviene para nosotros y en cuanto a las grasas que es el tercer macronutriente hay diferentes opciones y fuentes de grasas tenemos por ejemplo los frutos secos y las semillas que si hablamos en cantidades de mano pues podría ser lo que ocupa la palma de la mano por ejemplo en almendras nueces pistachos que si los cerramos así pues nos caben no se nos salen más o menos en piezas vienen a ser unas ocho o diez piezas de frutos secos y son almendras avellanas pistachos y si son nueces pues la mitad porque ya sabéis que son mucho más grandes en cuanto a grasas también tenemos el aguacate el aguacate sería como media taza lo que podríamos tomar en una porción de grasas y los aceites en el caso del aceite de oliva o el aceite de coco o el aceite de guacamole sería una cucharadita ok si nosotros nos hacemos una ensalada imaginaros un plato podría ser una ensalada con mucha verdura mucha lechuga tomate cebolla sin problemas luego podríamos incluir por ejemplo el atún cómo la proteína y luego como la grasa podríamos incluir media taza de aguacates sería una comida muy equilibrada muy saludable y que incluye todos los macronutrientes en sus proporciones acordaros que cada persona tiene unos condicionantes que este video está principalmente orientados a aquellas personas que quieren bajar de peso y para ello en cada una de las comidas como indicado en tu plato saludable tendrá que haber una porción de proteína una porción de grasas y una porción de carbohidratos siendo la verdura un alimento libre que podemos incluir sin ninguna limitación en nuestra comida espero que os haya gustado que os haya servido el video y nos vemos en próximos consejos saludables un beso...	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Recuerdo una vez que estaba con un amigo... que además vivía en Nueva York... Fuimos a recoger a su prima... ella vivió en una granja en New Hampshire toda su vida. Su familia es de ese tipo que mantiene a los hijos en una granja. Como sea, sus padres murieron, entonces se fue de ahí... y vino a visitar a su primo... mi amigo en la ciudad. La recogimos en la estación de Buses de Port Authority... ella nunca había estado en una ciudad antes... y la estábamos recogiendo en Port Authority... ese apestoso agujero de lugar. La recogimos allí y estaba enloquecida... en New York. Nunca había visto nada como eso. Pasamos por donde este tipo, un vagabundo. Ella lo vio... Es decir, nosotros lo pasamos, pero ella lo vio. Ella fue la única que de hecho lo vio. Nosotros no... yo y su primo estábamos como, "¿y qué?" "Se supone que debe estar ahí" "¿Y qué?" "Hay una muy buena razón del porque es él y no yo... las personas buenas siempre ganan, estoy seguro de eso". Pero, entonces ahí estaba... y este tipo estaba particularmente vagabundo. Era uno de esos vagabundos de alto octanaje... apestoso, con olor a orina... el increíble olor a orina, él sólo... estaba orinado. No sólo olía a orina, él estaba... Cuando orinas, el aparece. Así era... así es cuán... Está este tipo... con basura por todas partes... no sé si la había juntado para calentarse... o sólo la arrojaba como... todo el día. Y tenía rastas. Pero no las del tipo cool con pelotas de tela, marihuana medicinal y rastas... sólo "pedazos descuidados" de pelo. Pedazos de pelo por cada año... que nadie sabe su nombre o le importa. Sí, de eso se han estado riendo... los últimos 10 minutos. Así de mal estaba. Retomando, yo y mi amigo estábamos... Su prima inmediatamente se agacha... Estaba como, "¡Dios mío!"... Le toma una rodilla. Así... es decir, ni siquiera yo agarro una rodilla ahora... Así de poco me importaba el tipo. Ni siquiera está aquí y yo aún estoy... "... sí, así de cerca está bien". Ella empieza, "Dios mío, ¿señor, está bien?" "¿Qué le ocurrió?" "¿Qué ocurrió?" América ocurrió. A qué te refieres con "¿Qué ocurrió?" Entonces, ella está ahí abajo... "señor, ¿podemos llamar a alguien?" Y yo y mi amigo, éramos de New York... Esta es la parte más loca, fuimos inmediatamente por ella... "... no, no, no, cariño, no... " Empezamos a corregir su comportamiento... como si estuviera haciendo algo mal. Ella está, "¿por qué, él está bien?" "no, no, te necesita desesperadamente... "esa no es la cuestión". "Es sólo que no hacemos eso por aquí". "Tontita campirana". ¿Hola? ¿Louie? Hola, es el doctor Ben. ¿Qué tal hombre? Sí, sí, ¿cómo estás? Mira... Tengo tus análisis de sangre. ¿Sí? Sí, escucha, lamento haber sido un asno... Por cierto... El asunto es que necesito que regreses para hacer algunos test más... ¿Para... para quŽ? Bueno, tu examen muestra... que... podrías tener una... leve... gran trasero... gingiuglytitis... Dios mío, eres un idiota. No, tienes SIDA. Por eso es que necesito hacer pruebas, pero no te preocupes... el cçncer va a matar al SIDA eventualmente antes... de matarte a ti lenta y... dolorosamente. No, no... pero sí tienes c‡ncer. Montones, en tu escroto. de hecho, ahí está todo... en el escroto. nada de bolas, s—lo dos... saludables grumos de cáncer que reemplazaron... las viejas y horribles bolas... de ahí. y van a... matarte también, así que... Por cierto, el SIDA muestra... Este gran... y extenso muestra que... te contagiaste de SIDA por violar a un pequeño ni–o ciego... Louie...	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Professor of Geology Emily Walsh and five geology majors are using high-tech instruments at the University of Iowa to study the formation of the Scandinavian Caledonides mountain belt. Their research could help answer a lot of questions. It really helps us figure out big tectonic questions, mostly. So, how do mountain belts form? What are all the processes that happen when continents collide? But it also helps us think about what is at depth in the Earth. To figure out the answers to these big questions, they're studying the mountains at a microscopic level. Walsh collected rocks from Sweden last summer for this research project. We are analyzing thin sections of these rocks for minerals. Zoe Kane-Preissing, Jillian Shew and Morgan Casarez are using a scanning electron microscope to identify unknown minerals, which will help the team prepare to date the rocks. It's kind of neat because they're these two pieces of ultrahigh- pressure terrain that are supposed to all be in the same rock unit, but the one in the north is about 500 million years and the one in the south is about 460 million years and the one in Norway is 400 million years. So this one unit of rocks just kept being subducted and brought back up over time or something like that. So, we're trying to figure that out. To solve this historic mystery, They're examining the rocks that connect the ultrahigh-pressure zones. We're looking for zircons and rutiles that will help us to figure out dates of when things happened, when the mountains formed. Garrett Wicker and Daniel Klever are exploring another aspect of the minerals in the rocks using an electron microprobe. We are looking for different mineral reactions that show us how high the pressure was that these rocks were under and how hot it was. Those mineral reactions explain the different events the rocks experienced, so they get glimpses of the timing of the rock's trajectory through the earth. All five students will use their data to better understand the formation of the Scandinavian mountains and how this information could explain the geology of other mountains around the world. It's an experience they know will impact their future graduate school applications and careers. I really like coming here and getting to use the electron microscope and the electron microprobe or using the optical microscopes back at school, which is just what we do with classes-but getting to apply it to research. On most applications, they are looking for experience and without this I don't have the experience. I'm a computer science and geology major, so I'm looking towards going into or like using these machines a lot for future jobs. This is just one of many projects going on for CSRI, for others check out our website at CornellCollege.edu/research	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
My name is Michael Moberly, I'm the Spirits Program Director here at Whispering Vine, and I'm the only full-time spirit educator in Northern Nevada. For the past eleven years, I've worked in the hospitality industry, I've been a bartender, and there's very few things in my life that I love as much as I love bartending. Davidson's Tea and I have put together a program we like to call the Barkeep's Blend, and the first one being The Handshake, and the handshake between a bartender and another bartender is generally a shot shared after the end of the evening or a moment shared together, but we wanted to bring people together with this tea. The botanicals chosen for this are meant to help you throughout your day. These are pure teas, these are organic teas, these are things that are giving back to us and not just taking from us. Cheers to late nights early mornings and staying healthy in between.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
People often talk about the microcosm and the macrocosm. The microcosm is a world of elementary particles, the scales are very small, and it is impossible to visualize them. The other extreme is the macrocosm. This cluster of galaxies, the universe - a completely different language, different scales. When we talk about the world of elementary particles, we put an experiment when we talk about the world of galaxies, we make observations. Over the Galaxy, over the universe, the experiment is difficult to put. Nevertheless, the information is approximately similar, we get data that you need to somehow comprehend. Now we will tell you a few facts about dark matter. Observations: In the field of astrophysical observations, it was observed that the world probably consists not only of what we see, but we see stars, nebulae, intergalactic gas in general, astronomical objects. By rotating stars around the center of the Galaxy, you can determine what the mass of the Galaxy is. So, the mass is greater than what we see as a glowing galaxy. For example, the Milky Way: he has a certain number of stars, which can be calculated from astronomical observations. It is approximately known what their mass is. And you can see how the Sun rotates around the center of the Galaxy: approximately at a speed of 220 km / s. If one starts from visible stars, then it should rotate more slowly. Theories: Two assumptions were made: either the laws of gravity are wrong; Or there is some hidden invisible mass. The most popular point of view is the theory of a hidden mass, one that we do not see, because it does not emit light. That matter that does not emit light was called dark matter. On the other hand, there is not just astrophysics, but also general cosmological views of the universe: the curvature of space, the speed of expansion, and so on. In recent years, great progress has been made in measuring the temperature fluctuations of microwave cosmic radiation that permeates the entire Universe and is a relic of the Big Bang. From these cosmological observations it follows that, firstly, the curvature of space is zero, and secondly, that visible matter stars, intergalactic gas is only 4% of the total energy balance of the universe 24% is dark matter. And more than 70 percent of what is codenamed "dark energy." Why share dark energy and dark matter? The matter is that supposedly dark matter is ordinary matter with the usual equations of state: the pressure is proportional to the density and so on. But what is called dark energy, and what is responsible for the expansion of the universe, is a substance that does not obey the usual laws for particles, for it the pressure is proportional to the density with the minus sign. This does not happen in the case of ordinary matter. Cosmological constant: In the process of creating the general theory of relativity, Einstein first wanted to build a static model. Later, when it became known that the universe was expanding, the cosmological constant was abandoned and it was assumed that it was zero. And now the views are changing again. This cosmological constant perhaps, is dark matter. The mystery for physicists is its origin and why it is so small. Although 73% seem to be a very large fraction in the entire energy of the universe, but if we recalculate the cosmological constant into units we operate with in particle physics, then this is a fantastically small quantity. One could expect that the cosmological constant has a scale of the order of the masses of elementary particles, but it is several orders of magnitude smaller. There is no explanation for this fact so far. What does dark matter consist of? It is still unknown what the dark matter consists of. If we take the usual particles of the standard model and say: "But can not it consist of the same particles?" - the answer is negative. Therefore, we have to invent some new particles. There are quite a few options, but none of them has been experimentally confirmed. One of these options, which is now very popular, is the assumption that in the world there is supersymmetry, it predicts new particles and, in particular, a particle that is a "partner" of a photon. A photon is a quantum of an electromagnetic field, light. His "partner" (this particle is called fotino) is a candidate for the role of a particle of dark matter. It is a neutral particle, it does not have an electric charge, it is heavy - one hundred tons of a proton, maybe more - and it participates in a weak interaction. In astrophysics there is such a term: WIMP. It is a weakly interacting massive particle. For example, fotino is WIMP. And these WIMPs presumably form the basis of dark matter. They form a halo that is, the halo of our galaxy. The halo is about five times larger than the visible size of the Galaxy, and on it these particles are running at a speed of about 300 kilometers per second. We try to find them experimentally. There are special underground installations in order for these WIMPs to "catch", but so far the result is negative. If it is caught by interacting with ordinary matter, then, probably, the next step will be an attempt to get it at the colliders. We are trying to identify what is born at the colliders, with what we catch from space in the form of particles of this dark matter. And if these two ways converge, then we will understand the nature of dark matter. We hope that you liked the video, so put "like", write comments and subscribe to the channel! We have a group in the social network the link will be in the description.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Arabic: المترجم: Fadi Akkad المدقّق: Riyad Almubarak مرحباً، بالجميع! أريد التحدث معكم حول مفهوم جديدة للنظر إلى العقل. ما أسميه العقل الموسع هو الفكرة أصحبت التكنولوجيا التي نستخدمها جزء من عقولنا، توسيع عقولنا ودمج أنفسنا في العالم. سنبدأ بشي قد يكون بشكل قليل متعارف عليه كثيراً: الجسم الموسع. اعتدنا على فكرة أننا نستطيع تمديد اجسامنا بواسطة التكنولوجيا. نحن نعرف حول الأطراف الصناعية. هنا هو الرياضي أوسكار بيستوريوس. English: Translator: Maria K. Reviewer: Elisabeth Buffard Hi, everyone! I want to talk to you about a new way of looking at the mind. What I call the extended mind is the idea that the technology we use becomes part of our minds, extending our minds and indeed ourselves into the world. We'll start with something that might be a little bit more familiar: the extended body. We are used to the idea that we can extend our bodies with technology. We know about prosthetic limbs. Here is the athlete Oscar Pistorius English: running on his prosthetic legs. You don't need prosthetic limbs to extend your body. Blind people say that their canes serve as an extension of their body. You know, it feels exactly like a body from the inside, or in more mundane everyday experience, a car can feel like an extension of your body, a bike, or indeed, a musical instrument. You saw a great illustration of that a few minutes ago with Tjupurru with his didjeribone, a real extension of his body. Well, so it is with the body, so it is for the extended mind, where technology gets incorporated into our human minds. You might think that to incorporate technology into your mind you'd have to turn yourself into a cyborg. Something like that! Arabic: ركض على اقدامه الصناعية. لا تحتاج إلى أطراف صناعية لتوسيع جسمك. يقول المكفوفون أن عصاهم التي يتكئون عليها هي بمثابة امتداد لجسدهم. كما تعلمون، فهي تبدو تماما مثل الجسد من الداخل، أو في تجربة يومية طبيعية أكثر، يمكن أن تشعر السيارة بأنها امتداد لجسمك، الدراجة، أو في الواقع، آلة موسيقية. لقد رأيت مثالا رائعاً من ذلك قبل بضع دقائق. مع تيوبورو ودجريبون الخاصة به فهي امتداد حقيقي لجسده. حسنا، لذلك هو مع الجسم، لذلك هو للعقل الموسع، حيث يتم دمج التكنولوجيا في عقولنا البشرية. قد تعتقد أنه من أجل دمج التكنولوجيا في عقلك سيجب عليك تحويل نفسك إلى سايبورغ. شيء مثل هذه! English: A whole bunch of, you know, of pipes and tubes inside your head, or at least you need a whole bunch of fancy technology like this on your head, but I actually think there's a more ordinary kind of mind extension, which is happening to us right now, all the time, as we move into the technological future. So take our friend the iPhone. I've had one of these now for maybe three or four years, and it's basically started taking over a whole bunch of the functions of my brain. (Laughter) Things my brain used to do are now done by my iPhone. I mean, there's a million examples, take memory: How many people use their brains to remember phone numbers anymore? Not me! You know, my iPhone does all the work. It used to be, the biological memory used to carry the load, now the iPhone is carrying the load for me, Arabic: كما تعلمون، مجموعة كاملة من الأنابيب و القنوات داخل رأسك، أو على الأقل أنت تحتاج أي مجموعة كاملة من التكنولوجيا الوهمية مثل هذه التي على رأسك، ولكن أعتقد فعلا أن هناك نوع أكثر اعتيادية من توسيع العقل، ذلك الذي يحدث لنا الآن، وفي كل الأوقات، كما نحن ننتقل إلى المستقبل التكنولوجي. خذ على سبيل المثال صديقنا الـ أيفون. لقد كان لدي واحد منه ربما لمدة ثلاث أو أربع سنوات، وبدأت في الأساس الاستيلاء على مجموعة كاملة من وظائف دماغي. (ضحك) الأشياء التي اعتاد دماغي القيام بها أصبحت الآن تُنفذ بواسطة هاتفي الايفون. أعني، هنالك ملايين الأسئلة، على السبيل المثال، الذاكرة: كم عدد الأشخاص الذين يستخدمون عقولهم من أجل تذكرة أرقام الهواتف؟ بالطبع ليس أنا! أنتم تعرفون، الايفون الخاص بي يقول بكل هذا العمل. لقد استخدم على هذا النحو، الذاكرة البيولوجية استُخدم لتحمل الضغط، الآن الايفون يحمل عبئي، English: acting as my memory. The iPhone serves to control planning functions that my brain used to do. Spatial navigation, offloaded from my brain into Google Maps. The iPhone even stores as the repository of my desires. I've got a program on the iPhone that tells me my favorite dishes at the local restaurant. I go there and just look it up and say this, this, this. The iPhone is controlling my desires for me. It even makes decisions for me. Here's the executive decision maker. Am I going to go speak at that TED conference? Oh, definitely! You might say, "Okay, well, this is all a big metaphor, and it's a little bit like a mind in someways." But I think there's actually an interesting philosophical thesis here that I want to defend, that in some sense the iPhone is literally becoming part of your mind. Arabic: بوصفها ذاكرتي. الايفون يخدُم من أجل السيطرة. وظائف التخطيط التي اعتاد دماغي القيام بها. التنقل المكاني، تفريغُها من دماغي إلى خرائط جوجل. حتى أن الايفون يخزن ويعمل كمستودع لرغباتي. حصلت على برنامج على الايفون يخبرني عن الأطباق المفضلة لدي في المطعم المحلي. أذهب إلى هناك وأبحث فيه وأقول هذا، وهذا، وهذا. الايفون يتحكم برغباتي. حتى أنه يتخذ القرارات من أجلي. إنه صانع القرارات التنفيذية. هل سأذهب للتحدث في مؤتمر TED؟ يا إلهي، حقا! ربما تقول: "نعم، حسناً، هذا كله مجاز بشكل كبير، وهو بشكل قليل مثل العقل بطريقة ما." ولكن بالفعل أظن أنه أطروحة فلسفية ممتعة هنا التي أن أدافع عنها، ببعض الإحساس أن الايفون بكل وضوح أصبج جزء من عقلك. Arabic: عقلك تمدد من دماغك إلى العالم، إذا الايفون بالفعل جزء منه. الايفون لم يزرع في عقلك، ولكن قد تعتقد كما لو أنها موجودة حقا. هنا الايفون مزروع في عقلك، وهو كما لو أنه مزروع في عقلك، إنها حقا في الخارج في العالم. هذه أطروح العقل الموسع. لذلك ذاكرة الايفون هي أساساً ذاكرتي. تخطيط وقيادة الايفون هي بشكل أساس خططي وقيادتي كما لو أنه حدث في داخل الدماغ. الآن بالنسبة لي كـفيلسوف، هذا ممتع حقا لأنه واحدة من المشاكل الفلسفية الرئيسية حول العقل، ربما المشكلة الفلسفية الرئيسة حول العقل، ما نطلق عليه اسم مشكلة ما بين العقل والدماغ. كيف يتصل عقلك - تفكيرك وشعورك - بدماغك، هذه مجموعة من الخلايا العصبية الناضجة التي تملكها بداخل رأسك؟ هل هي شيء أكثر من هذا أم أقل؟ إذا سألت معظم الناس، أين يقع عقلك؟ English: Your mind is extending from your brain into the world, so the iPhone is actually part of it. The iPhone hasn't been implanted into your mind, but you might think it's as if it were in. Here's an iPhone implanted into your mind, it's as if it was implanted into your mind, although it's actually out there in the world. That's the extended mind thesis. So the iPhone's memory is basically my memory. The iPhone’s planning or navigation is basically my planning and navigation as if it had happened inside the brain. Now for me as a philosopher, this is really interesting because one of the central philosophical problems about the mind, maybe the central philosophical problem about the mind, is what we call the mind-brain problem. How does the mind - your thinking and your feeling - relate to your brain, this bunch of mushy neurons you have inside your head? Is it something more or is it something less? If you ask most people, "Where is your mind?" English: they'd point and say, "Well, it's somewhere in there." This extended mind thesis, I think it's some transformed vision of the mind, but the mind is not just in the brain, it's partly in the world around us, in the environment that we interact with. Now, I don't know. You might think this is kind of crazy or even totally mad. When my collaborator, Andy Clark, and I first put this thesis forward back in the mid 1990s, we came across a bit of resistance then; a lot of people made objections. Back then, we didn't have iPhones. Our central example was a notebook. People writing stuff down in the notebook and using that as a memory. And indeed, you don't need high-tech to get the idea of the extended mind going. The very first time somebody counted on their fingers, that was a kind of mind extension. Arabic: سيقولون: "حسنا إنه يقع في مكان ما هناك." هذه هي أطروحة العقل الممدد، أظن أنها بعض الروئ المتحولة من العقل، ولكن العقل ليس فقط في الدماغ، إنه جزئيا في العالم من حولنا، في البيئة التي نتفاعل معها. الآن، أنا لا أعرف. ربما تظن أنه نوع من الجنون أو حتى أنه غير منطقي كُلياً. معاوني أندي كلارك وأنا، دفعنا في البداية هذه الأطروحة للأمام في منتصف العام 1990، صادفنا قليل من المقاومة، وكثير من الناس اعترضوا. في ذلك الوقت، لم نكن نملك أيفون، مثالنا الرئيسي كان دفتر. تكتب الناس أشيائها على الدفتر وتستخدمها كالذاكرة. بالفعل، لا تحتاج لتكنولوجيا حديثة للحصول على الفكرة من العقل الموسع. في المرة الأولى قام شخص ما بالعد على أصابعه، كان هذا نوع من العقل الممتد. English: A kind of addition that could have been taking place in your head is happening on your fingers, but technology really amplifies this extension of our mind. And I think it's made the thesis ring true for more people as well, because we experience this actually happening to us. But still you might object in various ways. This iPhone is just a tool, it's not really part your mind. For it really to become part of your mind, you'd have to implant it like this. To be in your mind it's got to be on the inside of your skull. Or maybe, it can't be part of your mind: it's metal. Minds are biological. They involve a soul or something. Now, I think it's a tricky issue, but I think this kind of reaction which you get involves a kind of a brain chauvinism. It's like a gender chauvinism, or race chauvinism, or species chauvinism. What's so special about the brain? What's so special about the inside of the brain, compared to the outside? Arabic: نوع من الإضافة استطاعت أخذ حيز رأسك يحدث على أصابعك، ولكن التكنولوجيا ضخمت هذه التوسعة من عقولنا حقا. وأظن أن هذه الأطروحة صنعت انبطاعا جيدا للكثير من الناس، لأن خبرتنا هذه فعلا حدثت لنا. ولكن أنت ربما لاتزال تعترض بطرق عديدة. هذا الايفون مجرد أداة، هو ليس فعليا جزء من عقولنا ليصبح حقا جزء من عقولنا، يجب عليك زرعه بهذه الطريقة. ليكون في عقلك يجب أن يكون في داخل جمجمتك. أو ربما، لا يمكن أن يكون جزءًا من عقلك: إنه معدن. العقول بيولوجية. فهي تشمل الروح أو شيء ما. الآن، أظن أنها قضية مُربكة، ولكن أظن أن هذا النوع من رد الفعل الذي حدث لك. يضم نوعًا من العقل التشوفيني. إنه نوع من الجنس التشوفيني، أو السباق التشوفيني، أو النوع التشوفيني. ما هو الشيء الخاص جدا حول الدماغ؟ ما هو الشيء المميز جدا داخل الدماغ، بالمقارنة مع خارج الدماغ؟ English: For a start, it's like, if you've got stuff that's going on on the inside of the brain, the same stuff could in principle go on on the outside of the brain. We want to say [there's] no difference in principle as long as it's driving the processes inside the brain, the action, the consciousness, in the same way that would happen otherwise. There's no principle barrier about the skull; that would be skull chauvinism. Likewise, metal versus biology. If the metal does the same job the biology is doing, that would also count as part of the mind. Otherwise it would be biology, DNA chauvinism. So I think that objection can be rejected. You might think that - Somehow consciousness is at the very center of the mind, and I've got some sympathy with this. Consciousness is this deeply internal state. But I think what we're thinking, what we're feeling right in the present moment is at the core of the mind, Arabic: بدايةً، إنه مثل، إذا حدث معك أمر مستمر داخل الدماغ، نفس الأمور تستطيع من حيث المبدأ الاستمرار في خارج الدماغ. نريد أن نقول [هناك] لايوجد اختلاف في المبدأ مادام يقود العمليات داخل الدماغ، الحدث، الوعي، بنفس الطريقة التي من الممكن أن تحدث بخلاف ذلك. ليس هنالك حاجز مبدأ حول الجمجمة؛ سيكون هذا شيفونية الجمجمة. بطريقة مماثلة، المعادن مقابل البيولوجيا. إذا قام المعدن بنفس العمل التي تقوم بها البيولوجيا، سيكون هذا أيضا معتمد على جزء من العقل. بطريقة أخرى ستكون البيولوجيا، شيمفونية ال DNA لذلك أظن هذا الاعتراض يمكن أن يُقبل. ربما تظن بأن - الوعي بطريقة ما هو فعلا مركز العقل. ولقد حصلت على بعض العواطف معه. الوعي هو حالة داخلية عميقة. ولكن أن نظن ما نفكر به، هو ما نشعر به الحق في اللحظة الراهنة هو نواة العقل. Arabic: ولكن دائما ما يوجد الكثير لعقولنا التي تكون خارج عواطفنا. ما نعتقد، أروع رغباتنا، آمالُنا، مخاوفنا، سمات شخصياتنا، معظهم هو لايمر عبر عقلك بأي لحظة معينة. أي لحظة معينة هي فقط لقطة صغيرة جدا. ما يجعلك أنت هو حفنة كاملة من الأمور التي تكون خارج وعيك المتاح لتأثيرك علينا. لذلك ذاكرتك معظم الوقت تكون خارج وعيك. المشهد هنا لا يُهم سواء كانت مخزنة في مكان ما عميقا في دماغك أو في العالم. إذا كانت في الخارج، سهلة الوصول لك، قيادة حالتك، ثم إنها تعد جزء من عقلك، ولايزال الدماغ هو نواة كل هذا. لا أقول أن الايفون بحد ذاته يُعد عقل. لايزال العقل مع دماغك مع وعيك في النواة. ولكن الايفون هو جزء من هذا. إنه نوع من التوسعة، إذا تحب. ماكان هذا؟ هذا صحيح، الايفون يتضرع لاختلاف. إنه يظن العقل وأنا هو التوسعة. English: but there's always a whole lot to our minds which is outside our consciousness. What we think, our innermost desires, our hopes, our fears, our personality traits, most of this is not passing through your mind at any given moment. Any given moment is just a tiny little snapshot. What makes you you is a whole bunch of stuff which is outside your consciousness available to affect us. So your memories are mostly outside your consciousness. The view here is it doesn't matter whether it's stored somewhere deep in your brain or out there in the world. If it's out there, accessible to you, driving your state, then it counts as part of your mind. There is still a brain at the core of all this. I'm not saying the iPhone is itself a mind. You are still the mind with your brain and your consciousness at the core. But the iPhone is part of it. It's kind of an extension, if you like. What was that? That's right, my iPhone begs to differ. It thinks it's the mind and I'm the extension. English: (Laughter) So this thesis I think is not just - it's a new way of looking at the world, a new way of looking at the mind. But I think it actually makes a difference to some of our practices. In Alzheimer's disease, when people describe themselves as losing their minds. And one thing we found works really well in handling people with Alzheimer and slowing the decline is the use of mind extension technology. People use notes in the environment, for example, to act as a kind of memory, external memory, with labels everywhere. This really serves to slow down the loss of mental function, keeping some aspect of their minds out there in the world. There are issues about - It makes a difference to education. There are debates about open book examinations and the use of calculators in exams. Well, if you take the extended mind thesis, Arabic: (ضحك) لذلك أعتقد أن هذه الأطروحة ليست فقط مفهوم جديد بالنظر إلى العالم، مفهوم جديد للنظر إلى العقل. ولكن أظن فعلا أنها تصنع الاختلاف لبعض عاداتنا. في مرض الزهايمر، عندما يصف الناس أنفسهم بخسارتهم لعقولهم. والشيء الوحيد الذي وجدناه يعمل بشكل جيد بمعالجة الناس بالزهايمر وإبطاء التراجع هو يستخدم تكنولوجيا العقل الممدد. يستخدم الناس كتابة الملاحظات في محيطهم، مثال، لتمثيل نوع من الذاكرة، الذاكرة الخارجية، مع ملصقات في كل مكان. يساهم هذا حقًا في تبطيء خسارة الوظائف العقلية، الحفاظ على بعض جوانب عقولهم في مكان ما في العالم. هنالك مسألة حول - أنه يصنع الاختلاف في التعليم. هنالك مناظرة حول امتحانات الكتاب المفتوح واستخدام الآلة الحاسبة في الفحوصات. حسنا، إذا اخذت أطروحة العقل الموسع، Arabic: يجب عليك تفحص كل التوسع ذاتيا. إذا أبقيت الآلة الحاسبة أو الحاسب معك، إلى جانبك، بشكل موثوق في المستقبل إنه جزء من تمددك بحد ذاته، ويجب عليك أن تُتختبر كل التمدد بحد ذاته. وهنا حالة من الإدراك الموسع. الشخص المكفوف الذي يبدأ باستخدام الايفون الخاص بك أداة للرؤية. إنه برنامج كشف الهوية الملون، معرّف اللون. بإمكانك تحميله. هو بشكل أساسي يقرأ الألوان تشير إلى شيء ما وهو يقرؤه ويترجمه. قال أنه استخدمها لرؤية الغروب في المرة الأولى. يمسكه فيقول: "أحمر، برتقالي، أصفر، أزرق، سماوي، قرمزي." فانفجر باكيا. شعر كأنه كان يرى غروب الشمس لأول مرة استخدام هذه الميزة كآلية الرؤية الموسعة، آلية الإدراك الموسعة. وكما أصبحت الحوسبة كلباس يمكن ارتداؤه أكثر وأكثر في كل مكان في حياتنا، هذا هو مجرد ذهاب، وأعتقد، لتصبح أكثر وأكثر شيوعاً. English: you ought to be testing the whole extended self. If a calculator or a computer is going to be with you, coupled with you, reliably available in the future, it is part of your extended self, and you ought to be testing the whole extended self. Here's a case of extended perception. A blind person who starts using his iPhone as a vision tool. This is the color identification program, Color ID. You can download it. It basically reads out colors. You point it at something and it reads it out. He said he used this to see a sunset for the first time. He held it up and it said, "Red, orange, yellow, azure, crimson." He was moved to tears. It felt like he was seeing the sunset for the first time using this as an extended vision mechanism, extended perception mechanism. And as wearable computing becomes more and more ubiquitous in our lives, this is just going, I think, to become more and more common. English: Here we've got glasses that compute stuff for us through extended perception. There's also the socially extended mind. We all know when other people become extensions of your mind. We all know long-term couples where one person acts as another person's memory. You know, reminding them things at the right time, or when they finish each other's sentences or speak as a single individual in a conversation. In effect, what's happening now is one person is becoming part of, an extension of another person's mind or vice versa. I'll be in my mind if - I'll be in your mind if you'll be in mine. I think Bob Dylan said that. Also, social networking is really amplifying this. So, when I was preparing this talk about a month ago, I sent a note out to Facebook. Arabic: هنا لدينا نظارات التي تحسب الأشياء لنا من خلال الإدراك الموسع. هناك أيضا العقل الموسع الاجتماعي. كلنا نعرف عندما يصبح الناس الآخرون امتدادات لعقلك. جميعنا تعرف عن الأزواج على المدى الطويل عندما يعمل شخص معين ك ذاكرة شخص آخر. نعلم، تذكيرهم بأشياء في الوقت المناسب، أو عندما ينهون جمل بعضهم البعض أو التحدث كفرد واحد في المحادثات. في الحقيقة، ما يحدث الآن شخص واحد يصبح جزء من، تمدد لعقل شخص آخر أو العكس صحيح. سأكون في عقلي إذا - سأكون في عقلك إذا كنت في عقلي؟ أظن أن بوب ديلان قال ذلك. أيضا، الشبكات الاجتماعية حقا تقوم بتضخيمها. إذاً، عندما كنت أحضر هذا الحديث منذ شهر، أرسلت مذكرة إلى الفيس بوك. Arabic: "يجب أن أقدم خطاب لمدة 15 دقيقة لـ TED الشهر المقبل في سيدني، حول العقل الموسّع. هل هنالك أي أفكار حول كيفية التعامل مع هذا الحديث؟" وحصلت على الكثير من الردود، بعض الردود التي كانت مفيدة جدا من هذه الشبكة الاجتماعية، وهي نوع محيط بنا، يصبح جزءً من عقولنا الموسعة. هناك المزيد، وأكثر، وأكثر (ضحك) بما في ذلك مجموعة كاملة من الاقتراحات المفيدة، سرقت مجموعة منهم. ليس أقلها، هذا واحد منها "مثيرة، ربما يمكنك العمل في فيس بوك ؟" (ضحك) أو "حسنا يمكن البدء من خلال الإشارة تستطيع جمعها بخطاب كامل..." شكرا شباب، كان هذا رائعًا. الآن توجد بعض السلبيات والمخاطر لأطروحة العقل الموسع. واحدة من السلبيات أن عقولنا تنتقل إلى العالم، لقد أصبحنا أكثر عرضة لخسارتها أكثر مما هي عليه عندما تكون محمية داخل الجمجمة. هذا حقا شيء مألوف من أشياء مثل الفيضانات في كوينزلاند English: "I've got to give a 15 minute TED Talk in Sydney next month, on the extended mind. Any ideas on how to approach it?" And I got a whole lot of responses, some pretty useful responses from this social network, which is kind of surrounding us, becoming part of our extended mind. There were more, and there were more, and there were more, (Laughter) including of a whole bunch of useful suggestions, I stole a bunch of them. Not least of them, this one, "Exciting, maybe you could work Facebook in?" (Laughter) Or, "Well you could start by mentioning you crowdsourced the whole talk ..." Thanks guys, that was handy. Now there are some downsides and dangers to this whole extended mind thesis. And one is that as our minds move into the world, we become more vulnerable to their loss than when they are protected on the inside of the skull. This is already something familiar from things like the floods in Queensland Arabic: أو حرائق الغابات في فيكتوريا. نحن غالبا ما نتحدث حول المأساة الأعظم عندما يخسر الناس ذاكرتهم. بيوتهم أو أملاكهم وهلم وجر أصبحت جزءا أساسيا منها. يشعرك فقدانهم حقا كفقدان الذات. وكلما يتم تمديد العقل أكثر، كلما يكون الضعف اكثر. فقط قل شخص ما سرق هاتفي الأيفون. [إذا كنت تستطيع قراءة هذه، شخص ما سرق الايفون الخاص بي] (ضحك) ربما تظن أن هذا شكل من أشكال السرقة ويجب عليهم ان يُعاقبوا لهذا الفعل. ولكن أنا متأكد، أنه في الواقع هو شكل مفرط من الاعتداء. باعتباره أنه شكل شرس من الاعتداءات. مثل الولوج إلى دماغي والعبث مع الخلايا العصبية. وهذا حقا يقوم بنوع من التصور السلوكي الذي أملكه تجاه الايفون الخاص بي. أنت ربما تقلق أن هذا سيحولنا إلى رجال آليين. تذكر الرجل من فيلم فُقد في الفضاء؟ "خطر،" ويل روبنسون! ولكن أظن أن يجب علينا أن نتذكر English: or there are bushfires in Victoria. We often talk about the greatest tragedy being that people lose their memories. Their houses and their possessions and so on have basically become part of them. The loss of them really feels like the loss of one's self. And as more of one's mind gets extended, the more there is vulnerability. Just say somebody steals my iPhone. [IF YOU CAN READ THIS, SOMEBODY STOLE MY iPHONE] (Laughter) You might think that's a form of theft and they should be punished for this. But if I'm right, that should actually be reconceived as a really vicious form of assault. Like getting into my brain and messing with my neurons. And that really does kind of capture the attitude I have to my iPhone. You might worry this is going to turn us into robots. Remember the guy from Lost in Space? "Danger," Will Robinson! But I think we have to remember Arabic: دائما ما نملك الوعي والقرار في وسط هذا، وتمدد عقولنا لا يقوم بإبطال استخدم حكمتنا. مع التكنولوجيا التي أصبحت أفضل وأفضل، أصبحت مرنة أكثر وأكثر، هنالك أمل بأن التفاعل مع الحكمة والتكنولوجيا قد يدفعنا للأمام بطرق ممتعة. لذا، أعتقد به حقا، في الختام، تعرض علينا أطروحة العقل الموسع بعض الأمل لنظرة عالمية متفائلة. يقول الناس: "هل جوجل يجعلنا أغبياء؟" هذا نقاش تم على وسائل الإعلام. حسنا، إذا كنت على حق حول أطروحة العقل الموسع، هناك إدراك بأن جوجل يجعلنا أذكى حقا. أصبح جوجل داخل عقولنا. وأنا لا أعرفك ولكن سمعت شخص ما يقول: "عندما نجلس أنا وجوجل، أشعر بأن نسبة ذكائي ارتفعت إلى 30 نقطة." (ضحك) إنه مثل كل المعرفة - ويقولون أن المعرفة هي نوع من القوة، وهي تقودُنا إلى نوع من إرساء الديمقراطية، أيضا، نوع من قوى العقل. وكما أصبحت التكنولوجيا رخيصة ومتاحة أكثر، وأكثر تطوراً، سوف تنتشر. English: we still always have consciousness at the middle of this, and judgement, and the extension of our minds doesn't abrogate us from using our judgement. With better and better technology, which becomes more and more flexible, there's the hope that the interplay of judgement and technology might move us forward in interesting ways. So, I actually think then, to conclude, this extended mind thesis offers us some hope of an optimistic worldview. People say, "Is Google making us stupid?" This is a debate which has been out there in the media. Well, if I'm right about the extended mind thesis, there's a sense in which Google is actually making us smarter. Google is getting inside our minds. And I don't know about you, but I heard someone saying, "When I sit down and Google, I feel like my IQ goes up 30 points." (Laughter) It's like all that knowledge - and they say knowledge is power of a kind, so it leads to a kind of potential democratization, too, of the powers of the mind. As technology becomes cheaper and available to more, and more advanced, it's going to spread. English: Phones are already spreading. Google is spreading. With time, this becomes available to everyone. In a way I think what's going on here is a trend which is in the very early stages of turning us into superheroes of the mind. Technology is gradually giving us these superpowers, turning us into cognitive super geniuses, if you like, and it is going to go more and more this way in the future. The question is, will we use these powers for good or for evil? That's the gift of the extended mind and the challenge it presents as we move into our extended future. Thank you very much. (Applause) Arabic: الهواتف منتشرة بالفعل. جوجل منتشر. مع الوقت، هذه ستصبح متاحة لكل شخص. بطريقة ما، أعتقد أن ما يحدث هنا هو اتجاه في مراحل مبكرة جدا من تحويلنا إلى أبطال خارقين للعقل. بشكل تدريجي التكنولوجيا تعطينا هذه القوى، تحولنا إلى عباقرة أقوياء إدراكيا، إذا تحب، وسوف يذهب أكثر وأكثر من ذلك بهذه الطريقة في المستقبل. السؤال هو، هل سنتسخدم هذه القوة لأعمال خيّرة أم شريرة؟ هذه هدية من العقل الموسع والتحدي الذي يمثله كما نحن ننتقل إلى مستقبلنا الموسع. شكراً جزيلاً. (تصفيق)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
You're watching FreeSchool! Mission Control: That's 15 seconds, guidance is internal. 12, 11, 10, 9, ignition sequence start... 6... 5...4... 3... 2... 1... zero. All engines running. We have a liftoff! Liftoff on Apollo 11! Astronauts: Four forward, drifting to the right a little. 30 seconds. Contact light. Okay, engine stop. Tranquility base here. The Eagle has landed. Mission Control: Roger, Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue, we're breathin' again. Newscaster: Armstrong is on the moon. Neil Armstrong, 38-year-old American, standing on the surface of the moon, on this, July 20th, nineteen hundred and sixty-nine. Armstrong:That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. Aldrin: Oh, that looks beautiful from here, Neil. Armstrong: It has a stark beauty all its own it's, uh, like much of the high desert of the United States, it's different but it's very pretty out here. Aldrin:Beautiful view. Armstrong: Isn't that something? Magnificent sight out here. Magnificent desolation. Mission Control: Tranquility base, Houston. Guidance recommendation is [inaudible] and you're cleared for takeoff. Roger, understand. We're number one on the runway. Seven, six, five, engine on [inaudible]. Beautiful! Very smooth! Very quiet ride. Apollo 11, Apollo 11, this is Hornet, Hornet, over. Apollo [inaudible] Apollo grid [inaudible] our position, one three three zero. I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth. Narrator:The flight of Apollo 11 was the culmination of many years of planning, working, building and testing. Thousands of people had contributed toward this day of accomplishment. The great Saturn V rocket and the complex Apollo spacecraft had been assembled together and moved to the launch pad. The equipment and techniques and personnel had been proved in earlier missions, and now, they were ready. The astronauts chosen for this mission had flown it many times in ground-based simulators. They had all been in space before. They had trained carefully and well. And now, they too were ready. Astronaut Michael Collins would pilot the Apollo Command Module. Astronaut Edwin Aldrin Jr. would pilot the Lunar Module. And astronaut Neil Armstrong would serve as mission Commander. Armstrong would be the first man to step upon the moon. Mission Control:Six, five, four, three, two, one, zero, all engine running. Liftoff! We have a liftoff! 32 minutes past the hour, liftoff on Apollo 11. Tower cleared! Narrator: Three hours later, the Apollo command module moves forward to extract the lunar module from the third stage of the launch vehicle. Both are moving at more than 17,000 miles an hour. Docked together, they will sail a quarter million miles across the sea of space, and into orbit around the Earth's nearest neighbor. During the three-day journey to the moon, the astronauts kept busy. Checklists, navigation and observation, housekeeping. They must work in a weightless environment, keeping their spacecraft and themselves in good condition. Data must be collected and reported. Experiments must be performed, including photography both inside and outside the spacecraft. Because of the film speed, these actions appear faster than they actually were. July 19th. Apollo 11 slows down and goes into orbit around the moon. The bright blue planet of Earth now lies 238,000 miles beyond the lunar horizon. Astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin, now in the lunar module, separate from the command module. Astronaut Collins remains behind. Preparation for the lunar module descent to the moon now begins. The command module assumes the new name, 'Columbia.' The lunar module will be called the 'Eagle.' The four landing pads of the lunar module are fully extended and locked in place. The Eagle is poised and prepared for its descent to the lunar surface. The moon landing craft rocket engine fires to slow it down, and to place it on the pathway to the landing site in the Sea of Tranquility. There is tension and caution as the Eagle flies lower. Warning lights blink on as the computer tries to keep up with the demand for control data, but the status remains, "Go." Astronauts:60 seconds. Lights on. Down two and a half. Forward. Forward. [inaudible] feet down, two and a half. Picking up some dust. Four forward, four forward, drifting to the right a little. [inaudible] Contact light? Okay. Engine stop. Mission Control: We copy you down, Eagle. Astronauts:Tranquility Base here, the Eagle has landed. Narrator: Through the window of the Eagle, Armstrong and Aldrin see what no human eyes have ever seen before. Their spacecraft casts a long shadow across the undisturbed dust of centuries. Seven hours after landing, after careful preparations for later ascent were completed, Armstrong opens the Eagle hatch, and begins his climb down to the surface. The first footsteps on this strange new world must be taken cautiously. The moon has only 1/6th the gravity of Earth. The nature of its surface was still unknown. Armstrong: Okay, I'm gonna step off the LM now. It's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. Narrator: Once on the surface, Armstrong scoops up a small sample of lunar dust and rock, precaution against the possibility of an emergency take-off. According to plan, astronaut Aldrin now descends from the Eagle. He and his equipment would weight 383 lbs. on Earth, here, they weigh about 66 lbs. For a brief moment, the first men on the moon stand and look at the stark, lonely landscape around them, an experience which no one before them can share. But there is much to be done in the limited time which they can stay on this airless, cloudless, satellite of Earth. This sheet of metal foil traps and holds particles from the sun, the so-called 'solar wind,' or barrage of solar energy which constantly strikes the moon's surface. Results of this experiment will be taken back to Earth to reveal new secrets to anxious scientists. An American flag is left behind on the moon, together with medals honoring American and Soviet spacemen who lost their lives in earlier space tests, and a small disk, carrying messages of goodwill from 73 nations on Earth. A plaque on the lunar module reads, "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon. July, 1969 AD. We came in peace, for all mankind." Through a specially-made television camera, viewers in many nations on Earth were able to watch the astronauts as they walked and worked on the moon. Despite the bulky spacesuits, and the backpacks containing oxygen, temperature control and communications equipment, the Apollo 11 crew found they could move easily about the surface. Because there is no wind or rain on the moon, these footprints will remain for centuries. After two hours and 31 minutes, the first lunar explorers had completed their research on the moon. A night of rest in the lunar module, countdown preparations, and they were ready to come home. July 21st. The Eagle and its two-man crew lifted off the moon perfectly, and climbed slowly to rendezvous and dock with the mother ship, Columbia. While Armstrong and Aldrin explored the moon, astronaut Collins had kept a long and lonely vigil in the Columbia. The approaching Eagle was a welcome sight. Once again, the bright blue planet of Earth rises over the lunar horizon. For those who had witnessed man's landing in the Sea of Tranquility, the moon would never again appear quite the same. July 24th. Dawn in the Pacific. Apollo blazes across the heavens, coming back to Earth at 25,000 miles an hour. President Richard Nixon, who had talked with the astronauts by telephone while they were on the moon, was waiting aboard the recovery carrier to welcome the returning voyagers. The rock and soil samples brought back would be examined and analyzed by scientists in many lands. They would reveal new insights into the origin and the age and the composition of the moon. And, perhaps, new knowledge of the Earth as well. Already experiments left on the moon were sending back revealing new information. The mission was successfully completed. The Eagle had landed the first men on the moon and Columbia had returned them safely to Earth. Wherever man journeys tomorrow, across the ocean of our universe, history will remind him that Apollo 11 was mankind's first encounter with a new world.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
The following content is provided under a Creative Commons License. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or to view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. Professor: So, again welcome to 18.01. We're getting started today with what we're calling Unit One, a highly imaginative title. And it's differentiation. So, let me first tell you, briefly, what's in store in the next couple of weeks. The main topic today is what is a derivative. And, we're going to look at this from several different points of view, and the first one is the geometric interpretation. That's what we'll spend most of today on. And then, we'll also talk about a physical interpretation of what a derivative is. And then there's going to be something else which I guess is maybe the reason why Calculus is so fundamental, and why we always start with it in most science and engineering schools, which is the importance of derivatives, of this, to all measurements. So that means pretty much every place. That means in science, in engineering, in economics, in political science, etc. Polling, lots of commercial applications, just about everything. Now, that's what we'll be getting started with, and then there's another thing that we're gonna do in this unit, which is we're going to explain how to differentiate anything. So, how to differentiate any function you know. And that's kind of a tall order, but let me just give you an example. If you want to take the derivative - this we'll see today is the notation for the derivative of something - of some messy function like e ^ x arctanx. We'll work this out by the end of this unit. All right? Anything you can think of, anything you can write down, we can differentiate it. All right, so that's what we're gonna do, and today as I said, we're gonna spend most of our time on this geometric interpretation. So let's begin with that. So here we go with the geometric interpretation of derivatives. And, what we're going to do is just ask the geometric problem of finding the tangent line to some graph of some function at some point. Which is to say (x0, y0). So that's the problem that we're addressing here. Alright, so here's our problem, and now let me show you the solution. So, well, let's graph the function. Here's it's graph. Here's some point. All right, maybe I should draw it just a bit lower. So here's a point P. Maybe it's above the point x0. x0, by the way, this was supposed to be an x0. That was some fixed place on the x-axis. And now, in order to perform this mighty feat, I will use another color of chalk. How about red? OK. So here it is. There's the tangent line, Well, not quite straight. Close enough. All right? I did it. That's the geometric problem. I achieved what I wanted to do, and it's kind of an interesting question, which unfortunately I can't solve for you in this class, which is, how did I do that? That is, how physically did I manage to know what to do to draw this tangent line? But that's what geometric problems are like. We visualize it. We can figure it out somewhere in our brains. It happens. And the task that we have now is to figure out how to do it analytically, to do it in a way that a machine could just as well as I did in drawing this tangent line. So, what did we learn in high school about what a tangent line is? Well, a tangent line has an equation, and any line through a point has the equation y - y0 is equal to m the slope, times x - x0. So here's the equation for that line, and now there are two pieces of information that we're going to need to work out what the line is. The first one is the point. That's that point P there. And to specify P, given x, we need to know the level of y, which is of course just f(x0). That's not a calculus problem, but anyway that's a very important part of the process. So that's the first thing we need to know. And the second thing we need to know is the slope. And that's this number m. And in calculus we have another name for it. We call it f prime of x0. Namely, the derivative of f. So that's the calculus part. That's the tricky part, and that's the part that we have to discuss now. So just to make that explicit here, I'm going to make a definition, which is that f '(x0) , which is known as the derivative, of f, at x0, is the slope of the tangent line to y = f (x) at the point, let's just call it p. All right? So, that's what it is, but still I haven't made any progress in figuring out any better how I drew that line. So I have to say something that's more concrete, because I want to be able to cook up what these numbers are. I have to figure out what this number m is. And one way of thinking about that, let me just try this, so I certainly am taking for granted that in sort of non-calculus part that I know what a line through a point is. So I know this equation. But another possibility might be, this line here, how do I know - well, unfortunately, I didn't draw it quite straight, but there it is - how do I know that this orange line is not a tangent line, but this other line is a tangent line? Well, it's actually not so obvious, but I'm gonna describe it a little bit. It's not really the fact, this thing crosses at some other place, which is this point Q. But it's not really the fact that the thing crosses at two place, because the line could be wiggly, the curve could be wiggly, and it could cross back and forth a number of times. That's not what distinguishes the tangent line. So I'm gonna have to somehow grasp this, and I'll first do it in language. And it's the following idea: it's that if you take this orange line, which is called a secant line, and you think of the point Q as getting closer and closer to P, then the slope of that line will get closer and closer to the slope of the red line. And if we draw it close enough, then that's gonna be the correct line. So that's really what I did, sort of in my brain when I drew that first line. And so that's the way I'm going to articulate it first. Now, so the tangent line is equal to the limit of so called secant lines PQ, as Q tends to P. And here we're thinking of P as being fixed and Q as variable. All right? Again, this is still the geometric discussion, but now we're gonna be able to put symbols and formulas to this computation. And we'll be able to work out formulas in any example. So let's do that. So first of all, I'm gonna write out these points P and Q again. So maybe we'll put P here and Q here. And I'm thinking of this line through them. I guess it was orange, so we'll leave it as orange. All right. And now I want to compute its slope. So this, gradually, we'll do this in two steps. And these steps will introduce us to the basic notations which are used throughout calculus, including multi-variable calculus, across the board. So the first notation that's used is you imagine here's the x-axis underneath, and here's the x0, the location directly below the point P. And we're traveling here a horizontal distance which is denoted by delta x. So that's delta x, so called. And we could also call it the change in x. So that's one thing we want to measure in order to get the slope of this line PQ. And the other thing is this height. So that's this distance here, which we denote delta f, which is the change in f. And then, the slope is just the ratio, delta f / delta x. So this is the slope of the secant. And the process I just described over here with this limit applies not just to the whole line itself, but also in particular to its slope. And the way we write that is the limit as delta x goes to 0. And that's going to be our slope. So this is slope of the tangent line. OK. Now, This is still a little general, and I want to work out a more usable form here, a better formula for this. And in order to do that, I'm gonna write delta f, the numerator more explicitly here. The change in f, so remember that the point P is the point (x0, f(x0)). All right, that's what we got for the formula for the point. And in order to compute these distances and in particular the vertical distance here, I'm gonna have to get a formula for Q as well. So if this horizontal distance is delta x, then this location is (x0 delta x). And so the point above that point has a formula, which is (x0 delta x, f(x0 and this is a mouthful, delta x)). All right, so there's the formula for the point Q. Here's the formula for the point P. And now I can write a different formula for the derivative, which is the following: so this f'(x0) , which is the same as m, is going to be the limit as delta x goes to 0 of the change in f, well the change in f is the value of f at the upper point here, which is (x0 delta x), and minus its value at the lower point P, which is f(x0), divided by delta x. All right, so this is the formula. I'm going to put this in a little box, because this is by far the most important formula today, which we use to derive pretty much everything else. And this is the way that we're going to be able to compute these numbers. So let's do an example. This example, we'll call this example one. We'll take the function f(x) , which is 1/x . That's sufficiently complicated to have an interesting answer, and sufficiently straightforward that we can compute the derivative fairly quickly. So what is it that we're gonna do here? All we're going to do is we're going to plug in this formula here for that function. That's all we're going to do, and visually what we're accomplishing is somehow to take the hyperbola, and take a point on the hyperbola, and figure out some tangent line. That's what we're accomplishing when we do that. So we're accomplishing this geometrically but we'll be doing it algebraically. So first, we consider this difference delta f / delta x and write out its formula. So I have to have a place. So I'm gonna make it again above this point x0, which is the general point. We'll make the general calculation. So the value of f at the top, when we move to the right by f(x), so I just read off from this, read off from here. The formula, the first thing I get here is 1 / x0 delta x. That's the left hand term. Minus 1 / x0, that's the right hand term. And then I have to divide that by delta x. OK, so here's our expression. And by the way this has a name. This thing is called a difference quotient. It's pretty complicated, because there's always a difference in the numerator. And in disguise, the denominator is a difference, because it's the difference between the value on the right side and the value on the left side here. OK, so now we're going to simplify it by some algebra. So let's just take a look. So this is equal to, let's continue on the next level here. This is equal to 1 / delta x times... All I'm going to do is put it over a common denominator. So the common denominator is (x0 delta x)x0. And so in the numerator for the first expressions I have x0, and for the second expression I have x0 delta x. So this is the same thing as I had in the numerator before, factoring out this denominator. And here I put that numerator into this more amenable form. And now there are two basic cancellations. The first one is that x0 and x0 cancel, so we have this. And then the second step is that these two expressions cancel, the numerator and the denominator. Now we have a cancellation that we can make use of. So we'll write that under here. And this is equals -1 / (x0 delta x)x0. And then the very last step is to take the limit as delta x tends to 0, and now we can do it. Before we couldn't do it. Why? Because the numerator and the denominator gave us 0 / 0. But now that I've made this cancellation, I can pass to the limit. And all that happens is I set this delta x to 0, and I get -1/x0^2. So that's the answer. All right, so in other words what I've shown - let me put it up here- is that f'(x0) = -1/x0^2. Now, let's look at the graph just a little bit to check this for plausibility, all right? What's happening here, is first of all it's negative. It's less than 0, which is a good thing. You see that slope there is negative. That's the simplest check that you could make. And the second thing that I would just like to point out is that as x goes to infinity, that as we go farther to the right, it gets less and less steep. So as x0 goes to infinity, less and less steep. So that's also consistent here, when x0 is very large, this is a smaller and smaller number in magnitude, although it's always negative. It's always sloping down. All right, so I've managed to fill the boards. So maybe I should stop for a question or two. Yes? Student: [INAUDIBLE] Professor: So the question is to explain again this limiting process. So the formula here is we have basically two numbers. So in other words, why is it that this expression, when delta x tends to 0, is equal to -1/x0^2 ? Let me illustrate it by sticking in a number for x0 to make it more explicit. All right, so for instance, let me stick in here for x0 the number 3. Then it's -1 / (3 delta x)3. That's the situation that we've got. And now the question is what happens as this number gets smaller and smaller and smaller, and gets to be practically 0? Well, literally what we can do is just plug in 0 there, and you get (3 0)3 in the denominator. Minus one in the numerator. So this tends to -1/9 (over 3^2). And that's what I'm saying in general with this extra number here. Other questions? Yes. Student: [INAUDIBLE] Professor: So the question is what happened between this step and this step, right? Explain this step here. Alright, so there were two parts to that. The first is this delta x which is sitting in the denominator, I factored all the way out front. And so what's in the parentheses is supposed to be the same as what's in the numerator of this other expression. And then, at the same time as doing that, I put that expression, which is the difference of two fractions, I expressed it with a common denominator. So in the denominator here, you see the product of the denominators of the two fractions. And then I just figured out what the numerator had to be without really... Other questions? OK. So I claim that on the whole, calculus gets a bad rap, that it's actually easier than most things. But there's a perception that it's harder. And so I really have a duty to give you the calculus made harder story here. So we have to make things harder, because that's our job. And this is actually what most people do in calculus, and it's the reason why calculus has a bad reputation. So the secret is that when people ask problems in calculus, they generally ask them in context. And there are many, many other things going on. And so the little piece of the problem which is calculus is actually fairly routine and has to be isolated and gotten through. But all the rest of it, relies on everything else you learned in mathematics up to this stage, from grade school through high school. So that's the complication. So now we're going to do a little bit of calculus made hard. By talking about a word problem. We only have one sort of word problem that we can pose, because all we've talked about is this geometry point of view. So far those are the only kinds of word problems we can pose. So what we're gonna do is just pose such a problem. So find the areas of triangles, enclosed by the axes and the tangent to y = 1/x. OK, so that's a geometry problem. And let me draw a picture of it. It's practically the same as the picture for example one. We only consider the first quadrant. Here's our shape. All right, it's the hyperbola. And here's maybe one of our tangent lines, which is coming in like this. And then we're trying to find this area here. Right, so there's our problem. So why does it have to do with calculus? It has to do with calculus because there's a tangent line in it, so we're gonna need to do some calculus to answer this question. But as you'll see, the calculus is the easy part. So let's get started with this problem. First of all, I'm gonna label a few things. And one important thing to remember of course, is that the curve is y = 1/x. That's perfectly reasonable to do. And also, we're gonna calculate the areas of the triangles, and you could ask yourself, in terms of what? Well, we're gonna have to pick a point and give it a name. And since we need a number, we're gonna have to do more than geometry. We're gonna have to do some of this analysis just as we've done before. So I'm gonna pick a point and, consistent with the labeling we've done before, I'm gonna to call it (x0, y0). So that's almost half the battle, having notations, x and y for the variables, and x0 and y0, for the specific point. Now, once you see that you have these labellings, I hope it's reasonable to do the following. So first of all, this is the point x0, and over here is the point y0. That's something that we're used to in graphs. And in order to figure out the area of this triangle, it's pretty clear that we should find the base, which is that we should find this location here. And we should find the height, so we need to find that value there. Let's go ahead and do it. So how are we going to do this? Well, so let's just take a look. So what is it that we need to do? I claim that there's only one calculus step, and I'm gonna put a star here for this tangent line. I have to understand what the tangent line is. Once I've figured out what the tangent line is, the rest of the problem is no longer calculus. It's just that slope that we need. So what's the formula for the tangent line? Put that over here. it's going to be y - y0 is equal to, and here's the magic number, we already calculated it. It's in the box over there. It's -1/x0^2 ( x - x0). So this is the only bit of calculus in this problem. But now we're not done. We have to finish it. We have to figure out all the rest of these quantities so we can figure out the area. All right. So how do we do that? Well, to find this point, this has a name. We're gonna find the so called x-intercept. That's the first thing we're going to do. So to do that, what we need to do is to find where this horizontal line meets that diagonal line. And the equation for the x-intercept is y = 0. So we plug in y = 0, that's this horizontal line, and we find this point. So let's do that into star. We get 0 minus, oh one other thing we need to know. We know that y0 is f(x0) , and f(x) is 1/x , so this thing is 1/x0. And that's equal to -1/x0^2. And here's x, and here's x0. All right, so in order to find this x value, I have to plug in one equation into the other. So this simplifies a bit. This is -x/x0^2. And this is plus 1/x0 because the x0 and x0^2 cancel somewhat. And so if I put this on the other side, I get x / x0^2 is equal to 2 / x0. And if I then multiply through - so that's what this implies - and if I multiply through by x0^2 I get x = 2x0. OK, so I claim that this point weve just calculated it's 2x0. Now, I'm almost done. I need to get the other one. I need to get this one up here. Now I'm gonna use a very big shortcut to do that. So the shortcut to the y-intercept is to use symmetry. All right, I claim I can stare at this and I can look at that, and I know the formula for the y-intercept. It's equal to 2y0. All right. That's what that one is. So this one is 2y0. And the reason I know this is the following: so here's the symmetry of the situation, which is not completely direct. It's a kind of mirror symmetry around the diagonal. It involves the exchange of (x, y) with (y, x); so trading the roles of x and y. So the symmetry that I'm using is that any formula I get that involves x's and y's, if I trade all the x's and replace them by y's and trade all the y's and replace them by x's, then I'll have a correct formula on the other ways. So if everywhere I see a y I make it an x, and everywhere I see an x I make it a y, the switch will take place. So why is that? That's just an accident of this equation. That's because, so the symmetry explained... is that the equation is y= 1 / x. But that's the same thing as xy = 1, if I multiply through by x, which is the same thing as x = 1/y. So here's where the x and the y get reversed. OK now if you don't trust this explanation, you can also get the y-intercept by plugging x = 0 into the equation star. OK? We plugged y = 0 in and we got the x value. And you can do the same thing analogously the other way. All right so I'm almost done with the geometry problem, and let's finish it off now. Well, let me hold off for one second before I finish it off. What I'd like to say is just make one more tiny remark. And this is the hardest part of calculus in my opinion. So the hardest part of calculus is that we call it one variable calculus, but we're perfectly happy to deal with four variables at a time or five, or any number. In this problem, I had an x, a y, an x0 and a y0. That's already four different things that have various relationships between them. Of course the manipulations we do with them are algebraic, and when we're doing the derivatives we just consider what's known as one variable calculus. But really there are millions of variable floating around potentially. So that's what makes things complicated, and that's something that you have to get used to. Now there's something else which is more subtle, and that I think many people who teach the subject or use the subject aren't aware, because they've already entered into the language and they're so comfortable with it that they don't even notice this confusion. There's something deliberately sloppy about the way we deal with these variables. The reason is very simple. There are already four variables here. I don't wanna create six names for variables or eight names for variables. But really in this problem there were about eight. I just slipped them by you. So why is that? Well notice that the first time that I got a formula for y0 here, it was this point. And so the formula for y0, which I plugged in right here, was from the equation of the curve. y0 = 1 / x0. The second time I did it, I did not use y = 1 / x. I used this equation here, so this is not y = 1/x. That's the wrong thing to do. It's an easy mistake to make if the formulas are all a blur to you and you're not paying attention to where they are on the diagram. You see that x-intercept calculation there involved where this horizontal line met this diagonal line, and y = 0 represented this line here. So the sloppines is that y means two different things. And we do this constantly because it's way, way more complicated not to do it. It's much more convenient for us to allow ourselves the flexibility to change the role that this letter plays in the middle of a computation. And similarly, later on, if I had done this by this more straightforward method, for the y-intercept, I would have set x equal to 0. That would have been this vertical line, which is x = 0. But I didn't change the letter x when I did that, because that would be a waste for us. So this is one of the main confusions that happens. If you can keep yourself straight, you're a lot better off, and as I say this is one of the complexities. All right, so now let's finish off the problem. Let me finally get this area here. So, actually I'll just finish it off right here. So the area of the triangle is, well it's the base times the height. The base is 2x0 the height is 2y0, and a half of that. So it's 1/2( 2x0)(2y0) , which is (2x0)(y0), which is, lo and behold, 2. So the amusing thing in this case is that it actually didn't matter what x0 and y0 are. We get the same answer every time. That's just an accident of the function 1 / x. It happens to be the function with that property. All right, so we have some more business today, some serious business. So let me continue. So, first of all, I want to give you a few more notations. And these are just other notations that people use to refer to derivatives. And the first one is the following: we already wrote y = f(x). And so when we write delta y, that means the same thing as delta f. That's a typical notation. And previously we wrote f' for the derivative, so this is Newton's notation for the derivative. But there are other notations. And one of them is df/dx, and another one is dy/ dx, meaning exactly the same thing. And sometimes we let the function slip down below so that becomes d / dx (f) and d/ dx(y) . So these are all notations that are used for the derivative, and these were initiated by Leibniz. And these notations are used interchangeably, sometimes practically together. They both turn out to be extremely useful. This one omits - notice that this thing omits- the underlying base point, x0. That's one of the nuisances. It doesn't give you all the information. But there are lots of situations like that where people leave out some of the important information, and you have to fill it in from context. So that's another couple of notations. So now I have one more calculation for you today. I carried out this calculation of the derivative of the function 1 / x. I wanna take care of some other powers. So let's do that. So Example 2 is going to be the function f(x) = x^n. n = 1, 2, 3; one of these guys. And now what we're trying to figure out is the derivative with respect to x of x^n in our new notation, what this is equal to. So again, we're going to form this expression, delta f / delta x. And we're going to make some algebraic simplification. So what we plug in for delta f is ((x delta x)^n - x^n)/delta x. Now before, let me just stick this in then I'm gonna erase it. Before, I wrote x0 here and x0 there. But now I'm going to get rid of it, because in this particular calculation, it's a nuisance. I don't have an x floating around, which means something different from the x0. And I just don't wanna have to keep on writing all those symbols. It's a waste of blackboard energy. There's a total amount of energy, and I've already filled up so many blackboards that, there's just a limited amount. Plus, I'm trying to conserve chalk. Anyway, no 0's. So think of x as fixed. In this case, delta x moves and x is fixed in this calculation. All right now, in order to simplify this, in order to understand algebraically what's going on, I need to understand what the nth power of a sum is. And that's a famous formula. We only need a little tiny bit of it, called the binomial theorem. So, the binomial theorem which is in your text and explained in an appendix, says that if you take the sum of two guys and you take them to the nth power, that of course is (x delta x) multiplied by itself n times. And so the first term is x^n, that's when all of the n factors come in. And then, you could have this factor of delta x and all the rest x's. So at least one term of the form (x^(n-1))delta x. And how many times does that happen? Well, it happens when there's a factor from here, from the next factor, and so on, and so on, and so on. There's a total of n possible times that that happens. And now the great thing is that, with this alone, all the rest of the terms are junk that we won't have to worry about. So to be more specific, there's a very careful notation for the junk. The junk is what's called big O((delta x)^2). What that means is that these are terms of order, so with (delta x)^2, (delta x)^3 or higher. All right, that's how. Very exciting, higher order terms. OK, so this is the only algebra that we need to do, and now we just need to combine it together to get our result. So, now I'm going to just carry out the cancellations that we need. So here we go. We have delta f / delta x, which remember was 1 / delta x times this, which is this times, now this is (x^n nx^(n-1) delta x this junk term) - x^n. So that's what we have so far based on our previous calculations. Now, I'm going to do the main cancellation, which is this. All right. So, that's 1/delta x( nx^(n-1) delta x this term here). And now I can divide in by delta x. So I get nx^(n-1) now it's O(delta x). There's at least one factor of delta x not two factors of delta x, because I have to cancel one of them. And now I can just take the limit. And the limit this term is gonna be 0. That's why I called it junk originally, because it disappears. And in math, junk is something that goes away. So this tends to, as delta x goes to 0, nx ^ (n-1). And so what I've shown you is that d/dx of x to the n minus - sorry -n, is equal to nx^(n-1). So now this is gonna be super important to you right on your problem set in every possible way, and I want to tell you one thing, one way in which it's very important. One way that extends it immediately. So this thing extends to polynomials. We get quite a lot out of this one calculation. Namely, if I take d / dx of something like (x^3 5x^10) that's gonna be equal to 3x^2, that's applying this rule to x^3. And then here, I'll get 5*10 so 50x^9. So this is the type of thing that we get out of it, and we're gonna make more hay with that next time. Question. Yes. I turned myself off. Yes? Student: [INAUDIBLE] Professor: The question was the binomial theorem only works when delta x goes to 0. No, the binomial theorem is a general formula which also specifies exactly what the junk is. It's very much more detailed. But we only needed this part. We didn't care what all these crazy terms were. It's junk for our purposes now, because we don't happen to need any more than those first two terms. Yes, because delta x goes to 0. OK, see you next time.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
>> Shark week this year is going to be -- I think 20 hours of shark programming. This year people jump out of a plane parachuted into shark infested water. >> This is as extreme as it gets. >> This is not good. Can't see them. That was shark attack survivor. [ Applause ] >> Brother, I mean -- >> What's up chums? >> I mean you are in the place, you didn't have to leave the place. You could have kept going. >> Let me tell you something. We did the chum bucket last year, you got chummed. I came closer to dying on the show last year than I have ever on shark week. >> It is true. >> Whoa. Right up on my back. >> His feet went into the air and I thought have we killed? >> This will be taken down at access. This is more dangerous of anything you have done. That's why I can parachute it. >> That's like the pinnacle. How do you go from the guy you were before the shark attack to be attacked by shark and a shark activist. I feel like I would have gone the opposite. >> Right. >> I feel it is kind of a transfer from my military service here. We are protecting people that can't stand up for themselves. We travel around the world. We are at service, we are trying to protect people. Now that I have left the military, that transfers to another group. The sharks are being decimated and they can't talk up for themselves. It is up to the people myself and people I work with on shark week to share this knowledge with people of the love and respect so hopefully everyone want to protect them. >> I didn't get it. >> I have a voice. >> That's the criteria. >> It is fun. >> You got bitten by spiders. >> I have a V and one of the worse thing you can do is have a voice and opinion and you just standby. >> If the shark did have a voice, it would be that voice, your voice. [ Laughter ] >> It is an amazing voice and I could listen to you talk all day. >> I am going to start recording tapes for you. >> Is something happening right here? >> No, no, he's not like the most amazing human being of all time or whatever -- I am not sweating. Are you about to get chummed? >> I am coming back for another interview tomorrow. >> I am a big fan. I love shark week, I love your story. It is incredible. You are like three of the shows this week, right? Discovery? >> Yes. Incredible. We have some amazing comedians and celebrities Adam Levine and Dwayne Jr. To got those guys together to shoot a movie in four days. It is bloody. I got to do "Jaws." >> Tell me though the comedians on the boat I am sure incredible experience but you are talking Will Smith. One of the most beloved -- >> Right? >> He's like the dude. You are like hey, I am going to put you in the water with was there at any point someone like, maybe not Will Smith. >> That was me. >> Will, I feel he's done enough. >> He wanted to do it. >> We got to challenge. I ask him do you want to do this, you are Will Smith. >> How much would cost a private shark experience with you? >> Welcome to come. I will tell you. >> Is there a groupon or anything? >> None that I am aware of.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
English: Hey guys it's me Cathy Cat. For everyone who doesn't know said German, there are subtitles down below!!! (in German) Today we will speak about... (in Japanese) ... wait a second... (Japanese) Nevermind. (in Japanese) let's do it one more time.... like thiiiiiis. Hey guys it's Cathy Cat. If you don't speak German there are subtitles down below cause this time I'm gonna talk in German. This time, the director of Ask Japanese asked ME about the differences between Germans and Japanese. I found out 5 differences that I will share with you today. I even heard people tell me this in the UK: Germans are VERY direct. We Germans are indeed very direct and we say straight-out what we are thinking. That doesn't go down as well in Japan. Japanese people tend to be more indirect. People prefer to say things in a roundabout way instead of straight out at the person itself. Japanese people are very careful about not hurting the other person. Japanese: こんにちは、カティーキャットですドイツ語がわからない皆さんには下に字幕が付いています今３ヶ国語が頭の中で混ざっていますまいっかこんな感じカティーキャットです。ドイツ語がわからなければ下に字幕があります。なぜなら今回はドイツ語で喋るからです今回はAsk Japaneseのディレクターがドイツと日本の違いを聞いてきました今回は５つの違いを見つけましたこれはイギリスいた時にも言われました。ドイツ人はとても直球的。我々ドイツ人は確かに直球的で、考えを直に言いますそれは日本ではあまり見られません日本人は間接的に物を言います日本人は誰かに対して婉曲的に物事を言うこと好みます日本人は他人を傷つけないことにとても気を遣います English: Even if you think you are in the right and that's the truth. You wouldn't say it here like that. We do not want to hurt the other person, and try to establish a harmony of the situation. We Germans tend to be very curious. Sometimes a little too curious. Sometimes we can even embarrass the other person in a conversation with our many many questions. I painfully realized that when my family was here in Japan. There are questions... where I would say, you shouldn't ask that directly to the other person. It's a little impolite and a topic that Japanese people don't like talking about. Japanese people tend to avoid criticism towards their own country. That's a point you want to be careful about when you come to Japan. However, one thing that surprised me! Many Japanese people will directly ask a woman her age! Where I think, that's a question that isn't polite to ask in Germany. Well, there are differences everywhere. Japanese: 自分が正しくてそれが真実だったとしてもここではそのようなことを言いません他人を傷つけることを好まず、全体の和を好みます我々ドイツ人はとても興味を持ちます。時として興味を持ちすぎます時として会話の中で相手のことを辱めることもします多くの質問を投げかけるのでそれを私の家族が日本にきた時に気づきました。他の人に直接的に聞かない方が質問がありますそれは少し無礼で日本人が話したくない話題です日本人は批判を避ける傾向にあります自国に対して。その点は日本に来る時には気をつけたい点ですねただ一つ私が驚いたのは日本人は女性に直接年齢を聞きますそれはドイツではあまり礼儀正しい質問ではありませんどこにでも違いはあります English: Germans are not just interested in others, we also love to discuss things. Could be a political discussion, or about other points of view. We love the friction and exchange of ideas. In Japan it's not like that. In Japan people tend to not get into discussions because because it might across as fighting. In Japan people try to avoid arguments. Here we are back on the topic of group harmony. Voicing your opinions is alright, but starting a full on debate or a full on discussion with Japanese people is a little difficult. If course it depends on who you meet. I miss it a little in general, to be able to discuss with Japanese people. Japanese and Germans are of course recycling. Recycling is popular in both countries, and Japanese people pay attention Japanese: ドイツ人は他人に興味があるだけではなく、色々なことに対して議論するのも好きです政治的な議論であったり、他の人の意見であったり意見の捻れや意見の交換が好きです日本では違います日本ではあまり議論にはなりません。それは喧嘩になってしまうからです日本では言い争いを避けますここではまた全体の和が関係してきます自分の意見を言うことが重要ですが、真剣なディベートをすること、または日本人と議論をすることは少し難しいです誰と会うかによりますが日本人と議論をすることができないのは少し残念です日本とドイツはリサイクルを当然しますがどちらの国でもリサイクルは両国で盛んで、日本人は特にちゃんとリサイクルすることに Japanese: 気を遣いますしかしドイツでは全く別の次元で行います日本ではどのお店でも無料でビニール袋をくれます小さなガムでももらったことがあります重要なのはエコバッグを用意して、即座に出すことお店のスタッフも大変速いです気づく前に全部包装されています理想はバッグを持っている伝えることですが、そうでなければ不必要なビニールのバッグを１０−１５個持つことになります日本はたくさんリサイクルしますが、ある面ではそれほど環境に配慮をしません特にドイツほどは日本人とドイツ人は比較的合理的です合理的なことが好きですよね？それはドイツ人はとても合理的な服を着ると言うことです English: to recycling things properly. However I think Germans do it on a whole new level. In Japan, you will definitely, in almost any store get a free plastic bag I have sometimes gotten a bag for a tiny chewing gum! One thing to look out for, is to have your eco bag ready and BE QUICK The staff in stores is so super quick before you realized it, everything is wrapped up. Ideally tell people in advance that you have a bag or you will end up with about 10-15 plastic bags that you don't want. So yes Japan recycles but on some aspects it doesn't pay as much attention to the environment as, maybe Germany. Japanese and German people are rather practical. We love things that are practical right? But that also means we Germans have very... practical clothes. Japanese: 風もどんな季節も耐えうるジャックウルフスキンのジャケットをいつも着ていますドイツではより多くの人がズボンを履いているのを見かけます。合理的だからです日本は合理的ですが、別の意味で合理的です創造性という意味ではここで発見する物の凄さに驚きます温熱便座からビデ付きのトイレ、そして追い炊きができる風呂まで希望の温度を選ぶことができます指定の温度に正確にお湯が温まりますそしてこの温度が１時間ほど保たれます。ドイツの冬は日本の平均的や冬よりは寒いですがこれがドイツに無いのは驚きです我々ドイツ人は合理的ですが、日本人は合理性では我々の先を行っています English: That Jack Wolfskin jacket survives all wind and weather and everything! I also see more people in trousers in Germany, because everything is just that more practical. Japan is practical too, but on a different scale. On the terms of inventive spirit, I am absolutely fascinated by the things I find here. From the heated toilet seats, the included bidets and most of all ... the bathtubs that can re-heat themselves. You select the desired temperature the water will be heated to that exact temperature and then this temperature will be kept for about one hour. Even though German winters are colder than the average Japanese winter I am always surprised that we DON'T have those things in Germany. So yes we Germans are practical but the Japanese are beating us at practicality! Japanese: これらが私が即座に考えられる５つのドイツと日本の違いですこれ以上にたくさんあります何か思いついたならばコメント欄に書いてください将来の動画で採用するかもしれません今回ドイツ語で喋るのはとても不思議でしたしばらくドイツ語を喋っていなかったので少し大変でした問題なければよかったですがこの動画を気に入ってくれることを楽しみにしていますコメントを楽しみにしているので書いてくださいそして同時に高評価をお忘れなく Ask Japaneseのディレクターは私が何を言っているかはさっぱりわかりませんでしたが内容が後でわかった時には驚くことでしょう良い一日を。またこちらのAsk Japaneseでお会いしましょう。もしすでに登録しているならばドイツ語でAboniertと言うはずですが、次の動画でお会いしましょうまだしていない方は登録してまた近々お会いしましょう動画を楽しめましたか？またAsk Japanese でお会いしましょうさようなら English: These are the 5 differences between Germans and Japanese I could think of from the top of my head. But there are many more. If you can think of one straight away, please write it in our comments. Maybe I can pick it up for a future shoot for you. To be honest, it was really weird for me to switch to German I haven't been speaking German in a while. It was a bit of a challenge. But I hope it went down well with you. I am excited to see how you will like this video. Let me know, I am looking forward to your comments. And yes well, don't forget to like ... Of course the director of Ask Japanese has no clue what I have been talking about This will be fun, once he finds out about that later. I wish you a good day and I hope I will see you here again next time on Ask Japanese. If you are subscribed.... I think it means "aboniert" in German... so if you're subscribed you'll be with us next time And if not, it would be nice if you could subscribe so you're here in the future. I hope you liked this and I will see you again soon on Ask Japanese. Bye.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Welcome back ah to my course ah ah Aspects of Biochemical Engineering . Now, ah in the last lecture I started a new chapter that is the downstream processing . And, I told you the downstream processing plays very important role as per chemical and biochemical industry is concerned, because whenever we market any kind of product, that should be marketed in a purified form . And for the purification of the product product ah you we shall to have, ah that you know pass through the different purification processes . The, in this purification process one most important thing, that we have the solid liquid separation process. In the last ah ah lecture we try to discuss about the sedimentation process, we require we discuss about the centrifugal process . So, and also we required we discuss about the membrane filtration process. Now, in this lecture in the today we will be discussing other different aspects of the downstream processing, which is really in practice in the biochemical industries. Now, um first I want to tell you the classification of the filtration equipment. Now, if you look at the classification that ah ah the filter this is the filter, that we have and ah that we have 3 different types; one is called pressure filter, another is vacuum filter another is the centrifugal filter . Now, if you look at pressure filter, we have plate and frame filter press, we have meta meta filter and ah vacuum filter, we have ah the filter leaf rotatory vacuum rotary vacuum filter and centrifugal figure we have centrifuges . Now, out of that I want to highlight that ah plate and frame filter plays is largely used in the biochemical industry, rotating ah rotatory ah vacuum ah dry ah vacuum drum filter, that is also largely used in the ah biochemical industry and centrifuge also largely used in the biochemical industry . Now, first let us consider ah that you know plate and frame ah that filter press that we have . Now, question come how the plate plate and plate and frame filter press they look, that ah let me let me let me give you some idea about that. That ah ah that you know that if you if you look at ah this is ah plate and frame filter press plate and frame, filter press . Now, how it looks? Now, we know ah ah that you know frame wooden frame, that in our house we have window we have ah we have door that ah door we have this is the frame that we have am I right . So, this frame we can we can have multiple of this frame, this frame we can have ah in our different frame we can branch together . That one after another that you know this frame, we can we can have this this is the frame that we have and ah ah this ah frame we can we can we we can have several frames like this like this . So, in between the frames so, here this is hollow am I right . Now, we put some kind of ah thick cotton pad that in between the frame . And, this since it is made of wooden we can make a whole in it . And, through this whole we can put a some kind of nut and bolt arrangement so, that we can fix that . So, in between suppose ah this is a frame and here there is the another frame and ah there is the another frame like this, you know multiple frame we can we can branch all together like this . And when in between this we we we we have one cotton ah ah pad we put inside that and then we pass liquid in between this ah cotton pad. So, what is happening the liquid suppose this is a cotton pad is wrapped around and if you pass liquid the liquid will comes out like this, where um like this you can collect and yours yours. So, your solid material will be um will be will be will be ah accumulating inside this filter . And, when it is totally filled then you can find out that if you connected with kind of nanometer, that you will find the pressure pressure drop will be very high . And as soon we have high pressure drop, then you can stop the operation and take the solid out this is what is in practice in the baker's yeast industry. So, this is how it looks this is the this is you can see this is how how ah the different plates? And this is the this is the cloth you know this is you can see that the how the cloth is looked this is thick cotton pad that we have that is ah that in between the plates we have and we pass the liquid like that . So, what is the ah what is the basic principles of this plate and frame filter press is the surface filtration . And here I want to point out one very important thing, that when we go any kind of filtration process, ah we design the filtration process on the basis of the size of the particles . Now, we know that in the biochemical industry we use different type of microorganisms . And, different type of microorganisms has difference sizes as for example, bacteria their size is 0.5 to 2 microns am I right . And yeast is about 3 to 7 microns and if you if you look at fungi it is couple of millimeter . So, naturally kind of filtration arrangement that we have for different type of filtration process will be different. As for example, for bacterial filtration mostly we go for centrifuge, because particle size is very less , but in case of a yeast filtration because baker's yeast fermentation process since the particle size is little bit bigger we go for plate and frame filter press . Now, in case of fungi, now since the particle size is about couple of millimeter, we go for rotating vacuum filter that I shall discuss. So, here this is mostly used for yeast filtration process, that baker's yeast filtration and other purpose also it can be used. The slurry enters the frame I showed you, by pressure and flow through the filter medium . And filtrate is collected on the plates and sent to the outlet . The number of frames and plates are used so, that the surface area increases and consequently large volume of slurry can be processed simultaneous with or without washing . This is the um main purpose of this particular plate and frame filter press this is how it is look? So, liquid ah this is thick cotton pad, that we have and liquid enter like this and liquid comes out here and you drain out like this . So, liquid um you can see the liquid drain out ah through this this is the liquid coming out and liquid a this is the in and this is the out . So, um liquid and and and all the solid material will accumulated in in between this . And when your where is total filled up then there will be pressure ah drop and from the pressure the when you find out large pressure drop we stop the operation open this and take out the solid material, this is how it looks? . Now, ah what are the applications we have I told you that, ah this is used in the baker's yeast fermentation process, then ah the food industry it is used, mining industry it is used, pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, and waste water treatment process . So, different ah we have ah several applications we have the plate and frame filter press. Now, let us let me come to the rotary vacuum filter where, because we know that we have lot of antibiotics fermentation process where we use the fungi I can I can give the example of penicillin fermentation process, where we use the penicillium chrysogenum, which is the fungal strain I I I work with citric acid industry, where we use the aspergillus Niger that is also fungal strain this size is quite big. So, there we use ah rotary vacuum filter rotary vacuum filter consist of drum rotating, in a tub or a liquid to be filtered, the technique is well suited for to slurry and liquid with large solid content and the that could clog other form of filters . The drum um made up of 3 meter dimeter and 3 point ah 5 meter length and give a surface area of 20 20 meter square. Now, let me explain that that ah this is suppose this is the drum and this is immerse in the trough this is trough . In the trough we put the fermentation broth like this . And this here we have pipeline this is we have pipeline like this and this drum this is like this this drum is like this and this is wrap by the thin moslin cloth, moslin loth. What is moslin cloth? That is the fine cloth this wrap on the surface of the drum . Now, what do you do here, we applied vacuum? At the middle we this is the pipeline if you applied vacuum what will it is suck the the liquid and um the cell mass and this rotated very low rpm . May be 1 rpm, 1 rpm means 1 rotation per minute. Now when it rotates like this, that and the solid material the cell mass that will touch on the surface of the thin moslin cloth . Now, here we have a knife thin knife, that you know this knife tells the moslin cloth and and take the solid material out and it drop in this particular ah may be some kind of screw conveyer is there, that will take the material out and put it in some other vessels or it can it can it can put it in the some wagon . Though this is how it is how this is in practice . Now, principles of this rotary vacuum filter what do you call RVF this is rotary the in abbreviation form we call it like this . Now, rotary vacuum filter works on the principle or function of filtering slurry through the sleve leke mechanism, on a rotating drum surface under the condition of vacuum . In addition of compression drying ah using hot air the removing the filter cake are possible . So, what we ah let me let me go to the exact photograph of the particular process, it is like this. So, you can see this is the drum and this is here you have fine moslin cloth you can see here, it is fine moslin cloth this is the fine moslin cloth . And here when it rotate and this is the trough in which it is immerse when and this trough is rotated at a very low RPM and here there will be fine knife, which touches the surface of the moslin cloth and the solid material the cell mass that attach on the surface of the moslin cloth, that will comes like this it will drop down like this okay. This gives a ah ah very clear cut picture here, this is the trough where the where we have ah where we have the fermentation broth and it is rotated at the very low or low rpm suppose here, it is rotated in this direction . So, it is a the this is the central duct where suction takes place and it suck the water and the solid material that ah the cell mass that adder on the surface, and this is washing water just to if some a product is added on the surface of the cell mass, that also we we take care that should also come in the liquid and ah this is dewatering zone this is remain out. So, that you know little bit drying of the material take place and this is that knife which touches the surface and take the product out . Now, centrifugal filter that is the another type of filter it is constitute of a stainless steel perforated baskets, ah and you know let me show you the figure then I think it will be very ah very clear. This is this is this is rotated in the high speed and then um the material will throw on the surface and here is a here we have here ah here we have perforated disc basket. So, when you throw it the solid material that added on the surface and liquid will goes out am I right . So, liquid we can take it out from this outlet and solid material added on the surface of the cloth . This is it consists of if you look at it consist of stainless steel perforated basket typically 1 to 2 meter diameter lined with ah filter cloth . The basket ah coated rotates ah rotates at a speed typically 25 per seconds and high higher speed ah tending to stress of the basket ah excessively . The product ah entered centrally and thrown outwards by the centrifugal force and held against the filter cloth. The filter cloth will will will will not allow the solid material to go out . The filtered is forced through the um cloth and and remove via the liquid outlet and the solid material retain on the cloth. So, I hope that the principle is very simple. The application of this is ah the preparation of aspirin, this kind of medicine largely used ah in the pharmaceutical industry, ah ah for medicinal purpose ah this for removing the precipitation of proteins from insulin and it is also handle the concentrated slurry, which might block other filters. So, this is the different purpose where ah this centrifugal filter may be used . Now, um the general technique of ah for contaminates ah removal from the liquid relatively to size of the species to be removed . So, we have on the basis of size we can name the different techniques . Like, if the if the size this is the size of the particle this micron and this range point ah this ah 0 0 1 to 100 microns. So, if is very small we have electro dialysis, then little bit more it ah reverse osmosis then ultrafiltration micro filtration and filtration filtration, we go for the higher sized particles . Micro filtration usually ranging between ah in between 0 2 ah 10 microns. Now, this is ah this is very clear here, that ah that ah this is the membrane filter, and this is the ultra filtration, this is Nano filter, this is ro this is how on the basis of size of the particle, we can ah differentiate type of membrane that is used for the separation of particles . So, this is ah suspended particles that is removed by the membrane filter and um and then this is the micron macromolecule, that is is can be separated by the ultra-filtration and then we have like of multi valent ions that can be used separated by Nano filter and ro can be say used for the ah for the production of the water, that we use in the day to day life. Now, liquid liquid extraction another ah very important area in the downstream processing, that ah I can give the example of the penicillin industry, that in the penicillin industry what is happening that ah ah ah that ah penicillin, that present in the fermentation broth . And ah when when you when you reduce the ph of the fermentation broth ah to 2 then ah then it is a more ah solubility soluble in the solvent ah layer. That is the ah amyl acetate or um this ah ah that you know kind of ah solvent, which is ah which is not soluble in the ah water . So, when you when you mix together then the um penicillin will come from the aqueous layer to the solvent layer . Now, when it comes to the solvent layer, then what will happen in a aqueous layer, you have ah contains lot of un undegraded material or some metabolites. So, for since ah this the solvent is the and this is invisible in the water. So, you can easily separate aqueous layer from the solvent layer . And, then again you increase the ph to 7, then again you water you you then then solubility of the penicillin will be more in water it goes to the aqueous layer. Again you decrease the ph ah then again it ah goes to the solvent layer. So, like this we can purified the product and and then and then we can we use for different purpose as per as per penicillin is concerned, we know the penicillin can be used ah in 2 different form either in the form of capsule or in the form of injection fluid, when it ah when it go for in the form of capsule within a little contamination is there little little impurities is there we can we can tolerate, because goes via your stomach , but when it injection fluid ah no contamination is permitted to the 100 percent sterility is to be maintained . Now, ah let us see that how this ah ah this liquid liquid field extraction system works, separate up 2 components of the liquid ah by contact with a second in immiscible liquid as the solvent. So, um the extraction is usually used when direct distillation is not economical . And since the solvent usually has the removal has to be removed by distillation . The extraction of penicillin from the fermentation broth by contact with amyl or butyl acetate, that is ah one of the example recovery of acetic acid from the dilute aqueous solution by contact with ethyl acetate or ethyl ether . And separation of high molecular weight fatty acid from vegetable oils by contacting with liquid propane. This is the different application that we have in the liquid liquid extraction process . Now, liquid extraction means method is ah on the basis of solubility difference of the component of the liquid, I was saying ah telling you that ah on the basis of solubility, that we we this ah liquid liquid extraction process is used . The extraction operation of the liquid mixture is to extract ah is called the fed and the solvent is ah is liquid, which contact with the feed for solute extraction. Extract is solvent reach ah product of operation containing extracted solute and this is called extract phase . So, we this ah this can be very clear here . So, here here see that this is the ah this is this is feed and this is solvent . Now, um now in the lab we can we know that how we do that we have ah that ah supporting funnel like this, that we can put ah 2 solvent together ah this is the this ah this kind of ah stop watch we stop clock we have . So, here we can take the 2 solvent we can mix together by hand and then we separate out 1 1 layer from other layer , but industry we cannot do it industry what will do that we pass the liquid ah and you know it is kind of wheel motion you know that we have like this . Now, show that you know that ah 2 should 2 layer will will continuously come in contact with each other and finally, then we dispose in the in the vessel . So, that one then one layer will be separated from other layer we can separate one layer from other. This is this is this is how it can be done shown like this this is the feed, one way and this is the solvent another way, this is the contacting the separation then we do the extract ah. This is the extracts that we have raffinate that remains that we call raffinate that the ah suppose we use the solvent, solvent we call the extract and the raffinate is aqueous layer . Now, theory of the liquid liquid liquid extraction the raffinate is the is the spent feed, that while extract is the enrich with extracting solvent as the as the as I told you that penicillin penicillin . So, in case of penicillin it present in the aqueous layer am I right . Aqueous layer means water it contains, another is the solvent solvent what you have amyl acetate butyl acetate that we have solvent that we have . So, now what you do? When we when we decrease the PH to ah PH we ah we 2 then ah then when we mix together, then penicillin will come from the aqueous layer to ah to solvent layer . So, this is ah on the basis of the the the raffinate is the spent ah feed while extracting the enrich with ah this solvent the solvent will enrich with the solute . The distribution of the solute between the raffinate and the extract can be expressed in terms of partition coefficient. The partition coefficient on the basis of partition coefficient actually we can we can ah find out, that how quickly the material, that can ah diffuse to the other layer . So, K is equal to C by C R C is the equilibrium solute concentration of extracting solvent and C R is the equilibrium solute concentration in the raffinate . And, if the value of K obtained independent on the solute concentration particularly at low solute concentration . So, this is a ah this is the how we can we can do the material balance, suppose this is the feed and this is the feed that we have and and and this is the polymer ah salts that we have in the solvent . And, this is raffinate ah this is heavier phase and this is the lighter phase is the extract and this if you do the material balance material balance through the F F R 0, we can F R 0 plus R R C R, plus E C E E C C. This is ah then we can write that ah extraction coefficient equal to K into E K a K into E divide by R . That is how we can find out this ah the um the extraction ah um extraction, that ah factor the lambda can be ah defined like this. Now, then this equation we can write in this form that ah this is p equal to E C by F R O, this is lambda we can we can here you can see the lambda equal to K E by R . And this we use here then we can find out these equations . Now, this ah this ah problem if, we look into that you know that ah you conception will be little bit clear 100 liters of the aqueous solution of citric acid concentration 1 gram per liter, it contracted with a 10 liter of organic solvent . The equilibrium relationships C equal to um 100 into C R square, where C R and C E is the citric acid concentration raffinate and the and the and the extract respectively and are expressed in gram per liter . The question is that concentration of citric in the definite and the extract that we shall have to find out and fraction of citric acid extracted . Assume, that volume of the feed equal to volume of the raffinate phase, that is the assumption we made here, what is the in the problem? What is given C R 0 is given, that one gram per liter is a is equal to 10 liter, R F equal to R equal to f equal to 100 liters, then equation that is given C equal to 100 C R square . So, this is the material balance equation that we have already find then, we can replace the C E by this equation here, then we can we can put the value of ah different values then we find out the value of R C R we can find out . And and C since C equal to 100 into C R square you can easily find out the value of. So, one is the raffinate what is the concentration? What is the concentrated extract citric acid that we can find it out? The fraction of ah citric acid extracted in the batch extractor p can be that equation already given before, that we just put the value here we can find out the what fraction that can be extracted? So, this is how we can solve this problem? Next is the adsorption phenomena, that is another technique that is largely used in the downstream processing, adsorption is the surface phenomena whereby component of the gas liquid, are concentrated on the surface of the solid particle adsorption results from electrostatic van der Waals, reactive with other binding forces between the individual atoms ions and molecules, four types of adsorption distinguish the from each other one is ion ion exchange, physical, ah chemical, and nonspecific . Adsorption um serve the same function as a extraction isolated isolating the products from the dilute fermentation liquid . Now, um let me let me show you this that ah Ion-exchange, adsorption, that you know that is established in practice for the recovery of amino, acid protein antibiotics and vitamin. Physical adsorption due to van der Waals force on the activated charcoal is a method long standing for purification of citric acid particularly, for the removal of color and chemical adsorption of organic chemicals on to the charcoal or porous polymeric ah adsorption is commonly used for the waste water treatment process. This is ah how adsorption can be explained this ah we can the the adsorbent is the material on which the adsorption . So, this is the material suppose we are talking about charcoal and this is the adsorbent suppose methylene blue . So, this is how it adhered on the surface of the of the material. This is the adsorbent and this is this is ah what you call this is the adsorbent and this is ah this is ah adsorbent this is the adsorbate and this is the adsorbent . Just to adhere on the surface of the solid matrix . Now, this is the equation that we have have adsorbent plus adsorbate equal to ah this adsorption and desorption, if you desorption then the materials will comes out and adsorption with the header on the surface of the solid matrix . Now, this principle we can express by 2 different ah isotherm one is Langmuir isotherm, another there there there freundlich ah isotherm, that Langmuir isotherm this is the equation that we have and kind of correlation that we have with like this . And freundlich the isotherm it is little bit ah ah the flatted type of thing and the correlation is like this . So, we have 2 different type of correlation for different type of 2 different type of isotherm . Depending on the the adsorption characteristics, we can find out which is following in the adsorption process. Now, next is the evaporation, now if you look at evaporation main purpose is the concentration a liquid, through a nonvolatile solute by boiling away the solvent ah that is the water. I can tell you that when citric acid, we because ah after ah ah I told you after hydrolysis of calcium citrate, we get citric acid and ah gypsum and this citric acid concentration is 22 percent and this we have to increase to 60 percent. So, naturally you have to remove ah water from that and how you do it? We do it very easily suppose. This is the this is a pipeline and here we we pass the um citric acid, and this is a stream we pass and then ah we heat it to high temperature then, we we we put it in the big ah like you know we cycle separated type of things, ah tangentially is comes like this and then ah the the vapor will go out this is vapor will go out and concentrated liquid, will go down. So, you will get the concentrated liquid like this . So, this how it is ah removable part of the solvent of the solution from the nonvolatile solute by because, because we know citric acid is a nonvolatile solvent. This is for concentration of milk fruit juice production of sugar citric acid industry it is largely used . Now, the performance ah the ah it ah depends on the capacity and economy, the capacity is the number of kg of water vaporize or evaporated per hour, economy the number of kg of water evaporated per kg of steam fed to the evaporation and ratio of capacity to economy give the steam consumption of the evaporated per hour . So, this is very important the industrial point of view, because how much ah what is the money involvement is there Now, different type of evaporator that we have upward ah upward flow, downward flow, and ah um we have upward flow, this is the one is the upward flow, then downward flow and force circulation and agitated flame evaporator . The different type of evaporator is used by the industry . The, next is the crystallization process when when we get the concentrated citric acid, then I told you that we reduce the temperature to about ah 10 10 10 to 20 degree centigrade, then put it in a crystallizer, where the crystals of ah citric acid separated out . So, crystallization is the process of formation of solid crystal, precipitating from the solution melt, rarely deposited directly from the gas and crystallization is also um chemicals solid liquid separation technique, in which the mass separation of the solute from the liquid ah solution to a pure solid. So, I can give another simple example of um of ah sugar sugar at high concentration at ah we we reduce the temperature sugar crystals will be separated out from the liquid. It is just we pass through the centrifuge we can ah separate the crystals of a sugar from the liquid. And liquid we call a cane molasses and sugar, we can sell it in the market as sugar crystals. We have several applications, production of sugar, purification of drug improved, that bio availability preparation of organic and inorganic API and manufacturing pure API, by high yield this is the different purpose you can use . And theory of crystallization first is the ah ah super saturation of the solution, this is to be done heating cooling and salting and then nucleation then the the crystal growth . It can be ah it can be explained like this, that if you look at ah this is we we we we concentrated the liquid, this is the dilute, dilute dilution of the liquid, then when concentrated the particles are very close to each other, then it ah it ah it ah coming here, then then nucleus formation take place in a when the nucleus formation take place, then the crystal growth take place. This is how how the crystal formation, that take place . Now, last ah I want to discuss about the chromatography chromatography technique is largely used for the separation of different component present in the reaction mixture and chromatography ah is a solute fractionation techniques, which relies on the dynamic distribution of the molecules to be separated between the 2 phases a stationary phase and the ah the mobile phase . The substance are separated and differential ah ah that distribution between the 2 phases, the differential coefficient you get distribution coefficient will be concentration of component in the stationary phase, concentration of component in the mobile phase, this is how we can express that . Now, ah application we have several we have ah biopharmaceutical production, biopharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, environmental analysis, diagnosis, and the process monitoring . The different purpose it is used we have different type of chromatography, We have gas chromatography, we have liquid chromatography. Liquid gas chromatography is the element is the gas and liquid chromatography element is the liquid . Now, the element ah that in a fluid enters in the column are solvent that carries the analyte. So, suppose ah this is you you inject the sample, which ah um and and this is this is this is the element . So, you know that take the sample to the column this is this is the column, where the separation take place and then we have detected where ah that detection of the molecules take place . So, ah this is the stationary phase ah the immobilized of the ah support material inner wall of the column of the tubing, example is the silica layer thin layer chromatography silica gel, alumina and cellulose on a flat ah. This is different type of um material that is used in the chromatography . So, we have mobile phase ah that ah main ah the basis on which the particle that we identify that is the retention time, the after how how much time that particular components separated ah in the by the the um adsorption column, that we can easily find out that ah first we inject the standard sample . We find out what is the retention time then we we we we we injected our sample and find out at that particular retention time, whether we are getting any peak or not and on the basis of we can we can find out this ah that ah concept that, the the the quality ah the um qualitative analysis we can find out . But, if you if you want to do the quantitative analysis then we shall have to inject the ah definite amount of the sample. And on the basis of that we can correlate what is the amount of that you know that ah component present in the sample . The ah visual output, because if you of the chromatograph we can we can get the peak as I told you this is ah peak we will get like this . And and suppose you inject the sample here . So, you know what is the time here this is the retention what you call retention time and this is another retention time that we have this is this is another retention time. So, you if this is for A B C. So, if a the more peak you get ; that means, then this indicate that more sample that component present in the sample . The different peaks ah pattern of the corresponds to the different components of the separate of the separated mixture. So, this can be represented like this this is a where you inject the sample and ah this you will get the peak like this . So, this is ah this is ah ah this is like this this is the mobile phase and this is the pump and it pass through this column and this is the detection from, where we detect the sample and did detection mostly either potentiometric or amperometric . So, in this ah particular ah lecture I try to ah discuss different type of downstream processing, which largely use ah both ah chemical and biochemical industry I try to ah pick up some example of the downstream processing, which is mostly used in the biochemical industry. I have given the example of plate and frame filter phase, which is used for baker's yeast industry I have given the example of rotated rotating ah ah rotary vacuum filter, which is used for most of the penicillin industry where we use the fungi ah ah I have given the example of penicillin, ah where we use the penicillin chrysogenum . Then, we there we centrifuge we use ah for the separation of different particulate matters and then ah there are other techniques that is also for the separation of the particles, we have adsorption particularly color adsorption we do by using activated charcoal . Then ah finally, I discuss about the chromatography, where we can find out ah the we with this is mostly used for the analytical purpose, where we can also for separation of macro molecules we can do that, that ah that ah there where different type of chromatographic technique we have we have gas chromatography we will ah the high performance liquid chromatography technique, one case we give ah keep the gas as a mobile phase another case we keep the liquid as a mobile phase. Thank you very much.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
In ons nieuwe gebouw Energy Academy Europe, werken we samen aan de transitie naar een duurzame energietoekomst. Wij geven onderwijs, doen onderzoek en bevorderen innovatie op het gebied van energie. Dit komt ook tot uiting in ons gebouw. Welkom bij het meest duurzame onderwijsgebouw van Nederland. Uitgangspunt is het creëren van een natuurlijk klimaat. Natuurlijke luchtstromen. Zonne-energie. Gebruik van de aarde voor verwarming en koeling. Regenwater. Allemaal energie uit natuurlijke bronnen. En met een minimum aan technologie. Gebouwd in de richting van de zon, is dit opmerkelijke gebouw ideaal gepositioneerd. Een compacte vorm, met een klein oppervlak om warmteverlies te minimaliseren. Een groot atrium tussen de beide delen van het gebouw, zodat het licht overal kan binnenvallen. Een wintertuin, ook gemaakt van glas, draagt bij aan natuurlijke ventilatie. Door slim ontwerp hebben we een gebouw gecreëerd met nul uitstoot. Zelfs meer dan dat: een gebouw dat meer energie produceert dan het verbruikt. Het is bestand tegen aardbevingen, gebruikt bijna geen energie, en het heeft de hoogst mogelijke BREEAM score. Het gebouw helt aan de zonkant naar beneden om zonne-energie het beste op te vangen.. ..en de lichtinval te maximaliseren. De zonnepanelen zouden het hele dak kunnen bedekken. Maar door de 2.000 panelen in een speciale driehoekige opstelling te plaatsen, is er ruimte voor meer panelen en is in totaal 37% meer zonne-energieopbrengst mogelijk. Hierdoor blijven er bovendien openingen voor daglichtinval, zodat kunstlicht minder nodig is. Wanneer het te donker wordt, gaat de zuinige LED-verlichting automatisch aan. Een natuurlijke luchtstroom van buiten gaat door het hele gebouw. Frisse lucht komt binnen via de wintertuin, en trekt door een 200 meter lang labyrint. Ondergronds, zodat dat de lucht geleidelijk de bodemtemperatuur bereikt, stromend met een snelheid van minder dan een meter per seconde. Dit verschaft koelte in de zomer en warmte in de winter. Al met al geeft de natuur ons 4 graden kado. Deze constante luchtstroom wordt het gebouw in getrokken door de zonneschoorsteen bovenop. Dit is de warmste plek, die een trek creëert. Deze natuurlijke oplossing zorgt voor ongeveer 20% energiebesparing. De frisse lucht komt uit het labyrinth, vloeit naar de kantoren… het atrium... en daarna via de zonneschoorsteen naar buiten. Om een aangenaam klimaat te waarborgen, worden de CO2-niveaus in elke ruimte voortdurend gemonitord. Als ze te hoog zijn, fungeert de mechanische ventilatie als back-up, om meer verse lucht in het vertrek te leveren, zodat u altijd in een aangenaam klimaat werkt. Het is aanbevolen om de ventilatieroosters open te laten, om zo de natuurlijke ventilatie te optimaliseren. We zorgen voor een lente-achtige klimaat met gemiddeld 21 graden gedurende het hele jaar. En ook hier is weer een kans voor energiebesparing. In de winter kan de temperatuur iets lager zijn dan 21 graden, omdat mensen zich warmer kleden. En in de zomer iets hoger, omdat mensen zich lichter kleden. De temperatuur in elke kamer kan handmatig worden verhoogd of verlaagd met 2 graden. De verwarming en koeling komt voornamelijk voort uit de aarde. Twee waterreservoirs bevinden zich in de buurt van het gebouw, op een diepte van 100 meter. Een is voor verwarmen en één voor koeling. In de zomer pompen we het koude water naar boven. Het absorbeert warmte in het gebouw. Daarna pompen we het inmiddels warme terug in het tweede reservoir. In de winter is dit proces omgekeerd. Het water wordt verder verwarmd met een warmtepomp. Deze zet op efficiënte wijze elektriciteit omzet in warmte. Deze warmte wordt verspreid door het gebouw: Voor vloerverwarming, die voor 60% van de verwarming zorgt in alle kamers. Om de luchtstroom te verwarmen, ook via klimaatplafonds. En om kraanwater te verwarmen. Indien nodig, maken we gebruik van koud water uit de nabijgelegen vijver. Op zomeravonden is er extra koeling. Door middel van een natuurlijk proces dat geen energie kost: Koele nachtlucht stroomt door de wintertuin, via het atrium en door het hele gebouw. De volgende ochtend kunnen de mensen hun werkdag starten in een koele omgeving. Regenwater dat het schuine dak afstroomt, wordt gefiltreerd en opgeslagen in een reservoir. Dit water wordt gebruikt voor de planten in de wintertuin. En om de toiletten door te spoelen. Het gebouw Energy Academy Europe, is dankzij de bouw en het ontwerp, een natuurlijke omgeving waar kennis, onderzoek en innovatie kunnen gedijen. Evenals de bewoners en bezoekers, samenwerkend in een werkklimaat overladen met de geschenken van de natuur: licht, warmte, koelte, frisse lucht en water. We hebben het meest duurzame onderwijsgebouw van Nederland gecreëerd, door intelligent en slim ontwerp, waar tegelijkertijd het comfort voor alle gebruikers hoog is. We hopen dat dit opmerkelijke gebouw iedereen zal inspireren.. ..om een meer duurzame energietoekomst te bereiken.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
iw: לאחר שביסס את כוחו זאוס מתאהב בטיטאנית מטיס, אלת הזהירות והתבונה. היא ניסתה לעצור את כל נסיונותיו של זאוס בכל דרך שיכלה. בהתחשב ביכולתה לשנות צורה, האלה יכלה להפוך את עצמה למספר חיות כדי לאבד את האל הדגול. אך מטיס לא מצליחה להתחמק מזאוס לנצח. האל תופס אותה והופך אותה לאשתו. עד מהרה היא נכנסת להיריון ואין ספק שתוליד ברייה אלוהית מרהיבה. עם זאת, האורקל של גאיה מיידע את זאוס שהאלה תוליד שני ילדים. הראשונה תהיה בת שתשתווה לאביה בחוכמתה ובתבונתה. השני יהיה בן שיהיה אפילו חזק יותר מאביו ויגזול ממנו את הכוח שלו. English: After firming his power, Zeus falls in love with titaness Metis, the goddess of prudence and wisdom. She tried to circumvent the advances of Zeus using all the means she could. Given that she had the power of metamorphosis, the goddess was able to transform herself into several animals, to lose to great God. But Metis would not be capable of escaping Zeus forever The God grabs her, and turns her into his wife. She quickly gets pregnant, and certainly would give birth to a wonderful divinity. However, the oracle of Gaia lets Zeus know that the goddess will give birth to two children. The first will be a girl, that will match her father in strength and sapience. The second will be a boy, that will be even stronger than his father and will take the power from him. Portuguese: Após consolidar seu poder, Zeus se apaixona pela Titânide Métis, a deusa da prudência e da astucia. Ela tentava fugir das investidas de Zeus de todas as formas. Por ter o poder da metamorfose, a deusa se transformava em diversos animais para despistar o grande deus. Mas Metis não consegue escapar de Zeus para sempre. O deus a agarra e a torna em sua esposa. Rapidamente ela engravida e certamente dará a luz a uma formidável divindade. Porém, o oráculo de Gaia informa Zeus que a deusa terá dois filhos. A primeira será uma menina que igualará seu pai em força e sabedoria o segundo será um menino que se tornará mais forte que o pai e lhe tomará o poder. Dutch: Na het bevestigen van zijn macht, wordt Zeus verliefd op Metis, de godin van de schranderheid en de wijsheid. Ze probeerde de pogingen van Zeus te ontwijken op alle mogelijke manieren. Gezien het feit dat de godin de macht van metamorphose bezat, was de godin in staat om zich te transformeren in verschillende dieren om de grote god af te schudden. Maar Metis was niet in staat om eeuwig aan Zeus te ontsnappen De god grijpt haar en maakt haar tot zijn vrouw. Zij wordt al snel zwanger en zal een wonderbaarlijke godheid baren. Echter, het orakel van Gaia laat Zeus weten dat de godin twee kinderen zal baren. De eerste zal een meisje zijn, dat haar vader zal evenaren in kracht en wijsheid. De tweede zal een jongen zijn, die nog sterker dan zijn vader zal zijn en de macht van hem af zal pakken. iw: זאוס מפחד להתמודד עם אותו גורל כמו אביו הטיטאן כרונוס או סבו, האל אורנוס ששניהם הודחו על ידי בנם, ובהשראת אביו זאוס מבקש ממטיס להפוך לטיפת מים, והוא בולע את אשתו ההרה בלי לאפשר לה ללדת. לאחר שבלע את אשתו, זאוס מתחיל לקבל את מתנות האלה מטיס. הוא עכשיו אל חכם והוגן יותר וגם פחות אימפולסיבי הזמן עובר, וזאוס מתחיל להרגיש כאבי ראש בלתי נסבלים. ראשו מתחיל לגדול למימדי ענק. זאוס ציווה על מישהו לפתוח את ראשו ולהסיר את הסיבה לכאבו. הפייסטוס, אל הנפחות משתמש בגרזן כדי לפתוח בקע בראשו של זאוס. מהבקע בראשו של האל, יוצאת אתנה עם שריונה וכלי נשקה כאישה בוגרת כבר. זאוס גאה על שהביא ללידתה של ברייה כה נאצלת, שבזכות חוכמת אימה, תהפוך לאלת התבונה. Dutch: Zeus vreest de mogelijkheid dat hij hetzelfde lot zal ondergaan als zijn vader, de Titaan Kronos of als zijn grootvader, de god Ouranos, die beide zijn onttroond door hun zonen Daarom, geïnspireerd door zijn vader, vraagt Zeus om Metis te veranderen in een waterdruppel. Zo slikt hij zijn zwangere vrouw in voordat zij kan bevallen. Na het doorslikken van zijn vrouw, krijgt Zeus dezelfde gaven als de godin Metis. Hij is nu een veel wijzere, fiere en minder impulsieve god. De tijd verstrijkt en de god krijgt last van ondraaglijke hoofdpijnen. Zijn hoofd begint te groeien op een beangstigende manier. Zeus beveelt iemand om zijn hoofd te openen en de oorzaak van de pijn weg te halen. Hephaistos, de god van de smeedkunst, gebruikt een bijl om een opening te maken in het hoofd van Zeus. Vanuit het gat in zijn hoofd, komt Athena te voorschijn, met harnas en wapens; reeds een volwassene. Zeus is de trotse vader van zo'n opmerkelijk schepsel English: Zeus dreads the possibility of facing the same fate of his father titan Cronus, or of his grandfather the god Uranus. Who were both dethroned by their sons and inspired by his father, Zeus asked to had Metis transformed into a drop of water. And so he swallows his pregnant wife never giving her the chance to give birth. After swallowing his wife, Zeus starts to embody the gifts of goddess Metis. He is now a much more wise, fair, and less impulsive god. Time moves on and the powerful god starts to feel unbearable headaches. His head starts to grow in a frightening way. Zeus orders someone to open his head and remove the cause of such pain. Hephaestus, the god of the forges uses an axe to open a fissure in the head of Zeus. From the god's hole in the head, emerges Athena with her armor and weapons, already a full grown adult. Zeus is proud to give birth to such a remarkable creature, who because the intelligence of her mother, will become the goddess of wisdom. Portuguese: Zeus teme ter o mesmo destino de seu pai o Titã Cronos ou de seu avô o deus Urano que foram destronados por seus filhos e inspirado em seu pai pede para que Metis se transforme em uma gota d’água. E então ele engole sua esposa grávida, para que assim ela não tenha chance de dar a luz. Após engolir sua mulher Zeus passa a incorporar os dons da Deusa Metis. Ele agora passa a ser um deus muito mais sábio, justo e menos impulsivo. O tempo passa e o poderoso deus começa a sentir dores de cabeça insuportáveis. Sua cabeça começa a crescer de forma assustadora. Zeus ordena que alguém abra a sua cabeça e retire de dentro o motivo de tamanha dor. Hefésto, o deus das forjas, abre uma fenda na cabeça de Zeus com um machado. Do buraco da cabeça do Deus emerge a Deusa Atenas, com sua amadura e armas e já completamente adulta. Zeus fica orgulhoso de ao dar à luz a tão formidável criatura, que por ter a inteligência da mãe, Atenas passará a ser a Deusa da Sabedoria. English: She will also be regarded as the goddess of defense of wars and therefore, the clashes against Ares, the god of war, would be inevitable. Metis stays in Zeus' stomach, and so the prophecy of the couple's second son would never be fulfilled. Athena will present herself as a valiant, pure, fair, and sapien goddess. And so she will be regarded as Zeus' favorite daughter. And many will deem her as the rightful heiress to Zeus. iw: היא גם תהפוך לאלת ההגנה במלחמה ולכן, העימותים בינה לבין ארס, אל המלחמה, היו בלתי נמנעים. מטיס נותרה בקיבתו של זאוס ובכך נבואת לידת בנם השני מעולם לא התגשמה. אתנה תציג את עצמה בתור אלה נועזת, טהורה, הוגנת ונבונה. והיא גם תחשב בתור ביתו האהבה של זאוס, ורבים יראו בה היורשת החוקית של זאוס. Portuguese: Ela também será considerada a deusa da guerra defensiva e por isso os confrontos contra Ares, o deus da guerra, eram inevitáveis. Metis permanece no estomago de Zeus e assim a profecia do segundo filho do casal jamais se realizaria. Atenas se mostrará uma deusa valente, pura, justa e sábia . e por isso ela será considerada a filha favorita de Zeus e muitos a consideram a sucessora legitima de Zeus Dutch: die, omdat ze de intelligentie van haar moeder had, de godin van de wijsheid zou worden. Ze zou ook altijd worden beschouwd als de godin van de defensieve oorlogsvoering en daarom zullen botsingen met Ares, de god van de oorlog, onvermijdelijk zijn. Metis blijft in de buik van Zeus en de voorspelling van de tweede zoon van het stel zal nooit worden vervuld. Athena presenteert zich als een dappere, pure, eerlijke en wijze godin en daarom wordt ze beschouwd als de favoriete dochter van Zeus. Velen achten haar de rechtmatige erfgename van Zeus.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Go go go go! Did anyone follow us? I don't think so. Will? We're good... for now... If we don't get that VPN back up ...they'll find a way to get to us. We'll get it up goddammit this war ain't over till the -- We know you're in there. Come out with your hands up and state your allegiance. Please! Don't shoot, don't shoot! I'm neutral, please! What shape is the earth? Round! Round like a plate or like a ball? Uhh like a ball! Like a ball! Oh thank God. Don't touch me. So uhh... what's with the outfit? Well I didn't quite have the time to grab my Sunday best! You folks SJWs? What? No ma'am. We're with the Reasonable Resistance. I'm Sandra, aka Lieutenant Lifehack. YouTuber. That's Grace, aka AmazyGracy. I can make you some sustainable jewelry, but I'll need a lot of spit. She's an Etsy seller. That's Will, aka PM_ur_tits_girl with the phone over there. He always picks healer class in online games. I'm Frank. Last Myspace user. What's your handle sweetie? -InvisibleTearsOfRage. Nobody gets me. My word... I finally found you folks! I'm sorry what? -I'm one of ya! Annie, aka AnnieSmith zero.. zero... zero four! Non-racist grandma! But... You're like, nineteen... And a boy... Come on guys, nobody that old is actually open minded. Well alright Annie, you picked a terrible time to bump into us. Our VPN is out, every time we go online they track us down, fast. Hey how's your security looking? Oh I never really bothered about any of that stuff... Just seemed out of character. That unsettles me. Are you trying to get us all killed? It's dead. Well I nev--! There they are! Nobody panic! This calls for action! I am repositioning. Position acquired. Ready for danger. Take this you cisgender piece of shit! I've got your safe space right here snowflake! After them! For tolerance! For tolerance! Kill them for tolerance! Yaaaay! Guys... Guys maybe... we stay offline for a little bit okay? We can't do that Will! People are like... counting on us! Yeah but it's not safe! -We'll go somewhere crowded, like Facebook. Nobody left to save. Nothing but Russian bots sharing fake news. Well... Twitter then? Hashtag 'thoughts and prayers' Instagram? It's like an online mirror. Tumblr? After Will was accused of cultural appropriation? Fedoras are not ethnic damnit! He could've been banned Frank! For days! They're from the US! Hey! You knew that hat was trouble! I'm not going back there man. It's worse than 4chan. -Yeah? What do you know about 4chan huh? I did two tours there, you wouldn't even last a sec-- That's what I thought. Well, how about YouTube? YouTube?! Yeah! YouTube is like ground fucking zero right now Annie. It's a goddamn shitshow. We could just lurk around, watch some cat videos. Guys? -And ignore the stupid shit people are posting? Who the hell are you? -Guys! I can't connect. Have you attempted shutting down your device and rebooting? Wait. Wait, wait, wait... You turned off your hotspot? It's not what it looks like okay I just... ran out of data. I thought you said you have an unlimited plan. -I did -- I do, but -- Then what's the fucking problem? -I don't know! There's a threshold okay? I get fifty gigabytes and after that I -- You piece of shit! -No! No, no! Sandra, no! Think of your subscribers! Why Frank? I can take the hunger... And the fighting... But if I can't surf... Then what's the point? You killed the internet? No! Would you guys listen to me? We can take turns on my phone. It's still there, just... slower. How slow? I don't know it's uh-- How slow goddamnit?! ...3G? Grace! No, Grace, Grace! Reboot! Reboot Grace! Reboot! Well what in tarnation is all this fuss about? In my youth we didn't even have the interwebs! Snap out of it you freak! There's no lifehack... For death! Just tell me... Will I still be able to watch porn? You could read naughty stories. I can't jerk off to letters Will. They just fucking sit there. If you open a video... ...there's gonna be buffering... A lot of buffering. But I need at least twelve tabs. Grace was right. I'm not gonna sit here and slowly starve... for attention. Sandra no... Would you folks stop it already? We can get through this if we stick together! -Yes! We need to stop fighting! Shut your hairy mouth boy! I've had periods that made more sense than you! No, I mean literally, if we all squeeze together real good... ...we can watch the screen at the same time. 'Taking turns'? Boy you're dumber than a bag of pinecones. That... might work. It will dear. Just for now. Just for now? Just for now. For now? For now. Just for now. Now. Now. Now. Just now. It was just a prank bro! It was a prank the whole time! You got trolled so bad! Ooh you should see the look on your face. So stupid. This'll break the fucking internet.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
So let’s do some genetics problems based on Mendel’s Laws. Let’s assume that finger length is controlled by a single gene. In humans, the allele for short fingers is dominant over that for long fingers. If a person with short fingers, who had one parent with long fingers, has children with a person having long fingers, what are the chances of each child having short fingers? So let’s use a Punnett square to answer this problem. OK so a person with short fingers has dominant allele so we use a capital S to stand for short. But they had a parent who had long fingers which is the recessive allele. And we’ll use a small S to stand for long fingers. Now, recall that genes come in pairs. When we talk about homologous chromosomes there is a gene at each of those two chromosomes called alleles. So when we talk about a person’s genotype we have to have two alleles. So the person with short fingers who has the parent that had long fingers would have a heterogynous genotype: a capital S and a small S. And the person who has long fingers would have only the recessive, because in order for the recessive to be expressed, you have to have a recessive on both of the homologous chromosomes. So when we do our Punnett square we have to figure out what would be the alleles that would be formed during meiosis, which is to say a haploid cell. So if they have a haploid cell, they only have one of each of these letters, so this person would have two possibilities: they would have a capital S which would stand for short fingers and a lowercase S which would stand for short fingers. Notice that I’ve separated them out so that we represent them as separate alleles now. But the person person who is having long fingers is only going to have one possible allele. All of their chromosomes in their gametes will have the long fingered allele or the short S in this reduced size Punnett square. Now, we have a heterogynous possibility, and we have a homozygous possibility. So this child, if they were conceived, would have short fingers and this child would have long fingers. So they would have a fifty percent chance of having either one. So let’s look at problem in which there are two traits in the phenotype. We have the widow’s peak hairline, which is dominant over continuous hairline, and short fingers as we saw in the first problem, which are dominant over long fingers. So if an individual is heterozygous for both traits, that is to say they have unlike alleles for both, they have children with an individual who is recessive for both traits, what are the chances of their child also being recessive for both traits? So again, let’s look at the genotypes of the parents. So the parent, who is heterozygous for both traits, would have for example, capital W for the widow’s peak, but would also be carrying on their other homologous chromosome, the recessive allele for continuous hairline. And they also would have short fingers, but they are carrying the allele for long fingers. They’re going to have children with a person who has both recessive traits, which means they have to have the recessive allele on both homologs for widow’s peak, and on both homologs on the size of their fingers. So what kind of gametes would these individuals be able to make? This parent is going to have every possibility of W and S. So, we could have the two dominant alleles appear in the same gamete, we could have a dominant and a recessive, with a capital W and a small S, we could have a small A and a capital a capital S, and we could have a small W and a small S. So, we could write those out like so. But this individual would only be able to have one of small W and a small S. So, our Punnett square does not have to have 16 boxes, but it can have simply four. So, in this example we would have a heterozygous possibility. We would have a possibility that they have a widow’s peak, but they had long fingers, or looking at a possibility they have a continuous hairline and long fingers and they can have both recessive traits, which means they have a continuous hairline and long fingers. So, to answer this problem, what are the chances of their child also being recessive for both traits, we could see that it would be 25% or 1 out of 4. This illustrates not only Mendel’s law of segregation, where we see that only one of each letter goes into gamma, but also, the law of independent assortment, because the inheritances of the window’s peak is independent of the inheritance of the long or short fingers. In the next video we are going to look at problems that deal with extensions of Mendel’s laws.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
German: Wohnhäuser, die sich autark mit Strom und Wärme versorgen, gibt es auf dem Land bereits in größerer Zahl. Die autonome Wasserversorgung ist hingegen noch ein Forschungsfeld mit einer vielzahl offener Fragen, auch in Hinblick auf die immer knapper werdenden Ressourcen Nutz- und Trinkwasser. Das Fraunhofer-Institut für Verkehrs- und Infrastruktur IVI war aus diesem Grund vor einiger Zeit auf der Suche nach einem Testumfeld für Wasseraufbereitungsanlagen und die Forscher fanden die schwimmenden Häuser in der Lausitz. Um das Projekt nachhaltig in der Region zu verankern, Partner aus der Wirtschaft zu gewinnen und neue Arbeitsplätze zu schaffen, wurde der innovative Wachstumskerne autartec für die Region Südbrandenburg-Ostsachsen gegründet. Das vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderte English: Homes with self-sufficient power supply and heat supply, already exist in large numbers in rural areas. However, self-sufficient water supply is still a research field with a variety of open questions, also concerning increasingly scarce resources of drinking and service water. Hence, Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure IVI was searching for a test environment for water treatment plants and researchers discovered the floating houses in Lusatia. To sustainably integrate the project into the region, to gain economic partners and to create new jobs, the innovative growth center autartec was founded for the region of Southern Brandenburg-East Saxony. The project founded by Federal Ministry for Education and Research German: Projekt vereint unter der Leitung des Fraunhofer IVI das Fraunhofer-Institut für keramische Technologien und Systeme IKTS sowie weitere Partner aus dem Mittelstand, der Industrie und dem universitären Bereich. Da viele Seen in der Lausitz von der Energieversorgung weitestgehend abgeschnitten sind und ufernahe Besiedlung bzw. schwimmende Architekturen große Gestaltungsfreiräume bieten, war bald die Idee des schwimmenden Freilicht Hauses geboren. Das Architektur- und Designkonzept des Hausbootes kann nicht nur die neuen Entwicklungen unterstützen und Synergien fördern, sondern die jeweiligen autarken Bereiche sollen das Haus förmlich durchdringen. So ist das skulpturale Erscheinungsbild aus miteinander verschmolzen Kuben zusammengesetzt, die in topologische Fläschen gegliedert sind, welche auf den spezifischen Energieertrag optimal ausgerichtet sind. Die Fassadenbegrünung ist zum Beispiel wichtiger Bestandteil der Temperaturregelung. Bei hohen English: unites under the direction of Fraunhofer IVI the Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS as well as SMEs, partners from the industry and the university area. Because many lakes in the Lusatia are cut off the power supply and near-shore settlement or floating architectures provide lots of creative freedom, the idea of the floating open-air house was born soon. On the one hand the architecture and design concept of houseboats can support new developments and synergies, and on the other hand the self-sufficient areas should literally penetrate the house. Therefore the sculptural appearance is caused by merged cubes. These are arculated in topological surfaces, which are aligned on an optimally energy output. The facade greening is for example an important part of temperature control. English: At high temperatures it provides a cool building shell and thus less heat input, because of by Luv-Lee effects, which means the cooling of evaporation of water and air. The energy use on the almost 35 m² can therefore be reduced to a minimum. Furthermore an adiabatic cooling ceiling inside the building ensures a further lowering of the temperature on warm days. Solar thermal collectors on the highest roof area, which is at a maximum 33 m² collect the heat for heating andhot water. Surplus heat gets fed in a novel storage system. With about 57 m² photovoltaic systems need most of the space on the outer facade. Thin-film photovoltaic elements that are installed as a glass facade make one-third of the models. These are not just semi-transparent and translucent, but also reach especially high yields while diffuse light radiation. German: Temperaturen sorgt sie durch Luv-Lee-Effekte, also die Verdunstungskälte von Wasser und Luft mit minimalem Energieeinsatz auf fast 35 m² für eine kühle Gebäudehülle und damit weniger Wärmeeintrag. Außerdem gewährleistet eine adiabate Kühlungsdecke im Inneren des Gebäudes eine weitere Absenkung der Temperatur an warmen Tagen. Auf der am höchsten gelegenen Dachfläche gewinnen solarthermische Kollektoren max. 33 m² die Wärme für Heizung und Warmwasser. Überschüssige Wärme wird in ein neuartiges Speichersystem eingespeist. Mit knapp 57 m² nehmen photovoltaische Anlagen den meisten Platz an der Außenfassade ein. Ein Drittel der Module bilden Dünnschicht-Photovoltaik Elemente, die als Glasfassade verbaut werden. Diese sind damit nicht nur halbtransparent, also lichtdurchlässig, sondern erreichen auch noch besonders hohe Erträge bei diffuser Lichteinstrahlung. German: Der übrige Teil besteht aus klassischen kristallinen Modulen, die für eine vollflächige und geschlossene Fassade sorgen. Insgesamt bietet das FreiLichtHaus eine Nutzfläche von 175,5 m² auf einem 13 x 13,5 m großen Ponton. Dabei entfallen 62 m² Wohnfläche auf das Erdgeschoss, 25 auf das Obergeschoss und 15 m² auf die Dachterasse. Bisher haben wir vor allem die Kombination gängiger Technologien gesehen. Die eigentlichen Forschungsfragen beschäftigen sich jedoch mit deren Weiterentwicklung und der Integration in die Struktur der Gebäudehülle ohne den Wohnraum zu stark einzuschränken. Zudem sollen natürlich bauphysikalische Synergieeffekte erforscht und genutzt werden. Werfen wir nun also einen Blick in das Innere des Hauses. Um auf dem Wasser leben zu können, sind zwei Dinge wichtig: ein Schwimmkörper und nicht zu viel Gewicht. English: The rest part consists of classic crystalline modules, that provide a full-surface and closed facade. Overall, the open-air house offers a usable area of 175.5 m² on a 13 x 13.5 m pontoon. The living space on the ground floor take 62 m², the upper floor takes 25 m² and on the roof terrace 15 m². We have the mostly seen the combination of common technologies so far. But the actual research questions deal with their further development and integration into the structure of the building envelope, without restricting the living space too much. In addition, synergy effects of building physics need to be researched and used. Let's take a look at the interior of the house. To live on the water, two things are important: a floating body and not too much weight. English: Thats why, different partners work for instance on the development of so called lightweight-sandwich structures as well as on a basic body. To fit in the necessary technology, eg. for reprocessing, the energy storage and the control of the system, wall systems and stairs with enough space need to be designed and need to by be matched with the basic body. Not an easy task. The participating Fraunhofer institutes from Dresden are fokused on the components of the electrical and thermal supply system, on the water and wastewater treatment and take care over general control. A salt hydrate fireplace belongs to the furnishing of the ground floor. This liquefies salt hydrate in a tub filled with water, which then absorbs and stores excess heat. In winter, this is going to be released again, comparable to a pocket warmer, which was previously liquefied in boiling water. Because this won't be enough, the teams conducted research on German: So arbeiten verschiedene Partner u.a. an der Entwicklung von Leichtbau-Sandwich Strukturen sowie eines Grundkörpers. Um aber die notwendige Technik, z.B. für die Wiederaufbereitung, die Energiespeicherung und die Steuerung des Systems unterzubringen, müssen außerdem Wandsysteme und Treppen mit genügend Platz im Inneren entworfen und mit dem Grund örper abgestimmt werden. Keine einfache Aufgabe. Die beteiligten Fraunhofer-Institute aus Dresden konzentrieren sich dabei auf die Komponenten des elektrischen und thermischen Versorgungssystems, die Wasser- und Abwasseraufbereitung und die allgemeine Steuerung. So gehört zur Ausstattung im Erdgeschoss ein Salzhydrat-Kamin. Dieser verflüssigt Salzhydrat in einer mit Wasser gefüllten Wanne, das dann überschüssige Wärme aufnehmen und speichern kann. Im Winter wird dieses wieder abgegeben, ganz so wie bei einem Taschenwärmer den man zuvor im kochenden Wasser verflüssigt. Da das aber noch nicht ausreichen wird, forschten die Teams an einem German: Langzeitspeicher auf der Basis von Zeolith. In dem kristallinen Mineral lässt sich ebenfalls produzierter Wärmeüberschuss speichern, indem es rein physikalisch in Ponton getrocknet wird. Auf Grund seiner porösen Struktur hat das Mineral die Eigenschaft, Wasserdampf anzusaugen, diesen einzubinden und dabei Wärme abzugeben. Damit würde die feuchte Winterluft bereits ausreichen, um den Speicher zu aktivieren. Darüber hinaus wird auch der Einsatz einer Seewasser-Wärmepumpe erprobt, damit auch im Winter immer ein angenehmes Wohnklima herrscht. Damit die Konstruktion tatsächlich leicht ist und sowohl hohem Wellengang als auch Eis stand halten kann, wird neben dem Schwimmkörper aus Stahl vor allem Kunststoff und Textilbeton verbaut. Dieser Wandbaustoff muss in der Lage sein, die Lithium-Ionen-Akkus aufzunehmen, die die elektrische Energie speichern. Dazu werden spezielle Akkukisten als Wandelemente entwickelt, die einen sicheren und leicht wartbaren Betrieb der Technik ermöglichen. Außerdem sichert die geschlossene Bauweise auch gegen das mögliche Eindringen von Wasser ab. English: a zeolite based long-term storage. Moreover, produced excess heat can be stored in the crystalline mineral by drying purely physical in the pontoon. Due to its porous structure the mineral has the property of absorbing and involving water vapor. Thereby the mineral gives off heat. So damp winter air would already be sufficient to activate the storage. In addition, the use of a seawater heat pump is being tested, to ensure a pleasant living climate in winter too. The construction needs to be light and should be resistant to both, high waves and ice. That's why beside the floating construction of steel, especially plastic and textile concrete have been installed. This construction material has to be able to include the lithium-ion batteries, which store the electrical energy. Special wall elements consisting of have battery packs have been designed to ensure an easy and safe maintenance of the technology. In addition, the closed construction secures against the possible ingress of water. German: Die Wasserversorgung soll über ein geschlossenes System für Trink- und Brauchwasser realisiert werden, das ebenfalls im Ponton untergebracht wird. Da eine biologische Behandlung, wie ein Land üblich, hier nicht möglich ist, müssen die Wissenschaftler komplett auf physikalische und chemische Methoden zurückgreifen. Dazu werden verschiedene keramische Membran kombiniert, so dass diverse elektrochemische und photokatalytische Prozesse parallel zur Filtration stattfinden können. Viele der vorgestellten Versorgungstechnologien werden sich im zukünftigen schwimmenden autartec FreiLichtHaus am Bergheider See wieder finden. Der Stapellauf ist noch für dieses Jahr geplant. English: The water supply shall be realised through a closed system for drinking and industrial water, which is also implemented in the pontoon. A biological treatment, as usually made on land, is not possible here. So scientists have to draw on physical and chemical methods. Therefore different ceramic membranes are combined to ensure that various electrochemical and photocatalytic processes can take place in parallel to filtration. Many of the introduced supply technologies will be prospectively installed into the floating autartec open-air house on Bergheider See. The launch is planned for this year.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
i am dropping truth bombs in this video social media doesn't show you the whole picture iske badh jagda hone vala hai oh god you don't care about the world as long as your inner peace and santity is maintained hi guys and welcome to another episode of self care sunday and today as you can see i've a special guest here with me my debut on self care sunday oh like that okay i was like your debut you've done multiple videos on my channel by the way if you guys see us in the exact same outfits in another video soon please know that we just shot these videos together yes and we're lazy to change so typically with self care sunday i talk to you guys this is the first time i've ever looked glam while sitting down to film a self care sunday videos probably one of the last as well but you know i kind of got thinking over what i can do for you guys and i promised you that i'll try and do new ways of talking to you in today's self care sunday video i thought i should get gerry because one of the most common comments which is obviously a compliment and we are so grateful for this is you guys are couple goals what are your relationship tips and stuff like that so initially i told gerry lets sit down and like make points on what makes things work and we've not made any points because it just doesn't seem like something one would make points on right like we've been together for six and a half years at this point and i thought we would just sit and chill you guys are used to me not like thinking of things in advance so i kind of just want to sit with my husband here someone who is my life partner and partner in general for like a while and talk to you guys about how we are actually we are not relationship goals we're not we're not we have fights we have our off days um we have arguments like any couple like every couple and i guess in this video you're gonna see us talking about ourselves super candidly and if you can relate then great if you can't relate just i guess keep watching because at some point you'll be able to relate to us no but its perfectly alright even if they don't relate right because every every couple is different yeah every relationship is different timings change according to people's its perfectly alright if you don't related to this but just know that i mean i mean its just normal yeah right so basically we are gonna talk about a lot of this normal but apparently not so normal things because people don't talk about this on social media and i am here to break those stereotypes so let's not make this intro any longer and lets just dive right into it okay so first thing i kind off want to put out there is that we do get mad at each other yeah we have infact i feel like swoop in and correct me wherever you think i'm going wrong i feel like once you and i know this is a very stereo typical i know its very stereo typical sentence and i used to laugh at people when they said this and i din't agree but i'm gonna tell you why i think so and i'm gonna tell you how i arrived at this conclusion also i think we have we've had a lot more arguments after we got married you know that shadi ke badh pata chalega angle to a certain extent it is true the stereotype is slightly true and i feel like a certain amount of normalcy to it also ab hum sathmay rehte hai yeah exactly i mean that's that's why it happens na because before you married you get to see her or him for a few hours probably everyday if you're lucky and on the weekends but once you start living together i mean you you're around each other 24/7 yeah and it completely normal to fight yeah about really like there have been times that we've had stupid arguments were we've not talk to each other for like two days and then on the second night we've realised its never been two days it has be honest we are on a self care sunday episode yeah but its mostly been a day no we've had two days two three day also once we had argumented three days we've had i'll remind you now next time dekho etna time tumne mujse baat nahi kia tha but my point is its totally normal to have these really stupid silence mode you know like passive aggressive quiet not arguments but like non arguments and then after the end of two days one of the person's one of the people will go to the other and just sit sathmay and then you'll wonder what did we actually fight about kisiko yaad bhi nahi hai like yeah you know what i mean umm one of the most common things that pisses me off about gerry is him like snoring in the middle of the night like its one of the most stupid small things but i sometimes like i'm dropping truth bombs in this video iss video ke badh jagda hone vala hai oh god i will just wake up no i'll just snore louder i wake up in the middle of the night sometimes and i know what i am doing but i'm in my sleep and i'm dying to sleep because i'm tired and i'm just patting on his back you know like you do to a baby because i know if i pat his back he will stop snoring and then the next and instead of him stopping to snore na sometimes he will get up and he'll get mad at me cuz he thinks i'm trying to wake him up so i'm like to pat him but he thinks i'm trying to wake him up and the first time this happened we got into this really stupid argument and i was like no i was just trying to stop you from snoring cuz i coudn't sleep umm stupid ridiculous things like this do exist and then ofcourse there are some of the more serious bigger fights real fights but i i just feel like everytime i read a comment that says you're couple goals like i thank people for thinking that about us but i also don't want social media to make it look like we don't fight you know what i mean everything's not perfect and rosy yeah and daisy sunshine two two different individuals will have slashes will have different opinions will get mad at each other for different things some valid some not so valid stuff like snoring but i mean happens its completely normal doesn't i don't know whether that makes us couple goals or relationship goals i've not idea about that but it makes us normal i think i'm gonna give my two scents of this and you should give yours like when it comes to the more serious arguments or fights that we have i think what really works for us is that i'm like for example i'll speak from my from my part obviously i feel like what works for me what i think my good contribution lets say is that i shut up like when he is in fight mode or he is in argument mode i just i shut up like i'm someone who when i'm really angry or when i'm like really upset i don't talk and initially when we started dating this would drive him up the wall cuz still does sometimes yeah we're very communicative as people so i think initially when you realized that i'm just not talking it took you some time to adjust to the idea ki yeh chup reh rahi hai or kuch bata nahi rahi for a change chup reh rahi hai may khudh he bol deti hu i knew your joke was coming but like the reason i don't like by now you know why i don't talk right like i don't talk cuz i don't like to speak just out of the thing is i'm very emotional as a person i'm too emotional as a person you know you agree with this yeah we've talked about this multiple times so i don't want to say anything that will hurt him or i don't want to say anything that i'll regret like sometimes when you're really hurt or really upset you can be really mean and i am a very witty person i don't wanna necessarily throw my wit out negatively your witty i'm witty your witty witty we're both pretty witty you're witty yeah why are you repeating this you're witty stop so i feel like that's my like positive way of dealing with something where i'll shut up and i'll be like we'll talk just give me some time to process and i feel like his positive like he like the positive contribution he brings to the table is that he is a very good listener sometimes he takes time to process what he is listening to but eventually the ting does happen which is sometimes no most when i agree with you no most times atleast you do process what i'm explain my point of view what i'm trying to explain you're a good listener and if you disagree with me its fine you're still processing and explaining to me so yeah either way it's a good thing balanced balance balance it out my last self care sunday episode was all about balance yeah clearly this couple is really obsessed with balance yes it was but it is important you know the balance is extremely important what do you think makes us work in that aspect like before we dive into what doesn't make us work i think we should say how i said my contribution and your contribution what do you think what do you think of those two factors i mean i don't know what makes us work or what woudn't make us work all i know is that we make us work i don't know whether that makes sense or not whatever it is the way you are the way i am i mean we just make it work its balance i think we compliment each other perfectly i mean not so perfectly sometimes but mostly it works for us right like for example if if you like shutting up in a argument umm and then taking your own time to process process and come up with your side of argument or if you want to have a conversation um like you said i tend to listen i'm listener so you speak so i mean that works well for us its not really a formula per se its just the kind of people that we both are individually works for us i i kind of what to go a step further over here and say that i find our relationship very similar to my parents relationship actually yeah yeah i feel like you know when i was growing up i used to tell my parents that you guys are so different you guys are so and my mom and my dad you know you also hear the uncles and aunties say ha opposites attract ha opposites attract and i never really found full semblance of that like the true meaning of that till we happened because if you meet us generally like like you're watching our videos lets say we're such different people yeah i'm more out going your more reserved like i would i would love to spend an evening with friends pre covid and given a choice he would rather stay home in a corner and read a book i'll also read a book but i'll also meet people like i like i like having my people around me um he him him not so much so when you meet us like first glance he come across as very different people by like personality but i feel like our core our funda's in life are similar i think that they're the same ha similar i i feel like when it comes to our ethics when it comes to our filters when it comes to our you know like just basically what really works for us and doesn't work for us that core is the same like like i feel like we were in harry potter land both of our wands would come from the same phoenix as long as its not the harry potter lord Voldemort conundrum i'm fine what i'm basically trying to say is you know with like self care we always talk about relationships here on my channel and i feel like so many times time and again i've said hold all your relationships to an equal standard you can't hold your partner to one standard then your best friend to another standard the your family to another standard if you're keeping a self worth then your self worth has to be the same you can't lower your self worth for someone and upbeat for someone else that's not fair to the people around you and its not fair to yourself also very importantly i feel like we're also very different from the sense where because i've lived with my family all my life i'm very close to my parents just not emotionally like or the physically i just want to go meet my parents any chance i get um and i think i talk to his parents more often then he talks with his parents so i mean we are pretty different like from that angle yeah um so like little ways in which you've to understand where the another person is coming from like one of the other really important things not for your partner again just for your relationships life in general is to understand where the other person is coming from like what is their journey truly been like right we're 11 years apart when i met you for the first time i was 23 you were 34 and um i honestly for the first time in my life felt like i was i i was going out with a man you know you had your shit together really and what do you mean i mean like you had your shit together like see i am someone who i don't mean for this to sound pompous or boasty or anything at all i promise but like because i've always been this old soul or whatever it is that you now people call someone like me umm i always got along with people who were older i always got along with people who were just more mature lets just say who i was very wavelength conscious like i've chill friends then i have like friends close friends so those close friends are people who are all at a very mature wavelength so when i met you i felt that instant on this man is at my wavelength you know like i can see myself having a really cool chill conversation with him i can see myself discussing politics with him i can see myself discussing absolutely anything under the sun with him also i can see myself being able to learn from him because there are like so many things that both of us transferred to each other yeah there are certain habits about you today that you din't have seven years ago and like there are habits like i i walked right into that one there are habits that i have that i din't have seven years ago um like should i give you an example can i give an example of myself first sure my i've always been like mature in that sense like everyone always told me that but i din't have this level of self preservation if that's the right way to put it like i never fought for myself ever in life and i feel like the fact that i will fight for my inner peace like i'll i'll i don't mean for it to sound negative but like the fact that i'm willing to cut the negativity out that i'm confident enough to fight for myself is because of how you've had that impact on me cuz you're someone who's so alhamdulillah alhamdulillah you're so like centered and zen and you're so like you don't care about the world as long as you world inner peace and santity is maintained you know i never chased inner peace i just thought i was peaceful but i feel like now i truely feel like i'm in in from a mental health from an emotional health prespective i feel like i'm one of the safe most safe places i've ever been in my life aww aww but that's a habit i i now have because of you because i feel like the light is suddenly completely orange because it is poring outside and now its super cloudy yeah so please bare with us but circling back i feel like i have that because of you that's an habit the self care like i was always i was always into self care but i din't realise how much more i needed to take care of myself i feel like the fact that i take care of myself now i owe a lot of that to learning from the way you take care of yourself so i don't know whether i take care of myself so you do maybe its so normal to you maybe you don't realize you're doing it but you do you don't get affected by things when when you know people are talking yeah about you and not just talking about like in your you know your working experience in the past i also mean as something as superficial as reading comments here on youtube you know i mean it may sound really really petty 's to anyone who's work doesn't involve it but now our work involves going through comments responding to you guys and talking to you guys so i guess you do you just don't realize it because you do it so easily it comes so naturally to you that you don't realize okay maybe never really thought about it yeah never really thought about it and now you wanted me to answer a habit that you have now because of me apart from me having breakfast well that's one okay so gerry didn't used to have breakfast till up untill maybe 6 months of us starting to date he would just have redbull every morning for breakfast and when we started dating we used to live a little bit further from each other at the time he was in a temporary house at the time and we used to have breakfast's cuz i would be on the way to his work and i would see him having a red bull everyday and i was like this is i mean i love red bull all of that's fine but you can't have a red bull for breakfast that's a bit much yeas i mean apart from that i feel like i feel like you've i am not saying you've become an out going person but you've become less socially awkward yes that is true very fact that i'm sitting here doing this video in front of a camera talking to you guys is credit to you not credit to me i just think that we've rubbed off on each other in a certain ways i guess right and i feel like your i'm not saying like he is if those of you who've been to any of our meet and greets um the fact that he is standing there and taking pictures with you and making conversation in itself like trying to make conversation fair but even trying is a you've come a long way yes and i feel like you should give yourself credit for that no its all because of you arey but maine actively nahi bola hai na you've just learnt on your own so you should give yourself credit for that i've not learnt on my own i mean i've seen you interacting with everyone even though i could never be that i'm just no that way toh no the point is when we see the other person doing something we try to do it ourselves so when i'm becoming more self care conscious and you're becoming so social the credit goes to the person who the efforts who's making the effort to do that okay its just as simple as that i'll take that credit you should you should rightfully so so i just feel like in a relationship you have to i know it sounds like a theory but like just be conscious on the kind of effect you're probably having on someone yeah hopefully positive umm its also upto you on what what trate or what behaviour i don't know i don't know the exact word but what trate to inbibe from your partner ofcourse so its also upto you its not just upto the person who's doing the imbibing can you imagine the reverse effect of this me becoming socially awkward can you imagine me having imbibed that that would be funny it would be very funny yeah so i just feel like when we're talking about selfcare i wanted gerry to come and talk to you guys and make you realize that social media doesn't show you the whole picture just because there is a picture of us hugging and holding each other loving which we do a lot but its doesn't make us the perfect couple because we are not we're far from it um very normal and i think we have to normalize that we've to normalize the idea of couples that fight or content creators having an off day or bad skin or you know a weird blotty and i talk so openly about myself if i've gained weight and i even when we got engaged when we announced it i got so many weird comments from so many people about how we we we're the weirdest couple and i apparently married you for a lot of money ya where is my money if i married you for where is my money give me my money i wish you married me for money but there is none shut up so and the thing is a lot of people feel awkward about addresses stuff like that and i get it but we're not we talk about it we laugh about it we joke about it comments really funny reading some of those comments i mean yeah because you learn to take things with a grain of salt when your job is sharing your life's on the internet so umm yeah i guess that's that's i just kind of wanted to put out there with the selfcare sunday series if you guys want us to do relationship centric Q and A video which i think might be interesting but if you think it will be interesting yeah let me know down below in the comments um if most of you do say that it isn't just a i will go ahead and put out a poll thingy on my instagram stories i'm really active on my instagram g is very active on instagram so make sure you guys go follow us and put in your questions there if and when we choose to do this like follow from there but just putting it out there that everything's not normal everything abnormal is also normal lets break this stereotype and lets talk about real stuff that is just real also one thing is that i don't think there is any formula to this its its purely down to the two of you or the three of you or the four of you or whatever what are you saying it could be any relationship it could be a family relationship it could be a romantic relationship yeah it could be a couple i get it i get it i was just speaking funny could be triple witty witty agian so yeah i mean you its completely down to you guys what we can help you or what we can say is what works for us which we are still learning by the way as i said there is no formula i can't make a check list for me and say okay this works for me this works for me this works for me this definitely works for me so again i can't do all of that and i don't think even you can do all of that its just its gut its instinct its just worked for us it has to come from inside from your tummy from your tummy you know from your gut oh okay gut so yeah that's all for this video i really hope you guys enjoyed it this videos wear fam comment shoutout goes to sahar mahem who left a comment on one of your previous videos so thank you so much for always talking to me in the comments i'm always reading responding replying trying to do our best to keep it conversational this is not just me coming and dropping videos i wanna hear from you i wanna know your thoughts make sure you guys hit like on this video if you enjoyed it and turn that bell notification on if you wanna get alerts for all of my upcoming videos cuz i upload quiet a few videos here on my channel thank you for coming and talking finally thank you for having me i think this was interesting it was interesting and we will do the Q and A if they say that it is yes okay now give me a kiss okay thank you for watching guys bye love you muah	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
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A world 10 years in the making. One filled with heroes and legends from all over the globe, whose stories have been reinvented for modern day, that makes us believe that their truly is a whole universe out there, just waiting to be explored. It's the epitome of what good world building should do. And it's why in this episode of the Storyteller's Notebook, a series in which I analyze various storytelling techniques used by various creators in various mediums, I want to talk about . . . American Gods, specifically the 10th Anniversary Edition of the original novel, and its approach to world building . . . I mean, you read the title right? Oh, spoilers by the way, for the book and, though I'm not explicitly talking about it, the TV series. American Gods is a fantasy novel by Neil Gaiman published in 2001, set in a world where gods and mythological beings are real, and are created and feed off of people's belief in them. The story follows Shadow Moon, a convict released from prison early on account of his wife's sudden death who takes up a job as a bodyguard for a mysterious grifter called Mr. Wednesday, and quickly becomes embroiled in a battle between gods both old and new as they fight for the heart and soul of modern America. It's a rich and fascinating novel whose themes of deception, betrayal, identity, and immigration are ever relevant, especially nowadays in our current political climate. And while it does have its problems, something I hope the TV series has worked on since, even though I'm using footage from it to make editing this a lot easier I, admittedly haven't properly watched the TV series yet - I'm sorry - One of the things this novel does amazingly well is its world-building. It blends together myths, legends and cultural icons from all over the world with a contemporary American setting in such a way that's down-to-earth, surreal, and epic, as if this tale of warring gods is just one of many playing out in this mythical no-man's land. A lot of this comes from the story's strong sense of history. Each of the gods, as well as having their own mythologies to draw from, also have their own unique backstories about how they ended up in America. Mr. Wednesday, who we learn is actually the Norse god Odin, arrived in America in 813 AD, alongside Tyr and Thor, after a longboat of Vikings landed in America, and hung a local Native American man in sacrifice to them, before being slaughtered by said sacrifice's tribe in revenge. Mad Sweeney, a leprechaun from Ireland - Aaaaaay - came across the Atlantic in the mind of a girl from Bantry Bay trying to escape the Great Famine. Ibis, Jacquel, and Bast, who are the Egyptian gods Thoth, Anubis, and Bastet respectively, ended up in America after the ancient Egyptians established a trade route with Native Americans thousands of years ago, and stayed long enough for their beliefs to stick. The Coming to America chapters each build upon this history, similarly showing how various mythical figures arrived in America in their own strange ways, from the Cornish pixie who ended up in America because of a kleptomaniac girl banished from Britain, and her belief in fairy folk, to the mammoth god, Nunyunnini, who led his tribe across the barren snows of the Bering land bridge to the New World, only to be forgotten when said tribe was conquered by a more powerful one many generations later. It even shows that there are many incarnations of these gods all across the world, with how Mama-ji mentions that there's a version of her back in India doing better than her, and the fact that shadow runs into another version of Odin in Reykjavik, Iceland, in the Postscript. And, as a side note, the extra chapters often use their prose to show that they exist independently of the narrative. The Somewhere in America chapters are written in present tense to emphasize the feeling of them happening right now . . . somewhere in America, and the Coming to America chapters use run on lines in italic to show Mr. Ibis' actions as he writes these tales before flowing back into the prose. The dense lore and background behind these gods and goddesses, as well as the extra stories independent of the main plot, strengthens and reinforces the idea that this is a world that has and does exist beyond the bounds of the main story, and will continue to long after it comes to a close. And the book takes pride in exploring this world as much as it can, showing off all sorts of interesting places, usually based on real locations, and all kinds of quirky characters that give the world a distinct sense of identity. From the hustle and bustle of big cities like Las Vegas and San Francisco to the dozens of small towns dotted across the South, Midwest, and Far North, like Cairo or Eagle Point, to places like the House on the Rock, a tourist trap so bizarre in its history and design that Gaiman said he had to quote, "tone it down a bit so people would believe it" . . . in a fantasy novel . . . about gods and monsters and - you get the point, the House on the Rock is a weird place. They all highlight a grandiose mythicality to the American landscape that builds on the book's fantasy focus. Likewise, the novel's characters reveal the varying lifestyles of this world's inhabitants. Some of the gods, like Czernobog and the Zorya sisters, are just about getting by, living off a combination of Czernobog's pension from the slaughterhouse where he used to work, and the extra cash his Zoryas are able to bring in through fortune-telling. Others, like the Man in the Grey Suit and Easter, are able to live quite well, with the Man into Grey Suit feeding off the money and time people sacrifice to his casino, and Easter living off the fact that people still celebrate her holiday, even though no one knows who she, actually is. And others still, like the new gods, do manage to thrive, but at a cost. Through the world's locations and characters, we understand that this is a vast and mythical world, and one whose people struggle in one way or another, doing their best to get to the next day or desperately doing everything in their power to stay relevant. It gives the novel's setting a lived-in vibe and establishes a consistent tone that makes it stand out. But for as important as all this lore and scenery is, what makes it all click together is the fact that it's all in service of the story. As you can probably guess from what I've talked about so far, there are several thematic through lines in the world of American Gods. The old gods - gods of the harvest, of justice, and of death - have been forgotten by the people who brought them to America, replaced by new ones - gods of opinion, of media, and of the Internet - Similarly, many of the small towns Shadow visits across America are either spiraling into poverty, being abandoned, or being consumed by corporate interests. Lakeside, the small northern town Shadow spends several chapters hiding out in, seems to be the only small town that's doing well and even, then it's only because of the sacrifices that Hinzelmann, a nice old man everyone in town is friends with, takes from it every year. He's an old god, himself created through sacrifice, desperately clinging to his power. At the same time, the book's characters have a strong knack for deception and betrayal. Shadow's quite proficient at coin tricks, and art built around misdirection and deception. While Shadow was imprison, his wife, Laura had an affair with his best friend, betraying his trust. Mr. Wednesday earns his money by scamming people, a point made abundantly clear with his bank robbery in Chapter 5. Mr. World, the mysterious leader of the men in black and the head of the new god's forces, turns out to be none other than Loki, the infamous Norse god of trickery and deception himself. And in the end, it turns out that Mr. Wednesday and Loki have been working together to stoke the flames of war between the gods, which they could then use to increase their power, betraying and deceiving not only Shadow, but also all the gods who have put their utmost trust and faith in them. Meanwhile, there's also a focus in the idea of people finding a way to reinvent themselves. Many of the supplementary stories focus on immigrants trying to build a new life for themselves in America, and even Shadow is an ex-convict doing his best to move on after his wife's death. It's a world that is constantly changing, that's quick to adapt, and where to downtrodden and miserable have the opportunity to completely turn their lives around. But, at the same time, this is a world where people ignore their problems, and let them fester and grow in this land that is so bad for gods. The world, while feeling vast and expansive, is built to reflect and reinforce the novel's core themes and ideas. American Gods' approach to world building is to, essentially, treat its world like a character in its own right. Which, is ironic, given that in the novel, America itself is, also a god, but, that's a whole thing. The world has its own backstory, its own identity, its own relatable struggles and conflicts, and most importantly, it plays a part in the narrative. It's a strange, and yet, creatively simple idea to give a world, and by extension, the story it's been built for, an extra layer of personality. And yeah, those are my thoughts. Let me know what yous think, if yous agree, disagree, if you're a fan of Neil Gaiman's work - or Gaiman, I don't know how to pronounce his last name - what your thoughts on world-building are, etc, and thanks for watching! Also, let me know what yous thought of the style of this video, I'm trying some new and I wanna get some feedback. If yous enjoyed this and want to see more, then check out my last video, a Q&A I did to celebrate hitting 1000 subscribers, which, again, thank you! Or check out the last episode the Storyteller's Notebook, and don't forget to like, comment, share, and of course, Subscribe, to Come Fly With Me! You can also follow me on Twitter for more updates about this channel and other stuff, and hopefully, I'll see yous later!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
bad news today is that there will be quite a bit of math but the good news is that we'll only do it once and it'll only take something like although our uh... they are quantities in physics which i determined uniquely by one number massey is one of them temperatures one of them speed is one of them week although skaters there are others where you need more than one number went and all the one i mentioned or motion velocity it has a certain magnitude that's the speech but you also have to know what it goes this way or that play there has to be a direction velocity is a vector acceleration is a factor and today we're going to learn how to work which these vacuous of bacteria has length and the back door has a direction and that's why we actually represented by ero you all have seen is perfect remember this this is a vector if you look at the vector head on the issue dot if you look at the vector from behind if you cross this piece they vector and that will be our representation vectors imagine that i'm standing on okay bowling twenty six one hundred it at the table and i a m spending say at point all and i moved paloma straight line from below two point pete tribal like so so that's why i am on the table and that's where you will see me when you look from twenty six one hundred it just so happens that someone is also going to move the table in that same amount of time from the to their so that means at the table we'll have moved on and so my point p will have moved on exactly the same way and so you will see me no at for that you'll will see me at point asking twenty six one hundred although i'm still standing at the same location on the table to table has moved this is not a position of the table through the whole table has shifted none of these two motions take play simultaneously then what you will see from where you're sitting you will see me move in twenty six one hundred formal straight-line to s and this holds the secret behind adding all vectors we say here that defect or or west whatever over it is the vector opening there's an arrow over it clerks bs it defines how we add vectors they're very isolated you can at vector x suppose i have your factory and i have here effectively you can do it this way which i call that head tail technique i take d and i bring it to the head of a day so this is being this is a factor and then the net result is a pretty is back to a c equals a plus that's one way of doing it doesn't matter whether you take me that they will be to have a very or whether you take potato curry and bring it to the head of the at the same result there's another way you can do it and i call it the parallel around methods you have a you're doing to tails together it was being out for the tailpipe torching and now you complete this town amram and now this vector work c is the same some factory if you have here whichever way you prefer you see immediately that eight clas b_ is the same as before state there's no difference one of the meeting all day negative victory well a minus eighty equal zero pecorelli subtracting correctly will go so here is back to haiti who which vector or do i have to ad to get zero i have to add mine is a welcome to use to have till technique division eight you have to add this vector to have zero claudette is mine is eight and so my guess is nothing but the same is a bit flipped over a hundred eighty degrees we would use that very often and that brings us to the point off subtraction of vectors how do we subtract sectors so any minus b people seek you know we have factory and here we have write this down here and here we have back to be one way to look at this is the following you can safely minus b is eight plus minus b and we ought to have actors and we know what mine is bs might you be at the same vector but flipped over would you mind if the and so the spectrum now because any mine is me expectancy eight nine and of course you can do it in different ways you can also think of it ads plus as he previously right you can say you can bring to the other side you can say see frisbee is any seat lesbians eighteen in other words which backdoor do i have to ads to be to get a and they have to pay remember grant technique again so many ways you can do it hatfield technique is perhaps the easiest and the safest so you can add countless number of factors but the other annexed mom and you finally have the sum of five or six or seven factors which then can be represented by only one when you ask a nurse for instance five and four then there's only one answer that is not fight for sport is not suppose you have to back that you have no information on their direction would you do know that the magnitude of one is four and the magnitude of the other is five at all you know then the magnitude of the some back to her could be nine if they are both in the same direction that's the maximum which could be while if they're in opposite direction so that you have a whole range of possibilities because you do not know the direction soviet ng and a subtraction of activities we more complicated then just give us as we have seen that the some hope vectors can be represented by one victory e_-coli it can we take long back to earth and we can replace it by the some of us and recall that decomposition of the vector and that's going to be very important in eight oh one and i want you to all of his therefore closely i have it back to work which isn't three-dimensional space this is my c-axis it is my x-axis y axis and the activity of the origin of all and he was a point heat and i have a back door that's effective and what i don't know i project is back to work onto his three axes x_y_ and z_ there we go it won't pass so its own method of doing this uh... they react ecole is back to earth vector a nowadays and will be data and it and will be fine noted that the protection over eighty on the white axes has here a number which i pull in a white his number is eight oh xd and his number year eulogy gymboree projection of that specter won't forget reactions reno introduce what we call you expect those u_n_ inspectors always pointing in the direction of the positive axes and the u_n_ back during the accident action this one has a leg swamp and rewrite for it x roof rule always means you'll effective and this is the u_n_ inspector in the white arrow action and this is the unit back there did you get and now i'm going to rewrites back to any in terms of the three components that we have here put it back to haiti i'm going to write as a top expiring tax rules painful y i'm joie room coattails easy i'm zero and this is a black spandex is really effectively from the origin to this point telerik reporting that as a back to if you want to this makes a defector uses that factory it why times also revisiting of except this one area why times my rule for this one and they'll be trying to is this one unsorted three greenback tourist added together i gues actually identical to defector opie so we have decomposed won't vector into three directions and we will see that there are often busiest of great use in eight oh one the magnitude of the vector f is the square root okay excludes what he wants cramped with any of these clips and so we can take a simple example for instance i take a factory which is just an example feeders in action and recording three x roof sohail becky three minus five wire ok six people soda agreements the three units in this direction five units in this direction in the miners why direction and fixing the plus the direction that makes a perfect or and i call that vector what is the magnitude of their vector which i always write down with vertical bars by pope toolbars alongside that's always the magnitude or sometimes i simply leave the ever lol but they'll be going on the safe side i like this idea that you know it's really the magnitude becomes a scale when you do that so that would be skrev route of three square is mine five chris twenty five sixth-grade thirty-six but at this critical seventeen and suppose i asked you wapis st apt is uniquely determines of course is back to the jury to determine did three-dimensional space we should be able to find flight and beta well the cult final fade out he did angle here ninety degrees projection sort of course i don't fade out is in oakley divided by itself for the call time haider appropriately divided by itself which in our case basics divided by the screen seventy and you can do fine is just simply a matter manipulated some numbers we're not going to a much more difficult parts of sectors and that this multiplication of texas we're not going to need to do this until popped over but i decided we might as well get it over with now not agreeing to do expect doors you can add and subtract you might have to learn about multiplication it sort of the job is done is like going to the dentist is a little painful is good for you ammon is behind you disappears so i'm going to talk about multiplication of actor something that will not come back until october and later in the course they had to ways and we multiply vectors and one leasehold the dot product often also called escape products eight dot to be fat dot and up to the following as it is a skater it affects found to be over excuse the number litany of why idea why that's another number was any of the going to be of the that's another number digiscape has no longer direction that is the dot products perhaps method number one that's completed yet under the internal use that there is another way to find the dot product depending upon what you're being given or the problem is presented to you if someone gives you defect or any you have the back to be and you happen to know these angle between them this angle fate i which has nothing to do with that angle theta it's the angle between the two the doc product is also to following and you may make may make an attempt to to prove that your project vivek he'll be home any uses that projection the length of the specter is beat prototype and then the doc product if the magnitude of age times the magnitude of b times because i know the angle state of the two are completely identical well you may ask me you may say gee uh... how do i know what data is how do i know i should take their this angle or maybe i should take a toe this angle what i'm going to be making would be makes no difference because the coastline over this angle here is the same as the coastline of three hundred sixty degrees minus data so that makes no difference sometimes this is faster depending upon how the problem is presented to you sometimes is faster you can immediately see by looking at this easier to see them looking here the dot product can be larger than zero that can be equal to zero and it can be smaller than zero can be ironed by definition always positive they had a magnitude but so determined by the coast i don't think i've a cosigner state as larger than zero twelve minutes larger than zero because i'm a favorite candy zero if the angle for trade up spy over to another which is the two vectors are perpendicular to each other then adult products is zero and it is angles they died between ninety degrees and hundred eighty degrees then the coastline negative we will see that at work no point in flight when we're going to deal with the work in physics you will see that we can do positive work and we can do negative work and that has to do is a doctoral work an energy dot products i could do an extremely simple example resume december fifth i can't think off perhaps it's almost insulted not meant that way we have eight dolby and a is the one that you really have on the blackboard there right here that day would be is just too wide to light roof that's always well what is a dolby a doubly there's no axe component so that becomes zero destroyed a color zero they don't know why component of the saudis minus five fines plus two so i get minus ten because there was no decompose simple as that was minus ten i can give you another example example too supposedly itself is the unit vector in the white election andy the u_n_ inspector in the direction than eight albeit i'll only heard loud and clear dab zero there is no you don't even have to think about anything you know to be stuart ninety degrees if you want to waste your time i was substituted in here you will see that comes out to be zero it should work because clearly failblog means that this there's a big has one that's what it means and these z that means that beall the because what and all the others thermaltake six well i wish you luck with that and we now go to it whale way more difficult part of milk occasion and that is vectra multiplication which is called tobacco products or also called most of the time i refer to it as the cross product across products is recollect so eight crosley equals c it's across very clear cross and i'll tell you how i remember that is not that number one i'm going to teach it just like with the top product two methods i will tell you what method number one which is the one that always works spun consuming always works you're right down here a matrix we three rows if ross perot is actual zero the second won't be effects field y eulogy it's important it's is here first at that second row must be a and the third row is pending via fax b_y_u_ buchanan so these pics on numbers v_w_ detectives i repeated this year verbatim you'll see the minute why i need that and i will do the same here okay now comes the recipe you go from the upper left hand corner border one px uh... in their direction you multiply the mall three and that's a plus sign so you get a life so see which is the cross they crosby equals a life i'm easy by the axe roof but i'm not going to put the actual thing yet because i have to sidetracked rest well minus time which has eighteen b y sordid minus haiti the line used in the direction x the next one if this one eighteen d x whitehurst's this one any exp g indirection why and last but not least eighty x delight minus it why the act the direction of the unit so this part here is what we call to see you back sixty x components we'll be back to it and basically conchal field y and this week and call group c you can also write that back to them that city people steal backs x roof with you why why ru quincy of the cross product of a will have lots of exercises lots of chances you will have on assignment two to play which is a little bit malcolm's my method number two and i said number two is again as we had with the doc product is paid geological geometrical methods let me try to work on this board in between if you know hector a and you know back to be and you know that the anguish data then the cross product cd equals eight crosby is the magnitude of eighty signed the magnitude of being climbed his final data because i'm afraid i as we have before the top problem is the sign of data weekend already immediately see that this will be zero if they are using a zero degrees above eighty degrees where's adult product was zero wendy angle between them was ninety degrees his number ten the larger than zero signed paid out of a larger than they were can also be smaller than zero now we only have the magnitude of the factory annul comes the hardest part one of the direction of the factor and that is something that you have to engraved in your mind and not forget the direction is found as follows you take a because his first mentioned and you're ok eight over the shortest possible angle tubing if you have in your hand of course crew and i will show it in a minute then you turn on the court threw a scene from your seats clockwise and the courts who would go into the blackboard and if the corkscrew goes into the blackboard you'll see the tail of the back door and you will see across little plus sign and airport report that like so across product is always perpendicular to both in the but at least you wish to torches that can either come out the blackboard or it can go in blackboard and i just told you which convention to use and i want to show that to you in a way that's fuel to anymore this is what i have used before television helps etc sessions that i've given to them i don't have an appointment mom and apple visit tomato not that that may lead to potato i have a potato here and here is a corkscrew there's a corkscrew i'm going to during the corkscrew as seen from your site clockwise and you'll see that the corkscrew ghost in to the fault take toll impact but i recommend of the back door if we have to be crossing eighty then you take do your hands annual david over too short of angle to eight now we have to rotate counterclockwise andrey you rotate counterclockwise the court threw guns till you there you go and so defector is not pointing in this election and if the doctor was pointing torch you then we would indicate that there's a circle and adopt another word for this back to her be cross a would have exactly the same magnitude no difference it would be out of the blackboard another words they crosby equals minors the crosley there's any double b_ is the same as b bolti we'll encounter across products when we deal with sports and when we deal with angular momentum which is not the easiest part of a two one let's take the next really simple example again i don't mean to insult you was such a simple example but you will get chances more advance chances or new assignment i get it back to haiti actual at the u_n_ inspector in the excel dexion that means a package one it what is your role in the o'shea zero and supposed be is why ru that means beale why islam and the appraised erected zero and the you'll see a zero book now it's the dot product across product april's me row you can apply that recipe but it's much easier go thirty x y exceeds that we have here they lost eniac spelled action the u_n_ inspector and b in the white election i think it is my hands i rotate over the smallest angle which is ninety degrees why and mike works will go up so i don't know hope you're ready i know that this cross product must be the magnitude was the one that's immediately clear but i need to have the direction by using the court's approval now if you are very smart you may say hahaha you find plus z only because you have used it caught in the kitchen it this actually had been acts and this one had been y then the cross product annex and why would be in the mind of the direction yeah you're right but if you ever do that i will tell you you will always always have to work with what we call invites hamlet coordinate system and the right hand that coordinate system by definition islam whereby the cross product of acts with wide is z and not widen minor thing so whenever you're getting the future involved which cross products and ports and then went in always make yourself a x_y_z_ diagram full rich x calls why is the never ever make it such that expose white is my resume you hang yourself well for one thing that wouldn't work anymore will be buried very careful must work if you use the right hand courts group make sure you work wispy right-handed coordinate system now the worst part is over and now i would like to ride on for you we have to pick up some of the the fruits not although it'll penetrate slowly i wanna ride down for you equations for a moving particle moving object in three-dimensional space very complicated most u can hardly imagine what it's like it is a point they're going to move around in space and it is this point p this point three is going to move around in space and i called this back to all people i call that now vector alright and i give it to stop index team indicated changing with time i call this location why i'm going to call that wide open exchanging which time according to actual fti is going to change with time and i called it for you deal qty which is going to change respond because point he's going to move and so i'm going to write down the back door is most general forum that i can do that are which changes with time is no actual scheme which is the same as a opec's there before clients x rules plus wild people viral placentia p zero i've decomposed might have to all our into three independent back towards each one of those change respond one of the velocity oldest particle well the velocity is the first the renovation off the position so that is the art bt but illegal forced into riveted on this one which is the acts bt x roof i'm going to write for the exp t yeah x dot because i'm making and i'm going to write for a detour activities grant x double box off and on that note in your book location and i will often used but i keep wages look so clumsy plus why dot time's white rule plus developed time zero v dot is the g_d_p_ one of the acceleration as a function of time well the acceleration as a function of time equals d_d_t_ so does the second derivative off extras is fine and so that becomes tax double dot on tax relief plaza wide double dot fund why roof plus view double bill aren't what do we have now accomplished it looks like my nobody's going to be big later on we have a point be going in three-dimensional space and here the entire behavior of the object moves its projection along the x-axis this is the position this is its velocity and diseases acceleration and here cd in prior behavior on this the axis this is the position on the z axis uses the velocity component in the direction and the city acceleration is in and you have the wide another words we have no the three-dimensional motion we have cuts into one-dimensional motions this is a one-dimensional motion the behavioral only along x-axis and they did the behavior only along the white axis and it is the behavior only along z axis and if three together makeup the actual motion of that particle won every game go it looks like this looks like a mathematical zoom you would say well then what is going to be like is going to be phil not quite in fact is going to help you the great deals first of all if i throw up a time as bowling class like this then the whole trajectory the whole projector isn't long plane in the political plane so even though it is in three dimensions we can always represented by two x's by two-dimensional at the white exit and x-axis soul ready the three-dimensional problem often becomes a two-dimensional problem we will be great success analyze these trajectories by decomposing is very complicated motion imagine what it incredibly complicated archivist and yet we're going to decompose it's into a motion in the exception regulators alive of his own independent of the motion in the uae dot action which leaves a lot of its own and of course you always have to combine the two to know what the particle we know they equations so well from our last lecture form on the nation will motion with constant acceleration the first line tells you what the exposition is as a function of time the index t tells you that it changing respond it is the position of people zero plus the velocity of people zero consti was one-half any excuse korea if that is an acceleration in the eccentric the velocity you need a comes from taking did irrevocable dysfunction any acceleration comes from taking the derivative of this function now if we have to emotion which is more complicated which reaches out to two or three dimensions we can decompose emotion three perpendicular axes and you can't replace every axia by a wife which gives you the entire behavior in the white out action and if you want to know the behavior in the direction you replace every x here by using and then have decomposed emotion in three directions each obon are and that's what i wanted to know i'm going to throw up an object golf ball or an apple in twenty six one hundred and we know that it's in a vertical plane so we have we only deal with a two-dimensional problem this being a call this mike x-axis and i'm going to call this why why texas i call is increasing value over x and i called is increasing value of why i could have called this increase in value of life today i've decided to pull this increasing value like i'm free in that choice i fell upon albrecht the southern angle and i see motion like this morning and it comes back for the ground my initial speed right through it was the zero and the angle here its all time x component of that initial velocity it's the zero co-signed all clap and the white components equals the zero final so that's good news for us to feel the eccentric and if the begin velocity in the white house a little later in time that object is here appointee and it is now the position vector which we have cold are often this factory nafta back to that is moving from space at this moment in time axle field is here and at this moment in time why okie now you're going to see for the first time vicki gained by the way that we've divided to exceeds which led and independent life prospects i wanna know everything about x never has to be no i wanna know ready for a moment in time velocity acceleration only an axe first a one eleven people zero wealthy people zero i look there x zero with the i can show that to be zero so i can say x zero zero that's my free choice now i need you general action will be the velocity the velocity of people zero which we have cold v zero x is this a loss of t_v_ zero call sign off on and it is not going why if they're not going to change because there is no it affects so this time here zero we only have this warm football moment in time the velocity accel rection is the zero co sign off and the apex equal zero now i want to do the same in the excel rection with plenty well at time t i looked at the first equation uh... various accurate hero i know the zero x that is easier of course i know font so accesskey v zero co signed off on constant but there is no acceleration for decades piak softy the velocity in the eccentric shin any moment in time that that that value creation that instantly you can relax it is not changing in time because there is no acceleration saudi initial velocity a teacher who is the same s_g_ seconds later andia calibration now we're going to do this for the white house and are you reading to see gained forty decomposition in the white election we change the x by a wide so we do its first at people zero will bear is becomes white zero i called at zero i can always former origin zero i get the zero why primes p well do you know why is this quantity the zero signed all talk the zero final file this is the zero signed off on at is the philosophy of parent ural and this is a row and europe this is early prime zero what is the acceleration in the white are action time zero what is the acceleration that has to do was gravity there's no acceleration in the expiration but you better believe it is one of the white house only when we do with the white meat creations does this acceleration come in model when we do with the ecstatic well if we call the acceleration due to gravity g equals plus nine point eight zero and i always apology what's will be acceleration in the line of action given the fact that i called this increasing value of life a mine nine twenty-eight which i would also say always coal miners gene because my g is always positive sodas minus tells the story of king equal zero in the white election and now we have to complete it a time t_v_ full steam a time people speak we have the first line there white zero a zero so we have why it is a function of crime one zero zero so we don't have to workers that where's mine because europe so i get the zero white pine street so i get to the zero final thought times humko plus one hop but it is minus one-half gps squared and now i get the velocity in the wider action akan cheated my second line that is going to be the hero final product minus vw gti andy acceleration in the white election any moment in time mime-version and now i have done all i can who completely decompose is complicated motion into to entirely independent one dimensional motions next lecture we're going to use this again and again and again and again the collectors not over yet but i wanted to know that because what we're going to apply for many doctors to come the decomposition off today complicated trajectory into through simple ones now when you look at this there's something quite remarkable and the remarkable thing is that the velocity accel rection throughout this whole trajectory if there is no way a direct if there is no friction is not changing is only the velocity of the wider election that is changing it means a biker what these bulbule i probably did and it has a certain component index temecula certain velocity if i lose myself with exactly that same velocity is exactly the same way resolvable orthopedic i could catch the board it moot it would have to come back exactly in my hands that needs to be called a resolving the calorie shin in the white election but the motion in the white election is completely independent of the expansion the excel action doesn't even know what's going on with the white house reaction in the actual rection if i throw an object like this the eccentric shin simply very boring really moves with constant velocity there is no dependents and the wider action on its own does its own thing it goes up comes to a halt and stop and of course the actual motion is the samba superposition of the two we have tried to find a way demonstrate this quite bizarre behavior which is not so intuitive that the expelled extreme really live the life of its own and the way re want to do that is as follows we have here is a bowler done we can showed up the global and we do that in such a way that the gold bull if we do it correctly exactly comes back here that's not easy that there's always and always over just months global and comes back here not here not here not they have f_e_c_ speech would double inlet an angle in the global will come back here once we have achieved that that the cold war will come back there then i'm going to give this car a push and the moment that it passes for the switch the gold ball of fire bold bold bold will go straight up a scene from the card but it hasn't horizontal velocity which is exactly the same ozone vocalocity as the caller for the car i like my hands as the cold war goes like this the prostate always exactly on the golf balls always exactly on the table or and it will work too well the ball and up exactly the card let me first show you otherwise if that doesn't work of course it's all over it recently bought read up that it comes back to your doesn't do that i'd or even have to try this more complicated experiment so here's the global even if i have to go now reasonably close well hindi film media controls do perhaps it would help if we did will be it leeway there goes the gun you're comfortable disease just in case down as i'm going to push this now that approach the gun will be trinkets when the middle of the car is here you've seen how high double dose of ipl will go depending upon how hard i push it they may need here when they meet there ready for this david's work see you wednesday	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
French: La Belle au bois dormant English: Sleeping Beauty French: Libérez Aurore de son sommeil éternel en laissant un commentaire et en aimant la vidéo ! Quels sont vos contes de fées préférés ? English: Free Aurora from eternal slumber by making a comment and giving a thumb up! ;3 What are your favourite fairytales?	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
English: We would not have been able to survive so long if we were not able, at points, to get very worried indeed; if we didn’t possess a native genius for flooding our minds, at astonishing speed, with a cocktail of the most intense and panicky hormones our bodies can secrete. And yet our capacity to keep surviving – or at least, and as importantly, to draw some enjoyment from what remains of life – depends on something quite contrary and even more challenging: an ability at points to unpanic ourselves, to wind down the alarm and clear the bloodstream of catastrophic foreboding: a mastery of the delicate art of unworrying. Many of us belong within a damnable category known as hypervigilant – that Romanian: Nu am fi putut supravietuii pentru o perioada atat de indelungata daca nu am fi avut capacitatea, in unele momente, sa ne ingrijoram foarte tare. Daca nu suntem genii nativi pentru a ne deschide mintea, la viteza rapida, cu un cocktail de cele mai intense si de panica hormoni, corpul nostru poate secreta. Totusi capacitatea de a supravietui - sau cel putin si la fel de important, sa scoti niste entuziasm din ce ramane din viata - depinde de ceva chiar contrar si chiar si mai provocator: o abilitate care la unele momente ne poate scapa de panica, sa dea mai incet alarma si sa curete celulele de catastrofa prevestita: misterul artei delicate de a nu iti face griji. Foarte multi dintre noi apartinem de o categorie conoscuta ca si hipervigilent, adica Arabic: في الواقع، لن نتمكن من البقاء على قيد الحياة لو أننا لم نكن قادرين على أن نقلق في مراحل ما لو أننا لانملك تلك السجية الفطرية التي تغمر أدمغتنا بسرعة هائلة مع مزيج من أشد أنواع هرمونات الذعر التي يمكن أن تفرزها أجسادنا ومع ذلك قدرتنا للبقاء على قيد الحياة -أو على الأقل- انتزاع قليل من المتعة من ماتبقى منها يعتمد كليّا على النقيض. ويكمن التحدي الأكبر في القدرة على السيطرة على ذعرنا في مراحل معينة وإخماد الفزع . وتصفية مجرى الدم من نذير الشؤم؛ أي التمرس على عدم القلق العديد منا ينتمي لفئة مقيتة تعرف بالمفرطين في القلق Arabic: والأمر ليس مجرد أننا حذرون أو نعتني بأمننا كما يجب، بل نصاب بالذُعر مباشرة ونفزع تقريبًا طوال الوقت. نحن المقيمون في مخيم القلق المفرط التعيس، نستقيظ مهلوعون، نقضي اليوم بارتياع جازمين بأن شيئ مرعب سيُردينا أرضًا، في مرحلة ما، هذا مرهق جدًا، من الطبيعي أن نتوق للتخلص من كل هذا. على الرغم من أن هذه الرغبة بذاتها تستدعي الخوف أيضا. أسباب كوننا هكذا دائما متشابهة، في مرحلة ما، أي قبل أن يتسنى لنا التصدي له في الماضي، كنا مرعوبين لدرجة بالغة السوءفعلاً. حيث فقدنا الإيمان بصلابة أي شيء على الإطلاق. يتفشى شيء في غاية الصعوبة ويحيط أدمغتنا Romanian: nu suntem foarte atenti si in cautarea sigurantei, cum ar trebui sa fim, ba chiar panicati si alarmati mai tot timpul. Noi, ne trezim intr-o companie de tristi hipervigilenti, petrecem ziua sub normal si traim in iluzia ca ceva va cadea peste noi. In anumite momente, e atat de obositor, e normal ca sa astepam sa fie gata - totusi la un prospect ingrozitor. Motivele de ce suntem asa sunte mereu aceleasi. La un punct, inainte sa fi putut face fata, am fost foarte speriati, atat de tare incat nu am reusit sa ne recuperam credinta in soliditate. Ceva atat de greu a fost, incat ne-a zdruncinat mintile in starea de alarma, chiar si cand conditiile de mediu sau schimbat si cand e English: is, we are not merely ordinarily careful and on the look out for our safety, as we should be, but outright panicked and alarmed pretty much all the time. We, in the unhappy hypervigilant camp, wake up terrified, spend the day in low-level dread and exist in near certainty that something appalling will fell us. At points, it’s so tiring, it’s normal that we may long for it all to be over – though that too is a dreadful prospect. The reasons why are like this are always somewhat the same. At some point, long before we could cope, we were frightened very badly indeed, so badly, we have never really recovered a faith in the solidity of anything. Something so challenging unfolded, it has jammed our minds in a state of alarm, even when the outward conditions have changed and when there is, Arabic: بهالة من الفزع بحيث لاتُخرجنا منها تغير الظروف الخارجية الفعلية- كأصدقاء يخبرونا بلطف - بأن ليس هناك مايدعو للهلع. ربما يوجد شخص مضطرب في محيطنا، ربما تلقينا إهانة وتعاظم شعورنا بالرفض والإثم. ربما قاسينا العذاب من أحد أشقائنا الأكبر سنًا . أو ربما بُعثنا لمنشأة بعيدة حيث مكثنا معزولين بشكل مروع وكاستجابة لكل هذا، ارتفع مستوى هرمون الهلع لدينا ولم ينخفض إطلاقًا. حاليًا، يشوّش قلقنا المفرطعلى الجزء المسؤول في الدماغ عن الوظائف الأساسية كالنوم والهضم، واللمس لذا، ووفقًا لهذه الأعراض حتمًا، سيكون في غاية الصعوبة، استرخائنا و السيطرة على أمعائنا أو التعامل برِفق عندما يلمسنا أصدقائنا. وبقدر مانتوق لهذا English: in the objective sense (as kindly friends like to tell us), nothing in particular to be terrified of. Perhaps someone was very angry in the vicinity. Perhaps we were humiliated and made to feel unwanted and sinful. Maybe an older sibling tortured us. Perhaps we got sent away to an institution where we were appallingly isolated. In response, our level of panic hormones spiked – and never came down. Now our hypervigilance scrambles the part of the mind that regulates basic functions like sleep, digestion and touch – and so, a telling symptom is that it will almost certainly be difficult for us to rest, to manage our bowels or to be wholly at ease being touched by a fellow human, however much we long to be. There is no easy cure, but it is the start of something to have at least a name to put Romanian: in sensul obiectiv (ce ne plac prietenii politicosi sa ne transmita), nimic in particular de ce sa fim terifiati.Posibil cineva a fost foarte nervos in apropiere. Poate am fost umiliti si ne-am simtit nedoriti si pacatosi. Poate o ruda mai in varsta ne-a torturat. Poate am fost trimisi la o institutie unde am fost izolati. In raspuns, nivelul nostru de panica a crescut - si nu a mai coborat niciodata. Acum hipervigilanta noastra ne roade partea din minte care regleaza functiile de baza precum dormitul, digestia si atingerea - deci un simptom care va fi dificil pentru noi sa ne odihnim, sa ne reglam intestinele sau sa ne simtim in siguranta cand suntem atinsi de un om, oricat de mult ne dorim. Nu exista leac simplu, dar macar putem pune un nume Romanian: la haos. Un nivel de compasiune poate incepe. Putem incpe sa realizam cat de mult din viata e sustinuta de frica. Avem un concept ce ne arata de ce e atat de greu sa mergi la petreceri, sa ai incredere intr-un iubit, sa te relaxezi de vacanta, sa te duci la baie sau sa dormi mult peste 4 dimineata. Imagineazati rezultatul. Poate indraznim sa le spunem altora despre hipervigilenta noastra, oferindule lumii precum un cadou, un indiciu la stracaciunea noastra particulara. De fiecare data gasim pe cineva politicos in care ne putem descrie starea de spirit si ii putem zambii tandru in raspuns, panica coboara si lumea devine umpic mai suportabila. Dar cateodata, cand suntem singuri si presiunea mai apasa inca odata, putem English: to the chaos. A degree of compassion can start up too. We can start to notice how much of life has been held together by fear. We have a concept that links why it’s so hard to go to parties, trust a lover, relax on holiday, go to the bathroom or sleep much past 4am. Image result for agnes martin We might dare to tell a few others about our hypervigilance, handing them the word like a gift, a clue to our particular brokenness. Every time we find a kindly other to whom we can safely entrust news of our state, and who can smile tenderly in response, the panic goes down and the world becomes ever so slightly more bearable. But sometimes, when we are alone and the pressures mount once more, we may Arabic: لايوجد علاج سهل لكن كبداية له يجب وضع مسمى، على الأقل، لهذه الفوضى. شيء من التعاطف قد يكون حل أيضاً، يمكننا أن نلاحظ كيف تبدو الحياة قائمة على الخوف، لدينا تصور يربط بين السبب وراء الصعوبة الكامنة في حضور الحفلات أو الثقة بالحبيب أو الاسترخاء في العطلة أو في أخذ حمام أو النوم لما بعد الساعة 4 صباحًا. إننا قد نجرؤ على الإفصاح للآخرين عن قلقنا المفرط نناولهم الكلمة كهبة أو إشارة لحُطامنا. في كل مرة، نتلقف ود من الشخص الذي يمكن أن نستودع أحوالنا لديه بكل أمان، ذاك الذي يمكنه الابتسام كردة فعل حانية، فيخف الذعر ويصبح العالم مُحتملاً إلى حد ما. لكن أحياناً عندما نكون بمفردنا وتزداد الضغوط مجددًا، Arabic: قد يجدر بنا أن نسترخي ونراقب قلقنا المفرط وهو يحطم خططنا وآمالنا فنتيح المجال لذعرنا بأن يسحقنا ليوم أو ربما شهر. يجب أن نغفر لذواتنا. هذا المرض كغيره. الأهم من ذلك رغم صعوبته؛ هو الإيمان بأن الرُشد يعني حيازة خيارات. قد نتمكن من إبعاد المتنمرين، وأن نبتعد إذا فاض بنا الأمر وإخبار الآخرين مانحن بحاجة إليه منهم. فنحن لا نحتاج أن نكون قلقين بإفراط لأن لدينا خيار بأن نكون متأهبين في حال وجود خطر حقيقي، فلدينا الآن مصادرنا الذاتية لتواجه وتصارع هذا الخطر في الوقت المناسب بإمكاننا القلق إذا ما احتجنا لذلك بدلا من قلقنا الوجودي. Romanian: doar sa stam in spate si sa observam hipervigilenta cum imi face treaba: ne strica planurile speranta si dezlantuie panica in asa fel incat ne doboara pentru restul zilei sau a lunii. Ar trebuii sa ne iertam singuri. Asta este o boata ca oricare alta. Ce poate fi greu dar cel mai important, este sa sti ca daca esti adult inseamna ca ai variante. Putem sa ne indepartam de oameni care ne fac rau, sa ne mutam cand devine prea mult si sa le spunem altora ce avem nevoie de la ei. Noi nu avem nevoie sa fim hipervigilenti deoarece avem optiunea de adevarata vigilenta: daca ar fi sa fie un adevarat pericol, acum am avea resursele interioare sa inampinam si sa le invingem in timp bun. Putem sa ne ingrijoram cand avem nevoie, doar pentru ca existam. Intre timp ar trebui sa ne lasam - cu aceast ciudat, umpic urat cuvant in mana - sa ne para rau de English: simply have to stand back and observe the hypervigilance do its thing: smash our plans and hopes, and unleash panic in a way that will knock us out for the day or the month. We should forgive ourselves. This is a disease like any other. What can be hardest, but most important, to believe is that being an adult means having options. We can push back against bullies, move away when it gets too much and tell others what we need from them. We don’t need to be hypervigilant because we have the option of true vigilance: if there were to be real dangers, we would now have the inner resources to greet and fight them in good time. We can worry when we need to, not just because we exist. In the meantime, we should allow ourselves – with this strange, slightly ugly word in hand – to feel sorry for our Romanian: impulsurile noastre disperate, si sa luptam cand putem, la 4.35 probabil, sa ne intoarcem pe cealalta parte sa mai dormim putin. Putem sa invatam sa fim mai calmi, nu prin metode speciale de repiratie dar prin gandire. Cartea noastra te ghideaza prin proces. English: desperate impulses and strive, where we can, at 4.35am perhaps, to turn over and get a little more rest. We can learn the skill of being calm, not through special teas or slow breathing. But through thinking. Our book guides us through that process. Arabic: في غضون ذلك، يجب أن نسمح لأنفسنا -مع هذه العبارة الغريبة المباشرة البشعة- بأن نشعر بالأسف على اكتئابنا وأن نسعى جاهدين بحيث يكون بمقدورنا الساعة 4:35 صباحًا ربما، أن ننتقل للجهة الأخرى ونكمل نومنا. ترجمة:فريق أُترجم @autrjim	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
I was not prepared for the rigor of academics. A man once said, it's better to be prepared for an opportunity and not have one, than to have an opportunity and not to be prepared. And, because I didn't pursue the higher level courses in high school, I wasn't prepared for college, and when I got to college, I struggled. Graduate from college, that was huge, that was a big goal for me because I was going to be the first. I couldn't let people down. I was taught that in high school, setting up the bar where you wanted it to be, in the college it was the same thing. When I graduated high school I had no idea what I wanted to do, but I knew that I wanted to go to college. I was struggling grade wise, and I wasn't passionate, and I was sitting and thinking, I'm not passionate about what I'm doing right now. Then when I switched to the College of Education, I absolutely love it, and I think it was the best decision I ever made. I do feel the pressure sometimes, because I'm the first to go to college. Something my mum always tell me about education, this is an opportunity that they never had, especially with the scholarships and grants. People are really surprised when I tell them, I'm first generation because my dad owns several companies, my mum has been able to be a stay at home mum my entire life, they just assumed that my parents were college educated, and I'm just following in their footsteps. I don't think they realized like all that my parents went through to get to that spot, they weren't just given it. There probably isn't any stereotypes in this day and age as far as me being a black guy going to college, but as far as in education, I think I'm reading a lot of stereotypes. I mean, just looking at my physical appearance you might think he might be going into sports or something like that. I'm just a regular guy, and when I come in here, they treat me like a movie star and it's awesome, I love it. When my brothers and sisters moved here, they were new comers, they knew no English. So when I have my ESL students, and they tell me I have been here for a week, I have been here for a day. It's like seeing my brothers and sisters walk into the classroom. And so, ESL to me fetches my heart, because I know exactly where they are coming from. I know the struggles. That's the beauty of this country, that it doesn't matter where you come from, or you look like, how you talk, how you dress. If you want to become something and you want to be something, you can. You know, there is nobody holding you back but yourself.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
French: Le célèbre poète Nicolas Boileau disait : « Ce qui se conçoit bien s'énonce clairement et les mots pour le dire arrivent aisément ». Comme tout le monde d'ailleurs, tu es né sans qualités exceptionnelles tu as dû tout apprendre sur cette terre. Je sais que ça n'a pas été facile, il y a des moments qui étaient difficiles Tu as du même reprendre des classes, tu as dû abandonner tes rêves, même les plus importants, parce que tu n'avais pas le choix ,tu ne remplissait peut-être pas les conditions ou tu n'avais pas les qualités requises pour passer à l'étape Suivante, comme le dit Tu es même allé plus loin, tu as essayé d'étudier essayer D'avoir de nouvelles compétences dans certains domaines Tu t'es vu venu tout de suite Humilie encore parce que Tu n'arrivais pas à atteindre les résultats escomptes Je sais pertinemment que tu as déjà utilisé cette méthode Peut-être, de façon partielle ou dans sa totalité Mais, comme tout le monde, Moi-même y compris on ne sait pas forcément la science qui est derrière les méthodes qu'on utilise et qui m'a souvent pour nous English: The famous poet Nicolas Boileau said: "What is well conceived is clearly stated and the words to say it come easily ”. Like everyone else, you were born without exceptional skills, you had to learn everything on this earth. I know it was not easy, there were times that were difficult You also have to fail some classes, you had to give up your dreams, even the most important, because you had no choice, you may not have fulfilled the conditions or you didn't have the abilities required to pass to the next stage You even went further, you tried to study, you tried To have new skills in certain areas You saw yourself coming right away Still humiliates because You were unable to achieve the expected results I know very well that you have already used this method Perhaps, partially or in full But, like everyone, Including myself we don't necessarily know the science behind the techniques that we use and that often has me for us English: ok, in this video I will share with you the method that I use, which is the technique of RICHARD FEYNMAN. This is the method I use to study quickly and have solid results. Without further ado, let's start if you're new here on the chanel Welcome to Happy Diaspora I'm BEDA, here we're talking about productivity ,we're talking about developing your influence online and we also talk tips of the United States RICHARD FEYNMAN is an American physicist he had a Nobel Prize in physics in 1965 He was working on things really complicated. I do not want to go into detail but remember that he was a physicist and he was recognized not only for his abilities in physics but he was also a great renowed teacher because of his ability to explain complicated theorems difficult things in simple , plain English This method is named after him today The first point of FEYNMAN's technique French: ok, dans cette vidéo je vais partager avec toi la méthode que j'utilise ,qui est la technique de RICHARD FEYNMAN . C'est cette méthode que j'utilise pour étudier rapidement et avoir des résultats concrets. Sans plus tarder, on va commencer si vous êtes nouveau ici sur la chaîne Soyez la bienvenue sur Happy Diaspora je suis BEDA ici on parle de productivité on parle de développer votre présence en ligne et on parle aussi des astuces sur les Etats Unis RICHARD FEYNMAN est un physicien américain il a eu un prix Nobel en physique en 1965 Il travaillait sur des choses vraiment compliquées. Je n'ai pas envie d'entrer dans les détails, mais retenons qu'il était physicien et il était reconnu non pas seulement pour ses qualités en physique, mais il était aussi un très grand pédagogue à cause de ses aptitudes à expliquer les théorèmes compliqués, les choses difficiles dans un anglais facile ou pour vous en français simple Cette méthode porte son nom aujourd'hui Le premier point de la technique de FEYNMAN French: c'est de prendre une feuille et d'y mentionner au-dessus le nom du Concept que vous désirez étudier. Donc faites-le, ce point très facile le second point également comme le premier n'est pas aussi difficile, c'est de transcrire dans votre propre language , de la manière que vous comprenez le sujet sur votre feuille. le troisième point consiste à fait l'inventaire de ce que vous avez fait dans le deuxième points; Donc vous allez regarder tout ce que vous avez écris. il doit être en anglais ou en français simple sans termes techniques je prends un exemple, vous êtes est comptable vous devez pouvoir écrire dans le point numéro 2 , de sorte que sont que votre collègue qui est peut-être marketeur puisse lire et comprendre le message que vous Espérez véhiculer Dans le point numéro 3, vous faites l'inventaire de ce qui a été écrit. La méthode de Richard FEYNMAN vous aide à savoir ce que vous maîtrisez déjà et ce que vous ne maîtrisez pas encore. English: it is to take a sheet and to mention above it the name of the Concept you want to study. Therefore do it, this point easy the second point also like the first is not as difficult, it is to transcribe in your words, the way you understand the subject on your sheet. the third point is to actually inventory what you did in the second point; So you go look at everything you have wrote. it must be in English or in simple French without technical terms I take an example, you're an accountant you should be able to write in the step number 2, so that are that your colleague who is maybe a marketer can read and understand the message you Hope to convey In point number 3, you make an inventory of what has been written. Richard FEYNMAN's method helps you to know what you already master and what you don't not master yet. English: In point number 3, you will go on issues that you don't Do not master yet, you will do other research and transcribe in in simple english or French after that, we go straight to the fourth point which is to teach what you have Learned, to someone it is recommended to use a child of about five years old because, these children ask a lot of questions and most importantly they don't have the same intellectual level that you What will drive you to do much more effort to explain what you have written , or where you want Understand ; suddenly, you will be surprised repeating certain things, going back to basic things for you, but not for the child, after this phase, if you have any dark spots you come back at the step number 3 who's going back to your books to do some additional research to find or try to understand the dark points, the dark points that you did not understand French: Dans le point numéro 3, vous allez partir sur les points que vous ne Maîtrisez pas encore, vous allez faire d'autres recherches et retranscrire en en français simple après cela, nous allons directement au quatrième point qui es d'enseigner ce que vous avez appris à quelqu'un il a recommandé d'utiliser un enfant d'environ cinq ans parce que, ces enfants posent beaucoup de questions et surtout ils n'ont pas le même niveau intellectuel que vous Ce qui vous poussera à faire beaucoup plus d'efforts pour expliquer ce que vous avez écrit ou vous désirez Comprendre ; du coup, vous allez être surpris en train de répéter certaines choses, en train de revenir sur des choses basiques pour vous, mais qui ne le sont pas pour l'enfant, pas simple après cette phase, si vous avez des points obscurs vous revenez encore au point numéro 3 qui es de retourner vers vos livres pour faire des recherches supplémentaires pour trouver ou essayer de comprendre les points d'ombre, les points obscurs que vous n'avez pas compris English: Voila, that's it for the technique Richard FEYNMAN's technique is good, but I have an additive that will be like your bonus It has been scientifically demonstrated with supporting data statistics that The more your sense organs are associated with your style of studies, you remember better or much more easily According to statistics, if you simply read you retain 20% of the information read If you listen, you retain 30% of the information you listened if you see, you look, you retained 40% of what you saw watch my videos for example, you are currently watching it, you see and you get along there are two organs involved Even you can read in English and French through the subtitles now have three organs involved French: Voila, c'est tout la pour méthode. La technique de Richard FEYNMAN est bonne, mais j'ai un additif qui sera comme votre bonus Il a été scientifiquement démontré avec des statistiques a l'appui que Plus vos organes de sens sont associés a votre style d'études, vous retenez mieux ou beaucoup plus facilement Selon les statistiques, si vous lisez simplement vous retenez 20% des informations lues Si vous écoutez, vous retenez 30% des informations si vous voyez vous regardez, vous retenez 40% de ce que vous avez vu regardez par exemple mes vidéos, vous la regarder actuellement, vous voyez et vous vous entendez il y a deux organes impliqués Meme vous pouvez lire en anglais et français à travers les sous-titres Du coup vous avez maintenant trois organes impliqués French: Si vous arriver à échanger avec quelqu'un sur le sujet en question, raison de plus pour avoir des échanges muris, des discussion enrichissante. Quand vous discutez avec les confrères et collègues vous retenez 70 % de votre échange de ce que vous avez appris a travers votre communication le dernier volet se situe au niveau de l'enseignement si vous arrivez à enseigner ce que vous avez appris a quelqu'un Comme la méthode je le dis dans un point numéro 4 , d'enseigner vos trouvailles à un enfant de 5 ans si vous arrivez à enseigner quelqu'un, vous retenez entre 90 et 95% de ce que vous avez appris. c'est pas beau ça, donc désormais vous ne me direz plus que vous n'avez pu étudier. regardez la période actuelle, elle est Propice. Vous êtes à la maison, vous ne bougez pas beaucoup c'est le moment d'apprendre quelque Chose de nouveau. Peut-être que ça fera l'objet de ma prochaine vidéo si vous ne savez pas ce que vous devez apprendre, je vais essayer de vous donner quelques idées, vous pouvez les mettre en commentaires English: If you manage to exchange with someone on the subject in question, one more reason to have worthy rewarding discussion. When chatting with buddies and colleagues you retain 70% of your exchange from what you have learned through your communication the last part is at the teaching level if you can teach someone what you have learned like I said in step 4 to teach your discoveries to a 5 year old child if you manage to teach someone, you hold between 90 and 95% of what you have learned. it's beautiful, isn't it? so from now on, you won't tell me anymore that you haven't been able to study. look at the current situation is favorable. You're at home, you don't move much it's time to learn something Something new. Maybe that will be the subject of my next video If you don't know what you need to learn, I'll try to give you some ideas, if you already had some, feel free to put them in comments below English: if you have good plans for this period, put them in comments, share them with the community and we will see how to find solutions once i say thank you stay well and have another day productive bye French: si vous avez des bon plans pour cette période là, mettez les en commentaires , partagez les avec la communauté et on verra comment trouver des solutions une fois que je vous dis merci portez vous bien et ayez une autre journée productive Bye Bye	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
now im not playing dragon nest pc, dragon nest mobile or mobile legends but im playing this game!!! Salam Anjay!!! yo what's up gaes welcome back to my channel SUBUR GAMING, oke gaes!! now im not playing dragon nest pc, dragon nest mobile or mobile legends but im playing this game nah, this game is CYBER HUNTER as many people this game like as fortnite mobile i got info this game from my friends therefore i want to review this game but this game being OBT oke we just open it being beta test ya what is this game like? she said this game like fortnite mobile and now i use a handphone to play this game (xiaomi redmi note 4x) here are 2 characters we can choose and then here we have to choose the face just like my face, ya? this face very old, wow this face is very cool like as my hair This person is very black like me, anjay oke we just to play oh, i can choose very old coy yes we can choose this face his eyes choose your eyes, it's up to which eye make up? just like girl, anjay nah this is like me, anjay ya, i now want to playing this game	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
♪ ♪ ♪ RICKY- I FELL IN LOVE WITH THE ONLY GIRL ♪ ♪ WHO KNOWS WHAT I'M ABOUT ♪ ♪ NINI- I FELL IN LOVE WITH A BOY ♪ ♪ AND I CAN'T TELL IF I FELL OUT ♪ ♪ AFTER ALL IS SAID AND DONE ♪ ♪ I CAN'T JUST PRETEND I'M MOVIN' ON ♪ ♪ RICKY- IS IT JUST A PART WE'RE PLAYING ♪ ♪ CAUSE IT DON'T FEEL LIKE WE'RE FAKING ♪ ♪ NINI & RICKY- WHEN WE'RE UNDERNEATH THE LIGHTS ♪ ♪ MY HEART'S NO LONGER BROKEN ♪ ♪ FOR A MOMENT JUST FOR A MOMENT ♪ ♪ WHEN WE'RE SINGING SIDE BY SIDE ♪ ♪ THERE'S SO MUCH LEFT UNSPOKEN ♪ ♪ FOR A MOMENT JUST FOR A MOMENT ♪ ♪ A MOMENT IN LOVE ♪ ♪ RICKY- A MOMENT IN LOVE ♪ ♪ NINI- BUT IS A MOMENT ENOUGH? ♪ ♪ RICKY- WAY, WAY BACK THEN ALWAYS DREAMED ♪ ♪ IT'S YOU AND ME UNTIL THE END ♪ ♪ NINI- NOW WE CAN'T PLAY PRETEND ♪ ♪ AND I'M SCARED TO TALK TO MY BEST FRIEND ♪ ♪ SHOULD I STAY OR LET YOU GO ♪ ♪ WILL YOU LOVE ME WHEN THE CURTAINS CLOSE? ♪ ♪ RICKY- IS IT JUST A PART WE'RE PLAYING? ♪ ♪ CAUSE IT DON'T FEEL LIKE WE'RE FAKING ♪ ♪ NINI & RICKY- WHEN WE'RE UNDERNEATH THE LIGHTS ♪ ♪ MY HEART'S NO LONGER BROKEN ♪ ♪ FOR A MOMENT JUST FOR A MOMENT (JUST FOR A MOMENT) ♪ ♪ WHEN WE'RE SINGING SIDE BY SIDE ♪ ♪ THERE'S SO MUCH LEFT UNSPOKEN ♪ ♪ FOR A MOMENT JUST FOR A MOMENT ♪ ♪ A MOMENT IN LOVE A MOMENT IN LOVE ♪ ♪ RICKY- BUT IS A MOMENT ENOUGH? ♪ ♪ NINI- MAYBE YOUR HEART STILL STOPS WHEN YOU SEE ME ♪ ♪ MAYBE IT'S WORTH ANOTHER TRY ♪ ♪ BETTER PLACE BETTER TIME ♪ ♪ NINI & RICKY- WHEN WE'RE UNDERNEATH THE LIGHTS ♪ ♪ MY HEART'S NO LONGER BROKEN ♪ ♪ FOR A MOMENT JUST FOR A MOMENT (JUST FOR A MOMENT) ♪ ♪ WHEN WE'RE SINGING SIDE BY SIDE ♪ ♪ THERE'S SO MUCH LEFT UNSPOKEN ♪ ♪ FOR A MOMENT JUST FOR A MOMENT ♪ ♪ A MOMENT IN LOVE A MOMENT IN LOVE (JUST FOR A MOMENT YEAH) ♪ ♪ RICKY- BUT IS A MOMENT ENOUGH? ♪ ♪ NINI & RICKY- WHEN WE'RE UNDERNEATH THE LIGHTS ♪ ♪ MY HEART'S NO LONGER BROKEN ♪ ♪ FOR A MOMENT JUST FOR A MOMENT ♪	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
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LADIES, BACK TO YOU. LADIES, BACK TO YOU. >>> LADIES, BACK TO YOU. >>> GOVERNOR LADIES, BACK TO YOU. >>> GOVERNOR BROWN LADIES, BACK TO YOU. >>> GOVERNOR BROWN TODAY >>> GOVERNOR BROWN TODAY >>> GOVERNOR BROWN TODAY ANNOUNCED >>> GOVERNOR BROWN TODAY ANNOUNCED A >>> GOVERNOR BROWN TODAY ANNOUNCED A 60 >>> GOVERNOR BROWN TODAY ANNOUNCED A 60 DAY >>> GOVERNOR BROWN TODAY ANNOUNCED A 60 DAY EXTENSION >>> GOVERNOR BROWN TODAY ANNOUNCED A 60 DAY EXTENSION OF ANNOUNCED A 60 DAY EXTENSION OF ANNOUNCED A 60 DAY EXTENSION OF THE ANNOUNCED A 60 DAY EXTENSION OF THE COVID-19 ANNOUNCED A 60 DAY EXTENSION OF THE COVID-19 STATE ANNOUNCED A 60 DAY EXTENSION OF THE COVID-19 STATE OF ANNOUNCED A 60 DAY EXTENSION OF THE COVID-19 STATE OF EMERGENCY THE COVID-19 STATE OF EMERGENCY THE COVID-19 STATE OF EMERGENCY IN THE COVID-19 STATE OF EMERGENCY IN OREGON. IN OREGON. IN OREGON. HOW IN OREGON. HOW ARE IN OREGON. HOW ARE THINGS IN OREGON. HOW ARE THINGS PROGRESSING IN OREGON. HOW ARE THINGS PROGRESSING FOR HOW ARE THINGS PROGRESSING FOR HOW ARE THINGS PROGRESSING FOR THE HOW ARE THINGS PROGRESSING FOR THE MOST HOW ARE THINGS PROGRESSING FOR THE MOST POPULATED HOW ARE THINGS PROGRESSING FOR THE MOST POPULATED COUNTY? THE MOST POPULATED COUNTY? THE MOST POPULATED COUNTY? THIS THE MOST POPULATED COUNTY? THIS HEALTH THE MOST POPULATED COUNTY? THIS HEALTH OFFICER THE MOST POPULATED COUNTY? THIS HEALTH OFFICER SAYS THE MOST POPULATED COUNTY? THIS HEALTH OFFICER SAYS THE THIS HEALTH OFFICER SAYS THE THIS HEALTH OFFICER SAYS THE COUNTY THIS HEALTH OFFICER SAYS THE COUNTY IS THIS HEALTH OFFICER SAYS THE COUNTY IS APPROACHING THIS HEALTH OFFICER SAYS THE COUNTY IS APPROACHING BEING COUNTY IS APPROACHING BEING COUNTY IS APPROACHING BEING ABLE COUNTY IS APPROACHING BEING ABLE TO COUNTY IS APPROACHING BEING ABLE TO MEET COUNTY IS APPROACHING BEING ABLE TO MEET PHASE COUNTY IS APPROACHING BEING ABLE TO MEET PHASE 2 ABLE TO MEET PHASE 2 ABLE TO MEET PHASE 2 REQUIREMENTS, ABLE TO MEET PHASE 2 REQUIREMENTS, BUT ABLE TO MEET PHASE 2 REQUIREMENTS, BUT THERE ABLE TO MEET PHASE 2 REQUIREMENTS, BUT THERE IS ABLE TO MEET PHASE 2 REQUIREMENTS, BUT THERE IS A REQUIREMENTS, BUT THERE IS A REQUIREMENTS, BUT THERE IS A DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS, BUT THERE IS A DIFFERENT PRIORITY REQUIREMENTS, BUT THERE IS A DIFFERENT PRIORITY RIGHT REQUIREMENTS, BUT THERE IS A DIFFERENT PRIORITY RIGHT NOW. DIFFERENT PRIORITY RIGHT NOW. DIFFERENT PRIORITY RIGHT NOW. GETTING DIFFERENT PRIORITY RIGHT NOW. GETTING STUDENTS DIFFERENT PRIORITY RIGHT NOW. GETTING STUDENTS BACK DIFFERENT PRIORITY RIGHT NOW. GETTING STUDENTS BACK TO DIFFERENT PRIORITY RIGHT NOW. GETTING STUDENTS BACK TO THE GETTING STUDENTS BACK TO THE GETTING STUDENTS BACK TO THE CLASSROOM. CLASSROOM. CLASSROOM. >> CLASSROOM. >> WE CLASSROOM. >> WE HAVE CLASSROOM. >> WE HAVE NOT CLASSROOM. >> WE HAVE NOT LOOKED CLASSROOM. >> WE HAVE NOT LOOKED CAREFULLY >> WE HAVE NOT LOOKED CAREFULLY >> WE HAVE NOT LOOKED CAREFULLY AT >> WE HAVE NOT LOOKED CAREFULLY AT THOSE >> WE HAVE NOT LOOKED CAREFULLY AT THOSE METRICS >> WE HAVE NOT LOOKED CAREFULLY AT THOSE METRICS BECAUSE >> WE HAVE NOT LOOKED CAREFULLY AT THOSE METRICS BECAUSE WE AT THOSE METRICS BECAUSE WE AT THOSE METRICS BECAUSE WE REALLY AT THOSE METRICS BECAUSE WE REALLY HAVE AT THOSE METRICS BECAUSE WE REALLY HAVE OUR AT THOSE METRICS BECAUSE WE REALLY HAVE OUR SIGHTS AT THOSE METRICS BECAUSE WE REALLY HAVE OUR SIGHTS SET AT THOSE METRICS BECAUSE WE REALLY HAVE OUR SIGHTS SET ON REALLY HAVE OUR SIGHTS SET ON REALLY HAVE OUR SIGHTS SET ON THE REALLY HAVE OUR SIGHTS SET ON THE BACK-TO-SCHOOL REALLY HAVE OUR SIGHTS SET ON THE BACK-TO-SCHOOL METRICS.>> THE BACK-TO-SCHOOL METRICS.>> THE BACK-TO-SCHOOL METRICS.>> WE THE BACK-TO-SCHOOL METRICS.>> WE DON'T THE BACK-TO-SCHOOL METRICS.>> WE DON'T MEET THE BACK-TO-SCHOOL METRICS.>> WE DON'T MEET ALL THE BACK-TO-SCHOOL METRICS.>> WE DON'T MEET ALL OF THE BACK-TO-SCHOOL METRICS.>> WE DON'T MEET ALL OF THE WE DON'T MEET ALL OF THE WE DON'T MEET ALL OF THE METRICS WE DON'T MEET ALL OF THE METRICS RIGHT WE DON'T MEET ALL OF THE METRICS RIGHT AT WE DON'T MEET ALL OF THE METRICS RIGHT AT THIS WE DON'T MEET ALL OF THE METRICS RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT, METRICS RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT, METRICS RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT, BUT METRICS RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT, BUT I METRICS RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT, BUT I CAN METRICS RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT, BUT I CAN SURE METRICS RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT, BUT I CAN SURE THAT METRICS RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT, BUT I CAN SURE THAT OTHERS METRICS RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT, BUT I CAN SURE THAT OTHERS FROM BUT I CAN SURE THAT OTHERS FROM BUT I CAN SURE THAT OTHERS FROM A BUT I CAN SURE THAT OTHERS FROM A PUBLIC BUT I CAN SURE THAT OTHERS FROM A PUBLIC HEALTH BUT I CAN SURE THAT OTHERS FROM A PUBLIC HEALTH STANDPOINT A PUBLIC HEALTH STANDPOINT A PUBLIC HEALTH STANDPOINT ANYTHING A PUBLIC HEALTH STANDPOINT ANYTHING OUR A PUBLIC HEALTH STANDPOINT ANYTHING OUR LEADERSHIP A PUBLIC HEALTH STANDPOINT ANYTHING OUR LEADERSHIP SHARES ANYTHING OUR LEADERSHIP SHARES ANYTHING OUR LEADERSHIP SHARES THE ANYTHING OUR LEADERSHIP SHARES THE PHILOSOPHY ANYTHING OUR LEADERSHIP SHARES THE PHILOSOPHY THAT ANYTHING OUR LEADERSHIP SHARES THE PHILOSOPHY THAT WE ANYTHING OUR LEADERSHIP SHARES THE PHILOSOPHY THAT WE REALLY THE PHILOSOPHY THAT WE REALLY THE PHILOSOPHY THAT WE REALLY ARE THE PHILOSOPHY THAT WE REALLY ARE LASER THE PHILOSOPHY THAT WE REALLY ARE LASER FOCUSED THE PHILOSOPHY THAT WE REALLY ARE LASER FOCUSED ON THE PHILOSOPHY THAT WE REALLY ARE LASER FOCUSED ON MAKING THE PHILOSOPHY THAT WE REALLY ARE LASER FOCUSED ON MAKING THE ARE LASER FOCUSED ON MAKING THE ARE LASER FOCUSED ON MAKING THE SCHOOL ARE LASER FOCUSED ON MAKING THE SCHOOL METRICS ARE LASER FOCUSED ON MAKING THE SCHOOL METRICS AND ARE LASER FOCUSED ON MAKING THE SCHOOL METRICS AND GETTING ARE LASER FOCUSED ON MAKING THE SCHOOL METRICS AND GETTING OUR SCHOOL METRICS AND GETTING OUR SCHOOL METRICS AND GETTING OUR KIDS SCHOOL METRICS AND GETTING OUR KIDS BACK SCHOOL METRICS AND GETTING OUR KIDS BACK IN SCHOOL METRICS AND GETTING OUR KIDS BACK IN THE SCHOOL METRICS AND GETTING OUR KIDS BACK IN THE CLASSROOM. KIDS BACK IN THE CLASSROOM. KIDS BACK IN THE CLASSROOM. >> KIDS BACK IN THE CLASSROOM. >> HERE KIDS BACK IN THE CLASSROOM. >> HERE IS KIDS BACK IN THE CLASSROOM. >> HERE IS THE KIDS BACK IN THE CLASSROOM. >> HERE IS THE METRICS KIDS BACK IN THE CLASSROOM. >> HERE IS THE METRICS FOR >> HERE IS THE METRICS FOR >> HERE IS THE METRICS FOR GETTING >> HERE IS THE METRICS FOR GETTING KIDS >> HERE IS THE METRICS FOR GETTING KIDS BACK >> HERE IS THE METRICS FOR GETTING KIDS BACK TO >> HERE IS THE METRICS FOR GETTING KIDS BACK TO IN >> HERE IS THE METRICS FOR GETTING KIDS BACK TO IN PERSON GETTING KIDS BACK TO IN PERSON GETTING KIDS BACK TO IN PERSON LEARNING. LEARNING. LEARNING. THEY LEARNING. THEY ARE LEARNING. THEY ARE BASED LEARNING. THEY ARE BASED ON LEARNING. THEY ARE BASED ON THE LEARNING. THEY ARE BASED ON THE NUMBER LEARNING. THEY ARE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF THEY ARE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF THEY ARE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CASES THEY ARE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CASES PER THEY ARE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CASES PER 100,000 THEY ARE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CASES PER 100,000 PEOPLE. CASES PER 100,000 PEOPLE. CASES PER 100,000 PEOPLE. THE CASES PER 100,000 PEOPLE. THE GOVERNOR CASES PER 100,000 PEOPLE. THE GOVERNOR SAYS CASES PER 100,000 PEOPLE. THE GOVERNOR SAYS THEY CASES PER 100,000 PEOPLE. THE GOVERNOR SAYS THEY NEED CASES PER 100,000 PEOPLE. THE GOVERNOR SAYS THEY NEED TO THE GOVERNOR SAYS THEY NEED TO THE GOVERNOR SAYS THEY NEED TO BE THE GOVERNOR SAYS THEY NEED TO BE UNDER THE GOVERNOR SAYS THEY NEED TO BE UNDER 10 THE GOVERNOR SAYS THEY NEED TO BE UNDER 10 PER THE GOVERNOR SAYS THEY NEED TO BE UNDER 10 PER 100,000. BE UNDER 10 PER 100,000. BE UNDER 10 PER 100,000. NOW BE UNDER 10 PER 100,000. NOW THE BE UNDER 10 PER 100,000. NOW THE COUNTY BE UNDER 10 PER 100,000. NOW THE COUNTY HAS BE UNDER 10 PER 100,000. NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BE UNDER 10 PER 100,000. NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BEEN NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BEEN NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BEEN THAT NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BEEN THAT LOW NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BEEN THAT LOW SINCE NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BEEN THAT LOW SINCE MAY NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BEEN THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BEEN THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN WE NOW THE COUNTY HAS NOT BEEN THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN WE WERE THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN WE WERE THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN WE WERE COMING THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN WE WERE COMING OFF THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN WE WERE COMING OFF THE THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN WE WERE COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN WE WERE COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR STAY THAT LOW SINCE MAY WHEN WE WERE COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR STAY AT COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR STAY AT COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR STAY AT HOME COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR STAY AT HOME ORDER.>> COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR STAY AT HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR STAY AT HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR STAY AT HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE COMING OFF THE GOVERNOR STAY AT HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE GOT HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE GOT BELOW HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE GOT BELOW 50, HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE GOT BELOW 50, BUT HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL HOME ORDER.>> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE A GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE A BIG GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE A BIG LIFT GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE A BIG LIFT TO GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE A BIG LIFT TO GET GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE GOT BELOW 50, BUT THAT WILL BE A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY DOWN A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY DOWN TO A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY DOWN TO LESS A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY DOWN TO LESS THAN A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY DOWN TO LESS THAN 10 A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY DOWN TO LESS THAN 10 4 A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY DOWN TO LESS THAN 10 4 FOR A BIG LIFT TO GET ALL THE WAY DOWN TO LESS THAN 10 4 FOR 3 DOWN TO LESS THAN 10 4 FOR 3 DOWN TO LESS THAN 10 4 FOR 3 WEEKS. WEEKS. WEEKS. >> WEEKS. >> THERE WEEKS. >> THERE IS WEEKS. >> THERE IS AN WEEKS. >> THERE IS AN EXCEPTION WEEKS. >> THERE IS AN EXCEPTION THOUGH >> THERE IS AN EXCEPTION THOUGH >> THERE IS AN EXCEPTION THOUGH FOR	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
[Music] I thought it was really interesting because it felt real. Seeing how real people would react. I thought it was really, really just amazing. This is the first Youth Career Day that we're holding here at the Garfield Center. We have over 150 students here today from the Bay Area and the Sacramento area that have expressed an interest in the healthcare profession. In addition to nurses and physicians, we were able to profile 26 different professions. The partnership with Kaiser Permanente and our school is wonderful today. Not only are they helping kids have a future, this is actually showing them the different careers they never would have even thought of. We had five scenarios. We started with Urgent Care. What I'm going to do is look at your ankle, okay? When they did the reenactment of the patient who had broken his ankle, they wanted us to see that's it not just about being doctors and nurses. They had like tons of different careers. I saw a medical assistant and a receptionist, a phlebotomist, an EKG technician. I've never actually been in an OR room, and so I thought that was really interesting going in there and actually touching everything because I know everything has to be sterile. This is called a sterile field. They'll actually be participating in a simulated operating room experience. This role here is an anesthesiologist, which is a physician. Each person in OR has a specific job. I just felt like I was actually there, like I could see myself there, which was really fascinating. Then they had the Labor & Delivery experience where we had one of our simulated mannequins do a delivery. Okay, I'm going to give you some medicine. I was trying to like calm the patient down, so it was fun. What I learned about when it comes to patient care is that you always have to care for your patient, and you always have to have the ability to want and make them feel comfortable. Kaiser's really very committed to helping to increase the diversity of the healthcare workforce and an event like today helps students who may not have a sense of where they truly can see themselves. You always have to have the drive and motivation to make sure that this is what you want to do and this is what you love doing. And I'm interested in becoming a registered nurse. The experience today reinforced the fact that I want to be an OB/GYN. I saw that it would take time, but I know that I could be there. It helped me see myself there. I feel like my dreams aren't that far. One thing today says about Kaiser Permanente is that their focus and energy is really on keeping people healthy, and it's really on giving back to the community.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Dutch: Waarom is handel in hernieuwbare energie goed voor iedereen? LONDEN, VERENIGD KONINKRIJK Onze visie is om 100% hernieuwbare elektriciteit te verhandelen door zelf de juiste producenten te kiezen, windmolens, zonnepanelen, waterkracht, en ook batterijen, om deze elektriciteit in real time te leveren, seconde na seconde, de klok rond. Hallo. Limejump. Dit is Genna. Limejump, nu deel van Shell, verzamelt, bewaart en verhandelt elektriciteit met een netwerk van hernieuwbare energieleveranciers. ROTHERHAM, YORKSHIRE, VK Dit is het waterkrachtstation Thrybergh. IAN COTTAM, WATERKRACHTTECHNICUS THRYBERGH Deze wekken elk 125 kilowatt op... ... en dat is genoeg voor ongeveer 400 woningen. English: Our vision is to trade 100% renewable electricity by hand-picking renewable generators - so, wind farms, solar farms, hydro plants, alongside batteries - and providing this electricity in real time, second by second, 24/7. Hello. Limejump trading. You're speaking with Genna. Now part of Shell, Limejump gathers, stores and trades electricity from a network of renewable energy suppliers. This is the Thrybergh hydropower station. These will generate 125 kilowatts each... ...which is enough to run 400 houses possibly. English: We're just a little part of it, and it's great to see that Limejump are actually utilising all this power output. Today we manage about a gigawatt of power. That is enough to supply electricity to about two and a half million homes. The UK's electricity is transmitted through a network of pylons and cables to homes and businesses across the country. To keep our lights on, the National Grid must continuously balance power supply and demand. And that's where energy technology firm, Limejump comes in. Historically, power supply was by your big power stations, like big coal and big gas stations, but that's not the way it needs to be any more. Our trading team are buying and selling electricity to get the most value for both our customers and to offer the greatest value to the National Grid. That ringing noise right there is the National Grid calling us now to dispatch some power. Dutch: Wij leveren onze bijdrage en het is fantastisch dat Limejump deze elektriciteit ook echt gebruikt. Vandaag beheren wij ongeveer een gigawatt. Dat is genoeg om ongeveer 2,5 miljoen woningen van elektriciteit te voorzien. In het VK gaat de elektriciteit via een netwerk van masten en kabels naar woningen en bedrijven in het hele land. Om het licht aan te houden, moet het elektriciteitsnet continu vraag en aanbod in evenwicht houden. Dat is waar energietechnologiebedrijf Limejump mee kan helpen. GENNA B, HANDELAAR BIJ LIMEJUMP Vroeger kregen we al onze stroom van de grote elektriciteitscentrales, die op kool of gas werkten. Maar zo hoeft het vandaag niet meer te zijn. Ons team koopt en verkoopt elektriciteit om maximale waarde te krijgen voor onze klanten als voor het nationale elektriciteitsnet. Je hoort de telefoon rinkelen, dat is het elektriciteitsnet dat vraagt om stroom vrij te geven. English: That rings up to hundreds of times a day. Using advanced data science, we predict both supply and demand in order to optimise the value that we can deliver to our renewable generators. With a network of batteries storing renewable electricity across the United Kingdom, Limejump sells its energy to the National Grid during peak demand. Batteries can respond within a second, so if everyone gets home and turns their television on at the same time, these units can respond instantly, and that keeps the grid really stable. We are at an exciting moment in the history of the world where we are moving from old power plants to a world of renewable energy, and this has never been more important than it is today. Dutch: Die gaat honderden keren per dag over. Met behulp van geavanceerde wetenschap kunnen we vraag en aanbod voorspellen om zo de waarde te optimaliseren die we onze eigen leveranciers kunnen bieden. Met een netwerk van batterijen die hernieuwbare elektriciteit opslaan in heel het Verenigd Koninkrijk kan Limejump tijdens piekperioden elektriciteit verkopen aan het net. Batterijen reageren binnen een seconde, dus als iedereen plots thuiskomt en op hetzelfde moment de tv aanzet, kunnen deze units onmiddellijk reageren, waardoor het net heel stabiel blijft. Dit is een erg boeiende periode in de wereldgeschiedenis. We gaan van oude elektriciteitscentrales naar hernieuwbare energiebronnen, en dat was nog nooit zo belangrijk als het vandaag is. MEER INFORMATIE	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
WE'LL LOOK FORWARD TO THAT AND THE STORY ON THE DEAD AND ALL THAT. HAVE A GREAT HOLIDAY WEEKEND. THANKS. 6:44 NOW. GOOGLE'S LATEST VERSION OF A SELF-DRIVING CAR IS HITTING THE STREETS OF MOUNTAIN VIEW. ONLY ON "5" KIET DO SHOWS US THE PROTOTYPE IN ACTION. Reporter: I HAVE SEEN THE FUTURE OF SELF-DRIVING CARS AND IT IS ADORABLE. GOOGLE'S NEXT GENERATION OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES BEGAN TESTING LAST WEEK IN MOUNTAIN VIEW. THE POD CAR IS SLEEK WITH A BLACK SENSOR ON TOP. COMPARE THAT TO THE OLD FLEET OF LEXUS SUVs WITH SENSORS EVERYWHERE. THE NEW POD CAR HAS NO TRUNK AND STEERING WHEEL GAS AND BRAKE PEDALS ALL REMOVABLE. POD CAR IS VERY CAUTIOUS. TOP SPEED IS LIMITED TO 25 MILES AN HOUR. WE SAW THEM COME TO FULL STOPS RIGHT ON THE LINE. FOR SOME REASON, THIS ONE WAS DRIVING IN THE MIDDLE OF THE LANE AS IT CRUISED THROUGH A NEIGHBORHOOD. GOOGLE ALSO RELEASED MORE ABOUT WHAT THE CAR SEES WITH ITS SPINNING RADAR. IT TRACKS AND CALCULATES THE PATH OF EVERY MOVING OBJECT MAKING EVASIVE MANEUVERS WHEN NECESSARY. IT CAN EVEN RECOGNIZE A HAND SIGNAL OF A POLICE OFFICER. OVER THE PAST SIX YEARS, GOOGLE HAS AMASSED A VAST DATABASE OF SHAPES OF PEDESTRIANS TO HELP THE COMPUTER MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD AROUND IT. FOR YEARS, GOOGLE STAYED TIGHT- LIPPED ABOUT CRASHES. THIS PHOTO FROM 2011 WAS ONE OF THE FEW FENDER-BENDERS EVER CAPTURED ON CAMERA. BUT THANKS TO A NEW STATE LAW, COMPANIES MUST NOW USE THIS FORM TO REPORT ALL ACCIDENTS TO THE DMV. GOOGLE TOOK IT ONE STEP FURTHER AND NOW PUBLISHES MONTHLY CRASH REPORTS ONLINE. IN SIX YEARS AND MORE THAN A MILLION MILES IN AUTONOMOUS MODE GOOGLE HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN 15 ACCIDENTS NONE OF THEM THE FAULT OF THE COMPUTER. IN EACH INSTANCE THE PASSENGER WAS THERE TO EXCHANGE INFORMATION. WHOEVER IS IN COMMAND AND CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE THAT'S THE DRIVER. SO AT THIS POINT IN TIME THEY ARE STILL TECHNICALLY A DRIVER IN THE VEHICLES SO THAT'S WHO WE WOULD LIST IN A COLLISION. Reporter: BUT WHAT IF IT CRASHES AND THERE'S NO HUMAN INSIDE AT ALL? BMW SHOWS IT'S A CAR THAT CAN PARK ITSELF AND COMES TO YOU WHEN YOU CALL IT. WHO IS TO BLAME IN A WRECK IN THE EMPTY CAR, THE OPERATOR, THE MANUFACTURER? THERE'S NO GOOD ANSWER RIGHT NOW? NO ONE REALLY HAS A PRECISE ANSWER. THIS IS -- AS WE GO ALONG, WE'RE STARTING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT NEEDS TO TAKE PLACE. Reporter: THE DMV TELLS US, THEY ARE WORKING ON IT. IT'S OBVIOUS THE TECHNOLOGY IS WAY AHEAD OF THE LAW. HERE'S HOW CHRIS HEAD OF GOOGLE'S SELF-DRIVING CAR PROGRAM ENDED HIS TED TALK EARLIER THIS YEAR. HOW SOON CAN WE BRING IT OUT? IT'S HARD TO SAY BECAUSE OF A COMPLICATED PROBLEM. BUT THESE ARE MY TWO BOYS. MY OLDEST SON IS 11. THAT MEANS IN 4.5 YEAR, HE IS GOING TO BE ABLE TO GET HIS DRIVER'S LICENSE. MY TEAM AND I ARE COMMITTED TO MAKING SURE THAT DOESN'T HAPPEN. THANK YOU. [ LAUGHTER ] Reporter: WE ARE BACK OUT HERE LIVE AT GOOGLE X THE COMPANY'S SECRET RESEARCH DIVISION AT THE MAYFIELD MALL. THEY HAVE TWO POD CARS ON THE ROAD NOW BEFORE HE 25 REGISTERED. SO LOOK FOR MORE OVER THE NEXT FEW WEEKS AND MONTHS. KIET, ADORABLE IS THE PERFECT ADJECTIVE FOR THAT ONE BUT WHAT DOES THE LAW SAY ABOUT LETTING A CAR DRIVE ITSELF ON A PUBLIC ROAD? YES. SO, RIGHT NOW IT IS ILLEGAL FOR ANY COMPANY TO LET THESE CARS ON A PUBLIC ROAD ALL BY THEMSELVES. THE DMV SAYS THEY ARE STILL TRYING TO WORK OUT THE REGULATIONS. THEY DON'T HAVE A TIME FRAME ON	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
You´re so funny! Where´s the money? You´re so pretty! Look at the squirrel!	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Hallo. My name is Bartek Konopka and I hope you will enjoy this film produced by Wajda Studio.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
It's really,really really hard to ignore this game. It has reached the top charts in both the App Store and Play Store. With that said, I don't watch much of Pewdiepie's videos. I bear no grudge towards him. No matter how he is on Youtube. It is my responsibility to review his new game for what it really is. So hey, what's up guys, Hari Lakshman here and I'm gonna review on PewdiePie: Legend of the Brofist for the Android and the IOS Pewdiepie: Legend of the Brofist is a really good platforming game. The game starts off where Pewdiepie's fans are all kidnapped by the army of Barrels(yeah barrels) and with the help of his other Youtube friends, it is our responsibility to save his fans and the legend of the Brofist. It is said that barrels are a mortal enemy to Pewdiepie. I don't understand why, but oh well. This game reminds me a bit of Mario games which were present in the 1980's. You can defeat enemies by jumping on them or by using a skill which takes time to recharge. The game looks like a traditional 2D platformer with the modern music and voices which were done by Pewdiepie himself. You can pick from a set of famous Youtubers. The game's small sprites are a blessing in disguise. You are able to see hazards from a mile away, so you can easily escape from them. And yes, there is a shoot em up stage, and the pugs are your copilots. The controls have some problems, I am unable to jump at important places which really frustrated me This is a rather tough game, at least in my book. The game's habit of throwing out random elements at you without prior warning makes it a bit hard to complete. I love the soundtrack of this game. The variety of levels present in this game does not bore me at all. In overall. It's a fun 2D platformer and I enjoyed my my time playing this game. Pewdiepie fan or not, this game is worth your money. If you interested to play this game, click on the top right corner to try it out. And if you don't know who Pewdiepie is, click on the top right hand corner, again So that's pretty much it for my review. Like this video if you like it, dislike it if you thought it sucked. Leave a comment letting me know how can i improve my videos and please dont forget to subscribe. And if you are thinking on what to watch next, I think you can watch my review of Eternity Warriors 4 which has just come out So thank you guys, I'll catch you next week, Bye Bye	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Study Criminal Justice at Southern Oregon University My name is Brian Fedorek. I've been in the criminology and criminal justice department since 2009. My name's Dave Carter. I've been here at Southern Oregon University for nine years in the Criminology and Criminal Justice Department. I am Dr. Allison Burke and I have been with the department since 2008. We really are a balanced program. There are some programs around the country that are more focused on one particular aspect of criminology or criminal justice... ...so some people, they might be considered pre-law, but we really try to provide a balance to both the theoretical and the research side as well as the applied side, the criminal justice discipline area. So the campus is not only wonderful, the faculty that I work with are beautiful...not only within the department but also outside of the department. There's a lot of passion from all the faculty that really want to help SOU as an institution... ...but also the students that we have. We really try to help them with their career aspirations and with criminology and criminal justice. I love being in the classroom. I love interacting with students. I love the 'cognitive dissonance' that happens when you say something and, all of a sudden, it pushes them back on their heels and they say..."What do you mean?!" and we have a really... ...interesting conversation about something that they had never thought about. Or they thought conmpletely differently about the topic. I looked into the department and I talked to a few of the professors. I talked to a few students, too, hanging out in Taylor Hall. And everyone was in love with it, and the professors were super nice, super welcoming. I started the Criminal Justice Program right when I came in as a Transfer. At first it was my minor because I wasn't really sure if I was going to like it or not. I ended up loving every single class that I took more than any other classes I had. I wanted to be able to get to know my professors, and that's what I've been able to do. They've been really helpful in showing me, you know, different career paths other than just being a police officer. So my main focus now is juvenile justice. I'd like to work with juveniles, or youth, or children at some point in the future. We have professors that are experts in the prison system and the detention center system. We also have experts in juveniles and women in crime. We also have experts in implicit bias... ...so, every one of our professors has a niche that the students can come in and wherever they want to go in CCJ - can contact that professor and get mentored throughout their entire SOU Bachelor Degree career here. Those students that have graduated that have contacted me in the past...they love their job, whether they're in law enforcement or probations or corrections. Even in social work - you can tell that they're really passionate about helping out those individuals. We have faculty who have specialties in a wide variety of disciplines. We have law, corrections, juvenile delinquency... ...theory, policing...we have faculty who are experts in their field and from what I hear from the students who talk about us, that they love that we get along so well. They love that we can joke around with each other. That we joke around with the students. Our professors are really open to you as an individual and helping you as an individual. That has been a big part of my success here. I also think that a university setting is just finding out who you want to be and I really think that SOU is a wonderful place that offers a wide range of programs and classes and perspectives - that we can really help students find out who they are and what they want to do... ...with their lives.	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
THE ANDROMEDA STRAIN (c) 1969 by Michael Crichton January 1969 DAY 1 Contact 1. The Country of Lost Borders A man with binoculars. That is how it began: with a man standing by the side of the road, on a crest overlooking a small Arizona town, on a winter night. Lieutenant Roger Shawn must have found the binoculars difficult. The metal would be cold, and he would be clumsy in his fir parka and heavy gloves. His breath, hissing out into the moonlit air, would have fogged the lenses. He would be forced to pause to wipe them frequently, using a stubby gloved finger. He could not have known the futility of this action. Binoculars were worthless to see into that town and uncover its secrets. He would have been astonished to learn that the men who finally succeeded used instruments a million times more powerful than binoculars. There is something sad, foolish, and human in the image of Shawn leaning against a boulder, propping his arms on it, and holding the binoculars to his eyes. Though cumbersome, the binoculars would at least feel comfortable and familiar in his hands. It would be one of the last familiar sensations before his death. We can imagine, and try to reconstruct, what happened from that point on. Lieutenant Shawn swept over the town slowly and methodically. He could see it was not large, just a half-dozen wooden buildings, set out along a single main street. It was very quiet: no lights, no activity, no sound carried by the gentle wind. He shifted his attention from the town to the surrounding hills. They were low, dusty, and blunted, with scrubby vegetation and an occasional withered yucca tree crusted in snow. Beyond the hills were more hills, and then the flat expanse of the Mojave Desert, trackless and vast. The Indians called it the Country of Lost Borders. Lieutenant Shawn found himself shivering in the wind. It was February, the coldest month, and it was after ten. He walked back up the road toward the Ford Econovan, with the large rotating antenna on top. The motor was idling softly; it was the only sound he could hear. He opened the rear doors and climbed into the back, shutting the doors behind him. He was enveloped in deep-red light: a night light, so that he would not be blinded when he stepped outside. In the red light the banks of instruments and electronic equipment glowed greenly. Private Lewis Crane, the electronics technician, was there, also wearing a parka. He was hunched over a map, making calculations with occasional reference to the instruments before him. Shawn asked Crane if he were certain they had arrived at the place, and Crane confirmed that they had. Both men were tired: they had driven all day from Vandenberg in search of the latest Scoop satellite. Neither knew much about the Scoops, except that they were a series of secret capsules intended to analyze the upper atmosphere and then return. Shawn and Crane had the job of finding the capsules once they had landed. In order to facilitate recovery, the satellites were fitted with electronic beepers that began to transmit signals when they came down to an altitude of five miles. That was why the van had so much radio-directional equipment. In essence, it was performing its own triangulation. In Army parlance it was known as single-unit triangulation, and it was highly effective, though slow. The procedure was simple enough: the van stopped and fixed its position, recording the strength and direction of the radio beam from the satellite. Once this was done, it would be driven in the most likely direction of the satellite for a distance of twenty miles. Then it would stop and take new coordinates. In this way, a series of triangulation points could be mapped, and the van could proceed to the satellite by a zigzag path, stopping every twenty miles to correct any error. The method was slower than using two vans, but it was safer-- the Army felt that two vans in an area might arouse suspicion. For six hours, the van had been closing on the Scoop satellite. Now they were almost there. Crane tapped the map with a pencil in a nervous way and announced the name of the town at the foot of the hill: Piedmont, Arizona. Population forty-eight; both men laughed over that, though they were both inwardly concerned. The Vandenberg ESA, or Estimated Site of Arrival, had been twelve miles north of Piedmont. Vandenberg computed this site on the basis of radar observations and 1410 computer trajectory projections. The estimates were not usually wrong by more than a few hundred yards. Yet there was no denying the radio-directional equipment, which located the satellite beeper directly in the center of town. Shawn suggested that someone from the town might have seen it coming down-- it would be glowing with the heat-- and might have retrieved it, bringing it into Piedmont. This was reasonable, except that a native of Piedmont who happened upon an American satellite fresh from space would have told someone-- reporters, police, NASA, the Army, someone. But they had heard nothing. Shawn climbed back down from the van, with Crane scrambling after him, shivering as the cold air struck him. Together, the two men looked out over the town. It was peaceful, but completely dark. Shawn noticed that the gas station and the motel both had their lights doused. Yet they represented the only gas station and motel for miles. And then Shawn noticed the birds. In the light of the full moon he could see them, big birds, gliding in slow circles over the buildings, passing like black shadows across the face of the moon. He wondered why he hadn't noticed them before, and asked Crane what he made of them. Crane said he didn't make anything of them. As a joke, he added, "Maybe they're buzzards." "That's what they look like, all right," Shawn said. Crane laughed nervously, his breath hissing out into the night." But why should there be buzzards here? They only come when something is dead." Shawn lit a cigarette, cupping his hands around the lighter, protecting the flame from the wind. He said nothing, but looked down at the buildings, the outline of the little town. Then he scanned the town once more with binoculars, but saw no signs of life or movement. At length, he lowered the binoculars and dropped his cigarette onto the crisp snow, where it sputtered and died. He turned to Crane and said, "We'd better go down and have a look." 2. Vandenberg THREE HUNDRED MILES AWAY, IN THE LARGE, square, windowless room that served as Mission Control for Project Scoop, Lieutenant Edgar Comroe sat with his feet on his desk and a stack of scientific-journal articles before him. Comroe was serving as control officer for the night; it was a duty he filled once a month, directing the evening operations of the skeleton crew of twelve. Tonight, the crew was monitoring the progress and reports of the van coded Caper One, now making its way across the Arizona desert. Comroe disliked this job. The room was gray and lighted with fluorescent lights; the tone was sparsely utilitarian and Comroe found it unpleasant. He never came to Mission Control except during a launch, when the atmosphere was different. Then the room was filled with busy technicians, each at work on a single complex task, each tense with the peculiar cold anticipation that precedes any spacecraft launch. But nights were dull. Nothing ever happened at night. Comroe took advantage of the time and used it to catch up on reading. By profession he was a cardiovascular physiologist, with special interest in stresses induced at high-G accelerations. Tonight, Comroe was reviewing a journal article titled "Stoichiometrics of Oxygen-Carrying Capacity and Diffusion Gradients with Increased Arterial Gas Tensions." He found it slow reading, and only moderately interesting. Thus he was willing to be interrupted when the overhead loudspeaker, which carried the voice transmission from the van of Shawn and Crane, clicked on. Shawn said, "This is Caper One to Vandal Deca. Caper One to Vandal Deca. Are you reading. Over." Comroe, feeling amused, replied that he was indeed reading. "We are about to enter the town of Piedmont and recover the satellite." "Very good, Caper One. Leave your radio open. "Roger." This was a regulation of the recovery technique, as outlined in the Systems Rules Manual of Project Scoop. The SRM was a thick gray paperback that sat at one corner of Comroe's desk, where he could refer to it easily. Comroe knew that conversation between van and base was taped, and later became part of the permanent project file, but he had never understood any good reason for this. In fact, it had always seemed to him a straightforward proposition: the van went out, got the capsule, and came back. He shrugged and returned to his paper on gas tensions, only half listening to Shawn's voice as it said, "We are now inside the town. We have just passed a gas station and a motel. All quiet here. There is no sign of life. The signals from the satellite are stronger. There is a church half a block ahead. There are no lights or activity of any kind." Comroe put his journal down. The strained quality of Shawn's voice was unmistakable. Normally Comroe would have been amused at the thought of two grown men made jittery by entering a small, sleepy desert town. But he knew Shawn personally, and he knew that Shawn, whatever other virtues he might have, utterly lacked an imagination. Shawn could fall asleep in a horror movie. He was that kind of man. Comroe began to listen. Over the crackling static, he heard the rumbling of the van engine. And he heard the two men in the van talking quietly. Shawn: "Pretty quiet around here." Crane: "Yes sir." There was a pause. Crane:. "Sir?" Shawn: "Yes?" Crane: "Did you see that?" Shawn: "See what?" Crane: "Back there, on the sidewalk. It looked like a body." Shawn: "You're imagining things." Another pause, and then Comroe heard the van come to a halt, brakes squealing. Shawn: "Judas." Crane: "It's another one, sir. Shawn: "Looks dead." Crane: "Shall I--" Shawn: "No. Stay in the van." His voice became louder, more formal, as he ran through the call. "This is Caper One to Vandal Deca. Over." Comroe picked up the microphone. "Reading you. What's happened?" Shawn, his voice tight, said, "Sir, we see bodies. Lots of them. They appear to be dead." "Are you certain, Caper One?" "For pete's sake," Shawn said. "Of course we're certain." Comroe said mildly, "Proceed to the capsule, Caper One." As he did so, he looked around the room. The twelve other men in the skeleton crew were staring at him, their eyes blank, unseeing. They were listening to the transmission. The van rumbled to life again. Comroe swung his feet off the desk and punched the red "Security" button on his console. That button automatically isolated the Mission Control room. No one would be allowed in or out without Comroe's permission. Then he picked up the telephone and said, "Get me Major Manchek. M-A-N-C-H-E-K. This is a stat call. I'll hold." Manchek was the chief duty officer for the month, the man directly responsible for all Scoop activities during February. While he waited, he cradled the phone in his shoulder and lit a cigarette. Over the loudspeaker, Shawn could be heard to say, "Do they look dead to you, Crane?" Crane: "Yes Sir. Kind of peaceful, but dead.' Shawn: "Somehow they don't really look dead. There's something missing. Something funny ... But they're all over. Must be dozens of them." Crane: "Like they dropped in their tracks. Stumbled and fallen down dead." Shawn: "All over the streets, on the sidewalks ..." Another silence, then Crane: "Sir!" Shawn: "Judas." Crane: "You see him? The man in the white robe, walking across the street--" Shawn: "I see him." Crane: "He's just stepping over them like--" Shawn: "He's coming toward us." Crane: "Sir, look, I think we should get out of here, if you don't mind my--" The next sound was a high-pitched scream, and a crunching noise. Transmission ended at this point, and Vandenberg Scoop Mission Control was not able to raise the two men again. 3. Crisis GLADSTONE, UPON HEARING OF THE DEATH OF "Chinese" Gordon in Egypt, was reported to have muttered irritably that his general might have chosen a more propitious time to die: Gordon's death threw the Gladstone government into turmoil and crisis. An aide suggested that the circumstances were unique and unpredictable, to which Gladstone crossly answered: "All crises are the same." He meant political crises, of course. There were no scientific crises in 1885, and indeed none for nearly forty years afterward. Since then there have been eight of major importance; two have received wide publicity. It is interesting that both the publicized crises-- atomic energy and space capability-- have concerned chemistry and physics, not biology. This is to be expected. Physics was the first of the natural sciences to become fully modern and highly mathematical. Chemistry followed in the wake of physics, but biology, the retarded child, lagged far behind. Even in the time of Newton and Galileo, men knew more about the moon and other heavenly bodies than they did about their own. It was not until the late 1940's that this situation changed. The postwar period ushered in a new era of biologic research, spurred by the discovery of antibiotics. Suddenly there was both enthusiasm and money for biology, and a torrent of discoveries poured forth: tranquilizers, steroid hormones, immunochemistry, the genetic code. By 1953 the first kidney was transplanted and by 1958 the first birthcontrol pills were tested. It was not long before biology was the fastest-growing field in all science; it was doubling its knowledge every ten years. Farsighted researchers talked seriously of changing genes, controlling evolution, regulating the mind-- ideas that had been wild speculation ten years before. And yet there had never been a biologic crisis. The Andromeda Strain provided the first. According to Lewis Bornheim, a crisis is a situation in which a previously tolerable set of circumstances is suddenly, by the addition of another factor, rendered wholly intolerable. Whether the additional factor is political, economic, or scientific hardly matters: the death of a national hero, the instability of prices, or a technological discovery can all set events in motion. In this sense, Gladstone was right: all crises are the same. The noted scholar Alfred Pockrun, in his study of crises (Culture, Crisis and Change), has made several interesting points. First, he observes that every crisis has its beginnings long before the actual onset. Thus Einstein published his theories of relativity in 1905-15, forty years before his work culminated in the end of a war, the start of an age, and the beginnings of a crisis. Similarly, in the early twentieth century, American, German, and Russian scientists were all interested in space travel, but only the Germans recognized the military potential of rockets. And after the war, when the German rocket installation at Peenernfinde was cannibalized by the Soviets and Americans, it was only the Russians who made immediate, vigorous moves toward developing space capabilities. The Americans were content to tinker playfully with rockets and ten years later, this resulted in an American scientific crisis involving Sputnik, American education, the ICBM, and the missile gap. Pockran also observes that a crisis is compounded of individuals and personalities, which are unique: * It is as difficult to imagine Alexander at the Rubicon, and Eisenhower at Waterloo, as it is difficult to imagine Darwin writing to Roosevelt about the potential for an atomic bomb. A crisis is made by men, who enter into the crisis with their own prejudices, propensities, and predispositions. A crisis is the sum of intuition and blind spots, a blend of facts noted and facts ignored. Yet underlying the uniqueness of each crisis is a disturbing sameness. A characteristic of all crises is their predictability, in retrospect. They seem to have a certain inevitability, they seem predestined. This is not true of all crises, but it is true of sufficiently many to make the most hardened historian cynical and misanthropic. * In the light of Pockran's arguments, it is interesting to consider the background and personalities involved in the Andromeda Strain. At the time of Andromeda, there had never been a crisis of biological science, and the first Americans faced with the facts were not disposed to think in terms of one. Shawn and Crane were capable but not thoughtful men, and Edgar Comroe, the night officer at Vandenberg, though a scientist, was not prepared to consider anything beyond the immediate irritation of a quiet evening ruined by an inexplicable problem. According to protocol, Comroe called his superior officer, Major Arthur Manchek, and here the story takes a different turn. For Manchek was both prepared and disposed to consider a crisis of the most major proportions. But he was not prepared to acknowledge it. * Major Manchek, his face still creased with sleep, sat on the edge of Comroe's desk and listened to the replay of the tape from the van. When it was finished, he said, "Strangest damned thing I ever heard," and played it over again. While he did so, he carefully filled his pipe with tobacco, lit it, and tamped it down. Arthur Manchek was an engineer, a quiet heavyset man plagued by labile hypertension, which threatened to end further promotions as an Army officer. He had been advised on many occasions to lose weight, but had been unable to do so. He was therefore considering abandoning the Army for a career as a scientist in private industry, where people did not care what your weight or blood pressure was. Manchek had come to Vandenberg from Wright Patterson in Ohio, where he had been in charge of experiments-- in spacecraft landing methods. His job had been to develop a capsule shape that could touch down with equal safety on either land or sea. Manchek had succeeded in developing three new shapes that were promising; his success led to a promotion and transfer to Vandenberg. Here he did administrative work, and hated it. People bored Manchek; the mechanics of manipulation and the vagaries of subordinate personality held no fascination for him. He often wished he were back at the wind tunnels of Wright Patterson. Particularly on nights when he was called out of bed by some damn fool problem. Tonight he felt irritable, and under stress. His reaction to this was characteristic: he became slow. He moved slowly, he thought slowly, he proceeded with a dull and plodding deliberation. It was the secret of his success. Whenever people around him became excited, Manchek seemed to grow more disinterested, until he appeared about to fall asleep. It was a trick he had for remaining totally objective and clearheaded. Now he sighed and puffed on his pipe as the tape spun out for the second time. "No communications breakdown, I take it?" Comroe shook his head. "We checked all systems at this end. We are still monitoring the frequency." He turned on the radio, and hissing static filled the room. "You know about the audio screen?" "Vaguely," Manchek said, suppressing a yawn. In fact, the audio screen was a system he had developed three years before. In simplest terms, it was a computerized way to find a needle in a haystack-- a machine program that listened to apparently garbled, random sound and picked out certain irregularities. For example, the hubbub of conversation at an embassy cocktail party could be recorded and fed through the computer, which would pick out a single voice and separate it from the rest. It had several intelligence applications. "Well," Comroe said, "after the transmission ended, we got nothing but the static you hear now. We put it through the audio screen, to see if the computer could pick up a pattern. And we ran it through the oscilloscope in the corner." Across the room, the green face of the scope displayed a jagged dancing white line-- the summated sound of static. "Then," Comroe said, "we cut in the computer. Like so." He punched a button on his desk console. The oscilloscope line changed character abruptly. It suddenly became quieter, more regular, with a pattern of beating, thumping impulses. "I see," Manchek said. He had, in fact, already identified the pattern and assessed its meaning. His mind was drifting elsewhere, considering other possibilities, wider ramifications. "Here's the audio," Comroe said. He pressed another button and the audio version of the signal filled the room. It was a steady mechanical grinding with a repetitive metallic click. Manchek nodded. "An engine. With a knock." "Yes sir. We believe the van radio is still broadcasting, and that the engine is still running. That's what we're hearing now, with the static screened away." "All right," Manchek said. His pipe went out. He sucked on it for a moment, then lit it again, removed it from his mouth, and plucked a bit of tobacco from his tongue. "We need evidence," he said, almost to himself. He was considering categories of evidence, and possible findings, contingencies... "Evidence of what?" Comroe said. Manchek ignored the question. "Have we got a Scavenger on the base? "I'm not sure, sir. If we don't, we can get one from Edwards." "Then do it." Manchek stood up. He had made his decision, and now he felt tired again. An evening of telephone calls faced him, an evening of irritable operators and bad connections and puzzled voices at the other end. "We'll want a flyby over that town," he said. "A complete scan. All canisters to come directly. Alert the labs." He also ordered Comroe to bring in the technicians, especially Jaggers. Manchek disliked Jaggers, who was effete and precious. But Manchek also knew that Jaggers was good, and tonight he needed a good man. * At 11:07 p.m., Samuel "Gunner" Wilson was moving at 645 miles per hour over the Mojave Desert. Up ahead in the moonlight, he saw the twin lead jets, their afterburners glowing angrily in the night sky. The planes had a heavy, pregnant look: phosphorus bombs were slung beneath the wings and belly. Wilson's plane was different, sleek and long and black. It was a Scavenger, one of seven in the world. The Scavenger was the operational version of the X-18. It was an intermediate-range reconnaissance jet aircraft fully equipped for day or night intelligence flights. It was fitted with two side-slung 16mm cameras, one for the visible spectrum, and one for low-frequency radiation. In addition it had a center-mount Homans infrared multispex camera as well as the usual electronic and radio-detection gear. All films and plates were, of course, processed automatically in the air, and were ready for viewing as soon as the aircraft returned to base. All this technology made the Scavenger almost impossibly sensitive. It could map the outlines of a city in blackout, and could follow the movements of individual trucks and cars at eight thousand feet. It could detect a submarine to a depth of two hundred feet. It could locate harbor mines by wave-motion deformities and it could obtain a precise photograph of a factory from the residual heat of the building four hours after it had shut down. So the Scavenger was the ideal instrument to fly over Piedmont, Arizona, in the dead of night. Wilson carefully checked his equipment, his hands fluttering over the controls, touching each button and lever, watching the blinking green lights that indicated that all systems were in order. His earphones crackled. The lead plane said lazily, "Coming up on the town, Gunner. You see it?" He leaned forward in the cramped cockpit. He was low, only five hundred feet above the ground, and for a moment he could see nothing but a blur of sand, snow, and yucca trees. Then, up ahead, buildings in the moonlight. "Roger. I see it." "Okay, Gunner. Give us room." He dropped back, putting half a mile between himself and the other two planes. They were going into the P-square formation, for direct visualization of target by phosphorus flare. Direct visualization was not really necessary; Scavenger could function without it. But Vandenberg seemed insistent that they gather all possible information about the town. The lead planes spread, moving wide until they were parallel to the main street of the town. "Gunner? Ready to roll?" Wilson placed his fingers delicately over the camera buttons. Four fingers: as if playing the piano. "Ready." "We're going in now." The two planes swooped low, dipping gracefully toward the town. They were now very wide and seemingly inches above the ground as they began to release the bombs. As each struck the ground, a blazing white-hot sphere went up, bathing the town in an unearthly, glaring light and reflecting off the metal underbellies of the planes. The jets climbed, their run finished, but Gunner did not see them. His entire attention, his mind and his body, was focused on the town. "All yours, Gunner." Wilson did not answer. He dropped his nose, cracked down his flaps, and felt a shudder as the plane sank sickeningly, like a stone, toward the ground. Below him, the area around the town was lighted for hundreds of yards in every direction. He pressed the camera buttons and felt, rather than heard, the vibrating whir of the cameras. For a long moment he continued to fall, and then he shoved the stick forward, and the plane seemed to catch in the air, to grab, and lift and climb. He had a fleeting glimpse of the main street. He saw bodies, bodies everywhere, spread-eagled, lying in the streets, across cars... "Judas," he said. And then he was up, still climbing, bringing the plane around in a slow arc, preparing for the descent into his second run and trying not to think of what he had seen. One of the first rules of air reconnaissance was "Ignore the scenery "; analysis and evaluation were not the job of the pilot. That was left to the experts, and pilots who forgot this, who became too interested in what they were photographing, got into trouble. Usually they crashed. As the plane came down into a flat second run, he tried not to look at the ground. But he did, and again saw the bodies. The phosphorus flares were burning low, the lighting was darker, more sinister and subdued. But the bodies were still there: he had not been imagining it. "Judas Priest," he said again. "Sweet Judas." * The sign on the door said DATA PROSSEX EPSILON, and underneath, in red lettering, ADMISSION BY CLEARANCE CARD ONLY. Inside was a comfortable sort of briefing room: screen on one wall, a dozen steel-tubing and leather chairs facing it, and a projector in the back. When Manchek and Comroe entered the room, Jaggers, was already waiting for them, standing at the front of the room by the screen. Jaggers was a short man with a springy step and an eager, rather hopeful face. Though not well liked on the base, he was nonetheless the acknowledged master of reconnaissance interpretation. He had the sort of mind that delighted in small and puzzling details, and was well suited to his job. Jaggers rubbed his hands as Manchek and Comroe sat down. "Well then," he said. "Might as well get right to it. I think we have something to interest you tonight. " He nodded to the projectionist in the back. "First picture." The room lights darkened. There was a mechanical click, and the screen lighted to show an aerial view of a small desert town. "This is an unusual shot," Jaggers said. "From our files. Taken two months ago from Janos 12, our recon satellite. Orbiting at an altitude of one hundred and eighty-seven miles, as you know. The technical quality here is quite good. Can't read the license plates on the cars yet, but we're working on it. Perhaps by next year." Manchek shifted in his chair, but said nothing. "You can see the town here," Jaggers said. "Piedmont, Arizona. Population forty-eight, and not much to look at, even from one hundred and eighty-seven miles. Here's the general store; the gas station-- notice how clearly you can read GULF-- and the post office; the motel. Everything else you see is private residences. Church over here. Well: next picture." Another click. This was dark, with a reddish tint, and was clearly an overview of the town in white and dark red. The outlines of the buildings were very dark. "We begin here with the Scavenger IR plates. These are infrared films, as you know, which produce a picture on the basis of heat instead of light. Anything warm appears white on the picture; anything cold is black. Now then. You can see here that the buildings are dark-- they are colder than the ground. As night comes on, the buildings give up their heat more rapidly." "What are those white spots?" Comroe said. There were forty or fifty white areas on the film. "Those," Jaggers said, "are bodies. Some inside houses, some in the street. By count, they number fifty. In the case of some of them, such as this one here, you can make out the four limbs and head clearly. This body is lying flat. In the street." He lit a cigarette and pointed to a white rectangle. "As nearly as we can tell, this is an automobile. Notice it's got a bright white spot at one end. This means the motor is still running, still generating heat." "The van," Comroe said. Manchek nodded. "The question now arises," Jaggers said, "are all these people dead? We cannot be certain about that. The bodies appear to be of different temperatures. Forty-seven are rather cold, indicating death some time ago. Three are warmer. Two of those are in this car, here." "Our men," Comroe said. "And the third?" "The third is rather puzzling. You see him here, apparently standing or lying curled in the street. Observe that he is quite white, and therefore quite warm. Our temperature scans indicate that he is about ninety-five degrees, which is a little on the cool side, but probably attributable to peripheral vasoconstriction in the night desert air. Drops his skin temperature. Next slide." The third film flicked onto the screen. Manchek frowned at the spot. "It's moved." "Exactly. This film was made on the second passage. The spot has moved approximately twenty yards. Next picture. A third film. "Moved again!" "Yes. An additional five or ten yards." "So one person down there is alive?" "That," Jaggers said, "is the presumptive conclusion." Manchek cleared his throat. "Does that mean it's what you think?" "Yes sir. It is what we think." "There's a man down there, walking among the corpses?" Jaggers shrugged and tapped the screen. "It is difficult to account for the data in any other manner, and--" At that moment, a private entered the room with three circular metal canisters under his arm. "Sir, we have films of the direct visualization by P-square." "Run them," Manchek said. The film was threaded into a projector. A moment later, Lieutenant Wilson was ushered into the room. Jaggers said, "I haven't reviewed these films yet. Perhaps the pilot should narrate." Manchek nodded and looked at Wilson, who got up and walked to the front of the room, wiping his hands nervously on his pants. He stood alongside the screen and faced his audience, beginning in a flat monotone: "Sir, my flybys were made between 11:08 and 11: 13 p.m. this evening. There were two, a start from the east and a return from the west, done at an average speed of two hundred and fourteen miles per hour, at a median altitude by corrected altimeter of eight hundred feet and an--" "Just a minute, son," Manchek said, raising his hand. "This isn't a grilling. Just tell it naturally." Wilson nodded and swallowed. The room lights went down and the projector whirred to life. The screen showed the town bathed in glaring white light as the plane came down over it. "This is my first pass," Wilson said. "East to west, at 11:08. We're looking from the left-wing camera which is running at ninety-six frames per second. As you can see, my altitude is falling rapidly. Straight ahead is the main street of the target..." He stopped. The bodies were clearly visible. And the van, stopped in the street, its rooftop antenna still turning slow revolutions. As the plane continued its run, approaching the van, they could see the driver collapsed over the steering wheel. "Excellent definition," Jaggers said. "That fine-grain film really gives resolution when you need--" "Wilson," Manchek said, "was telling us about his run." "Yes sir," Wilson said, clearing his throat. He stared at the screen. "At this time I am right over target, where I observed the casualties you see here. My estimate at that time was seventy-five, sir." His voice was quiet and tense. There was a break in the film, some numbers, and the image came on again. "Now I am coming back for my second run," Wilson said. "The flares are already burning low but you can see--" "Stop the film," Manchek said. The projectionist froze the film at a single frame. It showed the long, straight main street of the town, and the bodies. "Go back." The film was run backward, the jet seeming to pull away from the street. "There! Stop it now." The frame was frozen. Manchek got up and walked close to the screen, peering off to one side. "Look at this," he said, pointing to a figure. It was a man in knee-length white robes, standing and looking up at the plane. He was an old man, with a withered face. His eyes were wide. "What do you make of this?" Manchek said to Jaggers. Jaggers moved close. He frowned. "Run it forward a bit." The film advanced. They could clearly see the man turn his head, roll his eyes, following the plane as it passed over him. "Now backward," Jaggers said. The film was run back. Jaggers smiled bleakly. "The man looks alive to me, sir." "Yes," Manchek said crisply. "He certainly does." And with that, he walked out of the room. As he left, he paused and announced that he was declaring a state of emergency; that everyone on the base was confined to quarters until further notice; that there would be no outside calls, or communication; and that what they had seen in this room was confidential. Outside in the hallway, he headed for Mission Control. Comroe followed him. "I want you to call General Wheeler," Manchek said. "Tell him I have declared an SOE without proper authorization, and ask him to come down immediately." Technically no one but the commander had the right to declare a state of emergency. Comroe said, "Wouldn't you rather tell him yourself?" "I've got other things to do," Manchek said. 4. Alert WHEN ARTHUR MANCHEK STEPPED INTO THE small soundproofed booth and sat down before the telephone, he knew exactly what he was going to do-- but he was not very sure why he was doing it. As one of the senior Scoop officers, he had received a briefing nearly a year before on Project Wildfire. It had been given, Manchek remembered, by a short little man with a dry, precise way of speaking. He was a university professor and he had outlined the project. Manchek had forgotten the details, except that there was a laboratory somewhere, and a team of five scientists who could be alerted to man the laboratory. The function of the team was investigation of possible extraterrestrial life forms introduced on American spacecraft returning to earth. Manchek had not been told who the five men were; he knew only that a special Defense Department trunk line existed for calling them out. In order to hook into the line, one had only to dial the binary of some number. He reached into his pocket and withdrew his wallet, then fumbled for a moment until he found the card he had been given by the professor: IN CASE OF FIRE -- Notify Division 87 -- Emergencies Only He stared at the card and wondered what exactly would happen if he dialed the binary of 87. He tried to imagine the sequence of events: Who would he talk to? Would someone call him back? Would there be an inquiry, a referral to higher authority? He rubbed his eyes and stared at the card, and finally he shrugged. One way or the other, he would find out. He tore a sheet of paper from the pad in front of him, next to the telephone, and wrote: 2^0 2^1 2^2 2^3 2^4 2^5 2^6 2^7 This was the basis of the binary system: base two raised to some power. Two to the zero power was one; two to the first was two, two squared was four; and so on. Manchek quickly wrote another line beneath: 2^0 -> 1 2^1 -> 2 2^2 -> 4 2^3 -> 8 2^4 -> 16 2^5 -> 32 2^6 -> 64 2^7 -> 128 Then he began to add up the numbers to get a total of 87. He circled these numbers: 2^0 -> (1) 2^1 -> (2) 2^2 -> (4) 2^3 -> (8) 2^4 -> (16) 2^5 -> (32) 2^6 -> (64) 2^7 -> (128) = (87) And then he drew in the binary code. Binary numbers were designed for computers which utilize an on-off, yes-no kind of language. A mathematician once joked that binary numbers were the way people who have only two fingers count. In essence, binary numbers translated normal numbers which require ten digits, and decimal places-- to a system that depended on only two digits, one and zero. 2^0 -> (1) -> 1 2^1 -> (2) -> 1 2^2 -> (4) -> 1 2^3 -> (8) -> 0 2^4 -> (16) -> 1 2^5 -> (32) -> 0 2^6 -> (64) -> 1 2^7 -> (128) -> 0 Manchek looked at the number he had just written, and inserted the dashes: 1-110-1010. A perfectly reasonable telephone number. Manchek picked up the telephone and dialed. The time was exactly twelve midnight. DAY 2 Piedmont 5. The Early Hours THE MACHINERY WAS THERE. THE CABLES, THE codes, the teleprinters had all been waiting dormant for two years. It only required Manchek's call to set the machinery in motion. When he finished dialing, he heard a series of mechanical clicks, and then a low hum, which meant, he knew, that the call was being fed into one of the scrambled trunk lines. After a moment, the humming stopped and a voice said, "This is a recording. State your name and your message and hang up." "Major Arthur Manchek, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Scoop Mission Control. I believe it is necessary to call up a Wildfire Alert. I have confirmatory visual data at this post, which has just been closed for security reasons." As he spoke it occurred to him that it was all rather improbable. Even the tape recorder would disbelieve him. He continued to hold the telephone in his hand, somehow expecting an answer. But there was none, only a click as the connection was automatically broken. The line was dead; he hung up and sighed. It was all very unsatisfying. Manchek expected to be called back within a few minutes by Washington; he expected to receive many calls in the next few hours, and so remained at the phone. Yet he received no calls, for he did not know that the process he had initiated was automatic. Once mobilized, the Wildfire Alert would proceed ahead, and not be recalled for at least twelve hours. Within ten minutes of Manchek's call, the following message clattered across the scrambled maximum-security cable Five minutes later, there was a second cable which named units of the nation: the men on the Wildfire team: * =UNIT= TOP SECRET CODE FOLLOWS AS CBW 9/9/234/435/6778/90 PULG COORDINATES DELTA 8997 MESSAGE FOLLOWS AS WILDFIRE ALERT HAS BEEN CALLED. REPEAT WILDFIRE ALERT HAS BEEN CALLED. COORDINATES TO READ NASA/AMC/NSC COMB DEC. TIME OF COMMAND TO READ LL-59-07 ON DATE. FURTHER NOTATIONS AS PRESS BLACKFACE POTENTIAL DIRECTIVE 7-L2 ALERT STATUS UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE END MESSAGE === DISENGAGE * This was an automatic cable. Everything about it, including the announcement of a press blackout and a possible directive 7-12, was automatic, and followed from Manchek's call. * =UNIT= TOP SECRET CODE FOLLOWS AS MESSAGE FOLLOWS AS THE FOLLOWING MALE AMERICAN CITIZENS ARE BEING PLACED ON ZED KAPPA STATUS. PREVIOUS TOP SECRET CLEARANCE HAS BEEN CONFIRMED. THE NAMES ARE+ STONE, JEREMY ..81 LEAVITT, PETER ..04 BURTON, CHARLES .L51 CHRISTIANSENKRIKECANCEL THIS LINE CANCEL TO READ AS KIRKE, CHRISTIAN .142 HALL, MARK .L77 ACCORD THESE MEN ZED KAPPA STATUS UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE END MESSAGE END MESSAGE In theory, this cable was also quite routine; its purpose was to name the five members who were being given Zed Kappa status, the code for "OK" status. Unfortunately, however, the machine misprinted one of the names, and failed to reread the entire message. (Normally, when one of the printout units of a secret trunk line miswrote part of a message, the entire message was rewritten, or else it was reread by the computer to certify its corrected form.) The message was thus open to doubt. In Washington and elsewhere, a computer expert was called in to confirm the accuracy of the message, by what is called "reverse tracing." The Washington expert expressed grave concern about the validity of the message since the machine was printing out other minor mistakes, such as "L" when it meant "1." The upshot of all this was that the first two names on the list were accorded status, while the rest were not, pending confirmation. * Allison Stone was tired. At her home in the hills overlooking the Stanford campus, she and her husband, the chairman of the Stanford bacteriology department, had held a party for fifteen couples, and everyone had stayed late. Mrs. Stone was annoyed: she had been raised in official Washington, where one's second cup of coffee, offered pointedly without cognac, was accepted as a signal to go home. Unfortunately, she thought, academics did not follow the rules. She had served the second cup of coffee hours ago, and everybody was still there. Shortly before one a.m., the doorbell rang. Answering it, she was surprised to see two military men standing side by side in the night. They seemed awkward and nervous to her, and she assumed they were lost; people often got lost driving through these residential areas at night. "May I help you?" "I'm sorry to disturb you, ma'am," one said politely. "But is this the residence of Dr. Jeremy Stone?" "Yes," she said, frowning slightly. "It is." She looked beyond the two men, to the driveway. A blue military sedan was parked there. Another man was standing by the car; he seemed to be holding something in his hand. "Does that man have a gun?" she said. "Ma'am," the man said," we must see Dr. Stone at once. It all seemed strange to her, and she found herself frightened. She looked across the lawn and saw a fourth man, moving up to the house and looking into the window. In the pale light streaming out onto the lawn, she could distinctly see the rifle in his hands. "What's going on?" "Ma'am, we don't want to disturb your party. Please call Dr. Stone to the door." "I don't know if--" "Otherwise, we will have to go get him," the man said. She hesitated a moment, then said, "Wait here." She stepped back and started to close the door, but one man had already slipped into the hall. He stood near the door, erect and very polite, with his hat in his hand. "I'll just wait here, ma'am," he said, and smiled at her. She walked back to the party, trying to show nothing to the guests. Everyone was still talking and laughing; the room was noisy and dense with smoke. She found Jeremy in a corner, in the midst of some argument about riots. She touched his shoulder, and he disengaged himself from the group. "I know this sounds funny," she said, "but there is some kind of Army man in the hall, and another outside, and two others with guns out on the lawn. They say they want to see you." For a moment, Stone looked surprised, and then he nodded. "I'll take care of it," he said. His attitude annoyed her; he seemed almost to be expecting it. "Well, if you knew about this, you might have told--" "I didn't," he said. "I'll explain later." He walked out to the hallway, where the officer was still waiting. She followed her husband. Stone said, "I am Dr. Stone." "Captain Morton," the man said. He did not offer to shake hands. "There's a fire, sir." "All right," Stone said. He looked down at his dinner jacket. "Do I have time to change?" "I'm afraid not, sir." To her astonishment, Allison saw her husband nod quietly. "All right." He turned to her and said, "I've got to leave." His face was blank and expressionless, and it seemed to her like, a nightmare, his face like that, while he spoke. She was confused, and afraid. "When will you be back?" "I'm not sure. A week or two. Maybe longer." She tried to keep her voice low, but she couldn't help it, she was upset. "What is it?" she said. "Are you under arrest?" "No," he said, with a slight smile. "It's nothing like that. Make my apologies to everyone, will you?" "But the guns--" "Mrs. Stone," the military man said, "it's our job to protect your husband. From now on, nothing must be allowed to happen to him." "That's right," Stone said. "You see, I'm suddenly an important person. " He smiled again, an odd, crooked smile, and gave her a kiss. And then, almost before she knew what was happening, he was walking out the door, with Captain Morton on one side of him and the other man on the other. The man with the rifle wordlessly fell into place behind them; the man by the car saluted and opened the door. Then the car lights came on, and the doors slammed shut, and the car backed down the drive and drove off into the night. She was still standing by the door when one of her guests came up behind her and said, "Allison, are you all right?" And she turned, and found she was able to smile and say, "Yes, it's nothing. Jeremy had to leave. The lab called him: another one of his late-night experiments going wrong." The guest nodded and said, "Shame. It's a delightful party." In the car, Stone sat back and stared at the men. He recalled that their faces were blank and expressionless. He said, "What have you got for me?" "Got, sir?" "Yes, dammit. What did they give you for me? They must have given you something." "Oh. Yes sir." He was handed a slim file. Stenciled on the brown cardboard cover was PROJECT SUMMARY: SCOOP. "Nothing else?" Stone said. "No sir." Stone sighed. He had never heard of Project Scoop before; the file would have to be read carefully. But it was too dark in the car to read; there would be time for that later, on the airplane. He found himself thinking back over the last five years, back to the rather odd symposium on Long Island, and the rather odd little speaker from England who had, in his own way, begun it all. * In the summer of 1962, J. J. Merrick, the English biophysicist, presented a paper to the Tenth Biological Symposium at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. The paper was entitled "Frequencies of Biologic Contact According to Speciation Probabilities." Merrick was a rebellious, unorthodox scientist whose reputation for clear thinking was not enhanced by his recent divorce or the presence of the handsome blond secretary he had brought with him to the symposium. Following the presentation of his paper, there was little serious discussion of Merrick's ideas, which were summarized at the end of the paper. * I must conclude that the first contact with extraterrestrial life will be determined by the known probabilities of speciation. It is an undeniable fact that complex organisms are rare on earth, while simple organisms flourish in abundance. There are millions of species of bacteria, and thousands of species of insects. There are only a few species of primates, and only four of great apes. There is but one species of man. With this frequency of speciation goes a corresponding frequency in numbers. Simple creatures are much more common than complex organisms. There are three billion men on the earth, and that seems a great many until we consider that ten or even one hundred times that number of first contact would consist of a plague brought back from the bacteria can be contained within a large flask. All available evidence on the origin of life points to an evolutionary progression from simple to complex life forms. This is true on earth. It is probably true throughout the universe. Shapley, Merrow, and others have calculated the number of viable planetary systems in the near universe. My own calculations, indicated earlier in the paper, consider the relative abundance of different organisms throughout the universe. My aim has been to determine the probability of contact between man and another life form. That probability is as follows: FORM: PROBABILITY Unicellular organisms or less (naked genetic in formation): .7840 Multicellular organisms, simple: .1940 Multicellular organisms, complex but lacking coordinated central nervous system: .0140 Multicellular organisms with integrated organ systems including nervous system: .0018 Multicellular organisms with complex nervous system capable of handling 7+ data (human capability): .0002 TOTAL: 1.0000 * These considerations lead me to believe that the first human interaction with extraterrestrial life will consist of contact with organisms similar to, if not identical to, earth bacteria or viruses. The consequences of such contact are disturbing when one recalls that 3 per cent of all earth bacteria are capable of exerting some deleterious effect upon man. * Later, Merrick himself considered the possibility that the first contact would consist of a plague brought back from the moon by the first men to go there. This idea was received with amusement by the assembled scientists. One of the few who took it seriously was Jeremy Stone. At the age of thirty-six, Stone was perhaps the most famous person attending the symposium that year. He was professor of bacteriology at Berkeley, a post he had held since he was thirty, and he had just won the Nobel Prize. The list of Stone's achievements-- disregarding the particular series of experiments that led to the Nobel Prize-- is astonishing. In 1955, he was the first to use the technique of multiplicative counts for bacterial colonies. In 1957, he developed a method for liquid-pure suspension. In 1960, Stone presented a radical new theory of operon activity in E. coli and S. tabuh, and developed evidence for the physical nature of the inducer and repressor substances. His 1958 paper on linear viral transformations opened broad new lines of scientific inquiry, particularly among the Pasteur Institute group in Paris, which subsequently won the Nobel Prize in 1966. In 1961, Stone himself won the Nobel Prize. The award was given for work on bacterial mutant reversion that he had done in his spare time as a law student at Michigan, when he was twenty-six. Perhaps the most significant thing about Stone was that he had done Nobel-caliber work as a law student, for it demonstrated the depth and range of his interests. A friend once said of him: "Jeremy knows everything, and is fascinated by the rest." Already he was being compared to Einstein and to Bohr as a scientist with a conscience, an overview, an appreciation of the significance of events. Physically, Stone was a thin, balding man with a prodigious memory that catalogued scientific facts and blue jokes with equal facility. But his most outstanding characteristic was a sense of impatience, the feeling he conveyed to every one around him that they were wasting his time. He had a bad habit of interrupting speakers and finishing conversations, a habit he tried to control with only limited success. His imperious manner, when added to the fact that he had won the Nobel Prize at an early age, as well as the scandals of his private life-- he was four times married, twice to the wives of colleagues-- did nothing to increase his popularity. Yet it was Stone who, in the early 1960's, moved forward in government circles as one of the spokesmen for the new scientific establishment. He himself regarded this role with tolerant amusement-- a vacuum eager to be filled with hot gas, " he once said-- but in fact his influence was considerable. By the early 1960's America had reluctantly come to realize that it possessed, as a nation, the most potent scientific complex in the history of the world. Eighty per cent of all scientific discoveries in the preceding three decades had been made by Americans. The United States had 75 per cent of the world's computers, and 90 per cent of the world's lasers. The United States had three and a half times as many scientists as the Soviet Union and spent three and a half times as much money on research; the U. S. had four times as many scientists as the European Economic Community and spent seven times as much on research. Most of this money came, directly or indirectly, from Congress, and Congress felt a great need for men to advise them on how to spend it. During the 1950's, all the great advisers had been physicists: Teller and Oppenheimer and Bruckman and Weidner. But ten years later, with more money for biology and more concern for it, a new group emerged, led by DeBakey in Houston, Farmer in Boston, Heggerman in New York, and Stone in California. Stone's prominence was attributable to many factors: the prestige of the Nobel Prize; his political contacts; his most recent wife, the daughter of Senator Thomas Wayne of Indiana; his legal training. All this combined to assure Stone's repeated appearance before confused Senate subcommittees-- and gave him the power of any trusted adviser. It was this same power that he used so successfully to implement the research and construction leading to Wildfire. * Stone was intrigued by Merrick's ideas, which paralleled certain concepts of his own. He explained these in a short paper entitled "Sterilization of Spacecraft," printed in Science and later reprinted in the British journal Nature. The argument stated that bacterial contamination was a two-edged sword, and that man must protect against both edges. Previous to Stone's paper, most discussion of contamination dealt with the hazards to other planets of satellites and probes inadvertently carrying earth organisms. This problem was considered early in the American space effort; by 1959, NASA had set strict regulations for sterilization of earth origin probes. The object of these regulations was to prevent contamination of other worlds. Clearly, if a probe were being sent to Mars or Venus to search for new life forms, it would defeat the purpose of the experiment for the probe to carry earth bacteria with it. Stone considered the reverse situation. He stated that it was equally possible for extraterrestrial organisms to contaminate the earth via space probes. He noted that spacecraft that burned up in reentry presented no problem, but "live" returns-- manned flights, and probes such as the Scoop satellites-- were another matter entirely. Here, he said, the question of contamination was very great. His paper created a brief flurry of interest but, as he later said, "nothing very spectacular." Therefore, in 1963 he began an informal seminar group that met twice monthly in Room 410, on the top floor of the University of California Medical School biochemistry wing, for lunch and discussion of the contamination problem. It was this group of five men: Stone and John Black of Berkeley, Samuel Holden and Terence Lisset of Stanford Med, and Andrew Weiss of Stanford biophysics-- that eventually formed the early nucleus of the Wildfire Project. They presented a petition to the President in 1964, in a letter consciously patterned after the Einstein letter to Roosevelt, in 1940, concerning the atomic bomb. * University of California Berkeley, Calif. June 10, 1964 The President of the United States The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. President: Recent theoretical considerations suggest that sterilization procedures of returning space probes may be inadequate to guarantee sterile reentry to this planet's atmosphere. The consequence of this is the potential introduction of virulent organisms into the present terrestrial ecologic framework. It is our belief that sterilization for reentry probes and manned capsules can never be wholly satisfactory. Our calculations suggest that even if capsules received sterilizing procedures in space, the probability of contamination would still remain one in ten thousand, and perhaps much more. These estimates are based upon organized life as we know it; other forms of life may be entirely resistant to our sterilizing methods. We therefore urge the establishment of a facility designed to deal with an extraterrestrial life form, should one inadvertently be introduced to the earth. The purpose of this facility would be twofold: to limit dissemination of the life form, and to provide laboratories for its investigation and analysis, with a view to protecting earth life forms from its influence. We recommend that such a facility be located in an uninhabited region of the United States; that it be constructed underground; that it incorporate all known isolation techniques; and that it be equipped with a nuclear device for self-destruction in the eventuality of an emergency. So far as we know, no form of life can survive the two million degrees of heat which accompany an atomic nuclear detonation. Yours very truly, Jeremy Stone John Black Samuel Holden Terence Lisset Andrew Weiss * Response to the letter was gratifyingly prompt. Twenty-four hours later, Stone received a call from one of the President's advisers, and the following day he flew to Washington to confer with the President and members of the National Security Council. Two weeks after that, he flew to Houston to discuss further plans with NASA officials. Although Stone recalls one or two cracks about "the goddam penitentiary for bugs," most scientists he talked with regarded the project favorably. Within a month, Stone's informal team was hardened into an official committee to study problems of contamination and draw up recommendations. This committee was put on the Defense Department's Advance Research Projects List and funded through the Defense Department. At that time, the ARPL was heavily invested in chemistry and physics-- ion sprays, reversal duplication, pi-meson substrates-- but there was growing interest in biologic problems. Thus one ARPL group was concerned with electronic pacing of brain function (a euphemism for mind control); a second had prepared a study of biosynergics, the future possible combinations of man and machines implanted inside the body; still another was evaluating Project Ozma, the search for extraterrestrial life conducted in 1961-4. A fourth group was engaged in preliminary design of a machine that would carry out all human functions and would be self-duplicating. All these projects were highly theoretical, and all were staffed by prestigious scientists. Admission to the ARPL was a mark of considerable status, and it ensured future funds for implementation and development. Therefore, when Stone's committee submitted an early draft of the Life Analysis Protocol, which detailed the way any living thing could be studied, the Defense Department responded with an outright appropriation of $22,000,000 for the construction of a special isolated laboratory. (This rather large sum was felt to be justified since the project had application to other studies already under way. In 1965, the whole field of sterility and contamination was one of major importance. For example, NASA was building a Lunar Receiving Laboratory, a high-security facility for Apollo astronauts returning from the moon and possibly carrying bacteria or viruses harmful to man. Every astronaut returning from the moon would be quarantined in the LRL for three weeks, until decontamination was complete. Further, the problems of "clean rooms" of industry, where dust and bacteria were kept at a minimum, and the "sterile chambers" under study at Bethesda, were also major. Aseptic environments, "life islands," and sterile support systems seemed to have great future significance, and Stone's appropriation was considered a good investment in all these fields.) Once money was funded, construction proceeded rapidly. The eventual result, the Wildfire Laboratory, was built in 1966 in Flatrock, Nevada. Design was awarded to the naval architects of the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics, since GD had considerable experience designing living quarters on atomic submarines, where men had to live and work for prolonged periods. The plan consisted of a conical underground structure with five floors. Each floor was circular, with a central service core of wiring, plumbing, and elevators. Each floor was more sterile than the one above; the first floor was non-sterile, the second moderately sterile, the third stringently sterile, and so on. Passage from one floor to another was not free; personnel had to undergo decontamination and quarantine procedures in passing either up or down. Once the laboratory was finished, it only remained to select the Wildfire Alert team, the group of scientists who would study any new organism. After a number of studies of team composition, five men were selected, including Jeremy Stone himself. These five were prepared to mobilize immediately in the event of a biologic emergency. Barely two years after his letter to the President, Stone was satisfied that "this country has the capability to deal with an unknown biologic agent." He professed himself pleased with the response of Washington and the speed with which his ideas had been implemented. But privately, he admitted to friends that it had been almost too easy, that Washington had agreed to his plans almost too readily. Stone could not have known the reasons behind Washington's eagerness, or the very real concern many government officials had for the problem. For Stone knew nothing, until the night he left the party and drove off in the blue military sedan, of Project Scoop. * "It was the fastest thing we could arrange, sir," the Army man said. Stone stepped onto the airplane with a sense of absurdity. It was a Boeing 727, completely empty, the seats stretching back in long unbroken rows. "Sit, first class, if you like," the Army man said, with a slight smile. "It doesn't matter." A moment later he was gone. He was not replaced by a stewardess but by a stern MP with a pistol on his hip who stood by the door as the engines started, whining softly in the night. Stone sat back with the Scoop file in front of him and began to read. It made fascinating reading; he went through it quickly, so quickly that the MP thought his passenger must be merely glancing at the file. But Stone was reading every word. Scoop was the brainchild of Major General Thomas Sparks, head of the Army Medical Corps, Chemical and Biological Warfare Division. Sparks was responsible for the research of the CBW installations at Fort Detrick, Maryland, Harley, Indiana, and Dugway, Utah. Stone had met him once or twice, and remembered him as being mild-mannered and bespectacled. Not the sort of man to be expected in the job he held. Reading on, Stone learned that Project Scoop was contracted to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena in 1963. Its avowed aim was the collection of any organisms that might exist in "near space, " the upper atmosphere of the earth. Technically speaking, it was an Army project, but it was funded through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a supposedly civilian organization. In fact, NASA was a government agency with a heavy military commitment; 43 per cent of its contractual work was classified in 1963. In theory, JPL was designing a satellite to enter the fringes of space and collect organisms and dust for study. This was considered a project of pure science-- almost curiosity-- and was thus accepted by all the scientists working on the study. In fact, the true aims were quite different. The true aims of Scoop were to find new life forms that might benefit the Fort Detrick program. In essence, it was a study to discover new biological weapons of war. Detrick was a rambling structure in Maryland dedicated to the discovery of chemical-and-biological-warfare weapons. Covering 1,300 acres, with a physical plant valued at $100,000,000, it ranked as one of the largest research facilities of any kind in the United States. Only 15 per cent of its findings were published in open scientific journals; the rest were classified, as were the reports from Harley and Dugway. Harley was a maximum-security installation that dealt largely with viruses. In the previous ten years, a number of new viruses had been developed there, ranging from the variety coded Carrie Nation (which produces diarrhea) to the variety coded Arnold (which causes clonic seizures and death). The Dugway Proving Ground in Utah was larger than the state of Rhode Island and was used principally to test poison gases such as Tabun, Sklar, and Kuff-11. Few Americans, Stone knew, were aware of the magnitude of U.S. research into chemical and biological warfare. The total government expenditure in CBW exceeded half a billion dollars a year. Much of this was distributed to academic centers such as Johns Hopkins, Pennsylvania, and the University of Chicago, where studies of weapons systems were contracted under vague terms. Sometimes, of course, the terms were not so vague. The Johns Hopkins program was devised to evaluate "studies of actual or potential injuries and illnesses, studies on diseases of potential biological-warfare significance, and evaluation of certain chemical and immunological responses to certain toxoids and vaccines." In the past eight years, none of the results from Johns Hopkins had been published openly. Those from other universities, such as Chicago and UCLA, had occasionally been published, but these were considered within the military establishment to be "trial balloons"-- examples of ongoing research intended to intimidate foreign observers. A classic was the paper by Tendron and five others entitled "Researches into a Toxin Which Rapidly Uncouples Oxidative Phosphorylation Through Cutaneous Absorption." The paper described, but did not identify, a poison that would kill a person in less than a minute and was absorbed through the skin. It was recognized that this was a relatively minor achievement compared to other toxins that had been devised in recent years. With so much money and effort going into CBW, one might think that new and more virulent weapons would be continuously perfected. However, this was not the case from 1961 to 1965; the conclusion of the Senate Preparedness Subcommittee in 1961 was that "conventional research has been less than satisfactory" and that "new avenues and approaches of inquiry" should be opened within the field. That was precisely what Major General Thomas Sparks intended to do, with Project Scoop. In final form, Scoop was a program to orbit seventeen satellites around the earth, collecting organisms and bringing them back to the surface. Stone read the summaries of each previous flight. Scoop I was a gold-plated satellite, cone-shaped, weighing thirty-seven pounds fully equipped. It was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in Purisima, California, on March 12, 1966. Vandenberg is used for polar (north to south) orbits, as opposed to Cape Kennedy, which launches west to east; Vandenberg had the additional advantage of maintaining better secrecy than Kennedy. Scoop I orbited for six days before being brought down. It landed successfully in a swamp near Athens, Georgia. Unfortunately, it was found to contain only standard earth organisms. Scoop II burned up in reentry, as a result of instrumentation failure. Scoop III also burned up, though it had a new type of plastic-and-tungsten-laminate heat shield. Scoops IV and V were recovered intact from the Indian Ocean and the Appalachian foothills, but neither contained radically new organisms; those collected were harmless variants of S. albus, a common contaminant of normal human skin. These failures led to a further increase in sterilization procedures prior to launch. Scoop VI was launched on New Year's Day, 1967. It incorporated all the latest refinements from earlier attempts. High hopes rode with the revised satellite, which returned eleven days later, landing near Bombay, India. Unknown to anyone, the 34th Airborne, then stationed in Evreux, France, just outside Paris, was dispatched to recover the capsule. The 34th was on alert whenever a spaceflight went up, according to the procedures of Operation Scrub, a plan first devised to protect Mercury and Gemini capsules should one be forced to land in Soviet Russia or Eastern Bloc countries. Scrub was the primary reason for keeping a single paratroop division in Western Europe in the first half of the 1960's. Scoop VI was recovered uneventfully. It was found to contain a previously unknown form of unicellular organism, coccobacillary in shape, gram-negative, coagulase, and triokinase-positive. However, it proved generally benevolent to all living things with the exception of domestic female chickens, which it made moderately ill for a four-day period. Among the Detrick staff, hope dimmed for the successful recovery of a pathogen from the Scoop program. Nonetheless, Scoop VII was launched soon after Scoop VI. The exact date is classified but it is believed to be February 5, 1967. Scoop VII immediately went into stable orbit with an apogee of 317 miles and a perigee of 224 miles. It remained in orbit for two and a half days. At that time, the satellite abruptly left stable orbit for unknown reasons, and it was decided to bring it down by radio command. The anticipated landing site was a desolate area in northeastern Arizona. * Midway through the flight, his reading was interrupted by an officer who brought him a telephone and then stepped a respectful distance away while Stone talked. "Yes?" Stone said, feeling odd. He was not accustomed to talking on the telephone in the middle of an airplane trip. "General Marcus here," a tired voice said. Stone did not know General Marcus. "I just wanted to inform you that all members of the team have been called in, with the exception of Professor Kirke." "What happened?" "Professor Kirke is in the hospital," General Marcus said. "You'll get further details when you touch down." The conversation ended; Stone gave the telephone back to the officer. He thought for a minute about the other men on the team, and wondered at their reactions as they were called out of bed. There was Leavitt, of course. He would respond quickly. Leavitt was a clinical microbiologist, a man experienced in the treatment of infectious disease. Leavitt had seen enough plagues and epidemics in his day to know the importance of quick action. Besides, there was his ingrained pessimism, which never deserted him. (Leavitt had once said, "At my wedding, all I could think of was how much alimony she'd cost me.") He was an irritable, grumbling, heavyset man with a morose face and sad eyes, which seemed to peer ahead into a bleak and miserable future; but he was also thoughtful, imaginative, and not afraid to think daringly. Then there was the pathologist, Burton, in Houston. Stone had never liked Burton very well, though he acknowledged his scientific talent. Burton and Stone were different: where Stone was organized, Burton was sloppy; where Stone was controlled, Burton was impulsive; where Stone was confident, Burton was nervous, jumpy, petulant. Colleagues referred to Burton as "the Stumbler," partly because of his tendency to trip over his untied shoelaces and baggy trouser cuffs and partly because of his talent for tumbling by error into one important discovery after another. And then Kirke, the anthropologist from Yale, who apparently was not going to be able to come. If the report was true, Stone knew he was going to miss him. Kirke was an ill-informed and rather foppish man who possessed, as if by accident, a superbly logical brain. He was capable of grasping the essentials of a problem and manipulating them to get the necessary result; though he could not balance his own checkbook, mathematicians often came to him for help in resolving highly abstract problems. Stone was going to miss that kind of brain. Certainly the fifth man would be no help. Stone frowned as he thought about Mark Hall. Hall had been a compromise candidate for the team; Stone would have preferred a physician with experience in metabolic disease, and the choice of a surgeon instead had been made with the greatest reluctance. There had been great pressure from Defense and the AEC to accept Hall, since those groups believed in the Odd Man Hypothesis; in the end, Stone and the others had given in. Stone did not know Hall well; he wondered what he would say when he was informed of the alert. Stone could not have known of the great delay in notifying members of the team. He did not know, for instance, that Burton, the pathologist, was not called until five a.m., or that Peter Leavitt, the microbiologist, was not called until six thirty, the time he arrived at the hospital. And Hall was not called until five minutes past seven. * It was, Mark Hall said later, "a horrifying experience. In an instant, I was taken from the most familiar of worlds and plunged into the most unfamiliar. " At six forty-five, Hall was in the washroom adjacent to OR 7, scrubbing for his first case of the day. He was in the midst of a routine he had carried out daily for several years; he was relaxed and joking with the resident, scrubbing with him. When he finished, he went into the operating room, holding his arms before him, and the instrument nurse handed him a towel, to wipe his hands dry. Also in the room was another resident, who was prepping the body for surgery-- applying iodine and alcohol solutions-- and a circulating nurse. They all exchanged greetings. At the hospital, Hall was known as a swift, quick-tempered, and unpredictable surgeon. He operated with speed, working nearly twice as fast as other surgeons. When things went smoothly, he laughed and joked as he worked, kidding his assistants, the nurses, the anesthetist. But if things did not go well, if they became slow and difficult, Hall could turn blackly irritable. Like most surgeons, he was insistent upon routine. Everything had to be done in a certain order, in a certain way. If not, he became upset. Because the others in the operating room knew this, they looked up toward the overhead viewing gallery with apprehension when Leavitt appeared. Leavitt clicked on the intercom that connected the upstairs room to the operating room below and said, "Hello, Mark." Hall had been draping the patient, placing green sterile cloths over every part of the body except for the abdomen. He looked up with surprise. "Hello, Peter," he said. "Sorry to disturb you," Leavitt said. "But this is an emergency." "Have to wait," Hall said. "I'm starting a procedure." He finished draping and called for the skin knife. He palpated the abdomen, feeling for the landmarks to begin his incision. "It can't wait," Leavitt said. Hall paused. He set down the scalpel and looked up. There was a long silence. "What the hell do you mean, it can't wait?" Leavitt remained calm. "You'll have to break scrub. This is an emergency." "Look, Peter, I've got a patient here. Anesthetized. Ready to go. I can't just walk--" "Kelly will take over for you." Kelly was one of the staff surgeons. "Kelly?" "He's scrubbing now," Leavitt said. "It's all arranged. I'll expect to meet you in the surgeon's change room. In about thirty seconds." And then he was gone. Hall glared at everyone in the room. No one moved, or spoke. After a moment, he stripped off his gloves and stomped out of the room, swearing once, very loudly. * Hall viewed his own association with Wildfire as tenuous at best. In 1966 he had been approached by Leavitt, the chief of bacteriology of the hospital, who had explained in a sketchy way the purpose of the project. Hall found it all rather amusing and had agreed to join the team, if his services ever became necessary; privately, he was confident that nothing would ever come of Wildfire. Leavitt had offered to give Hall the files on Wildfire and to keep him up to date on the project. At first, Hall politely took the files, but it soon became clear that he was not bothering to read them, and so Leavitt stopped giving them to him. If anything, this pleased Hall, who preferred not to have his desk cluttered. A year before, Leavitt had asked him whether he wasn't curious about something that he had agreed to join and that might at some future time prove dangerous. Hall had said, "No." Now, in the doctors' room, Hall regretted those words. The doctors' room was a small place, lined on all four walls with lockers; there were no windows. A large coffeemaker sat in the center of the room, with a stack of paper cups alongside. Leavitt was pouring himself a cup, his solemn, basset-hound face looking mournful. "This is going to be awful coffee," he said. "You can't get a decent cup anywhere in a hospital. Hurry and change. Hall said, "Do you mind telling me first why--" "I mind, I mind," Leavitt said. "Change: there's a car waiting outside and we're already late. Perhaps too late." He had a gruffly melodramatic way of speaking that had always annoyed Hall. There was a loud slurp as Leavitt sipped the coffee. "Just as I suspected, " he said. "How can you tolerate it? Hurry, please." Hall unlocked his locker and kicked it open. He leaned against the door and stripped away the black plastic shoe covers that were worn in the operating room to prevent buildup of static charges. "Next, I suppose you're going to tell me this has to do with that damned project." "Exactly," Leavitt said. "Now try to hurry. The car is waiting to take us to the airport, and the morning traffic is bad." Hall changed quickly, not thinking, his mind momentarily stunned. Somehow he had never thought it possible. He dressed and walked out with Leavitt toward the hospital entrance. Outside, in the sunshine, he could see the olive U.S. Army sedan pulled up to the curb, its light flashing. And he had a sudden, horrible realization that Leavitt was not kidding, that nobody was kidding, and that some kind of awful nightmare was coming true. * For his own part, Peter Leavitt was irritated with Hall. In general, Leavitt had little patience with practicing physicians. Though he had an M.D. degree, Leavitt had never practiced, preferring to devote his time research. His field was clinical microbiology and epidemiology, and his specialty was parasitology. He had done parasitic research all over the world; his work had led to the discovery of the Brazilian tapeworm, Taenia renzi, which he had characterized in a paper in 1953. As he grew older, however, Leavitt had stopped traveling. Public health, he was fond of saying, was a young man's game; when you got your fifth case of intestinal amebiasis, it was time to quit. Leavitt got his fifth case in Rhodesia in 1955. He was dreadfully sick for three months and lost forty pounds. Afterward, he resigned his job in the public health service. He was offered the post of chief of microbiology at the hospital, and he had taken it, with the understanding that he would be able to devote a good portion of his time to research. Within the hospital he was known as a superb clinical bacteriologist, but his real interest remained parasites. In the period from 1955 to 1964 he published a series of elegant metabolic studies on Ascaris and Necator that were highly regarded by other workers in the field. Leavitt's reputation had made him a natural choice for Wildfire, and it was through Leavitt that Hall had been asked to join. Leavitt knew the reasons behind Hall's selection, though Hall did not. When Leavitt had asked him to join, Hall had demanded to know why. "I'm just a surgeon," he had said. "Yes," Leavitt said. "But you know electrolytes." "So?" "That may be important. Blood chemistries, pH, acidity and alkalinity, the whole thing. That may be vital, when the time comes." "But there are a lot of electrolyte people," Hall had pointed out. "Many of them better than me." "Yes," Leavitt had said. "But they're all married." "So what?" "We need a single man." "Why?" "It's necessary that one member of the team be unmarried." "That's crazy," Hall had said. "Maybe," Leavitt had said. "Maybe not." They left the hospital and walked up to the Army sedan. A young officer was waiting stiffly, and saluted as they came up. "Dr. Hall?" "Yes." "May I see your card, please?" Hall gave him the little plastic card with his picture on it. He had been carrying the card in his wallet for more than a year; it was a rather strange card-- with just a name, a picture, and a thumbprint, nothing more. Nothing to indicate that it was an official card. The officer glanced at it, then at Hall, and back to the card. He handed it back. "Very good, sir." He opened the rear door of the sedan. Hall got in and Leavitt followed, shielding his eyes from the flashing red light on the car top. Hall noticed it. "Something wrong?" "No. Just never liked flashing lights. Reminds me of my days as an ambulance driver, during the war." Leavitt settled back and the car started off. "Now then," he said. "When we reach the airfield, you will be given a file to read during the trip." "What trip?" "You'll be taking an F-104," Leavitt said. "Where?" "Nevada. Try to read the file on the way. Once we arrive, things will be very busy." "And the others in the team?" Leavitt glanced at his watch." Kirke has appendicitis and is in the hospital. The others have already begun work. Right now, they are in a helicopter, over Piedmont, Arizona. "Never heard of it," Hall said. "Nobody has," Leavitt said, "until now." 6. Piedmont AT 9:59 A.M. ON THE SAME MORNING, A K-4 JET helicopter lifted off the concrete of Vandenberg's maximum-security hangar MSH-9 and headed east, toward Arizona. The decision to lift off from an MSH was made by Major Manchek, who was concerned about the attention the suits might draw. Because inside the helicopter were three men, a pilot and two scientists, and all three wore clear plastic inflatable suits, making them look like obese men from Mars, or, as one of the hangar maintenance men put it, "like balloons from the Macy's parade." As the helicopter climbed into the clear morning sky, the two passengers in the belly looked at each other. One was Jeremy Stone, the other Charles Burton. Both men had arrived at Vandenberg just a few hours before-- Stone from Stanford and Burton from Baylor University in Houston. Burton was fifty-four, a pathologist. He held a professorship at Baylor Medical School and served as a consultant to the NASA Manned Spaceflight Center in Houston. Earlier he had done research at the National Institutes in Bethesda. His field had been the effects of bacteria on human tissues. It is one of the peculiarities of scientific development that such a vital field was virtually untouched when Burton came to it. Though men had known germs caused disease since Henle's hypothesis of 1840, by the middle of the twentieth century there was still nothing known about why or how bacteria did their damage. The specific mechanisms were unknown. Burton began, like so many others in his day, with Diplococcus pneumoniae, the agent causing pneumonia. There was great interest in pneumococcus before the advent of penicillin in the forties; after that, both interest and research money evaporated. Burton shifted to Staphylococcus aureus, a common skin pathogen responsible for "pimples" and "boils." At the time he began his work, his fellow researchers laughed at him; staphylococcus, like pneumococcus, was highly sensitive to penicillin. They doubted Burton would ever get enough money to carry on his work. For five years, they were right. The money was scarce, and Burton often had to go begging to foundations and philanthropists. Yet he persisted, patiently elucidating the coats of the cell wall that caused a reaction in host tissue and helping to discover the half-dozen toxins secreted by the bacteria to break down tissue, spread infection, and destroy red cells. Suddenly, in the 1950's, the first penicillin-resistant strains of staph appeared. The new strains were virulent, and produced bizarre deaths, often by brain abscess. Almost overnight Burton found his work had assumed major importance; dozens of labs around the country were changing over to study staph; it was a "hot field." In a single year, Burton watched his grant appropriations jump from $6,000 a year to $300,000. Soon afterward, he was made a professor of pathology. Looking back, Burton felt no great pride in his accomplishment; it was, he knew, a matter of luck, of being in the right place and doing the right work when the time came. He wondered what would come of being here, in this helicopter, now. Sitting across from him, Jeremy Stone tried to conceal his distaste for Burton's appearance. Beneath the plastic suit Burton wore a dirty plaid sport shirt with a stain on the left breast pocket; his trousers were creased and frayed and even his hair, Stone felt, was unruly and untidy. He stared out the window, forcing himself to think of other matters. "Fifty people," he said, shaking his head. "Dead within eight hours of the landing of Scoop VII. The question is one of spread." "Presumably airborne," Burton said. "Yes. Presumably." "Everyone seems to have died in the immediate vicinity of the town," Burton said. "Are there reports of deaths farther out? Stone shook his head. "I'm having the Army people look into it. They're working with the highway patrol. So far, no deaths have turned up outside." "Wind?" "A stroke of luck," Stone said. "Last night the wind was fairly brisk, nine miles an hour to the south and steady. But around midnight, it died. Pretty unusual for this time of year, they tell me." "But fortunate for us." "Yes." Stone nodded. "We're fortunate in another way as well. There is no important area of habitation for a radius a of nearly one hundred and twelve miles. Outside that, of course, there is Las Vegas to the north, San Bernardino to the west, and Phoenix to the east. Not nice, if the bug gets to any of them." "But as long as the wind stays down, we have time." "Presumably," Stone said. For the next half hour, the two men discussed the vector problem with frequent reference to a sheaf of output maps drawn up during the night by Vandenberg's computer division. The output maps were highly complex analyses of geographic problems; in this case, the maps were visualizations of the southwestern United States, weighted for wind direction and population. [Graphic: About page 58. First map of mountain west of USA, showing examples of the staging of computerbase output mapping. Each shows coordinates around population centers and other important areas. A second map shows the weighting that accounts for wind and population factors and is consequently distorted in Southern CA, and Southern NV. A third map shows the computer projection of the effects of wind and population in a specific "scenario." None of the maps is from the Wildfire Project. They are similar, but they represent output from a CBW scenario, not the actual Wildfire work. (Courtesy General Autonomics Corporation)] Discussion then turned to the time course of death. Both men had heard the tape from the van; they agreed that everyone at Piedmont seemed to have died quite suddenly. "Even if you slit a man's throat with a razor," Burton said, "you won't get death that rapidly. Cutting both carotids and jugulars still allows ten to forty seconds before unconsciousness, and nearly a minute before death." "At Piedmont, it seems to have occurred in a second or two." Burton shrugged. "Trauma," he suggested. "A blow to the head." "Yes. Or a nerve gas." "Certainly possible." "It's that, or something very much like it," Stone said. "If it was an enzymatic block of some kind-- like arsenic or strychnine-- we'd expect fifteen or thirty seconds, perhaps longer. But a block of nervous transmission, or a block of the neuro-muscular junction, or cortical poisoning-- that could be very swift. It could be instantaneous." "If it is a fast-acting gas," Burton said, "it must have high diffusibility across the lungs--" "Or the skin," Stone said. "Mucous membranes, anything. Any porous surface." Burton touched the plastic of his suit. "If this gas is so highly diffusible..." Stone gave a slight smile. "We'll find out, soon enough." * Over the intercom, the helicopter pilot said, "Piedmont approaching, gentlemen. Please advise." Stone said, "Circle once and give us a look at it." The helicopter banked steeply. The two men looked out and saw the town below them. The buzzards had landed during the night, and were thickly clustered around the bodies. "I was afraid of that," Stone said. "They may represent a vector for infectious spread," Burton said. "Eat the meat of infected people, and carry the organisms away with them." Stone nodded, staring out the window. "What do we do?" "Gas them," Stone said. He flicked on the intercom to the pilot. "Have you got the canisters?" "Yes sir." "Circle again; and blanket the town." "Yes sir." The helicopter tilted, and swung back. Soon the two men could not see the ground for the clouds of pale-blue gas. "What is it?" "Chlorazine," Stone said. "Highly effective, in low concentrations, on aviary metabolism. Birds have a high metabolic rate. They are creatures that consist of little more than feathers and muscle; their heartbeats are usually about one-twenty, and many species eat more than their own weight every day." "The gas is an uncoupler?" "Yes. It'll hit them hard." The helicopter banked away, then hovered. The gas slowly cleared in the gentle wind, moving off to the south. Soon they could see the ground again. Hundreds of birds lay there; a few flapped their wings spastically, but most were already dead. Stone frowned as he watched. Somewhere, in the back of his mind, he knew he had forgotten something, or ignored something. Some fact, some vital clue, that the birds provided and he must not overlook. Over the intercom, the pilot said, "Your orders, sir?" "Go to the center of the main street," Stone said, "and drop the rope ladder. You are to remain twenty feet above ground. Do not put down. Is that clear?" "Yes sir." "When we have climbed down, you are to lift off to an altitude of five hundred feet." "Yes sir." "Return when we signal you." "Yes sir." "And should anything happen to us--" "I proceed directly to Wildfire," the pilot said, his voice dry. "Correct." The pilot knew what that meant. He was being paid according to the highest Air Force pay scales: he was drawing regular pay plus hazardous-duty pay, plus non-wartime special-services pay, plus mission-over-hostile-territory pay, plus bonus air-time pay. He would receive more than a thousand dollars for this day's work, and his family would receive an additional ten thousand dollars from the short-term life insurance should he not return. There was a reason for the money: if anything happened to Burton and Stone on the ground, the pilot was ordered to fly directly to the Wildfire installation and hover thirty feet above ground until such time as the Wildfire group had determined the correct way to incinerate him, and his airplane, in midair. He was being paid to take a risk. He had volunteered for the job. And he knew that high above, circling at twenty thousand feet, was an Air Force jet with air-to-air missiles. It was the job of the jet to shoot down the helicopter should the pilot suffer a last-minute loss of nerve and fail to go directly to Wildfire. "Don't slip up," the pilot said. "Sir." The helicopter maneuvered over the main street of the town and hung in midair. There was a rattling sound: the rope ladder being released. Stone stood and pulled on his helmet. He snapped shut the sealer and inflated his clear suit, puffing it up around him. A small bottle of oxygen on his back would provide enough air for two hours of exploration. He waited until Burton had sealed his suit, and then Stone opened the hatch and stared down at the ground. The helicopter was raising a heavy cloud of dust. Stone clicked on his radio. "All set?" "All set." Stone began to climb down the ladder. Burton waited a moment, then followed. He could see nothing in the swirling dust, but finally felt his shoes touch the ground. He released the ladder and looked over. He could barely make out Stone's suit, a dim outline in a gloomy, dusky world. The ladder pulled away as the helicopter lifted into the sky. The dust cleared. They could see. "Let's go," Stone said. Moving clumsily in their suits, they walked down the main street of Piedmont. 7. "An Unusual Process" SCARCELY TWELVE HOURS AFTER THE FIRST KNOWN human contact with the Andromeda Strain was made at Piedmont, Burton and Stone arrived in the town. Weeks later, in their debriefing sessions, both men recalled the scene vividly, and described it in detail. The morning sun was still low in the sky; it was cold and cheerless, casting long shadows over the thinly snow-crusted ground. From where they stood, they could look up and down the street at the gray, weathered wooden buildings; but what they noticed first was the silence. Except for a gentle wind that whined softly through the empty houses, it was deathly silent. Bodies lay everywhere, heaped and flung across the ground in attitudes of frozen surprise. But there was no sound-- no reassuring rumble of an automobile engine, no barking dog, no shouting children. Silence. The two men looked at each other. They were painfully aware of how much there was to learn, to do. Some catastrophe had struck this town, and they must discover all they could about it. But they had practically no clues, no points of departure. They knew, in fact, only two things. First, that the trouble apparently began with the landing of Scoop VII. And second, that death had overtaken the people of the town with astonishing rapidity. If it was a disease from the satellite, then it was like no other in the history of medicine. For a long time the men said nothing, but stood in the street, looking about them, feeling the wind tug at their over-sized suits. Finally, Stone said, "Why are they all outside, in the street? If this was a disease that arrived at night, most of the people would be indoors." "Not only that," Burton said, "they're mostly wearing pajamas. It was a cold night last night. You'd think they would have stopped to put on a jacket, or a raincoat. Something to keep warm." "Maybe they were in a hurry." "To do what?" Burton said. "To see something," Stone said, with a helpless shrug. Burton bent over the first body they came to. "Odd," he said. "Look at the way this fellow is clutching his chest. Quite a few of them are doing that." Looking at the bodies, Stone saw that the hands of many were pressed to their chests, some flat, some clawing. "They didn't seem to be in pain," Stone said. "'Their faces are quite peaceful." "Almost astonished, in fact," Burton nodded. "These people look cut down, caught in midstride. But clutching their chests." "Coronary?" Stone said. "Doubt it. They should grimace-- it's painful. The same with a pulmonary embolus." "If it was fast enough, they wouldn't have time." "Perhaps. But somehow I think these people died a painless death. Which means they are clutching their chests because--" "They couldn't breathe," Stone said. Burton nodded. "It's possible we're seeing asphyxiation. Rapid, painless, almost instantaneous asphyxiation. But I doubt it. If a person can't breathe, the first thing he does is loosen his clothing, particularly around the neck and chest. Look at that man there-- he's wearing a tie, and he hasn't touched it. And that woman with the tightly buttoned collar." Burton was beginning to regain his composure now, after the initial shock of the town. He was beginning to think clearly. They walked up to the van, standing in the middle of the street, its lights still shining weakly. Stone reached in to turn off the lights. He pushed the stiff body of the driver back from the wheel and read the name on the breast pocket of the parka. "Shawn." The man sitting rigidly in the back of the van was a private named Crane. Both men were locked in rigor mortis. Stone nodded to the equipment in the back. "Will that still work?" "I think so," Burton said. "Then let's find the satellite. That's our first job. We can worry later about--" He stopped. He was looking at the face of Shawn, who had obviously pitched forward hard onto the steering wheel at the moment of death. There was a large, arc-shaped cut across his face, shattering the bridge of his nose and tearing the skin. "I don't get it," Stone said. "Get what?" Burton said. "This injury. Look at it." "Very clean," Burton said. "Remarkably clean, in fact. Practically no bleeding..." Then Burton realized. He started to scratch his head in astonishment, but his hand was stopped by the plastic helmet. "A cut like that," he said, "on the face. Broken capillaries, shattered bone, torn scalp veins-- it should bleed like hell." "Yes," Stone said. "It should. And look at the other bodies. Even where the vultures have chewed at the flesh: no bleeding." Burton stared with increasing astonishment. None of the bodies had lost even a drop of blood. He wondered why they had not noticed it before. "Maybe the mechanism of action of this disease--" "Yes," Stone said. "I think you may be right." He grunted and dragged Shawn out of the van, working to pull the stiff body from behind the wheel. "Let's get that damned satellite," he said. "This is really beginning to worry me." Burton went to the back and pulled Crane out through the rear doors, then climbed in as Stone turned the ignition. The starter turned over sluggishly, and the engine did not catch. Stone tried to start the van for several seconds, then said, "I don't understand. The battery is low, but it should still be enough--" "How's your gas?" Burton said. There was a pause, and Stone swore loudly. Burton smiled, and crawled out of the back. Together they walked up the street to the gas station, found a bucket, and filled it with gas from the pump after spending several moments trying to decide how it worked. When they had the gas, they returned to the van, filled the tank, and Stone tried again. The engine caught and held. Stone grinned. "Let's go." Burton scrambled into the back, turned on the electronic equipment, and started the antenna rotating. He heard the faint beeping of the satellite. "The signal's weak, but still there. Sounds over to the left somewhere." Stone put the van in gear. They rumbled off, swerving around the bodies in the street. The beeping grew louder. They continued down the main street, past the gas station and the general store. The beeping suddenly grew faint. "We've gone too far. Turn around." It took a while for Stone to find reverse on the gearshift, and then they doubled back, tracing the intensity of the sound. It was another fifteen minutes before they were able to locate the origin of the beeps to the north, on the outskirts of the town. Finally, they pulled up before a plain single-story woodframe house. A sign creaked in the wind: Dr. Alan Benedict. "Might have known," Stone said. "They'd take it to the doctor." The two men climbed out of the van and went up to the house. The front door was open, banging in the breeze. They entered the living room and found it empty. Riming right, they came to the doctor's office. Benedict was there, a pudgy, white-haired man. He was seated before his desk, with several textbooks laid open. Along one wall were bottles, syringes, pictures of his family and several others showing men in combat uniforms. One showed a group of grinning soldiers; the scrawled words: "For Benny, from the boys of 87, Anzio." Benedict himself was staring blankly toward a corner of the room, his eyes wide, his face peaceful. "Well," Burton said, "Benedict certainly didn't make it outside--" And then they saw the satellite. It was upright, a sleek polished cone three feet high, and its edges had been cracked and seared from the heat of reentry. It had been opened crudely, apparently with the help of a pair of pliers and chisel that lay on the floor next to the capsule. "The bastard opened it," Stone said. "Stupid son of a bitch." "How was he to know?" "He might have asked somebody," Stone said. He sighed. "Anyway, he knows now. And so do forty-nine other people. " He bent over the satellite and closed the gaping, triangular hatch. "You have the container?" Burton produced the folded plastic bag and opened it out. Together they slipped it over the satellite, then sealed it shut. "I hope to hell there's something left," Burton said. "In a way," Stone said softly, "I hope there isn't." They turned their attention to Benedict. Stone went over to him and shook him. The man fell rigidly from his chair onto the floor. Burton noticed the elbows, and suddenly became excited. He leaned over the body. "Come on," he said to Stone. "Help me." "Do what?" "Strip him down." "Why?" "I want to check the lividity. "But why?" "Just wait," Burton said. He began unbuttoning Benedict's shirt and loosening his trousers. The two men worked silently for some moments, until the doctor's body was naked on the floor. "There," Burton said, standing back. "I'll be damned," Stone said. There was no dependent lividity. Normally, after a person died, blood seeped to the lowest points, drawn down by gravity. A person who died in bed had a purple back from accumulated blood. But Benedict, who had died sitting up, had no blood in the tissue of his buttocks or thighs. Or in his elbows, which had rested on the arms of the chair. "Quite a peculiar finding," Burton said. He glanced around the room and found a small autoclave for sterilizing instruments. Opening it, he removed a scalpel. He fitted it with a blade-- carefully, so as not to puncture his airtight suit-- and then turned back to the body. "We'll take the most superficial major artery and vein," he said. "Which is?" "The radial. At the wrist." Holding the scalpel carefully, Burton drew the blade along the skin of the inner wrist, just behind the thumb. The skin pulled back from the wound, which was completely bloodless. He exposed fat and subcutaneous tissue. There was no bleeding. "Amazing." He cut deeper. There was still no bleeding from the incision. Suddenly, abruptly, he struck a vessel. Crumbling red-black material fell out onto the floor. "I'll be damned," Stone said again. "Clotted solid," Burton said. "No wonder the people didn't bleed." Burton said, "Help me turn him over. " Together, they got the corpse onto its back, and Burton made a deep incision into the medial thigh, cutting down to the femoral artery and vein. Again there was no bleeding, and when they reached the artery, as thick as a man's finger, it was clotted into a firm, reddish mass. "Incredible." He began another incision, this time into the chest. He exposed the ribs, then searched Dr. Benedict's office for a very sharp knife. He wanted an osteotome, but could find none. He settled for the chisel that had been used to open the capsule. Using this he broke away several ribs to expose the lungs and the heart. Again there was no bleeding. Burton took a deep breath, then cut open the heart, slicing into the left ventricle. The interior was filled with red, spongy material. There was no liquid blood at all. "Clotted solid," he said. "No question." "Any idea what can clot people this way?" "The whole vascular system? Five quarts of blood? No." Burton sat heavily in the doctor's chair and stared at the body he had just cut open. "I've never heard of anything like it. There's a thing called disseminated intravascular coagulation, but it's rare and requires all sorts of special circumstances to initiate it." "Could a single toxin initiate it?" "In theory, I suppose. But in fact, there isn't a toxin in the world--" He stopped. "Yes," Stone said. "I suppose that's right.' He picked up the satellite designated Scoop VII and carried it outside to the van. When he came back, he said, "We'd better search the houses. "Beginning here?" "Might as well," Stone said. * It was Burton who found Mrs. Benedict. She was a pleasant-looking middle-aged lady sitting in a chair with a book on her lap; she seemed about to turn the page. Burton examined her briefly, then heard Stone call to him. He walked to the other end of the house. Stone was in a small bedroom, bent over the body of a young teenage boy on the bed. It was obviously his room: psychedelic posters on the walls, model airplanes on a shelf to one side. The boy lay on his back in bed, eyes open, staring at the ceiling. His mouth was open. In one hand, an empty tube of model-airplane cement was tightly clenched; all over the bed were empty bottles of airplane dope, paint thinner, turps. Stone stepped back. "Have a look." Burton looked in the mouth, reached a finger in, touched the now-hardened mass. "Good God," he said. Stone was frowning. "This took time," he said. "Regardless of what made him do it, it took time. We've obviously been oversimplifying events here. Everyone did not die instantaneously. Some people died in their homes; some got out into the street. And this kid here..." He shook his head. "Let's check the other houses." On the way out, Burton returned to the doctor's office, stepping around the body of the physician. It gave him a strange feeling to see the wrist and leg sliced open, the chest exposed-- but no bleeding. There was something wild and inhuman about that. As if bleeding were a sign of humanity. Well, he thought, perhaps it is. Perhaps the fact that we bleed to death makes us human. * For Stone, Piedmont was a puzzle challenging him to crack its secret. He was convinced that the town could tell him everything about the nature of the disease, its course and effects. It was only a matter of putting together the data in the proper way. But he had to admit, as they continued their search, that the data were confusing: * A house that contained a man, his wife, and their young daughter, all sitting around the dinner table. They had apparently been relaxed and happy, and none of them had had time to push back their chairs from the table. They remained frozen in attitudes of congeniality, smiling at each other across the plates of now-rotting food, and flies. Stone noticed the flies, which buzzed softly in the room. He would, he thought, have to remember the flies. * An old woman, her hair white, her face creased. She was smiling gently as she swung from a noose tied to a ceiling rafter. The rope creaked as it rubbed against the wood of the rafter. At her feet was an envelope. In a careful, neat, unhurried hand: "To whom it may concern." Stone opened the letter and read it. "The day of judgment is at hand. The earth and the waters shall open up and mankind shall be consumed. May God have mercy on my soul and upon those who have shown mercy to me. To hell with the others. Amen." Burton listened as the letter was read. "Crazy old lady," he said. "Senile dementia. She saw everyone around her dying, and she went nuts." "And killed herself?" "Yes, I think so." "Pretty bizarre way to kill herself, don't you think?" "That kid also chose a bizarre way," Burton said. Stone nodded. * Roy O. Thompson, who lived alone. From his greasy coveralls they assumed he ran the town gas station. Roy had apparently filled his bathtub with water, then knelt down, stuck his head in, and held it there until he died. When they found him his body was rigid, holding himself under the surface of the water; there was no one else around, and no sign of struggle. "Impossible," Stone said. "No one can commit suicide that way." * Lydia Everett, a seamstress in the town, who had quietly gone out to the back yard, sat in a chair, poured gasoline over herself, and struck a match. Next to the remains of her body they found the scorched gasoline can. * William Arnold, a man of sixty sitting stiffly in a chair in the living room, wearing his World War I uniform. He had been a captain in that war, and he had become a captain again, briefly, before he shot himself through the right temple with a Colt .45. There was no blood in the room when they found him; he appeared almost ludicrous, sitting there with a clean, dry hole in his head. A tape recorder stood alongside him, his left hand resting on the case. Burton looked at Stone questioningly, then turned it on. A quavering, irritable voice spoke to them. "You took your sweet time coming, didn't you? Still I am glad you have arrived at last. We are in need of reinforcements. I tell you, it's been one hell of a battle against the Hun. Lost 40 per cent last night, going over the top, and two of our officers are out with the rot. Not going well, not at all. If only Gary Cooper was here. We need men like that, the men who made America strong. I can't tell you how much it means to me, with those giants out there in the flying saucers. Now they're burning us down, and the gas is coming. You can see them die and we don't have gas masks. None at all. But I won't wait for it. I am going to do the proper thing now. I regret that I have but one life to kill for my country." The tape ran on, but it was silent. Burton turned if off. "Crazy," he said. "Stark raving mad." Stone nodded. "Some of them died instantly, and the others...went quietly nuts." "But we seem to come back to the same basic question. Why? What was the difference?" "Perhaps there's a graded immunity to this bug," Burton said. "Some people are more susceptible than others. Some people are protected, at least for a time." "You know," Stone said, "there was that report from the flybys, and those films of a man alive down here. One man in white robes." "You think he's still alive?" "Well, I wonder," Stone said. "Because if some people survived longer than others-- long enough to dictate a taped speech, or to arrange a hanging-- then you have to ask yourself if someone maybe didn't survive for a very long time. You have to ask yourself if there isn't someone in this town who is still alive." It was then that they heard the sound of crying. * At first it seemed like the sound of the wind, it was so high and thin and reedy, but they listened, feeling puzzled at first, and then astonished. The crying persisted, interrupted by little hacking coughs. They ran outside. It was faint, and difficult to localize. They ran up the street, and it seemed to grow louder; this spurred them on. And then, abruptly, the sound stopped. The two men came to a halt, gasping for breath, chests heaving. They stood in the middle of the hot, deserted street and looked at each other. "Have we lost our minds?" Burton said. "No," Stone said. "We heard it, all right." They waited. It was absolutely quiet for several minutes. Burton looked down the street, at the houses, and the jeep van parked at the other end, in front of Dr. Benedict's house. The crying began again, very loud now, a frustrated howl. The two men ran. It was not far, two houses up on the right side. A man and a woman lay outside, on the sidewalk, fallen and clutching their chests. They ran past them and into the house. The crying was still louder; it filled the empty rooms. They hurried upstairs, clambering up, and came to the bedroom. A large double bed, unmade. A dresser, a mirror, a closet. And a small crib. They leaned over, pulling back the blankets from a small, very red-faced, very unhappy infant. The baby immediately stopped crying long enough to survey their faces, enclosed in the plastic suits. Then it began to howl again. "Scared hell out of it," Burton said. "Poor thing." He picked it up gingerly and rocked it. The baby continued to scream. Its toothless mouth was wide open, its cheeks purple, and the veins stood out on its forehead. "Probably hungry," Burton said. Stone was frowning. "It's not very old. Can't be more than a couple of months. Is it a he or a she?" Burton unwrapped the blankets and checked the diapers. "He. And he needs to be changed. And fed." He looked around the room. "There's probably a formula in the kitchen..." "No," Stone said. "We don't feed it." "Why not?" "We don't do anything to that child until we get it out of this town. Maybe feeding is part of the disease process; maybe the people who weren't hit so hard or so fast were the ones who hadn't eaten recently. Maybe there's something protective about this baby's diet. Maybe..." He stopped. "But whatever it is, we can't take a chance. We've got to wait and get him into a controlled situation." Burton sighed. He knew that Stone was right, but he also knew that the baby hadn't been fed for at least twelve hours. No wonder the kid was crying. Stone said, "This is a very important development. It's a major break for us, and we've got to protect it. I think we should go back immediately." "We haven't finished our head count." Stone shook his head. "Doesn't matter. We have something much more valuable than anything we could hope to find. We have a survivor." The baby stopped crying for a moment, stuck its finger in its mouth, and looked questioningly up at Burton. Then, when he was certain no food was forthcoming, he began to howl again. "Too bad," Burton said, "he can't tell us what happened." "I'm hoping he can," Stone said. * They parked the van in the center of the main street, beneath the hovering helicopter, and signaled for it to descend with the ladder. Burton held the infant, and Stone held the Scoop satellite-- strange trophies, Stone thought, from a very strange town. The baby was quiet now; he had finally tired of crying and was sleeping fitfully, awakening at intervals to whimper, then sleep again. The helicopter descended, spinning up swirls of dust. Burton wrapped the blankets about the baby's face to protect him. The ladder came down and he climbed up, with difficulty. Stone waited on the ground, standing with the capsule in the wind and dust and thumpy noise from the helicopter. And, suddenly, he realized that he was not alone on the street. He turned, and saw a man behind him. He was an old man, with thin gray hair and a wrinkled, worn face. He wore a long nightgown that was smudged with dirt and yellowed with dust, and his feet were bare. He stumbled and tottered toward Stone. His chest was heaving with exertion beneath the nightgown. "Who are you?" Stone said. But he knew: the man in the pictures. The one who had been photographed by the airplane. "You..." the man said. "Who are you?" "You... did it..." "What is your name?" "Don't hurt me... I'm not like the others..." He was shaking with fear as he stared at Stone in his plastic suit. Stone thought, We must look strange to him. Like men from Mars, men from another world. "Don't hurt me..." "We won't hurt you," Stone said. "What is your name?" "Jackson. Peter Jackson. Sir. Please don't hurt me." He waved to the bodies in the street. "I'm not like the others..." "We won't hurt you," Stone said again. "You hurt the others . "No. We didn't." "They're dead." "We had nothing--" "You're lying," he shouted, his eyes wide. "You're lying to me. You're not human. You're only pretending. You know I'm a sick man. You know you can pretend with me. I'm a sick man. I'm bleeding, I know. I've had this ... this ... this..." He faltered, and then doubled over, clutching his stomach and wincing in pain. "Are you all right?" The man fell to the ground. He was breathing heavily, his skin pale. There was sweat on his face. "My stomach," he gasped. "It's my stomach." And then he vomited. It came up heavy, deep-red, rich with blood. "Mr. Jackson--" But the man was not awake. His eyes were closed and he was lying on his back. For a moment, Stone thought he was dead, but then he saw the chest moving, slowly, very slowly, but moving. Burton came back down. "Who is he?" "Our wandering man. Help me get him up." "Is he alive?" "So far." "I'll be damned," Burton said. * They used the power winch to hoist up the unconscious body of Peter Jackson, and then lowered it again to raise the capsule. Then, slowly, Burton and Stone climbed the rope ladder into the belly of the helicopter. They did not remove their suits, but instead clipped on a second bottle of oxygen to give them another two hours of breathing time. That would be sufficient to carry them to the Wildfire installation. The pilot established a radio connection to Vandenberg so that Stone could talk with Major Manchek. "What have you found?" Manchek said. "The town is dead. We have good evidence for an unusual process at work." "Be careful," Manchek said. "This is an open circuit." "I am aware of that. Will you order up a 7-12?" "I'll try. You want it now?" "Yes, now." "Piedmont?" "Yes." "You have the satellite?" "Yes, we have it." "All right," Manchek said. "I'll put through the order." 8. Directive 7-12 DIRECTIVE 7-12 WAS A PART OF THE FINAL Wildfire Protocol for action in the event of a biologic emergency. It called for the placement of a limited thermonuclear weapon at the site of exposure of terrestrial life to exogenous organisms. The code for the directive was Cautery, since the function of the bomb was to cauterize the infection-- to burn it out, and thus prevent its spread. As a single step in the Wildfire Protocol, Cautery had been agreed upon by the authorities involved-- Executive, State, Defense, and AEC-- after much debate. The AEC, already unhappy about the assignment of a nuclear device to the Wildfire laboratory, did not wish Cautery to be accepted as a program; State and Defense argued that any aboveground thermonuclear detonation, for whatever purpose, would have serious repercussions internationally. The President finally agreed to Directive 7-12, but insisted that he retain control over the decision to use a bomb for Cautery. Stone was displeased with this arrangement, but he was forced to accept it; the President had been under considerable pressure to reject the whole idea and had compromised only after much argument. Then, too, there was the Hudson Institute study. The Hudson Institute had been contracted to study possible consequences of Cautery. Their report indicated that the President would face four circumstances (scenarios) in which he might have to issue the Cautery order. According to degree of seriousness, the scenarios were: 1. A satellite or manned capsule lands in an unpopulated area of the United States. The President may cauterize the area with little domestic uproar and small loss of life. The Russians may be privately informed of the reasons for breaking the Moscow Treaty of 1963 forbidding aboveground nuclear testing. 2. A satellite or manned capsule lands in a major American city. (The example was Chicago.) The Cautery will require destruction of a large land area and a large population, with great domestic consequences and secondary international consequences. 3. A satellite or manned capsule lands in a major neutralist urban center. (New Delhi was the example.) The Cautery will entail American intervention with nuclear weapons to prevent further spread of disease. According to the scenarios, there were seventeen possible consequences of American-Soviet interaction following the destruction of New Delhi. Twelve led directly to thermonuclear war. 4. A satellite or manned capsule lands in a major Soviet urban center. (The example was Stalingrad.) Cautery will require the United States to inform the Soviet Union of what has happened and to advise that the Russians themselves destroy the city. According to the Hudson Institute scenario, there were six possible consequences of American-Russian interaction following this event, and all six led directly to war. It was therefore advised that if a satellite fell within Soviet or Eastern Bloc territory the United States not inform the Russians of what had happened. The basis of this decision was the prediction that a Russian plague would kill between two and five million people, while combined Soviet-American losses from a thermonuclear exchange involving both first and second-strike capabilities would come to more than two hundred and fifty million persons. As a result of the Hudson Institute report, the President and his advisers felt that control of Cautery, and responsibility for it, should remain within political, not scientific, hands. The ultimate consequences of the President's decision could not, of course, have been predicted at the time it was made. Washington came to a decision within an hour of Manchek's report. The reasoning behind the President's decision has never been clear, but the final result was plain enough: The President elected to postpone calling Directive 7-12 for twenty-four to forty-eight hours. Instead, he called out the National Guard and cordoned off the area around Piedmont for a radius of one hundred miles. And he waited. 9. Flatrock MARK WILLIAM HALL, M.D., SAT IN THE TIGHT rear seat of the F- 104 fighter and stared over the top of the rubber oxygen mask at the file on his knees. Leavitt had given it to him just before takeoff-- a heavy, thick wad of paper bound in gray cardboard. Hall was supposed to read it during the flight, but the F-104 was not made for reading; there was barely enough room in front of him to hold his hands clenched together, let alone open a file and read. Yet Hall was reading it. On the cover of the file was stenciled WILDFIRE, and underneath, an ominous note: THIS FILE IS CLASSIFIED TOP SECRET. Examination by unauthorized persons is a criminal offense punishable by fines and imprisonment up to 20 years and $20,000. When Leavitt gave him the file, Hall had read the note and whistled. "Don't you believe it," Leavitt said. "Just a scare?" "Scare, hell," Leavitt said. "If the wrong man reads this file, he just disappears." "Nice." "Read it," Leavitt said, "and you'll see why." The plane flight had taken an hour and forty minutes, cruising in eerie, perfect silence at 1.8 times the speed of sound. Hall had skimmed through most of the file; reading it, he had found, was impossible. Much of its bulk of 274 pages consisted of cross-references and interservice notations, none of which he could understand. The first page was as bad as any of them: THIS IS PAGE 1 OF 274 PAGES PROJECT: WILDFIRE AUTHORITY: NASA/AMC CLASSIFICATION: TOP SECRET (NTK BASIS) PRIORITY: NATIONAL (DX) SUBJECT: Initiation of high-security facility to prevent dispersion of toxic extraterrestrial agents. CROSSFILE: Project CLEAN, Project ZERO CONTAMINANTS, Project CAUTERY SUMMARY OF FILE CONTENTS: By executive order, construction of a facility initiated January 1965. Planning stage March 1965. Consultants Fort Detrick and General Dynamics (EBD) July 1965. Recommendation for multistory facility in isolated location for investigation of possible or probable contaminatory agents. Specifications reviewed August 1965. Approval with revision same date. Final drafts drawn and filed AMC under WILDFIRE (copies Detrick, Hawkins). Choice of site northeast Montana, reviewed August 1965. Choice of site southwest Arizona, reviewed August 1965. Choice of site northwest Nevada, reviewed September 1965. Nevada site approved October 1965. Construction completed July 1966. Funding NASA, AMC, DEFENSE (unaccountable reserves). Congressional appropriation for maintenance and personnel under same. Major alterations: Millipore filters, see page 74. Self-destruct capacity (nuclear), page 88. Ultraviolet irradiators removed, see page 81. Single Man Hypothesis (Odd Man Hypothesis), page 255. PERSONNEL SUMMARIES HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED FROM THIS FILE. PERSONNEL MAY BE FOUND IN AMC (WILDFIRE) FILES ONLY. The second page listed the basic parameters of the system, as laid down by the original Wildfire planning group. This specified the most important concept of the installation, namely that it would consist of roughly similar, descending levels, all underground. Each would be more sterile than the one above. THIS IS PAGE 2 OF 274 PAGES PROJECT: WILDFIRE PRIMARY PARAMETERS 1. THERE ARE TO BE FIVE STAGES: Stage 1: Non-decontaminated, but clean. Approximates sterility of hospital operating room or NASA clean room. No time delay of entrance. Stage II: Minimal sterilization procedures: hexachlorophene and methitol bath, not requiring total immersion. One-hour delay with clothing change. Stage III: Moderate sterilization procedures: total-immersion bath, UV irradiation, followed by two-hour delay for preliminary testing. Afebrile infections of UR and GU tracts permitted to pass. Viral symptomatology permitted to pass. Stage IV: Maximal sterilization procedures: total immersion in four baths of biocaine, monochlorophin, xantholysin, and prophyne with intermediate thirty-minute UV and IR irradiation. All infection hafted at this stage on basis of symptomatology or clinical signs. Routine screening of all personnel. Six-hour delay. Stage V: Redundant sterilization procedures: no further immersions or testing, but destruct clothing x2 per day. Prophylactic antibiotics for forty-eight hours. Daily screen for superinfection, first eight days. 2. EACH STAGE INCLUDES: 1. Resting quarters, individual 2. Recreation quarters, including movie and game room 3. Cafeteria, automatic 4. Library, with main journals transmitted by Xerox or TV from main library Level 1. 5. Shelter, a high-security antimicrobial complex with safety in event of level contamination. 6. Laboratories: a) biochemistry, with all necessary equipment for automatic amino-acid analysis, sequence determination, O/R potentials, lipid and carbohydrate determinations on human, animal, other subjects. b) pathology, with EM, phase and LM, microtomes and curing rooms. Five full-time technicians each level. One autopsy room. One room for experimental animals. c) microbiology, with all facilities for growth, nutrient, analytic, immunologic studies. Subsections bacterial, viral, parasitic, other. d) pharmacology, with material for dose-relation and receptor site specificity studies of known compounds. Pharmacy to include drugs as noted in appendix. e) main room, experimental animals. 75 genetically pure strains of mice; 27 of rat; 17 of cat; 12 of dog; 8 of primate. f) nonspecific room for previously unplanned experiments. 7. Surgery: for care and treatment of staff, including operating room facilities for acute emergencies. 8. Communications: for contact with other levels by audiovisual and other means. COUNT YOUR PAGES REPORT ANY MISSING PAGES AT ONCE COUNT YOUR PAGES As Hall continued to read, he found that only on Level 1, the topmost floor, would there be a large computer complex for data analysis, but that this computer would serve all other levels on a time-sharing basis. This was considered feasible since, for biologic problems, real time was unimportant in relation to computer time, and multiple problems could be fed and handled at once. He was leafing through the rest of the file, looking for the part that interested him-- the Odd Man Hypothesis-- when he came upon a page that was rather unusual. THIS IS PAGE 255 OF 274 PAGES BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE THIS PAGE FROM A HIGH-SECURITY FILE HAS BEEN DELETED THE PAGE IS NUMBER: two hundred fifty-five/255 THE FILE IS CODED: Wildfire THE SUBJECT MATTER DELETED IS: Odd Man Hypothesis PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS CONSTITUTES A LEGAL DELETION FROM THE FILE WHICH NEED NOT BE REPORTED BY THE READER. MACHINE SCORE REVIEW BELOW Hall was frowning at the page, wondering what it meant, when the pilot said, "Dr. Hall?" "Yes." "We have just passed the last checkpoint, Sir. We will touch down in four minutes." "All right." Hall paused. "Do you know where, exactly, we are landing?" "I believe," said the pilot, "that it is Flatrock, Nevada." "I see," Hall said. A few minutes later, the flaps went down, and he heard a whine as the airplane slowed. * Nevada was the ideal site for Wildfire. The Silver State ranks seventh in size, but forty-ninth in population; it is the least-dense state in the Union after Alaska. Particularly when one considers that 85 per cent of the state's 440,000 people live in Las Vegas, Reno, or Carson City, the population density of 1.2 persons per square mile seems well suited for projects such as Wildfire, and indeed many have been located there. Along with the famous atomic site at Vinton Flats, there is the Ultra-Energy Test Station at Martindale, and the Air Force Medivator Unit near Los Gados. Most of these facilities are in the southern triangle of the state, having been located there in the days before Las Vegas swelled to receive twenty million visitors a year. More recently, government test stations have been located in the northwest corner of Nevada, which is still relatively isolated. Pentagon classified lists include five new installations in that area; the nature of each is unknown. 10. Stage I HALL LANDED SHORTLY AFTER NOON, THE hottest part of the day. The sun beat down from a pale, cloudless sky and the airfield asphalt was soft under his feet as he walked from the airplane to the small quonset hut at the edge of the runway. Feeling his feet sink into the surface, Hall thought that the airfield must have been designed primarily for night use; at night it would be cold, the asphalt solid. The quonset hut was cooled by two massive, grumbling air conditioners. It was furnished sparsely: a card table in one corner, at which two pilots sat, playing poker and drinking coffee. A guard in the corner was making a telephone call; he had a machine gun slung over his shoulder. He did not look up as Hall entered. There was a coffee machine near the telephone. Hall went over with his pilot and they each poured a cup. Hall took a sip and said, "Where's the town, anyway? I didn't see it as we were coming in." "Don't know, Sir." "Have you been here before?" "No Sir. It's not on the standard runs." "Well, what exactly does this airfield serve?" At that moment, Leavitt strode in and beckoned to Hall. The bacteriologist led him through the back of the quonset and then out into the heat again, to a light-blue Falcon sedan parked in the rear. There were no identifying marks of any kind on the car; there was no driver. Leavitt slipped behind the wheel and motioned for Hall to get in. As Leavitt put the car in gear, Hall said, "I guess we don't rate any more." "Oh yes. We rate. But drivers aren't used out here. In fact, we don't use any more personnel than we have to. The number of wagging tongues is kept to a minimum." They set off across desolate, hilly countryside. In the distance were blue mountains, shimmering in the liquid heat of the desert. The road was pock-marked and dusty; it looked as if it hadn't been used for years. Hall mentioned this. "Deceptive," Leavitt said. "We took great pains about it. We spent nearly five thousand dollars on this road." "Why?" Leavitt shrugged. "Had to get rid of the tractor treadmarks. A hell of a lot of heavy equipment has moved over these roads, at one time or another. Wouldn't want anyone to wonder why." "Speaking of caution," Hall said after a pause, "I was reading in the file. Something about an atomic self-destruct device." "What about it?" "It exists?" "It exists." Installation of the device had been a major stumbling block in the early plans for Wildfire. Stone and the others had insisted that they retain control over the detonate/no detonate decision; the AEC and the Executive branch had been reluctant. No atomic device had been put in private hands before. Stone argued that in the event of a leak in the Wildfire lab, there might not be time to consult with Washington and get a Presidential detonate order. It was a long time before the President agreed that this might be true. "I was reading," Hall said, "that this device is somehow connected with the Odd Man Hypothesis." "It is." "How? The page on Odd Man was taken from my file." "I know," Leavitt said. "We'll talk about it later." * The Falcon turned off the potted road onto a dirt track. The sedan raised a heavy cloud of dust, and despite the heat, they were forced to roll up the windows. Hall lit a cigarette. "That'll be your last," Leavitt said. "I know. Let me enjoy it." On their fight, they passed a sign that said GOVERNMENT PROPERTY KEEP OFF, but there was no fence, no guard, no dogs-- just a battered, weather-beaten sign. "Great security measures," Hall said. "We try not to arouse suspicion. The security is better than it looks." They proceeded another mile, bouncing along the dirt rut, and then came over a hill. Suddenly Hall saw a large, fenced circle perhaps a hundred yards in diameter. The fence, he noticed, was ten feet high and sturdy; at intervals it was laced with barbed wire. Inside was a utilitarian wooden building, and a field of corn. "Com?" Hall said. "Rather clever, I think." They came to the entrance gate. A man in dungarees and a T-shirt came out and opened it for them; he held a sandwich in one hand and was chewing vigorously as he unlocked the gate. He winked and smiled and waved them through, still chewing. The sign by the gate said: GOVERNMENT PROPERTY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DESERT RECLAMATION TEST STATION Leavitt drove through the gates and parked by the wooden building. He left the keys on the dashboard and got out. Hall followed him. "Now what?" "Inside," Leavitt said. They entered the building, coming directly into a small room. A man in a Stetson hat, checked sport shirt, and string tie sat at a rickety desk. He was reading a newspaper and, like the man at the gate, eating his lunch. He looked up and smiled pleasantly. "Howdy," he said. "Hello," Leavitt said. "Help you folks?" "Just passing through," Leavitt said. "On the way to Rome." The man nodded. "Have you got the time?" "My watch stopped yesterday," Leavitt said. "Durn shame," the man said. "It's because of the heat." The ritual completed, the man nodded again. And they walked past him, out of the anteroom and down a corridor. The doors had hand-printed labels: "Seedling Incubation"; "Moisture Control"; "Soil Analysis." A half-dozen people were at work in the building, all of them dressed casually, but all of them apparently busy. "This is a real agricultural station," Leavitt said. "If necessary, that man at the desk could give you a guided tour, explaining the purpose of the station and the experiments that are going on. Mostly they are attempting to develop a strain of corn that can grow in low-moisture, high-alkalinity soil. "And the Wildfire installation?" "Here," Leavitt said. He opened a door marked "Storage" and they found themselves staring at a narrow cubicle lined with rakes and hoes and watering hoses. "Step in," Leavitt said. Hall did. Leavitt followed and closed the door behind him. Hall felt the floor sink and they began to descend, rakes and hoses and all. In a moment, he found himself in a modern, bare room, lighted by banks of cold overhead fluorescent lights. The walls were painted red. The only object in the room was a rectangular, waist-high box that reminded Hall of a podium. It had a glowing green glass top. "Step up to the analyzer," Leavitt said. "Place your hands flat on the glass, palms down." Hall did. He felt a faint tingling in his fingers, and then the machine gave a buzz. "All right. Step back." Leavitt placed his hands on the box, waited for the buzz, and then said, "Now we go over here. You mentioned the security arrangements; I'll show them to you before we enter Wildfire." He nodded to a door across the room. "What was that thing?" "Finger and palm-print analyzer," Leavitt said. "It is fully automatic. Reads a composite of ten thousand dermatographic lines so it can't make a mistake; in its storage banks it has a record of the prints of everyone cleared to enter Wildfire." Leavitt pushed through the door. They were faced with another door, marked SECURITY, which slid back noiselessly. They entered a darkened room in which a single man sat before banks of green dials. "Hello, John," Leavitt said to the man. "How are you?" "Good, Dr. Leavitt. Saw you come in." Leavitt introduced Hall to the security man, who then demonstrated the equipment to Hall. There were, the man explained, two radar scanners located in the hills overlooking the installation; they were well concealed but quite effective. Then closer in, impedance sensors were buried in the ground; they signaled the approach of any animal life weighing more than one hundred pounds. The sensors ringed the base. "We've never missed anything yet," the man said. "And if we do . . . " He shrugged. To Leavitt: "Going to show him the dogs?" "Yes," Leavitt said. They walked through into an adjoining room. There were nine large cages there, and the room smelled strongly of animals. Hall found himself looking at nine of the largest German shepherds he had ever seen. They barked at him as he entered, but there was no sound in the room. He watched in astonishment as they opened their mouths and threw their heads forward in a barking motion. No sound. "These are Army-trained sentry dogs," the security man said. "Bred for viciousness. You wear leather clothes and heavy gloves when you walk them. They've undergone laryngectomies, which is why you can't hear them. Silent and vicious." Hall said, "Have you ever, uh, used them?" "No," the security man said. "Fortunately not." * They were in a small room with lockers. Hall found one with his name on it. "We change in here," Leavitt said. He nodded to a stack of pink uniforms in one corner. "Put those on, after you have removed everything you are wearing." Hall changed quickly. The uniforms were loose-fitting one-piece suits that zipped up the side. When they had changed they proceeded down a passageway. Suddenly an alarm sounded and a gate in front of them slid closed abruptly. Overhead, a white light began to flash. Hall was confused, and it was only much later that he remembered Leavitt looked away from the flashing light. "Something's wrong," Leavitt said. "Did you remove everything?" "Yes," Hall said. "Rings, watch, everything?" Hall looked at his hands. He still had his watch on. "Go back," Leavitt said. "Put it in your locker." Hall did. When he came back, they started down the corridor a second time. The gate remained open, and there was no alarm. "Automatic as well?" Hall said. "Yes," Leavitt said. "It picks up any foreign object. When we installed it, we were worried because we knew it would pick up glass eyes, cardiac pacemakers, false teeth-- anything at all. But fortunately nobody on the project has these things." "Fillings?" "It is programmed to ignore fillings." "How does it work?" "Some kind of capacitance phenomenon. I don't really understand it," Leavitt said. They passed a sign that said: YOU ARE NOW ENTERING LEVEL I -- PROCEED DIRECTLY TO IMMUNIZATION CONTROL Hall noticed that all the walls were red. He mentioned this to Leavitt. "Yes," Leavitt said. "All levels are painted a different color. Level I is red; II, yellow; III, white; IV, green; and V, blue." "Any particular reason for the choice?" "It seems," Leavitt said, "that the Navy sponsored some studies a few years back on the psychological effects of colored environments. Those studies have been applied here." They came to Immunization. A door slid back revealing three glass booths. Leavitt said, "Just sit down in one of them." "I suppose this is automatic, too?" "Of course." Hall entered a booth and closed the door behind him. There was a couch, and a mass of complex equipment. In front of the couch was a television screen, which showed several lighted points. "Sit down," said a flat mechanical voice. Sit down. Sit down." He sat on the couch. "Observe the screen before you. Place your body on the couch so that all points are obliterated." He looked at the screen. He now saw that the points were arranged in the shape of a man. He shifted his body, and one by one the spots disappeared. "Very good," said the voice. "We may now proceed. State your name for the record. Last name first, first name last." "Mark Hall," he said. "State your name for the record. Last name first, first name last." Simultaneously, on the screen appeared the words: SUBJECT HAS GIVEN UNCODABLE RESPONSE "Hall, Mark." "Thank you for your cooperation, " said the voice. "Please recite, 'Mary had a little lamb.' " "You're kidding," Hall said. There was a pause, and the faint sound of relays and circuits clicking. The screen again showed: SUBJECT HAS GIVEN UNCODABLE RESPONSE "Please recite." Feeling rather foolish, Hall said, "Mary had a little lamb, her fleece was white as snow, and everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go." Another pause. Then the voice: "Thank you for your cooperation. " And the screen said: ANALYZER CONFIRMS IDENTITY HALL, MARK "Please listen closely," said the mechanical voice. "You will answer the following questions with a yes or no reply. Make no other response. Have you received a smallpox vaccination within the last twelve months?" "Yes." "Diphtheria?" "Yes." "Typhoid and paratyphoid A and B?" "Yes." "Tetanus toxoid?" "Yes." "Yellow fever?" "Yes, yes, yes. I had them all." "Just answer the question please. Uncooperative subjects waste valuable computer time." "Yes," Hall said, subdued. When he had joined the Wildfire team, he had undergone immunizations for everything imaginable, even plague and cholera, which had to be renewed every six months, and gamma-globulin shots for viral infection. "Have you ever contracted tuberculosis or other mycobacterial disease, or had a positive skin test for tuberculosis? "No." "Have you ever contracted syphilis or other spirochetal disease, or had a positive serological test for syphilis?" "No." "Have you contracted within the past year any gram-positive bacterial infection, such as streptococcus, staphylococcus, or pneumococcus?" "No." "Any gram-negative infection, such as gonococcus, meningeococcus, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, or shigella?" "No." "Have you contracted any recent or past fungal infection, including blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, or coccidiomycosis, or had a positive skin test for any fungal disease?" "No." "Have you had any recent viral infection, including poliomyelitis, hepatitis, mononucleosis, mumps, measles, varicella, or herpes?" "No." "Any warts?" "No." "Have you any known allergies?" "Yes, to ragweed pollen." On the screen appeared the words: ROGEEN PALEN And then after a moment: UNCODABLE RESPONSE "Please repeat your response slowly for our memory cells." Very distinctly, he said, "Ragweed pollen." On the screen: RAGWEED POLLEN CODED "Are you allergic to albumen?" continued the voice. "No." "This ends the formal questions. Please undress and return to the couch, obliterating the points as before." He did so. A moment later, an ultraviolet lamp swung out on a long arm and moved close to his body. Next to the lamp was some kind of scanning eye. Watching the screen he could see the computer print of the scan, beginning with his feet. [graphic of a foot] "This is a scan for fungus," the voice announced. After several minutes, Hall was ordered to lie on his stomach, and the process was repeated. He was then told to lie on his back once more and align himself with the dots. "Physical parameters will now be measured," the voice said. "You are requested to lie quietly while the examination is conducted." A variety of leads snaked out at him and were attached by mechanical hands to his body. Some he could understand the half-dozen leads over his chest for an electrocardiogram, and twenty-one on his head for an electroencephalogram. But others were fixed on his stomach, his arms, and his legs. "Please raise your left hand," said the voice. Hall did. From above, a mechanical hand came down, with an electric eye fixed on either side of it. The mechanical hand examined Hall's. "Place your hand on the board to the left. Do not move. You will feel a slight prick as the intravenous needle is inserted." Hall looked over at the screen. It flashed a color image of his hand, with the veins showing in a pattern of green against a blue background. Obviously the machine worked by sensing heat. He was about to protest when he felt a brief sting. He looked back. The needle was in. "Now then, just lie quietly. Relax." For fifteen seconds, the machinery whirred and clattered. Then the leads were withdrawn. The mechanical hands placed a neat Band-Aid over the intravenous puncture. "This completes your physical parameters," the voice said. "Can I get dressed now?" "Please sit up with your right shoulder facing the television screen. You will receive pneumatic injections." A gun with a thick cable came out of one wall, pressed up against the skin of his shoulder, and fired. There was a hissing sound and a brief pain. "Now you may dress," said the voice. "Be advised that you may feel dizzy for a few hours. You have received booster immunizations and gamma G. If you feel dizzy, sit down. If you suffer systemic effects such as nausea, vomiting, or fever, report at once to Level Control. Is that clear?" "Yes." "The exit is to your right. Thank you for your cooperation. This recording is now ended." * Hall walked with Leavitt down a long red corridor. His arm ached from the injection. "That machine," Hall said. "You'd better not let the AMA find out about it." "We haven't," Leavitt said. In fact, the electronic body analyzer had been developed by Sandeman Industries in 1965, under a general government contract to produce body monitors for astronauts in space. It was understood by the government at that time that such a device, though expensive at a cost of $87,000 each, would eventually replace the human physician as a diagnostic instrument. The difficulties, for both doctor and patient, of adjusting to this new machine were recognized by everyone. The government did not plan to release the EBA until 1971 and then only to certain large hospital facilities. Walking along the corridor, Hall noticed that the walls were slightly curved. "Where exactly are we?" "On the perimeter of Level 1. To our left are all the laboratories. To the right is nothing but solid rock." Several people were walking in the corridor. Everyone wore pink jumpsuits. They all seemed serious and busy. "Where are the others on the team?" Hall said. "Right here," Leavitt said. He opened a door marked CONFERENCE 7, and they entered a room with a large hardwood table. Stone was there, standing stiffly erect and alert, as if he had just taken a cold shower. Alongside him, Burton, the pathologist, somehow appeared sloppy and confused, and there was a kind of tired fright in his eyes. They all exchanged greetings and sat down. Stone reached into his pocket and removed two keys. One was silver, the other red. The red one had a chain attached to it. He gave it to Hall. "Put it around your neck, " he said. Hall looked at it. "What's this?" Leavitt said, "I'm afraid Mark is still unclear about the Odd Man." "I thought that he would read it on the plane." "His file was edited." "I see." Stone turned to Hall. "You know nothing about the Odd Man?" "Nothing," Hall said, frowning at the key. "Nobody told you that a major factor in your selection to the team was your single status?" "What does that have to do--" "The fact of the matter is," Stone said, "that you are the Odd Man. You are the key to all this. Quite literally." He took his own key and walked to a corner of the room. He pushed a hidden button and the wood paneling slid away to reveal a burnished metal console. He inserted his key into a lock and twisted it. A green light on the console flashed on; he stepped back. The paneling slid into place. "At the lowest level of this laboratory is an automatic atomic self-destruct device," Stone said. "It is controlled from within the laboratory. I have just inserted my key and armed the mechanism. The device is ready for detonation. The key on this level cannot be removed; it is now locked in place. Your key, on the other hand, can be inserted and removed again. There is a three-minute delay between the time detonation locks in and the time the bomb goes off. That period is to provide you time to think, and perhaps call it all off." Hall was still frowning. "But why me?" "Because you are single. We have to have one unmarried man." Stone opened a briefcase and withdrew a file. He gave it to Hall. "Read that." It was a Wildfire file. "Page 255," Stone said. Hall turned to it. Project: Wildfire ALTERATIONS 1. Millipore(R) Filters, insertion into ventilatory system. Initial spec filters unilayer styrilene, with maximal efficiency of 97.4% trapping. Replaced in 1966 when Upjohn developed filters capable of trapping organisms of size up to one micron. Trapping at 90% efficiency per leaf, causing triple-layered membrance to give results of 99.9%. Infective ratio of .1% remainder too low to be harmful. Cost factor of four or five-layered membrance removing all but .001% considered prohibitive for added gain. Tolerance parameter of 1/1,000 considered sufficient. Installation completed 8/12/66. 2. Atomic Self-Destruct Device, change in detonator close-gap timers. See AEC/Def file 77-12-0918. 3. Atomic Self-Destruct Device, revision of core maintenance schedules for K technicians, see AEC/Warburg file 77-14-0004. 4. Atomic Self-Destruct Device, final command decision change. See AEC/Def file 77-14-0023. SUMMARY APPENDED. SUMMARY OF ODD MAN HYPOTHESIS: First tested as null hypothesis by Wildfire advisory committee. Grew out of tests conducted by USAF (NORAD) to determine reliability of commanders in making life/death decisions. Tests involved decisions in ten scenario contexts, with prestructured alternatives drawn up by Walter Reed Psychiatric Division, after n-order test analysis by biostatistics unit, NIH, Bethesda. Test given to SAC pilots and groundcrews, NORAD workers, and others involved in decision-making or positive-action capacity. Ten scenarios drawn up by Hudson Institute; subjects required-- to make YES/NO decision in each case. Decisions always involved thermonuclear or chem-biol destruction of enemy targets. Data on 7420 subjects tested by H,H, program for multifactorial analysis of variance; later test by ANOVAR program; final discrimination by CLASSIF program. NIH biostat summarizes this program as follows: It is the object of this program to determine the effectiveness of assigning individuals to distinct groups on the basis of scores which can be quantified. The program produces group contours and probability of classification for individuals as a control of data. Program prints: mean scores for groups, contour confidence limits, and scores of individual test subjects. K.G. Borgrand, Ph.D. NIH RESULTS OF ODD MAN STUDY: The study concluded that married individuals performed differently from single individuals on several parameters of the test. Hudson Institute provided mean answers, i.e. theoretical "right" decisions, made by computer on basis of data given in scenario. Conformance of study groups to these right answers produced an index of effectiveness, a measure of the extent to which correct decisions were made. Group: Index of Effectiveness Married males: .343 Married females: .399 Single females: .402 Single males: .824 The data indicate that married men choose the correct decision only once in three times, while single men choose correctly four out of five times. The group of single males was then broken down further, in search of highly accurate subgroups within that classification. Results of special testing confirm the Odd Man Hypothesis, that an unmarried male should carry out command decisions involving thermonuclear or chem-biol destruct contexts. Single males, total: .824 Military: commissioned officer: .655 noncommissioned officer: .624 Technical: engineers: .877 ground crews: .901 Service: maintenance and utility: .758 Professional: Scientists: .946 These results concerning the relative skill of decision-making individuals should not be interpreted hastily. Although it would appear that janitors are better decision makers than generals, the situation is in reality more complex. PRINTED SCORES ARE SUMMATIONS OF TEST AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS. DATA MUST BE INTERPRETED WITH THIS IN MIND. Failure to do so may lead to totally erroneous and dangerous assumptions. Application of study to Wildfire command personnel conducted at request of AEC at time of implantation of self-destruct nuclear capacity. Test given to all Wildfire personnel; results filed under CLASSIF WILDFIRE: GENERAL PERSONNEL (see ref. 77-14-0023). Special testing for command group. Name: Index of Effectiveness Burton: .543 Leavitt: .601 Kirke: .614 Stone: .687 Hall: .899 Results of special testing confirm the Odd Man Hypothesis, that an unmarried male should carry out command decisions involving thermonuclear or chem-biol destruct contexts. When Hall had finished reading, he said, "It's crazy." "Nonetheless," Stone said, "it was the only way we could get the government to put control of the weapon in our hands. "You really expect me to put in my key, and fire that thing?" "I'm afraid you don't understand," Stone said. "The detonation mechanism is automatic. Should breakthrough of the organism occur, with contamination of all Level V, detonation will take place within three minutes unless you lock in your key, and call it off." "Oh," Hall said, in a quiet voice. 11. Decontamination A BELL RANG SOMEWHERE ON THE LEVEL; STONE glanced up at the wall clock. It was late. He began the formal briefing, talking rapidly, pacing up and down the room, hands moving constantly. "As you know," he said, "we are on the top level of a five-story underground structure. According to protocol it will take us nearly twenty-four hours to descend through the sterilization and decontamination procedures to the lowest level. Therefore we must begin immediately. The capsule is already on its way." He pressed a button on a console at the head of the table, and a television screen glowed to life, showing the coneshaped satellite in a plastic bag, making its descent. It was being cradled by mechanical hands. "The central core of this circular building," Stone said, "contains elevators and service units-- plumbing, wiring, that sort of thing. That is where you see the capsule now. It will be deposited shortly in a maximum-sterilization assembly on the lowest level." He went on to explain that he had brought back two other surprises from Piedmont. The screen shifted to show Peter Jackson, lying on a litter, with intravenous lines running into both arms. "This man apparently survived the night. He was the one walking around when the planes flew over, and he was still alive this morning." "What's his status now?" "Uncertain," Stone said. "He is unconscious, and he was vomiting blood earlier today. We've started intravenous dextrose to keep him fed and hydrated until we can get down to the bottom." Stone flicked a button and the screen showed the baby. It was howling, strapped down to a tiny bed. An intravenous bottle was running into a vein in the scalp. "This little fellow also survived last night," Stone said. "So we brought him along. We couldn't really leave him, since a Directive 7-12 was being called. The town is now destroyed by a nuclear blast. Besides, he and Jackson are living clues which may help us unravel this mess." Then, for the benefit of Hall and Leavitt, the two men disclosed what they had seen and learned at Piedmont. They reviewed the findings of rapid death, the bizarre suicides, the clotted arteries and the lack of bleeding. Hall listened in astonishment. Leavitt sat shaking his head. When they were through, Stone said, "Questions?" "None that won't keep," Leavitt said. "Then let's get started," Stone said. * They began at a door, which said in plain white letters: TO LEVEL II It was an innocuous, straightforward, almost mundane sign. Hall had expected something more-- perhaps a stern guard with a machine gun, or a sentry to check passes. But there was nothing, and he noticed that no one had badges, or clearance cards of any kind. He mentioned this to Stone. "Yes," Stone said. "We decided against badges early on. They are easily contaminated and difficult to sterilize; usually they are plastic and high-heat sterilization melts them." The four men passed through the door, which clanged shut heavily and sealed with a hissing sound. It was airtight. Hall faced a tiled room, empty except for a hamper marked I 'clothing." He unzipped his jumpsuit and dropped it into the hamper; there was a brief flash of light as it was incinerated. Then, looking back, he saw that on the door through which he had come was a sign: "Return to Level I is NOT Possible Through this Access." He shrugged. The other men were already moving through the second door, marked simply EXIT. He followed them and stepped into clouds of steam. The odor was peculiar, a faint woodsy smell that he guessed was scented disinfectant. He sat down on a bench and relaxed, allowing the steam to envelop him. It was easy enough to understand the purpose of the steam room: the heat opened the pores, and the steam would be inhaled into the lungs. The four men waited, saying little, until their bodies were coated with a sheen of moisture, and then walked into the next room. Leavitt said to Hall, "What do you think of this?" "It's like a goddam Roman bath," Hall said. The next room contained a shallow tub ("Immerse Feet ONLY") and a shower. ("Do not swallow shower solution. Avoid undue exposure to eyes and mucous membranes.") It was all very intimidating. He tried to guess what the solutions were by smell, but failed; the shower was slippery, though, which meant it was alkaline. He asked Leavitt about this, and Leavitt said the solution was alpha chlorophin at pH 7.7. Leavitt said that whenever possible, acidic and alkaline solutions were alternated. "When you think about it," Leavitt said, "we've faced up to quite a planning problem here. How to disinfect the human body-- one of the dirtiest things in the known universe-- without killing the person at the same time. Interesting. He wandered off. Dripping wet from the shower, Hall looked around for a towel but found none. He entered the next room and blowers turned on from the ceiling in a rush of hot air. From the sides of the room, UV lights clicked on, bathing the room in an intense purple light. He stood there until a buzzer sounded, and the dryers turned off. His skin tingled slightly as he entered the last room, which contained clothing. They were not jumpsuits, but rather like surgical uniforms-- light-yellow, a loose-fitting top with a V-neck and short sleeves; elastic banded pants; low rubber-soled shoes, quite comfortable, like ballet slippers. The cloth was soft, some kind of synthetic. He dressed and stepped with the others through a door marked EXIT TO LEVEL II. He entered the elevator and waited as it descended. Hall emerged to find himself in a corridor. The was here were painted yellow, not red as they had been on Level I. The people wore yellow uniforms. A nurse by the elevator said, "The time is 2:47 p.m., gentlemen. You may continue your descent in one hour." They went to a small room marked INTERIM CONFINEMENT. It contained a half-dozen couches with plastic disposable covers over them. Stone said, "Better relax. Sleep if you can. We'll need all the rest we can get before Level V. " He walked over to Hall. "How did you find the decontamination procedure?" "Interesting," Hall said. "You could sell it to the Swedes and make a fortune. But somehow I expected something more rigorous." "Just wait," Stone said. "It gets tougher as you go. Physicals on Levels III and IV. Afterward there will be a brief conference." Then Stone lay down on one of the couches and fell instantly asleep. It was a trick he had learned years before, when he had been conducting experiments around the clock. He learned to squeeze in an hour here, two hours there. He found it useful. * The second decontamination procedure was similar to the first. Hall's yellow clothing, though he had worn it just an hour, was incinerated. "Isn't that rather wasteful?" he asked Burton. Burton shrugged. "It's paper." "Paper? That cloth?" Burton shook his head. "Not cloth. Paper. New process." They stepped into the first total-immersion pool. Instructions on the wall told Hall to keep his eyes open under water. Total immersion, he soon discovered, was guaranteed by the simple device of making the connection between the first room and the second an underwater passage. Swimming through, he felt a slight burning of his eyes, but nothing bad. The second room contained a row of six boxes, glass-walled, looking rather like telephone booths. Hall approached one and saw a sign that said, "Enter and close both eyes. Hold arms slightly away from body and stand with feet one foot apart. Do not open eyes until buzzer sounds. BLINDNESS MAY RESULT FROM EXPOSURE TO LONG-WAVE RADIATION." He followed the directions and felt a kind of cold heat on his body. It lasted perhaps five minutes, and then he heard the buzzer and opened his eyes. His body was dry. He followed the others to a corridor, consisting of four showers. Walking down the corridor, he passed beneath each shower in turn. At the end, he found blowers, which dried him, and then clothing. This time the clothing was white. They dressed, and took the elevator down to Level III. * There were four nurses waiting for them; one took Hall to an examining room. It turned out to be a two-hour physical examination, given not by a machine but by a blank-faced, thorough young man. Hall was annoyed, and thought to himself that he preferred the machine. The doctor did everything, including a complete history birth, education, travel, family history, past hospitalizations and illnesses. And an equally complete physical. Hall became angry; it was all so damned unnecessary. But the doctor shrugged and kept saying, "It's routine." After two hours, he rejoined the others, and proceeded to Level IV. * Four total-immersion baths, three sequences of ultraviolet and infrared light, two of ultrasonic vibrations, and then something quite astonishing at the end. A steel-walled cubicle, with a helmet on a peg. The sign said, "This is an ultraflash apparatus. To protect head and facial hair, place metal helmet securely on head, then press button below." Hall had never heard of ultraflash, and he followed directions, not knowing what to expect. He placed the helmet over his head, then pressed the button. There was a single, brief, dazzling burst of white light, followed by a wave of heat that filled the cubicle. He felt a moment of pain, so swift he hardly recognized it until it was over. Cautiously, he removed the helmet and looked at his body. His skin was covered with a fine, white ash-- and then he realized that the ash was his skin, or had been: the machine had burned away the outer epithelial layers. He proceeded to a shower and washed the ash off. When he finally reached the dressing room, he found green uniforms. * Another physical. This time they wanted samples of everything: sputum, oral epithelium, blood, urine, stool. He submitted passively to the tests, examinations, questions. He was tired, and was beginning to feel disoriented. The repetitions, the new experiences, the colors on the walls, the same bland artificial light... Finally, he was brought back to Stone and the others. Stone said, "We have six hours on this level-- that's protocol, waiting while they do the lab tests on us-- so we might as well sleep. Down the corridor are rooms, marked with your names. Further down is the cafeteria. We'll meet there in five hours for a conference. Right?" Hall found his room, marked with a plastic door tag. He entered, surprised to find it quite large. He had been expecting something the size of a Pullman cubicle, but this was bigger and better-furnished. There was a bed, a chair, a small desk, and a computer console with built-in TV set. He was curious about the computer, but also very tired. He lay down on the bed and fell asleep quickly. * Burton could not sleep. He lay in his bed on Level IV and stared at the ceiling, thinking. He could not get the image of that town out of his mind, or those bodies, lying in the street without bleeding... Burton was not a hematologist, but his work had involved some blood studies. He knew that a variety of bacteria had effects on blood. His own research with staphylococcus, for example, had shown that this organism produced two enzymes that altered blood. One was the so-called exotoxin, which destroyed skin and dissolved red cells. Another was a coagulase, which coated the bacteria with protein to inhibit destruction by white cells. So it was possible that bacteria could alter blood. And it could do it many different ways: strep produced an enzyme, streptokinase, that dissolved coagulated plasma. Clostridia and pneumococci produced a variety of hemolysins that destroyed red cells. Malaria and amebae also destroyed red cells, by digesting them as food. Other parasites did the same thing. So it was possible. But it didn't help them in finding out how the Scoop organism worked. Burton tried to recall the sequence for blood clotting. He remembered that it operated like a kind of waterfall: one enzyme was set off, and activated, which acted on a second enzyme, which acted on a third; the third on a fourth; and so on, down through twelve or thirteen steps, until finally blood clotted. And vaguely he remembered the rest, the details: all the intermediate steps, the necessary enzymes, the metals, ions, local factors. It was horribly complex. He shook his head and tried to sleep. * Leavitt, the clinical microbiologist, was thinking through the steps in isolation and identification of the causative organism. He had been over it before; he was one of the original founders of the group, one of the men who developed the Life Analysis Protocol. But now, on the verge of putting that plan into effect, he had doubts. Two years before, sitting around after lunch, talking speculatively, it had all seemed wonderful. It had been an amusing intellectual game then, a kind of abstract test of wits. But now, faced with a real agent that caused real and bizarre death, he wondered whether all their plans would prove to be so effective and so complete as they once thought. The first steps were simple enough. They would examine the capsule minutely and culture everything onto growth media. They would be hoping like hell to come up with an organism that they could work with, experiment on, and identify. And after that, attempt to find out how it attacked. There was already the suggestion that it killed by clotting the blood; if that turned out to be the case, they had a good start, but if not, they might waste valuable time following it up. The example of cholera came to mind. For centuries, men had known that cholera was a fatal disease, and that it caused severe diarrhea, sometimes producing as much as thirty quarts of fluid a day. Men knew this, but they somehow assumed that the lethal effects of the disease were unrelated to the diarrhea; they searched for something else: an antidote, a drug, a way to kill the organism. It was not until modern times that cholera was recognized as a disease that killed through dehydration primarily; if you could replace a victim's water losses rapidly, he would survive the infection without other drugs or treatment. Cure the symptoms, cure the disease. But Leavitt wondered about the Scoop organism. Could they cure the disease by treating the blood clotting? Or was the clotting secondary to some more serious, disorder? There was also another concern, a nagging fear that had bothered him since the earliest planning stages of Wildfire. In those early meetings, Leavitt had argued that the Wildfire team might be committing extraterrestrial murder. Leavitt had pointed out that all men, no matter how scientifically objective, had several built-in biases when discussing life. One was the assumption that complex life was larger than simple life. It was certainly true on the earth. As organisms became more intelligent, they grew larger, passing from the single-celled stage to multicellular creatures, and then to larger animals with differentiated cells working in groups called organs. On earth, the trend had been toward larger and more complex animals. But this might not be true elsewhere in the universe. In other places, life might progress in the opposite direction-- toward smaller and smaller forms. Just as modern human technology had learned to make things smaller, perhaps highly advanced evolutionary pressures led to smaller life forms. There were distinct advantages to smaller forms: less consumption of raw materials, cheaper spaceflight, fewer feeding problems... Perhaps the most intelligent life form on a distant planet was no larger than a flea. Perhaps no larger than a bacterium. In that case, the Wildfire Project might be committed to destroying a highly developed life form, without ever realizing what it was doing. This concept was not unique to Leavitt. It had been proposed by Merton at Harvard, and by Chalmers at Oxford. Chalmers, a man with a keen sense of humor, had used the example of a man looking down on a microscope slide and see in the bacteria formed into the words "Take us to your leader." Everyone thought Chalmers's idea highly amusing. Yet Leavitt could not get it out of his mind. Because it just might turn out to be true. * Before he fell asleep, Stone thought about the conference coming up. And the business of the meteorite. He wondered what Nagy would say, or Karp, if they knew about the meteorite. Probably, he thought, it would drive them insane. Probably it will drive us all insane. And then he slept. * Delta sector was the designation of three rooms on Level I that contained all communications facilities for the Wildfire installation. All intercom and visual circuits between levels were routed through there, as were cables for telephone and teletype from the outside. The trunk lines to the library and the central storage unit were also regulated by delta sector. In essence it functioned as a giant switchboard, fully computerized. The three rooms of delta sector were quiet; all that could be heard was the soft hum of spinning tape drums and the muted clicking of relays. Only one person worked here, a single man sitting at a console, surrounded by the blinking lights of the computer. There was no real reason for the man to be there; he performed no necessary function. The computers were self-regulating, constructed to run check patterns through their circuits every twelve minutes; the computers shut down automatically if there was an abnormal reading. According to protocol, the man was required to monitor MCN communications, which were signaled by the ringing of a bell on the teleprinter. When the bell rang, he notified the five level command centers that the transmission was received. He was also required to report any computer dysfunction to Level I command, should that unlikely event occur. DAY 3 Wildfire 12. The Conference "TIME TO WAKE UP, SIR." Mark Hall opened his eyes. The room was lit with a steady, pale fluorescent light. He blinked and rolled over on his stomach. "Time to wake up, Sir." It was a beautiful female voice, soft and seductive. He sat up in bed and looked around the room: he was alone. "Hello?" "Time to wake up, Sir." "Who are you?" "Time to wake up, Sir." He reached over and pushed a button on the nightstand by his bed. A light went off. He waited for the voice again, but it did not speak. It was, he thought, a hell of an effective way to wake a man up. As he slipped into his clothes, he wondered how it worked. It was not a simple tape, because it worked as a response of some sort. The message was repeated only when Hall spoke. To test his theory, he pushed the nightstand button again. The voice said softly, "Do you wish something, Sir?" "I'd like to know your name, please." "Will that be all, Sir?" "Yes, I believe so." "Will that be all, Sir?" He waited. The light clicked off. He slipped into his shoes and was about to leave when a male voice said, "This is the answering-service supervisor, Dr. Hall. I wish you would treat the project more seriously." Hall laughed. So the voice responded to comments, and taped his replies. It was a clever system. "Sorry," he said, "I wasn't sure how the thing worked. The voice is quite luscious." "The voice," said the supervisor heavily, "belongs to Miss Gladys Stevens, who is sixty-three years old. She lives in Omaha and makes her living taping messages for SAC crews and other voice-reminder systems." "Oh," Hall said. He left the room and walked down the corridor to the cafeteria. As he walked, he began to understand why submarine designers had been called in to plan Wildfire. Without his wristwatch, he had no idea of the time, or even whether it was night or day. He found himself wondering whether the cafeteria would be crowded, wondering whether it was dinner time or breakfast time. As it turned out, the cafeteria was almost deserted. Leavitt was there; he said the others were in the conference room. He pushed a glass of dark-brown liquid over to Hall and suggested he have breakfast. "What's this?" Hall said. "Forty-two-five nutrient. It has everything needed to sustain the average seventy-kilogram man for eighteen hours." Hall drank the liquid, which was syrupy and artificially flavored to taste like orange juice. It was a strange sensation, drinking brown orange juice, but not bad after the initial shock. Leavitt explained that it had been developed for the astronauts, and that it contained everything except air-soluble vitamins. "For that, you need this pill," he said. Hall swallowed the pill, then got himself a cup of coffee from a dispenser in the corner. "Any sugar?" Leavitt shook his head. "No sugar anywhere here. Nothing that might provide a bacterial growth medium. From now on, we're all on high-protein diets. We'll make all the sugar we need from the protein breakdown. But we won't be getting any sugar into the gut. Quite the opposite." He reached into his pocket. "Oh, no." "Yes," Leavitt said. He gave him a small capsule, sealed in aluminum foil. "No," Hall said. "Everyone else has them. Broad-spectrum. Stop by your room and insert it before you go into the final decontamination procedures." "I don't mind dunking myself in all those foul baths," Hall said. "I don't mind being irradiated. But I'll be goddammed--" "The idea," Leavitt said, "is that you be as nearly sterile as possible on Level V. We have sterilized your skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract as best we can. But we haven't done a thing about the GI tract yet." "Yes," Hall said, "but suppositories?" "You'll get used to it. We're all taking them for the first four days. Not, of course, that they'll do any good," he said, with the familiar wry, pessimistic look on his face. He stood. "Let's go to the conference room. Stone wants to talk about Karp." "Who?" "Rudolph Karp." * Rudolph Karp was a Hungarian-born biochemist who came to the United States from England in 1951. He obtained a position at the University of Michigan and worked steadily and quietly for five years. Then, at the suggestion of colleagues at the Ann Arbor observatory, Karp began to investigate meteorites with the intent of determining whether they harbored life, or showed evidence of having done so in the past. He took the proposal quite seriously and worked with diligence, writing no papers on the subject until the early 1960's, when Calvin and Vaughn and Nagy and others were writing explosive papers on similar subjects. The arguments and counter-arguments were complex, but boiled down to a simple substrate: whenever a worker would announce that he had found a fossil, or a proteinaceous hydrocarbon, or other indication of life within a meteorite, the critics would claim sloppy lab technique and contamination with earth-origin matter and organisms. Karp, with his careful, slow techniques, was determined to end the arguments once and for all. He announced that he had taken great pains to avoid contamination: each meteorite he examined had been washed in twelve solutions, including peroxide, iodine, hypertonic saline and dilute acids. It was then exposed to intense ultraviolet light for a period of two days. Finally, it was submerged in a germicidal solution and placed in a germ-free, sterile isolation chamber; further work was done within the chamber. Karp, upon breaking open his meteorites, was able to isolate bacteria. He found that they were ring-shaped organisms, rather like a tiny undulating inner tube, and he found they could grow and multiply. He claimed that, while they were essentially similar to earthly bacteria in structure, being based upon proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, they had no cell nucleus and therefore their manner of propagation was a mystery. Karp presented his information in his usual quiet, unsensational manner, and hoped for a good reception. He did not receive one; instead, he was laughed down by the Seventh Conference of Astrophysics and Geophysics, meeting in London in 1961. He became discouraged and set his work with meteorites aside; the organisms were later destroyed in an accidental laboratory explosion on the night of June 27, 1963. Karp's experience was almost identical to that of Nagy and the others. Scientists in the 1960's were not willing to entertain notions of life existing in meteorites; all evidence presented was discounted, dismissed, and ignored. A handful of people in a dozen countries remained intrigued, however. One of them was Jeremy Stone; another was Peter Leavitt. It was Leavitt who, some years before, had formulated the Rule of 48. The Rule of 48 was intended as a humorous reminder to scientists, and referred to the massive literature collected in the late 1940's and the 1950's concerning the human chromosome number. For years it was stated that men had forty-eight chromosomes in their cells; there were pictures to prove it, and any number of careful studies. In 1953, a group of American researchers announced to the world that the human chromosome number was forty-six. Once more, there were pictures to prove it, and studies to confirm it. But these researchers also went back to reexamine the old pictures, and the old studies-- and found only forty-six chromosomes, not forty-eight. Leavitt's Rule of 48 said simply, "All Scientists Are Blind." And Leavitt had invoked his rule when he saw the reception Karp and others received. Leavitt went over the reports and the papers and found no reason to reject the meteorite studies out of hand; many of the experiments were careful, well-reasoned, and compelling. He remembered this when he and the other Wildfire planners drew up the study known as the Vector Three. Along with the Toxic Five, it formed one of the firm theoretical bases for Wildfire. The Vector Three was a report that considered a crucial question: If a bacterium invaded the earth, causing a new disease, where would that bacterium come from? After consultation with astronomers and evolutionary theories, the Wildfire group concluded that bacteria could come from three sources. The first was the most obvious-- an organism, from another planet or galaxy, which had the protection to survive the extremes of temperature and vacuum that existed in space. There was no doubt that organisms could survive-- there was, for instance, a class of bacteria known as thermophilic that thrived on extreme heat, multiplying enthusiastically in temperatures as high as 70deg C. Further, it was known that bacteria had been recovered from Egyptian tombs, where they had been sealed for thousands of years. These bacteria were still viable. The secret lay in the bacteria's ability to form spores, molding a hard calcific shell around themselves. This shell enabled the organism to survive freezing or boiling, and, if necessary, thousands of years without food. It combined all the advantages of a space suit with those of suspended animation. There was no doubt that a spore could travel through space. But was another planet or galaxy the most likely source of contamination for the earth? Here, the answer was no. The most likely source was the closest source-- the earth itself. The report suggested that bacteria could have left the surface of the earth eons ago, when life was just beginning to emerge from the oceans and the hot, baked continents. Such bacteria would depart before the fishes, before the primitive mammals, long before the first ape-man. The bacteria would head up into the air, and slowly ascend until they were literally in space. Once there, they might evolve into unusual forms, perhaps even learning to derive energy for life directly from the sun, instead of requiring food as an energy source. These organisms might also be capable of direct conversion of energy to matter. Leavitt himself suggested the analogy of the upper atmosphere and the depths of the sea as equally inhospitable environments, but equally viable. In the deepest, blackest regions of the oceans, where oxygenation was poor, and where light never reached, life forms were known to exist in abundance. Why not also in the far reaches of the atmosphere? True, oxygen was scarce. True, food hardly existed. But if creatures could live miles beneath the surface, why could they not also live five miles above it? And if there were organisms out there, and if they had departed from the baking crust of the earth long before the first men appeared, then they would be foreign to man. No immunity, no adaptation, no antibodies would have been developed. They would be primitive aliens to modern man, in the same way that the shark, a primitive fish unchanged for a hundred million years, was alien and dangerous to modern man, invading the oceans for the first time. The third source of contamination, the third of the vectors, was at the same time the most likely and the most troublesome. This was contemporary earth organisms, taken into space by inadequately sterilized spacecraft. Once in space, the organisms would be exposed to harsh radiation, weightlessness, and other environmental forces that might exert a mutagenic effect, altering the organisms. So that when they came down, they would be different. Take up a harmless bacteria-- such as the organism that causes pimples, or sore throats-- and bring it back in a new form, virulent and unexpected. It might do anything. It might show a preference for the aqueous humor of the inner eye, and invade the eyeball. It might thrive on the acid secretions of the stomach. It might multiply on the small currents of electricity afforded by the human brain itself, drive men mad. This whole idea of mutated bacteria seemed farfetched and unlikely to the Wildfire people. It is ironic that this should be the case, particularly in view of what happened to the Andromeda Strain. But the Wildfire team staunchly ignored both the evidence of their own experience-- that bacteria mutate rapidly and radically-- and the evidence of the Biosatellite tests, in which a series of earth forms were sent into space and later recovered. Biosatellite II contained, among other things, several species of bacteria. It was later reported that the bacteria had reproduced at a rate twenty to thirty times normal. The reasons were still unclear, but the results unequivocal: space could affect reproduction and growth. And yet no one in Wildfire paid attention to this fact, until it was too late. * Stone reviewed the information quickly, then handed each of them a cardboard file. "These files," he said, "contain a transcript of autoclock records of the entire flight of Scoop VII. Our purpose in reviewing the transcript is to determine, if possible, what happened to the satellite while it was in orbit." Hall said, "Something happened to it?" Leavitt explained. "The satellite was scheduled for a six-day orbit, since the probability of collecting organisms is proportional to time in orbit. After launch, it was in stable orbit. Then, on the second day, it went out of orbit. Hall nodded. "Start," Stone said, "with the first page." Hall opened his file. AUTOCLOCK TRANSCRIPT PROJECT: SCOOP VII LAUNCHDATE: ABRIDGED VERSION. FULL TRANSCRIPT STORED VAULTS 179-99, VDBG COMPLEX EPSILON. HOURS MIN SEC PROCEDURE T MINUS TIME 0002 01 05 Vandenberg Launch pad Block 9, Scoop Mission Control, reports systems check on schedule. 0001 39 52 Scoop MC holds for fuel check reported from Ground Control. STOP CLOCK STOP CLOCK. REALTIME LOSS 12 MINUTES. 0001 39 52 Count resumed. Clock corrected. 0000 41 12 Scoop MC holds 20 seconds for Launch pad Block 9 check. Clock not stopped for built-in hold. 000030 00 Gantry removed. 000024 00 Final craft systems check. 000019 00 Final capsule systems check. 000013 00 Final systems checks read as negative. 000007 12 Cable decoupling. 000001 07 Stat-link decoupling. 000000 05 Ignition. 000000 04 Launch pad Block 9 clears all systems. 000000 00 Core clamps released. Launch. T PLUS TIME 000000 06 Stable. Speed 6 fps. Smooth EV approach. 000000 09 Tracking reported. 000000 11 Tracking confirmed. 000000 27 Capsule monitors at g 1.9. Equipment check clear. 0000 01 00 Launch pad Block 9 clears rocket and capsule systems for orbit. "No point in dwelling on this," Stone said. "It is the record of a perfect launch. There is nothing here, in fact, nothing for the next ninety-six hours of flight, to indicate any difficulty on board the spacecraft. Now turn to page 10." They all turned. TRACK TRANSCRIPT CONT'D SCOOP VII LAUNCHDATE: ABRIDGED VERSION HOURS MIN SEC PROCEDURE 10 12 Orbital check stable as reported by Grand Bahama Station. 009634 19 Orbital check stable as reported by Sydney. 009647 34 Orbital check stable as reported by Vdbg. 0097 04 12 Orbital check stable but system malfunction reported by Kennedy Station. 0097 05 18 Malfunction confirmed. 0097 07 22 Malfunction confirmed by Grand Bahama. Computer reports orbital instability. 0097 34 54 Sydney reports orbital instability. 0097 39 02 Vandenberg computations indicate orbital decay. 0098 27 14 Vandenberg Scoop Mission Control orders radio reentry. 009912 56 Reentry code transmitted. 0099 13 13 Houston reports initiation of reentry. Stabilized flight path. "What about voice communication during the critical period?" "There were linkups between Sydney, Kennedy, and Grand Bahama, all routed through Houston. Houston had the big computer as well. But in this instance, Houston was just helping out; all decisions came from Scoop Mission Control in Vandenberg. We have the voice communication at the back of the file. It's quite revealing." TRANSCRIPT OF VOICE COMMUNICATIONS SCOOP MISSION CONTROL VANDENBERG AFB HOURS 0096:59 TO 0097:39 THIS IS A CLASSIFIED TRANSCRIPT. IT HAS NOT BEEN ABRIDGED OR EDITED. HOURS MIN SEC COMMUNICATION 0096 59 00 HELLO KENNEDY THIS IS SCOOP MISSION CONTROL. AT THE END OF 96 HOURS OF FLIGHT TIME WE HAVE STABLE ORBITS FROM ALL STATIONS. DO YOU CONFIRM. 0097 00 00 1 think we do, Scoop. Our check is going through now. Hold this line open for a few minutes, fellows. 0097 03 31 Hello, Scoop MC. This is Kennedy. We have a stable orbit confirmation for you on the last passby. Sorry about the delay but there is an instrument snag somewhere here. 0097 03 34 KENNEDY PLEASE CLARIFY. IS YOUR SNAG ON THE GROUND OR ALOFT. 0097 03 39 I am sorry we have no tracer yet. We think it is on the ground. 0097 04 12 Hello, Scoop MC. This is Kennedy. We have a preliminary report of system malfunction aboard your spacecraft. Repeat we have a preliminary report of malfunction in the air. Awaiting confirmation. 0097 04 15 KENNEDY PLEASE CLARIFY SYSTEM INVOLVED. 0097 04 18 I'm sorry they haven't given me that. I assume they are waiting for final confirmation of the malfunction. 0097 04 21 DOES YOUR ORBITAL CHECK AS STABLE STILL-HOLD. 0097 04 22 Vandenberg, we have confirmed your orbital check as stable. Repeat the orbit is stable. 0097 05 18 Ah, Vandenberg, I am afraid we also confirm readings consistent with system malfunction on board your spacecraft. These include the stationary rotor elements and spanner units going to mark twelve. I repeat mark twelve. 0097 05 30 HAVE YOU RUN CONSISTENCY CHECK ON YOUR COMPUTERS. 0097 05 35 Sorry fellows but our computers check out. We read it as a real malfunction. 0097 05 45 HELLO, HOUSTON. OPEN THE LINE TO SYDNEY, WILL YOU. WE WANT CONFIRMATION OF DATA. 0097 05 51 Scoop Mission Control, This is Sydney Station. We confirm our last reading. There was nothing wrong with the spacecraft on its last passby here. 0097 06 12 OUR COMPUTER CHECK INDICATES NO SYSTEMS MALFUNCTION AND GOOD ORBITAL STABILITY ON SUMMATED DATA. WE QUESTION KENNEDY GROUND INSTRUMENT FAILURE. 0097 06 18 This is Kennedy, Scoop MC. We have run repeat checkouts at this end. Our reading of system malfunction remains. Have you got something from Bahama. 0097 06 23 NEGATIVE, KENNEDY. STANDING BY. 0097 06 36 HOUSTON, THIS IS SCOOP MC. CAN YOUR PROJECTION GROUP GIVE US ANYTHING. 0097 06 46 Scoop, at this time we cannot. Our computers have insufficient data. They still read stable orbit with all systems going. 0097 07 22 Scoop MC, this is Grand Bahama Station. We report passby of your craft Scoop Seven according to schedule. Preliminary radar fixes were normal with question of increased transit times. Please hold for systems telemetry. 0097 07 25 HOLDING, GRAND BAHAMA. 0097 07 29 Scoop MC, we are sorry to say we confirm Kennedy observations, Repeat, we confirm Kennedy observations of systems malfunction. Our data are on the trunk to Houston. Can they be routed to you as well. station. 0097 07 34 NO, WE WILL WAIT FOR HOUSTON'S PRINTOUT. THEY HAVE LARGER PREDICTIVE BANKING UNITS. 0097 07 36 Scoop MC, Houston has the Bahama Data. It is going through the Dispar Program. Give us ten seconds. 0097 07 47 Scoop MC, this is Houston. The Dispar Program confirms systems malfunction. Your vehicle is now in unstable orbit with increased transit time of zero point three seconds per unit of arc. We are analyzing orbital parameters at this time. Is there anything further you wish as interpreted data. 0097 07 59 NO, HOUSTON. SOUNDS LIKE YOU'RE DOING BEAUTIFULLY. 0097 08 10 Sorry, Scoop. Bad break. 0097 08 18 GET US THE DECAY RATIOS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. COMMAND WISHES TO MAKE A DECISION ON INSTRUMENTATION TAKEDOWN WITHIN THE NEXT TWO ORBITS. 0097 08 32 Understand, Scoop. Our condolences here. 0097 11 35 Scoop, Houston Projection Group has confirmed orbital instability and decay ratios are now being passed by the data trunk to your station. 0097 11 44 HOW DO THEY LOOK, HOUSTON. 0097 11 51 Bad. 0097 11 59 NOT UNDERSTOOD. PLEASE REPEAT. 0097 12 07 Bad: B as in broken, A as in awful, D as in dropping. 0097 12 15 HOUSTON, DO YOU HAVE A CAUSATION. THAT SATELLITE HAS BEEN IN EXCELLENT ORBIT FOR NEARLY ONE HUNDRED HOURS. WHAT HAPPENED TO IT. 0097 12 29 Beats us. We wonder about collision. There is a good wobble component to the new orbit. 0097 12 44 HOUSTON, OUR COMPUTERS ARE WORKING THROUGH THE TRANSMITTED DATA. WE AGREE A COLLISION. HAVE YOU GUYS GOT SOMETHING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD. 0097 13 01 Air Force Skywatch confirms our report that we have nothing around your baby, Scoop. 0097 13 50 HOUSTON, OUR COMPUTERS ARE READING THIS AS A RANDOM EVENT. PROBABILITIES GREATER THAN ZERO POINT SEVEN NINE. 0097 15 00 We can add nothing. Looks reasonable. Are you going to bring it down. 0097 15 15 WE ARE HOLDING ON THAT DECISION, HOUSTON. WE WILL NOTIFY AS SOON AS IT IS MADE. 0097 17 54 HOUSTON, OUR COMMAND GROUP HAS RAISED THE QUESTION OF WHETHER*********************. 0097 17 59 [reply from Houston deleted] 0097 18 43 [Scoop query to Houston deleted] 0097 19 03 [reply from Houston deleted] 0097 19 11 AGREE, HOUSTON. WE WILL MAKE OUR DECISION AS SOON AS WE HAVE FINAL CONFIRMATION OF ORBITAL SHUTDOWN FROM SYDNEY. IS THIS ACCEPTABLE. 0097 19 50 Perfectly, Scoop. We are standing by. 0097 24 32 HOUSTON, WE ARE REWORKING OUR DATA AND NO LONGER CONSIDER THAT****IS LIKELY. 0097 24 39 Roger, Scoop. 0097 29 13 HOUSTON, WE ARE STANDING BY FOR SYDNEY. 0097 34 54 Scoop Mission Control, this is Sydney Station. We have just followed the passby of your vehicle. Our initial readings confirm a prolonged transit time. It is quite striking at this time. 0097 35 12 THANK YOU, SYDNEY. 0097 35 22 Bit of nasty luck, Scoop. Sorry. 0097 39 02 THIS IS SCOOP MISSION CONTROL TO ALL STATIONS. OUR COMPUTERS HAVE JUST CALCULATED THE ORBITAL DECAY FOR THE VEHICLE AND WE FIND IT TO BE COMING DOWN AS A PLUS FOUR. STANDBY FOR THE FINAL DECISION AS TO WHEN WE WILL BRING IT DOWN. Hall said, "What about the deleted passages?" "Major Manchek at Vandenberg told me," Stone said, "that they had to do with the Russian craft in the area. The two stations eventually concluded that the Russians had not, either accidentally or purposely, brought down the Scoop satellite. No one has since suggested differently." They nodded. "It's tempting," Stone said. "The Air Force maintains a watchdog facility in Kentucky that tracks all satellites in earth orbit. It has a dual function, both to follow old satellites known to be in orbit and to track new ones. There are twelve satellites in orbit at this time that cannot be accounted for; in other words, they are not ours, and are not the result of announced Soviet launches. It is thought that some of these represent navigation satellites for Soviet submarines. Others are presumed to be spy satellites. But the important thing is that Russian or not, there are a hell of a lot of satellites up there. As of last Friday, the Air Force reported five hundred and eighty-seven orbiting bodies around the earth. This includes some old, nonfunctioning satellites from the American Explorer series and the Russian Sputnik series. It also includes boosters and final stages-- anything in stable orbit large enough to reflect back a radar beam." "That's a lot of satellites." "Yes, and there are probably many more. The Air Force thinks there is a lot of junk out there-- nuts, bolts, scraps of metal-- all in more or less stable orbit. No orbit, as you know, is completely stable. Without frequent corrections, any satellite will eventually decay out and spiral down to earth, burning up in the atmosphere. But that may be years, even decades, after the launch. In any event, the Air Force estimates that the total number of individual orbiting objects could be anything up to seventy-five thousand." "So a collision with a piece of junk is possible." "Yes. Possible." "How about a meteor?" "That is the other possibility, and the one Vandenberg favors. A random event, most likely a meteor." "Any showers these days?" "None, apparently. But that does not rule out a meteor collision." Leavitt cleared his throat. "There is still another possibility." Stone frowned. He knew that Leavitt was imaginative, and that this trait was both a strength and a defect. At times, Leavitt could be startling and exciting; at others, merely irritating. "It's rather farfetched," Stone said, "to postulate debris from some extragalactic source other than--" "I agree," Leavitt said. "Hopelessly farfetched. No evidence for it whatever. But I don't think we can afford to ignore the possibility." A gong sounded softly. A lush female voice, which Hall now recognized as that of Gladys Stevens of Omaha, said softly, "You may proceed to the next level, gentlemen." 13. Level V LEVEL V WAS PAINTED A QUIET SHADE OF BLUE, AND they all wore blue uniforms. Burton showed Hall around. "This floor," he said, "is like all the others. It's circular. Arranged in a series of concentric circles, actually. We're on the outer perimeter now; this is where we live and work. Cafeteria, sleeping rooms, everything is out here. Just inside is a ring of laboratories. And inside that, sealed off from us, is the central core. That's where the satellite and the two people are now." "But they're sealed off from us?" "Yes." "Then how do we get to them?" "Have you ever used a glove box?" Burton asked. Hall shook his head. Burton explained that glove boxes were large clear plastic boxes used to handle sterile materials. The boxes had holes cut in the sides, and gloves attached with an airtight seal. To handle the contents, you slipped your hands into the gloves and reached into the box. But your fingers never touched the material, only the gloves. "We've gone one step further," Burton said. "We have whole rooms that are nothing more than glorified glove boxes. Instead of a glove for your hand, there's a whole plastic suit, for your entire body. You'll see what I mean." They walked down the curved corridor to a room marked CENTRAL CONTROL. Leavitt and Stone were there, working quietly. Central Control was a cramped room, stuffed with electronic equipment. One wall was glass, allowing the tails, were considered particularly trying. Many a scientist workers to look into the adjacent room. Through the glass, Hall saw mechanical hands moving the capsule to a table and setting it down. Hall, who had never seen a capsule before, watched with interest. It was smaller than he had imagined, no more than a yard long; one end was seared and blackened from the heat of reentry. The mechanical hands, under Stone's direction, opened the little scoop-shaped trough in the side of the capsule to expose the interior. "There," Stone said, taking his hands from the controls. The controls looked like a pair of brass knuckles; the operator slipped his own hands into them and moved his hands as he wanted the mechanical hands to move. "Our next step," he said, "is to determine whether there is still anything in the capsule which is biologically active. Suggestions?" "A rat," Leavitt said. "Use a black Norway." The black Norway rat was not black at all; the name simply designated a strain of laboratory animal, perhaps the most famous strain in all science. Once, of course, it had been both black and Norwegian; but years of breeding and countless generations had made it white, small, and docile. The biological explosion had created a demand for genetically uniform animals. In the last thirty years more than a thousand strains of "pure" animals had been evolved artificially. In the case of the black Norwegian, it was now possible for a scientist anywhere in the world to conduct experiments using this animal and be assured that other scientists elsewhere could repeat or enlarge upon his work using virtually identical organisms. "Follow with a rhesus," Burton said. "We will want to get onto primates sooner or later. The others nodded. Wildfire was prepared to conduct experiments with monkeys and apes, as well as smaller, cheaper animals. A monkey was exceedingly difficult to work with: the little primates were hostile, quick, intelligent. Among scientists, the New World monkeys, with their prehensile tails, were considered particularly trying. Many scientists had engaged three or four lab assistants to hold down a monkey while he administered an injection-- only to have the prehensile tail whip up, grasp the syringe, and fling it across the room. The theory behind primate experimentation was that these animals were closer biologically to man. In the 1950's, several laboratories even attempted experiments on gorillas, going to great trouble and expense to work with these seemingly most human of animals. However, by 1960 it had been demonstrated that of the apes, the chimpanzee was biochemically more like man than the gorilla. (On the basis of similarity to man, the choice of laboratory animals is often surprising. For example, the hamster is preferred for immunological and cancer studies, since his responses are so similar to man's, while for studies of the heart and circulation, the pig is considered most like man.) Stone put his hands back on the controls, moving them gently. Through the glass, they saw the black metal fingers move to the far wall of the adjoining room, where several caged lab animals were kept, separated from the room by hinged airtight doors. The wall reminded Hall oddly of an automat. The mechanical hands opened one door and removed a rat in its cage, brought it into the room, and set it down next to the capsule. The rat looked around the room, sniffed the air, and made some stretching movements with its neck. A moment later it flopped over onto its side, kicked once, and was still. It had happened with astonishing speed. Hall could hardly believe it had happened at all. "My God," Stone said. "What a time course." "That will make it difficult," Leavitt said. Burton said, "We can try tracers..." "Yes. We'll have to use tracers on it," Stone said. "How fast are our scans?" "Milliseconds, if necessary." "It will be necessary." "Try the rhesus, " Burton said. "You'll want a post on it, anyway." Stone directed the mechanical hands back to the wall, opening another door and withdrawing a cage containing a large brown adult rhesus monkey. The monkey screeched as it was lifted and banged against the bars of its cage. Then it died, after flinging one hand to its chest with a look of startled surprise. Stone shook his head. "Well, at least we know it's still biologically active. Whatever killed everyone in Piedmont is still there, and still as potent as ever. " He sighed. "If potent is the word." Leavitt said, "We'd better start a scan of the capsule." "I'll take these dead animals," Burton said, "and run the initial vector studies. Then I'll autopsy them." Stone worked the mechanical hands once more. He picked up the cages that held the rat and monkey and set them on a rubber conveyor belt at the rear of the room. Then he pressed a button on a control console marked AUTOPSY. The conveyor belt began to move. Burton left the room, walking down the corridor to the autopsy room, knowing that the conveyor belt, made to carry materials from one lab to another, would have automatically delivered the cages. Stone said to Hall, "You're the practicing physician among us. I'm afraid you've got a rather tough job right now." "Pediatrician and geriatrist?" "Exactly. See what you can do about them. They're both in our miscellaneous room, the room we built precisely for unusual circumstances like this. There's a computer linkup there that should help you. The technician will show you how it works." 14. Miscellaneous HALL OPENED THE DOOR MARKED MISCELLANEOUS, thinking to himself that his job was indeed miscellaneous-- keeping alive an old man and a tiny infant. Both of them vital to the project, and both of them, no doubt, difficult to manage. He found himself in another small room similar to the control room he had just left. This one also had a glass window, looking inward to a central room. In the room were two beds, and on the beds, Peter Jackson and the infant. But the incredible thing was the suits: standing upright in the room were four clear plastic inflated suits in the shape of men. From each suit, a tunnel ran back to the wall. Obviously, one would have to crawl down the tunnel and then stand up inside the suit. Then one could work with the patients inside the room. The girl who was to be his assistant was working in the room, bent over the computer console. She introduced herself as Karen Anson, and explained the working of the computer. "This is just one substation of the Wildfire computer on the first level," she said. "There are thirty substations throughout the laboratory, all plugging into the computer. Thirty different people can work at once." Hall nodded. Time-sharing was a concept he understood. He knew that as many as two hundred people had been able to use the same computer at once; the principle was that computers operated very swiftly-- in fractions of a second while people operated slowly, in seconds or minutes. One person using a computer was inefficient, because it took several minutes to punch in instructions, while the computer sat around idle, waiting. Once instructions were fed in, the computer answered almost instantaneously. This meant that a computer was rarely "working," and by permitting a number of people to ask questions of the computer simultaneously, you could keep the machine more continuously in operation. "If the computer is really backed up, " the technician said, "there may be a delay of one or two seconds before you get your answer. But usually it's immediate. What we are using here is the MEDCOM program. Do you know it?" Hall shook his head. "It's a medical-data analyzer," she said. "You feed in information and it will diagnose the patient and tell you what to do next for therapy, or to confirm the diagnosis." "Sounds very convenient." "It's fast," she said. "All our lab studies are done by automated machines. So we can have complex diagnoses in a matter of minutes." Hall looked through the glass at the two patients. "What's been done on them so far?" "Nothing. At Level I, they were started on intravenous infusions. Plasma for Peter Jackson, dextrose and water for the baby. They both seem well hydrated now, and in no distress. Jackson is still unconscious. He has no pupillary signs but is unresponsive and looks anemic." Hall nodded. "The labs here can do everything?" "Everything. Even assays for adrenal hormones and things like partial thromboplastin times. Every known medical test is possible." "All right. We'd better get started." She turned on the computer. "This is how you order laboratory tests," she said. "Use this light pen here, and check off the tests you want. Just touch the pen to the screen." She handed him a small penlight, and pushed the START button. The screen glowed. MEDCOM PROGRAM LAB/ANALYS CK/JGG/1223098 BLOOD: COUNTS RBC RETIC PLATES WBC DIFF HEMATOCRIT HEMOGLOBIN INDICES MCV MCHC: PROTIME PTT SED RATE CHEMISTRY: BRO CA CL MG PO4 K NA CO2 ENZYMES: AMYLASE CHOLINESTERASE LIPASE PHOSPHATASE,ACID ALKALINE LDH SGOT SGPT PROTEIN: ALB GLOB FIBRIN TOTAL FRACTION DIAGNOSTICS: CHOLEST CREAT GLUCOSE PBI BEI I IBC NPN BUN BILIRU, DIFF CEPH/FLOC THYMOL/TURB BSP PULMONARY: TVC TV IC IRV ERV MBC STERIOD: ALDO L7-OH 17-KS ACTH VITS A ALL B C E K URINE: SP GR PH PROT GLUC KETONE ALL ELECTROLYTES ALL STERIODS ALL INORGANICS CATECHOLS PORPHYRINS UROBIL 5-HIAA Hall stared at the list. He touched the tests he wanted with the penlight; they disappeared from the screen. He ordered fifteen or twenty, then stepped back. The screen went blank for a moment, and then the following appeared: TESTS ORDERED WILL REQUIRE FOR EACH SUBJECT 20 CC WHOLE BLOOD LO CC OXALATED BLOOD L2 CC CITRATED BLOOD 15 CC URINE The technician said, "I'll draw the bloods if you want to do physicals. Have you been in one of these rooms before?" Hall shook his head. "It's quite simple, really. We crawl through the tunnels into the suits. The tunnel is then sealed off behind us." "Oh? Why?" "In case something happens to one of us. In case the covering of the suit is broken-- the integrity of the surface is ruptured, as the protocol says. In that case, bacteria could spread back through the tunnel to the outside." "So we're sealed off." "Yes. We get air from a separate system-- you can see the thin lines coming in over there. But essentially you're isolated from everything, when you're in that suit. I don't think you need worry, though. The only way you might possibly break your suit is to cut it with a scalpel, and the gloves are triple-thickness to prevent just such an occurrence." She showed him how to crawl through, and then, imitating her, he stood up inside the plastic suit. He felt like some kind of giant reptile, moving cumbersomely about, dragging his tunnel like a thick tail behind him. After a moment, there was a hiss: his suit was being sealed off. Then another hiss, and the air turned cold as the special line began to feed air in to him. The technician gave him his examining instruments. While she drew blood from the child, taking it from a scalp vein, Hall turned his attention to Peter Jackson. * An old man, and pale: anemia. Also thin: first thought, cancer. Second thought, tuberculosis, alcoholism, some other chronic process. And unconscious: he ran through the differential in his mind, from epilepsy to hypoglycernic shock to stroke. Hall later stated that he felt foolish when the computer provided him with a differential, complete with probabilities of diagnosis. He was not at that time aware of the skill of the computer, the quality of its program. He checked Jackson's blood pressure. It was low, 85/50. Pulse fast at 110. Temperature 97.8. Respiration's 30 and deep. He went over the body systematically, beginning with the head and working down. When he produced pain-- by pressing on the nerve through the supra-orbital notch, just below the eyebrow-- the man grimaced and moved his arms to push Hall away. Perhaps he was not unconscious after all. Perhaps just stuporous. Hall shook him. "Mr. Jackson. Mr. Jackson." The man made no response. And then, slowly, he seemed to revive. Hall shouted his name in his ear and shook him hard. Peter Jackson opened his eyes, just for a moment, and said, "Go...away..." Hall continued to shake him, but Jackson relaxed, going limp, his body slipping back to its unresponsive state. Hall gave up, returning to his physical examination. The lungs were clear and the heart seemed normal. There was sm., tenseness of the abdomen, and Jackson retched once, bringing up some bloody drooling material. Quickly, Hall did a basolyte test for blood: it was positive. He did a rectal exam and tested the stool. It was also positive for blood. He turned to the technician, who had drawn all the bloods and was feeding the tubes into the computer analysis apparatus in one corner. "We've got a GI bleeder here," he said. "How soon will the results be back?" She pointed to a TV screen mounted near the ceiling. "The lab reports are flashed back as soon as they come in. They are displayed there, and on the console in the other room. The easy ones come back first. We should have hematocrit in two minutes." Hall waited. The screen glowed, the letters printing out: JACKSON, PETER LABORATORY ANALYSES TEST: NORMAL: VALUE HEMATOCRIT: 38-54: 21 "Half normal," Hall said. He slapped an oxygen mask on Jackson's face, fixed the straps, and said, "We'll need at least four units. Plus two of plasma." "I'll order them." "To start as soon as possible." She went to phone the blood bank on Level II and asked them to hurry on the requisition. Meantime, Hall turned his attention to the child. It had been a long time since he had examined an infant, and he had forgotten how difficult it could be. Every time he tried to look at the eyes, the child shut them tightly. Every time he looked down the throat, the child closed his mouth. Every time he tried to listen to the heart, the child shrieked, obscuring all heart sounds. Yet he persisted, remembering what Stone had said. These two people, dissimilar though they were, nonetheless represented the only survivors of Piedmont. Somehow they had managed to beat the disease. That was a link between the two, between the shriveled old man vomiting blood and the pink young child, howling and screaming. At first glance, they were as different as possible; they were at opposite ends of the spectrum, sharing nothing in common. And yet there must be something in common. It took Hall half an hour to finish his examination of the child. At the end of that time he was forced to conclude that the infant was, to his exam, perfectly normal. Totally normal. Nothing the least bit unusual about him. Except that, somehow, he had survived. 15. Main Control STONE SAT WITH LEAVITT IN THE MAIN CONTROL room, looking into the inner room with the capsule. Though cramped, main control was complex and expensive: it had cost $2,000,000, the most costly single room in the Wildfire installation. But it was vital to the functioning of the entire laboratory. Main control served as the first step in scientific examination of the capsule. Its chief function was detection-the room was geared to detect and isolate microorganisms. According to the Life Analysis Protocol, there were three main steps in the Wildfire program: detection, characterization, and control. First the organism had to be found. Then it had to be studied and understood. Only then could ways be sought to control it. Main control was set up to find the organism. Leavitt and Stone sat side by side in front of the banks of controls and dials. Stone operated the mechanical hands, while Leavitt manipulated the microscopic apparatus. Naturally it was impossible to enter the room with the capsule and examine it directly. Robot-controlled microscopes, with viewing screens in the control room, would accomplish this for them. An early question had been whether to utilize television or some kind of direct visual linkup. Television was cheaper and more easily set up; TV image-intensifiers were already in use for electron microscopes, X-ray machines, and other devices. However, the Wildfire group finally decided that a TV screen was too imprecise for their needs; even a double-scan camera, which transmitted twice as many lines as the usual TV and gave better image resolution, would be insufficient. In the end, the group chose a fiber optics system in which a light image was transmitted directly through a snakelike bundle of glass fibers and then displayed on the viewers. This gave a clear, sharp image. Stone positioned the capsule and pressed the appropriate controls. A black box moved down from the ceiling and began to scan the capsule surface. The two men watched the viewer screens: "Start with five power," Stone said. Leavitt set the controls. They watched as the viewer automatically moved around the capsule, focusing on the surface of the metal. They watched one complete scan, then shifted up to twenty-power magnification. A twenty-power scan took much longer, since the field of view was smaller. They still saw nothing on the surface: no punctures, no indentations, nothing that looked like a small growth of any kind. "Let's go to one hundred," Stone said. Leavitt adjusted the controls and sat back. They were beginning what they knew would be a long and tedious search. Probably they would find nothing. Soon they would examine the interior of the capsule; they might find something there. Or they might not. In either case, they would take samples for analysis, plating out the scrapings and swabs onto growth media. Leavitt glanced from the viewing screens to look into the room. The viewer, suspended from the ceiling by a complex arrangement of rods and wires, was automatically moving in slow circles around the capsule. He looked back to the screens. There were three screens in main control, and all showed exactly the same field of view. In theory, they could use three viewers projecting onto three screens, and cover the capsule in one third the time. But they did not want to do that-- at least not now. Both, men knew that their interest and attention would fatigue as the day wore on. No matter how hard they tried, they could not remain alert all the time. But if two men watched the same image, there was less chance of missing something. The surface area of the cone-shaped capsule, thirty-seven inches long and a foot in diameter at the base, was just over 650 square inches. Three scans, at five, twenty, and one hundred power, took them slightly more than two hours. At the end of the third scan, Stone said, "I suppose we ought to proceed with the 440 scan as well." "But?" "I am tempted to go directly to a scan of the interior. If we find nothing, we can come back outside and do a 440." "I agree." "All right," Stone said. "Start with five. On the inside." Leavitt worked the controls. This time, it could not be done automatically; the viewer was programmed to follow the contours of any regularly shaped object, such as a cube, a sphere, or a cone. But it could not probe the interior of the capsule without direction. Leavitt set the lenses at five diameters and switched the remote viewer to manual control. Then he directed it down into the scoop opening of the capsule. Stone, watching the screen, said, "More light." Leavitt made adjustments. Five additional remote lights came down from the ceiling and clicked on, shining into the scoop. "Better?" "Fine." Watching his own screen, Leavitt began to move the remote viewer. It took several minutes before he could do it smoothly; it was difficult to coordinate, rather like trying to write while you watched in a mirror. But soon he was scanning smoothly. The five-power scan took twenty minutes. They found nothing except a small indentation the size of a pencil point. At Stone's suggestion, when they began the twenty-power scan they started with the indentation. Immediately, they saw it: a tiny black fleck of jagged material no larger than a grain of sand. There seemed to be bits of green mixed in with the black. Neither man reacted, though Leavitt later recalled that he was "trembling with excitement. I kept thinking, if this is it, if it's really something new, some brand new form of life..." However, all he said was, "Interesting." "We'd better complete the scan at twenty power," Stone said. He was working to keep his voice calm, but it was clear that he was excited too. Leavitt wanted to examine the fleck at higher power immediately, but he understood what Stone was saying. They could not afford to jump to conclusions-- any conclusions. Their only hope was to be grindingly, interminably thorough. They had to proceed methodically, to assure themselves at every point that they had overlooked nothing. Otherwise, they could pursue a course of investigation for hours or days, only to find it ended nowhere, that they had made a mistake, misjudged the evidence, and wasted time. So Leavitt did a complete scan of the interior at twenty power. He paused, once or twice, when they thought they saw other patches of green, and marked down the coordinates so they could find the areas later, under higher magnification. Half an hour passed before Stone announced he was satisfied with the twenty-power scan. They took a break for caffeine, swallowing two pills with water. The team had agreed earlier that amphetamines should not be used except in times of serious emergency; they were stocked in the Level V pharmacy, but for routine purposes caffeine was preferred. The aftertaste of the caffeine pill was sour in his mouth as Leavitt clicked in the hundred-power lenses, and began the third scan. As before, they started with the indentation, and the small black fleck they had noted earlier. It was disappointing: at higher magnification it appeared no different from their earlier views, only larger. They could see, however, that it was an irregular piece of material, dull, looking like rock. And they could see there were definitely flecks of green mined on the jagged surface of the material. "What do you make of it?" Stone said. "If that's the object the capsule collided with," Leavitt said, "it was either moving with great speed, or else it is very heavy. Because it's not big enough--" "To knock the satellite out of orbit otherwise. I agree. And yet it did not make a very deep indentation." "Suggesting?" Stone shrugged. "Suggesting that it was either not responsible for the orbital change, or that it has some elastic properties we don't yet know about." "What do you think of the green?" Stone grinned. "You won't trap me yet. I am curious, nothing more." Leavitt chuckled and continued the scan. Both men now felt elated and inwardly certain of their discovery. They checked the other areas where they had noted green, and confirmed the presence of the patches at higher magnification. But the other patches looked different from the green on the rock. For one thing, they were larger, and seemed somehow more luminous. For another, the borders of the patches seemed quite regular, and rounded. "Like small drops of green paint, spattered on the inside of the capsule," Stone said. "I hope that's not what it is." "We could probe," Stone said. "Let's wait for 440." Stone agreed. By now they had been scanning the capsule for nearly four hours, but neither man felt tired. They watched closely as the viewing screens blurred for a moment, the lenses shifting. When the screens came back into focus, they were looking at the indentation, and the black fleck with the green areas. At this magnification, the surface irregularities of the rock were striking-- it was like a miniature planet, with jagged peaks and sharp valleys. It occurred to Leavitt that this was exactly what they were looking at: a minute, complete planet, with its life forms intact. But he shook his head, dismissing the thought from his mind. Impossible. Stone said, "If that's a meteor, it's damned funny-looking." "What bothers you?" "That left border, over there." Stone pointed to the screen. "The surface of the stone-- if it is stone-- is rough everywhere except on that left border, where it is smooth and rather straight." "Like an artificial surface?" Stone sighed. "If I keep looking at it," he said, "I might start to think so. Let's see those other patches of green." Leavitt set the coordinates and focused the viewer. A new image appeared on the screens. This time, it was a close-up of one of the green patches. Under high magnification the borders could be seen clearly. They were not smooth, but slightly notched: they looked almost like a gear from the inside of a watch. "I'll be damned," Leavitt said. "It's not paint. That notching is too regular." As they watched, it happened: the green spot turned purple for a fraction of a second, less than the blink of an eye. Then it turned green once more. "Did you see that?" "I saw it. You didn't change the lighting?" "No. Didn't touch it." A moment later, it happened again: green, a flash of purple, green again. "Amazing." "This may be--" And then, as they watched, the spot turned purple and remained purple. The notches disappeared; the spot had enlarged slightly, filling in the V-shaped gaps. It was now a complete circle. It became green once more. "It's growing," Stone said. * They worked swiftly. The movie cameras were brought down, recording from five angles at ninety-six frames per second. Another time-lapse camera clicked off frames at half-second intervals. Leavitt also brought down two more remote cameras, and set them at different angles from the original camera. In main control, all three screens displayed different views of the green spot. "Can we get more power? More magnification?" Stone said. "No. You remember we decided 440 was the top." Stone swore. To obtain higher magnification, they would have to go to a separate room, or else use the electron microscopes. In either case, it would take time. Leavitt said, "Shall we start culture and isolation?" "Yes. Might as well." Leavitt turned the viewers back down to twenty power. They could now see that there were four areas of interest, three isolated green patches, and the rock with its indentation. On the control console, he pressed a button marked CULTURE, and a tray from the side of the room slid out, revealing stacks of circular, plastic-covered petri dishes. Inside each dish was a thin layer of growth medium. The Wildfire project employed almost every known growth medium. The media were jellied compounds containing various nutrients on which bacteria would feed and multiply. Along with the usual laboratory standbys-- horse and sheep blood agar, chocolate agar, simplex, Sabourad's medium-- there were thirty diagnostic media, containing various sugars and minerals. Then there were forty-three specialized culture media, including those for growth of tubercule bacilli and unusual fungi, as well as the highly experimental media, designated by numbers: ME-997, ME-423, ME-A12, and so on. With the tray of media was a batch of sterile swabs. Using the mechanical hands, Stone picked up the swabs singly and touched them to the capsule surface, then to the media. Leavitt punched data into the computer, so that they would know later where each swab had been taken. In this manner, they swabbed the outer surface of the entire capsule, and went to the interior. Very carefully, using high viewer magnification, Stone took scrapings from the green spots and transferred them to the different media. Finally, he used fine forceps to pick up the rock and move it intact to a clean glass dish. The whole process took better than two hours. At the end of that time, Leavitt punched through the MAXCULT computer program. This program automatically instructed the machine in the handling of the hundreds of petri dishes they had collected. Some would be stored at room temperature and pressure, with normal earth atmosphere. Others would be subjected to heat and cold; high pressure and vacuum; low oxygen and high oxygen; light and dark. Assigning the plates to the various culture boxes was a job that would take a man days to work out. The computer could do it in seconds. When the program was running, Stone placed the stacks of petri dishes on the conveyor belt. They watched as the dishes moved off to the culture boxes. There was nothing further they could do, except wait twenty-four to forty-eight hours, to see what grew out. "Meantime," Stone said, "we can begin analysis of this piece of rock-- if it actually is rock. How are you with an EM?" "Rusty," Leavitt said. He had not used an electron microscope for nearly a year. "Then I'll prepare the specimen. We'll also want mass spectrometry done. That's all computerized. But before we do that, we ought to go to higher power. What's the highest light magnification we can get in Morphology?" "A thousand diameters." "Then let's do that first. Punch the rock through to Morphology." Leavitt looked down at the console and pressed MORPHOLOGY. Stone's mechanical hands placed the glass dish with the rock onto the conveyor belt. They looked at the wall clock behind them. It showed 1100 hours; they had been working for eleven straight hours. "So far," Stone said, "so good." Leavitt grinned, and crossed his fingers. 16. Autopsy BURTON WAS WORKING IN THE AUTOPSY room. He was nervous and tense, still bothered by his memories of Piedmont. Weeks later, in reviewing his work and his thoughts on Level V, he regretted his inability to concentrate. Because in his initial series of experiments, Burton made several mistakes. According to the protocol, he was required to carry out autopsies on dead animals, but he was also in charge of preliminary vector experiments. In all fairness, Burton was not the man to do this work; Leavitt would have been better suited to it. But it was felt that Leavitt was more useful working on preliminary isolation and identification. So the vector experiments fell to Burton. They were reasonably simple and straightforward, designed to answer the question of how the disease was transmitted. Burton began with a series of cages, lined up in a row. Each had a separate air supply; the air supplies could be interconnected in a variety of ways. Burton placed the corpse of the dead Norway rat, which was contained in an airtight cage, alongside another cage containing a living rat. He punched buttons; air was allowed to pass freely from one cage to the other. The living rat flopped over and died. Interesting, he thought. Airborne transmission. He hooked up a second cage with a live rat, but inserted a Millipore filter between the living and dead rat cages. This filter had perforations 100 angstroms in diameter-- the size of a small virus. He opened the passage between the two cages. The rat remained alive. He watched for several moments, until he was satisfied. Whatever it was that transmitted the disease, it was larger than a virus. He changed the filter, replacing it with a larger one, and then another still larger. He continued in this way until the rat died. The filter had allowed the agent to pass. He checked it: two microns in diameter, roughly the size of a small cell. He thought to himself that he had just learned something very valuable indeed: the size of the infectious agent. This was important, for in a single simple experiment he had ruled out the possibility that a protein or a chemical molecule of some kind was doing the damage. At Piedmont, he and Stone had been concerned about a gas, perhaps a gas released as waste from the living organism. Yet, clearly, no gas was responsible. The disease was transmitted by something the size of a cell that was very much bigger than a molecule, or gas droplet. The next step was equally simple-- to determine whether dead animals were potentially infectious. He took one of the dead rats and pumped the air out of its cage. He waited until the air was fully evacuated. In the pressure fall, the rat ruptured, bursting open. Burton ignored this. When he was sure all air was removed, he replaced the air with fresh, clean, filtered air. Then he connected the cage to the cage of a living animal. Nothing happened. Interesting, he thought. Using a remotely controlled scalpel, he sliced open the dead animal further, to make sure any organisms contained inside the carcass would be released into the atmosphere. Nothing happened. The live rat scampered about its cage happily. The results were quite clear: dead animals were not infectious. That was why, he thought, the buzzards could chew at the Piedmont victims and not die. Corpses could not transmit the disease; only the bugs themselves, carried in the air, could do so. Bugs in the air were deadly. Bugs in the corpse were harmless. In a sense, this was predictable. It had to do with theories of accommodation and mutual adaptation between bacteria and man. Burton had long been interested in this problem, and had lectured on it at the Baylor Medical School. Most people, when they thought of bacteria, thought of diseases. Yet the fact was that only 3 percent of them produced human disease; the rest were either harmless or beneficial. In the human gut, for instance, there were a variety of bacteria that were helpful to the digestive process. Man needed them, and relied upon them. In fact, man lived in a sea of bacteria. They were everywhere-- on his skin, in his ears and mouth, down his lungs, in his stomach. Everything he owned, anything he touched, every breath he breathed, was drenched in bacteria. Bacteria were ubiquitous. Most of the time you weren't aware of it. And there was a reason. Both man and bacteria had gotten used to each other, had developed a kind of mutual immunity. Each adapted to the other. And this, in turn, for a very good reason. It was a principle of biology that evolution was directed toward increased reproductive potential. A man easily killed by bacteria was poorly adapted; he didn't live long enough to reproduce. A bacteria that killed its host was also poorly adapted. Because any parasite that kills its host is a failure. It must die when the host dies. The successful parasites were those that could live off the host without killing him. And the most successful hosts were those that could tolerate the parasite, or even turn it to advantage, to make it work for the host. "The best adapted bacteria," Burton used to say, "are the ones that cause minor diseases, or none at all. You may carry the same single cell of Strep. viridians on your body for sixty or seventy years. During that time, you are growing and reproducing happily; so is the Strep. You can carry Staph. aureus around, and pay only the price of some acne and pimples. You can carry tuberculosis for many decades; you can carry syphilis for a lifetime. These last are not minor diseases, but they are much less severe than they once were, because both man and organism have adapted." It was known, for instance, that syphilis had been a virulent disease four hundred years before, producing huge festering sores all over the body, often killing in weeks. But over the centuries, man and the spirochete had learned to tolerate each other. Such considerations were not so abstract and academic as they seemed at first. In the early planning of Wildfire, Stone had observed that 40 per cent of all human disease was caused by microorganisms. Burton had countered by noting that only 3 per cent of all microorganisms caused disease. Obviously, while much human misery was attributable to bacteria, the chances of any particular bacteria being dangerous to man were very small. This was because the process of adaptation-- of fitting man to bacteria-- was complex. "Most bacteria," Burton observed, "simply can't live within a man long enough to harm him. Conditions are, one way or another, unfavorable. The body is too hot or too cold, too acid or too alkaline, there is too much oxygen or not enough. Man's body is as hostile as Antarctica to most bacteria." This meant that the chances of an organism from outer space being suited to harm man were very slim. Everyone recognized this, but felt that Wildfire had to be constructed in any event. Burton certainly agreed, but felt in an odd way that his prophecy had come true. Clearly, the bug they had found could kill men. But it was not really adapted to men, because it killed and died within the organism. It could not be transmitted from corpse to corpse. It existed for a second or two in its host, and then died with it. Satisfying intellectually, he thought. But practically speaking they still had to isolate it, understand it, and find a cure. * Burton already knew something about transmission, and something about the mechanism of death: clotting of the blood. The question remained-- How did the organisms get into the body? Because transmission appeared to be airborne, contact with skin and lungs seemed likely. Possibly the organisms burrowed right through the skin surface. Or they might be inhaled. Or both. How to determine it? He considered putting protective suitings around an experimental animal to cover all but the mouth. That was possible, but it would take a long time. He sat and worried about the problem for an hour. Then he hit upon a more likely approach. He knew that the organism killed by clotting blood. Very likely it would initiate clotting at the point of entrance into the body. If skin, clotting would start near the surface. If lungs, it would begin in the chest, radiating outward. This was something he could test. By using radioactively tagged blood proteins, and then following his animals with scintillometer scans, he could determine where in the body the blood first clotted. He prepared a suitable animal, choosing a rhesus monkey because its anatomy was more human than a rat's. He infused the radioactive tagging substance, a magnesium isotope, into the monkey and calibrated the scanner. After allowing equilibration, he tied the monkey down and positioned the scanner overhead. He was now ready to begin. The scanner would print out its results on a series of human block outlines. He set the computer printing program and then exposed the rhesus to air containing the lethal microorganism. Immediately, the printout began to clatter out from the computer: [graphic of disease spread in human body] It was all over in three seconds. The graphic printout told him what he needed to know, that clotting began in the lungs and spread outward through the rest of the body. But there was an additional piece of information gained. Burton later said, "I had been concerned that perhaps death and clotting did not coincide-- or at least did not coincide exactly. It seemed impossible to me that death could occur in three seconds, but it seemed even more unlikely that the total blood volume of the body-five quarts-could solidify in so short a period. I was curious to know whether a single crucial clot might form, in the brain, perhaps, and the rest of the body clot at a slower pace." Burton was thinking of the brain even at this early stage of his investigation. In retrospect, it is frustrating that he did not follow this line of inquiry to its logical conclusion. He was prevented from doing this by the evidence of the scans, which told him that clotting began in the lungs and progressed up the carotid arteries to the brain one or two seconds later. So Burton lost immediate interest in the brain. And his mistake was compounded by his next experiment. * It was a simple test, not part of the regular Wildfire Protocol. Burton knew that death coincided with blood clotting. If clotting could be prevented, could death be avoided? He took several rats and injected them with heparin, an anticoagulating drug-- preventing blood-clot formation. Heparin was a rapid-acting drug widely used in medicine; its actions were thoroughly understood. Burton injected the drug intravenously in varying amounts, ranging from a low-normal dose to a massively excessive dose. Then he exposed the rats to air containing the lethal organism. The first rat, with a low dose, died in five seconds. The others followed within a minute. A single rat with a massive dose lived nearly three minutes, but he also succumbed in the end. Burton was depressed by the results. Although death was delayed, it was not prevented. The method of symptomatic treatment did not work. He put the dead rats to one side, and then made his crucial mistake. Burton did not autopsy the anticoagulated rats. Instead, he turned his attention to the original autopsy specimens, the first black Norway rat and the first rhesus monkey to be exposed to the capsule. He performed a complete autopsy on these animals, but discarded the anticoagulated animals. It would be forty-eight hours before he realized his error. The autopsies he performed were careful and good; he did them slowly, reminding himself that he must overlook nothing. He removed the internal organs from the rat and monkey and examined each, removing samples for both the light and electron microscopes. To gross inspection, the animals had died of total, intravascular coagulation. The arteries, the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver and spleen-- all the blood-containing organs-- were rock-hard, solid. This was what he had expected. He carried his tissue slices across the room to prepare frozen sections for microscopic examination. As each section was completed by his technician, he slipped it under the microscope, examined it, and photographed it. The tissues were normal. Except for the clotted blood, there was nothing unusual about them at all. He knew that these same pieces of tissue would now be sent to the microscopy lab, where another technician would prepare stained sections, using hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Zenker-formalin stains. Sections of nerve would be stained with Nissl and Cajal gold preparations. This process would take an additional twelve to fifteen hours. He could hope, of course, that the stained sections would reveal something more, but he had no reason to believe they would. Similarly, he was unenthusiastic about the prospects for electron microscopy. The electron microscope was a valuable tool, but occasionally it made things more difficult, not easier. The electron microscope could provide great magnification and clear detail-but only if you knew where to look. It was excellent for examining a single cell, or part of a cell. But first you had to know which cell to examine. And there were billions of cells in a human body. At the end of ten hours of work, he sat back to consider what he had learned. He drew up a short list: 1. The lethal agent is approximately 1 micron in size. Therefore it is not a gas or molecule, or even a large protein or virus. It is the size of a cell, and may actually be a cell of some sort. 2. The lethal agent is transmitted by air. Dead organisms are not infectious. 3. The lethal agent is inspired by the victim, entering the lungs. There it presumably crosses over into the bloodstream and starts coagulation. 4. The lethal agent causes death through coagulation. This occurs within seconds, and coincides with total coagulation of the entire body vascular system. 5. Anticoagulant drugs do not prevent this process. 6. No other pathologic abnormalities are known to occur in the dying animal. Burton looked at his list and shook his head. Anticoagulants might not work, but the fact was that something stopped the process. There was a way that it could be done. He knew that. Because two people had survived. 17. Recovery AT 1147 HOURS, MARK HALL WAS BENT OVER THE computer, staring at the console that showed the laboratory results from Peter Jackson and the infant. The computer was giving results as they were finished by the automated laboratory equipment; by now, nearly all results were in. The infant, Hall observed, was normal. The computer did not mince words: SUBJECT CODED-- INFANT-- SHOWS ALL LABORATORY VALUES WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS However, Peter Jackson was another problem entirely. His results were abnormal in several respects. SUBJECT CODED JACKSON, PETER LABORATORY VALUES NOT WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS FOLLOW TEST : NORMAL : VALUE HEMATOC : 38-54 : 21 INITIAL 25 REPEAT 29 REPEAT 33 REPEAT 37 REPEAT BUN : 10-20 : 50 COUNTS RETIC : 1 : 6 BLOOD SMEAR SHOWS MANY IMMATURE ERYTHROCYTE FORMS TEST : NORMAL : VALUE PRO TIME : L2 : 12 BLOOD PH : 7.40 : 7.31 SGOT : 40 : 75 SED RATE : 9 : 29 AMYLASE : 70-200 : 450 Some of the results were easy to understand, others were not. The hematocrit, for example, was rising because Jackson was receiving transfusions of whole blood and packed red cells. The BUN, or blood urea nitrogen, was a test of kidney function and was mildly elevated, probably because of decreased blood flow. Other analyses were consistent with blood loss. The reticulocyte count was up from 1 to 6 per cent. Jackson had been anemic for some time. He showed immature red-cell forms, which meant that his body was struggling to replace lost blood, and so had to put young, immature red cells into circulation. The prothrombin time indicated that while Jackson was bleeding from somewhere in his gastrointestinal tract, he had no primary bleeding problem: his blood clotted normally. The sedimentation rate and SGOT were indices of tissue destruction. Somewhere in Jackson's body, tissues were dying off. But the pH of the blood was a bit of a puzzle. At 7.31, it was too acid, though not strikingly so. Hall was at a loss to explain this. So was the computer. SUBJECT CODED JACKSON, PETER DIAGNOSTIC PROBABILITIES 1. ACUTE AND CHRONIC BLOOD LOSS ETIOLOGY GASTROINTESTINAL .884 NO OTHER STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT SOURCES. 2. ACIDOSIS ETIOLOGY UNEXPLAINED FURTHER DATA REQUIRED SUGGEST HISTORY Hall read the printout and shrugged. The computer might suggest he talk to the patient, but that was easier said than done. Jackson was comatose, and if he had ingested anything to make his blood acid, they would not find out until he revived. On the other hand, perhaps he could test blood gases. He turned to the computer and punched in a request for blood gases. The computer responded stubbornly. PATIENT HISTORY PREFERABLE TO LABORATORY ANALYSES Hall typed in: "Patient comatose." The computer seemed to consider this, and then flashed back: PATIENT MONITORS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH COMA -- EEG SHOWS ALPHA WAVES DIAGNOSTIC OF SLEEP "I'll be damned," Hall said. He looked through the window and saw that Jackson was, indeed, stirring sleepily. He crawled down through the tunnel to his plastic suit and leaned over the patient. "Mr. Jackson, wake up..." Slowly, he opened his eyes and stared at Hall. He blinked, not believing. "Don't be frightened," Hall said quietly. "You're sick, and we have been taking care of you. Do you feel better?" Jackson swallowed, and nodded. He seemed afraid to speak. But the pallor of his skin was gone; his cheeks had a slight pinkish tinge; his fingernails were no longer gray. "How do you feel now?" "Okay... Who are you? "I am Dr. Hall. I have been taking care of you. You were bleeding very badly. We had to give you a transfusion." He nodded, accepting this quite calmly. Somehow, his manner rung a bell for Hall, who said, "Has this happened to you before?" "Yes," he said. "Twice." "How did it happen before?" "I don't know where I am," he said, looking around the room. "Is this a hospital? Why are you wearing that thing?" "No, this isn't a hospital. It is a special laboratory in Nevada." "Nevada?" He closed his eyes and shook his head. "But I'm in Arizona..." "Not now. We brought you here, so we could help you." "How come that suit?" "We brought you from Piedmont. There was a disease in Piedmont. You are now in an isolation chamber." "You mean I'm contagious?" "Well, we don't know for sure. But we must--" "Listen," he said, suddenly trying to get up, "this place gives me the creeps. I'm getting out of here. I don't like it here." He struggled in the bed, trying to move against the straps. Hall pushed him back gently. "Just relax, Mr. Jackson. Everything will be all right, but you must relax. You've been a sick man." Slowly, Jackson lay back. Then: "I want a cigarette." "I'm afraid you can't have one." "What the hell, I want one." "I'm sorry, smoking is not allowed." "Look here, young fella, when you've lived as long as I have you'll know what you can do and what you can't do. They told me before. None of that Mexican food, no liquor, no butts. I tried it for a spell. You know how that makes a body feel? Terrible, just terrible." "Who told you?" "The doctors." "What doctors?" "Those doctors in Phoenix. Big fancy hospital, all that shiny equipment and all those shiny white uniforms. Real fancy hospital. I wouldn't have gone there, except for my sister. She insisted. She lives in Phoenix, you know, with that husband of hers, George. Stupid ninny. I didn't want no fancy hospital, I just wanted to rest up, is all. But she insisted, so I went." "When was this?" "Last year. June it was, or July." "Why did you go to the hospital?" "Why does anybody go to the hospital? I was sick, dammit." "What was your problem?" "This damn stomach of mine, same as always." "Bleeding?" "Hell, bleeding. Every time I hiccoughed I came up with blood. Never knew a body had so much blood in it." "Bleeding in your stomach?" "Yeah. Like I said, I had it before. All these needles stuck in you--" he nodded to the intravenous lines-- "and all the blood going into you. Phoenix last year, and then Tucson the year before that. Now, Tucson was a right nice place. Right nice. Had me a pretty little nurse and all." Abruptly, he closed his mouth. "How old are you, son, anyhow? You don't seem old enough to be a doctor. "I'm a surgeon," Hall said. "Surgeon! Oh no you don't. They kept trying to get me to do it, and I kept saying, Not on your sweet life. No indeedy. Not taking it out of me." "You've had an ulcer for two years?" "A bit more. The pains started out of the clear blue. Thought I had a touch of indigestion, you know, until the bleeding started up." A two-year history, Hall thought. Definitely ulcer, not cancer. "And you went to the hospital?" "Yep. Fixed me up fine. Warned me off spicy foods and hard stuff and cigarettes. And I tried, sonny, I sure did. But it wasn't no good. A man gets used to his pleasures. "So in a year, you were back in the hospital." "Yeah. Big old place in Phoenix, with that stupid ninny George and my sister visiting me every day. He's a book-learning fool, you know. Lawyer. Talks real big, but he hasn't got the sense God gave a grasshopper's behind." "And they wanted to operate in Phoenix?" "Sure they did. No offense, sonny, but any doctor'll operate on you, give him half a chance. It's the way they think. I just told them I'd gone this far with my old stomach, and I reckoned Id finish the stretch with it." "When did you leave the hospital?" "Must have been early August sometime. First week, or thereabouts." "And when did you start smoking and drinking and eating the wrong foods?" "Now don't lecture me, sonny," Jackson said. "I've been living for sixty-nine years, eating all the wrong foods and doing all the wrong things. I like it that way, and if I can't keep it up, well then the hell with it." "But you must have had pain," Hall said, frowning. "Oh, sure, it kicked up some. Specially if I didn't eat. But I found a way to fix that. "Yes?" "Sure. They gave me this milk stuff at the hospital, and wanted me to keep on with it. Hundred times a day, in little sips. Milk stuff. Tasted like chalk. But I found a better thing." "What was that?" "Aspirin," Jackson said. "Aspirin?" "Sure. Works real nice." "How much aspirin did you take?" "Fair bit, toward the end. I was doing a bottle a day. You know them bottles it comes in?" Hall nodded. No wonder the man was acid. Aspirin was acetylsalicylic acid, and if it was taken in sufficient quantities, it would acidify you. Aspirin was a gastric irritant, and it could exacerbate bleeding. "Didn't anybody tell you aspirin would make the bleeding worse?" he asked. "Sure," Jackson said. "They told me. But I didn't mind none. Because it stopped the pains, see. That, plus a little squeeze." "Squeeze?" "Red-eye. You know." Hall shook his head. He didn't know. "Sterno. Pink lady. You take it, see, and put it in cloth, and squeeze it out..." Hall sighed. "You were drinking Sterno," he said. "Well, only when I couldn't get nothing else. Aspirin and squeeze, see, really kills that pain." "Sterno isn't only alcohol. It's methanol, too." "Doesn't hurt you, does it?" Jackson asked, in a voice suddenly concerned. "As a matter of fact, it does. It can make you go blind, and it can even kill you." "Well, hell, it made me feel better, so I took it," Jackson said. "Did this aspirin and squeeze have any effect on you? On your breathing?" "Well, now you mention it, I was a tad short of breath. But what the hell, I don't need much breath at my age." Jackson yawned and closed his eyes. "You're awful full of questions, boy. I want to sleep now." Hall looked at him, and decided the man was right. It would be best to proceed slowly, at least for a time. He crawled back down the tunnel and out to the main room. He turned to his assistant: "Our friend Mr. Jackson has a two-year history of ulcer. We'd better keep the blood going in for another couple of units, then we can stop and see what's happening. Drop an NG tube and start icewater lavage." A gong rang, echoing softly through the room. "What's that?" "The twelve-hour mark. It means we have to change our clothing. And it means you have a conference." "I do? Where?" "The CR off the dining room." Hall nodded, and left. * In delta sector, the computers hummed and clicked softly, as Captain Arthur Morris punched through a new program on the console. Captain Morris was a programmer; he had been sent to delta sector by the command on Level I because no MCN messages had been received for nine hours. It was possible, of course, that there had been no priority transmissions; but it was also unlikely. And if there had been unreceived MCN messages, then the computers were not functioning properly. Captain Morris watched as the computer ran its usual internal check program, which read out as all circuits functioning. Unsatisfied, he punched in the CHECKLIM program, a more rigorous testing of the circuit banks. It required 0.03 seconds for the machine to come back with its answer: a row of five green lights blinked on the console. He walked over to the teleprinter and watched as it typed: MACHINE FUNCTION ON ALL CIRCUITS WITHIN RATIONAL INDICES He looked and nodded, satisfied. He could not have known, as he stood before the teleprinter, that there was indeed a fault, but that it was purely mechanical, not electronic, and hence could not be tested on the check programs. The fault lay within the teleprinter box itself. There, a sliver of paper from the edge of the roll had peeled away and, curling upward, had lodged between the bell and striker, preventing the bell from ringing. It was for this reason that no MCN transmissions had been recorded. Neither machine nor man was able to catch the error. 18. The Noon Conference ACCORDING TO PROTOCOL, THE TEAM MET EVERY twelve hours for a brief conference, at which results were summarized and new directions planned. In order to save time the conferences were held in a small room off the cafeteria; they could eat and talk at the same time. Hall was the last to arrive. He slipped into a chair behind his lunch-- two glasses of liquid and three pills of different colors-- just as Stone said, "We'll hear from Burton first." Burton shuffled to his feet and in a slow, hesitant voice outlined his experiments and his results. He noted first that he had determined the size of the lethal agent to be one micron. Stone and Leavitt looked at each other. The green flecks they had seen were much larger than that; clearly, infection could be spread by a mere fraction of the green fleck. Burton next explained his experiments concerning airborne transmission, and coagulation beginning at the lungs. He finished with his attempts at anticoagulation therapy. "What about the autopsies?" Stone said. "What did they show?" "Nothing we don't already know. The blood is clotted throughout. No other demonstrable abnormalities at the light microscope level." "And clotting is initiated at the lungs?" "Yes. Presumably the organisms cross over to the bloodstream there-- or they may release a toxic substance, which crosses over. We may have an answer when the stained sections are finished. In particular, we will be looking for damage to blood vessels, since this releases tissue thromboplastin, and stimulates clotting at the site of the damage." Stone nodded and turned to Hall, who told of the tests carried out on his two patients. He explained that the infant was normal to all tests and that Jackson had a bleeding ulcer, for which he was receiving transfusions. "He's revived," Hall said. "I talked with him briefly." Everyone sat up. "Mr. Jackson is a cranky old goat of sixty-nine who has a two-year history of ulcer. He's bled out twice before: two years ago, and again last year. Each time he was warned to change his habits; each time he went back to his old ways, and began bleeding again. At the time of the Piedmont contact, he was treating his problems with his own regimen: a bottle of aspirin a day and some Sterno on top of it. He says this left him a little short of breath." "And made him acidotic as hell," Burton said. "Exactly." Methanol, when broken down by the body, was converted to formaldehyde and formic acid. In combination with aspirin, it meant Jackson was consuming great quantities of acid. The body had to maintain its acid-base balance within fairly narrow limits or death would occur. One way to keep the balance was to breathe rapidly, and blow off carbon dioxide, decreasing carbonic acid in the body. Stone said, "Could this acid have protected him from the organism?" Hall shrugged. "Impossible to say." Leavitt said, "What about the infant? Was it anemic?" "No," Hall said. "But on the other hand, we don't know for sure that it was protected by the same mechanism. It might have something entirely different." "How about the acid-base balance of the child?" "Normal," Hall said. "Perfectly normal. At least it is now." There was a moment of silence. Finally Stone said, "Well, you have some good leads here. The problem remains to discover what, if anything, that child and that old man have in common. Perhaps, as you suggest, there is nothing in common. But for a start, we have to assume that they were protected in the same way, by the same mechanism." Hall nodded. Burton said to Stone, "And what have you found in the capsule?" "We'd better show you," Stone said. "Show us what?" "Something we believe may represent the organism," Stone said. * The door said MORPHOLOGY. Inside, the room was partitioned into a place for the experimenters to stand, and a glass-walled isolation chamber further in. Gloves were provided so the men could reach into the chamber and move instruments about. Stone pointed to the glass dish, and the small fleck of black inside it. "We think this is our 'meteor,' " he said. "We have found something apparently alive on its surface. There were also other areas within the capsule that may represent life. We've brought the meteor in here to have a look at it under the light microscope." Reaching through with the gloves, Stone set the glass dish into an opening in a large chrome box, then withdrew his hands. "The box," he said, "is simply a light microscope fitted with the usual image intensifiers and resolution scanners. We can go up to a thousand diameters with it, projected on the screen here." Leavitt adjusted dials while Hall and the others stared at the viewer screen. "Ten power," Leavitt said. On the screen, Hall saw that the rock was jagged, blackish, dull. Stone pointed out green flecks. "One hundred power." The green flecks were larger now, very clear. "We think that's our organism. We have observed it growing; it turns purple, apparently at the point of mitotic division." "Spectrum shift?" "Of some kind." "One thousand power," Leavitt said. The screen was filled with a single green spot, nestled down in the jagged hollows of the rock. Hall noticed the surface of the green, which was smooth and glistening, almost oily. "You think that's a single bacterial colony?" "We can't be sure it's a colony in the conventional sense," Stone said. "Until we heard Burton's experiments, we didn't think it was a colony at all. We thought it might be a single organism. But obviously the single units have to be a micron or less in size; this is much too big. Therefore it is probably a larger structure-- perhaps a colony, perhaps something else." As they watched, the spot turned purple, and green again. "It's dividing now," Stone said. "Excellent." Leavitt switched on the cameras. "Now watch closely." The spot turned purple and held the color. It seemed to expand slightly, and for a moment, the surface broke into fragments, hexagonal in shape, like a tile floor. "Did you see that?" "It seemed to break up." "Into six-sided figures." "I wonder," Stone said, "whether those figures represent single units." "Or whether they are regular geometric shapes all the time, or just during division?" "We'll know more," Stone said, "after the EM." He turned to Burton. "Have you finished your autopsies?" "Yes." "Can you work the spectrometer?" "I think so." "Then do that. It's computerized, anyway. We'll want an analysis of samples of both the rock and the green organism." "You'll get me a piece?" "Yes." Stone said to Leavitt: "Can you handle the AA analyzer? " "Yes." "Same tests on that." "And a fractionation?" "I think so," Stone said. "But you'll have to do that by hand." Leavitt nodded; Stone turned back to the isolation chamber and removed a glass dish from the light microscope. He set it to one side, beneath a small device that looked like a miniature scaffolding. This was the microsurgical unit. Microsurgery was a relatively new skill in biology-- the ability to perform delicate operations on a single cell. Using microsurgical techniques, it was possible to remove the nucleus from a cell, or part of the cytoplasm, as neatly and cleanly as a surgeon performed an amputation. The device was constructed to scale down human hand movements into fine, precise miniature motions. A series of gears and servomechanisms carried out the reduction; the movement of a thumb was translated into a shift of a knife blade millionths of an inch. Using a high magnification viewer, Stone began to chip away delicately at the black rock, until he had two tiny fragments. He set them aside in separate glass dishes and proceeded to scrape away two small fragments from the green area. Immediately, the green turned purple, and expanded. "It doesn't like you," Leavitt said, and laughed. Stone frowned. "Interesting. Do you suppose that's a nonspecific growth response, or a trophic response to injury and irradiation? " "I think," Leavitt said, "that it doesn't like to be poked at." "We must investigate further," Stone said. 19. Crash FOR ARTHUR MANCHEK, THERE WAS A CERTAIN kind of horror in the telephone conversation. He received it at home, having just finished dinner and sat down in the living room to read the newspapers. He hadn't seen a newspaper in the last two days, he had been so busy with the Piedmont business. When the phone rang, he assumed that it must be for his wife, but a moment later she came in and said, "It's for you. The base." He had an uneasy feeling as he picked up the receiver. "Major Manchek speaking." "Major, this is Colonel Burns at Unit Eight." Unit Eight was the processing and clearing unit of the base. Personnel checked in and out through Unit Eight, and calls were transmitted through it. "Yes, Colonel?" "Sir, we have you down for notification of certain contingencies. " His voice was guarded; he was choosing his words carefully on the open line. "I'm informing you now of an RTM crash forty-two minutes ago in Big Head, Utah." Manchek frowned. Why was he being informed of a routine training-mission crash? It was hardly his province. "What was it?" "Phantom, Sir. En route San Francisco to Topeka." "I see," Manchek said, though he did not see at all. "Sir, Goddard wanted you to be informed in this instance so that you could join the post team." "Goddard? Why Goddard?" For a moment, as he sat there in the living room, staring at the newspaper headline absently-- NEW BERLIN CRISIS FEARED-- he thought that the colonel meant Lewis Goddard, chief of the codes section of Vandenberg. Then he realized he meant Goddard Spaceflight Center, outside Washington. Among other things, Goddard acted as collating center for certain special projects that fell between the province of Houston and the governmental agencies in Washington. "Sir," Colonel Burns said, "the Phantom drifted off its flight plan forty minutes out of San Francisco and passed through Area WF." Manchek felt himself slowing down. A kind of sleepiness came over him. "Area WF?" "That is correct, Sir. "When?" "Twenty minutes before the crash." "At what altitude?" "Twenty-three thousand feet, Sir." "When does the post team leave?" "Half an hour, Sir, from the base." "All right," Manchek said. "I'll be there." He hung up and stared at the phone lazily. He felt tired; he wished he could go to bed. Area WF was the designation for the cordoned-off radius around Piedmont, Arizona. They should have dropped the bomb, he thought. They should have dropped it two days ago. At the time of the decision to delay Directive 7-12, Manchek had been uneasy. But officially he could not express an opinion, and he had waited in vain for the Wildfire team, now located in the underground laboratory, to complain to Washington. He knew Wildfire had been notified; he had seen the cable that went to all security units; it was quite explicit. Yet for some reason Wildfire had not complained. Indeed, they had paid no attention to it whatever. Very odd. And now there was a crash. He lit his pipe and sucked on it, considering the possibilities. Overwhelming was the likelihood that some green trainee had daydreamed, gone off his flight plan, panicked, and lost control of the plane. It had happened before, hundreds of times. The post team, a group of specialists who went out to the site of the wreckage to investigate all crashes, usually returned a verdict of "Agnogenic Systems Failure." It was military doubletalk for crash of unknown cause; it did not distinguish between mechanical failure and pilot failure, but it was known that most systems failures were pilot failures. A man could not afford to daydream when he was running a complex machine at two thousand miles an hour. The proof lay in the statistics: though only 9 per cent of flights occurred after the pilot had taken a leave or weekend pass, these flights accounted for 27 per cent of casualties. Manchek's pipe went out. He stood, dropping the newspaper, and went into the kitchen to tell his wife he was leaving. * "This is movie country," somebody said, looking at the sandstone cliffs, the brilliant reddish hues, against the deepening blue of the sky. And it was true, many movies had been filmed in this area of Utah. But Manchek could not think of movies now. As he sat in the back of the limousine moving away from the Utah airport, he considered what he had been told. During the flight from Vandenberg to southern Utah, the post team had heard transcripts of the flight transmission between the Phantom and Topeka Central. For the most part it was dull, except for the final moments before the pilot crashed. The pilot had said: "Something is wrong." And then, a moment later, "My rubber air hose is dissolving. It must be the vibration. It's just disintegrating to dust." Perhaps ten seconds after that, a weak, fading voice said, "Everything made of rubber in the cockpit is dissolving." There were no further transmissions. Manchek kept hearing that brief communication, in his mind, over and over. Each time, it sounded more bizarre and terrifying. He looked out the window at the cliffs. The sun was setting now, and only the tops of the cliffs were lighted by fading reddish sunlight; the valleys lay in darkness. He looked ahead at the other limousine, raising a small dust cloud as it carried the rest of the team to the crash site. "I used to love westerns," somebody said. "They were all shot out here. Beautiful country." Manchek frowned. It was astonishing to him how people could spend so much time on irrelevancies. Or perhaps it was just denial, the unwillingness to face reality. The reality was cold enough: the Phantom had strayed into Area WF, going quite deep for a matter of six minutes before the pilot realized the error and pulled north again. However, once in WF, the plane had begun to lose stability. And it had finally crashed. He said, "Has Wildfire been informed?" A member of the group, a psychiatrist with a crew cut-- all post teams had at least one psychiatrist-- said, "You mean the germ people?" "Yes." "They've been told," somebody else said. "It went out on the scrambler an hour ago." Then, thought Manchek, there would certainly be a reaction from Wildfire. They could not afford to ignore this. Unless they weren't reading their cables. It had never occurred to him before, but perhaps it was possible-- they weren't reading the cables. They were so absorbed in their work, they just weren't bothering. "There's the wreck," somebody said. "Up ahead." * Each time Manchek saw a wreck, he was astonished. Somehow, one never got used to the idea of the sprawl, the mess, the destructive force of a large metal object striking the earth at thousands of miles an hour. He always expected a neat, tight little clump of metal, but it was never that way. The wreckage of the Phantom was scattered over two square miles of desert. Standing next to the charred remnants of the left wing, he could barely see the others, on the horizon, near the right wing. Everywhere he looked, there were bits of twisted metal, blackened, paint peeling. He saw one with a small portion of a sign still intact, the stenciled letters clear: DO NOT. The rest was gone. It was impossible to make anything of the remnants. The fuselage, the cockpit, the canopy were all shattered into a million fragments, and the fires had disfigured everything. As the sun faded, he found himself standing near the remains of the tail section, where the metal still radiated heat from the smoldering fire. Half-buried in the sand he saw a bit of bone; he picked it up and realized with horror that it was human. Long, and broken, and charred at one end, it had obviously come from an arm or a leg. But it was oddly clean-- there was no flesh remaining, only smooth bone. Darkness descended, and the post team took out their flashlights, the half-dozen men moving among, smoking metal, flashing their yellow beams of light about. It was late in the evening when a biochemist whose name he did not know came up to talk with him. "You know," the biochemist said, "it's funny. That transcript about the rubber in the cockpit dissolving." "How do you mean?" "Well, no rubber was used in this airplane. It was all a synthetic plastic compound. Newly developed by Ancro; they're quite proud of it. It's a polymer that has some of the same characteristics as human tissue. Very flexible, lots of applications. " Manchek said, "Do you think vibrations could have caused the disintegration." "No," the man said. "There are thousands of Phantoms flying around the world. They all have this plastic. None of them has ever had this trouble." "Meaning?" "Meaning that I don't know what the hell is going on," the biochemist said. 20. Routine SLOWLY, THE WILDFIRE INSTALLATION SETTLED into a routine, a rhythm of work in the underground chambers of a laboratory where there was no night or day, morning or afternoon. The men slept when they were tired, awoke when they were refreshed, and carried on their work in a number of different areas. Most of this work was to lead nowhere. They knew that, and accepted it in advance. As Stone was fond of saying, scientific research was much like prospecting: you went out and you hunted, armed with your maps and your instruments, but in the end your preparations did not matter, or even your intuition. You needed your luck, and whatever benefits accrued to the diligent, through sheer, grinding hard work. Burton stood in the room that housed the spectrometer along with several other pieces of equipment for radioactivity assays, ratio-density photometry, thermocoupling analysis, and preparation for X-ray crystallography. The spectrometer employed in Level V was the standard Whittington model K-5. Essentially it consisted of a vaporizer, a prism, and a recording screen. The material to be tested was set in the vaporizer and burned. The light from its burning then passed through the prism, where it was broken down to a spectrum that was projected onto a recording screen. Since different elements gave off different wavelengths of light as they burned, it was possible to analyze the chemical makeup of a substance by analyzing the spectrum of light produced. In theory it was simple, but in practice the reading of spectrometrograms was complex and difficult. No one in this Wildfire laboratory was trained to do it well. Thus results were fed directly into a computer, which performed the analysis. Because of the sensitivity of the computer, rough percentage compositions could also be determined. Burton placed the first chip, from the black rock, onto the vaporizer and pressed the button. There was a single bright burst of intensely hot light; he turned away, avoiding the brightness, and then put the second chip onto the lamp. Already, he knew, the computer was analyzing the light from the first chip. He repeated the process with the green fleck, and then checked the time. The computer was now scanning the self-developing photographic plates, which were ready for viewing in seconds. But the scan itself would take two hours-- the electric eye was very slow. Once the scan was completed, the computer would analyze results and print the data within five seconds. The wall clock told him it was now 1500 hours-- three in the afternoon. He suddenly realized he was tired. He punched in instructions to the computer to wake him when analysis was finished. Then he went off to bed. * In another room, Leavitt was carefully feeding similar chips into a different machine, an amino-acid analyzer. As he did so, he smiled slightly to himself, for he could remember how it had been in the old days, before AA analysis was automatic. In the early fifties, the analysis of amino acids in a protein might take weeks, or even months. Sometimes it took years. Now it took hours-- or at the very most, a day-- and it was fully automatic. Amino acids were the building blocks of proteins. There were twenty-four known amino acids, each composed of a half-dozen molecules of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins were made by stringing these amino acids together in a line, like a freight train. The order of stringing determined the nature of the protein-- whether it was insulin, hemoglobin, or growth hormone. All proteins were composed of the same freight cars, the same units. Some proteins had more of one kind of car than another, or in a different order. But that was the only difference. The same amino acids, the same freight cars, existed in human proteins and flea proteins. That fact had taken approximately twenty years to discover. But what controlled the order of amino acids in the protein? The answer turned out to be DNA, the genetic-coding substance, which acted like a switching manager in a freightyard. That particular fact had taken another twenty years to discover. But then once the amino acids were strung together, they began to twist and coil upon themselves; the analogy became closer to a snake than a train. The manner of coiling was determined by the order of acids, and was quite specific: a protein had to be coiled in a certain way, and no other, or it failed to function. Another ten years. Rather odd, Leavitt thought. Hundreds of laboratories, thousands of workers throughout the world, all bent on discovering such essentially simple facts. It had all taken years and years, decades of patient effort. And now there was this machine. The machine would not, of course, give the precise order of amino acids. But it would give a rough percentage composition: so much valine, so much arginine, so much cystine and proline and leucine. And that, in turn, would give a great deal of information. Yet it was a shot in the dark, this machine. Because they had no reason to believe that either the rock or the green organism was composed even partially of proteins. True, every living thing on earth had at least some proteins-- but that didn't mean life elsewhere had to have it. For a moment, he tried to imagine life without proteins. It was almost impossible: on earth, proteins were part of the cell wall, and comprised all the enzymes known to man. And life without enzymes? Was that possible? He recalled the remark of George Thompson, the British biochemist, who had called enzymes "the matchmakers of life." It was true; enzymes acted as catalysts for all chemical reactions, by providing a surface for two molecules to come together and react upon. There were hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of enzymes, each existing solely to aid a single chemical reaction. Without enzymes, there could be no chemical reactions. Without chemical reactions, there could be no life. Or could there? It was a long-standing problem. Early in planning Wildfire, the question had been posed: How do you study a form of life totally unlike any you know? How would you even know it was alive? This was not an academic matter. Biology, as George Wald had said, was a unique science because it could not define its subject matter. Nobody had a definition for life. Nobody knew what it was, really. The old definitions-- an organism that showed ingestion, excretion, metabolism, reproduction, and so on-- were worthless. One could always find exceptions. The group had finally concluded that energy conversion was the hallmark of life. All living organisms in some way took in energy-- as food, or sunlight-- and converted it to another form of energy, and put it to use. (Viruses were the exception to this rule, but the group was prepared to define viruses as nonliving.) For the next meeting, Leavitt was asked to prepare a rebuttal to the definition. He pondered it for a week, and returned with three objects: a swatch of black cloth, a watch, and a piece of granite. He set them down before the group and said, "Gentleman, I give you three living things." He then challenged the team to prove that they were not living. He placed the black cloth in the sunlight; it became warm. This, he announced, was an example of energy conversion-radiant energy to heat. It was objected that this was merely passive energy absorption, not conversion. It was also objected that the conversion, if it could be called that, was not purposeful. It served no function. "How do you know it is not purposeful?" Leavitt had demanded. They then turned to the watch. Leavitt pointed to the radium dial, which glowed in the dark. Decay was taking place, and light was being produced. The men argued that this was merely release of potential energy held in unstable electron levels. But there was growing confusion; Leavitt was making his point. Finally, they came to the granite. "This is alive," Leavitt said. "It is living, breathing, walking, and talking. Only we cannot see it, because it is happening too slowly. Rock has a lifespan of three billion years. We have a lifespan of sixty or seventy years. We cannot see what is happening to this rock for the same reason that we cannot make out the tune on a record being played at the rate of one revolution every century. And the rock, for its part, is not even aware of our existence because we are alive for only a brief instant of its lifespan. To it, we are like flashes in the dark." He held up his watch. His point was clear enough, and they revised their thinking in one important respect. They conceded that it was possible that they might not be able to analyze certain life forms. It was possible that they might not be able to make the slightest headway, the least beginning, in such an analysis. But Leavitt's concerns extended beyond this, to the general problem of action in uncertainty. He recalled reading Talbert Gregson's "Planning the Unplanned" with close attention, poring over the complex mathematical models the author had devised to analyze the problem. It was Gregson's conviction that: All decisions involving uncertainty fall within two distinct categories-- those with contingencies, and those without. The latter are distinctly more difficult to deal with. Most decisions, and nearly all human interaction, can be incorporated into a contingencies model. For example, a President may start a war, a man may sell his business, or divorce his wife. Such an action will produce a reaction; the number of reactions is infinite but the number of probable reactions is manageably small. Before making a decision, an individual can predict various reactions, and he can assess his original, or primary-mode, decision more effectively. But there is also a category which cannot be analyzed by contingencies. This category involves events and situations which are absolutely unpredictable, not merely disasters of all sorts, but those also including rare moments Of discovery and insight, such as those which produced the laser, or penicillin. Because these moments are unpredictable, they cannot be planned for in any logical manner. The mathematics are wholly unsatisfactory. We may only take comfort in the fact that such situations, for ill or for good, are exceedingly rare. * Jeremy Stone, working with infinite patience, took a flake of the green material and dropped it into molten plastic. The plastic was the size and shape of a medicine capsule. He waited until the flake was firmly imbedded, and poured more plastic over it. He then transferred the plastic pill to the curing room. Stone envied the others their mechanized routines. The preparation of samples for electron microscopy was still a delicate task requiring skilled human hands; the preparation of a good sample was as demanding a, craft as that ever practiced by an artisan-- and took almost as long to learn. Stone had worked for five years before he became proficient at it. The plastic was cured in a special high-speed processing unit, but it would still take five hours to harden to proper consistency. The curing room would maintain a constant temperature of 61 deg C. with a relative humidity of 10 per cent. Once the plastic was hardened, he would scrape it away, and then flake off a small bit of green with a microtome. This would go into the electron microscope. The flake would have to be of the right thickness and size, a small round shaving 1,500 angstroms in depth, no more. Only then could he look at the green stuff, whatever it was, at sixty thousand diameters magnification. That, he thought, would be interesting. In general, Stone believed the work was going well. They were making fine progress, moving forward in several promising lines of inquiry. But most important, they had time. There was no rush, no panic, no need to fear. The bomb had been dropped on Piedmont. That would destroy airborne organisms, and neutralize the source of infection. Wildfire was the only place that any further infection could spread from, and Wildfire was specifically designed to prevent that. Should isolation be broken in the lab, the areas that were contaminated would automatically seal off. Within a half-second, sliding airtight doors would close, producing a new configuration for the lab. This was necessary because past experience in other laboratories working in so-called axenic, or germ-free, atmospheres indicated that contamination occurred in 15 per cent of cases. The reasons were usually structural-- a seal burst, a glove tore, a seam split-- but the contamination occurred, nonetheless. At Wildfire, they were prepared for that eventuality. But if it did not happen, and the odds were it would not, then they could work safely here for an indefinite period. They could spend a month, even a year, working on the organism. There was no problem, no problem at all. * Hall walked through the corridor, looking at the atomic-detonator substations. He was trying to memorize their positions. There were five on the floor, positioned at intervals along the central corridor. Each was the same: small silver boxes no larger than a cigarette packet. Each had a lock for the key, a green light that was burning, and a dark-red light. Burton had explained the mechanism earlier. "There are sensors in all the duct systems and in all the labs. They monitor the air in the rooms by a variety of chemical, electronic, and straight bioassay devices. The bioassay is just a mouse whose heartbeat is being monitored. If anything goes wrong with the sensors, the lab automatically seals off. If the whole floor is contaminated, it will seal off, and the atomic device will cut in. When that happens, the green light will go out, and the red light will begin to blink. That signals the start of the three-minute interval. Unless you lock in your key, the bomb will go off at the end of three minutes." "And I have to do it myself?" Burton nodded. "The key is steel. It is conductive. The lock has a system which measures the capacitance of the person holding the key. It responds to general body size, particularly weight, and also the salt content of sweat. It's quite specific, actually, for you." "So I'm really the only one?" "You really are. And you only have one key. But there's a complicating problem. The blueprints weren't followed exactly; we only discovered the error after the lab was finished and the device was installed. But there is an error: we are short three detonator substations. There are only five, instead of eight." "Meaning?" "Meaning that if the floor starts to contaminate, you must rush to locate yourself at a substation. Otherwise there is a chance you could be sealed off in a sector without a substation. And then, in the event of a malfunction of the bacteriologic sensors, a false positive malfunction, the laboratory could be destroyed needlessly." "That seems a rather serious error in planning." "It turns out," Burton said, "that three new substations were going to be added next month. But that won't help us now. Just keep the problem in mind, and everything'll be all right." * Leavitt awoke quickly, rolling out of bed and starting to dress. He was excited: he had just had an idea. A fascinating thing, wild, crazy, but fascinating as hell. It had come from his dream. He had been dreaming of a house, and then of a city-- a huge, complex, interconnecting city around the house. A man lived in the house, with his family; the man lived and worked and commuted within the city, moving about, acting, reacting. And then, in the dream, the city was suddenly eliminated, leaving only the house. How different things were then! A single house, standing alone, without the things it needed-- water, plumbing, electricity, streets. And a family, cut off from the supermarkets, schools, drugstores. And the husband, whose work was in the city, interrelated to others in the city, suddenly stranded. The house became a different organism altogether. And from that to the Wildfire organism was but a single step, a single leap of the imagination... He would have to discuss it with Stone. Stone would laugh, as usual-- Stone always laughed-- but he would also pay attention. Leavitt knew that, in a sense, he operated as the idea man for the team. The man who would always provide the most improbable, mind-stretching theories. Well, Stone would at least be interested. He glanced at the clock. 2200 hours. Getting on toward midnight. He hurried to dress. He took out a new paper suit and slipped his feet in. The paper was cool against his bare flesh. And then suddenly it was warm. A strange sensation. He finished dressing, stood, and zipped up the one-piece suit. As he left, he looked once again at the clock. 2210. Oh, geez, he thought. It had happened again. And this time, for ten minutes. What had gone on? He couldn't remember. But it was ten minutes gone, disappeared, while he had dressed-- an action that shouldn't have taken more than thirty seconds. He sat down again on the bed, trying to remember, but he could not. Ten minutes gone. It was terrifying. Because it was happening again, though he had hoped it would not. It hadn't happened for months, but now, with the excitement, the odd hours, the break in his normal hospital schedule, it was starting once more. For a moment, he considered telling the others, then shook his head. He'd be all right. It wouldn't happen again. He was going to be just fine. He stood. He had been on his way to see Stone, to talk to Stone about something. Something important and exciting. He paused. He couldn't remember. The idea, the image, the excitement was gone. Vanished, erased from his mind. He knew then that he should tell Stone, admit the whole thing. But he knew what Stone would say and do if he found out. And he knew what it would mean to his future, to the rest of his life, once the Wildfire Project was finished. Everything would change, if people knew. He couldn't ever be normal again-- he would have to quit his job, do other things, make endless adjustments. He couldn't even drive a car. No, he thought. He would not say anything. And he would be all right: as long as he didn't look at blinking lights. * Jeremy Stone was tired, but knew he was not ready for sleep. He paced up and down the corridors of the laboratory, thinking about the birds at Piedmont. He ran over everything they had done: how they had seen the birds, how they had gassed them with chlorazine, and how the birds had died. He went over it in his mind, again and again. Because he was missing something. And that something was bothering him. At the time, while he had been inside Piedmont itself, it had bothered him. Then he had forgotten, but his nagging doubts had been revived at the noon conference, while Hall was discussing the patients. Something Hall had said, some fact he had mentioned, was related, in some off way, to the birds. But what was it? What was the exact thought, the precise words, that had triggered the association? Stone shook his head. He simply couldn't dig it out. The clues, the connection, the keys were all there, but he couldn't bring them to the surface. He pressed his hands to his head, squeezing against the bones, and he damned his brain for being so stubborn. Like many intelligent men, Stone took a rather suspicious attitude toward his own brain, which he saw as a precise and skilled but temperamental machine. He was never surprised when the machine failed to perform, though he feared those moments, and hated them. In his blackest hours, Stone doubted the utility of all thought, and all intelligence. There were times when he envied the laboratory rats he worked with; their brains were so simple. Certainly they did not have the intelligence to destroy themselves; that was a peculiar invention of man. He often argued that human intelligence was more trouble than it was worth. It was more destructive than creative, more confusing than revealing, more discouraging than satisfying, more spiteful than charitable. There were times when he saw man, with his giant brain, as equivalent to the dinosaurs. Every schoolboy knew that dinosaurs had outgrown themselves, had become too large and ponderous to be viable. No one ever thought to consider whether the human brain, the most complex structure in the known universe, making fantastic demands on the human body in terms of nourishment and blood, was not analogous. Perhaps the human brain had become a kind of dinosaur for man and perhaps, in the end, would prove his downfall. Already, the brain consumed one quarter of the body's blood supply. A fourth of all blood pumped from the heart went to the brain, an organ accounting for only a small percentage of body mass. If brains grew larger, and better, then perhaps they would consume more-- perhaps so much that, like an infection, they would overrun their hosts and kill the bodies that transported them. Or perhaps, in their infinite cleverness, they would find a way to destroy themselves and each other. There were times when, as he sat at State Department or Defense Department meetings, and looked around the table, he saw nothing more than a dozen gray, convoluted brains sitting on the table. No flesh and blood, no hands, no eyes, no fingers. No mouths, no sex organs-- all these were superfluous. Just brains. Sitting around, trying to decide how to outwit other brains, at other conference tables. Idiotic. He shook his head, thinking that he was becoming like Leavitt, conjuring up wild and improbable schemes. Yet, there was a sort of logical consequence to Stone's ideas. If you really feared and hated your brain, you would attempt to destroy it. Destroy your own, and destroy others. "I'm tired," he said aloud, and looked at the wall clock. It was 2340 hours-- almost time for the midnight conference. 21. The Midnight Conference THEY MET AGAIN, IN THE SAME ROOM, IN THE SAME way. Stone glanced at the others and saw they were tired; no one, including himself, was getting enough sleep. "We're going at this too hard," he said. "We don't need to work around the clock, and we shouldn't do so. Tired men will make mistakes, mistakes in thinking and mistakes in action. We'll start to drop things, to screw things up, to work sloppily. And we'll make wrong assumptions, draw incorrect inferences. That mustn't happen." The team agreed to get at least six hours sleep in each twenty-four-hour period. That seemed reasonable, Since there was no problem on the surface; the infection at Piedmont had been halted by the atomic bomb. Their belief might never have been altered had not Leavitt suggested that they file for a code name. Leavitt stated that they had an organism and that it required a code. The others agreed. In a corner of the room stood the scrambler typewriter. It had been clattering all day long, typing out material sent in from the outside. It was a two-way machine; material transmitted had to be typed in lowercase letters, while received material was printed out in capitals. No one had really bothered to look at the input since their arrival on Level V. They were all too busy; besides, most of the input had been routine military dispatches that were sent to Wildfire but did not concern it. This was because Wildfire was one of the Cooler Circuit substations, known facetiously as the Top Twenty. These substations were linked to the basement of the White House and were the twenty most important strategic locations in the country. Other substations included Vandenberg, Kennedy, NORAD, Patterson, Detrick, and Virginia Key. Stone went to the typewriter and printed out his message. The message was directed by computer to Central Codes, a station that handled the coding of all projects subsumed under the system of Cooler. The transmission was as follows: open line to transmit UNDERSTAND TRANSMIT STATE ORIGIN stone project wildfire STATE DESTINATION central codes UNDERSTAND CENTRAL CODES message follows SEND have isolated extraterrestrial organism secondary to return of scoop seven wish coding for organism end message TRANSMITTED There followed a long pause. The scrambler teleprinter hummed and clicked, but printed nothing. Then the typewriter began to spit out a message on a long roll of paper. MESSAGE FROM CENTRAL CODES FOLLOWS UNDERSTAND ISOLATION OF NEW ORGANISM PLEASE CHARACTERIZE END MESSAGE Stone frowned. "But we don't know enough." However, the teleprinter was impatient: TRANSMIT REPLY TO CENTRAL CODES After a moment, Stone typed back: message to central codes follows cannot characterize at this time but suggest tentative classification as bacterial strain end message MESSAGE FROM CENTRAL CODES FOLLOWS UNDERSTAND REQUEST FOR BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION OPENING NEW CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ICDA STANDARD REFERENCE CODE FOR YOUR ORGANISM WILL BE ANDROMEDA CODE WILL READ OUT ANDROMEDA FILED UNDER ICDA LISTINGS AS 053.9 [UNSPECIFIED ORGANISM] FURTHER FILING AS E866 [AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT] THIS FILING REPRESENTS CLOSEST FIT TO ESTABLISHED CATEGORIES Stone smiled. "It seems we don't fit the established categories." He typed back: understand coding as andromeda strain accepted end message TRANSMITTED "Well," Stone said, "that's that." Burton had been looking over the sheaves of paper behind the teleprinter. The teleprinter-wrote its messages out on a long roll of paper, which fell into a box. There were dozens of yards of paper that no one had looked at. Silently, he read a single message, tore it from the rest of the strip, and handed it to Stone. 1134/443/KK/Y-U/9 INFORMATION STATUS TRANSMIT TO ALL STATIONS CLASSIFICATION TOP SECRET REQUEST FOR DIRECTIVE 7-12 RECEIVED TODAY BY EXEC AND NBC-COBRA ORIGIN VANDENBERG/WILDFIRE CORROBORATION NASA/AMC AUTHORITY PRIMARY MANCHEK, ARTHUR, MAJOR USA IN CLOSED SESSION THIS DIRECTIVE HAS NOT BEEN ACTED UPON FINAL DECISION HAS BEEN POSTPONED TWENTY FOUR TO FORTY EIGHT HOURS RECONSIDERATION AT THAT TIME ALTERNATIVE TROOP DEPLOYMENT ACCORDING TO DIRECTIVE 7-11 NOW IN EFFECT NO NOTIFICATION END MESSAGE TRANSMIT ALL STATIONS CLASSIFICATION TOP SECRET END TRANSMISSION The team stared at the message in disbelief. No one said anything for a long time. Finally, Stone ran his fingers along the upper corner of the sheet and said in a low voice, "This was a 443. That makes it an MCN transmission. It should have rung the bell down here." "There's no bell on this teleprinter," Leavitt said. "Only on Level I, at sector five. But they're supposed to notify us whenever--" "Get sector five on the intercom," Stone said. * Ten minutes later, the horrified Captain Mortis had connected Stone to Robertson, the head of the President's Science Advisory Committee, who was in Houston. Stone spoke for several minutes with Robertson, pressed initial surprise that he hadn't heard from earlier. There then followed a heated discussion of the President's decision not to call a Directive 7-12. "The President doesn't trust scientists," Roberts( "He doesn't feel comfortable with them." "It's your job to make him comfortable," Stone said, "and you haven't been doing it." "Jeremy--" "There are only two sources of contamination," Stone said. "Piedmont, and this installation. We're adequately protected here, but Piedmont--" "Jeremy, I agree the bomb should have been dropped." "Then work on him. Stay on his back. Get him 7-12 as soon as possible. It may already be too late." Robertson said he would, and would call back. Before he hung up, he said, "By the way, any thoughts about the Phantom?" "The what?" "The Phantom that crashed in Utah." There was a moment of confusion before the Wildfire group understood that they had missed still another important teleprinter message. "Routine training mission. The jet strayed over the closed zone, though. That's the puzzle." "Any other information?" "The pilot said something about his air hose dissolving. Vibration, or something. His last communication was bizarre." "Like he was crazy?" Stone asked. "Like that," Robertson said. "Is there a team at the wreck site now?" "Yes, we're waiting for information from them. It could come at any time." "Pass it along," Stone said. And then he stopped. "If a 7-11 was ordered, instead of a 7-12," he said, "then you have troops in the area around Piedmont." "National Guard, yes." "That's pretty damned stupid," Stone said. "Look, Jeremy, I agree--" "When the first one dies," Stone said, "I want to know when, and how. And most especially, where. The wind there is from the east predominantly. If you start losing men west of Piedmont--" "I'll call, Jeremy," Robertson said. The conversation ended, and the team shuffled out of the conference room. Hall remained behind a moment, going through some of the rolls in the box, noting the messages. The majority were unintelligible to him, a weird set of nonsense messages and codes. After a time he gave up; he did so before he came upon the reprinted news item concerning the peculiar death of Officer Martin Willis, of the Arizona highway patrol. DAY 4 Spread 22. The Analysis WITH THE NEW PRESSURES OF TIME, THE RESULTS of spectrometry and amino-acid analysis, previously of peripheral interest, suddenly became matters of major concern. It was hoped that these analyses would tell, in a rough way, how foreign the Andromeda organism was to earth life forms. It was thus with interest that Leavitt and Burton looked over the computer printout, a column of figures written on green paper: MASS SPECTROMETRY DATA OUTPUT PRINT PERCENTAGE OUTPUT SAMPLE 1 - BLACK OBJECT UNIDENTIFIED ORIGIN [Diagram of chemistry of the rock from H to Br] ALL HEAVIER METALS SHOW ZERO CONTENT SAMPLE 2 - GREEN OBJECT UNIDENTIFIED ORIGIN [Diagram of chemistry of green object] ALL HEAVIER METALS SHOW ZERO CONTENT END PRINT END PROGRAM -STOP- What all this meant was simple enough. The black rock contained hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, with significant amounts of sulfur, silicon, and selenium, and with trace quantities of several other elements. The green spot, on the other hand, contained hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Nothing else at all. The two men found it peculiar that the rock and the green spot should be so similar in chemical makeup. And it was peculiar that the green spot should contain nitrogen, while the rock contained none at all. The conclusion was obvious: the "black rock" was not rock at all, but some kind of material similar to earthly organic life. It was something akin to plastic. And the green spot, presumably alive, was composed of elements in roughly the same proportion as earth life On earth, these same four elements-- hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen-- accounted for 99 per cent of all the elements in life organisms. The men were encouraged by these results, which suggested similarity between the green spot and life on earth. Their hopes were, however, short-lived as they turned to the amino-acid analysis: AMINO ACID ANALYSIS [graphic of amino acid analysis-- all zeroes] TOTAL AMINO ACID CONTENT 00.00 00.00 END PRINT END PROGRAM - STOP - "Damn," Leavitt said, staring at the printed sheet. "Will you look at that." "No amino acids," Burton said. "No proteins." "Life without proteins," Leavitt said. He shook his head; it seemed as if his worst fears were realized. On earth, organisms had evolved by learning to carry out biochemical reactions in a small space, with the help of protein enzymes. Biochemists were now learning to duplicate these reactions, but only by isolating a single reaction from all others. Living cells were different. There, within a small area, reactions were carried out that provided energy, growth, and movement. There was no separation, and man could not duplicate this any more than a man could prepare a complete dinner from appetizers to dessert by mixing together the ingredients for everything into a single large dish, cooking it, and hoping to separate the apple pie from the cheese dip later on. Cells could keep the hundreds of separate reactions straight, using enzymes. Each enzyme was like a single worker in a kitchen, doing just one thing. Thus a baker could not make a steak, any more than a steak griller could use his equipment to prepare appetizers. But enzymes had a further use. They made possible chemical reactions that otherwise would not occur. A biochemist could duplicate the reactions by using great heat, or great pressure, or strong acids. But the human body, or the individual cell, could not tolerate such extremes of environment. Enzymes, the matchmakers of life, helped chemical reactions to go forward at body temperature and atmospheric pressure. Enzymes were essential to life on earth. But if another form of life had learned to do without them, it must have evolved in a wholly different way. Therefore, they were dealing with an entirely alien organism. And this in turn meant that analysis and neutralization would take much, much longer. * In the room marked MORPHOLOGY, Jeremy Stone removed the small plastic capsule in which the green fleck had been imbedded. He set the now-hard capsule into a vise, fixing it firmly, and then took a dental drill to it, shaving away the plastic until he exposed bare green material. This was a delicate process, requiring many minutes of concentrated work. At the end of that time, he had shaved the plastic in such a way that he had a pyramid of plastic, with the green fleck at the peak of the pyramid. He unscrewed the vise and lifted the plastic out. He took it to the microtome, a knife with a revolving blade that cut very thin slices of plastic and imbedded green tissue. These slices were round; they fell from the plastic block into a dish of water. The thickness of the slice could be measured by looking the light as it reflected off the slices-- if the light was faint silver, the slice was too thick. If, on the other hand, it was a rainbow of colors, then it was the right thickness, just a few molecules in depth. That was how thick they wanted a slice of tissue to be for the electron microscope. When Stone had a suitable piece of tissue, he lifted it carefully with forceps and set it onto a small round copper grid. This in turn was inserted into a metal button. Finally, the button was set into the electron microscope, and the microscope sealed shut. The electron microscope used by Wildfire was the BVJ model JJ-42. It was a high-intensity model with an image resolution attachment. In principle, the electron microscope was simple enough: it worked exactly like a light microscope, but instead of focusing light rays, it focused an electron beam. Light is focused by lenses of curved glass. Electrons are focused by magnetic fields. In many respects, the EM was not a great deal different from television, and in fact, the image was displayed on a television screen, a coated surface that glowed when electrons struck it. The great advantage of the electron microscope was that it could magnify objects far more than the light microscope. The reason for this had to do with quantum mechanics and the waveform theory of radiation. The best simple explanation had come from the electron microscopist Sidney Polton, also a racing enthusiast. "Assume," Polton said, "that you have a road, with a sharp corner. Now assume that you have two automobiles, a sports car and a large truck. When the truck tries to go around the corner, it slips off the road; but the sports car manages it easily. Why? The sports car is lighter, and smaller, and faster; it is better suited to tight, sharp curves. On large, gentle curves, the automobiles will perform equally well, but on sharp curves, the sports car will do better. "In the same way, an electron microscope will 'hold the road' better than a light microscope. All objects are made of corners, and edges. The electron wavelength is smaller than the quantum of light. It cuts the corners closer, follows the road better, and outlines it more precisely. With a light microscope-- like a truck-- you can follow only a large road. In microscopic terms this means only a large object, with large edges and gentle curves: cells, and nuclei. But an electron microscope can follow all the minor routes, the byroads, and can outline very small structures within the cell-- mitochondria, ribosomes, membranes, reticula." In actual practice there were several drawbacks to the electron microscope, which counterbalanced its great powers of magnification. For one thing, because it used electrons instead of light, the inside of the microscope had to be a vacuum. This meant it was impossible to examine living creatures. But the most serious drawback had to do with the sections of specimen. These were extremely thin, making it difficult to get a good three-dimensional concept of the object under study. Again, Polton had a simple analogy. "Let us say you cut an automobile in half down the middle. In that case, you could guess the complete, 'whole' structure. But if you cut a very thin slice from the automobile, and if you cut it on a strange angle, it could be more difficult. In your slice, you might have only a bit of bumper, and rubber tire, and glass. From such a slice, it would be hard to guess the shape and function of the full structure." Stone was aware of all the drawbacks as he fitted the metal button into the EM, sealed it shut, and started the vacuum pump. He knew the drawbacks and he ignored them, because he had no choice. Limited as it was, the electron microscope was their only available high-power tool. He turned down the room lights and clicked on the beam. He adjusted several dials to focus the beam. In a moment, the image came into focus, green and black on the screen. It was incredible. Jeremy Stone found himself staring at a single unit of the organism. It was a perfect, six-sided hexagon, and it interlocked with other hexagons on each side. The interior of the hexagon was divided into wedges, each meeting at the precise center of the structure. The overall appearance was accurate, with a kind of mathematical precision he did not associate with life on earth. It looked like a crystal. He smiled: Leavitt would be pleased. Leavitt liked spectacular, mind-stretching things. Leavitt had also frequently considered the possibility that life might be based upon crystals of some kind, that it might be ordered in some regular pattern. He decided to call Leavitt in. * [graphic of EM crystal pattern] Caption: (Early sketch by Jeremy Stone of hexagonal Andromeda configuration. Photo courtesy Project Wildfire.) As soon as he arrived, Leavitt said, "Well, there's our answer." "Answer to what?" "To how this organism functions. I've seen the results of spectrometry and amino-acid analysis." "And?" "The organism is made of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. But it has no amino acids at all. None. Which means that it has no proteins as we know them, and no enzymes. I was wondering how it could survive without protein-based organization. Now I know." "The crystalline structure." "Looks like it," Leavitt said, peering at the screen. "In three dimensions, it's probably a hexagonal slab, like a piece of tile. Eight-sided, with each face a hexagon. And on the inside, those wedge-shaped compartments leading to the center." "They would serve to separate biochemical functions quite well." "Yes," Leavitt said. He frowned. "Something the matter?" Leavitt was thinking, remembering something he had forgotten. A dream, about a house and a city. He thought for a moment and it began to come back to him. A house and a city. The way the house worked alone, and the way it worked in a city. It all came back. "You know," he said, "it's interesting, the way this one unit interlocks with the others around it." "You're wondering if we're seeing part of a higher organism?" "Exactly. Is this unit self-sufficient, like a bacterium, or is it just a block from a larger organ, or a larger organism? After all, if you saw a single liver cell, could you guess what kind of an organ it came from? No. And what good would one brain cell be without the rest of the brain?" Stone stared at the screen for a long time. "A rather unusual pair of analogies. Because the liver can regenerate, can grow back, but the brain cannot." Leavitt smiled. "The Messenger Theory." "One wonders," Stone said. The Messenger Theory had come from John R. Samuels, a communications engineer. Speaking before the Fifth Annual Conference on Astronautics and Communication, he had reviewed some theories about the way in which an alien culture might choose to contact other cultures. He argued that the most advanced concepts in communications in earth technology were inadequate, and that advanced cultures would find better methods. "Let us say a culture wishes to scan the universe," he said. "Let us say they wish to have a sort of 'coming-out party' on a galactic scale-- to formally announce their existence. They wish to spew out information, clues to their existence, in every direction. What is the best way to do this? Radio? Hardly-- radio is too slow, too expensive, and it decays too rapidly. Strong signals weaken within a few billion miles. TV is even worse. Light rays are fantastically expensive to generate. Even if one learned a way to detonate whole stars, to explode a sun as a kind of signal, it would be costly. "Besides expense, all these methods suffer the traditional drawback to any radiation, namely decreasing strength with distance. A light bulb may be unbearably bright at ten feet; it may be powerful at a thousand feet; it may be visible at ten miles. But at a million miles, it is completely obscure, because radiant energy decreases according to the fourth power of the radius. A simple, unbeatable law of physics. "So you do not use physics to carry your signal. You use biology. You create a communications system that does not diminish with distance, but rather remains as powerful a million miles away as it was at the source. "In short, you devise an organism to carry your message. The organism would be self-replicating, cheap, and could be produced in fantastic numbers. For a few dollars, you could produce trillions of them, and send them off in all directions into space. They would be tough, hardy bugs, able to withstand the rigors of space, and they would grow and duplicate and divide. Within a few years, there would be countless numbers of these in the galaxy, speeding in all directions, waiting to contact life. "And when they did? Each single organism would carry the potential to develop into a full organ, or a full organism. "They would, upon contacting life, begin to grow into a complete communicating mechanism. It is like spewing out a billion brain cells, each capable of regrowing a complete brain under the proper circumstances. The newly grown brain would then speak to the new culture' informing it of the presence of the other, and announcing ways in which contact might be made." Samuels's theory of the Messenger Bug was considered amusing by practical scientists, but it could not be discounted now. "Do you suppose," Stone said, "that it is already developing into some kind of organ of communication?" "Perhaps the cultures will tell us more," Leavitt said. "Or X-ray crystallography," Stone said. "I'll order it now." * Level V had facilities for X-ray crystallography, though there had been much heated discussion during Wildfire planning as to whether such facilities were necessary. X-ray crystallography represented the most advanced, complex, and expensive method of structural analysis in modern biology. It was a little like electron microscopy, but one step further along the line. It was more sensitive, and could probe deeper-- but only at great cost in terms of time, equipment, and personnel. The biologist R. A. Janek has said that increasing vision is "increasingly expensive." He meant by this that any machine to enable men to see finer or fainter details increased in cost faster than it increased in resolving power. This hard fact of research was discovered first by the astronomers, who learned painfully that construction of a two-hundred-inch telescope mirror was far more difficult and expensive than construction of a one-hundred-inch mirror. In biology this was equally true. A light microscope, for example, was a small device easily carried by a technician in one hand. It could outline a cell, and for this ability a scientist paid about $1,000. An electron microscope could outline small structures within the cell. The EM was a large console and cost up to $100,000. In contrast, X-ray crystallography could outline individual molecules. It came as close to photographing atoms as science could manage. But the device was the size of a large automobile, filled an entire room, required specially trained operators, and demanded a computer for interpretation of results. This was because X-ray crystallography did not produce a direct visual picture of the object being studied.. It was not, in this sense, a microscope, and it operated differently from either the light or electron microscope. It produced a diffraction pattern instead of an image. This appeared as a pattern of geometric dots, in itself rather mysterious, on a photographic plate. By using a computer, the pattern of dots could be analyzed and the structure deduced. It was a relatively new science, retaining an old-fashioned name. Crystals were seldom used any more; the term "X ray crystallography" dated from the days when crystals were chosen as test objects. Crystals had regular structures and thus the pattern of dots resulting from a beam of X rays shot at a crystal were easier to analyze. But in recent years the X rays had been shot at irregular objects of varying sorts. The X rays were bounced off at different angles. A computer could "read" the photographic plate and measure the angles, and from this work back to the shape of the object that had caused such a reflection. The computer at Wildfire performed the endless and tedious calculations. All this, if done by manual human calculation, would take years, perhaps centuries. But the computer could do it in seconds. * "How are you feeling, Mr. Jackson?" Hall asked. The old man blinked his eyes and looked at Hall, in his plastic suit. "All right. Not the best, but all right." He gave a wry grin. "Up to talking a little?" "About what? "Piedmont." "What about it?" "That night," Hall said. "The night it all happened." "Well, I tell you. I've lived in Piedmont all my life. Traveled a bit-- been to LA, and even up to Frisco. Went as far east as St. Louis, which was far enough for me. But Piedmont, that's where I've lived. And I have to tell you--" "The night it all happened," Hall repeated. He stopped, and turned his head away. "I don't want to think about it," he said. "You have to think about it." "No." He continued to look away for a moment, and then turned back to Hall. "They all died, did they?" "Not all. One other survived. " He nodded to the crib next to Jackson. Jackson peered over at the bundle of blankets. "Who's that? " "A baby." "Baby? Must be the Ritter child. Jamie Ritter. Real young, is it?" "About two months." "Yep. That's him. A real little heller. Just like the old man. Old Ritter likes to kick up a storm, and his kid's the same way. Squalling morning, noon, and night. Family couldn't keep the windas open, on account of the squalling. "Is there anything else unusual about Jamie?" "Nope. Healthy as a water buffalo, except he squalls. I remember he was squalling like the dickens that night. Hall said, "What night?" "The night Charley Thomas brought the damned thing in. We all seen it, of course. It came down like one of them shooting stars, all glowing, and landed just to the north. Everybody was excited, and Charley Thomas went off to get it. Came back about twenty minutes later with the thing in the back of his Ford station wagon. Brand-new wagon. He's real proud of it." "Then what happened?" "Well, we all gathered around, looking at it. Reckoned it must be one of those space things. Annie figured it was from Mars, but you know how Annie is. Lets her mind carry her off, at times. The rest of us, we didn't feel it was no Martian thing, we just figured it was something sent up from Cape Canaveral. You know, that place in Florida where they shoot the rockets?" "Yes. Go on." "So, once we figured that out good and proper, we didn't know what to do. Nothing like that ever happened in Piedmont, you know. I mean, once we had that tourist with the gun, shot up the Comanche Chief motel, but that was back in '48 and besides, he was just a GI had a little too much to drink, and there were exterminating circumstances. His gal run out on him while he was in Germany or some damn place. Nobody gave him a bad time; we understood how it was. But nothing happened since, really. Quiet town. That's why we like it, I reckon." "What did you do with the capsule?" "Well, we didn't know what to do with it. Al, he said open 'er up, but we didn't figure that was right, especially since it might have some scientific stuff inside, so we thought awhile. And then Charley, who got it in the first place, Charley says, let's give it to Doc. That's Doc Benedict. He's the town doctor. Actually, he takes care of everybody around, even the Indians. But he's a good fella anyhow, and he's been to lots of schools. Got these degrees on the walls? Well, we figured Doc Benedict would know what to do with the thing. So we brought it to him. "And then?" "Old Doc Benedict, he's not so old actually, he looks 'er over real careful, like it was his patient, and then he allows as how it might be a thing from space, and it might be one of ours, or it might be one of theirs. And he says he'll take care of it, and maybe make a few phone calls, and let everybody know in a few hours. See, Doc always played poker Monday nights with Charley and Al and Herb Johnstone, over at Herb's place, and we figured that he'd spread the word around then. Besides, it was getting on suppertime and most of us were a bit hungry, so we all kind of left it with Doc." "When was that?" "Bout seven-thirty or so." "What did Benedict do with the satellite?" "Took it inside his house. None of us saw it again. It was about eight, eight-thirty that it all started up, you see. I was over at the gas station, having a chat with Al, who was working the pump that night. Chilly night, but I wanted a chat to take my mind off the pain. And to get some soda from the machine, to wash down the aspirin with. Also, I was thirsty, squeeze makes you right thirsty, you know." "You'd been drinking Sterno that day?" "Bout six o'clock I had some, yes." "How did you feel?" "Well, when I was with Al, I felt good. Little dizzy, and my stomach was paining me, but I felt good. And Al and me were sitting inside the office, you know, talking, and suddenly he shouts, 'Oh God, my head!' He ups and runs outside, and falls down. Right there in the street, not a word from him. "Well, I didn't know what to make of it. I figured he had a heart attack or a shock, but he was pretty young for that, so I went after him. Only he was dead. Then ... they all started coming out. I believe Mrs. Langdon, the Widow Langdon, was next. After that, I don't recall, there was so many of them. Just pouring outside, it seemed like. And they just grab their chests and fall, like they slipped. Only they wouldn't get up afterward. And never a word from any of them." "What did you think?" "I didn't know what to think, it was so damned peculiar. I was scared, I don't mind telling you, but I tried to stay calm. I couldn't, naturally. My old heart was thumping, and I was wheezin' and gaspin'. I was scared. I thought everybody was dead. Then I heard the baby crying, so I knew not everybody could be dead. And then I saw the General." "The General?" "Oh, we just called him that. He wasn't no general, just been in the war, and liked to be remembered. Older'n me, he is. Nice fella, Peter Arnold. Steady as a rock all his life and he's standing by the porch, all got up in his military clothes. It's dark, but there's a moon, and he sees me in the street and he says, 'That you, Peter?' We both got the same name, see. And I says, 'Yes it is.' And he says, 'What the hell's happening? Japs coming in? And I think that's a mighty peculiar thing, for him to be saying. And he says, 'I think it must be the Japs, come to kill us all.' And I say, 'Peter, you gone loco?' And he says he don't feel too good and he goes inside. Course, he must have gone loco, 'cause he shot himself. But others went loco, too. It was the disease." "How do you know?" "People don't burn themselves, or drown themselves, if they got sense, do they? All them in that town were good, normal folks until that night. Then they just seemed to go crazy." "What did you do?" "I thought to myself, Peter, you're dreaming. You had too much to drink. So I went home and got into bed, and figured I'd be better in the morning. Only about ten o'clock, I hear a noise, and it's a car, so I go outside to see who it is. It's some kind of car, you know, one of those vans. Two fellers inside. I go up to them, and damn but they don't fall over dead. Scariest thing you ever saw. But it's funny." "What's funny?" "That was the only other car to come through all night. Normally, there's lots of cars." "There was another car?" "Yep. Willis, the highway patrol. He came through about fifteen, thirty seconds before it all started. Didn't stop, though; sometimes he doesn't. Depends if he's late on his schedule; he's got a regular patrol, you know, he has to stick to." Jackson sighed and let his head fall back against the pillow. "Now," he said, "if you don't mind, I'm going to get me some sleep. I'm all talked out." He closed his eyes. Hall crawled back down the tunnel, out of the unit, and sat in the room looking through the glass at Jackson, and the baby in the crib alongside. He stayed there, just looking, for a long time. 23. Topeka THE ROOM WAS HUGE, THE SIZE OF A FOOTBALL field. It was furnished sparsely, just a few tables scattered about. Inside the room, voices echoed as the technicians called to each other, positioning the pieces of wreckage. The post team was reconstructing the wreck in this room, placing the clumps of twisted metal from the Phantom in the same positions as they had been found on the sand. Only then would the intensive examination begin. Major Manchek, tired, bleary-eyed, clutching his coffee cup, stood in a corner and watched. To him, there was something surrealistic about the scene: a dozen men in a long, white-washed room in Topeka, rebuilding a crash. One of the biophysicists came up to him, holding a clear plastic bag. He waved the contents under Manchek's nose. "Just got it back from the lab," he said. "What is it?" "You'll never guess." The man's eyes gleamed in excitement. All right, Manchek thought irritably, I'll never guess. "What is it?" "A depolymerized polymer," the biochemist said, smacking his lips with satisfaction. "Just back from the lab." "What kind of polymer?" A polymer was a repeating molecule, built up from thousands of the same units, like a stack of dominos. Most plastics, nylon, rayon, plant cellulose, and even glycogen in the human body were polymers. "A polymer of the plastic used on the air hose of the Phantom jet. The face mask to the pilot. We thought as much." Manchek frowned. He looked slowly at the crumbly black powder in the bag. "Plastic?" "Yes. A polymer, depolymerized. It was broken down. Now that's no vibration effect. It's a biochemical effect, purely organic." Slowly, Manchek began to understand. "You mean something tore the plastic apart?" "Yes, you could say that," the biochemist replied. "It's a simplification, of course, but--" "What tore it apart?" The biochemist shrugged. "Chemical reaction of some sort. Acid could do it, or intense heat, or..." "Or?" "A microorganism, I suppose. If one existed that could eat plastic. If you know what I mean." "I think," Manchek said, "that I know what you mean." He left the room and went to the cable transmitter, located in another part of the building. He wrote out his message to the Wildfire group, and gave it to the technician to transmit. While he waited, he said, "Has there been any reply yet?" "Reply, Sir?" the technician asked. "From Wildfire," Manchek said. It was incredible to him that no one had acted upon the news of the Phantom crash. It was so obviously linked... "Wildfire, Sir?" the technician asked. Manchek rubbed his eyes. He was tired: he would have to remember to keep his big mouth shut. "Forget it," he said. * After his conversation with Peter Jackson, Hall went to see Burton. Burton was in the autopsy room, going over his slides from the day before. Hall said, "Find anything?" Burton stepped away from the microscope and sighed. "No. Nothing." "I keep wondering," Hall said, "about the insanity. Talking with Jackson reminded me of it. A large number of people in that town went insane-- or at least became bizarre and suicidal-- during the evening. Many of those people were old." Burton frowned. "So?" "Old people," Hall said, "are like Jackson. They have lots wrong with them. Their bodies are breaking down in a variety of ways. The lungs are bad. The hearts are bad. The livers are shot. The vessels are sclerotic." "And this alters the disease process?" "Perhaps. I keep wondering. What makes a person become rapidly insane?" Burton shook his head. "And there's something else," Hall said. "Jackson recalls hearing one victim say, just before he died, 'Oh, God, my head.' " Burton stared away into space. "Just before death?" "Just before." "You're thinking of hemorrhage?" Hall nodded. "It makes sense," he said. "At least to check." If the Andromeda Strain produced hemorrhage inside the brain for any reason, then it might produce rapid, unusual mental aberrations. "But we already know the organism acts by clotting." "Yes," Hall said, "in most people. Not all. Some survive, and some go mad." Burton nodded. He suddenly became excited. Suppose that the organism acted by causing damage to blood vessels. This damage would initiate clotting. Anytime the wall of a blood vessel was torn, or cut, or burned, then the clotting sequence would begin. First platelets would clump around the injury, protecting it, preventing blood loss. Then red cells would accumulate. Then a fibrin mesh would bind all the elements together. And finally, the clot would become hard and firm. That was the normal sequence. But if the damage was extensive, if it began at the lungs and worked its way... "I'm wondering," Hall said, "if our organism attacks vessel walls. If so, it would initiate clotting. But if clotting were prevented in certain persons, then the organism might eat away and cause hemorrhage in those persons." "And insanity," Burton said, hunting through his slides. He found three of the brain, and checked them. No question. The pathology was striking. Within the internal layer of cerebral vessels were small deposits of green. Burton had no doubt that, under higher magnification, they would turn out to be hexagonal in shape. Quickly, he checked the other slides, for vessels in lung, liver, and spleen. In several instances he found green spots in the vessel walls, but never in the profusion he found for cerebral vessels. Obviously the Andromeda Strain showed a predilection for cerebral vasculature. It was impossible to say why, but it was known that the cerebral vessels are peculiar in several respects. For instance, under circumstances in which normal body vessels dilate or contract-- such as extreme cold, or exercise-- the brain vasculature does not change, but maintains a steady, constant blood supply to the brain. In exercise, the blood supply to muscle might increase five to twenty times. But the brain always has a steady flow: whether its owner is taking an exam or a nap, chopping wood or watching TV. The brain receives the same amount of blood every minute, hour, day. The scientists did not know why this should be, or how, precisely, the cerebral vessels regulate themselves. But the phenomenon is known to exist, and cerebral vessels are regarded as a special case among the body's arteries and veins. Clearly, something is different about them. And now there was an example of an organism that destroyed them preferentially. But as Burton thought about it, the action of Andromeda did not seem so unusual. For example, syphilis causes an inflammation of the aorta, a very specific, peculiar reaction. Schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection, shows a preference for bladder, intestine, or colonic vessels-- depending on the species. So such specificity was not impossible. "But there's another problem," he said. "In most people, the organism begins clotting at the lungs. We know that. Presumably vessel destruction begins there as well. What is different about--" He stopped. He remembered the rats he had anticoagulated. The ones who had died anyway, but had had no autopsies. "My God," he said. He drew out one of the rats from cold storage and cut it open. It bled. Quickly he incised the head, exposing the brain. There he found a large hemorrhage over the gray surface of the brain. "You've got it," Hall said. "If the animal is normal, it dies from coagulation, beginning at the lungs. But if coagulation is prevented, then the organism erodes through the vessels of the brain, and hemorrhage occurs." "And insanity." "Yes." Burton was now very excited. "And coagulation could be prevented by any blood disorder. Or too little vitamin K. Malabsorption syndrome. Poor liver function. Impaired protein synthesis. Any of a dozen things." "All more likely to be found in an old person," Hall said. "Did Jackson have any of those things?" Hall took a long time to answer, then finally said, "No. He has liver disease, but not significantly." Burton sighed. "Then we're back where we started. "Not quite. Because Jackson and the baby both survived. They didn't hemorrhage-- as far as we know-- they survived untouched. Completely untouched." "Meaning?" "Meaning that they somehow prevented the primary process, which is invasion of the organism into the vessel walls of the body. The Andromeda organism didn't get to the lungs, or the brain. It didn't get anywhere." "But why?" "We'11 know that," Hall said, "when we know why a sixty-nine-year-old Sterno drinker with an ulcer is like a two-month-old baby." "They seem pretty much opposites," Burton said. "They do, don't they?" Hall said. It would be hours before, he realized Burton had given him the answer to the puzzle-- but an answer that was worthless. 24. Evaluation SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL ONCE SAID THAT TRUE genius resides in the capacity for evaluation of uncertain, hazardous, and conflicting information." Yet it is a peculiarity of the Wildfire team that, despite the individual brilliance of team members, the group grossly misjudged their information at several points. One is reminded of Montaigne's acerbic comment: "Men under stress are fools, and fool themselves." Certainly the Wildfire team was under severe stress, but they were also prepared to make mistakes. They had even predicted that this would occur. What they did not anticipate was the magnitude, the staggering dimensions of their error. They did not expect that their ultimate error would be a compound of a dozen small clues that were missed, a handful of crucial facts that were dismissed. The team had a blind spot, which Stone later expressed this way: "We were problem-oriented. Everything we did and thought was directed toward finding a solution, a cure to Andromeda. And, of course, we were fixed on the events that had occurred at Piedmont. We felt that if we did not find a solution, no solution would be forthcoming, and the whole world would ultimately wind up like Piedmont. We were very slow to think otherwise." The error began to take on major proportions with the cultures. Stone and Leavitt had taken thousands of cultures from the original capsule. These had been incubated in a wide variety of atmospheric, temperature, and pressure conditions. The results of this could only be analyzed by computer. Using the GROWTH/TRANSMATRIX program, the computer did not print out results from all possible growth combinations. Instead, it printed out only significant positive and negative results. It did this after first weighing each petri dish, and examining any growth with its photoelectric eye. When Stone and Leavitt went to examine the results, they found several striking trends. Their first conclusion was that growth media did not matter at all-- the organism grew equally well on sugar, blood, chocolate, plain agar, or sheer glass. However, the gases in which the plates were incubated were crucial, as was the light. Ultraviolet light stimulated growth under all circumstances. Total darkness, and to a lesser extent infrared light, inhibited growth. Oxygen inhibited growth in all circumstances, but carbon dioxide stimulated growth. Nitrogen had no effect. Thus, best growth was achieved in 100-per cent carbon dioxide, lighted by ultraviolet radiation. Poorest growth occurred in pure oxygen, incubated in total darkness. "What do you make of it?" Stone said. , "It looks like a pure conversion system," Leavitt said. "I wonder," Stone said. He punched through the coordinates of a closed-growth system. Closed-growth systems studied bacterial metabolism by measuring intake of gases and nutrients, and output of waste products. They were completely sealed and self-contained. A plant in such a system, for example, would consume carbon dioxide and give off water and oxygen. [GRAPHIC: An example of a scanner printout from the photoelectric eye that examined all growth media. Within the circular petri dish the computer has noted the presence of two separate colonies. The colonies are "read" in two-millimeter-square segments, and graded by density on a scale from one to nine.] But when they looked at the Andromeda Strain, they found something remarkable. The organism had no excretions. If incubated with carbon dioxide and ultraviolet light, it grew steadily until all carbon dioxide had been consumed. Then growth stopped. There was no excretion of any kind of gas or waste product at all. No waste. "Clearly efficient," Stone said. "You'd expect that," Leavitt said. This was an organism highly suited to its environment. It consumed everything, wasted nothing. It was perfect for the barren existence of space. He thought about this for a moment, and then it hit him. It hit Leavitt at the same time. "Oh my hell." Leavitt was already reaching for the phone. "Get Robertson," he said. "Get him immediately." "Incredible," Stone said softly. "No waste. It doesn't require growth media. It can grow in the presence of carbon, oxygen, and sunlight. Period." "I hope we're not too late," Leavitt said, watching the computer console screen impatiently. Stone nodded. "If this organism is really converting matter to energy, and energy to matter-- directly-- then it's functioning like a little reactor." "And an atomic detonation." "Incredible," Stone said. "Just incredible." The screen came to life; they saw Robertson, looking tired, smoking a cigarette. "Jeremy, you've got to give me time. I haven't been able to get through to--" Listen," Stone said, "I want you to make sure Directive 7-12 is not carried out. It is imperative: no atomic device must be detonated around the organisms. That's the last thing in the world, literally, that we want to do." He explained. briefly what he had found. Robertson whistled. "We'd just provide a fantastically rich growth medium. "That's right," Stone said. The problem of a rich growth medium was a peculiarly distressing one to the Wildfire team. It was known, for example, that checks and balances exist in the normal environment. These manage to dampen the exuberant growth of bacteria. The mathematics of uncontrolled growth are frightening. A single cell of the bacterium E. coli would, under ideal circumstances, divide every twenty minutes. That is not particularly disturbing until you think about it, but the fact is that bacteria multiply geometrically: one becomes two, two become four, four become eight, and so on. In this way, it can be shown that in a single day, one cell of E. coli could produce a super-colony equal in size and weight to the entire planet earth. This never happens, for a perfectly simple reason: growth cannot continue indefinitely under "ideal circumstances." Food runs out. Oxygen runs out. Local conditions within the colony change, and check the growth of organisms. On the other hand, if you had an organism that was capable of directly converting energy to matter, and if you provided it with a huge rich source of energy, like an atomic blast... "I'll pass along your recommendation to the President," Robertson said. "He'll be pleased to know he made the right decision on the 7-12." "You can congratulate him on his scientific insight, " Stone said, "for me." Robertson was scratching his head. "I've got some more data on the Phantom crash. It was over the area west of Piedmont at twenty-three thousand feet. The post team has found evidence of the disintegration the pilot spoke of, but the material that was destroyed was a plastic of some kind. It was depolymerized." "What does the post team make of that?" "They don't know what the hell to make of it," Robertson admitted. "And there's something else. They found a few pieces of bone that have been identified as human. A bit of humerus and tibia. Notable because they are clean-- almost polished." "Flesh burned away?" "Doesn't look that way, " Robertson said. Stone frowned at Leavitt. "What does it look like?" "It looks like clean, polished bone," Robertson said. "They say it's weird as hell. And there's something else. We checked into the National Guard around Piedmont. The 112th is stationed in a hundred-mile radius, and it turns out they've been running patrols into the area for a distance of fifty miles. They've had as many as one hundred men west of Piedmont. No deaths." "None? You're quite sure?" "Absolutely." "Were there men on the ground in the area the Phantom flew over?" "Yes. Twelve men. They reported the plane to the base, in fact." Leavitt said, "Sounds like the plane crash is a fluke." Stone nodded. To Robertson: "I'm inclined to agree with Peter. In the absence of fatalities on the ground..." "Maybe it's only in the upper air." "Maybe. But we know at least this much: we know how Andromeda kills. It does so by coagulation. Not disintegration, or bone-cleaning, or any other damned thing. By coagulation." "All right," Robertson said, "let's forget the plane for the time being." It was on that note that the meeting ended. * Stone said, "I think we'd better check our cultured organisms for biologic potency." "Run some of them against a rat?" Stone nodded. "Make sure it's still virulent. Still the same." Leavitt agreed. They had to be careful the organism didn't mutate, didn't change to something radically different in its effects. As they were about to start, the Level V monitor clicked on and said, "Dr. Leavitt. Dr. Leavitt." Leavitt answered. On the computer screen was a pleasant young man in a white lab coat. "Yes?" "Dr. Leavitt, we have gotten our electroencephalograms back from the computer center. I'm sure it's all a mistake, but..." His voice trailed off. "Yes?" Leavitt said. "Is something wrong?" "Well, sir, yours were read as grade four, atypical, probably benign. But we would like to run another set." Stone said, "It must be a mistake." "Yes," Leavitt said. "It must be." "Undoubtedly, Sir," the man said. "But we would like another set of waves to be certain." "I'm rather busy now," Leavitt said. Stone broke in, talking directly to the technician. "Dr. Leavitt will get a repeat EEG when he has the chance." "Very good, Sir," the technician said. When the screen was blank, Stone said, "There are times when this damned routine gets on anybody's nerves." Leavitt said, "Yes." They were about to begin biologic testing of the various culture media when the computer flashed that preliminary reports from X-ray crystallography were prepared. Stone and Leavitt left the room to check the results, delaying the biologic tests of media. This was a most unfortunate decision, for had they examined the media, they would have seen that their thinking had already gone astray, and that they were on the wrong track. 25. Willis X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT the Andromeda organism was not composed of component parts, as a normal cell was composed of nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Andromeda had no subunits, no smaller particules. Instead, a single substance seemed to form the walls and interior. This substance produced a characteristic precession photograph, or scatter pattern of X rays. Looking at the results, Stone said, "A series of six-sided rings." "And nothing else," Leavitt said. "How the hell does it operate? " The two men were at a loss to explain how so simple an organism could utilize energy for growth. "A rather common ring structure," Leavitt said. "A phenolic group, nothing more. It should be reasonably inert." "Yet it can convert energy to matter." Leavitt scratched his head. He thought back to the city analogy, and the brain-cell analogy. The molecule was simple in its building blocks. It possessed no remarkable powers, taken as single units. Yet collectively, it had great powers. "Perhaps there is a critical level," he suggested. "A structural complexity that makes possible what is not possible in a similar but simple structure." "The old chimp-brain argument," Stone said. [GRAPHIC] (Caption: Electron-density mapping of Andromeda structure as derived from micrographic studies. It was this mapping which disclosed activity variations within an otherwise uniform structure. Photo courtesy Project Wildfire) Leavitt nodded. As nearly as anyone could determine, the chimp brain was as complex as the human brain. There were minor differences in structure, but the major difference was size-- the human brain was larger, with more cells, more interconnections. And that, in some subtle way, made the human brain different. (Thomas Waldren, the neurophysiologist, once jokingly noted that the major difference between the chimp and human brain was that "we can use the chimp as an experimental animal, and not the reverse.") Stone and Leavitt puzzled over the problem for several minutes until they came to the Fourier electron-density scans. Here, the probability of finding electrons was mapped for the structure on a chart that resembled a topological map. They noticed something odd. The structure was present but the Fourier mapping was inconstant. "It almost looks," Stone said, "as if part of the structure is switched off in some way." "It's not uniform after all," Leavitt said. Stone sighed, looking at the map. "I wish to hell," he said, "that we'd brought a physical chemist along on the team." Unspoken was the added comment, "instead of Hall." * Tired, Hall rubbed his eyes and sipped the coffee, wishing he could have sugar. He was alone in the cafeteria, which was silent except for the muted ticking of the teleprinter in the corner. After a time he got up and went over to the teleprinter, examining the rolls of paper that had come from it. Most of the information was meaningless to him. But then he saw one item which had come from the DEATHMATCH Program. DEATHMATCH was a news-scanning computer program that recorded all significant deaths according to whatever criterion the computer was fed. In this case, the computer was alerted to pick up all deaths in the Arizona-Nevada-California area, and to print them back. The item he read might have gone unnoticed, were it not for Hall's conversation with Jackson. At the time, it had seemed like a pointless conversation to Hall, productive of little and consuming a great deal of time. But now, he wondered. PRINT PROGRAM DEATHWATCH DEATHMATCH/998 SCALE 7,Y,O. X,4,0 PRINT AS ITEM FROM ASSOCIATED PRESS VERBATIM 778778 BRUSH RIDGE, ARIZ.-- An Arizona highway patrol officer was allegedly involved in the death today of five persons in a highway diner. Miss Sally Conover, waitress at the Dine-eze diner on Route 15, ten miles south of Flagstaff, was the sole survivor of the incident. Miss Conover told investigators that at 2:40 a.m., Officer Martin Willis entered the diner and ordered coffee and donut. Officer Willis had frequently visited the diner in the past. After eating, he stated that he had a severe headache and that "his ulcer was acting up." Miss Conover gave him two aspirin and a tablespoon of bicarbonate of soda. According to her statement, Officer Willis then looked suspiciously at the other people in the diner and whispered, "They're after me." Before the waitress could reply, Willis took out his revolver and shot the other customers in the diner, moving methodically from one to the next, shooting each in the forehead. Then, he allegedly turned to Miss Conover and, smiling, said "I love you, Shirley Temple," placed the barrel in his mouth, and fired the last bullet. Miss Conover was released by police after questioning. The names of the deceased customers are not known at this time. END ITEM VERBATIM END PRINT END PROGRAM TERMINATE Hall remembered that Officer Willis had gone through Piedmont earlier in the evening-- just a few minutes before the disease broke out. He had gone through without stopping. And had gone mad later on. Connection? He wondered. There might be. Certainly, he could see many similarities: Willis had an ulcer, had taken aspirin, and had, eventually, committed suicide. That didn't prove anything, of course. It might be a wholly unrelated series of events. But it was certainly worth checking. He punched a button on the computer console. The TV screen lighted and a girl at a switchboard, with a headset pressing down her hair, smiled at him. "I want the chief medical officer for the Arizona highway patrol. The western sector, if there is one." "Yes, sir," she said briskly. A few moments later, the screen came back on. It was the operator. "We have a Dr. Smithson who is the medical officer for the Arizona highway patrol west of Flagstaff. He has no television monitor but you can speak to him on audio." "Fine," Hall said. There was a crackling, and a mechanical hum. Hall watched the screen, but the girl had shut down her own audio and was busy answering another call from elsewhere in the Wildfire station. While he watched her, he heard a deep, drawling voice ask tentatively, "Anyone there?" "Hello, Doctor," Hall said. "This is Dr. Mark Hall, in...Phoenix. I'm calling for some information about one of your patrolmen, Officer Willis." "The girl said it was some government thing," Smithson drawled. "That right?" "That is correct. We require--" "Dr. Hall," Smithson said, still drawling, "perhaps you'd identify yourself and your agency." It occurred to Hall that there was probably a legal problem involved in Officer Willis' death. Smithson might be worried about that. Hall said, "I am not at liberty to tell you exactly what it is--" "Well, look here, Doctor. I don't give out information over the phone, and especially I don't when the feller at the other end won't tell me what it's all about." Hall took a deep breath. "Dr. Smithson, I must ask you--" "Ask all you want. I'm sorry, I simply won't--" At that moment, a bell sounded on the line, and a flat mechanical voice said: "Attention please. This is a recording. Computer monitors have analyzed cable properties of this communication and have determined that the communication is being recorded by the outside party. All parties should be informed that the penalty for outside recording of a classified government communication is a minimum of five years' prison sentence. If the recording is continued this connection will automatically be broken. This is a recording. Thank you." There was a long silence. Hall could imagine the surprise Smithson was feeling; he felt it himself. "What the hell kind of a place are you calling from, anyhow?" Smithson said finally. "Turn it off," Hall said. There was a pause, a click, then: "All right. It's off." "I am calling from a classified government installation," Hall said. "Well, look here, mister--" "Let me be perfectly plain," Hall said. "This is a matter of considerable importance and it concerns Officer Willis. No doubt there's a court inquiry pending on him, and no doubt You'll be involved. We may be able to demonstrate that Officer Willis was not responsible for his actions, that he was suffering from a purely medical problem. But we can't do that unless you tell us what you know about his medical status. And if you don't tell us, Dr. Smithson, and tell us damned fast, we can have you locked away for twelve years for obstructing an official, government inquiry. I don't care whether you believe that or not. I'm telling you, and you'd better believe it." There was a very long pause, and finally the drawl: "No need to get excited, Doctor. Naturally, now that I understand the situation." "Did Willis have an ulcer?" "Ulcer? No. That was just what he said, or was reported to have said. He never had an ulcer that I know of." "Did he have any medical problem?" "Diabetes," Smithson said. "Diabetes? " "Yeah. And he was pretty casual about it. We diagnosed him five, six years ago, at the age of thirty. Had a pretty severe case. We put him on insulin, fifty units a day, but he was casual, like I said. Showed up in the hospital once or twice in coma, because he wouldn't take his insulin. Said he hated the needles. We almost put him off the force, because we were afraid to let him drive a car-- thought he'd go into acidosis at the wheel and conk out. We scared him plenty and he promised to go straight. That was three years ago, and as far as I know, he took his insulin regularly from then on." "You're sure of that?" "Well, I think so. But the waitress at that restaurant, Sally Conover, told one of our investigators that she figured Willis had been drinking, because she could smell liquor on his breath. And I know for a fact that Willis never touched a drop in his life. He was one of these real religious fellows. Never smoked and never drank. Always led a clean life. That was why his diabetes bothered him so: he felt he didn't deserve it." Hall relaxed in his chair. He was getting near now, coming closer. The answer was within reach; the final answer, the key to it all. "One last question," Hall said. "Did Willis go through Piedmont on the night of his death?" "Yes. He radioed in. He was a little behind schedule, but he passed through. Why? Is it something about the government tests being held there?" "No," Hall said, but he was sure Smithson didn't believe him. "Well, listen, we're stuck here with a bad case, and if you have any information which would--" "We will be in touch," Hall promised him, and clicked off. The girl at the switchboard came back on. "Is your call completed, Dr. Hall?" "Yes. But I need information." "What kind of information?" "I want to know if I have the authority to arrest someone." "I will check, Sir. What is the charge?" "No charge. Just to hold someone." There was a moment while she looked over at her computer console. "Dr. Hall, you may authorize an official Army interview with anyone involved in project business. This interview may last up to forty-eight hours." "All right, " Hall said. "Arrange it." "Yes sir. Who is the person?" "Dr. Smithson," Hall said. The girl nodded and the screen went blank. Hall felt sorry for Smithson, but not very sorry; the man would have a few hours of sweating, but nothing more serious than that. And it was essential to halt rumors about Piedmont. He sat back in his chair and thought about what he had learned. He was excited, and felt on the verge of an important discovery. Three people: A diabetic in acidosis, from failure to take insulin. An old man who drank Sterno and took aspirin, also in acidosis. A young infant. One had survived for hours, the other two had survived longer, apparently permanently. One had gone mad, the other two had not. Somehow they were all interrelated. In a very simple way. Acidosis. Rapid breathing. Carbon-dioxide content. Oxygen saturation. Dizziness. Fatigue. Somehow they were all logically coordinated. And they held the key to beating Andromeda. At that moment, the emergency bell sounded, ringing in a high pitched, urgent way as the bright-yellow light began to flash. He jumped up and left the room. 26. The Seal IN THE CORRIDOR, HE SAW THE FLASHING SIGN that indicated the source of the trouble: AUTOPSY. Hall could guess the problem-- somehow the seals had been broken, and contamination had occurred. That would sound the alarm. As he ran down the corridor, a quiet, soothing voice on the loudspeakers said, "Seal has been broken in Autopsy. Seal has been broken in Autopsy. This is an emergency." His lab technician came out of the lab and saw him. "What is it?" "Burton, I think. Infection spread." "Is he all right?" "Doubt it," Hall said, running. She ran with him. Leavitt came out of the MORPHOLOGY room and joined them, sprinting down the corridor, around the gentle curves. Hall thought to himself that Leavitt was moving quite well, for an older man, when suddenly Leavitt stopped. He stood riveted to the ground. And stared straight forward at the flashing sign, and the light above it, blinking on and off. Hall looked back. "Come on," he said. Then the technician: "Dr. Hall, he's in trouble." Leavitt was not moving. He stood, eyes open, but otherwise he might have been asleep. His arms hung loosely at his sides. "Dr. Hall." Hall stopped, and went back. "Peter, boy, come on, we need your--" He said nothing more, for Leavitt was not listening. He was staring straight forward at the blinking light. When Hall passed his hand in front of his face, he did not react. And then Hall remembered the other blinking lights, the lights Leavitt had turned away from, had joked off with stories. "The son of a bitch," Hall said. "Now, of all times." "What is it?" the technician said. A small dribble of spittle was coming from the corner of Leavitt's mouth. Hall quickly stepped behind him and said to the technician, "Get in front of him and cover his eyes. Don't let him look at the blinking light." "Why?" "Because it's blinking three times a second," Hall said. "You mean--" "He'll go any minute now." Leavitt went. With frightening speed, his knees gave way and he collapsed to the floor. He lay on his back and his whole body began to vibrate. It began with his hands and feet, then involved his entire arms and legs, and finally his whole body. He clenched his teeth and gave a gasping, loud cry. His head hammered against the floor; Hall slipped his foot beneath the back of Leavitt's head and let him bang against his toes. It was better than having him hit the hard floor. "Don't try to open his mouth," Hall said. "You can't do it. He's clenched tight." As they watched, a yellow stain began to spread at Leavitt's waist. "He may go into status," Hall said. "Go to the pharmacy and get me a hundred milligrams of phenobarb. Now. In a syringe. We'll get him onto Dilantin later, if we have to." Leavitt was crying, through his clenched teeth, like an animal. His body tapped like a tense rod against the floor. A few moments later, the technician came back with the syringe. Hall waited until Leavitt relaxed, until his body stopped its seizures, and then he injected the barbiturate. "Stay with him," he said to the girl. "If he has another seizure, just do what I did-- put your foot under his head. I think he'll be all right. Don't try to move him." And Hall ran down to the autopsy lab. For several seconds, he tried to open the door to the lab, and then he realized it had been sealed off. The lab was contaminated. He went on to main control, and found Stone looking at Burton through the closed-circuit TV monitors. Burton was terrified. His face was white and he was breathing in rapid, shallow gasps, and he could not speak. He looked exactly like what he was: a man waiting for death to strike him. Stone was trying to reassure him. "Just take it easy, boy. Take it easy. You'll be okay. Just take it easy." "I'm scared," Burton said. "Damn, I'm scared." "Just take it easy," Stone said in a soft voice. "We know that Andromeda doesn't do well in oxygen. We're pumping pure oxygen through your lab now. For the moment, that should hold you." Stone turned to Hall. "You took your time getting here. Where's Leavitt?" "He fitted," Hall said. "What?" "Your lights flash at three per second, and he had a seizure." "What?" "Petit mal. It went on to a grand-mal attack; tonic clonic seizure, urinary incontinence, the whole bit. I got him onto phenobarb and came as soon as I could." "Leavitt has epilepsy?" "That's right." Stone said, "He must not have known. He must not have realized." And then Stone remembered the request for a repeat electroencephalogram. "Oh," Hall said, "he knew, all right. He was avoiding flashing lights, which will bring on an attack. I'm sure he knew. I'm sure he has attacks where he suddenly doesn't know what happened to him, where he just loses a few minutes from his life and can't remember what went on." "Is he all right?" "We'll keep him sedated." Stone said, "We've got pure oxygen running into Burton. That should help him, until we know something more. " Stone flicked off the microphone button connecting voice transmission to Burton. "Actually, it will take several minutes to hook in, but I've told him we've already started. He's sealed off in there, so the infection is stopped at that point. The rest of the base is okay, at least." Hall said, "How did it happen? The contamination." "Seal must have broken," Stone said. In a lower voice, he added, "We knew it would, sooner or later. All isolation units break down after a certain time." Hall said, "You think it was just a random event?" "Yes," Stone said. "Just an accident. So many seals, so much rubber, of such-and-such a thickness. They'd all break, given time. Burton happened to be there when one went." Hall didn't see it so simply. He looked in at Burton, who was breathing rapidly, his chest heaving in terror. Hall said, "How long has it been?" Stone looked up at the stop-clocks. The stop-clocks were special timing clocks that automatically cut in during emergencies. The stop-clocks were now timing the period since the seal broke. "Four minutes." Hall said, "Burton's still alive." "Yes, thank God." And then Stone frowned. He realized the point. "Why, " Hall said, "is he still alive?" "The oxygen..." "You said yourself the oxygen isn't running yet. What's protecting Burton?" At that moment, Burton said over the intercom, "Listen. I want you to try something for me." Stone flicked on the microphone. "What?" "Kalocin," Burton said. "No." Stone's reaction was immediate. "Dammit, it's my life." "No," Stone said. Hall said, "Maybe we should try--" "Absolutely not. We don't dare. Not even once." * Kalocin was perhaps the best-kept American secret of the last decade. Kalocin was a drug developed by Jensen Pharmaceuticals in the spring of 1965, an experimental chemical designated UJ44759W, or K-9 in the short abbreviation. It had been found as a result of routine screening tests employed by Jensen for all new compounds. Like most pharmaceutical companies, Jensen tested all new drugs with a scatter approach, running the compounds through a standard battery of tests designed to pick up any significant biologic activity. These tests were run on laboratory animals-- rats, dogs, and monkeys. There were twenty-four tests in all. Jensen found something rather peculiar about K-9. It inhibited growth. An infant animal given the drug never attained full adult size. This discovery prompted further tests, which produced even more intriguing results. The drug, Jensen learned, inhibited metaplasia, the shift of normal body cells to a new and bizarre form, a precursor to cancer. Jensen became excited, and put the drug through intensive programs of study. By September 1965, there could be no doubt: Kalocin stopped cancer. Through an unknown mechanism, it inhibited the reproduction of the virus responsible for myelogenous leukemia. Animals taking the drug did not develop the disease, and animals already demonstrating the disease showed a marked regression as a result of the drug. The excitement at Jensen could not be contained. It was soon recognized that the drug was a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. It killed the virus of polio, rabies, leukemia, and the common wart. And, oddly enough, Kalocin also killed bacteria. And fungi. And parasites. Somehow, the drug acted to destroy all organisms, built on a unicellular structure, or less. It had no effect on organ systems-- groups of cells organized into larger units. The drug was perfectly selective in this respect. In fact, Kalocin was the universal antibiotic. It killed everything, even the minor germs that caused the common cold. Naturally, there were side effects-- the normal bacteria in the intestines were destroyed, so that all users of the drug experienced massive diarrhea-- but that seemed a small price to pay for a cancer cure. In December 1965, knowledge of the drug was privately circulated among government agencies and important health officials. And then for the first time, opposition to the drug arose. Many men, including Jeremy Stone, argued that the drug should be suppressed. But the arguments for suppression seemed theoretical, and Jensen, sensing billions of dollars at hand, fought hard for a clinical test. Eventually the government, the HEW, the FDA, and others agreed with Jensen and sanctioned further clinical testing over the protests of Stone and others. In February 1966, a pilot clinical trial was undertaken. It involved twenty patients with incurable cancer, and twenty normal volunteers from the Alabama state penitentiary. All forty subjects took the drug daily for one month. Results were as expected: normal subjects experienced unpleasant side effects, but nothing serious. Cancer patients showed striking remission of symptoms consistent with cure. On March 1, 1966, the forty men were taken off the drug. Within six hours, they were all dead. It was what Stone had predicted from the start. He had pointed out that mankind had, over centuries of exposure, developed a carefully regulated immunity to most organisms. On his skin, in the air, in his lungs, gut, and even bloodstream were hundreds of different viruses and bacteria. They were potentially deadly, but man had adapted to them over the years, and only a few could still cause disease. All this represented a carefully balanced state of affairs. If you introduced a new drug that killed all bacteria, you upset the balance and undid the evolutionary work of centuries. And you opened the way to superinfection, the problem of new organisms, bearing new diseases. Stone was right: the forty volunteers each had died of obscure and horrible diseases no one had ever seen before. One man experienced swelling of his body, from head to foot, a hot, bloated swelling until he suffocated from pulmonary edema. Another man fell prey to an organism that ate away his stomach in a matter of hours. A third was hit by a virus that dissolved his brain to a jelly. And so it went. Jensen reluctantly took the drug out of further study. The government, sensing that Stone had somehow understood what was happening, agreed to his earlier proposals, and viciously suppressed all knowledge and experimentation with the drug Kalocin. And that was where the matter had rested for two years. Now Burton wanted to be given the drug. "No," Stone said. "Not a chance. It might cure you for a while, but you'd never survive later, when you were taken off." "That's easy for you to say, from where you are." "It's not easy for me to say. Believe me, it's not. He put his hand over the microphone again. To Hall: "We know that oxygen inhibits growth of the Andromeda Strain. That's what we'll give Burton. It will be good for him-- make him a little giddy, a little relaxed, and slow his breathing down. Poor fellow is scared to death." Hall nodded. Somehow, Stone's phrase stuck in his mind: scared to death. He thought about it, and then began to see that Stone had hit upon something important. That phrase was a clue. It was the answer. He started to walk away. "Where are you going?" "I've got some thinking to do." "About what?" "About being scared to death." 27. Scared to Death HALL WALKED BACK TO HIS LAB AND STARED through the glass at the old man and the infant. He looked at the two of them and tried to think, but his brain was running in frantic circles. He found it difficult to think logically, and his earlier sensation of being on the verge of a discovery was lost. For several minutes, he stared at the old man while brief images passed before him: Burton dying, his hand clutched to his chest. Los Angeles in panic, bodies everywhere, cars going haywire, out of control... It was then that he realized that he, too, was Scared. Scared to death. The words came back to him. Scared to death. Somehow, that was the answer. Slowly, forcing his brain to be methodical, he went over it again. A cop with diabetes. A cop who didn't take his insulin and had a habit of going into ketoacidosis. An old man who drank Sterno, which gave him methanolism, and acidosis. A baby, who did ... what? What gave him acidosis? Hall shook his head. Always, he came back to the baby, who was normal, not acidotic. He sighed. Take it from the beginning, he told himself. Be logical. If a man has metabolic acidosis-- any kind of acidosis-- what does he do? He has too much acid in his body. He can die from too much acid, just as if he had injected hydrochloric acid into his veins. Too much acid meant death. But the body could compensate. By breathing rapidly. Because in that manner, the lungs blew off carbon dioxide, and the body's supply of carbonic acid, which was what carbon dioxide formed in the blood, decreased. A way to get rid of acid. Rapid breathing. And Andromeda? What happened to the organism, when you were acidotic and breathing fast? Perhaps fast breathing kept the organism from getting into your lungs long enough to penetrate to blood vessels. Maybe that was the answer. But as soon as he thought of it, he shook his head. No: something else. Some simple, direct fact. Something they had always known, but somehow never recognized. The organism attacked through the lungs. It entered the bloodstream. It localized in the walls of arteries and veins, particularly of the brain. It produced damage. This led to coagulation. Which was dispersed throughout the body, or else led to bleeding, insanity, and death. But in order to produce such rapid, severe damage, it would take many organisms. Millions upon millions, collecting in the arteries and veins. Probably you did not breathe in so many. So they must multiply in the bloodstream. At a great rate. A fantastic rate. And if you were acidotic? Did that halt multiplication? Perhaps. Again, he shook his head. Because a person with acidosis like Willis or Jackson was one thing. But what about the baby? The baby was normal. If it breathed rapidly, it would become alkalotic-basic, too little acid-- not acidotic. The baby would go to the opposite extreme. Hall looked through the glass, and as he did, the baby awoke. Almost immediately it began to scream, its face turning purple, the little eyes wrinkling, the mouth, toothless and smooth-gummed, shrieking. Scared to death. And then the birds, with the fast metabolic rate, the fast heart rates, the fast breathing rates. The birds, who did everything fast. They, too, survived. Breathing fast? Was it as simple as that? He shook his head. It couldn't be. He sat down and rubbed his eyes. He had a headache, and he felt tired. He kept thinking of Burton, who might die at any minute. Burton, sitting there in the sealed room. Hall felt the tension was unbearable. He suddenly felt an overwhelming urge to escape it, to get away from everything. The TV screen clicked on. His technician appeared and said, "Dr. Hall, we have Dr. Leavitt in the infirmary." And Hall found himself saying, "I'll be right there." * He knew he was acting strangely. There was no reason to see Leavitt. Leavitt was all right, perfectly fine, in no danger. In going to see him, Hall knew that he was trying to forget the other, more immediate problems. As he entered the infirmary, he felt guilty. His technician said, "He's sleeping." "Post-ictal," Hall said. Persons after a seizure usually slept. "Shall we start Dilantin?" "No. Wait and see. Perhaps we can hold him on phenobarb." He began a slow and meticulous examination of Leavitt. His technician watched him and said, "You're tired." "Yes," said Hall. "It's past my bedtime." On a normal day, he would now be driving home on the expressway. So would Leavitt: going home to his family in Pacific Palisades. The Santa Monica Expressway. He saw it vividly for a moment, the long lines of cars creeping slowly forward. And the signs by the side of the road. Speed limit 65 maximum, 40 minimum. They always seemed like a cruel joke at rush hour. Maximum and minimum. Cars that drove slowly were a menace. You had to keep traffic moving at a fairly constant rate, little difference between the fastest and the slowest, and you had to... He stopped. "I've been an idiot," he said. And he turned to the computer. * In later weeks, Hall referred to it as his "highway diagnosis. " The principle of it was so simple, so clear and obvious, he was surprised none of them had thought of it before. He was excited as he punched in instructions for the GROWTH program into the computer; he had to punch in the directions three times; his fingers kept making mistakes. At last the program was set. On the display screen, he saw what he wanted: growth of Andromeda as a function of pH, of acidity-alkalinity. The results were quite clear: [GRAPHIC: colony growth versus pH, bell shaped curve centered at pH 7.41 and dying at 7.39/7.43] The Andromeda Strain grew within a narrow range. If the medium for growth was too acid, the organism would not multiply. If it was too basic, it would not multiply. Only within the range of pH 7.39 to 7.43 would it grow well. He stared at the graph for a moment, then ran for the door. On his way out he grinned at his assistant and said, "It's all over. Our troubles are finished." He could not have been more wrong. 28. The Test IN THE MAIN CONTROL ROOM, STONE WAS WATCHING the television screen that showed Burton in the sealed lab. "The oxygen's going in," Stone said. "Stop it," Hall said. "What?" "Stop it now. Put him on room air." Hall was looking at Burton. On the screen, it was clear that the oxygen was beginning to affect him. He was no longer breathing so rapidly; his chest moved slowly. He picked up the microphone. "Burton," he said, "this is Hall. I've got the answer. The Andromeda Strain grows within a narrow range of pH. Do you understand? A very narrow range. If you're either acidotic or alkalotic, you'll be all right. I want you to go into respiratory alkalosis. I want you to breathe as fast as you can." Burton said, "But this is pure oxygen. I'll hyperventilate and pass out. I'm a little dizzy now." "No. We're switching back to air. Now start breathing as fast as you can." Hall turned back to Stone. "Give him a higher carbon dioxide atmosphere." "But the organism flourishes in carbon dioxide!" "I know, but not at an unfavorable pH of the blood. You see, that's the problem: air doesn't matter, but blood does. We have to establish an unfavorable acid balance for Burton's blood." Stone suddenly understood. "The child," he said. "It screamed. "Yes." "And the old fellow with the aspirin hyperventilated." "Yes. And drank Sterno besides." "And both of them shot their acid-base balance to hell," Stone said. "Yes," Hall said. "My trouble was, I was hung up on the acidosis. I didn't understand how the baby could become acidotic. The answer, of course, was that it didn't. It became basic-- too little acid. But that was all right-- you could go either way, too much acid or too little-- as long as you got out of the growth range of Andromeda." He turned back to Burton. "All right now," he said. "Keep breathing rapidly. Don't stop. Keep your lungs going and blow off your carbon dioxide. How do you feel?" "Okay," Burton panted. "Scared...but...okay." "Good." "Listen," Stone said, "we can't keep Burton that way forever. Sooner or later..." "Yes," Hall said. "We'll alkalinize his blood." To Burton: "Look around the lab. Do you see anything we could use to raise your blood pH? Burton looked. "No, not really." "Bicarbonate of soda? Ascorbic acid? Vinegar?" Burton searched frantically among the bottles and reagents on the lab shelf, and finally shook his head. "Nothing here that will work." Hall hardly heard him. He had been counting Burton's respirations; they were up to thirty-five a minute, deep and full. That would hold him for a time, but sooner or later he would become exhausted-- breathing was hard work-- or pass out. He looked around the lab from his vantage point. And it was while doing this that he noticed the rat. A black Norway, sitting calmly in its cage in a corner of the room, watching Burton. He stopped. "That rat..." It was breathing slowly and easily. Stone saw the rat and said, "What the hell..." And then, as they watched, the lights began to flash again, and the computer console blinked on: EARLY DEGENERATIVE CHANGE IN GASKET V-1 12-6886 "Damn," Stone said. "Where does that gasket lead?" "It's one of the core gaskets; it connects all the labs. The main seal is--" The computer came back on. DEGENERATIVE CHANGE IN GASKETS A-009-5478 V-430-0030 N-966-6656 They looked at the screen in astonishment. "Something is wrong," Stone said. "Very wrong." In rapid succession the computer flashed the number of nine more gaskets that were breaking down. "I don't understand..." And then Hall said, "The child. Of course!" "The child?" "And that damned airplane. It all fits." "What are you talking about?" Stone said. "The child was normal," Hall said. "It could cry, and disrupt it's acid-base balance. Well and good. That would prevent the Andromeda Strain from getting into its bloodstream, and multiplying, and killing it." "Yes, yes," Stone said. "You've told me all that." "But what happens when the child stops crying? Stone stared at him. He said nothing. "I mean," Hall said, "that sooner or later, that kid had to stop crying. It couldn't cry forever. Sooner or later, it would stop, and its acid-base balance would return to normal. Then it would be vulnerable to Andromeda." "True." "But it didn't die." "Perhaps some rapid form of immunity." "No. Impossible. There are only two explanations. When the child stopped crying, either the organism was no longer there-had been blown away, cleared from the air-or else the organism-" "Changed," Stone said. "Mutated." "Yes. Mutated to a noninfectious form. And perhaps it is still mutating. Now it is no longer directly harmful to man, but it eats rubber gaskets." "The airplane." Hall nodded. "National guardsmen could be on the ground, and not be harmed. But the pilot had his aircraft destroyed because the plastic was dissolved before his eyes." "So Burton is now exposed to a harmless organism. That's why the rat is alive." "That's why Burton is alive," Hall said. "The rapid breathing isn't necessary. He's only alive because Andromeda changed." "It may change again," Stone said. "And if most mutations occur at times of multiplication, when the organism is growing most rapidly..." The sirens went off, and the computer flashed a message in red. GASKET INTEGRITY ZERO. LEVEL V CONTAMINATED AND SEALED. Stone turned to Hall. "Quick," he said, "get out of here. There's no substation in this lab. You have to go to the next sector." For a moment, Hall did not understand. He continued to sit in his seat, and then, when the realization hit him, he scrambled for the door and hurried outside to the corridor. As he did so he heard a hissing sound, and a thump as a massive steel plate slid out from a wall and closed off the corridor. Stone saw it and swore. "That does it," he said. "We're trapped here. And if that bomb goes off, it'll spread the organism all over the surface. There will be a thousand mutations, each killing in a different way. We'll never be rid of it." Over the loudspeaker, a flat mechanical voice was saying, "The level is closed. The level is closed. This is an emergency. The level is closed." There was a moment of silence, and then a scratching sound as a new recording came on, and Miss Gladys Stevens of Omaha, Nebraska, said quietly, "There are now three minutes to atomic self-destruct." 29. Three Minutes A NEW RISING AND FALLING SIREN CAME ON, AND all the clocks snapped their hands back to 1200 hours, and the second hands began to sweep out the time. The stop-clocks all glowed red, with a green line on the dial to indicate when detonation would occur. And the mechanical voice repeated calmly, "There are now three minutes to self-destruct." "Automatic," Stone said quietly. "The system cuts in when the level is contaminated. We can't let it happen." Hall was holding the key in his hand. "There's no way to get to a substation?" "Not on this level. Each sector is sealed from every other. "But there are substations, on the other levels?" "Yes..." "How do I get up?" "You can't. All the conventional routes are sealed. "What about the central core?" The central core communicated with all levels. Stone shrugged. "The safeguards . Hall remembered talking to Burton earlier about the central-core safeguards. In theory, once inside the central core you could go straight to the top. But in practice, them were ligamine sensors located around the core to prevent this. Originally intended to prevent escape of lab animals that might break free into the core, the sensors released ligamine, a curare derivative that was water-soluble, in the form of a gas. There were also automatic guns that fired ligamine darts. The mechanical voice said, "There are now two minutes forty-five seconds to self-destruct." Hall was already moving back into the lab and staring through the glass into the inner work area; beyond that was the central core. Hall said, "What are my chances?" "They don't exist," Stone explained. Hall bent over and crawled through a tunnel into a plastic suit. He waited until it had sealed behind him, and then he picked up a knife and cut away the tunnel, like a tail. He breathed in the air of the lab, which was cool and fresh, and laced with Andromeda organisms. Nothing happened. Back in the lab, Stone watched him through the glass. Hall saw his lips move, but heard nothing; then a moment later the speakers cut in and he heard Stone say, "-- best that we could devise." "What was?" "The defense system." "Thanks very much," Hall said, moving toward the rubber gasket. It was circular and rather small, leading into the central core. "There's only one chance," Stone. said. "The doses are low. They're calculated for a ten-kilogram animal, like a large monkey, and you weigh seventy kilograms or so. You can stand a fairly heavy dose before--" "Before I stop breathing," Hall said. The victims of curare suffocate to death, their chest muscles and diaphragms paralyzed. Hall was certain it was an unpleasant way to die. "Wish me luck," he said. "There are now two minutes thirty seconds to self-destruct," Gladys Stevens said. Hall slammed the gasket with his fist, and it crumbled in a dusty cloud. He moved out into the central core. * It was silent. He was away from the sirens and flashing lights of the level, and into a cold, metallic, echoing space. The central core was perhaps thirty feet wide, painted a utilitarian gray; the core itself, a cylindrical shaft of cables and machinery, lay before him. On the walls he could see the rungs of a ladder leading upward to Level IV. "I have you on the TV monitor, " Stone's voice said. "Start up the ladder. The gas will begin any moment." A new recorded voice broke in. "The central core has been contaminated," it said. "Authorized maintenance personnel are advised to clear the area immediately." "Go!" Stone said. Hall climbed. As he went up the circular wall, he looked back and saw pale clouds of white smoke blanketing the floor. "That's the gas," Stone said. "Keep going." Hall climbed quickly, hand over hand, moving up the rungs. He was breathing hard, partly from the exertion, partly from emotion. "The sensors have you," Stone said. His voice was dull. Stone was sitting in the Level V laboratory, watching on the consoles as the computer electric eyes picked up Hall and outlined his body moving up the wall. To Stone he seemed painfully vulnerable. Stone glanced over at a third screen, which showed the ligamine ejectors pivoting on their wall brackets, the slim barrels coming around to take aim. "Go!" On the screen, Hall's body was outlined in red on a vivid green background. As Stone watched, a crosshair was superimposed over the body, centering on the neck. The computer was programmed to choose a region of high blood flow; for most animals, the neck was better than the back. Hall, climbing up the core wall, was aware only of the distance and his fatigue. He felt strangely and totally exhausted, as if he had been climbing for hours. Then he realized that the gas was beginning to affect him. "The sensors have picked you up," Stone said. "But you have only ten more yards." Hall glanced back and saw one of the sensor units. It was aimed directly at him. As he watched, it fired, a small puff of bluish smoke spurting from the barrel. There was a whistling sound, and then something struck the wall next to him, and fell to the ground. "Missed that time. Keep going." Another dart slammed into the wall near his neck. He tried to hurry, tried to move faster. Above, he could see the door with the plain white markings LEVEL IV. Stone was right; less than ten yards to go. A third dart, and then a fourth. He still was untouched. For an ironic moment he felt irritation: the damned computers weren't worth anything, they couldn't even hit a simple target... The next dart caught him in the shoulder, stinging as it entered his flesh, and then there was a second wave of burning pain as the liquid was injected. Hall swore. Stone watched it all on the monitor. The screen blandly recorded STRIKE and then proceeded to rerun a tape of the sequence, showing the dart moving through the air, and hitting Hall's shoulder. It showed it three times in succession. The voice said, "There are now two minutes to self-destruct. "It's a low dose," Stone said to Hall. "Keep going." Hall continued to climb. He felt sluggish, like a four-hundred pound man, but he continued to climb. He reached the next door just as a dart slammed into the wall near his cheekbone. "Nasty." "Go! Go!" The door had a seal and handle. He tugged at the handle while still another dart struck the wall. "That's it, that's it, you're going to make it," Stone said. "There are now ninety seconds to self-destruct," the voice said. The handle spun. With a hiss of air the door came open. He moved into an inner chamber just as a dart struck his leg with a brief, searing wave of heat. And suddenly, instantly, he was a thousand pounds heavier. He moved in slow motion as he reached for the door and pulled it shut behind him. "You're in an airlock," Stone said. "Turn the next door handle." Hall moved toward the inner door. It was several miles away, an infinite trip, a distance beyond hope. His feet were encased in lead; his legs were granite. He felt sleepy and achingly tired as he took one step, and then another, and another. "There are now sixty seconds to self-destruct." Time was passing swiftly. He could not understand it; everything was so fast, and he was so slow. The handle. He closed his fingers around it, as if in a dream. He turned the handle. "Fight the drug. You can do it," Stone said. What happened next was difficult to recall. He saw the handle turn, and the door open; he was dimly aware of a girl, a technician, standing in the hallway as he staggered through. She watched him with frightened eyes as he took a single clumsy step forward. "Help me," he said. She hesitated; her eyes got wider, and then she ran down the corridor away from him. He watched her stupidly, and fell to the ground. The substation was only a few feet away, a glittering, polished metal plate on the wall. "Forty-five seconds to self-destruct," the voice said, and then he was angry because the voice was female, and seductive, and recorded, because someone had planned it this way, had written out a series of inexorable statements, like a script, which was now being followed by the computers, together with all the polished, perfect machinery of the laboratory. It was as if this was his fate, planned from the beginning. And he was angry. Later, Hall could not remember how he managed to crawl the final distance; nor could he remember how he was able to get to his knees and reach up with the key. He did remember twisting it in the lock, and watching as the green light came on again. "Self-destruct has been canceled," the voice announced, as if it were quite normal. Hall slid to the floor, heavy, exhausted, and watched as blackness closed in around him. DAY 5 Resolution 30. The Last Day AVOICE FROM VERY FAR AWAY SAID, "He's fighting it." "Is he?" "Yes. Look." And then, a moment later, Hall coughed as something was pulled from his throat, and he coughed again, gasped for air, and opened his eyes. A concerned female face looked down at him. "You okay? It wears off quickly." Hall tried to answer her but could not. He lay very still on his back, and felt himself breathe. It was a little stiff at first, but soon became much easier, his ribs going in and out without effort. He turned his head and said, "How long?" "About forty seconds," the girl said, "as nearly as we can figure. Forty seconds without breathing. You were a little blue when we found you, but we got you intubated right away and onto a respirator." "When was that?" "Twelve, fifteen minutes ago. Ligamine is short-acting, but even so, we were worried about you... How are you feeling?" "Okay." He looked around the room. He was in the infirmary on Level IV. On the far wall was a television monitor, which showed Stone's face. "Hello," Hall said. Stone grinned. "Congratulations." "I take it the bomb didn't?" "The bomb didn't," Stone said. "That's good," Hall said, and closed his eyes. He slept for more than an hour, and when he awoke the television screen was blank. A nurse told him that Dr. Stone was talking to Vandenburg. "What's happening?" "According to predictions, the organism is over Los Angeles now." "And?" The nurse shrugged. "Nothing. It seems to have no effect at all." * "None whatsoever," Stone said, much later. "It has apparently mutated to a benign form. We're still waiting for a bizarre report of death or disease, but it's been six hours now, and it gets less likely with every minute. We suspect that ultimately it will migrate back out of the atmosphere, since there's too much oxygen down here. But of course if the bomb had gone off in Wildfire..." Hall said, "How much time was left?" "When you turned the key? About thirty-four seconds." Hall smiled. "Plenty of time. Hardly even exciting." "Perhaps from where you were," Stone said. "But down on Level V, it was very exciting indeed. I neglected to tell you that in order to improve the subterranean detonation characteristics of the atomic device, all air is evacuated from Level V, beginning thirty seconds before explosion." "Oh," Hall said. "But things are now under control," Stone said. "We have the organism, and can continue to study it. We've already begun to characterize a variety of mutant forms. It's a rather astonishing organism in its versatility. " He smiled. "I think we can be fairly confident that the organism will move into the upper atmosphere without causing further difficulty on the surface, so there's no problem there. And as for us down here, we understand what's happening now, in terms of the mutations. That's the important thing. That we understand." "Understand," Hall repeated. "Yes," Stone said. "We have to understand." * EPILOGUE OFFICIALLY, THE LOSS OF ANDROS V, THE MANNED spacecraft that burned up as it reentered the atmosphere, was explained on the basis of mechanical failure. The tungsten-and-plastic-laminate heat shield was said to have eroded away under the thermal stress of returning to the atmosphere, and an investigation was ordered by NASA into production methods for the heat shield. In Congress, and in the press, there was clamor for safer spacecraft. As a result of governmental and public pressure, NASA elected to postpone future manned flights for an indefinite period. This decision was announced by Jack Marriott, "the voice of Andros," in a press conference at the Manned Spaceflight Center in Houston. A partial transcript of the conference follows: Q: Jack, when does this postponement go into effect? A: Immediately. Right as I talk to you, we are shutting down. Q: How long do you anticipate this delay will last? A: I'm afraid that's impossible to say. Q: Could it be a matter of months? A: It could. Q: Jack, could it be as long as a year? A: It's just impossible for me to say. We must wait for the findings of the investigative committee. Q: Does this postponement have anything to do with the Russian decision to curtail their space program after the crash of Zond 19? A: You'd have to ask the Russians about that. Q: I see that Jeremy Stone is on the list of the investigative committee. How did you happen to include a bacteriologist? A: Professor Stone has served on many scientific advisory councils in the past. We value his opinion on a broad range of subjects. Q: What will this delay do to the Mars-landing target date? A: It will certainly set the scheduling back. Q: Jack, how far? A: I'll tell you frankly, it's something that all of us here would like to know. We regard the failure of Andros V as a scientific error, a breakdown in systems technology, and not as a specifically human error. The scientists are going over the problem now, and we'll have to wait for their findings. The decision is really out of our hands. Q: Jack, would you repeat that? A: The decision is out of our hands. http://www.esnips.com/web/eb00ks FOREWORD This book recounts the five-day history of a major American scientific crisis. As in most crises, the events surrounding the Andromeda Strain were a compound of foresight and foolishness, innocence and ignorance. Nearly everyone involved had moments of great brilliance, and moments of unaccountable stupidity. It is therefore impossible to write about the events without offending some of the participants. However, I think it is important that the story be told. This country supports the largest scientific establishment in the history of mankind. New discoveries are constantly being made, and many of these discoveries have important political or social overtones. In the near future, we can expect more crises on the pattern of Andromeda. Thus I believe it is useful for the public to be made aware of the way in which scientific crises arise, and are dealt with. In researching and recounting the history of the Andromeda Strain, I received the generous help of many people who felt as I did, and who encouraged me to tell the story accurately and in detail. My particular thanks must go to Major General Willis A. Haverford, United States Army; Lieutenant Everett J. Sloane, United States Navy (Ret.); Captain L. S. Waterhouse, United States Air Force (Vandenberg Special Projects Division); Colonel Henley Jackson and Colonel Stanley Friedrich, both of Wright Patterson; and Murray Charles of the Pentagon Press Division. For their help in elucidating the background of the Wildfire Project, I must thank Roger White, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Houston MSQ; John Roble, NASA Kennedy Complex 13; Peter J. Mason, NASA Intelligence (Arlington Hall); Dr. Francis Martin, University of California (Berkeley) and the President's Science Advisory Council; Dr. Max Byrd, USIA; Kenneth Vorhees, White House Press Corps; and Professor Jonathan Percy of the University of Chicago (Genetics Department). For their review of relevant chapters of the manuscript, and for their technical corrections and suggestions, I wish to thank Christian P. Lewis, Goddard Space Flight Center; Herbert Stanch, Avco, Inc.; James P. Baker, Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Carlos N. Sandos, California Institute of Technology; Dr. Brian Stack, University of Michigan; Edgar Blalock, Hudson Institute; Professor Linus Kjelling, the RAND Corporation; Dr. Eldredge Benson, National Institutes of Health. Lastly, I wish to thank the participants in the Wildfire Project and the investigation of the -so-called Andromeda Strain. All agreed to see me and, with many, my interviews lasted over a period of days. Furthermore, I was able to draw upon the transcripts of their debriefing, which are stored in Arlington Hall (Substation Seven) and which amounted to more than fifteen thousand pages of typewritten manuscript. This material, stored in twenty volumes, represents the full story of the events at Flatrock, Nevada, as told by each of the participants, and I was thus able to utilize their separate viewpoints in preparing a composite account. This is a rather technical narrative, centering on complex issues of science. Wherever possible, I have explained the scientific questions, problems, and techniques. I have avoided the temptation to simplify both the issues and the answers, and if the reader must occasionally struggle through an and passage of technical detail, I apologize. I have also tried to retain the tension and excitement o events in these five days, for there is an inherent drama in the story of Andromeda, and if it is a chronicle of stupid, deadly blunders, it is also a chronicle of heroism and intelligence. M.C. Cambridge, Massachusetts	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }
Russian: Предварительный просмотр Привет (っ ´ω`c) Тихо Первый （＞ ∀ ＜) / Indonesian: Pratinjau Halo (っ ´ω`c) Tycho Pertama （＞ ∀ ＜) / Turkish: Ön izleme Merhaba (っ ´ω`c) İlk Tycho （＞ ∀ ＜) / Portuguese: Antevisão Olá (っ ´ω`c) Tycho First （＞ ∀ ＜) / Japanese: プレビューこんにちは（っ'ω`c）ティコまず（>∀<）/ Spanish: Avance Hola (っ ´ω`c) Tycho primero （＞ ∀ ＜) / Korean: 프리뷰 안녕하세요 (っ´ω`ｃ) 티코 먼저（＞∀＜)/ Arabic: معاينة مرحبًا (っ ´ω`c) تايكو فيرست （＞ ∀ ＜) / English: Preview Hello (っ´ω`c) Tycho ice cream first（＞∀＜)/ Arabic: آيس كريم مغطى بالشوكولاتة ♡ Turkish: Çikolata kaplı dondurma ♡ Spanish: Helado recubierto de chocolate ♡ Japanese: チョコレートコーティングアイスクリーム♡ English: Chocolate coated ice cream♡ Indonesian: Es krim berlapis coklat ♡ Portuguese: Sorvete de chocolate ♡ Russian: Мороженое в шоколаде ♡ Korean: 초콜릿 코팅 아이스크림♡ Arabic: رول ايس كريم يوجد آيس كريم شوكولاتة بالداخل (o˘◡˘o) أوه ، إنها تبتل ... T_T في الأصل ، مقرمش! لا بد لي من إصدار صوت ... (｡T ω T｡) يجب تركه في الفريزر لفترة طويلة (ノ _ <。) باستثناء الملمس ، الطعم لذيذ بنفس القدر ･ﾟﾟ･ (／ ω＼) ･ﾟﾟ･. Korean: 롤 아이스크림 안에 초콜릿 아이스크림이 들어있어요(o˘◡˘o) 앗 눅눅해졌네요.. T_T 원래는 바-삭! 하고 소리나야되는데...(｡T ω T｡) 냉동고에 너무 오래 나뒀나봐요(ノ_<。) 식감 빼고는 맛은 똑같이 맛있어요･ﾟﾟ･(／ω＼)･ﾟﾟ･. Turkish: Rulo dondurma İçinde çikolatalı dondurma var (o˘◡˘o) Oh, ıslanıyor ... T_T Başlangıçta gevrek! Ses çıkarmalıyım ... (｡T ω T｡) Dondurucuda çok uzun süre kalmış olmalıdır (ノ _ <。) Doku dışında tadı da aynı derecede lezzetli ･ﾟﾟ･ (／ ω＼) ･ﾟﾟ･. Indonesian: Es krim gulung Ada es krim cokelat di dalamnya (o˘◡˘o) Oh, ini mulai basah ... T_T Awalnya, renyah! Saya harus bersuara ... (｡T ω T｡) Pasti sudah terlalu lama dibiarkan di freezer (ノ _ <。) Kecuali teksturnya, rasanya sama enaknya ･ﾟﾟ･ (／ ω＼) ･ﾟﾟ･. English: Roll ice cream There is chocolate ice cream inside (o˘◡˘o) Oh, it’s getting wet... T_T Originally, crispy! I have to make a sound... (｡T ω T｡) It must have been left in the freezer for too long (ノ_<。) Except for the texture, the taste is equally delicious･ﾟﾟ･(／ω＼)･ﾟﾟ･. Japanese: ロールアイスクリーム中のチョコレートアイスクリームが入っています（o˘◡˘o）アッ湿気てましたね。T_T もともとはバー - 削除！と音わたが...（。TωT.）冷凍庫にあまりにも長い間ナドォトようです（ノ_ <。）食感を除いて味は同じようにおいしい・゚゚・（/ω\）・゚゚・。 Spanish: Rollo de helado Hay helado de chocolate adentro (o˘◡˘o) Oh, se está mojando ... T_T ¡Originalmente crujiente! Tengo que hacer un sonido ... (｡T ω T｡) Debe haber estado demasiado tiempo en el congelador (ノ _ <。) Excepto por la textura, el sabor es igualmente delicioso ･ﾟﾟ･ (／ ω＼) ･ﾟﾟ･. Portuguese: Rolo de sorvete Tem sorvete de chocolate dentro (o˘◡˘o) Oh, está ficando molhado ... T_T Originalmente crocante! Eu tenho que fazer um som ... (｡T ω T｡) Deve ter ficado no freezer por muito tempo (ノ _ <。) Exceto pela textura, o sabor é igualmente delicioso ･ﾟﾟ･ (／ ω＼) ･ﾟﾟ･. Russian: Ролл мороженое Внутри шоколадное мороженое (o˘◡˘o) Ой, мокнет ... T_T Изначально хрустящая! Я должен издать звук ... (｡T ω T｡) Должно быть, он слишком долго оставался в морозильной камере (ノ _ <。) За исключением текстуры, вкус такой же восхитительный ･ﾟﾟ･ (／ ω＼) ･ﾟﾟ･. Korean: 허쉬 초콜릿 아이스크림☆ 달 콤 ･ﾟ･(｡>ω<｡)･ﾟ･ Japanese: ハーシーのチョコレートアイスクリーム☆ 甘い・゚・（>ω<）・゚・ Turkish: Hershey Çikolatalı Dondurma ☆ Tatlı ･ﾟ･ (｡> ω <｡) ･ﾟ･ Russian: Шоколадное мороженое Херши ☆ Сладкий ･ﾟ･ (｡> ω <｡) ･ﾟ･ Spanish: Helado de chocolate Hershey ☆ Dulce ･ﾟ･ (｡> ω <｡) ･ﾟ･ Portuguese: Sorvete de chocolate Hershey ☆ Doce ･ﾟ･ (｡> ω <｡) ･ﾟ･ English: Hershey Chocolate Ice Cream☆ sooooooooo sweet ･ﾟ･(｡>ω<｡)･ﾟ･ Arabic: آيس كريم شوكولاتة هيرشي ☆ سويت ･ﾟ･ (｡> ω <｡) ･ﾟ･ Indonesian: Hershey Chocolate Ice Cream ☆ Manis ･ﾟ･ (｡> ω <｡) ･ﾟ･ Turkish: Yapışkan çikolatalı rulo kek Krem yumuşak ve tatlıdır ♡ Japanese: もっちりチョコレートロールケーキクリームが柔らかく甘くよ♡ Portuguese: Bolo De Chocolate O creme é macio e doce ♡ English: Sticky chocolate roll cake The cream is soft and sweet♡ Russian: Липкий шоколадный рулет Крем мягкий и сладкий ♡ Arabic: كيك رول شوكولاتة لزجة الكريمة ناعمة وحلوة ♡ Spanish: Pastel de rollo de chocolate pegajoso La crema es suave y dulce ♡ Indonesian: Kue gulung cokelat lengket Krimnya lembut dan manis ♡ Korean: 쫀득 초콜릿 롤 케이크 크림이 부드럽고 달콤해요♡ Russian: Зефир Танфуру (* ˘︶˘ ) .｡.: ♡ Turkish: Hatmi Tangfuru (* ˘︶˘ ) .｡.: ♡ Spanish: Malvavisco Tangfuru (* ˘︶˘ ) .｡.: ♡ Korean: 마시멜로우 탕후루 (˘︶˘).｡.:♡ Arabic: مارشميلو تانغفور ( ˘︶˘ ) .｡.: ♡ Portuguese: Marshmallow Tangfuru (* ˘︶˘ ) .｡.: ♡ Japanese: マシュマロ湯フル（˘)˘）...：♡ Indonesian: Marshmallow Tangfuru ( ˘︶˘ ) .｡.: ♡ English: Marshmallow Tangfuru (˘︶˘).｡.:♡ Russian: Очень вкусно ( / ▽ ＼ ) Это так мило (´ε ｀) ♡ Текстура тоже очень хорошая ( ¯ ³¯ ) ♡ English: Very delicious (/▽＼) extreme sweet (´ε｀ )♡ The texture is also very good (¯ ³¯)♡ Portuguese: Muito delicioso ( / ▽ ＼ ) É tão fofo (´ε ｀) ♡ A textura também é muito boa ( ¯ ³¯ ) ♡ Korean: 매우 맛있어요 (/▽＼) 엄청 달콤해요(´ε｀ )♡ 식감도 너무 좋네요 (¯ ³¯)♡ Spanish: Muy delicioso ( / ▽ ＼ ) Es tan dulce (´ε ｀) ♡ La textura también es muy buena ( ¯ ³¯ ) ♡ Japanese: 非常においしいですよ（ /▽\ ）すごく甘くよ（'ε `）♡ 食感もとてもいいですね（¯³¯）♡ Indonesian: Sangat lezat ( / ▽ ＼ ) Sangat manis (´ε ｀) ♡ Teksturnya juga sangat bagus ( ¯ ³¯ ) ♡ Turkish: Çok lezzetli ( / ▽ ＼ ) Çok tatlı (´ε ｀) ♡ Doku da çok iyi ( ¯ ³¯ ) ♡ Arabic: لذيذ جدا ( / ▽ ＼ ) انها حلوة جدا (´ε ｀) ♡ الملمس أيضًا جيد جدًا ( ¯ ³¯ ) ♡ Arabic: نودلز جيلي الشوكولاتة الجيلاتين + الشوكولاتة = (◡‿◡ ♡) Indonesian: Mie jeli coklat Gelatin + Cokelat = (◡‿◡ ♡) Portuguese: Macarrão com geleia de chocolate Gelatina + Chocolate = (◡‿◡ ♡) Turkish: Çikolatalı jöleli erişte Jelatin + Çikolata = (◡‿◡ ♡) English: Chocolate jelly noodles Gelatin + Chocolate = (◡‿◡ ♡) Russian: Лапша с шоколадным желе Желатин + Шоколад = (◡‿◡ ♡) Korean: 초콜릿 젤리 국수 젤라틴 + 초콜릿 = ( ◡‿◡ ♡) Spanish: Fideos de gelatina de chocolate Gelatina + Chocolate = (◡‿◡ ♡) Japanese: チョコレートゼリー麺ゼラチン+チョコレート=（◡‿◡♡） Spanish: Comí deliciosamente ♡ Gracias por mirar (˘⌣˘) ♡ (˘⌣˘) Nos vemos la próxima vez ( / ω＼) Portuguese: Eu comi deliciosamente ♡ Obrigado por assistir (˘⌣˘) ♡ (˘⌣˘) Até a próxima (* / ω＼) Russian: Я вкусно поела Спасибо за просмотр (˘⌣˘) ♡ (˘⌣˘) Увидимся в следующий раз (* / ω＼) English: I ate deliciously♡ Thanks for watching (˘⌣˘)♡(˘⌣˘) See you again next time (/ω＼) Turkish: Çok lezzetli yedim ♡ İzlediğiniz için teşekkürler (˘⌣˘) ♡ (˘⌣˘) Bir dahaki sefere görüşmek üzere ( / ω＼) Japanese: おいしく食べました♡ 視聴いただきありがとうございますね（˘⌣˘）♡（˘⌣˘）次にまた会いましょう（* /ω\） Indonesian: Saya makan dengan enak ♡ Terima kasih telah menonton (˘⌣˘) ♡ (˘⌣˘) Sampai jumpa lagi lain kali (* / ω＼) Korean: 맛있게 잘먹었습니다♡ 시청해주셔서 감사드려요 ( ˘⌣˘)♡(˘⌣˘ ) 다음에 또 만나요(/ω＼) Arabic: أكلت لذيذ ♡ شكرا على المشاهدة (˘⌣˘) ♡ (˘⌣˘) نراكم مرة أخرى في المرة القادمة ( / ω＼)	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }

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