instruction
stringlengths 39
174k
| input
stringclasses 1
value | output
stringlengths 1
27k
| task
stringclasses 345
values |
|---|---|---|---|
instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Animal and human studies suggest that programing of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may be involved in the development of obesity, but human studies of biological indicators of HPA axis activity are lacking. We studied the association between levels of the stress hormone cortisol during pregnancy and overweight offspring during childhood into adolescence.', 'Salivary samples from 655 Danish pregnant women with singleton pregnancies (1989-1991) were collected once in the morning and once in the evening in their second and third trimester. We followed the offspring from two to 16 years of age with at least one measurement of height and weight, and classified their body mass index into overweight and normal weight. The adjusted relative difference in median salivary cortisol (with 95% confidence interval (CI)) during pregnancy (the four samples), in second and third trimester (morning and evening samples) between overweight and normal weight offspring was estimated. Furthermore, the adjusted median ratio between morning and evening maternal salivary cortisol level was estimated for normal weight and overweight children. All the analyses were stratified into the equal age groups: 2-6, 7-11, and 12-16 years.', 'We found non-significant higher maternal cortisol levels during pregnancy in offspring that were overweight at the age of 2-6, 7-11 and 12-16 years than in normal weight peers; adjusted relative difference in median salivary cortisol 11% (95% CI: -2; 25), 6% (95% CI: -7; 20), and 9% (95% CI: -4; 24), respectively. A statistically significantly higher level of maternal cortisol was found in the second trimester in 2-6-year-old and 12-16-year-old overweight offspring; relative difference 19% (95% CI: 3; 37), and 20% (95% CI: 3; 41), respectively. The median ratio between morning and evening maternal salivary cortisol level was similar for overweight and normal weight children; e.g. at age 2-6 years in third trimester 4.31 (95% CI: 4.05; 4.60)nmol/l and 4.28 (95% CI: 3.60; 5.09)nmol/l, respectively (P=0.93).
Answer: Our findings suggest a relatively consistent association between pregnancy cortisol levels and overweight offspring, especially in the second trimester.
answer:
Are maternal salivary cortisol levels during pregnancy positively associated with overweight children?
question:
Context: The ability of CD8(+) T-cells to induce prostate inflammation was examined using a prostate ovalbumin expressing transgenic mouse (POET) and/or adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T-cells (OT-I) that specifically recognize ovalbumin. Localization of inflammatory cells to prostate tissue was examined following T-cell activation via endogenous prostatic antigen, recombinant type 5 adenovirus carrying the gene coding ovalbumin (Ad5-mOVA), or adoptive transfer of in vitro antigen stimulated OT-I cells.', 'Ovalbumin specific OT-I cells were activated by autologous prostate antigen and trafficked to the prostate, but did not induce inflammation unless present in overwhelming numbers ( approximately 65% of CD8(+) T-cells). Activation of antigen specific CD8(+) T-cells in vitro (peptide pulsed antigen presenting cells) or in vivo (Ad5-mOVA) induced transitory prostate inflammation, without induction of prostate pathology, regardless of CD4(+) T-cell availability. Inflammation also was observed in OT-I x POET mice but again, pathological effects were not observed.
Answer: T lymphocytes specific for a prostate antigen are capable of inducing inflammatory infiltration of prostatic tissue rapidly following activation, but do not produce pathological prostate injury.
answer:
Is t-cell recognition of a prostate specific antigen sufficient to induce prostate tissue destruction?
question:
Context: To examine the lipid profile in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients and their relationship with anthropometric parameters, glycaemic control and cardiovascular mortality.', 'A consecutive cohort of 562 newly referred patients with type 2 diabetes to a hospital-based diabetes centre were examined in 1996. Subjects treated with lipid lowering drugs at the time of referral were excluded. A total of 517 subjects were followed up over a mean (+/-SD) period of 4.6 +/- 0.9 years. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin and lipid profile and anthropometric parameters were documented at the time of recruitment. Cardiovascular mortality, mainly due to coronary heart disease and stroke, was ascertained using death registry and review of hospital case notes in 2001.', 'Of the 517 subjects (mean age of 54.0 +/- 14.0 years), 42.6% were men. In this cohort, 63.3% of subjects were either overweight (BMI > or = 23 kg/m2) or obese (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) using Asian criteria. The mean (+/-SD) total cholesterol (TC), LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) and geometric mean (x// antilog SD) of triglycerides (TG) were 5.6 +/- 1.3 mmol/L, 3.6 +/- 1.1 mmol/L, 1.3 +/- 0.3 mmol/L and 1.46x//1.90 mmol/L respectively. TC and LDL-C correlated positively with HbA1c, HDL-C negatively with BMI and WC (waist circumference), while TG positively with HbA1c, BMI, WC and HOMA (insulin resistance estimated using the homeostasis model assessment). During the 4.6 years follow-up period, there were 61 deaths giving a total mortality rate of 11.4%, of which 15 (25%) were because of cardiovascular events. Apart from age and disease duration, logarithm of TG was significantly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (p = 0.049, relative risk = 2.97, 95% CI 1.00-8.77).
Answer: Chinese type 2 diabetic patients had a lower prevalence of obesity, lower TG and higher HDL-C than Caucasian patients. Despite the low incidence of cardiovascular death, TG, which was closely associated with obesity indexes, was significantly associated with cardiovascular death in these patients.
answer:
| Does triglyceride predict cardiovascular mortality and its relationship with glycaemia and obesity in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD).', 'To determine the relationship between resolution of NASH and dyslipidemia.', 'Individuals in the Pioglitazone vs. Vitamin E vs. Placebo for the Treatment of Nondiabetic Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (PIVENS) trial with paired liver biopsies and fasting lipid levels were included (N = 222). In the PIVENS trial individuals were randomised to pioglitazone 30 mg, vitamin E 800 IU or placebo for 96 weeks. Change in lipid levels at 96 weeks was compared between those with and without NASH resolution.', 'Dyslipidemia at baseline was frequent, with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (<40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women) in 63%, hypertriglyceridaemia (≥150 mg/dL) in 46%, hypercholesterolaemia (≥200 mg/dL) in 47% and triglycerides (TG)/HDL >5.0 in 25%. Low-density lipoprotein (LD) ≥160 mg/dL was found in 16% and elevated non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (≥130 mg/dL) in 73%. HDL increased with NASH resolution but decreased in those without resolution (2.9 mg/dL vs. -2.5 mg/dL, P < 0.001). NASH resolution was associated with significant decreases in TG and TG/HDL ratio compared to those without resolution (TG: -21.1 vs. -2.3 mg/dL, P = 0.03 and TG/HDL: -0.7 vs. 0.1, P = 0.003). Non-HDL-C, LDL and cholesterol decreased over 96 weeks in both groups, but there was no significant difference between groups. Treatment group did not impact lipids.
Answer: NASH resolution is associated with improvements in TG and HDL but not in other cardiovascular disease risk factors including LDL and non-HDL-C levels. Individuals with resolution of NASH may still be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00063622.
Is nASH resolution associated with improvements in HDL and triglyceride levels but not improvement in LDL or non-HDL-C levels?
Context: The aim of this clinical study were to compare the clinical efficacy of ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) when used in combination with autogenous cortical bone graft (ACB) in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.', 'The study was planned as a split-mouth design. Fifteen patients with chronic periodontitis at 30 sites (six men, nine women; 42 ± 7 years) were included. Treatment sites had probing pocket depths (PPD) of ≥ 6 mm and osseous defect depths of ≥ 4 mm as radiographically assessed. Following the initial periodontal therapy, patients were randomly assigned to two treatments in contralateral areas of the dentition: ACB + ABS or ACB alone. At baseline and 6 mo after surgery, clinical parameters of plaque index, gingival index, PPD, clinical attachment level and gingival recession (GR) were recorded. The primary outcome variable was the change in clinical attachment level between baseline and 24 wk after surgery. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected immediately before surgery and at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 wk after the surgery. Gingival crevicular fluid volume was calculated and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in gingival crevicular fluid were measured.', 'PPD decreased, clinical attachment level improved and gingival index decreased significantly in response to both modes of treatment (p < 0.05). Both treatment modalities resulted in a significant gain in radiographic bone levels compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Intergroup comparisons showed that there was a significantly higher gain in clinical attachment level in the ABS/ACB group compared to ACB group (p < 0.05) with significantly less GR (p < 0.05). Similarly, vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in gingival crevicular fluid was significantly higher in the ABS/ACB group at postoperative weeks 2 and 4 compared to the ACB group (p < 0.01).
Answer: The findings suggest that ABS enhances the soft tissue healing during the periodontal defect fill by the ACB by stimulating angiogenesis and vascular endothelial cell function, prevents GR and thereby increases the clinical attachment gain.
Does ankaferd blood stopper enhance healing after osseous grafting in patients with intrabony periodontal defects?
Context: The methods used to communicate relevant outcomes in oncology to patients will likely influence treatment decisions. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of three different methods of describing the efficacy of therapy on treatment decisions regarding management of metastatic colorectal cancer.', 'Participants reviewed a clinical scenario and randomly received one of three ways of describing efficacy of chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: (1) relative risk reduction, (2) tumor response rate, and (3) median overall survival. They received the same clinical scenario but were presented four treatment options: (1) observation and supportive care, (2) chemotherapy, (3) surgery, and (4) surgery and chemotherapy and the accompanying median overall survival estimate.', 'Participants included 102 preclinical medical students. In the first scenario, 85% chose chemotherapy in the relative risk reduction group, as did 88% of the tumor response rate group, but significantly fewer participants did so in the median overall survival group (35%; P < .001). In the second scenario, there was a significant difference in treatment preferences, with 4% of participants choosing observation/supportive care. None chose chemotherapy only, 19% chose surgery only, and 77% chose surgery plus chemotherapy (P < .001).
Answer: This study demonstrated that different methods of describing oncology treatment outcomes associated with therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver can have a dramatic effect on patient treatment decisions.
| Does method of presenting oncology treatment outcomes influence patient treatment decision-making in metastatic colorectal cancer?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Normal glucose metabolism depends on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. The bihormonal hypothesis states that while lack of insulin leads to glucose underutilisation, glucagon excess is the principal factor in diabetic glucose overproduction. A recent study reported that streptozotocin-treated glucagon receptor knockout mice have normal glucose tolerance. We investigated the impact of acute disruption of glucagon secretin or action in a mouse model of severe diabetes by three different approaches: (1) alpha cell elimination; (2) glucagon immunoneutralisation; and (3) glucagon receptor antagonism, in order to evaluate the effect of these on glucose tolerance.', 'Severe diabetes was induced in transgenic and wild-type mice by streptozotocin. Glucose metabolism was investigated using OGTT in transgenic mice with the human diphtheria toxin receptor expressed in proglucagon producing cells allowing for diphtheria toxin (DT)-induced alpha cell ablation and in mice treated with either a specific high affinity glucagon antibody or a specific glucagon receptor antagonist.', 'Near-total alpha cell elimination was induced in transgenic mice upon DT administration and resulted in a massive decrease in pancreatic glucagon content. Oral glucose tolerance in diabetic mice was neither affected by glucagon immunoneutralisation, glucagon receptor antagonism, nor alpha cell removal, but did not deteriorate further compared with mice with intact alpha cell mass.
Answer: Disruption of glucagon action/secretion did not improve glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. Near-total alpha cell elimination may have prevented further deterioration. Our findings support insulin lack as the major factor underlying hyperglycaemia in beta cell-deficient diabetes.
SOLUTION: Does acute disruption of glucagon secretion or action improve glucose tolerance in an insulin-deficient mouse model of diabetes?
PROBLEM: Context: To test whether subsensory vibratory noise applied to the sole of the foot using a novel piezoelectric vibratory insole can significantly improve sensation, enhance balance, and reduce gait variability in elderly people, as well as to determine the optimal level of vibratory noise and whether the therapeutic effect would endure and the user's sensory threshold would remain constant during the course of a day.", 'A randomized, single-blind, crossover study of 3 subsensory noise stimulation levels on 3 days.', 'Balance and gait laboratory.', 'Healthy community-dwelling elderly volunteers (N=12; age, 65-90y) who could feel the maximum insole vibration.', 'A urethane foam insole with the piezoelectric actuators delivering subsensory vibratory noise stimulation to the soles of the feet.', 'Balance, gait, and timed Up and Go (TUG) test.', 'The vibratory insoles significantly improved performance on the TUG test, reduced the area of postural sway, and reduced the temporal variability of walking at both 70% and 85% of the sensory threshold and during the course of a day. Vibratory sensation thresholds remained relatively stable within and across study days.
Answer: This study provides proof of concept that the application of the principle of stochastic resonance to the foot sole sensory system using a new low-voltage piezoelectric technology can improve measures of balance and gait that are associated with falls. Effective vibratory noise amplitudes range from 70% to 85% of the sensory threshold and can be set once daily.
SOLUTION: Does a shoe insole delivering subsensory vibratory noise improve balance and gait in healthy elderly people?
PROBLEM: Context: Early stage patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show cognitive impairment in frontal lobe functions and memory tests. Hippocampal atrophy is seen in medicated patients with advanced PD.", 'To examine whether prefrontal or hippocampal atrophy are already present in early stage PD, and whether such atrophy is associated with cognitive impairment.', 'Twenty non-medicated, non-demented patients with early stage PD and 22 neurologically healthy age matched controls were studied. All subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging to study hippocampal and prefrontal atrophy. Atrophy was evaluated by a neuroradiologist using a five point scale. In addition, the patients underwent a neuropsychological test battery sensitive to frontal lobe functions and memory.', 'Patients with PD had atrophy in the right and the left prefrontal cortex. In the right hippocampus, the mean atrophy score was 1.15 in PD and 0.45 in controls. Corresponding figures for the left hippocampus were 1.05 for PD and 0.64 for controls. In PD, the left hippocampus atrophy correlated with verbal memory and prefrontal atrophy correlated with impaired performance in a test measuring vigilance.
Answer: Non-medicated, non-demented patients with early stage PD show hippocampal and prefrontal atrophy. Impaired memory is related to hippocampal atrophy, whereas sustained attention is related to prefrontal atrophy.
SOLUTION: | Is hippocampal and prefrontal atrophy in patients with early non-demented Parkinson 's disease related to cognitive impairment?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
One example: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution is here: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Now, solve this: Context: A limited amount of literature suggests that plasma leptin concentrations are reduced with habitual physical activity in men and non-pregnant women. We investigated the relationship between maternal physical activity and plasma leptin during early pregnancy.', 'The study population included 879 normotensive, non-diabetic pregnant women who reported physical activity type, frequency, and duration in early pregnancy. Plasma leptin, measured in blood samples collected <16 weeks gestation, were determined using enzyme immunoassays. Weekly duration (h/week) and energy expended on recreational physical activity [metabolic equivalent score (MET)-h/week] were categorized by tertiles among active women. Physical activity intensity was categorized as none, moderate (<6 MET) and vigorous (> or =6 MET). Differences in leptin concentrations across categories were estimated using linear regression procedures.', 'Mean leptin was 5.8 ng/ml lower among active versus inactive women (P=0.001). Mean leptin was lower among women in the highest levels (>12.8 h/week) of time performing physical activity (-8.1 ng/ml, P<0.001) and energy expenditure (>70.4 MET-h/week) (-8.3 ng/ml, P=0.001) compared with inactive women. Leptin was inversely associated with the intensity of physical activity.
Answer: Our findings are consistent with other reports suggesting an independent inverse relationship between habitual physical activity and leptin concentrations. Our findings extend the literature to include pregnant women.
Solution: | Is maternal recreational physical activity associated with plasma leptin concentrations in early pregnancy? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[Q]: Context: 99mTc-HMPAO is a well-established isotope useful in the detection of regional cerebral blood flow. Diabetes gives rise to arterial atherosclerotic changes that can lead to significant end organ dysfunction, prominently affecting perfusion to the heart, kidneys, eyes and brain. In the current study, we investigated the role of 99mTc-HMPAO cerebral perfusion scans in detecting early vascular changes in the diabetic brain.', 'Cerebral perfusion studies were performed on both control and streptozotocin-(STZ) induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Rat brain imaging using a gamma camera was performed for each group 0.5, 2, 4, and 24 hours post 99mTc-HMPAO injection. Data processing for each cerebral perfusion scan was performed by drawing a region of interest (ROI) circumferentially around the brain (B). Background (BKG) due to signal from the soft tissue of each rat was subtracted. Brain 99mTc-HMPAO uptake minus background counts (net brain counts; NBC) were then compared between the two groups.', 'The NBC (mean +/- SD) for the STZ group were statistically significantly higher (p = 0.0004) than those of the control group at each of the time points studied.
Answer: 99mTc-HMPAO brain scan may be useful in the detection of early atherosclerotic changes in the diabetic rat brain.
[A]: Does perfusion scanning using 99mTc-HMPAO detect early cerebrovascular changes in the diabetic rat?
[Q]: Context: Anorectal manometry provides objective information about anorectal function, but its results depend on the examiner's skill, the type of equipment, and subject characteristics like age or gender. This single institution, prospective study was performed to investigate the effect of gender and age on the results of anorectal manometry.", 'All included subjects completed a questionnaire to assess their bowel function. The survey included 13 validated questions (eight on constipation and five on incontinence) and was used to exclude subjects with pathological constipation or incontinence. Subjects with normal bowel function underwent anorectal manometry to measure anal sphincter length (ASL), maximum resting pressure (MRP), and maximum squeeze pressure (MSP), and the results were compared by gender and age.', 'The mean age of the 154 participants (94 male and 60 female) was 59.1 years. ASL was greater in men (4.23 vs. 3.85 cm, p\u2009<\u20090.001). MRP was not significantly different according to gender (p\u2009=\u20090.93), but MSP was higher in men (190.18 vs. 116.49 mmHg, p\u2009<\u20090.001). ASL did not correlate with age (p\u2009=\u20090.707). MRP was inversely related to age in both men (R (2)\u2009=\u20090.152, p\u2009<\u20090.001) and women (R (2)\u2009=\u20090.282, p\u2009<\u20090.001), and MSP only in women (R (2)\u2009=\u20090.210, p\u2009<\u20090.001).
Answer: Anorectal manometric parameters are influenced by gender and age. This should be taken into consideration when interpreting manometric readings in a clinical setting.
[A]: Are anorectal manometric parameters influenced by gender and age in subjects with normal bowel function?
[Q]: Context: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is established in the management of most resectable esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas. However, assessing the downstaging effects of chemotherapy and predicting response to treatment remain challenging, and the relative importance of tumor stage before and after chemotherapy is debatable.', 'We analyzed consecutive resections for esophageal or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas performed at two high-volume cancer centers in London between 2000 and 2010. After standard investigations and multidisciplinary team consensus, all patients were allocated a clinical tumor stage before treatment, which was compared with pathologic stage after surgical resection. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis.', 'Among 584 included patients, 400 patients (68%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with downstaged tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy experienced improved survival compared with patients without response (P < .001), and such downstaging (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.59) was the strongest independent predictor of survival after adjusting for patient age, tumor grade, clinical tumor stage, lymphovascular invasion, resection margin status, and surgical resection type. Patients downstaged by chemotherapy, compared with patients with no response, experienced lower rates of local recurrence (6% v. 13%, respectively; P = .030) and systemic recurrence (19% v. 29%, respectively; P = .027) and improved Mandard tumor regression scores (P = .001). Survival was strongly dictated by stage after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, rather than clinical stage at presentation.
Answer: The stage of esophageal or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant chemotherapy determines prognosis rather than the clinical stage before neoadjuvant chemotherapy, indicating the importance of focusing on postchemotherapy staging to more accurately predict outcome and eligibility for surgery. Patients who are downstaged by neoadjuvant chemotherapy benefit from reduced rates of local and systemic recurrence.
[A]: | Does tumor stage after neoadjuvant chemotherapy determine survival after surgery for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis (NPPK) is a distinct autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by diffuse transgressive palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK). Very recently, putative loss-of-function mutations in SERPINB7, which encodes a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily and is abundantly expressed in the epidermis, have been identified as a cause of NPPK.', 'To confirm further the role of SERPINB7 mutations in the pathogenesis of NPPK.', 'We analysed 10 Japanese families with NPPK using Sanger and/or whole-exome sequencing.', 'We identified one novel and three recurrent null mutations in SERPINB7. In all the families, the NPPK trait was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner; in one of the families, there was pseudodominant inheritance, which had not been described in NPPK.
Answer: These data clearly provide further evidence that NPPK is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SERPINB7.
SOLUTION: Does highly prevalent SERPINB7 founder mutation cause pseudodominant inheritance pattern in Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis?
PROBLEM: Context: We assessed the expression of natural killer (NK) receptors in recurrent aborters before and after immunotherapy using their husbands' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).", 'Using stored PBMCs from recurrent aborters before and after the immunotherapy, the expression of NK receptors, CD158a, CD158b, CD159 and CD94, were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies for respective receptors. The diversity of killer activatory receptors (KARs) and killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) was also examined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method.', 'In recurrent aborters, no apparent changes in NK receptor expression and the balance between KARs and KIRs were found before and after the immunotherapy.
Answer: The allo-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-stimulation caused by the immunotherapy for recurrent aborters did not affect the expression of NK receptors and the ratio of KARs to KIRs regardless of the outcome of subsequent pregnancies, suggesting that recurrent aborters may benefit from the immunotherapy through mechanisms unrelated to alteration in NK receptor status.
SOLUTION: Does immunotherapy prevent recurrent abortion without influencing natural killer receptor status?
PROBLEM: Context: To study the prevalence of hand abnormalities in diabetic patients and to evaluate associations between the hand abnormalities and diabetic variables, ergonomic factors and smoking habits.', 'Cross-sectional study of 100 patients selected at random. Setting. Out-patient clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Orebro Medical Centre Hospital in Sweden.', "Presence and extent of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), Dupuytren's contracture (DC), flexor tenosynovitis (FTS), and limited joint mobility (LJM). Duration of diabetes, metabolic control, chronic diabetic complications, blood pressure, ergonomic factors and smoking habits.", 'Carpal tunnel syndrome, DC, FTS and LJM were each present in about 20% of the patients. Hand abnormalities were observed in 50 patients and more than one abnormality was found in 26 of the patients. The hand abnormalities were associated with the duration of diabetes but not with the metabolic control or with other diabetic complications. However, the diabetic complications were associated with bad metabolic control and with the duration of diabetes. Hand abnormalities correlated with heavy manual work but not with smoking habits. Twenty-five of the 50 patients with hand syndromes were disabled to such an extent that surgery was recommended.
Answer: The prevalence of hand abnormalities in diabetic patients is high and increases with the duration of diabetes. In many cases patients with hand abnormalities can be helped by surgery.
SOLUTION: | Are hand abnormalities strongly associated with the duration of diabetes mellitus?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Definition: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Context: Circulating adiponectins have multiple protective roles as anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-inflammatory factors. We examined the relationship between plasma adiponectin concentration and other cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic coronary artery disease (CAD) men and the relationship can be maintained even after adjusted for major environmental factors that contribute to adiponectin concentrations.', 'Nondiabetic CAD men (n=613) were 31-70 y and had body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-29.9 kg/m2.', "Circulating adiponectins positively correlated with age and negatively with BMI, waist circumference and % body fat (p-values of all <0.001). Plasma adiponectin concentrations were higher in never-smokers (5.07+/-0.30 microg/ml) than current (4.15+/-0.12 microg/ml) and ex-smokers (3.75+/-0.20 microg/ml) both before and after adjusted for age and adiposity (p=0.002 and p=0.008, respectively), however they were not significantly different according to alcohol drinking status. After adjusted for age, adiposity and cigarette smoking, plasma adiponectin still have positive correlations with HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein AI and LDL particle size, and inversely with fasting triglyceride, atherogenic index, insulin resistance and C-reactive protein (CRP). However there was no significant relationships between adiponectin and apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol. In subset analysis by tertile adiponectin concentrations (lowest: <2.92, moderate: 2.92<or=adiponectin<4.75, highest: >or=4.75 microg/ml), 'moderate' and 'highest' adiponectin groups had lower triglyceride (p<0.001), lower atherogenic index (p=0.001), lower fasting insulin (p=0.004), lower insulin resistance (p=0.001), lower CRP (p=0.001), higher HDL cholesterol (p<0.001), higher apolipoprotein AI (p=0.005) and higher LDL particle size (p<0.001) as compared with 'lowest' adiponectin group when adjusted for age, adiposity and cigarette smoking. Platelets were lower in 'highest' adiponectin groups as compared with 'lowest' and 'moderate' adiponectin group after the adjustment. However, there was no significant difference in total cholesterol (p=0.145), LDL cholesterol (p=0.145), apolipoprotein B (p=0.222) and fasting glucose (p=0.157).
Answer: An increase of adiponectin concentrations or the maintenance of higher concentration may be negatively associated with cardiovascular risk factors in nondiabetic CAD male patients, independent of adiposity and smoking status.
Output: | Is plasma adiponectin related to other cardiovascular risk factors in nondiabetic Korean men with CAD , independent of adiposity and cigarette smoking : cross-sectional analysis? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: Microalbuminuria and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation are both predictors for cardiac events in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether microalbuminuria correlated with coronary endothelium-dependent vasodilation.', 'We evaluated 84 patients (47 men, mean age 50.5 +/- 5.9 years) with type 2 diabetes for 9.4 +/- 3.4 years, without angiographic coronary stenosis and without major cardiovascular risk factors or other confounding factors, for endothelium investigation. Quantitative coronary angiography was used to assess coronary artery response to cold pressor testing, used to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and to isosorbide dinitrate (endothelium-independent vasodilation).', 'Endothelium-dependent vasodilation differed in the patients with and without microalbuminuria (changes in coronary artery diameter during cold pressor testing: -15.0 +/- 1.9% vs. -10.2 +/- 1.3%, respectively, P < 0.05) and correlated with urinary albumin excretion rate (r = -0.39, P = 0.003), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.29, P < 0.01), and left ventricular mass index (r = -0.24, P < 0.05). Independent predictors for endothelium-dependent vasodilation were urinary albumin excretion rate (beta -0.04 [95% CI -0.07 to -0.01], P < 0.005) and left ventricular mass index (-0.26 [-0.49 to -0.05], P < 0.05). Endothelium-independent vasodilation was similar in both groups.
Answer: Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria have a more severely impaired coronary endothelium-dependent vasodilation than those with normoalbuminuria. These data suggest a common pathophysiological process for both coronary vasomotor abnormalities and microalbuminuria.
A: | Is impaired coronary endothelium-dependent vasodilation associated with microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and angiographically normal coronary arteries? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[EX Q]: Context: In streptozotocin-injected rats (STZ-rats), we previously demonstrated a role for angiotensin II (AT-II) in cardiac remodelling and insulin resistance partially counteracted by in vivo treatment with losartan, an AT-II receptor antagonist.We now aimed to investigate the effect of treating diabetic STZ-rats with losartan on diabetes vascular response to vasoconstrictors.', 'Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups, two of them were assigned to receive losartan in the drinking water (20 mg/kg/day) until the experiment ending (3 weeks afterward). After 1 week, two groups, one of which receiving losartan, were injected in the tail vein with citrate buffer (normoglycemic, N and normoglycemic, losartan-treated, NL). The remaining received a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg in citrate i.v.) thus becoming diabetic (D) and diabetic losartan-treated (DL). Plasma glycaemia and blood pressure were measured in all animals before the sacrifice (15 days after diabetes induction).In aortic strips isolated from N, NL, D and DL rats we evaluated i) the isometric concentration-dependent contractile response to phenylephrine (Phe) and to AT-II; ii) the RhoA-kinase (ROCK1) activity and expression by enzyme-immunoassay and Western blot respectively.', 'The concentration-dependent contractile effect of Phe was similar in aortas from all groups, whereas at all concentrations tested, AT-II contraction efficacy was 2 and half and 1 and half times higher in D and DL respectively in comparison with N and NL. AT-II contracture was similarly reduced in all groups by AT-II receptor antagonists, irbesartan or irbesartan plus PD123319. HA-1077 (10 microM), an inhibitor of ROCK1 activity, reduced AT-II efficacy (Deltamg/mg tissue w.w.) by -3.5 +/- 1.0, -4.6 +/- 1.9, -22.1 +/- 2.2 and -11.4 +/- 1.3 in N, NL, D and DL respectively). ROCK1 activity and expression were higher in D than in N/NL and DL aortas.
Answer: Aortas isolated from STZ-rats present hyper-contracture to AT-II mainly dependent on the up-regulation of ROCK1 expression/activity. In vivo losartan treatment partially corrects AT-II hyper-contracture, limiting the increase in ROCK1 expression/activity. These data offer a new molecular mechanism supporting the rationale for using losartan in the prevention of diabetic vascular complications.
[EX A]: Does losartan counteract the hyper-reactivity to angiotensin II and ROCK1 over-activation in aortas isolated from streptozotocin-injected diabetic rats?
[EX Q]: Context: The modulation of intracortical inhibition is thought to be impaired in older adults, which may contribute to their reduced fine motor control, particularly during lengthening muscle contractions.', 'To quantify the magnitude of intracortical inhibition and movement performance during postural, shortening and lengthening contractions of a hand muscle in young and old adults.', 'In 18 young (23.2 ± 4.2) and 16 old (70.6 ± 6.5) subjects, paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) during a movement task involving the first dorsal interosseous muscle. The task required a constant load (50 g) to be slowly lifted and lowered using the index finger while single- or paired-pulse TMS was delivered during the shortening or lengthening contraction.', 'Relative to postural contractions, SICI during shortening contractions was reduced by 29% in young subjects (P < 0.0001) and 43% in old subjects (P < 0.0001), whereas SICI during lengthening contractions was reduced by 11% in young subjects (P = 0.0004) and 33% in old subjects (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, SICI was significantly less in older adults during lengthening contractions (P-values < 0.01). For LICI, inhibition was not influenced by contraction type in old subjects, but was increased by 11% during shortening contractions (P < 0.0001) and by 9% during lengthening contractions in young subjects (P = 0.0008). In addition, old subjects showed significantly less LICI than young subjects in each movement phase (both P-values < 0.05).
Answer: Shortening and lengthening contractions with a constant load are associated with a modulation of GABAergic inhibition that is altered by healthy ageing.
[EX A]: Is intracortical Inhibition Assessed with Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Modulated during Shortening and Lengthening Contractions in Young and Old Adults?
[EX Q]: Context: FEV6 can be used as a convenient alternative to FVC. The aim of this study was to determine an alternative to the fixed cutoff points of FEV1/FVC <0.70 suitable for FEV1/FEV6 in primary care.', "Pulmonary function testing was conducted on volunteers recruited from 4 community centers in Xi'an, China, between July and August 2012. Participants underwent 3 FVC maneuvers. The maneuver with the best FEV1 was retained. FVC, FEV1, and FEV6 were measured by portable spirometer. The receiver operating characteristic curves that corresponded to the optimal combination of sensitivity and specificity for FEV1/FEV6 were determined. A kappa test was used to compare the agreement between FEV1/FVC and FEV1/FEV6. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were also calculated.", 'A total of 767 volunteers participated in this study, of whom 297 were male and 470 were female. Considering FEV1/FVC <0.70 as the accepted standard for COPD, the area under the curve was 98% (P < .001), and the FEV1/FEV6 cutoff, corresponding to the greatest sum of sensitivity and specificity, was 0.72. For the total population, the FEV1/FEV6 sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 96.9, 98.8, 95.8, and 99.2%, respectively. The agreement between the 2 cutoff points was excellent, and the kappa value was 0.954.
Answer: FEV1/FEV6 <0.72 can be used in primary care as a valid alternative to FEV1/FVC <0.70 as a fixed cutoff point for the detection of COPD in adults. This study suggests that FEV1/FEV6 is an effective and well validated option that should be used in primary care to detect COPD, which is a rampant problem.
[EX A]: | Does fEV1/FEV6 in Primary Care be a Reliable and Easy Method for the Diagnosis of COPD?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Part 1. Definition
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Part 2. Example
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Answer: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Part 3. Exercise
Context: It has been shown that the circulating Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is activated during normal pregnancy, but little is known about RAS in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM). GDM is considered not merely a temporary condition, but a harbinger of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the circulating RAS profile in normotensive women with GDM at the third trimester of pregnancy and to compare the results with healthy pregnant and non-pregnant age-matched women.', 'The diagnostic criteria for GDM followed the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association. Angiotensin I (Ang I), Angiotensin II (Ang II) and Angiotensin 1-7 [Ang-(1-7)] were determined in 24 pregnant patients with GDM; 12 healthy pregnant women and 12 non-pregnant women by radioimmunoassay.', 'Levels of Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) were higher in pregnant women (p<0.05), but showed a different pattern in the GDM group, in which reduced Ang-(1-7) circulating levels were found (p<0.05). This observation was confirmed by the significantly lower Ang-(1-7)/Ang I ratio (p<0.05).
Answer: Our data suggest that reduced levels of the vasodilator Ang-(1-7) could be implicated in the endothelial dysfunction seen in gestational diabetic women during and after pregnancy.
Answer: | Does the pregnancy-induced increase of plasma angiotensin- ( 1-7 ) is blunt in gestational diabetes? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) transfers phospholipids between lipoproteins and plays an important role in HDL metabolism. PLTP exists as a high-activity and a low-activity form in the circulation. In vitro studies have shown that apolipoprotein (apo) E is involved in maintaining PLTP in the active form, while the low-activity form is associated with apo AI. We have therefore investigated whether plasma apo AI, B and E concentrations are important determinants of plasma PLTP activity in type 2 diabetes, a condition associated with increased plasma PLTP activity.', 'Plasma PLTP activity was assayed by measuring the transfer of radiolabelled phosphatidylcholine from liposomes to HDL; apo AI and B by rate nephelometry and apo E by a 2-point turbidimetric assay.', 'Type 2 diabetic patients (n = 230) had higher PLTP activity than controls (n = 97) (2374 +/- 628 nmol/mL/h versus 1862 +/- 585 respectively, p < 0.01). They also had increased fasting triglyceride and low HDL. Plasma apo B (p < 0.01) and apo E (p < 0.05) were increased, whereas apo AI was reduced (p < 0.01). Univariate analysis showed that plasma PLTP activity correlated mainly with apolipoproteins AI and E. Stepwise regression analysis showed that apo E was the main determinant of plasma PLTP activity, accounting for 23% of its variability in the diabetic subjects and 8% in the controls respectively.
Answer: The associations between plasma apo AI and E concentrations and PLTP activity suggest that these apolipoproteins are important regulators of PLTP activity in vivo. The increase in PLTP activity in type 2 diabetes is partly related to the changes in these apolipoproteins.
A: | Is plasma apolipoprotein E concentration an important determinant of phospholipid transfer protein activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[Q]: Context: To test whether a brief mindfulness meditation training intervention buffers self-reported psychological and neuroendocrine responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in young adult volunteers. A second objective evaluates whether pre-existing levels of dispositional mindfulness moderate the effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on stress reactivity.', 'Sixty-six (N=66) participants were randomly assigned to either a brief 3-day (25-min per day) mindfulness meditation training or an analytic cognitive training control program. All participants completed a standardized laboratory social-evaluative stress challenge task (the TSST) following the third mindfulness meditation or cognitive training session. Measures of psychological (stress perceptions) and biological (salivary cortisol, blood pressure) stress reactivity were collected during the social evaluative stress-challenge session.', 'Brief mindfulness meditation training reduced self-reported psychological stress reactivity but increased salivary cortisol reactivity to the TSST, relative to the cognitive training comparison program. Participants who were low in pre-existing levels of dispositional mindfulness and then received mindfulness meditation training had the greatest cortisol reactivity to the TSST. No significant main or interactive effects were observed for systolic or diastolic blood pressure reactivity to the TSST.
Answer: The present study provides an initial indication that brief mindfulness meditation training buffers self-reported psychological stress reactivity, but also increases cortisol reactivity to social evaluative stress. This pattern may indicate that initially brief mindfulness meditation training fosters greater active coping efforts, resulting in reduced psychological stress appraisals and greater cortisol reactivity during social evaluative stressors.
[A]: Does brief mindfulness meditation training alter psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social evaluative stress?
[Q]: Context: MicroRNAs play important roles in regulation of the initiation and progression of AML. MiR-210 is closely related with cancer development; however, whether miR-210 expression level correlates with clinical correlation in AML is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between miR-210 expression and AML prognosis.', 'Real-time quantitative PCR was carried out to examine the expression level of miR-210 in bone marrow and serum obtained from AML patients and healthy controls. Then the correlation between miR-210 expression and a variety of important clinical parameters (such as overall survival, relapse-free survival, and prognostic value) were further studied.', 'The expression level of miR-210 was significantly higher in the bone marrow and serum of AML patients than that of healthy controls (p<0.001). Moreover, miR-210 expression was associated with various AML clinicopathological parameters, including FAB classification and cytogenetics. The serum miR-210 expression level was reduced significantly when the patients achieved complete remission (p=0.02). The high miR-210 expression group had both poorer relapse-free survival (p=0.015) and worse overall survival (p=0.008). In the multivariate analysis model, miR-210 was identified as an independent prognostic marker.
Answer: MiR-210 up-regulation was associated with poor prognosis in AML and it might be useful as a marker for predicting the clinical outcome of AML patients.
[A]: Is overexpression of miR-210 Associated with Poor Prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia?
[Q]: Context: Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of ischemic events. Suv39h1 is a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of histone 3 lysine 9, which is associated with the suppression of inflammatory genes in diabetes. However, the role of Suv39h1 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury under diabetic condition has not been evaluated.', 'To generate diabetic model, male SD rats were fed with 60% fat diet followed by intraperitoneal injection with 40mg/kg streptozotocin. Adenovirus encoding Suv39h1 gene was used for Suv39h1 overexpression. Each rat received injections of adenovirus at five myocardial sites. Three days after gene transfection, each rat was subjected to left main coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. After 30 min ischemia and reperfusion for 4 h, the rats were euthanized for real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemical staining, and morphometric analysis.', 'Delivery of Ad-Suv39h1 into the hearts of diabetic rats could markedly increase Suv39h1 expression. Up-regulation of Suv39h1 significantly reduced infarct size and tissue damage after I/R injury, which was associated with protection from apoptosis of cardiac myocytes and reduction of inflammatory response. In addition, compared with injury group, Ad-Suv39h1 led to a decreased activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase family and its down-steam transcriptional factor NF-κB.
Answer: Overexpression of Suv39h1 results in the de-activation of proinflammatory pathways and reduced apoptosis and myocardial injury. Therefore, Suv39h1 might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce I/R injury under diabetic condition.
[A]: | Does suv39h1 protect from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: Hyaluronic acid binding protein 1 (HABP1), a family of proteins interacting with hyaluronan (HA), had been associated with cell adhesion and tumor invasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between clinicopathologic factors and patient survival time with the expression of HABP1 in breast cancer patients.', 'Expression of HABP1 mRNA and protein were detected with real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining in 63 breast cancer and non-cancerous matched tissues.', "The mRNA expression level of HABP1 was unrelated to the patient's age, tumor size, histological grade, TNM stage. However, it proved to be positively related to axillary nodes metastasis (P = 0.008). Furthermore, it was shown that the survival rate of patients with low HABP1 expression was significantly higher than that of patients with high HABP1 expression (P = 0.025). Multivariate analysis revealed that HABP1 mRNA expression level was a significant factor for predicting prognosis (P = 0.022). The immunohistochemistry results showed that the expression level of HABP1 in breast cancer cells was higher than that in normal breast cells.
Answer: HABP1 might be an independent predictive factor for breast cancer prognosis and up-regulation of HABP1 might play an important role in the metastasis of breast cancer.
A: Is increased expression of hyaluronic acid binding protein 1 correlated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer?
****
Q: Context: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is associated with suppressed autophagy and augmented apoptosis in the heart although the interplay between the two remains elusive. The ability of mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 to regulate both autophagy and apoptosis prompted us to investigate it as a possible candidate in the progression of DCM.', 'Wild-type, Mst1 (also known as Stk4) transgenic and Mst1-knockout mice were challenged with streptozotocin to induce experimental diabetes. In addition, cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were subjected to simulated diabetes to probe mechanisms.', 'Mst1 knockout alleviated while Mst1 overexpression aggravated cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. Diabetic Mst1 transgenic mice exhibited decreased LC3 expression and enhanced protein aggregation. In contrast, typical autophagosomes were observed in diabetic Mst1-knockout mice with increased LC3 expression and reduced protein aggregation. Mst1 downregulation promoted autophagic flux as demonstrated by increased LC3-II and decreased p62 expression in the presence of bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, Mst1 overexpression increased, while Mst1 knockout decreased, cardiomyocyte apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that Mst1 overexpression promoted Beclin1 binding to B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and induced dissociation of Bcl-2 from Bax in diabetic mice. Conversely, Mst1 knockout disrupted the Beclin1-Bcl-2 complex and enhanced the interaction between Bcl-2 and Bax.
Answer: Mst1 knockout restores autophagy and protects against apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, en route to the rescue against DCM.
A: Does mST1 coordinately regulate autophagy and apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice?
****
Q: Context: Walking economy declines with increasing age, possibly leading to mobility limitation in older adults. Multicomponent fitness training could delay the decline in walking economy.', 'This study aimed to determine the effect of multicomponent fitness training on walking economy in older adults.', 'Participants were untrained adults, age 50 to 83 yr (N = 26, 10 males, age = 63 ± 6 yr, BMI = 25.6 ± 2.1 kg·m, mean ± SD). A control group was also recruited (N = 16, 9 males, age = 66 ± 10 yr, BMI = 25.4 ± 3.0 kg·m), matching the intervention group for age, weight, body composition, and fitness. The intervention group followed a multicomponent fitness program of 1 h, twice per week during 1 yr. The control group did not take part in any physical training. Fat-free mass, walking economy, and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) were measured in both groups before and after the year. Walking economy was measured with indirect calorimetry as the lowest energy needed to displace 1 kg of body mass for 1 m while walking on a treadmill. The data were compared between the two groups with repeated-measures ANOVA.', 'Thirty-two subjects completed all measurements. There was an interaction between the effects of time and group on V˙O2max (P < 0.05) and walking economy (P < 0.05), whereas fat-free mass did not change significantly (P = 0.06). V˙O2max decreased by 1.8 mL·kg·min in the control group and increased by 1.3 mL·kg·min in the intervention group. The lowest energy needed to walk increased by 0.12 J·kg·m in the control group and decreased in the intervention group by 0.13 J·kg·m.
Answer: Multicomponent fitness training decreases walking cost in older adults, preserving walking economy. Thus, training programs could delay mobility limitation with increasing age.
A: | Does multicomponent Fitness Training improve Walking Economy in Older Adults?
****
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Context: ANGPTL8 (betatrophin) has been recently identified as a regulator of lipid metabolism through its interaction with ANGPTL3. A sequence variant in ANGPTL8 has been shown to associate with lower level of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). The objective of this study is to identify sequence variants in ANGPTL8 gene in Arabs and investigate their association with ANGPTL8 plasma level and clinical parameters.', 'A cross sectional study was designed to examine the level of ANGPTL8 in 283 non-diabetic Arabs, and to identify its sequence variants using Sanger sequencing and their association with various clinical parameters.', 'Using Sanger sequencing, we sequenced the full ANGPTL8 gene in 283 Arabs identifying two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Rs.892066 and Rs.2278426 in the coding region. Our data shows for the first time that Arabs with the heterozygote form of (c.194C > T Rs.2278426) had higher level of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) compared to the CC homozygotes. LDL and HDL level in these subjects did not show significant difference between the two subgroups. Circulation level of ANGPTL8 did not vary between the two forms. No significant changes were observed between the various forms of Rs.892066 variant and FBG, LDL or HDL.
Answer: Our data shows for the first time that heterozygote form of ANGPTL8 Rs.2278426 variant was associated with higher FBG level in Arabs highlighting the importance of these variants in controlling the function of betatrophin.
Output: | Is aNGPTL8/Betatrophin R59W variant associated with higher glucose level in non-diabetic Arabs living in Kuwaits? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: The high glucose concentration observed in diabetic patients is a recognized factor of mitochondrial damage in various cell types. Its impact on mitochondrial bioenergetics in blood platelets remains largely vague. The aim of the study was to determine how the metabolism of carbohydrates, which has been impaired by streptozotocin-induced diabetes may affect the functioning of platelet mitochondria.', 'Diabetes was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Platelet mitochondrial respiratory capacity was monitored as oxygen consumption (high-resolution respirometry). Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed using a fluorescent probe, JC-1. Activation of circulating platelets was monitored by flow cytometry measuring of the expressions of CD61 and CD62P on a blood platelet surface. To determine mitochondrial protein density in platelets, Western Blot technique was used.', 'The results indicate significantly elevated mitochondria mass, increased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and enhanced respiration in STZ-diabetic animals, although the respiration control ratios appear to remain unchanged. Higher ΔΨm and elevated mitochondrial respiration were closely related to the excessive activation of circulating platelets in diabetic animals.
Answer: Long-term diabetes can result in increased mitochondrial mass and may lead to hyperpolarization of blood platelet mitochondrial membrane. These alterations may be a potential underlying cause of abnormal platelet functioning in diabetes mellitus and hence, a potential target for antiplatelet therapies in diabetes.
A: | Are higher mitochondrial potential and elevated mitochondrial respiration associated with excessive activation of blood platelets in diabetic rats? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[Q]: Context: Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) as a regulator of innate inflammatory response has been implicated in tumor progression of gliomas. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic significance and the ligand-receptor interaction of FPR1 in gastric cancer (GC).', 'FPR1 was immunohistochemically-analyzed in tissue sections originating from 116 GC patients. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for the assessment of interaction between FPR1 and the FPR1 ligand annexin A1 (AnxA1) in GC cells.', 'High FPR1 expression was significantly associated with stage IV disease, submucosal invasion, serosal invasion, and clinical outcome of GC. Multivariate analysis showed that high FPR1 expression was an independent risk factor of poor overall survival in GC patients. FPR1 expression increased significantly when AnxA1 overexpression was present in GC cells. A positive feedback regulation of FPR1 was involved in the AnxA1-FPR1 signal transduction.
Answer: FPR1 expression may be used as a novel indicator to predict outcome in GC patients after gastrectomy.
[A]: Is formyl Peptide receptor 1 expression associated with tumor progression and survival in gastric cancer?
[Q]: Context: Vessel formation is a crucial event in tissue repair after injury. Thus, one assumption of innovative therapeutic approaches is the understanding of its molecular mechanisms. Notwithstanding our knowledge of the role of Protein Kinase C epsilon (PKCε) in cardio-protection and vascular restenosis, its role in vessel progenitor differentiation remains elusive.', 'Given the availability of PKCε pharmacological modulators already tested in clinical trials, the specific aim of this study is to unravel the role of PKCε in vessel progenitor differentiation, with implications in vascular pathology and vasculogenesis.', 'Mouse Peri-Vascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT) was used as source of mesenchymal vessel progenitors. VEGF-induced differentiation of PVAT cells down-regulates both PKCε and p-PAK1 protein expression levels. PKCε overexpression and activation: i) reduced the expression levels of SMA and PECAM in endothelial differentiation of PVAT cells; ii) completely abrogated tubules formation in collagen gel assays; iii) increased the expression of p-PAK1.
Answer: PKCε negatively interferes with vessel progenitor differentiation via interaction with PAK-1.
[A]: Is pKCε a negative regulator of PVAT-derived vessel formation?
[Q]: Context: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a highly specific vascular complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Calcium dobesilate (DOBE) has been tested in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy showing a slowdown of the progression of the disease after long-term oral treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of DOBE on vascular and diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats.', 'Diabetes was induced in wistar rats by the administration of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Rats were divided into three groups (n = 30). Group 0 (GO): nondiabetic rats. Group 1 (G1): 14 months of insulin treatment after diabetes development. Group 2 (G2): 14 months of insulin treatment after diabetes development plus DOBE (500 mg/kg/day). At the end of the treatment, vascular reactivity was tested. The study of the vascularization of the retina was performed on wholemounts of trypsin retinal digest preparations and retinal sections.', 'Relaxation induced by acetylcholine decreased in the aorta arteries from diabetic rats but it was restored to control values in the DOBE-treated group (71.8 +/- 4.5%, 53.3 +/- 0.5%, 67.4 +/- 4.6% in group 0, 1 and 2 respectively). DOBE treatment also restored noradrenaline (1.08 +/- 0.05 g, 1.70 +/- 0.08 g, 1.13 +/- 0.05 g in group 0, 1 and 2 respectively) and caffeine-induced contractions. Diabetic state did not cause any alteration in mesenteric arteries. The analysis of the retinal digests showed vascular tortuosity, acellular capillaries, focal accumulations of capillaries and reduction of the number of pericytes in G1. The vascular changes observed in G2 seem to be intermediate between the control and the diabetic rats.
Answer: We showed that long-term treatment with DOBE attenuated the progression of diabetic retinopathy and the alterations in vascular reactivity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
[A]: | Does calcium dobesilate attenuate vascular injury and the progression of diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Problem:Context: Human insulin is commonly used to treat hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes, but its potential link with female breast cancer is under debate. This study investigated whether human insulin use might be associated with breast cancer risk in Taiwanese women with type 2 diabetes.', 'The reimbursement databases of all Taiwanese diabetic patients from 1996 to 2009 were retrieved from the National Health Insurance. An entry date was set at 1 January 2004 and a total of 482,033 women with type 2 diabetes were followed up for breast cancer incidence until the end of 2009. Incidences for ever-users, never-users and subgroups of human insulin exposure (using tertile cutoffs of time since starting insulin, cumulative dose and cumulative duration of insulin) were calculated and the adjusted hazard ratios were estimated by Cox regression. The potential risk modification by concomitant treatment with metformin, statin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) was also evaluated.', 'There were 59,798 ever-users and 422,235 never-users of human insulin, with respective numbers of incident breast cancer of 559 (0.93 %) and 4,711 (1.12 %), and respective incidence of 207.9 and 215.1 per 100,000 person-years. The overall adjusted hazard ratio (95 % confidence interval) did not show a significant association with insulin [1.033 (0.936-1.139)]. However, patients in the third tertiles of dose-response parameters might show a significantly higher risk of breast cancer while compared to never-users: 1.185 (1.026-1.368), 1.260 (1.096-1.450) and 1.257 (1.094-1.446) for ≥67 months for time since starting insulin, ≥39,000 units for cumulative dose of insulin, and ≥21.8 months for cumulative duration of insulin, respectively. Additional analyses suggested that the breast cancer risk associated with human insulin use might be beneficially modified by concomitant use of metformin, statin and ACEI/ARB.
Answer: This study discloses a significantly higher risk of breast cancer associated with prolonged use of human insulin. The increased risk of breast cancer associated with human insulin use may be modified by medications such as metformin, statin and ACEI/ARB.
Solution: | Does prolonged use of human insulin increase breast cancer risk in Taiwanese women with type 2 diabetes? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[EX Q]: Context: Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation is a curative treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to evaluate prospectively the effects of adenosine administration on the PV activity and atrio-venous conduction after PV isolation.', 'Twenty-nine patients (21 m; age: 55+/-8 years) were submitted to ostial PV isolation guided by basket catheter recordings. After successful isolation, the effects of a 12 mg intravenous bolus of adenosine were tested in 62 PVs. In 22/62 PVs (35%), left atrium (LA)-to-PV conduction was transiently (16.6+/-7.1 s, range: 3.8-27.9 s) or permanently (3 PVs) restored in response to adenosine administration. The prevalence of this phenomenon was 39% in left superior PVs, 43% in right superior PVs, and 22% in left inferior PVs (p=0.365). It occurred more frequently in the presence of dissociated PV activity (11/15 PVs, 73% vs. 11/47 PVs, 23%; p=0.002), whereas it was not influenced by the median duration of the radiofrequency current (RFC) delivery for each PV [19 (IQR: 12-26) min vs. 16 (IQR: 11-24) min: p=0.636]. A lengthening or shortening of the LA-PV conduction time was observed at LA-PV conduction appearance and disappearance in 36% and 55% of the cases, respectively. Further RFC applications (median: 5.5 min, IQR: 4-11 min) at the residual conduction breakthrough(s) indicated by the basket catheter recordings definitively eliminated adenosine-induced recovery of LA-PV conduction in all cases. Finally, when present, intrinsic PV discharge was invariably depressed by adenosine administration.
Answer: Adenosine may transiently or permanently re-establish LA-PV conduction after apparently successful PV isolation. This phenomenon is abolished by additional RFC delivery. However, its possible influence on the clinical results of PV ablation must be evaluated by properly designed, randomized studies.
[EX A]: Does adenosine restore atrio-venous conduction after apparently successful ostial isolation of the pulmonary veins?
[EX Q]: Context: Cells of the myeloid lineage comprise a very heterogeneous population with many phenotypes and functional activities including macrophages and dendritic cells. To investigate the status, differentiative potential and lineage commitment of monocytic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, this study isolated and cultured peripheral blood monocytes from patients and healthy donors.', 'Monocytes were isolated by gradient centrifugation and adherence to plastic dishes. The cells were then cultured for three days, partially supplemented with GM-CSF and interleukin 4 (IL4) to obtain dendritic cells. The differentiation status was monitored by the expression of surface markers using flow cytometry and cytokine secretion.', 'Monocytes from SLE patients expressed significantly lower numbers of the monocytic marker CD14 and HLA-DR while secreting significantly more tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) than monocytes from healthy donors. The addition of GM-CSF and IL4 resulted in an inhibition of TNFalpha secretion, but was not sufficient to generate monocytederived dendritic cells.
Answer: Monocytes from SLE patients are severely altered in phenotype and function and have a limited differentiation flexibility towards the accessory type of monocytic cells.
[EX A]: Are monocytes from systemic lupus erythematous patients severely altered in phenotype and lineage flexibility?
[EX Q]: Context: Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are involved in the progression of diabetic complications. Although our previous reports show that AGE increased dental pulp calcification, AGE accumulation is also associated with inflammation. This study examined AGE effect on the expression of inflammation factors using rat dental pulp tissues and cell cultures.', 'Receptor for AGE (RAGE), S100A8, S100A9, and interleukin (IL)-1β were selected as inflammation parameters. Rat dental pulp cells were cultured and treated with AGE, and the effects were determined by real-time PCR. An anti-RAGE antibody or MAPK pathway inhibitors (PD98059, SB203580, and SP60012) were used to investigate AGE signaling pathway.', 'The mRNA levels of RAGE, S100A8, S100A9, and IL-1β were higher in diabetic pulp tissues. AGE increased mRNA expressions of S100A8, S100A9, and IL-1β in cultured dental pulp cells. In the presence of anti-RAGE antibody, AGE did not increase in S100A8 or S100A9 expressions. The AGE-induced increases in S100A8 and S100A9 were inhibited by PD98059 and SB203580, respectively.
Answer: Advanced glycation end products increased mRNA expression of S100A8, S100A9, and IL-1β under diabetic pulp conditions, and AGE-induced increases in S100A8 and S100A9 expressions may be associated with the RAGE-MAPK signaling pathway.
[EX A]: | Do advanced glycation end products increase expression of S100A8 and A9 via RAGE-MAPK in rat dental pulp cells?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Ex Input:
Context: Perturbation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis has emerged as one of the prominent features of obesity and diabetes. This occurs when the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) fails to restore ER function in key metabolic tissues. We previously reported increased inflammation and impaired heat shock response (HSR) in obese human subjects that were restored by physical exercise. Here, we investigated the status of ER stress chaperone; glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and its downstream UPR pathways in human obese, and their modulation by a supervised 3-month physical exercise.', "Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and blood samples were collected from non-diabetic adult human lean (n=40) and obese (n=40, at baseline and after 3months of physical exercise). Transcriptomic profiling was used as a primary screen to identify differentially expressed genes and it was carried out on SAT samples using the UPR RT(2) Profiler PCR Array. Conventional RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot and ELISA were used to validate the transcriptomic data. Correlation analyses with the physical, clinical and biochemical outcomes were performed using Pearson's rank correlation coefficient.", 'Levels of GRP78 and its three downstream UPR arms; activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6), inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) were increased in obese subjects. More interestingly, higher levels of circulating GRP78 protein were found in obese compared to lean subjects which correlated negatively with maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 Max) but positively with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and obesity indicators such as BMI, percentage body fat (PBF) and waist circumference. GRP78 increased secretion in obese was further confirmed in vitro using 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells under ER stress. Finally, we showed that physical exercise significantly attenuated the expression and release of GRP78 with a concomitant reduction in the phosphorylation of IRE1α and eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α).
Answer: Our results suggest that physical exercise alleviates ER stress in human obese through attenuation of GRP78 signaling network.
Ex Output:
Does physical exercise alleviate ER stress in obese humans through reduction in the expression and release of GRP78 chaperone?
Ex Input:
Context: Anxiety a core feature of panic disorder, is linked to function of the amygdala. Volume alterations in the brain of patients with panic disorder have previously been reported, but there has been no report of amygdala volume association with anxiety.', 'Volumes of hippocampus and amygdala were manually measured using magnetic resonance imaging obtained from 27 patients with panic disorder and 30 healthy comparison subjects. In addition the amygdala was focused on, applying small volume correction to optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the NEO Personality Inventory Revised were also used to evaluate anxiety.', 'Amygdala volumes in both hemispheres were significantly smaller in patients with panic disorder compared with control subjects (left: t = -2.248, d.f. = 55, P = 0.029; right: t = -2.892, d.f. = 55, P = 0.005). VBM showed that structural alteration in the panic disorder group occurred on the corticomedial nuclear group within the right amygdala (coordinates [x,y,z (mm)]: [26,-6,-16], Z score = 3.92, family-wise error-corrected P = 0.002). The state anxiety was negatively correlated with the left amygdala volume in patients with panic disorder (r = -0.545, P = 0.016).
Answer: These findings suggested that the smaller volume of the amygdala may be associated with anxiety in panic disorder. Of note, the smaller subregion in the amygdala estimated on VBM could correspond to the corticomedial nuclear group including the central nucleus, which may play a crucial role in panic attack.
Ex Output:
Is smaller amygdala associated with anxiety in patients with panic disorder?
Ex Input:
Context: Study of HIV-1 resistance development to the diketo analogue S-1360, the first HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor that has entered clinical development.', 'HIV-1(IIIB) was passaged in cell culture in the presence of increasing concentrations of S-1360 (IIIB/S-1360(res)).', 'The IIIB/S-1360(res) strains selected for 30, 50 and 70 passages in the presence of S-1360 were evaluated genotypically by sequencing analysis and phenotypically using the MT-4/MTT assay.', 'Multiple mutations, nine in total, emerged progressively in the catalytic domain of integrase as a result of the selection process. They included T66I and L74M that have both been associated with resistance against the diketo acid L-708,906. After 30, 50 and 70 passages in the presence of S-1360, IIIB/S-1360(res) displayed a four-, eight- and more than 62-fold reduced susceptibility for S-1360, respectively. Phenotypic cross-resistance to L-708,906 was modest for the IIIB/S-1360(res) strain selected during 50 passages, but pronounced for the strain selected during 70 passages. Interesting, all IIIB/S-1360(res) strains remained fully susceptible to the pyranodipyrimidine V-165, an integrase DNA binding inhibitor. Recombination of the mutant integrase genes into wild-type background by integrase-chimeric virus technology entirely reproduced the resistance profile of the IIIB/S-1360(res) strains. As for the replication kinetics of the selected and recombined strains, reduced replication fitness was measured for all strains when compared with their respective wild-type strains.
Answer: The accumulation of integrase mutations coincided with an increasing level of (cross-)resistance of IIIB/S-1360(res). Integrase-chimeric virus technology confirmed that the integrase mutations are indeed fully responsible for the resistance phenotype of IIIB/S-1360.
Ex Output:
| Do multiple mutations in human immunodeficiency virus-1 integrase confer resistance to the clinical trial drug S-1360?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Problem:Context: Hyperglycemia in the acute phase of stroke is associated with poor outcome. Whether hyperglycemia in nondiabetic stroke patients is caused by stress is controversial.', 'We studied glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin in 91 consecutive patients with acute stroke admitted within 24 hours after onset of symptoms. In 27 unselected patients we also measured catecholamines on days 1 and 3 after onset.', 'Hyperglycemia was found in 39 (43%) of the patients, 55% of whom either had diabetes mellitus or latent diabetes; the others had idiopathic hyperglycemia. Norepinephrine levels were associated with the severity of the stroke (P = .005) and with hypertension (P = .03) but not with glucose levels, irrespective of whether or not the patients had diabetes.
Answer: We conclude that hyperglycemia in the acute phase of stroke cannot be explained by increased stress.
Solution: | Is hyperglycemia in the acute phase of stroke caused by stress? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
--------
Question: Context: To investigate serum beta2-glycoprotein I-low-density lipoprotein (β2-GPI-LDL) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and to further evaluate the associations of β2-GPI-LDL with ox-LDL in vivo and with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications.', 'We determined β2-GPI-LDL, ox-LDL and small dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) levels in 236 T2DM patients with or without microvascular complications and 75 controls. The correlation analyses, multiple linear regression analyses and logistic regression analyses were performed, respectively.', 'Compared with controls, β2-GPI-LDL and ox-LDL levels were significantly elevated in both groups of T2DM patients and those with microvascular complications exhibited the more significant increase than those without complications. Serum β2-GPI-LDL levels were positively correlated with ox-LDL as well as sdLDL-C levels in T2DM patients. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that ox-LDL was one of the independent determinants of β2-GPI-LDL levels. Logistic regression analyses indicated that elevated β2-GPI-LDL and ox-LDL levels had significant predictive values for diabetic microvascular complications.
Answer: Elevated serum β2-GPI-LDL levels may be a serological hallmark of enhanced LDL oxidation in vivo and closely associated with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications.
Answer: Are elevated beta2-glycoprotein I-low-density lipoprotein levels associated with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications?
Question: Context: We tested the hypothesis that harm avoidance, a trait associated with behavioral inhibition, is associated with the rate of change in parkinsonism in older adults.', "At baseline harm avoidance was assessed with a standard self-report instrument in 969 older people without dementia participating in the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a longitudinal community-based cohort study. Parkinsonism was assessed annually with a modified version of the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (mUPDRS).", 'Average follow-up was 5 years. A linear mixed-effects model controlling for age, sex and education showed that for an average participant (female, 80 years old at baseline, with 14 years of education and a harm avoidance score of 10), the overall severity of parkinsonism increased by about 0.05 unit/ year (Estimate, 0.054, S.E., 0.007, p <0.001) and that the level of harm avoidance was associated with the progression of parkinsonism (Estimate, 0.004, S.E., 0.001, p <0.001). Thus, for an average participant, every 6 point (~1 SD) increase in harm avoidance score at baseline, the rate of progression of parkinsonism increased about 50% compared to an individual with an average harm avoidance score. This amount of change in parkinsonism over the course of the study was associated with about a 5% increased risk of death. The association between harm avoidance and progression of parkinsonism persisted when controlling for cognitive function, depressive symptoms, loneliness, neuroticism, late-life cognitive, social and physical activities and chronic health conditions.
Answer: A higher level of the harm avoidance trait is associated with a more rapid progression of parkinsonism in older adults.
Answer: Is harm avoidance associated with progression of parkinsonism in community-dwelling older adults : a prospective cohort study?
Question: Context: To investigate the clinical importance of the combined use of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels measured just before ablation (ablation-Tg) and postablation 131I whole body scintigraphy (WBS) patterns for predicting ablation success in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma who received total thyroidectomy and 131I ablation therapy.', 'We retrospectively studied the early clinical outcomes for 81 differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients treated with total thyroidectomy and high-dose 131I ablation therapy between June 2001 and July 2004.', 'Ablation success was achieved in 42 (97.7%) of the 43 patients with uptake in the thyroid bed only and ablation-Tg levels less than 10 ng/mL, whereas successful ablation was achieved in 9 (75.0%) of the 12 patients with uptake in the thyroid bed only and ablation-Tg levels equal to or greater than 10 ng/mL (P = 0.029). Among 15 patients with uptake including a lymph node and ablation-Tg levels less than 10 ng/mL, 14 patients (93.3%) showed ablation success, whereas successful ablation was achieved in only 2 (18.2%) of the 11 patients with uptake including a lymph node and ablation-Tg levels equal to or greater than 10 ng/mL (P < 0.001).
Answer: These data indicate that the combined use of serum Tg levels measured just before ablation and the 131I WBS patterns after ablation may be an early predictor of ablation success in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma who received total thyroidectomy and high-dose 131I ablation therapy.
Answer: | Is predictive value of the preablation serum thyroglobulin level after thyroidectomy combined with postablation 131I whole body scintigraphy for successful ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Teacher:Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: Context: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinases (AMPKs), as a sensor of cellular energy status, have been known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications. Because AMPKs are known to be expressed in podocytes, it is possible that podocyte AMPKs could be an important contributing factor in the development of diabetic proteinuria. We investigated the roles of AMPKs in the pathological changes in podocytes induced by high-glucose (HG) and advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) in diabetic proteinuria.', 'We prepared streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal tissues and cultured rat and mouse podocytes under diabetic conditions with AMPK-modulating agents. The changes in AMPKα were analyzed with confocal imaging and Western blotting under the following conditions: (1) normal glucose (5mM, =control); (2) HG (30mM); (3) AGE-added; or (4) HG plus AGE-added.', 'The density of glomerularphospho-AMPKα in experimental diabetic nephropathy decreased as a function of the diabetic duration. Diabetic conditions including HG and AGE changed the localization of phospho-AMPKα from peripheral cytoplasm to internal cytoplasm and peri- and intranuclear areas in podocytes. HG reduced the AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation of rat podocytes, and similarly, AGEs reduced the AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation of mouse podocytes. The distributional and quantitative changes in phospho-AMPKα caused by diabetic conditions were preventable using AMPK activators, metformin, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1β-riboside.
Answer: We suggest that diabetic conditions induce the relocation and suppression of podocyte AMPKα, which would be a suggestive mechanism in diabetic podocyte injury.
Student: | Do diabetic conditions modulate the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase of podocytes? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Problem:Context: To investigate the relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV) and glycometabolic indices, to compare MPV according to HbA1c levels, and to analyse the difference in MPV between patients with and without microvascular complications.', 'This retrospective study was conducted on 60 Type 2 diabetic patients and 50 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic controls. We obtained demographic, clinical and laboratory data including MPV, platelet count, fasting and postprandial blood glucose (FBG and PBG), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profile, creatinine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) in patient and control groups, and diabetic microvascular complications including nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy in the patient group. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 15.0 for Windows.', 'Mean platelet volume in the diabetic group was higher than in the control group (p = 0.001). Mean platelet volume was positively correlated with FBG and HbA1c levels (p = 0.03 and p < 0.001, respectively). It was also negatively related to platelet count (p < 0.001). Mean platelet volume in patients with HbA1c > 7% was significantly higher than those with HbA1c ≤ 7% (p < 0.001). Mean platelet volume was significantly increased in patients with retinopathy compared to those without retinopathy (p = 0.04).
Answer: This study has shown that an increased MPV is closely associated with poor glycaemic control, which may be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. Nonetheless, further prospective studies are needed to assess the relationship between MPV, glycaemic indices and microvascular complications.
Solution: | Is mean platelet volume associated with glycaemic control and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Context: In prior studies of exercise done before or after breakfast and lunch, postprandial activity generally reduces glycemia more than pre-meal. This study sought to examine the effects of exercise before or after an evening meal.', 'Examined the differing effects of a single bout of pre- or postprandial moderate exercise or no exercise on the glycemic response to an evening (dinner) meal in individuals with type 2 diabetes.', 'Community-dwelling participants tested at a research university in Virginia.', 'Twelve men and women subjects (mean age of 61.4+/-2.7 years) with type 2 diabetes treated with diet and/or oral medications.', 'Three trials conducted on separate days consisting of a rest day when subjects consumed a standardized dinner with a moderate glycemic effect and 2 exercise days when they undertook 20 minutes of self-paced treadmill walking immediately before or 15 to 20 minutes after eating.', 'Blood samples taken every 30 minutes over a 4-hour period and later assayed for plasma glucose; from these data both absolute and relative changes in glucose levels were determined, as well as the total glucose area under the curve (AUC) of the 4-hour testing period. Initial samples were additionally assayed for glycated hemoglobin and lipid levels.', 'Twenty minutes of self-paced walking done shortly after meal consumption resulted in lower plasma glucose levels at the end of exercise compared to values at the same time point when subjects had walked pre-dinner. Total glucose AUC over 4-hours was not significantly different among trials.
Answer: Postprandial walking may be more effective at lowering the glycemic impact of the evening meal in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with pre-meal or no exercise and may be an effective means to blunt postprandial glycemic excursions.
Output: | Is postprandial walking better for lowering the glycemic effect of dinner than pre-dinner exercise in type 2 diabetic individuals? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[Q]: Context: To analyze the effect of antiretroviral therapy, including drugs that have good penetration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), on neuropsychologic performance.', 'One hundred sixty-five HIV-1-infected patients exposed to a stable highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen were studied. Neuropsychologic examinations were performed for all patients.', "A total of 50.3% of patients were impaired. In multivariate analysis, older age (for 10-year increase, odds ratio [OR] = 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2 to 10.4; P< 0.0001) and higher plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.2; P = 0.021) at testing were independently associated with an increased probability of impaired neurocognitive performance, whereas higher educational level was a protective factor (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.90; P=0.001). A significant linear correlation was observed between the neuropsychologic z score for 8 tests (NPZ8) score, a quantitative parameter of neurocognitive impairment, and CD4 cell count at neuropsychologic testing (R = 0.273, P = 0.001) and between the NPZ8 score and the patient's age (R = 0.288, P = 0.001).
Answer: Our study indicates that the use of stable HAART, including multiple drugs that have good CSF penetration, was not associated with neuropsychologic performance. To prevent independent replication of HIV in CSF with better control of a relevant reservoir of HIV is one of the crucial aims of therapeutic strategy.
[A]: Do neuroactive antiretroviral drugs influence neurocognitive performance in less advanced HIV-infected patients responding to highly active antiretroviral therapy?
[Q]: Context: Behavioral studies of spatial navigation in aging indicate that orientation using an allocentric reference frame (object-centered orientation) is impaired, whereas orientation using egocentric processes (self-centered orientation) is not. It has been proposed that navigational deficits may result from more general alterations of perception and attention or executive functions. The purpose of this study is to assess allocentric and egocentric representation in elderly individuals, and to determine if age-related deficits in spatial navigation are related to an attentional decline.', 'We assessed encoding of the position of geometrical shapes, depending specifically on an allocentric or egocentric reference frame, during ERP recording in young and old subjects.', 'Aging was associated with a performance decline in allocentric, but not egocentric, encoding. Both allocentric and egocentric conditions elicited parietal early components P1 and N1, reflecting top-down modulation, and components P2 and N2, reflecting selective attention and stimulus categorization. We observed age-associated effects on N1 and N2 amplitudes and on N2 latency in both spatial conditions. Moreover, impaired allocentric performance in older subjects was associated with a greater P2 amplitude and delayed P2 latency compared with younger subjects.
Answer: These results suggest that elderly individuals present with deficits when spatial orientation relies on allocentric representation, and are associated with age-related deficits in spatial attention.
[A]: Is allocentric but not egocentric orientation impaired during normal aging : an ERP study?
[Q]: Context: Cord blood (CB) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has often been limited by the scarcity of stem cells. Therefore, the number of CB hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) should be increased while maintaining the stem cell characteristics.', 'We designed an ex vivo culture system using endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as stroma to determine the capacity of expanding CB-HSPCs in a defined medium, the effect on engraftment of the expanded cells in a mouse model and the underlying mechanism.', "After 7 days of culture, compared with those cultured with cytokines alone (3.25 ± 0.59), CD34+ cells under contact and non-contact co-culture with EPCs were expanded by 5.38 ± 0.61 (P = 0.003) and 4.06 ± 0.43 (P = 0.025)-fold, respectively. Direct cell-to-cell contact co-culture with EPCs resulted in more primitive CD34+ CD38- cells than stroma-free culture (156.17 ± 21.32 versus 79.12 ± 19.77-fold; P = 0.010). Comparable engraftment of day 7 co-cultured HSPCs with respect to HSPCs at day 0 in nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency disease (NOD/SCID) mice was measured as a percentage of chimerism (13.3% ± 11.0% versus 16.0% ± 14.3%; P = 0.750). EPCs highly expressed interleukin 6 (IL6) and angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), the hematopoietic- related cytokines. A higher transcriptional level of WNT5A genes in EPCs and co-cultured HSPCs suggests that the activation of Wnt signaling pathway may play a role in HSPCs' expansion ex vivo.
Answer: These data demonstrated that EPCs improve the CD34+ population but do not compromise the repopulating efficacy of the amplified HSPCs, possibly via cytokine secretion and Wnt signaling pathway activation.
[A]: | Do endothelial progenitor cells promote efficient ex vivo expansion of cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Consider Input: Context: Although diabetic patients often have gastrointestinal complications, the gastric mucosal function in diabetes has not been well documented.', 'To investigate the effect of fasting on the gastric mucosa in C57BL/KsJ-db +/+ db (db/db) mice, genetically non-insulin-dependent diabetic animals.', 'Blood glucose levels, gastric mucosal morphology, and the amount of gastric mucin were examined before and after 18 h of fasting with free access to water in db/db mice and their non-diabetic littermates (db/m).', 'Although 18 h of fasting reduced the blood glucose levels of both db/db and db/m mice, fasting decreased the amount of gastric adherent mucin and caused haemorrhagic gastric lesions only in db/db mice. After fasting, oral administration of ethanol induced much more severe gastric damage in db/db than in db/m mice. The above fasting-induced gastric damage such as haemorrhagic lesions, loss of the mucin, and the increased sensitivity to ethanol worsened as the duration of diabetes became longer. Glucose ingestion in drinking water during the fasting counteracted the fall in blood glucose and prevented the decrease in the amount of gastric mucin and the formation of gastric mucosal lesions in db/db mice.
Answer: These findings indicate that fasting-induced glucose deficit causes gastric mucosal lesions and increases the susceptibility of gastric mucosa to noxious agents owing to the loss of mucus glycoprotein in db/db mice. Prolonged diabetes is likely to augment the severity of fasting-induced impairment of the gastric mucosal function.
Output: Does fasting induce impairment of gastric mucosal integrity in non-insulin-dependent diabetic ( db/db ) mice?
Input: Consider Input: Context: A prospective radiographic analysis of deformity correction during the balloon kyphoplasty procedure.', 'To determine the spontaneous reduction of the deformity in prone position, the subsequent deformity correction by the inflatable bone tamp, and the overall deformity correction after deposition of the cement.', 'Fracture mobility has been shown to contribute to fracture reduction in vertebroplasty. Spontaneous reduction has not been taken into account in recently published series of balloon kyphoplasty, but it must be considered when performing vertebral augmentation and when reporting and interpreting the significance of vertebral height restoration.', 'A consecutive series of 39 osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures were treated in 30 patients. Lateral radiographs were taken and analyzed at six different time points: 1) Preoperative standing. During the kyphoplasty procedure, four consecutive radiographs were obtained: 2) after placing the patient in prone position on the operation table, 3) after inflation of the bone tamp (IBT), 4) after deflation and removal of the IBT, and 5) after deposition of the cement. 6) Standing lateral radiographs were taken after the procedure. All fractures were analyzed for improvement in sagittal alignment (Cobb angle, kyphotic angle, sagittal index, vertebral height), complications, and reduction of pain (VAS).', 'Placement of the patient in prone position displayed a significant spontaneous reduction in deformity of 6.5 degrees +/- 4.1 degrees Cobb angle. Inflation of the IBT demonstrated a further reduction of the fracture and a significant improvement of the Cobb angle of 3.4 degrees compared with baseline prone. After deflation and removal of the IBT and placement of the cement, no significant loss of fracture reduction was seen. Postoperative measurement of the Cobb angle by means of standing radiographs demonstrated a 3.1 degrees significant loss of reduction compared with the intraoperative measurement in prone position after cement application. Cement leaks occurred in 9 of 39 vertebral fractures. All patients subjectively reported immediate relief of their typical fracture pain. The VAS score significantly improved from 8.7 +/- 1.4 before surgery to 2.3 +/- 0.9.
Answer: The restoration of height in kyphoplasty is attributed to dynamic fracture mobility as well as to the expansion of the inserted balloon tamp.
Output: Is balloon kyphoplasty effective in deformity correction of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures?
Input: Consider Input: Context: To investigate the significance of respiratory muscle weakness in chronic heart failure and its relation both to maximum oxygen consumption during cardiopulmonary exercise testing and to skeletal muscle (quadriceps) strength.', 'Seven healthy men aged 54.9 (SEM 4.3) years and 20 men with chronic heart failure aged 61.4 (1.6) years (P = 0.20) with radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction of 25.4 (3.0)%.', 'Mouth pressures during maximum static inspiratory effort (PImax) at functional residual capacity (FRC) and residual volume (RV) were measured in all subjects and taken as indices of inspiratory muscle strength. Similarly, mouth pressures during maximum static expiratory effort (PEmax) at FRC and total lung capacity (TLC) were taken as indices of expiratory muscle strength. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed in all subjects. All controls and 15 heart failure patients also had their right quadriceps muscle strength measured.', 'There was respiratory muscle weakness in heart failure patients, with reduction of PImax at FRC (59.7) (6.3) v 85.6 (9.6) cm H2O, P = 0.045), PEmax at FRC (94.8 (6.2) v 134.6 (9.1) cm H2O, P = 0.004), and PEmax at TLC (121.7 (8.5) v 160.7 (13) cm H2O, P = 0.028). PImax at RV was also reduced but this did not reach statistical significance (77.3 (6.6) v 89.3 (13) cm H2O, P = 0.44). There was also significant weakness of the right quadriceps muscle (308.5 (22) v 446.2 (28) N, P = 0.001). PImax at both FRC and RV correlated with maximum oxygen consumption (r = 0.59, P = 0.006, and r = 0.45, P = 0.048 respectively) but not PEmax. There was, however, no significant correlation between PImax and right quadriceps strength.
Answer: Respiratory muscle weakness is seen in chronic heart failure. The results suggest that inspiratory muscles are important in determining maximum oxygen consumption and exercise tolerance in these patients. The lack of correlation between respiratory and right quadriceps muscle strength further suggests that the magnitude and time course of respiratory and locomotor muscle weakness may differ in individual patients. Treatment aimed at improving the function of the involved muscle groups may alleviate symptoms.
| Output: Is inspiratory muscle strength a determinant of maximum oxygen consumption in chronic heart failure?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Teacher: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? If you are still confused, see the following example:
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Reason: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Now, solve this instance: Context: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of sympathetic versus parasympathetic neuropathy among type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients.', 'There were 43 patients with type 1 and 17 with type 2 diabetes who were investigated. Sympathetic nerve function was assessed by measurement of the vasoconstriction (VAC) index by laser Doppler perfusion imaging of a locally heated finger followed by indirect cooling. Parasympathetic nerve function was assessed by R-R interval variation during deep breathing as measured by the expiration/inspiration (E/I) ratio. Results were expressed as age-corrected z scores in SD; VAC index >1.64 SD and E/I ratio <-1.64 SD were considered abnormal.', 'VAC index was abnormal in 40% with type 1 and 41% with type 2 diabetes, whereas the E/I ratio was abnormal in 42% with type 1 and 65% with type 2 diabetes. There was a clear association between VAC index and E/I ratio among type 1 (rs=0.525; P=0.0002) but not among type 2 (rs=0.10) diabetic patients. Among type 2 diabetic patients, the degree of dysfunction was most severe regarding parasympathetic function (P=0.0167).
Answer: Sympathetic and parasympathetic neuropathy were frequent in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. However, there was a difference between the two types of diabetes. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve functions correlated in type 1 but not in type 2 diabetic patients. The explanation for this discrepancy might be that parasympathetic nerve function was most severely affected among type 2 diabetic patients.
Student: | Are sympathetic and parasympathetic neuropathy frequent in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Why? The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
New input: Context: The aim of this study was to investigate copeptin levels in serum, and assess their associations with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and diabetic complications.', 'In this post hoc analysis, serum levels of copeptin were tested in 306 patients with T2DM. Clinical information including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) were collected. The relation of serum copeptin with DR and DN were investigated with the use of logistic regression models according to equal quartiles of the distributions of serum copeptin.', 'We found that serum copeptin levels were significantly higher in diabetes as compared to normal controls [9.4(IQR, 7.4-12.5) pmol/L vs. 4.1(IQR, 2.5-6.2) pmol/L; P<0.0001]. In multivariate analysis, there was an increased risk of T2DM associated with copeptin levels (OR 1.312, 95% CI: 1.204-1.403; P<0.0001) after adjusting for possible confounders. After adjustment for possible confounders, serum copeptin levels were positively associated with the DR (odds ratio [OR], 1.117; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.072-1.241; P<0.001) and DN (OR, 1.259; 95% CI, 1.198-1.323; P<0.001). Compared with the first quartile of serum copeptin levels, the ORs for DR and DN were as follows: second quartile, 1.19 (95% CI, 0.94-1.51, P=0.12) and 1.37 (95% CI, 0.78-2.37, P=0.28); third quartile, 1.61 (95% CI, 1.18-2.43, P=0.005) and 2.12 (95% CI, 1.32-3.27, P=0.003); fourth quartile, 2.83 (95% CI, 2.04-4.93; P<0.001) and 3.48 (95% CI, 1.77-7.03; P<0.001), respectively.
Answer: Using a post-hoc analysis our data show that elevated serum levels of copeptin are associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications in Chinese population, suggesting a potential role of the AVP system (copeptin) in the pathophysiology of diabetes.
Solution: | Are serum levels of copeptin associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications in Chinese population? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Alloreactive NK cells play a role in tumor eradication after allogeneic HLA mismatched stem cell transplantation (SCT). The effect of NK alloreactivity in HLA identical SCT is still under debate and in particular in transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) the data are very limited and with conflicting outcome. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of KIR genes and KIR ligands on leukemia free survival (LFS) and relapse rate in a well-defined, homogeneous group of CML patients phase upon HLA identical sibling SCT.', 'We retrospectively analyzed the effect of KIRs and KIR ligands (C1 and C2) on LFS and relapse in 70 CML patients in 1st chronic phase, who had received an HLA identical sibling graft. For KIR typing we used a single PCR based KIR typing protocol that also included primers allowing for the identification of the KIR binding site on HLA-Cw (AA 77 and 80).', 'The data show clear differences in transplant outcome between patients having both ligands (C1 and C2) as compared to patients having only one ligand (C1 or C2). In the latter group, the stimulatory KIR2DS5 gene was associated with improved leukemia free survival (p=0.007; hazard ratio 4.3; 95% confidence interval 1.3-6.7) and lower relapse rates (p=0.028; HR 4.3, 95% CI 1.1-9.1). In contrast, in patients carrying both ligands, KIR2DS5 was associated with reduced LFS (p=0.0056; HR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.7) and higher relapse rate (p=0.02; HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.1-0.8).
Answer: Our data indicate a role for an NK mediated anti-CML response after HLA identical sibling SCT that is influenced by KIR ligands and, more importantly, by stimulatory KIRs present in the donor.
Is kIR2DS5 associated with leukemia free survival after HLA identical stem cell transplantation in chronic myeloid leukemia patients?
Context: Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major cause of acute renal failure (ARF). The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been implicated as a key mediator of reperfusion injury. Activation of NF-kappaB is dependent upon the phosphorylation of its inhibitor, IkappaB, by the specific inhibitory kappaB kinase (IKK) subunit, IKKbeta. We hypothesized that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) reduces acute renal damage following I/R injury by inhibiting activation of IKKbeta. As neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury, is regulated by NF-kappaB, we approached the relationship between NGAL and IKKbeta.', 'Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups after right kidney nephrectomy. Group A rats were sham-operated controls. Group B rats were 45-min ischemic in the left renal artery while Group C rats were pre-treated with 3 cycles of 2-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion. All the rats were sacrificed at 24 h after reperfusion. We harvested kidneys and serum to do further analysis, including histological and functional parameters, expressions of NGAL and IKKbeta in renal tissues.', 'Compared with rats subjected to I/R injury, pre-treated rats had a significant decrease in serum creatinine level (Scr) and tubulointerstitial injury scores (Scr, 86.79 +/- 12.98 vs. 205.89 +/- 19.16 mircomol/l, p < 0.01; tubulointerstitial injury scores, 1.3 +/- 0.48 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.79, p < 0.01). In addition, expressions of IKKbeta (0.95 +/- 0.21 vs. 1.74 +/- 0.17, p < 0.05) and NGAL (1.71 +/- 0.032 vs. 2.66 +/- 0.078, p < 0.05) at renal tubule in pre-treated rats were attenuated significantly compared with rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, our study showed that IKKbeta and NGAL were in positive correlation (R = 0.965 > R(0.01)(30) = 0.448, p < 0.01).
Answer: The evidence suggests that IKKbeta may play a role in renal I/R injury and give rise to the generation of NGAL. It appears that IPC may attenuate renal injury and the expression of NGAL following acute I/R injury. IKKbeta may offer a clinically accessible target for preventing renal injury following I/R.
Does ischemic preconditioning attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting activation of IKKbeta and inflammatory response?
Context: In diabetic patients, hyperglycemia may precipitate seizures, and in experimental diabetes, indications for an increased neuronal excitability have been found. In this study, the excitability of the motor cortex and conduction of the central motor pathways were studied in diabetic patients in relation to the glycemic level.', 'Using a double-blind study protocol, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was performed in five Type 1 diabetic patients during normo- and hyperglycemia, using a hyperglycemic clamp technique. Single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic and single root stimulations were applied before and after 3 h of a fixed glucose level of 5 and 16 mmol/l. The percentage of change from baseline at the two glycemic levels was calculated and compared.', 'No difference in central motor conduction time was found comparing the change following normo- and hyperglycemia. Furthermore, no difference was observed for the changes in latency and amplitude following double stimulation with interstimulation intervals (ISIs) of 0-125 ms comparing normo- and hyperglycemia.
Answer: The excitability of motor cortex and central motor nerve conduction in Type 1 diabetic patients are unaffected by short-term moderate hyperglycemia as compared with normoglycemia.
| Does motor cortical excitability remain unaffected of short-term hyperglycemia in Type 1 diabetic patients?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given the task definition and input, reply with output. Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive drug currently used to prevent graft rejection in humans, which is considered permissive for tolerance induction. Rapamycin allows expansion of both murine and human naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells (nTregs), which are pivotal for the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Preclinical murine models have shown that rapamycin enhances nTreg proliferation and regulatory function also in vivo. Objective of this study was to assess whether rapamycin has in vivo effects on human nTregs.', 'nTreg numbers and function were examined in a unique set of patients with type 1 diabetes who underwent rapamycin monotherapy before islet transplantation.', 'We found that rapamycin monotherapy did not alter the frequency and functional features, namely proliferation and cytokine production, of circulating nTregs. However, nTregs isolated from type 1 diabetic patients under rapamycin treatment had an increased capability to suppress proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T-cells compared with that before treatment.
Answer: These findings demonstrate that rapamycin directly affects human nTreg function in vivo, which consists of refitting their suppressive activity, whereas it does not directly change effector T-cell function.
| Does rapamycin monotherapy in patients with type 1 diabetes modify CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Definition: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Context: Endothelial dysfunction and hypertension is more common in individuals with diabetes than in the general population. This study was aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for endothelial dysfunction of type 1 diabetic rats fed with high-salt diet.', 'Type 1 diabetes (DM) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (70 mg·kg(-1)). Normal or diabetic rats were randomly fed high-salt food (HS, 8% NaCl) or standard food (CON) for 6 weeks.', 'Both HS (143±10 mmHg) and DM+HS (169±11 mmHg) groups displayed significantly higher systolic blood pressure than those in the CON group (112±12 mmHg, P<0.01). DM+HS rats exhibited more pronounced impairment of vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and insulin compared with either DM or HS. Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation levels and nitric oxide (NO) concentration in DM+HS were significantly lower than in DM. The levels of caveolin-1 (cav-1) in DM+HS were significantly higher than that in DM and HS. Co-immunoprecipitation results showed increased interaction between cav-1 and eNOS in the DM+HS group. In the presence of cav-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), eNOS phosphorylations in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were significantly increased compared with control siRNA. Cav-1 was slightly but not significantly lower in HUVEC cultured with high glucose and high-salt buffer solution and pretreated with wortmannin or l-nitro-arginine methyl ester.
Answer: Impaired endothelial Akt activation and increased cav-1 expression and resultant decreased eNOS activation contributes to aggravated high-salt diet-induced endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in DM rats.
Output: | Does upregulation of caveolin-1 contribute to aggravated high-salt diet-induced endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in type 1 diabetic rats? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes mellitus may attenuate the cardioprotection by postconditioning. This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effect of ischemic-postconditioning (IPostC) against ischemia/reperfusion injury in normal and chronically type-1 diabetic rats and the effect of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) inhibition in this field.', 'Diabetes was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (50\xa0mg/kg) in Wistar male rats (250-300\xa0g). After 8\xa0weeks, the hearts of control and diabetic animals were isolated and mounted on a constant-pressure Langendorff apparatus. All hearts were subjected to 30\xa0min regional ischemia followed by 45\xa0min reperfusion (by occluding and re-opening of LAD coronary artery, respectively). At the end of ischemia, the hearts received IPostC, cyclosporine-A, or both or none of them. Myocardial creatine-kinase (CK) release as an index of tissue injury was measured spectrophotometery in coronary effluent in reperfusion phase. Infarct size was identified by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), LV systolic pressure (LVSP), rate-pressure product (RPP) and coronary flow were recorded throughout the experiment.', 'IPostC, applied at the onset of reperfusion, failed to improve myocardial LVEDP and RPP, or reduce tissue damage indicated by infarct size and CK release in diabetic hearts, while it significantly recovered these parameters toward the pre-ischemic values in control hearts (P\u2009<\u20090.05). In contrast, with simultaneous inhibition of mPTP using cyclosporine-A, the cardioprotective effects of IPostC on myocardial hemodynamics, infarct size and CK release were significantly restored in diabetic hearts (P\u2009<\u20090.05).
Answer: The loss of cardioprotection by IPostC in diabetic state can be overcome by increasing the potency of protective IPostC through its co-application with mPTP inhibition. | Does inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore restore the cardioprotection by postconditioning in diabetic hearts? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Part 1. Definition
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Part 2. Example
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Answer: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Part 3. Exercise
Context: We studied the association between polymorphisms in the UCP genes and diabetes complications in patients with type 1 diabetes.', 'We analyzed 227 patients with type 1 diabetes using PCR and subsequent cleavage by restriction endonucleases for the promoter variants A-3826G in the UCP1 gene, G-866A in the UCP2 gene, and C-55T in the UCP3 gene.', 'No effect of the A-3826G polymorphism in the UCP1 gene on diabetes complications was found. Patients who were heterozygous or homozygous for the G-866A polymorphism in the UCP2 gene or the C-55T polymorphism in the UCP3 gene had a significantly reduced prevalence of diabetic neuropathy (UCP2: odds ratio 0.44 [95% CI 0.24-0.79], P = 0.007; UCP3: 0.48 [0.25-0.92], P = 0.031), whereas there was no association with other diabetes complications. This effect was stronger when G-866A and C-55T occurred in a cosegregatory manner (UCP2 and UCP3: 0.28 [0.12-0.65], P = 0.002). Furthermore, a multiple logistic regression model showed an age- and diabetes duration-independent effect of the cosegregated polymorphisms on the prevalence of diabetic neuropathy (P = 0.013).
Answer: Our data indicate that both the G-866A polymorphism in the UCP2 gene and the C-55T polymorphism in the UCP3 gene are associated with a reduced risk of diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes. Thus, the results presented here support the hypothesis that higher expression of uncoupling protein might prevent mitochondria-mediated neuronal injury and, ultimately, diabetic neuropathy.
Answer: | Are functional polymorphisms of UCP2 and UCP3 associated with a reduced prevalence of diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Part 1. Definition
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Part 2. Example
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Answer: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Part 3. Exercise
Context: Corticosteroids remain the mainstay for control of ocular inflammation after vitreous surgery. A controlled, randomized, prospective study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a single intravitreal injection of dexamethasone phosphate on postoperative inflammation after simple vitreous surgery in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular pucker.', 'Aqueous cell flare intensity was measured preoperatively and on days 1, 10, and 90 in 56 consecutive patients who underwent vitreous surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular pucker. Subjects were consecutively randomized to two groups: 400 microg of intravitreal dexamethasone (treatment group) or no dexamethasone (control group)', 'Before surgery, cell and flare intensity was similar in both groups. Flare intensity was significandy lower at 10, 30, and 90 days in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy treatment group (P < .05).
Answer: Intravitreal dexamethasone significantly alleviates postoperative inflammation after vitreous surgery and is a useful adjunct.
Answer: | Does intravitreal dexamethasone effectively reduce postoperative inflammation after vitreoretinal surgery? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Q: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: In diabetics with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), risk of death has been reported to be non-constant after the first dialysis, and different outcomes have been observed between genders. We assessed the impact of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on mortality in dialysis regarding its differential effect by gender using time-dependent analyses.', 'All T2DM and non-diabetic (no-DM) patients who started dialysis in two renal units in Lyon, France, between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2007, were included. In multivariate analyses, the Cox model and Shoenfeld residual approach were used to assess the effect of T2DM on dialysis mortality by gender.', 'We included 235 T2DM (males: 57.9%) and 480 no-DM (males: 65.6%) patients. In males, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for death in T2DM versus no-DM was 0.83 (p = 0.20) and was constant over time after the first renal replacement therapy (RRT) (p = 0.88). In females, aHR for death in T2DM versus no-DM patients was not constant over time (p = 0.002). It was 0.64 (p = 0.13) within the first year after the first RRT and 2.10 (p = 0.002) after the first year. Evolutions with time of these aHR by gender were significantly different (p = 0.009).
Answer: T2DM was associated with death only in females. This association was not constant over time after the first dialysis.
A: | Does the Impact of type 2 diabetes on mortality in end-stage renal disease patients differ between genders? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Let me give you an example: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
The answer to this example can be: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Here is why: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
OK. solve this:
Context: To investigate the relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV) and glycometabolic indices, to compare MPV according to HbA1c levels, and to analyse the difference in MPV between patients with and without microvascular complications.', 'This retrospective study was conducted on 60 Type 2 diabetic patients and 50 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic controls. We obtained demographic, clinical and laboratory data including MPV, platelet count, fasting and postprandial blood glucose (FBG and PBG), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profile, creatinine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) in patient and control groups, and diabetic microvascular complications including nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy in the patient group. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 15.0 for Windows.', 'Mean platelet volume in the diabetic group was higher than in the control group (p = 0.001). Mean platelet volume was positively correlated with FBG and HbA1c levels (p = 0.03 and p < 0.001, respectively). It was also negatively related to platelet count (p < 0.001). Mean platelet volume in patients with HbA1c > 7% was significantly higher than those with HbA1c ≤ 7% (p < 0.001). Mean platelet volume was significantly increased in patients with retinopathy compared to those without retinopathy (p = 0.04).
Answer: This study has shown that an increased MPV is closely associated with poor glycaemic control, which may be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. Nonetheless, further prospective studies are needed to assess the relationship between MPV, glycaemic indices and microvascular complications.
Answer: | Is mean platelet volume associated with glycaemic control and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under favorable conditions secrete a spectrum of cytokines that promote the survival of surrounding cells via paracrine mechanisms. We explored the impact of rat pancreatic extract (RPE) on cytokine secretion by MSCs and examined the influence of administration of conditioned media of MSCs treated with RPE on blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.', 'Cytokine levels (IGF-1, VEGF, bFGF) in conditioned media of MSCs treated with RPE were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We estimated blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic rats following intraperitoneal injection of conditioned media from RPE-treated MSCs. We analyzed histopathology of pancreatic islets by insulin immunostaining and apoptosis through a TUNEL assay.', 'Levels of IGF-1, VEGF, and bFGF were significantly increased in RPE-CM compared with control media. Administration of conditioned media of RPE-treated MSCs significantly lowered the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. After RPE treatment the insulin-positive area was increased and apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells decreased.
Answer: RPE enhanced the secretion of cytokines by MSCs. MSCs in the pancreatic microenvironment may exert indirect salutary effects via paracrine mediators on injured pancreatic cells in an STZ-induced diabetic animal model. The secreted factors may exert their therapeutic benefits by preventing apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells. | Do mesenchymal stem cells treated with rat pancreatic extract secrete cytokines that improve the glycometabolism of diabetic rats? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: Magnetic fields have been shown to affect cell proliferation and growth factor expression in cultured cells. Although the activation of endorphin systems is a recurring motif among the biological events elicited by magnetic fields, compelling evidence indicating that magnetic fields may modulate opioid gene expression is still lacking. We therefore investigated whether extremely low frequency (ELF) pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) may affect opioid peptide gene expression and the signaling pathways controlling opioid peptide gene transcription in the adult ventricular myocyte, a cell type behaving both as a target and as a source for opioid peptides.', 'Prodynorphin gene expression was investigated in adult rat myocytes exposed to PMF by the aid of RNase protection and nuclear run-off transcription assays. In PMF-exposed nuclei, nuclear protein kinase C (PKC) activity was followed by measuring the phosphorylation rate of the acrylodan-labeled MARCKS peptide. The effect of PMF on the subcellular distribution of different PKC isozymes was assessed by immunoblotting. A radioimmunoassay procedure coupled to reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used to monitor the expression of dynorphin B.', 'Here, we show that PMF enhanced myocardial opioid gene expression and that a direct exposure of isolated myocyte nuclei to PMF markedly enhanced prodynorphin gene transcription, as in the intact cell. The PMF action was mediated by nuclear PKC activation but occurred independently from changes in PKC isozyme expression and enzyme translocation. PMF also led to a marked increase in the synthesis and secretion of dynorphin B.
Answer: The present findings demonstrate that an opioid gene is activated by myocyte exposure to PMF and that the cell nucleus and nuclear embedded PKC are a crucial target for the PMF action. Due to the wide ranging importance of opioid peptides in myocardial cell homeostasis, the current data may suggest consideration for potential biological effects of PMF in the cardiovascular system.
A: Do elf-pulsed magnetic fields modulate opioid peptide gene expression in myocardial cells?
****
Q: Context: 99mTc-HMPAO is a well-established isotope useful in the detection of regional cerebral blood flow. Diabetes gives rise to arterial atherosclerotic changes that can lead to significant end organ dysfunction, prominently affecting perfusion to the heart, kidneys, eyes and brain. In the current study, we investigated the role of 99mTc-HMPAO cerebral perfusion scans in detecting early vascular changes in the diabetic brain.', 'Cerebral perfusion studies were performed on both control and streptozotocin-(STZ) induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Rat brain imaging using a gamma camera was performed for each group 0.5, 2, 4, and 24 hours post 99mTc-HMPAO injection. Data processing for each cerebral perfusion scan was performed by drawing a region of interest (ROI) circumferentially around the brain (B). Background (BKG) due to signal from the soft tissue of each rat was subtracted. Brain 99mTc-HMPAO uptake minus background counts (net brain counts; NBC) were then compared between the two groups.', 'The NBC (mean +/- SD) for the STZ group were statistically significantly higher (p = 0.0004) than those of the control group at each of the time points studied.
Answer: 99mTc-HMPAO brain scan may be useful in the detection of early atherosclerotic changes in the diabetic rat brain.
A: Does perfusion scanning using 99mTc-HMPAO detect early cerebrovascular changes in the diabetic rat?
****
Q: Context: We previously demonstrated that the lifespan of primary human keratinocytes could be extended indefinitely by culture in the presence of the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. This technique has proven to be very useful in diverse areas of basic and clinical research.', 'In this follow-up study we determine whether the continual presence of Y-27632 is required for sustained proliferation. We also test whether different ROCK inhibitors can be used for this technique and whether it can also promote indefinite proliferation of animal keratinocytes. We measure keratinocyte gene expression, proliferation, behaviour and lifespan in the presence and absence of Y-27632.', 'We demonstrate that the extension of lifespan observed by culture of keratinocytes in the presence of fibroblast feeders and a ROCK inhibitor is reversible and that cells senesce gradually when the inhibitor is removed from the medium. Conversely, keratinocytes that are close to the end of their replicative life span can be revived by ROCK inhibition. We demonstrate that different inhibitors of ROCK can also efficiently extend the lifespan of human keratinocytes and that ROCK inhibition extends the lifespan of animal keratinocytes derived from mouse and bovine epithelia. Gene expression analysis of human epidermal keratinocytes cells grown in the presence of Y-27632 demonstrates that ROCK inhibition primarily inhibits keratinocyte differentiation. Live-imaging of keratinocytes cultured with ROCK inhibitors show that the effect of ROCK inhibition on cellular proliferation is immediate and ROCK inhibited cells proliferate rapidly without differentiation or stratification.
Answer: ROCK inhibition rapidly and conditionally induces indefinite proliferation of keratinocytes. This method has far-reaching applications for basic research, as well as for regenerative and personalized medicine.
A: | Is the effect of Rho kinase inhibition on long-term keratinocyte proliferation rapid and conditional?
****
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Problem:Context: The aim of the current study was to characterize β-cell function, insulin sensitivity and line of inheritance in patients with recent-onset type 2 diabetes of Yemenite and non-Yemenite Jewish origin.', 'A cohort study including 121 GAD negative diabetic patients, 59 of Yemenite and 62 of non-Yemenite origin, treated by diet\xa0±\xa0oral antihyperglycemic monotherapy who underwent 180-min meal tolerance test (MMT). Based on MMT, indexes of insulin resistance and secretion were calculated.', 'There were no significant differences in age, sex, diabetes duration, BMI, HbA1c and lipid profile. A significant difference was found in family history of diabetes: 63\xa0% of patients of Yemenite origin had maternal inheritance versus 35\xa0% in the non-Yemenite origin (p\xa0<\xa00.001). Both indexes of β-cell function, the insulinogenic and the disposition indexes were significantly lower in patients of Yemenite origin compared with non-Yemenite origin (0.66\xa0±\xa00.4 vs. 0.93\xa0±\xa00.8, p\xa0=\xa00.04; 2.3\xa0±\xa01.8 vs. 3.3\xa0±\xa03.3, p\xa0=\xa00.04, respectively) with no difference in insulin sensitivity. When females and males were analyzed separately, the difference in maternal inheritance remained significant in both, but the difference in β-cell function indexes was observed only in males (p\xa0=\xa00.03, p\xa0=\xa00.01, respectively).
Answer: Males with recent-onset diabetes of Yemenite origin have a significant reduction of β-cell function and reduced ability to compensate for insulin resistance compared with diabetic males of non-Yemenite origin. Both males and females of Yemenite origin have a significantly higher maternal inheritance of diabetes. These data suggest different underlying mechanisms leading to early loss of β-cell in diabetic males of Yemenite origin.
Solution: | Does early beta-cell dysfunction characterize males with type 2 diabetes of Yemenite origin? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
One example: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution is here: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Now, solve this: Context: Factors that influence energy metabolism and substrate oxidation, such as thyroid hormones (THs), may be important regulators of body weight.', 'We investigated associations of THs cross-sectionally with obesity, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation and prospectively with weight change.', 'Euthyroid, nondiabetic, healthy, adult Pima Indians (n = 89; 47 M, 42 F) were studied. Percentage body fat (%BF) was measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), respiratory quotient, and substrate oxidation rates were measured in a respiratory chamber. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T(4)), free triiodothyronine (T(3)), and leptin concentrations were measured in fasting plasma samples.', 'TSH, but neither free T(3) nor free T(4), was associated with %BF and leptin concentrations (r = 0.27 and 0.29, respectively; both: P <or= 0.01). In multiple regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, fat mass, and fat-free mass, free T(3) was a positive predictor of SMR (P = 0.02). After adjustment for age, sex, %BF, and energy balance, free T(3) was a negative predictor of 24-h respiratory quotient (P < 0.05) and a positive predictor of 24-h lipid oxidation rate (P = 0.006). Prospectively, after an average follow-up of 4 +/- 2 y, the mean increase in weight was 3 +/- 9 kg. Baseline T(3) concentrations were associated with absolute and annual percentage of changes in weight (r = -0.27, P = 0.02, and r = -0.28, P = 0.009, for the age- and sex-adjusted associations, respectively).
Answer: In euthyroid Pima Indians, lower free T(3) but not free T(4) concentrations were an independent predictor of SMR and lipid oxidation and a predictor of weight gain. This finding indicates that control of T(4)-to-T(3) conversion may play a role in body weight regulation.
Solution: | Do plasma concentrations of free triiodothyronine predict weight change in euthyroid persons? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given the task definition and input, reply with output. Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Because accumulation of extracellular matrix is a prominent characteristic of the microangiopathy that complicates long-term diabetes, a pathogenetic role for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is being considered. Having observed that glucose levels mimicking diabetic hyperglycemia induce in vitro endothelial cell overexpression of extracellular matrix molecules, decreased replication, and increased levels of TGF-beta mRNA, we have examined whether the effects of high glucose are mediated by autocrine TGF-beta.', 'TGF-beta levels were measured by bioassay in the media conditioned by human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in the presence of high (30 mM) or normal (5 mM) glucose concentrations. The effect of high glucose was tested on the proliferation of two epithelial cell lines, one (Mv1Lu) exquisitely sensitive to TGF-beta and the other (DR mutants) insensitive to the cytokine. To examine whether high glucose and TGF-beta affect cellular programs in a similar manner, the effects of high glucose and exogenous TGF-beta were compared on proliferation and gene expression of endothelial cells.', 'Media conditioned by endothelial cells cultured in high or normal glucose contained similar amounts of TGF-beta (4.9 +/- 3.5 and 3.7 +/- 2.5 ng/10(6) cells, respectively (mean +/- SD)), all in the latent form. The replication of parental Mv1Lu cells and their DR mutants was decreased by high glucose to the same extent. Whereas the inhibitory effect of high glucose on endothelial cell replication was reversible, that of TGF-beta was not. Both perturbations induced up-regulation of fibronectin expression, but the effects were additive. Only TGF-beta induced overexpression of Type IV collagenase.
Answer: These combined observations indicate that (a) endothelial cells exposed to high glucose do not secrete TGF-beta in excess of control cells, (b) there are growth-inhibitory effects of high glucose that are independent of TGF-beta, and (c) high glucose and TGF-beta exert their effects through distinct pathways and at different loci.
| Are the effects of high glucose on human endothelial cell growth and gene expression mediated by transforming growth factor-beta? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
See one example below:
Problem: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Problem: Context: The effect of the interaction between type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia on inflammation and lipid peroxidation (LPO) has not been assessed.', 'To investigate whether diabetes coupled with dyslipidemia alters oxidative metabolism leading to increased LPO products and inflammatory status.', '100 patients were divided into four groups based upon diabetic and dyslipidemic status: poorly controlled diabetes with dyslipidemia (DM-PC/D), well-controlled diabetes with dyslipidemia (DM-WC/D), normoglycemic individuals with dyslipidemia (NG/D), and normoglycemic individuals without dyslipidemia (NG/ND). Plasma was evaluated for an LPO product (MDA), antioxidant levels and inflammatory cytokines.', 'Diabetics presented significantly higher levels of LPO (p<0.05) and the DM-PC/D had higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and MDA in the plasma in comparison with normoglycemics (p<0.05). Interestingly IL1-β, IL-6, and TNF-α in DM-WC/D were not statistically different from those in DM-PC/D. Normoglycemic individuals with dyslipidemia presented significantly increased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α when compared to normoglycemic without dyslipidemia (p<0.05). MDA levels were also positively correlated with the presence of DM complications (r=0.42, p<0.01).
Answer: These findings show that dyslipidemia is associated with an increased inflammatory status, even in well-controlled diabetics and in normoglycemics. Our results suggest that lipid metabolism and peroxidation are important for the development of inflammation, which is elevated in several complications associated with diabetes.
Solution: | Are diabetes and increased lipid peroxidation associated with systemic inflammation even in well-controlled patients? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: We developed a mouse model that enables non-invasive assessment of changes in beta cell mass.', 'We generated a transgenic mouse expressing luciferase under control of the mouse insulin I promoter [mouse insulin promoter-luciferase-Vanderbilt University (MIP-Luc-VU)] and characterized this model in mice with increased or decreased beta cell mass and after islet transplantation.', 'Streptozotocin-induced, diabetic MIP-Luc-VU mice had a progressive decline in bioluminescence that correlated with a decrease in beta cell mass. MIP-Luc-VU animals fed a high-fat diet displayed a progressive increase in bioluminescence that reflected an increase in beta cell mass. MIP-Luc-VU islets transplanted beneath the renal capsule or into the liver emitted bioluminescence proportional to the number of islets transplanted and could be imaged for more than a year.
Answer: Bioluminescence in the MIP-Luc-VU mouse model is proportional to beta cell mass in the setting of increased and decreased beta cell mass and after transplantation. | Does bioluminescence imaging in mouse models quantify beta cell mass in the pancreas and after islet transplantation? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: In streptozotocin-injected rats (STZ-rats), we previously demonstrated a role for angiotensin II (AT-II) in cardiac remodelling and insulin resistance partially counteracted by in vivo treatment with losartan, an AT-II receptor antagonist.We now aimed to investigate the effect of treating diabetic STZ-rats with losartan on diabetes vascular response to vasoconstrictors.', 'Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups, two of them were assigned to receive losartan in the drinking water (20 mg/kg/day) until the experiment ending (3 weeks afterward). After 1 week, two groups, one of which receiving losartan, were injected in the tail vein with citrate buffer (normoglycemic, N and normoglycemic, losartan-treated, NL). The remaining received a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg in citrate i.v.) thus becoming diabetic (D) and diabetic losartan-treated (DL). Plasma glycaemia and blood pressure were measured in all animals before the sacrifice (15 days after diabetes induction).In aortic strips isolated from N, NL, D and DL rats we evaluated i) the isometric concentration-dependent contractile response to phenylephrine (Phe) and to AT-II; ii) the RhoA-kinase (ROCK1) activity and expression by enzyme-immunoassay and Western blot respectively.', 'The concentration-dependent contractile effect of Phe was similar in aortas from all groups, whereas at all concentrations tested, AT-II contraction efficacy was 2 and half and 1 and half times higher in D and DL respectively in comparison with N and NL. AT-II contracture was similarly reduced in all groups by AT-II receptor antagonists, irbesartan or irbesartan plus PD123319. HA-1077 (10 microM), an inhibitor of ROCK1 activity, reduced AT-II efficacy (Deltamg/mg tissue w.w.) by -3.5 +/- 1.0, -4.6 +/- 1.9, -22.1 +/- 2.2 and -11.4 +/- 1.3 in N, NL, D and DL respectively). ROCK1 activity and expression were higher in D than in N/NL and DL aortas.
Answer: Aortas isolated from STZ-rats present hyper-contracture to AT-II mainly dependent on the up-regulation of ROCK1 expression/activity. In vivo losartan treatment partially corrects AT-II hyper-contracture, limiting the increase in ROCK1 expression/activity. These data offer a new molecular mechanism supporting the rationale for using losartan in the prevention of diabetic vascular complications.
answer:
Does losartan counteract the hyper-reactivity to angiotensin II and ROCK1 over-activation in aortas isolated from streptozotocin-injected diabetic rats?
question:
Context: The ability to achieve significant donor engraftment without fully myeloablative conditioning has revolutionized allogeneic stem cell transplantation. These nonmyeloablative approaches may allow extension of this potentially curative modality to an increasing number of patients including those with non-malignant diseases. Although a number of regimens have been explored, the optimal means of conditioning has not been determined.', 'We previously demonstrated that rapamycin (RAPA) has the ability to promote T-cell tolerance even in the presence of costimulation. In the current study, we examine the ability of rapamycin or the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A (CSA) to promote chimerism in a murine haploidentical bone marrow transplantation model. Mice were conditioned with 300 cGy and received either RAPA at 3 mg/kg/day IP, CSA at 20 mg/kg/day IP, or no immunosuppression starting on the day before the transplant and continued for 4 weeks.', 'There was no apparent toxicity, and animals maintained normal blood counts throughout. More importantly, long-term macrochimerism was observed only in the RAPA-treated group.
Answer: These results establish a simple, nontoxic, irradiation-based regimen that facilitates engraftment without ablation. This strategy may prove useful in nonmalignant disorders such as hemoglobinopathies in which moderate levels of donor chimerism could prove curative.
answer:
Does low-dose radiation plus rapamycin promote long-term bone marrow chimerism?
question:
Context: Limited knowledge exists about the value of tumor size in surgically treated cervical cancer (CX) using a tumor size of 2 cm as cut-off value.', 'A total of 366 cases of CX FIGO stage IB who received upfront surgery were evaluated regarding tumor size, the prediction of pelvic lymph node involvement, and recurrence-free and overall survival during a median follow-up time of 94 months. Tumors ≤2.0 cm were defined as small, tumors 2.1-4.0 cm as medium sized and those larger than 4 cm as bulky disease.', 'Small tumors were seen in 28.7%, medium sized in 52.5% and bulky tumors in 18.9%. There was a significant higher frequency of pelvic lymph node involvement with increasing tumor size (13.3% vs. 23.4% vs. 43.5%, respectively; p<0.001) and an increase of recurrent disease (6.7% vs. 18.8% vs. 29.4%, respectively; p<0.001). The 5-year overall survival rate was significantly reduced with increasing tumor size (94.0% vs. 85.1% vs. 69.9%, respectively; p<0.001). Pelvic lymph node involvement and maximal tumor size were independent prognostic factors for both recurrence-free and overall survival in multivariate analysis.
Answer: The results support that tumor size is of prognostic impact in FIGO stage IB cervical carcinomas. A further substaging is suggested for tumors up to 4.0 cm maximum dimension using a cut-off value of 2.0 cm as discriminator. Patients with tumors ≤2.0 cm may represent low risk disease.
answer:
| Is a cut-off value of 2 cm in tumor size of prognostic value in surgically treated FIGO stage IB cervical cancer?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: The clinical value of oesophageal histology in non-complicated gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is controversial. Our aim was to explore the role of histology in preoperative diagnosis and postoperative follow-up in GORD.', 'From 40 patients 2 histopathologists graded and scored 191 oesophageal biopsies in a blinded manner to evaluate inter- and intraobserver variation pre- and postoperatively. Correlation between preoperative histology and objective clinical findings (endoscopy, esophageal 24-hour pH monitoring, and manometry) was calculated as well.', 'Pathologist I interpreted 16 (50%) preoperative biopsies as normal, 5 (16%) with mild, 4 (12.5%) moderate, and 7 (21.9%) severe reflux changes. Pathologist II interpreted 11 (35.5%) preoperative biopsies as normal, 11 (35.5%) with mild, 6 (19.4%) moderate, and 3 (9.7%) severe reflux changes. In preoperative biopsies, interobserver variation was 33.8% and intraobserver variation 9.7%. A positive correlation was detectable between preoperative endoscopic and morphologic findings; no correlation existed between either acid reflux or LES pressure and oesophageal morphology. Normal pH monitoring and fundic wrap were noted postoperatively in all cases. In postoperative histology no significant differences according to pathologist I existed when compared with preoperative changes: 22 normal (69%), 7 mild (22%), 1 moderate (3.1%), and 2 severe (6.3%). Compared to preoperative analysis, pathologist II interpreted 24 (77%, p = 0.001) of the postoperative findings as normal, 1 (3%, p = 0.003) as mild, 4 (12.9%, n.s.) as moderate, and 2 (6.5% n.s.) as severe reflux changes. In postoperative biopsies interobserver variation was 21.1% and intraobserver variation 5.6%.
Answer: The role of oesophageal histology in preoperative diagnosis and postoperative follow-up of GORD may be considered limited.
Is oesophageal histology in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease of minor pre- and postoperative diagnostic value?
Context: The safety of Deltamethrin (DM) has been raised as a point of concern. The current investigation was envisaged to explore the responsiveness of oxidative stress parameters, DNA fragmentation and expression levels of TP53, cycloxygenase 2 (COX2) and cytochrome p4502E1 (CYP2E1) as toxicological endpoint in rats treated with DM. as well as attention was provided to the neuroprotective effect of vitamin E (VE).', 'Four different groups of rats were used in this study, group I served as control, group II received DM (0.6 mg/kg BW), group III received both DM plus VE and finally group IV received VE only (200 mg/kg BW). The treatment regimen was extending for one month for all groups and the brain tissues were collected for further analysis.', 'The obtained results showed a highly statistically significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) content, nitric oxide concentration, and DNA fragmentation percentage and expression level of CYP2E1, TP53 and COX2 genes, in addition statistical significant reduction in total antioxidant capacity in DM treated group as compared to control were detected. Oral administration of VE attenuated the neurotoxic effects of DM through improvement of oxidative status, DNA fragmentation percentage and suppressing the expression level of CYP2E1, TP53 and COX2 genes.
Answer: From this study we concluded that VE supplementation has beneficial impacts on DM neurotoxicity in rats through its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.
Does vitamin E attenuate neurotoxicity induced by deltamethrin in rats?
Context: To assess the predictive value of glycated albumin (GA) and other risk factors on a progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).', 'In this retrospective longitudinal study, we enrolled the subjects with type 2 diabetes who had undergone fundus photography twice with a 5-years gap between January 2006 and December 2012, and had been measured consecutively for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and GA levels every 3 or 6 months. The subjects were divided into two groups with or without a progression of DR. The mean HbA1c and mean GA were calculated separately by the sum of all measured values divided by the numbers of values throughout the study period.', 'Of the 359 subjects, progression group showed significantly higher diabetes duration (8.41±5.72 vs. 6.46±5.77, P<0.01), baseline HbA1c (9.13±2.71 vs. 8.41±2.32, P<0.05), fasting plasma glucose (8.71±2.78 vs. 7.94±2.63, P<0.05), 2h-postprandial glucose (15.12±11.20 vs.13.14±4.72, P<0.05), eGFR (114.81±39.15 vs. 103.23±32.18, P<0.01), mean HbA1c (8.32±1.69 vs. 7.39±1.35, P<0.01) and mean GA (22.66±5.92 vs. 19.83±5.18, P<0.01) than non-progression group. The frequencies of subjects with DR progression increased obviously with the increment of baseline HbA1c, mean HbA1c and mean GA according to quartile stratification of the above three glucose parameters. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis investigated that the factors affected the DR progression were the presence of DR at baseline (OR=0.391, P=0.005), mean HbA1c (OR=1.389, P=0.021), mean GA (OR=1.087, P=0.039) and eGFR (OR=1.008, P=0.045). The optimal cut-off values of mean HbA1c and GA to predict DR progression were 7.27% and 21.85%, respectively.
Answer: The presence of DR at baseline, poor glycemic control, glycated albumin, and impaired renal function predicted DR progression in patients with type 2 diabetes.
| Does serum glycated albumin predict the progression of diabetic retinopathy -- a five year retrospective longitudinal study?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: The study focuses on the analysis of the possible relationship between a common NYD-SP18 (rs6971091, G>A) gene polymorphism and weight loss after lifestyle intervention (combined dietary intake and physical activity) in overweight/obese females.', 'We genotyped 139 unrelated non-diabetic Czech females (49.5 ± 13.3 years, average BMI at baseline 32.2 ± 4.6 kg/m². Biochemical and anthropometrical measurements were performed before and after ten weeks of lifestyle intervention.
Answer: Overweight/obese female carriers of the NYD-SP18 rs6971091 GG genotype exhibited a more beneficial response to the intensive lifestyle intervention than others.
Output: | Do body Composition Changes in Adult Females after Lifestyle Intervention Are Influenced by the NYD-SP18 Variant? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Context: Tobacco use among persons with Type II diabetes exponentially increases negative health consequences and mortality rates. It is especially troubling that diabetic persons who smoke have a greater difficulty with tobacco cessation as compared to non-diabetic smokers. Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome that consists of insulin resistance due to disruptions in insulin signaling. We have previously shown that insulin depletion enhances the motivational effects of nicotine.', 'The present study expands our previous work by examining whether insulin resistance, produced by a high-fat diet (HFD) regimen, enhances the rewarding effects of nicotine, as measured by the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Rats were placed on either a regular diet (RD) or a HFD for 5 weeks, after which they were assessed for insulin resistance via blood glucose measurements after an insulin challenge. Rats then underwent a nicotine CPP study.', 'The findings revealed that HFD produced insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant animals. Interestingly, the magnitude of nicotine CPP was larger in insulin resistant rats versus RD rats. Nicotine CPP was absent in non-insulin resistant animals. A similar increase in body weight was observed in insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant rats as compared to RD rats. These findings suggest that neither the increased body weight nor the HFD per se in the insulin resistant rats contributed to the enhanced nicotine reward.
Answer: These present study suggests that insulin resistant rats undergo unique neurobiological changes related to a disruption in insulin signaling that promotes the rewarding effects of nicotine.
Output: | Do insulin resistant rats display enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: In streptozotocin-injected rats (STZ-rats), we previously demonstrated a role for angiotensin II (AT-II) in cardiac remodelling and insulin resistance partially counteracted by in vivo treatment with losartan, an AT-II receptor antagonist.We now aimed to investigate the effect of treating diabetic STZ-rats with losartan on diabetes vascular response to vasoconstrictors.', 'Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups, two of them were assigned to receive losartan in the drinking water (20 mg/kg/day) until the experiment ending (3 weeks afterward). After 1 week, two groups, one of which receiving losartan, were injected in the tail vein with citrate buffer (normoglycemic, N and normoglycemic, losartan-treated, NL). The remaining received a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg in citrate i.v.) thus becoming diabetic (D) and diabetic losartan-treated (DL). Plasma glycaemia and blood pressure were measured in all animals before the sacrifice (15 days after diabetes induction).In aortic strips isolated from N, NL, D and DL rats we evaluated i) the isometric concentration-dependent contractile response to phenylephrine (Phe) and to AT-II; ii) the RhoA-kinase (ROCK1) activity and expression by enzyme-immunoassay and Western blot respectively.', 'The concentration-dependent contractile effect of Phe was similar in aortas from all groups, whereas at all concentrations tested, AT-II contraction efficacy was 2 and half and 1 and half times higher in D and DL respectively in comparison with N and NL. AT-II contracture was similarly reduced in all groups by AT-II receptor antagonists, irbesartan or irbesartan plus PD123319. HA-1077 (10 microM), an inhibitor of ROCK1 activity, reduced AT-II efficacy (Deltamg/mg tissue w.w.) by -3.5 +/- 1.0, -4.6 +/- 1.9, -22.1 +/- 2.2 and -11.4 +/- 1.3 in N, NL, D and DL respectively). ROCK1 activity and expression were higher in D than in N/NL and DL aortas.
Answer: Aortas isolated from STZ-rats present hyper-contracture to AT-II mainly dependent on the up-regulation of ROCK1 expression/activity. In vivo losartan treatment partially corrects AT-II hyper-contracture, limiting the increase in ROCK1 expression/activity. These data offer a new molecular mechanism supporting the rationale for using losartan in the prevention of diabetic vascular complications.
answer:
Does losartan counteract the hyper-reactivity to angiotensin II and ROCK1 over-activation in aortas isolated from streptozotocin-injected diabetic rats?
question:
Context: Accumulating evidences indicated that lncRNAs play crucial regulatory roles in oncogenesis and progression of cancers. BRAF activated non-coding RNA (BANCR) has been identified to contribute to the progression of some human cancers. However, the relationship between BANCR and bladder cancer (BC) is largely unclear.', 'BANCR expression levels in BC, paired non-cancer tissues and BC cell lines were detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The relationships between BANCR expression levels and the clinical characteristics were evaluated. BANCR expression was enhanced by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. We used both CCK-8 assay and Edu assay to detect cell proliferation. We also detect cell apoptosis and migration by using ELISA assay, Flow cytometry and transwell assay, respectively. All statistical analyses were executed by using the SPSS 20.0 software.', 'BANCR expression levels were remarkably decreased in BC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. BANCR expression levels in two BC cell lines were also significantly down-regulated. Clinicopathologic analysis revealed that low BANCR expression was positively correlated with TNM stage, but not associated with other clinicopathological characteristics. BANCR has been successfully overexpressed in BC cell lines (T24 and SW780) by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. Cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction and migration suppression were also observed in pCDNA-BANCR-transfected T24 and SW780 cells.
Answer: These data suggested that BANCR represents a tumor suppressor player in bladder cancer, contributes to tumor proliferation, apoptosis and migration, and may serve as a new candidate biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for patients with BC.
answer:
Does over-expression of long noncoding RNA BANCR inhibit malignant phenotypes of human bladder cancer?
question:
Context: Events in the lungs might contribute to generation of anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated if signs of immune activation are present in bronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with early-untreated RA without clinical signs of lung involvement.', 'Twenty-four patients with RA with symptom duration <1\u2005year and naïve to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs were subjected to bronchoscopy where BAL and mucosal bronchial biopsies were retrieved. For comparison, 15 bronchial biopsies and 79 BAL samples from healthy volunteers were available. Histological examination was performed to evaluate lymphocyte infiltration, presence of immune cells (T and B cells, plasma cells, dendritic cells and macrophages) and immune activation markers. Cell composition of BAL samples was analysed by differential counting and T cell subsets by flow cytometry.', 'Lymphocyte infiltration was more frequently found in ACPA-positive patients (50%) as compared with ACPA-negative patients (17%) and controls (13%). Germinal centres, B cells and plasma cells were only found in ACPA-positive patients. The frequency of T cells in bronchial biopsies of patients with ACPA-positive RA was positively associated with expression of immune activation markers. BAL samples of patients with ACPA-positive, but not ACPA-negative, RA had significantly higher relative numbers of lymphocytes and expressed higher levels of activation markers compared with controls.
Answer: Signs of immune cell accumulation and activation are present both in the bronchial tissue and in BAL of untreated patients with early RA without concomitant lung disease, strengthening the role of the lung compartment as an important player in ACPA-positive RA.
answer:
| Are signs of immune activation and local inflammation present in the bronchial tissue of patients with untreated early rheumatoid arthritis?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Obesity is a well-known risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of genetic loci associated with obesity. The aim of this study is to examine the contribution of obesity-related genomic loci to type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population.', 'We successfully genotyped 18 obesity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms among 5338 type 2 diabetic patients and 4663 controls. Both individual and joint effects of these single nucleotide polymorphisms on type 2 diabetes and quantitative glycemic traits (assessing β-cell function and insulin resistance) were analyzed using logistic and linear regression models, respectively.', 'Two single nucleotide polymorphisms near MC4R and GNPDA2 genes were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes before adjusting for body mass index and waist circumference (OR (95% CI)\u200a=\u200a1.14 (1.06, 1.22) for the A allele of rs12970134, P\u200a=\u200a4.75×10(-4); OR (95% CI)\u200a=\u200a1.10 (1.03, 1.17) for the G allele of rs10938397, P\u200a=\u200a4.54×10(-3)). When body mass index and waist circumference were further adjusted, the association of MC4R with type 2 diabetes remained significant (P\u200a=\u200a1.81×10(-2)) and that of GNPDA2 was attenuated (P\u200a=\u200a1.26×10(-1)), suggesting the effect of the locus including GNPDA2 on type 2 diabetes may be mediated through obesity. Single nucleotide polymorphism rs2260000 within BAT2 was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes after adjusting for body mass index and waist circumference (P\u200a=\u200a1.04×10(-2)). In addition, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (near or within SEC16B, BDNF, MAF and PRL genes) showed significant associations with quantitative glycemic traits in controls even after adjusting for body mass index and waist circumference (all P values<0.05).
Answer: This study indicates that obesity-related genomic loci were associated with type 2 diabetes and glycemic traits in the Han Chinese population. | Are obesity-related genomic loci associated with type 2 diabetes in a Han Chinese population? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Ex Input:
Context: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a retinopathy resulting from diabetes mellitus (DM) which was classified into non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR). Without an early screening and effective diagnosis, patients with PDR will develop serious complications. Therefore, we sought to identify special serum microRNAs (miRNAs) that can serve as a novel non-invasive screening signature of PDR and test its specificity and sensitivity in the early diagnosis of PDR.', 'In total, we obtained serum samples from 90 PDR cases, 90 matched NPDR patients and 20 controls. An initial screening of miRNA expression was performed through TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA). The candidate miRNAs were validated by individual reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) arranged in an initial and a two-stage validation sets. Moreover, additional double-blind testing was performed in 20 patients clinically suspected of having DR to evaluate the diagnostic value and accuracy of the serum miRNA profiling system in predicting PDR.', 'Three miRNAs were significantly increased in patients with PDR compared with NPDR after the multiple stages. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the validated three-serum miRNAs signature were 0.830, 0.803 and 0.873 in the initial and two validation sets, respectively. Combination of miR-21, miR-181c, and miR-1179 possessed a moderate ability to discrimination between PDR and NPDR with an area under ROC value of 0.89. The accuracy rate of the three-miRNA profile as PDR signature was 82.6%.
Answer: These data provide evidence that serum miRNAs have the potential to be sensitive, cost-effective biomarkers for the early detection of PDR. These biomarkers could serve as a dynamic monitoring factor for detecting the progression of PDR from NPDR.
Ex Output:
Do serum miRNA biomarkers serve as a fingerprint for proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Ex Input:
Context: To observe pharmacological difference between ultra-fine particles of six ingredient Rehmannia pill and traditional six ingredient Rehmannia pill.', 'Pharmacokinetic index was measured by death rate, and pharmacology actions were compared by anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, clearance rate of charcoal particle, hypoxia resistance and serum hemolysin concentration experiment.', 'Dose-effection was significant and pharmacology actions were more than traditional six ingredient Rehmannia pill in six ingredient Rehmannia pill.
Answer: Ultra-fine particles of six ingredient Rehmannia pill are better than traditional six ingredient Rehmannia pill in bioavailability and pharmacology actions, and the weight of pill is reduced while efficacy is enhenced by ultra-fine particles.
Ex Output:
Do [ Study on pharmacology of ultra-fine particles compound Rehmannia ]?
Ex Input:
Context: It is uncertain whether neck circumference can be a risk indicator for subclinical atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate their relationships measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) and common carotid intima-media thickness (cc-IMT) with neck circumference in ELSA-Brasil.', 'In cross-sectional and sex-specific analyses of 2266 women (50.6 ± 8.4 yrs) and 1886 men (50.7 ± 9.0 yrs) with both cc-IMT and CAC, free from previous cardiovascular disease at baseline, we built logistic models using diverse cut-off points for CAC score (0 vs > 0, < 100 vs ≥ 100, < 400 vs ≥ 400 Agatston units) and cc-IMT (< 75 th percentile vs ≥ 75 th; <90th percentile vs ≥ 90 th) as dependent variables, after which adjustments for age and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were made. Mean neck circumference was 33.6 (± 2.4 cm) for women and 38.8 (± 2.6 cm) for men. In fully adjusted models including sociodemographic, cardiovascular risk factors and body-mass index and waist circumference, for each 1 standard deviation increase in neck circumference we found an odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) for IMT above the 75th percentile of (1.52, 1.16; 1.99) for women and (1.66, 1.28; 2.14) for men, and above the 90th cc-IMT percentile [1.66 (1.19; 2.32) for men but not for women [1.21 (0.80; 1.82)]. We found no association between neck circumference and CAC using different cut-off points (p > 0.05 for all).
Answer: Neck circumference was significantly and independently associated with cc-IMT but not with CAC in women and men, indicating a possible effect of perivascular fat tissue on atherosclerosis.
Ex Output:
| Is neck circumference associated with carotid intimal-media thickness but not with coronary artery calcium : Results from The ELSA-Brasil?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example Input: Context: We utilized whole-genome mapping of promoters that are activated by DNA hypomethylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical samples to shortlist novel targets for anticancer therapeutics. We provide a proof of principle of this approach by testing six genes short-listed in our screen for their essential role in cancer growth and invasiveness.', 'We used siRNA- or shRNA-mediated depletion to determine whether inhibition of these genes would reduce human tumor xenograft growth in mice as well as cell viability, anchorage-independent growth, invasive capacities, and state of activity of nodal signaling pathways in liver, breast, and bladder cancer cell lines.', 'Depletion of EXOSC4, RNMT, SENP6, WBSCR22, RASAL2, and NENF effectively and specifically inhibits cancer cell growth and cell invasive capacities in different types of cancer, but, remarkably, there is no effect on normal cell growth, suggesting a ubiquitous causal role for these genes in driving cancer growth and metastasis. Depletion of RASAL2 and NENF in vitro reduces their growth as explants in vivo in mice. RASAL2 and NENF depletion interferes with AKT, WNT, and MAPK signaling pathways as well as regulation of epigenetic proteins that were previously demonstrated to drive cancer growth and metastasis.
Answer: Our results prove that genes that are hypomethylated and induced in tumors are candidate targets for anticancer therapeutics in multiple cancer cell types. Because these genes are particularly activated in cancer, they constitute a group of targets for specific pharmacologic inhibitors of cancer and cancer metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3118-32. ©2014 AACR.
Example Output: Does genome-wide study of hypomethylated and induced genes in patients with liver cancer unravel novel anticancer targets?
Example Input: Context: PTH stimulates bone formation in Fgfr3 knockout mice through promotion of proliferation and differentiation in osteoblasts.', 'Previous studies showed that endogenous fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is required for parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated bone anabolic effects, however, the exact mechanisms by which PTH stimulate bone formation and the function of FGF receptors in mediating these actions are not fully defined. FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) has been characterized as an important regulator of bone metabolism and is confirmed to cross-talk with PTH/PTHrP signal in cartilage and bone development.', 'Fgfr3 knockout and wild-type mice at 2-month-old and 4-month-old were intraperitoneally injected with PTH intermittently for 4 weeks and then the skeletal responses to PTH were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), micro-computed tomography (μCT) and bone histomorphometry.', 'Intermittent PTH treatment improved bone mineral density (BMD) and femoral mechanical properties in both Fgfr3 (-/-) and wild-type mice. Histomorphometric analysis showed that bone formation and bone resorption were increased in both genotypes following PTH treatment. PTH treatment increased trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) in WT and Fgfr3-deficient mice. The anabolic response in Fgfr3-deficient and wild-type bone is characterized by an increase of both bone formation and resorption-related genes following PTH treatment. In addition, we found that Fgfr3 null osteoblasts (compared to wild-type controls) maintained normal abilities to response to PTH-stimulated increase of proliferation, differentiation, expression of osteoblastic marker genes (Cbfa1, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin), and phosphorylation of Erk1/2.
Answer: Bone anabolic effects of PTH were not impaired by the absence of FGFR3, suggesting that the FGFR3 signaling may not be required for osteoanabolic effects of PTH activities.
Example Output: Does fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Deficiency Impair the Osteoanabolic Action of Parathyroid Hormone on Mice?
Example Input: Context: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is commonly seen in the field of renal surgery or transplantation, is a major cause of acute renal failure (ARF). The ischemic ARF in diabetic rats is much more severe than that in the normal rats exposed to as same ischemic time. Ischemic post-conditioning (IPO) is a phenomenon by which intermittent interruptions of blood flow in the early phase of reperfusion can protect organs from I/R injury. To determine whether the renal protection effect of IPO mediates by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in diabetic rats.', 'Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group, I/R group, and IPO group. Except sham operation group, rats were subjected to 30\u2009min of renal ischemia, both with and without treatment with IPO, then reperfusion 24\u2009h. Light microscope and transmission electronic microscope were used to observe structural changes of renal tubule. RT-PCR was used to measure TLR4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression level, renal TLR4 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) protein expression was detected by Western blot.', 'The results demonstrated that IPO markedly decreased renal ischemic injury caused by I/R and inhibited the proinflammatory expression levels of TLR4, TNF-α, and NF-κB, all of which up-regulated by I/R in diabetic rats.
Answer: Taken together, our results suggest that proper IPO may have protective effect on the ischemic injury mediated by renal I/R, which might be associated with inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathway in diabetic rats.
Example Output: | Does ischemic post-conditioning attenuate renal ischemic reperfusion injury via down-regulation of toll-like receptor 4 in diabetic rats?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Example solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Example explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Problem: Context: Reduced levels of free and total insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) have been observed in type-1 diabetes (T1D) patients. The bioavailability of IGF-I from the circulation to the target cells is controlled by multifunctional IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). The aim of this study was to profile serum IGFBPs in T1D and its complications.', 'We measured the IGFBP levels in 3662 patient serum samples from our ongoing Phenome and Genome of Diabetes Autoimmunity (PAGODA) study. IGFBP levels of four different groups of T1D patients (with 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 complications) were compared with healthy controls.', 'Three serum IGFBPs (IGFBP-1, -2, and -6) are significantly higher in T1D patients, and these alterations are greater in the presence of diabetic complications. IGFBP-3 is lower in patients with diabetic complications. Analyses using quintiles revealed that risk of T1D complications increases with increasing concentrations of IGFBP-2 (fifth quintile ORs: 18-60, p\u2009<\u200910(-26)), IGFBP-1 (fifth quintile ORs: 8-20, p\u2009<\u200910(-15)), and IGFBP-6 (fifth quintile ORs: 3-148, p\u2009<\u200910(-3)). IGFBP-3 has a negative association with T1D complications (fifth quintile ORs: 0.12-0.25, p\u2009<\u200910(-5)).
Answer: We found that elevated serum levels of IGFBP-1, -2, and -6 were associated with T1D, and its complications and IGFBP-3 level was found to be decreased in T1D with complications. Given the known role of these IGFBPs, the overall impact of these alterations suggests a negative effect on IGF signaling.
| Solution: Do iGF-Binding Proteins in Type-1 Diabetes Are More Severely Altered in the Presence of Complications? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Teacher: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? If you are still confused, see the following example:
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Reason: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Now, solve this instance: Context: The commonest cause of mortality in patients with Type 2 diabetes is atherothrombosis, which can be related to abnormalities in the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways, as well as in platelet function. Platelet microparticles (PMPs) may contribute to the prothrombotic state and may promote the progression of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that PMPs are elevated in Type 2 diabetes and that patients with Type 2 diabetes and clinically apparent atherosclerosis would have the highest levels. Similarly, we hypothesized that soluble plasma P-selectin (sPsel) and CD40L (both molecules which are released by activated platelets), as well as %CD62P (P-selectin) and %CD63 positivity on platelets quantified by flow cytometry, would be highest in patients with Type 2 diabetes and clinically apparent atherosclerotic disease, and might be correlated to PMP levels.', 'Venous blood was obtained from 21 Type 2 diabetic patients without atherosclerotic complications, 18 diabetic patients with clinically apparent atherosclerotic disease and 21 non-diabetic control subjects. PMPs, as well as %CD62P and %CD63 positivity on platelets, were quantified by flow cytometry. sPsel and CD40L were measured using ELISA.', 'Patients with Type 2 diabetes and clinically apparent atherosclerotic disease had the highest PMP (P=0.045) and sPsel (P=0.046) levels, compared with patients without complications (who had intermediate PMP levels) and control subjects. Control subjects had the lowest CD40L levels (P<0.001) when compared with patients with Type 2 diabetes, with no difference in sCD40L levels between the two diabetic subgroups. %CD62P and %CD63 positivity did not differ between the groups. PMP levels correlated with %CD62P positivity (P=0.026) but not to %CD63 positivity (P=0.089), sCD40L (P=0.407) or sP-sel (P=0.163); sCD40L levels did not correlate with any other marker of platelet activation.
Answer: PMPs are elevated in Type 2 diabetes. In addition, patients with clinically apparent atherosclerosis had the highest levels of PMPs and sPsel. Thus, PMPs may be a marker of symptomatic atherosclerotic vascular disease in Type 2 diabetes, and may both represent a useful risk stratification tool as well as a novel therapeutic target for anti-thrombotic drugs.
Student: | Is clinically apparent atherosclerotic disease in diabetes associated with an increase in platelet microparticle levels? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
--------
Question: Context: The ability of CD8(+) T-cells to induce prostate inflammation was examined using a prostate ovalbumin expressing transgenic mouse (POET) and/or adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T-cells (OT-I) that specifically recognize ovalbumin. Localization of inflammatory cells to prostate tissue was examined following T-cell activation via endogenous prostatic antigen, recombinant type 5 adenovirus carrying the gene coding ovalbumin (Ad5-mOVA), or adoptive transfer of in vitro antigen stimulated OT-I cells.', 'Ovalbumin specific OT-I cells were activated by autologous prostate antigen and trafficked to the prostate, but did not induce inflammation unless present in overwhelming numbers ( approximately 65% of CD8(+) T-cells). Activation of antigen specific CD8(+) T-cells in vitro (peptide pulsed antigen presenting cells) or in vivo (Ad5-mOVA) induced transitory prostate inflammation, without induction of prostate pathology, regardless of CD4(+) T-cell availability. Inflammation also was observed in OT-I x POET mice but again, pathological effects were not observed.
Answer: T lymphocytes specific for a prostate antigen are capable of inducing inflammatory infiltration of prostatic tissue rapidly following activation, but do not produce pathological prostate injury.
Answer: Is t-cell recognition of a prostate specific antigen sufficient to induce prostate tissue destruction?
Question: Context: Accumulating evidences indicated that lncRNAs play crucial regulatory roles in oncogenesis and progression of cancers. BRAF activated non-coding RNA (BANCR) has been identified to contribute to the progression of some human cancers. However, the relationship between BANCR and bladder cancer (BC) is largely unclear.', 'BANCR expression levels in BC, paired non-cancer tissues and BC cell lines were detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The relationships between BANCR expression levels and the clinical characteristics were evaluated. BANCR expression was enhanced by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. We used both CCK-8 assay and Edu assay to detect cell proliferation. We also detect cell apoptosis and migration by using ELISA assay, Flow cytometry and transwell assay, respectively. All statistical analyses were executed by using the SPSS 20.0 software.', 'BANCR expression levels were remarkably decreased in BC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. BANCR expression levels in two BC cell lines were also significantly down-regulated. Clinicopathologic analysis revealed that low BANCR expression was positively correlated with TNM stage, but not associated with other clinicopathological characteristics. BANCR has been successfully overexpressed in BC cell lines (T24 and SW780) by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. Cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction and migration suppression were also observed in pCDNA-BANCR-transfected T24 and SW780 cells.
Answer: These data suggested that BANCR represents a tumor suppressor player in bladder cancer, contributes to tumor proliferation, apoptosis and migration, and may serve as a new candidate biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for patients with BC.
Answer: Does over-expression of long noncoding RNA BANCR inhibit malignant phenotypes of human bladder cancer?
Question: Context: Corticosteroids remain the mainstay for control of ocular inflammation after vitreous surgery. A controlled, randomized, prospective study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a single intravitreal injection of dexamethasone phosphate on postoperative inflammation after simple vitreous surgery in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular pucker.', 'Aqueous cell flare intensity was measured preoperatively and on days 1, 10, and 90 in 56 consecutive patients who underwent vitreous surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular pucker. Subjects were consecutively randomized to two groups: 400 microg of intravitreal dexamethasone (treatment group) or no dexamethasone (control group)', 'Before surgery, cell and flare intensity was similar in both groups. Flare intensity was significandy lower at 10, 30, and 90 days in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy treatment group (P < .05).
Answer: Intravitreal dexamethasone significantly alleviates postoperative inflammation after vitreous surgery and is a useful adjunct.
Answer: | Does intravitreal dexamethasone effectively reduce postoperative inflammation after vitreoretinal surgery?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: Recently, the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the pathogenesis of heart failure through different mechanisms has received much attention. Subclinical changes in left ventricular (LV) function can be identified using quantification of myocardial strain, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a superior predictor of outcomes than ejection fraction. We hypothesized that increased OPG levels could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in treated diabetic hypertensive patients with preserved LV ejection fraction.', 'The study was composed of 86 diabetic hypertensive and 30 nondiabetic hypertensive patients. All patients underwent echocardiography and venous blood samples were taken for determination of OPG. The relation between OPG levels and LV GLS was investigated using 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.', 'Diabetic hypertensive patients had higher diastolic peak early/early diastolic tissue velocity and lower systolic tissue velocity, GLS, GLS rate systolic, and GLS rate early diastolic than nondiabetic hypertensive patients (P = 0.009, P = 0.049, P < 0.001, P = 0.004, and P < 0.001, respectively). Diabetic hypertensive patients were divided into 2 groups according to median GLS value (> 18.5 and ≤ 18.5). The patients with GLS ≤ 18.5 had higher diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg; P = 0.048), OPG (pmol/L; P < 0.001), and hemoglobin A1c (%; P = 0.042) values than those with GLS > 18.5. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, OPG was found to be an independent predictor of impaired GLS (P = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that OPG values of > 6.45 (pmol/L) identified the patients with GLS ≤ 18.5.
Answer: Plasma OPG values could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients.
A: | Is osteoprotegerin associated with subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients : a speckle tracking study? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is more sensitive than standard C-reactive protein (CRP) assay in evaluating the risk of coronary heart disease and other atherosclerotic events. By this time, there are several reports that type 2 diabetic subjects have higher serum levels of hsCRP than those of non-diabetic subjects. However, there are few reports about factors which have influence upon the level of serum hsCRP in type 2 diabetic subjects. We had evaluated the association of serum hsCRP level with risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in type 2 diabetic subjects.', 'One hundred and five patients (59 men and 46 women) with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Subjects with severe cardiovascular diseases were excluded. All subjects were undergone carotid ultrasonography for evaluation of carotid IMT. Serum hsCRP concentrations were measured.', 'Serum hsCRP level was correlated with mean left IMT (r = 0.366, P = 0.003), maximal left IMT (r = 0.370, P = 0.002), mean right IMT (r = 0.281, P = 0.023) and maximal right IMT (r = 0.370, P = 0.002), body mass index (r = 0.377, P < 0.001), waist circumference (r = 0.342, P < 0.001), waist-hip ratio (r = 0.229, P = 0.020), serum total cholesterol (r = 0.202, P = 0.024), serum triglyceride (r = 0.292, P = 0.022) and serum low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.133, P = 0.044).
Answer: Our result shows that serum hsCRP level is correlated with carotid IMT and the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and may be useful to predict accelerated atherosclerotic process in type 2 diabetic subjects.
answer:
Is serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein associated with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes?
question:
Context: Some living kidney donors report lost income during recovery from surgery. Little is known about whether concern for living donor's lost income affects the decision to undergo donation evaluation and the willingness of transplant candidates to discuss living kidney donation (LKD) with others.", 'To examine whether transplant patients were told by potential donors about lost income concerns and whether patients chose not to discuss LKD with others due to lost income concerns.', "Kidney transplant patients (185 wait-listed candidates, 171 deceased donor recipients, and 100 live donor recipients) at 2 centers completed a questionnaire to assess whether concern about donor's lost income was a consideration in discussion about LKD with others.", 'One-third (32%) were told by a family member/friend that they were willing to donate but were concerned about potential lost income. The majority of those who expressed financial concern (64%) did not initiate donation evaluation. Many patients (42%) chose not to discuss living donation with a family member/friend due to concern about the impact of lost income on the donor. In the multivariable model, lower annual household income was the only statistically significant predictor of both having a potential donor expressing lost income concern and choosing not to talk to someone because of lost income concern.
Answer: Findings from the current study underscore how concern about income loss for living donors may affect decision-making by both transplant candidates and potential donors.
answer:
Does concern for Lost Income Following Donation deter Some Patients From Talking to Potential Living Donors?
question:
Context: We aimed to investigate whether and how the total flavonoid extracts (TFE) from Inula britannica L. block neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury in rats.', 'Rats were administered orally TFE doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg/d by gastric gavage from 3 days before balloon injury to 14 days after the injury. The ratio of intima (I) to media (M) thickness (I/M) in carotid arteries was examined by morphological analyses. The MDA content and SOD activity in plasma were measured. The O(2)(-) production in vascular tissues was detected in situ. The expression of p47(phox) in carotid arteries was analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry.', 'The rats treated with TFE 50 mg/kg/d showed a reduction in neointimal hyperplasia, and the ratio of I/M of balloon injured-carotid arteries was significantly reduced by over 70% after TFE treatment, compared with the injured group. The inhibitory effect of TFE on neointimal hyperplasia was almost consistent with that of atorvastatin, a positive control. The plasma SOD activity was obviously increased by TFE treatment (P<0.01), while plasma MDA production was markedly decreased by TFE treatment (P<0.05). On day 14 after balloon injury, the carotid arteries showed an increase in O(2)(-) production that was most evident in the neointimal and medial layer of the vessel. Thus, TFE significantly inhibited injury-induced O(2)(-) production and p47(phox) expression in carotid arteries.
Answer: Our results suggest that TFE inhibit the neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury, at least partly, by suppressing oxidative-stress generation.
answer:
| Do flavonoids from Inula britannica L. inhibit injury-induced neointimal formation by suppressing oxidative-stress generation?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Why? The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
New input: Context: Maternal diabetes is a risk factor for pregnancy complications, including stillbirth and macrosomia. Evolving data suggest that diabetes during pregnancy also has long-term consequences for offspring, putting them at risk for obesity and the metabolic syndrome in childhood. Because nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is known to occur in adults and children with insulin resistance, we hypothesized that altered lipid metabolism in fetuses of diabetic mothers may manifest with hepatic steatosis.', 'We undertook a retrospective autopsy study to compare the presence and degree of hepatic steatosis between stillborns delivered to women with pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus (gestational age 20-40 weeks; n\u200a=\u200a33) and age-matched nondiabetic control stillbirth cases (n\u200a=\u200a48), the latter enriched for maternal obesity, macrosomia, and similar cause of demise.', 'Histopathologic hepatic steatosis was significantly more prevalent and severe in the diabetic subjects (26/33, 78.8%) than in the controls (8/48, 16.6%) (P\u200a<\u200a0.001). Within the diabetic cohort, the severity of steatosis was related directly to gestational age, birth weight, and liver weight, with no correlation of presence or severity of steatosis in the control group to maternal or fetal factors, including maternal body mass index or fetal macrosomia. Although macrosomic stillborns were more common in diabetic women with %hemoglobin A1c >6 and body mass index >30 kg/m, fetal steatosis was independent of glycemic control, maternal obesity, type of diabetes, ethnicity, or fetal sex in our cohort.
Answer: This study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate a specific association between fetal hepatic steatosis and maternal diabetes.
Solution: | Is hepatic steatosis prevalent in stillborns delivered to women with diabetes mellitus? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Ex Input:
Context: The independent prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has been questioned, and consequently we decided to investigate whether hsCRP was associated with subclinical cardiovascular (CV) damage independently of traditional CV risk factors.', 'In a population-based sample of 2028 apparently healthy individuals without prior stroke or myocardial infarction not receiving any CV, anti-diabetic or lipid-lowering treatment, aged 41, 51, 61 or 71 years, we measured in 1993 serum hsCRP, traditional CV risk factors (lifestyle, metabolic and hemodynamic) and assessed subclinical CV damage [atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries, pulse wave velocity (PWV), urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), left ventricular (LV) mass and ejection fraction].', 'Adjusting for age and gender in multiple regression analyses, higher log(hsCRP) was associated with higher logPWV (beta = 0.15) and log(left ventricular mass index) (LVMI) (beta = 0.09, both P < 0.001), LV relative wall thickness (beta = 0.07, P < 0.01), logUACR (beta = 0.04, P = 0.06) and more atherosclerotic plaques (beta = 0.06, P < 0.05). However, higher log(hsCRP) was only weakly associated with higher logPWV(beta = 0.06, P < 0.05) and more atherosclerotic plaques (beta = 0.04, P = 0.06) when adjusting for other significant CV risk factors, such as daily smoking (beta = 0.18), female gender (beta = -0.17), older age (beta = 0.11), lower log(high density lipoprotein cholesterol) (beta = -0.11, all P < 0.001); wider waist (beta = 0.17), higher body mass index (beta = 0.14), higher heart rate (beta = 0.06, all P < 0.01); and higher log(plasma glucose) (beta = 0.05, P < 0.05) (adj. R2 = 0.19, P < 0.001).
Answer: After adjustment for traditional CV risk factors hsCRP was only associated with PWV and atherosclerotic plaques, indicating a possible effect of low-grade inflammation on macrovascular damage. The close relationship between traditional CV risk factors and hsCRP suggested that hsCRP was an integrated CV risk marker early in the development of atherosclerosis.
Ex Output:
Is high-sensitivity C-reactive protein only weakly related to cardiovascular damage after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors?
Ex Input:
Context: Biological evidence reported in the literature supports the role of CELSR1 as being essential for valvular function in murine lymphatics. Yet thus far, there have been no variants in CELSR1 associated with lymphatic dysfunction in humans.', 'In this report, a rare early inactivating mutation in CELSR1 is found to be causal for non-syndromic, lower extremity lymphedema in a family across three generations. Near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging shows that instead of being propelled within the lumen of well-defined lymphatic vessels, lymph moved in regions of both legs in an unusual fashion and within sheet-like structures.
Answer: CELSRI may be responsible for primary, non-syndromic lymphedema in humans.
Ex Output:
Is a novel mutation in CELSR1 associated with hereditary lymphedema?
Ex Input:
Context: Evidence of hyperplasia with atypia found both on random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) and in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) fluid are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer.', 'In this study, we report the correlation of NAF production with cytological assessment of ductal cells obtained by RPFNA.', '113 women at high risk for development of breast cancer attending the Breast Cancer Prevention Clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center underwent a single NAF collection attempt and RPFNA.', 'NAF was successfully collected in 51% of women. There was no significant difference in age, 5-year Gail risk assessment, menopausal status, hormone use, family history of breast cancer, history of prior atypical hyperplasia/LCIS or history of contralateral DCIS/invasive breast cancer between women who produced NAF and those that did not. The only significant difference between the two groups was in history of prior lactation (p = 0.018). Twenty-seven of the 113 subjects were found to have hyperplasia with atypia by RPFNA was 31% in women who produced NAF versus 16% in those who did not (p = 0.07).
Answer: Although prevalence of RPFNA atypia was numerically higher in NAF producers than non-producers the difference did not reach statistical significance. Failure to produce NAF does not exclude the presence of hyperplasia with atypia by random periareolar fine needle aspiration.
Ex Output:
| Does failure of high risk women to produce nipple aspirate fluid exclude detection of cytologic atypia in random periareolar fine needle aspiration specimens?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[Q]: Context: Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) regulates thymidine phosphorylase (TP) mRNA stability. The aim of the present study was to analyze hnRNP K and TP expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to evaluate the prognostic and therapeutic potential of these two markers.', "We analyzed hnRNP K and TP expression immunohistochemically in 121 clinically proven NPC cases. Statistical analyses were applied to correlate cytoplasmic hnRNP K with elevated TP expression and determine the prognostic significance of these parameters. The therapeutic implication of elevated TP expression was determined by measuring sensitivity of NPC cells to the TP-targeting drug, 5-fluoro-5'-deoxyuridine (5'-DFUR).", "There was a high correlation between cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP (P < 0.001). Both cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP were associated with poor overall survival (OS; P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively) and distant metastasis-free survival (P = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively) of NPC patients. A multivariate analysis confirmed that both cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP are independent prognostic predictors for OS (P = 0.020 and 0.010, respectively). NPC cells expressing high TP were more sensitive to treatment with the TP-targeting drug, 5'-DFUR.
Answer: Cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP are associated with shorter OS and distant metastasis-free survival in NPC patients. In vitro experiments suggest that NPC tumors with high TP expression may be sensitive to 5'-DFUR treatment. Cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP may be potential prognostic and therapeutic markers for NPC, but additional validation studies are warranted.
[A]: Are heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein k and thymidine phosphorylase independent prognostic and therapeutic markers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
[Q]: Context: The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10494366 in the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene is associated with QTc prolongation, through an effect on the intracellular Ca levels. As sulfonylurea stimulate insulin secretion by an increased influx of Ca, we hypothesized that this polymorphism is associated with the glucose-lowering effect and mortality risk in sulfonylurea users.', 'Associations between the NOS1AP polymorphism, prescribed doses, and mortality rates in sulfonylurea, metformin, and insulin users were assessed in the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study of 7983 elderly people.', 'We identified 619 participants who were prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs during follow-up. In glibenclamide users carrying the TG genotype, the prescribed doses were higher compared with the glibenclamide users carrying the TT genotype [0.38 defined daily dose units, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.63]. Glibenclamide users with the TG or GG genotype had an increased mortality risk compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype [hazard ratio (HR) 2.80, 95% CI: 1.09-7.22]. Tolbutamide users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.63) and glimepiride users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04-0.74) had a decreased mortality risk compared with tolbutamide and glimepiride users with the TT genotype.
Answer: In participants with the TG or GG genotype at rs10494366 in the NOS1AP gene, glibenclamide is less effective in reducing glucose levels and mortality rates were higher compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype. In tolbutamide and glimepiride users, the TG and GG genotype were associated with a reduced mortality rate.
[A]: Is common variation in the NOS1AP gene associated with reduced glucose-lowering effect and with increased mortality in users of sulfonylurea?
[Q]: Context: Troponin I (TnI) and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) are important myofibrillar proteins involved in the regulation of myofilament calcium (Ca2+) sensitivity and cardiac inotropy. The objectives of this study were to determine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in mediating propofol-induced changes in actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in cardiac myofibrils and to examine the extent to which propofol alters the phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2 in cardiomyocytes.', 'Freshly isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were used for the study. Cardiac myofibrils were extracted for assessment of actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity and phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2. Western blot analysis for PKC-alpha was performed on cardiomyocyte subcellular fractions. Simultaneous measurement of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) and myocyte shortening was assessed using fura-2 and video edge detection, respectively.', 'Propofol (30 microM) reduced the Ca2+ concentration required for activation of actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity, and this effect was abolished by bisindolylmaleimide I. In addition, propofol stimulated dose-dependent phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2. PKC activation with phorbol myristic acetate also stimulated an increase in phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2. The actions of propofol and phorbol myristic acetate together on phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2 were not additive. PKC inhibition with bisindolylmaleimide I attenuated phorbol myristic acetate- and propofol-induced phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2. Propofol stimulated translocation of PKC-alpha from cytosolic to membrane fraction. Propofol caused a shift in the extracellular Ca2+-shortening relationship, and this effect was abolished by bisindolylmaleimide I.
Answer: These results suggest that propofol increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity via a PKC-dependent pathway involving the phosphorylation of MLC2.
[A]: | Does propofol increase phosphorylation of troponin I and myosin light chain 2 via protein kinase C activation in cardiomyocytes?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
--------
Question: Context: Endometrial cancers (ECs) are the most common form of gynecologic malignancy. Recent studies have reported that ECs reveal distinct markers for molecular pathogenesis, which in turn is linked to the various histological types of ECs. To understand further the molecular events contributing to ECs and endometrial tumorigenesis in general, a more precise identification of cancer-associated molecules and signaling networks would be useful for the detection and monitoring of malignancy, improving clinical cancer therapy, and personalization of treatments.', 'ECs-specific gene co-expression networks were constructed by differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Important pathways and putative cancer hub genes contribution to tumorigenesis of ECs were identified. An elastic-net regularized classification model was built using the cancer hub gene signatures to predict the phenotypic characteristics of ECs. The 19 cancer hub gene signatures had high predictive power to distinguish among three key principal features of ECs: grade, type, and stage. Intriguingly, these hub gene networks seem to contribute to ECs progression and malignancy via cell-cycle regulation, antigen processing and the citric acid (TCA) cycle.
Answer: The results of this study provide a powerful biomarker discovery platform to better understand the progression of ECs and to uncover potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of ECs. This information might lead to improved monitoring of ECs and resulting improvement of treatment of ECs, the 4th most common of cancer in women.
Answer: Does visual gene-network analysis reveal the cancer gene co-expression in human endometrial cancer?
Question: Context: We previously demonstrated in rats that intravenous infusion of a lipid emulsion increases survival in resuscitation from severe bupivacaine cardiac toxicity. The present studies were undertaken to determine if this method is similarly effective in a non-rodent model using a larger animal.', 'Bupivacaine, 10 mg/kg, was administered intravenously over 10 seconds to fasted dogs under isoflurane general anesthesia. Resuscitation included 10 minutes of internal cardiac massage followed with either saline or 20% lipid infusion, administered as a 4-mL/kg bolus followed by continuous infusion at 0.5 mL/kg/min for 10 minutes. Electrocardiogram (EKG), arterial blood pressure (BP), and myocardial pH (pHm) and pO2 (pmO2) were continuously measured.', 'Survival after 10 minutes of unsuccessful cardiac massage was successful for all lipid-treated dogs (n = 6), but with no survivors in the saline controls (n = 6) (P <.01). Hemodynamics, PmO2, and pHm were improved during resuscitation with lipid compared with saline treatment in which dogs did not recover.
Answer: We found that infusing a lipid emulsion during resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity substantially improved hemodynamics, pmO2, and pHm and increased survival in dogs.
Answer: Does lipid emulsion infusion rescue dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity?
Question: Context: It has been shown that the circulating Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is activated during normal pregnancy, but little is known about RAS in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM). GDM is considered not merely a temporary condition, but a harbinger of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the circulating RAS profile in normotensive women with GDM at the third trimester of pregnancy and to compare the results with healthy pregnant and non-pregnant age-matched women.', 'The diagnostic criteria for GDM followed the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association. Angiotensin I (Ang I), Angiotensin II (Ang II) and Angiotensin 1-7 [Ang-(1-7)] were determined in 24 pregnant patients with GDM; 12 healthy pregnant women and 12 non-pregnant women by radioimmunoassay.', 'Levels of Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) were higher in pregnant women (p<0.05), but showed a different pattern in the GDM group, in which reduced Ang-(1-7) circulating levels were found (p<0.05). This observation was confirmed by the significantly lower Ang-(1-7)/Ang I ratio (p<0.05).
Answer: Our data suggest that reduced levels of the vasodilator Ang-(1-7) could be implicated in the endothelial dysfunction seen in gestational diabetic women during and after pregnancy.
Answer: | Does the pregnancy-induced increase of plasma angiotensin- ( 1-7 ) is blunt in gestational diabetes?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: To examine the direct effect of high glucose levels on primary cultured human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCEC).', 'HRCECs were isolated from donated eyes and cultured for 6 days in the media containing 5 or 25 mmol/L glucose. The cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion assay and cell cycle analyzed by flow cytometry, with the cell apoptosis assayed by TUNEL method.', 'The cell viability was significantly decreased after exposure to 25 mmol/L glucose, and the number of apoptotic cells determined by flow cytometry and TUNEL was significantly increased in response to high-dose glucose treatment.
Answer: High-dose glucose induces apoptosis in HRCEC, which may contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy.
A: | Does [ High-dose glucose induce human retinal endothelial cell apoptosis ]? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example Input: Context: To investigate serum beta2-glycoprotein I-low-density lipoprotein (β2-GPI-LDL) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and to further evaluate the associations of β2-GPI-LDL with ox-LDL in vivo and with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications.', 'We determined β2-GPI-LDL, ox-LDL and small dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) levels in 236 T2DM patients with or without microvascular complications and 75 controls. The correlation analyses, multiple linear regression analyses and logistic regression analyses were performed, respectively.', 'Compared with controls, β2-GPI-LDL and ox-LDL levels were significantly elevated in both groups of T2DM patients and those with microvascular complications exhibited the more significant increase than those without complications. Serum β2-GPI-LDL levels were positively correlated with ox-LDL as well as sdLDL-C levels in T2DM patients. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that ox-LDL was one of the independent determinants of β2-GPI-LDL levels. Logistic regression analyses indicated that elevated β2-GPI-LDL and ox-LDL levels had significant predictive values for diabetic microvascular complications.
Answer: Elevated serum β2-GPI-LDL levels may be a serological hallmark of enhanced LDL oxidation in vivo and closely associated with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications.
Example Output: Are elevated beta2-glycoprotein I-low-density lipoprotein levels associated with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications?
Example Input: Context: The aim of this study was to evaluate how closely analysis of bone quality performed using the bone mineral density (BMD) values obtained by quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) reflected the histologic bone density.', "Eighteen patients requiring implant therapy underwent CT scanning. Their data were processed using Image Master software, and the BMD was calculated by measuring the Hounsfield units and relating those values to a phantom (Calibration Phantom, Quantitative Technologies). Each patient wore a radiographic-surgical template in which titanium cylinders were placed as a drilling guide for preparation of the implant site. The mouth regions where the titanium guides were placed (on the CT images and in the patient's mouth) corresponded to the implant sites where the BMD was measured and where tissue specimens for histomorphometric analysis retrieved. Forty specimens measuring 6 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter were obtained. Histomorphometric analysis was performed by digitizing the images, which were subsequently analyzed using the image analysis software IAS 2000. The bone volume (BV) was calculated as a percentage by dividing the area occupied by the mineralized bone over the entire microscopic field.", 'The results of the statistical analysis showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.691 between the BV and BMD values, with a P value < 0.01, which was considered significant.
Answer: The results of this study support the use of QCT to assess the bone quality before implant placement to improve the planning of implant treatment.
Example Output: Are bone mineral density and bone histomorphometry statistically related?
Example Input: Context: To investigate the relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the usual intake of fatty acids and indices of dietary fat quality [the atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity indices (TI), and the ratios of hypo-and hypercholesterolemic (hH), ∑n-3/∑n-6, and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (P:S)], during mid-pregnancy.', "799 adult pregnant women living in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil were screened and accepted for this cross-sectional GDM study. The Multiple Source Method was used to estimate participants' usual diet, using two 24-hour dietary recalls during mid-pregnancy. Diagnosis of GDM was defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria of 2015. Logistic regression analysis were used to assess the association between GDM and dietary fat, adjusted for age, education, parity, gestational age at the time of the interview, pre-pregnancy and current BMI, prior GDM, family history of diabetes, smoking, physical activity, energy, fiber, and fatty acids.", 'The mean (standard deviation) age of the women was 28 (5) years, and 19% had GDM. After multiple adjustments, inverse associations between the highest tertile of ∑n-3 fatty acids intake [0.21 (0.08-0.56)], α-linolenic intake [0.15 (0.05-0.42)], and GDM were found. A positive association between GDM and the highest tertile of TI [2.66 (1.34-5.29)], and a negative association with the highest tertile of hH ratio [0.41 (0.22-0.77)], were observed. No association between GDM and other indices of dietary fat quality were found.
Answer: The quality of dietary fat during pregnancy is strongly associated with GDM. Randomized clinical trial are needed to confirm these findings.
Example Output: | Is indices of dietary fat quality during midpregnancy associated with gestational diabetes?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Interferon (IFN)-γ is a major cytokine produced by immune cells that plays diverse roles in modulating both the immune system and bone metabolism, but its role in autogenous bone grafting remains unknown. Here, we present that local IFN-γ administration improved the efficacy of autogenous bone graft treatment in an experimental rat model.', 'An autogenous bone graft model was prepared with critically sized rat calvariae defects. Four weeks (w) after bone graft implantation, rats were treated locally with IFN-γ or were not treated. The effect of IFN-γ on bone formation was evaluated for up to 8w with micro-computed tomography, quantitative histomorphometry, and Von Kossa staining. Osteoclastogenesis was assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Immunohistochemistry staining or quantitative polymerase chain reactions were used to estimate the expression of osteoclast differentiation factor and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a well-known stimulant of osteoclastogenesis and an inhibitor of osteoblast activity, in defects.', 'Newly formed bone gradually replaced the autogenous bone grafts within 4w, although severe bone resorption with osteoclastogenesis and TNF-α expression occurred after 6w in the absence of IFN-γ administration. IFN-γ administration markedly attenuated bone loss, osteoclastogenesis, and TNF-α expression, while it enhanced bone formation at 8w.
Answer: Local IFN-γ administration promoted bone formation in autogenous bone grafts possibly via regulating osteoclastogenesis and TNF-α expression. The data provide insights into the potential roles of IFN-γ in autogenous bone grafting.
answer:
Does interferon-γ enhance the efficacy of autogenous bone grafts by inhibiting postoperative bone resorption in rat calvarial defects?
question:
Context: Breast reconstruction (BR) following mastectomy for breast cancer has been shown to improve quality of life and body image; however, there is significant geographic variation in BR rates. We explored factors associated with BR following mastectomy.', 'This is a population-based data linkage study consisting of cancer registry records linked to hospital inpatient episodes for 4104 women aged 20\u2009years and over-diagnosed with a first primary invasive localized stage breast cancer between 1997 and 2012 in Queensland, Australia, who underwent a mastectomy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model predictors of BR.', 'Overall, 481 women (11.7%) underwent reconstruction. Proportions increased over time and were higher for younger women. Younger age, more recent diagnosis, living in high or very high accessibility areas or less disadvantaged areas, smaller tumours and attending a private or high-volume hospital independently increased the odds of reconstruction. The geographical disparity reduced significantly over time.
Answer: Geographical barriers to accessing BR have reduced; however, continued monitoring and further research to inform strategies to further reduce subgroup disparities remain a priority.
answer:
Does geographical disparity in breast reconstruction following mastectomy have reduced over time?
question:
Context: To quantify the prevalence and effect on visual acuity of macular cysts in a large cohort of patients with retinitis pigmentosa.', 'In 316 patients with typical forms of retinitis pigmentosa, visual acuity was measured with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts, macular cysts were detected with optical coherence tomography (OCT), and retinal thicknesses was quantified by OCT. The FREQ, LOGISTIC, and GENMOD procedures of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) were used to evaluate possible risk factors for cyst prevalence, and the MIXED procedure was used to quantify the relationships of visual acuity to retinal thickness measured at different locations within the macula.', 'Macular cysts were found in 28% of the patients, 40% of whom had cysts in only one eye. Macular cysts were seen most often in patients with dominant disease and not at all in patients with X-linked disease (P = 0.006). In eyes with macular cysts, multiple regression analysis revealed that visual acuity was inversely and independently related to retinal thickness at the foveal center (P = 0.038) and within a parafoveal ring spanning an eccentricity of 5 degrees to 10 degrees from the foveal center (P = 0.004).
Answer: Macular cysts are a common occurrence in retinitis pigmentosa, especially among patients with dominantly inherited disease. Visual acuity is influenced by edema in the parafovea, as well as in the fovea.
answer:
| Is visual acuity related to parafoveal retinal thickness in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and macular cysts?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Ex Input:
Context: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a restrictive lung disease characterized by surfactant deficiency. Decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which demonstrates important roles in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of restrictive lung diseases. Current animal models investigating VEGF in the etiology and outcomes of RDS require premature delivery, hypoxia, anatomically or temporally limited inhibition, or other supplemental interventions. Consequently, little is known about the isolated effects of chronic VEGF inhibition, started at birth, on subsequent developing lung structure and function.', 'To determine whether inducible, mesenchyme-specific VEGF inhibition in the neonatal mouse lung results in long-term modulation of AECII and whole lung function.', 'Triple transgenic mice expressing the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt-1 specifically in the mesenchyme (Dermo-1/rtTA/sFlt-1) were generated and compared to littermate controls at 3 months to determine the impact of neonatal downregulation of mesenchymal VEGF expression on lung structure, cell composition and function. Reduced tissue VEGF bioavailability has previously been demonstrated with this model.', 'Triple transgenic mice demonstrated restrictive lung pathology. No differences in gross vascular development or protein levels of vascular endothelial markers was noted, but there was a significant decrease in perivascular smooth muscle and type I collagen. Mutants had decreased expression levels of surfactant protein C and hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha without a difference in number of type II pneumocytes.
Answer: These data show that mesenchyme-specific inhibition of VEGF in neonatal mice results in late restrictive disease, making this transgenic mouse a novel model for future investigations on the consequences of neonatal RDS and potential interventions.
Ex Output:
Does sequestration of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ( VEGF ) induce Late Restrictive Lung Disease?
Ex Input:
Context: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a retinopathy resulting from diabetes mellitus (DM) which was classified into non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR). Without an early screening and effective diagnosis, patients with PDR will develop serious complications. Therefore, we sought to identify special serum microRNAs (miRNAs) that can serve as a novel non-invasive screening signature of PDR and test its specificity and sensitivity in the early diagnosis of PDR.', 'In total, we obtained serum samples from 90 PDR cases, 90 matched NPDR patients and 20 controls. An initial screening of miRNA expression was performed through TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA). The candidate miRNAs were validated by individual reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) arranged in an initial and a two-stage validation sets. Moreover, additional double-blind testing was performed in 20 patients clinically suspected of having DR to evaluate the diagnostic value and accuracy of the serum miRNA profiling system in predicting PDR.', 'Three miRNAs were significantly increased in patients with PDR compared with NPDR after the multiple stages. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the validated three-serum miRNAs signature were 0.830, 0.803 and 0.873 in the initial and two validation sets, respectively. Combination of miR-21, miR-181c, and miR-1179 possessed a moderate ability to discrimination between PDR and NPDR with an area under ROC value of 0.89. The accuracy rate of the three-miRNA profile as PDR signature was 82.6%.
Answer: These data provide evidence that serum miRNAs have the potential to be sensitive, cost-effective biomarkers for the early detection of PDR. These biomarkers could serve as a dynamic monitoring factor for detecting the progression of PDR from NPDR.
Ex Output:
Do serum miRNA biomarkers serve as a fingerprint for proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Ex Input:
Context: To correlate the initial and maximal lactate levels with the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and survival in patients treated with extracorporeal life support (ECLS).', 'Retrospective chart review.', 'Pediatric intensive care unit.', 'Eighty-two neonatal patients placed on ECLS for respiratory failure due to sepsis, meconium aspiration, or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.', 'The initial lactate level measured within 6 hours of initiating ECLS and the maximal lactate level measured throughout the ECLS course were collected. Lactate levels were described as mean lactate +/- SE (mM). Head ultrasound reports and survival were reviewed. Platelet counts and activated clotting times (ACTs) were examined.', 'The mean initial and maximal lactate levels were higher in ECLS patients who developed ICH (initial: 10 +/- 1.7 mM vs 6.4 +/- 0.8 mM, p = .05 and maximal: 12.4 +/- 2.5 mM vs 7.9 +/- 0.8 mM, p = .04). Initial and maximal lactate levels were also elevated in nonsurvivors (initial: 11.7 +/- 3 mM vs 6.4 +/- 0.7 mM, p = .01 and maximal: 14.8 +/- 3.3 mM vs 7.8 +/- 0.8 mM, P < .01). Platelet counts and ACT did not differ in patients with and without ICH.
Answer: Lactate is a useful marker for the development of ICH in ECLS patients. In addition, elevated lactates during ECLS identify a subgroup of patients with poor outcome. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether the incorporation of this information into pre-ECLS and ECLS management will decrease the occurrence of ICH and improve survival.
Ex Output:
| Does elevated serum lactate correlate with intracranial hemorrhage in neonates treated with extracorporeal life support?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[Q]: Context: The goals of this study were to evaluate the complication rate for intraoperative placement of a long-term central venous catheter (CVC) using intraoperative ultrasound (US) and fluoroscopy and to examine the feasibility for eliminating routine postprocedure chest X-ray.', 'Retrospective data pertaining to operative insertion of long-term CVC were collected and the rate of procedural complications was determined.', 'From January 2008 to August 2013, 351 CVCs were placed via the internal jugular vein using US. Of these, 93% had a single, successful internal jugular vein insertion. The complications included 4 arterial sticks (1.14%). Starting in October 2012, postprocedure chest radiography (CXR) was eliminated in 170 cases, with no complications. A total of $29,750 in charges were deferred by CXR elimination.
Answer: This review supports the use of US for CVC placement with fluoroscopy in reducing the rate of procedural complications. Additionally, with fluoroscopic imaging, postprocedural CXR can be eliminated with associated healthcare savings.
[A]: Does image-guided placement of long-term central venous catheters reduce complications and cost?
[Q]: Context: To describe the prevalence and correlates of hazardous drinking among female sex workers (FSWs) at 13 sites throughout Mexico.', 'FSWs (N = 1089) who were enrolled in a brief sexual risk reduction intervention (Mujer Segura) were queried about their sexual risk and substance use practices and their work contexts. Participants were classified as hazardous or non-hazardous drinkers based on the Alcohol Use Disorders test (AUDIT-C). Logistic regression models were used to examine individual, contextual, and community-level factors as correlates of hazardous drinking.', 'Ninety-two percent of participants reported alcohol consumption in the past month. Among drinkers (N = 1001), 83% met AUDIT-C criteria for hazardous drinking. Factors that were independently associated with hazardous drinking included: drug use in the past month (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.31; 95% CI 1.29-8.45), being a cigarette smoker (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.13-2.58), being a barmaid or dance hostess (AOR = 3.40; 95% CI 1.95-5.91), alcohol use before or during sex with clients (AOR = 7.78; 95% CI 4.84-12.52), and working in a city with a higher marginalization index (AOR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.04-1.11).
Answer: Findings support the high prioritization by public health authorities of alcohol prevention and treatment programs for FSWs.
[A]: Does prevalence and correlate of Hazardous Drinking among Female Sex Workers in 13 Mexican Cities?
[Q]: Context: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and is a major cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity is an important determinant of renal health in adults with type 2 diabetes, but limited data exist in adolescents. We hypothesized that measured insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate [GIR]) would be associated with early markers of DN reflected by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in adolescents with type 2 diabetes.', 'Type 2 diabetic (n = 46), obese (n = 29), and lean (n = 19) adolescents (15.1 ± 2.2 years) had GIR measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. ACR was measured and GFR was estimated by the Bouvet equation (combined creatinine and cystatin C).', 'Adolescents with type 2 diabetes had significantly lower GIR, and higher eGFR and ACR than obese or lean adolescents. Moreover, 34% of type 2 diabetic adolescents had albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g), and 24% had hyperfiltration (≥135 mL/min/1.73 m2). Stratifying ACR and eGFR into tertiles, adolescents with type 2 diabetes in the highest tertiles of ACR and eGFR had respectively lower GIR than those in the mid and low tertiles, after adjusting for age, sex, Tanner stage, BMI, and HbA1c (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04). GIR, but not HbA1c, LDL, or systolic blood pressure, was also associated with eGFR after adjusting for sex and Tanner stage (β ± SE: -2.23 ± 0.87; P = 0.02).
Answer: A significant proportion of adolescents with type 2 diabetes showed evidence of early DN, and insulin sensitivity, rather than HbA1c, blood pressure, or lipid control, was the strongest determinant of renal health.
[A]: | Is insulin sensitivity an important determinant of renal health in adolescents with type 2 diabetes?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Context: With rising obesity rates in children, it is increasingly difficult to differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, T2DM) on clinical grounds alone. Using C-peptide as a method of classifying diabetes mellitus (DM) has been suggested. This study aimed to find a correlation between fasting C-peptide level and DM types in children and adolescents.', 'A total of 223 diabetic children, newly diagnosed at 5 hospitals between January 2001 and December 2012, were enrolled in this study. Initial DM classification was based on clinical and laboratory data including fasting C-peptide at diagnosis; final classification was based on additional data (pancreatic autoantibodies, human leukocyte antigen type, and clinical course).', 'Of 223 diabetic children, 140 were diagnosed with T1DM (62.8%) and the remaining 83 with T2DM (37.2%). The mean serum C-peptide level was significantly lower in children with T1DM (0.80 ng/mL) than in children with T2DM (3.91 ng/mL). Among 223 children, 54 had a serum C-peptide level <0.6 ng/mL; they were all diagnosed with T1DM. The proportion of children with T2DM increased in accordance with C-peptide level. Forty-nine of 223 children had a C-peptide level >3.0 ng/mL; 48 of them (97.9%) were diagnosed with T2DM.
Answer: In this study, we found that if the C-peptide level was <0.6 ng/mL at diagnosis, T2DM could be excluded; if C-peptide level was >3.0 ng/mL, a T1DM diagnosis is unlikely. This finding suggests that serum fasting C-peptide level is useful for classifying DM type at the time of diagnosis in youth.
Output: | Is fasting serum C-peptide useful for initial classification of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Ex Input:
Context: Cigarette smoke disrupts the protective barrier established by the airway epithelium through direct damage to the epithelial cells, leading to cell death. Since the morphology of the airway epithelium of smokers does not typically demonstrate necrosis, the most likely mechanism for epithelial cell death in response to cigarette smoke is apoptosis. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke directly up-regulates expression of apoptotic genes, which could play a role in airway epithelial apoptosis.', 'Microarray analysis of airway epithelium obtained by bronchoscopy on matched cohorts of 13 phenotypically normal smokers and 9 non-smokers was used to identify specific genes modulated by smoking that were associated with apoptosis. Among the up-regulated apoptotic genes was pirin (3.1-fold, p < 0.002), an iron-binding nuclear protein and transcription cofactor. In vitro studies using human bronchial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and an adenovirus vector encoding the pirin cDNA (AdPirin) were performed to test the direct effect of cigarette smoke on pirin expression and the effect of pirin expression on apoptosis.', 'Quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR confirmed a 2-fold increase in pirin expression in the airway epithelium of smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.02). CSE applied to primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures demonstrated that pirin mRNA levels increase in a time-and concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.03, all conditions compared to controls). Overexpression of pirin, using the vector AdPirin, in human bronchial epithelial cells was associated with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells assessed by both TUNEL assay (5-fold, p < 0.01) and ELISA for cytoplasmic nucleosomes (19.3-fold, p < 0.01) compared to control adenovirus vector.
Answer: These observations suggest that up-regulation of pirin may represent one mechanism by which cigarette smoke induces apoptosis in the airway epithelium, an observation that has implications for the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced diseases.
Ex Output:
Is upregulation of pirin expression by chronic cigarette smoking associated with bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis?
Ex Input:
Context: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was shown to improve the immune function and survival in experimental sepsis. This study examined the effect of DHEA on intestinal leukocyte recruitment during experimental sepsis, considering factors of gender (male, female and ovariectomized female animals) and combined treatment using orthovanadate (OV) in two models of sepsis.', 'Male rats underwent colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) or endotoxemia. DHEA was administered after induction of experimental sepsis. Changes in leukocyte adherence and capillary perfusion (measured as intestinal functional capillary density - FCD) were assessed using intravital microscopy. While DHEA increased baseline leukocyte adherence in control animals, DHEA reduced leukocyte adherence and increased FCD in male animals with CASP. These effects were also observed in DHEA-treated ovariectomized female rats with CASP. Similarly, the administration of DHEA reduced the number of adherent leukocytes to intestinal venules by 30% in the endotoxemia model. The combined treatment of DHEA and OV significantly reduced adherence of leukocytes to intestinal venules and improved FCD.
Answer: Our results indicate that DHEA is able to reduce intestinal leukocyte recruitment induced by experimental sepsis. Combination of DHEA with OV inhibits leukocyte adherence to intestinal endothelium, similar to what is achieved by the single administration of DHEA but with significantly improved FCD. These findings suggest a potential role for DHEA and OV in clinical sepsis.
Ex Output:
Does combination of dehydroepiandrosterone and orthovanadate administration reduce intestinal leukocyte recruitment in models of experimental sepsis?
Ex Input:
Context: Diabetes, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and aging are associated with endothelial dysfunction in various vasculatures. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the renal vasculature cannot be easily assessed, but infusion of L-arginine, the substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, leads to an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) in humans. We have examined the effect of L-arginine infusion on renal hemodynamics in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.', 'Twenty-three elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (age, 65 +/- 6 years; HbA(1c), 7.8 +/- 1.6%) with coexisting arterial hypertension (158 +/- 19/83 +/- 11 mmHg) and elevated cholesterol levels (total cholesterol, 215 +/- 33 mg/dl) were examined. These patients were compared with a young and healthy reference group (n = 20; age, 26 +/- 2 years). The effect of L-arginine infusion (100 mg/kg over 30 min) on RPF and glomerular filtration rate were measured using the constant input clearance technique with p-aminohippurate and inulin, respectively.', 'L-arginine infusion similarly influenced renal hemodynamics in patients and reference subjects: RPF increased by 7 +/- 11 and 7 +/- 11% in diabetic and reference subjects, respectively (P = NS). Other parameters of renal hemodynamics such as glomerular filtration rate (5 +/- 5 vs. 4 +/- 4%) and filtration fraction (-1 +/- 8 vs. -1 +/- 9%) were not significantly different between diabetic and reference subjects, too.
Answer: L-arginine-induced vasodilation of the renal vasculature is not different between a group of hypertensive diabetic patients and a young, healthy reference group. These data were obtained using low-dose L-arginine infusion.
Ex Output:
| Is l-arginine-induced vasodilation of the renal vasculature altered in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Example solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Example explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Problem: Context: To determine whether insulin resistance (IR calculated using the HOMA model) has a dominant role in the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in the Asian Indian population.', 'A total of 654 non-diabetic subjects aged > or =40 years (male 396: female 258) were selected from a population survey. They had estimates of fasting and 2 h plasma glucose, insulin levels, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and blood pressure. Factor analysis was carried out using the principle components analysis (PCA) with varimax orthogonal rotation of continuously distributed variables, considered to represent the components of insulin resistance syndrome including the calculated IR.', 'There were three major clusters of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk variables in men and four clusters in women. Insulin resistance, 2 h plasma glucose, insulin and obesity aggregated as the major domain. Insulin resistance was not linked with hypertension. BMI was a common link for all the three factors in men, and for three of the four in women.
Answer: Insulin resistance is not the only underlying factor for the clustering of CVD risk factors in south Indians. These findings are consistent with the presence of several distinct physiological domains, as shown in other ethnic groups.
| Solution: Does insulin resistance alone explain the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in southern India? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example Input: Context: To conduct clinical and genetic studies in a European family with autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (adSTGD-like MD) and to investigate the functional consequences of a novel ELOVL4 mutation.', 'Ophthalmic examination and mutation screening by direct sequencing of the ELOVL4 gene was performed in two affected individuals. Wild-type and mutant ELOVL4 genes were expressed as enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion proteins in transient transfection in NIH-3T3 and HEK293 cells. To determine the subcellular localization of ELOVL4, an endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-specific marker for pDsRed2-ER was cotransfected with ELOVL4 constructs. Transfected cells were viewed by confocal microscopy. Western blot analysis was performed to assess protein expression using an anti-GFP antibody.', 'Affected patients exhibited macular atrophy with surrounding flecks characteristic of adSTGD-like MD. A novel ELOVL4 p.Tyr270X mutation was detected in affected individuals. In cell-transfection studies, wild-type ELOVL4 localized preferentially to the ER. In contrast, the mutant protein appeared to be mislocalized within transfected cells.
Answer: In a European family with adSTGD-like MD, a novel ELOVL4 mutation was found to underlie the disorder. Transfection studies indicated that, unlike wild-type ELOVL4, the mutant protein does not localize to the ER but rather appears to be sequestered elsewhere in an aggregated pattern in the cytoplasm. Further analysis of the function of normal and mutant ELOVL4 will provide insight into the mechanism of macular degeneration.
Example Output: Does a novel mutation in the ELOVL4 gene cause autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy?
Example Input: Context: Cirrhosis, or liver fibrosis, which is mainly triggered by cirrhosis fat-storing cells (CFSCs) activation, has traditionally been considered an irreversible disease. However, recent observations indicate that even advanced fibrosis is still reversible by removing the causative agents. Anti-fibrotic effects of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) have been demonstrated by inhibiting CFSCs via cytokines secretion; however, the mechanisms are still unclear.', 'The purpose of this study was to explore the underlying mechanisms by which BMSCs modulate the function of activated CFSCs.', 'After the co-culture of CFSCs with BMSCs supernatants with or without the addition of recombinant rat adrenomedullin (AM)/AM-specific siRNA, western blot analysis was mainly used to detect the differences of relative protein expression on CFSCs.', 'BMSC-secreted adrenomedullin (AM) effectively inhibited the proliferation and activation of CFSCs by suppressing the expression of Ang II and its binding receptor, AT1, which resulted in a reduction of p47-phox formation.
Answer: Our data suggested that BMSCs inhibited CFSC activation in vitro via the AM-Ang II-p47-phox signaling pathway, and since CFSC activation is an essential part of hepatic fibrosis process, this inhibition by BMSCs implies us new insights into the potential treatment of hepatic fibrosis via BMSCs.
Example Output: Do bone Marrow Stromal Cells Inhibit the Activation of Liver Cirrhotic Fat-Storing Cells via Adrenomedullin Secretion?
Example Input: Context: Metformin treatment may induce a decrease/suppression in serum TSH levels, mimicking sub-clinical hyperthyroidism (SHT). The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate changes in several electrocardiographic indices in euthyroid subjects with diabetes who, after starting metformin treatment, developed a low serum TSH as compared to patients with SHT resulting from an underlying thyroid disease or TSH suppressive treatment with L-thyroxine.', 'Heart rate, P wave duration, P wave dispersion, QTmax, QTmin and QT-dispersion were assessed in 23 patients with diabetes treated with metformin before and after 6 months of TSH-suppression and in 31 control patients with SHT.', 'No significant changes in electrocardiographic parameters were observed from baseline to the TSH-suppression measurement. A significant difference in P wave duration (102.9 ± 7.4 vs. 92.1 ± 5.8 ms, p<0.001), P wave dispersion (13.1 ± 3.4 vs. 7.1 ± 3.5 ms, p<0.001), QTmax (399 ± 18 vs. 388 ± 16 ms, p=0.024), QTmin (341 ± 14 vs. 350 ± 17 ms, p=0.038) and QT dispersion (49.9 ± 9.6 vs. 30.9 ± 9.2 ms, p<0.001) were observed between the control group with SHT and the group of diabetic patients with low serum levels of TSH.
Answer: Our results show that the TSH-suppressive effect observed in patients taking metformin is not associated with peripheral markers of thyroid hormone excess, at least at the cardiac level.
Example Output: | Is metformin-induced thyrotropin suppression associated with cardiac effects?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example Input: Context: The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10494366 in the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene is associated with QTc prolongation, through an effect on the intracellular Ca levels. As sulfonylurea stimulate insulin secretion by an increased influx of Ca, we hypothesized that this polymorphism is associated with the glucose-lowering effect and mortality risk in sulfonylurea users.', 'Associations between the NOS1AP polymorphism, prescribed doses, and mortality rates in sulfonylurea, metformin, and insulin users were assessed in the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study of 7983 elderly people.', 'We identified 619 participants who were prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs during follow-up. In glibenclamide users carrying the TG genotype, the prescribed doses were higher compared with the glibenclamide users carrying the TT genotype [0.38 defined daily dose units, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.63]. Glibenclamide users with the TG or GG genotype had an increased mortality risk compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype [hazard ratio (HR) 2.80, 95% CI: 1.09-7.22]. Tolbutamide users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.63) and glimepiride users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04-0.74) had a decreased mortality risk compared with tolbutamide and glimepiride users with the TT genotype.
Answer: In participants with the TG or GG genotype at rs10494366 in the NOS1AP gene, glibenclamide is less effective in reducing glucose levels and mortality rates were higher compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype. In tolbutamide and glimepiride users, the TG and GG genotype were associated with a reduced mortality rate.
Example Output: Is common variation in the NOS1AP gene associated with reduced glucose-lowering effect and with increased mortality in users of sulfonylurea?
Example Input: Context: Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is one of the surgical options for treating alignment disorders of the fused spine (due to post-surgical fusion or related to arthritis). It enables satisfactory sagittal realignment and improved function due to economic sagittal balance. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and radiological results of PSO after a minimum follow-up of 2\xa0years and demonstrate the benefit of sub-group analysis as a function of pelvic incidence (PI).', 'A descriptive prospective single center study of 63 patients presenting with spinal global malalignment who underwent correction by PSO. Function was assessed by the Oswestry disability index (ODI), a visual analog scale of lumbar pain (VAS) and a SF-36 questionnaire. Radiographic analyses of pre- and post-operative pelvic-spinal parameters were performed on X-rays obtained by EOS(®) imaging after 3D modeling. Global analysis and analysis of sub-groups as a function of pelvic incidence were performed and the full balance integrated index (FBI) was calculated.', 'this series showed a marked clinical improvement and significant progress of functional scores. Global post-operative radiological analysis showed a significant improvement in all pelvic and spinal parameters. The mean correction obtained after PSO was 31.7°\xa0±\xa08.4°, hence global improvement of lumbar lordosis of 22°. The sagittal vertical angle (SVA) decreased from +9\xa0cm before surgery to +4.3\xa0cm after surgery. Sub-group analysis demonstrated greater improvement in pelvic tilt, sacral slope and spinal parameters of patients with a small or moderate pelvic incidence; all had an FBI index\xa0<10°. Most of the pelvic and spinal parameters of patients with a large pelvic incidence were insufficiently corrected and they had an FBI index\xa0>10°
Answer: PSO is a surgical procedure enabling correction of multiplane rigid spinal deformities that require major sagittal correction. It was seen to be highly effective in patients with a small or moderate pelvic incidence (PI <60°) but was sometimes less effective in patients with large pelvic incidence due to insufficient lordosis correction. Clinical results were highly correlated with the value of the FBI index.
Example Output: Are clinical and radiological outcomes of lumbar posterior subtraction osteotomies correlated to pelvic incidence and FBI index : Prospective series of 63 cases?
Example Input: Context: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recommended after coronary artery bypass graft surgery; however, the consequences of longer wait times to start CR have not been elucidated.', "Cardiopulmonary, demographic, and anthropometric assessments were conducted before and after 6 months of CR in consecutively enrolled patients from January 1995 to October 2012. Wait times were ascertained from referral forms and charts. Neighborhood characteristics were ascertained using census data and cross-referencing with patients' home geographic location. Among 6497 post- coronary artery bypass graft participants, mean and median total wait time (time from surgery to first exercise session) was 101.1±47.9 and 80 days, respectively. In multiple linear regression, correlates of longer total wait time and the 2 wait-time phases, time from surgery to CR referral and time from CR referral to first exercise session, were determined. Factors influencing longer wait times included female sex, greater age, being employed, less social support, longer drive time to CR, lower neighborhood socioeconomic status, higher systolic blood pressure, abdominal obesity, and a complex medical history. After adjusting for correlates of delayed entry, longer wait time for each of the total and 2 wait-time phases was significantly associated with less improvement in cardiopulmonary fitness (VO2peak; β=-0.165, P<0.001), body fat percentage (β=0.032, P<0.02), resting heart rate (β=0.066, P<0.001), and poorer attendance to CR classes (β=-0.081, P<0.001) and completion rate (β=2.741, P<0.001).
Answer: Strategies for timely access to CR at each phase of the process are important given the negative impact that wait time has on key clinical outcomes. This is relevant because optimizing VO2peak and attendance to CR has been shown to confer a mortality advantage.
Example Output: | Do delays in Referral and Enrolment Are Associated With Mitigated Benefits of Cardiac Rehabilitation After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
--------
Question: Context: In streptozotocin-injected rats (STZ-rats), we previously demonstrated a role for angiotensin II (AT-II) in cardiac remodelling and insulin resistance partially counteracted by in vivo treatment with losartan, an AT-II receptor antagonist.We now aimed to investigate the effect of treating diabetic STZ-rats with losartan on diabetes vascular response to vasoconstrictors.', 'Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups, two of them were assigned to receive losartan in the drinking water (20 mg/kg/day) until the experiment ending (3 weeks afterward). After 1 week, two groups, one of which receiving losartan, were injected in the tail vein with citrate buffer (normoglycemic, N and normoglycemic, losartan-treated, NL). The remaining received a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg in citrate i.v.) thus becoming diabetic (D) and diabetic losartan-treated (DL). Plasma glycaemia and blood pressure were measured in all animals before the sacrifice (15 days after diabetes induction).In aortic strips isolated from N, NL, D and DL rats we evaluated i) the isometric concentration-dependent contractile response to phenylephrine (Phe) and to AT-II; ii) the RhoA-kinase (ROCK1) activity and expression by enzyme-immunoassay and Western blot respectively.', 'The concentration-dependent contractile effect of Phe was similar in aortas from all groups, whereas at all concentrations tested, AT-II contraction efficacy was 2 and half and 1 and half times higher in D and DL respectively in comparison with N and NL. AT-II contracture was similarly reduced in all groups by AT-II receptor antagonists, irbesartan or irbesartan plus PD123319. HA-1077 (10 microM), an inhibitor of ROCK1 activity, reduced AT-II efficacy (Deltamg/mg tissue w.w.) by -3.5 +/- 1.0, -4.6 +/- 1.9, -22.1 +/- 2.2 and -11.4 +/- 1.3 in N, NL, D and DL respectively). ROCK1 activity and expression were higher in D than in N/NL and DL aortas.
Answer: Aortas isolated from STZ-rats present hyper-contracture to AT-II mainly dependent on the up-regulation of ROCK1 expression/activity. In vivo losartan treatment partially corrects AT-II hyper-contracture, limiting the increase in ROCK1 expression/activity. These data offer a new molecular mechanism supporting the rationale for using losartan in the prevention of diabetic vascular complications.
Answer: Does losartan counteract the hyper-reactivity to angiotensin II and ROCK1 over-activation in aortas isolated from streptozotocin-injected diabetic rats?
Question: Context: A scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) was developed for evaluation of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) and was also recommended for clinical trials of Friedreich's ataxia patients (FRDA). FRDA, unlike ADCA, is characterized as being a sensory type of ataxia for which the disease-specific Friedreich ataxia rating scale (FARS) was developed. The objective of this study was to determine whether SARA and FARS scores are associated with posturographic parameters in FRDA patients.", 'Adult patients with genetically confirmed FRDA (n=11) and ADCA (n=13) were evaluated by SARA, FARS and posturography.', "FRDA patients' postural stability parameters, in stance with visual control, correlated with balance impairment in FARS (r=0.622; p<0.05) and SARA (r=0.735; p<0.05). Without visual control, only FARS correlated with balance impairment (r=0.732; p<0.05).
Answer: The SARA, in FRDA patients, correlates with stance with visual control but not without visual control which emphasizes sensory ataxia. This suggests that application of the SARA in Friedreich's ataxia patients according to posturography is possible but presumably limited and FARS, although being a more time consuming scale, may have advantages over SARA in FRDA patients.
Answer: Is application of a Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia ( SARA ) in Friedreich 's ataxia patients according to posturography limited?
Question: Context: Hypoxic preconditioning (PC) confers robust neuroprotection against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (H-I), yet the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In the adult brain, neuronal survival after ischemia is associated with the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signaling pathway. Suppression of inflammation is a newly identified direct consequence of PI3-K/Akt signaling. We therefore investigated whether PI3-K/Akt suppresses inflammation and contributes to PC-induced neuroprotection.', 'Postnatal day 7 rats were exposed for 3 hours to either ambient air or 8% oxygen, which induces hypoxic PC. H-I was produced 24 hours later by unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 hours of hypoxia. Animals were euthanized 0 to 24 hours later for detecting Akt and glycogen synthetase kinase-3beta phosphorylation (p-Akt, p-GSK-3beta), 24 hours later for assessing cytokine expression and inflammatory markers, and 7 days later for measuring brain tissue loss. In addition, LY294002 was injected intracerebroventricularly to inhibit PI3-K/Akt.', 'Brains with H-I without PC showed delayed but sustained reduction in p-Akt. PC restored the levels of p-Akt and the Akt substrate GSK-3beta, reduced proinflammatory markers (NF-kappaB, COX-2, CD68, myeloperoxidase, and microglial activation), and markedly ameliorated H-I-induced brain tissue loss. Inhibition of PI3-K/Akt using LY294002 attenuated PC neuroprotection and promoted the expression of NF-kappaB, COX-2, and CD68. Proteomic microarray analysis revealed that PC inhibited expression of proinflammatory cytokines induced by H-I or a dose of lipopolysaccharide that resulted in minimal tissue damage.
Answer: Suppression of inflammatory responses may contribute to PC neuroprotection against neonatal H-I brain injury. This effect is mediated in part via upregulating PI3-K/Akt activity.
Answer: | Does preconditioning suppress inflammation in neonatal hypoxic ischemia via Akt activation?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
Q: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the active ingredients isolated from Panax ginseng\u2005C.A. Meyer. Previous studies demonstrated that Rg3 has antioxidant and neuroprotective abilities.', 'The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Rg3 on erectile function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.', 'Two-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats received a one-time intraperitoneal (IP) STZ (60\u2009mg/kg) or vehicle injection after a 16-hour fast. Three days later, rats were randomly divided into four groups and were treated with daily gavage feedings of a mix of distilled saline water and 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose or Rg3 dissolved in the mix at doses of 10\u2009mg/kg and 100\u2009mg/kg for 3 months. A sham group underwent IP injection of saline followed by daily gavage of the above mix for 3 months.', 'Erectile function was assessed by cavernosal nerve electrostimulation at 3 months. The penis was then harvested and deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was performed. Western blot was performed to examine cleaved caspase-3, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1, and smooth muscle actin (SMA). Neural regeneration was measured by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase staining. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were detected by colorimetry.', 'In the negative control group, the functional evaluation showed a lower mean intracavernosal pressure (ICP) with cavernosal nerve stimulation than in the sham group; there was a significant change in the expression of cleaved caspase-3, bcl-2, bcl-xl, PECAM-1, and SMA, as well as in the SOD and MDA production in the corpus cavernosum. Histological analysis of specimens stained for NADPH showed a significant change in the staining quality of the neurons in the dorsal nerves; TUNEL showed a greater apoptotic index in corpus cavernosum cells. With daily oral gavage with 100\u2009mg/kg Rg3, the ICP/mean arterial pressure value was significantly higher than in the controls. The level of cleaved caspase-3, bcl-2, bcl-xl, PECAM-1, and SMA and the number of positively stained nerve fibers tended to revert to normal after Rg3 treatment. The apoptotic index in corpus cavernosum cells was lowered.
Answer: Oral gavage with Rg3 appears to both prevent degeneration of neurons in the dorsal nerves and exert an antioxidant effect in the corpus cavernosum of rats.
A: | Does ginsenoside Rg3 improve erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
|
In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5, and two options a and b for possible titles for the story. Your job is to choose the title that better fits the story. Indicate your choice by 'a' or 'b'.
Let me give you an example: Sentence 1: Marcus needed clothing for a business casual event. Sentence 2: All of his clothes were either too formal or too casual. Sentence 3: He decided to buy a pair of khakis. Sentence 4: The pair he bought fit him perfectly. Sentence 5: Marcus was happy to have the right clothes for the event. Choices: a. Marcus Buys Khakis. b. Marcus Works.
The answer to this example can be: a
Here is why: Marcus's reasons for buying khakis is established, followed by his purchase of them and reaction.
OK. solve this:
Sentence 1: Donna's boyfriend was a type one diabetic. Sentence 2: This meant he couldn't have sugary desserts. Sentence 3: Once in a great while Donna would let him have cake. Sentence 4: He loved the special tiny slices of cake she made. Sentence 5: The cat also loved them and ate them every time. Choices: a. Naughty Cat. b. Dodged a Bullet.
Answer: | a | task220_rocstories_title_classification |
|
Detailed Instructions: In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5, and two options a and b for possible titles for the story. Your job is to choose the title that better fits the story. Indicate your choice by 'a' or 'b'.
Problem:Sentence 1: Donna's boyfriend was a type one diabetic. Sentence 2: This meant he couldn't have sugary desserts. Sentence 3: Once in a great while Donna would let him have cake. Sentence 4: He loved the special tiny slices of cake she made. Sentence 5: The cat also loved them and ate them every time. Choices: a. Naughty Cat. b. Dodged a Bullet.
Solution: | a | task220_rocstories_title_classification |
|
TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5, and two options a and b for possible titles for the story. Your job is to choose the title that better fits the story. Indicate your choice by 'a' or 'b'.
PROBLEM: Sentence 1: Nolan had always wanted to try rock climbing. Sentence 2: He had hired an instructor to teach him the correct way. Sentence 3: Soon Nolan felt comfortable to head to the mountains. Sentence 4: He checked all of his gear and started the climb. Sentence 5: Nolan reached the peak and felt very accomplished. Choices: a. Bad Haircut. b. Mountain climbing..
SOLUTION: b
PROBLEM: Sentence 1: Sarah didn't have a lot of friends growing up. Sentence 2: When she got old, she was suddenly very pretty. Sentence 3: She married a famous actress. Sentence 4: Suddenly, everyone wanted to be her friend. Sentence 5: But Sarah knew who her true friends were. Choices: a. Real Friends. b. Dirty Diaper.
SOLUTION: a
PROBLEM: Sentence 1: Donna's boyfriend was a type one diabetic. Sentence 2: This meant he couldn't have sugary desserts. Sentence 3: Once in a great while Donna would let him have cake. Sentence 4: He loved the special tiny slices of cake she made. Sentence 5: The cat also loved them and ate them every time. Choices: a. Naughty Cat. b. Dodged a Bullet.
SOLUTION: | a
| task220_rocstories_title_classification |
|
Given the task definition and input, reply with output. In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5, and two options a and b for possible titles for the story. Your job is to choose the title that better fits the story. Indicate your choice by 'a' or 'b'.
Sentence 1: My doctor told me that I had diabetes. Sentence 2: Wanting to live longer, I decided to get my diabetes under control. Sentence 3: I followed an exercise and nutrition program for that purpose. Sentence 4: By adhering to my weight loss program, I was able to lose weight. Sentence 5: Due to my hard work, I am no longer diabetic. Choices: a. Weight loss. b. New Store.
| a | task220_rocstories_title_classification |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: The "near miss" happened after a contractor at Atomic Weapons Establishment's Aldermaston site used a chisel on a live fuse box in an act posing "a significant risk of death". High Wycombe Magistrates' Court heard "mixed messages" from AWE led to the incident in which no-one was hurt. AWE plc admitted guilt over the breach. Craig Morris, prosecuting, told the court the incident happened on 20 June 2019 when an asbestos removal contractor carried out work in a non-nuclear building believing it was entirely disconnected from electricity. Describing the events in the switch room he said: "[His] chisel came into contact with a live conductor and he heard a loud bang. "Fortunately he immediately dropped the chisel and jumped back so he had no injury at all and he didn't in fact sustain an electric shock." 'Deeply regrets' The court heard the worker from firm Gully Howard had been given a form by AWE stating electricity had been disconnected in the building, despite there still being a live connection into the switch room. James Maxwell-Scott, for the defence, told the court AWE "deeply regrets" the incident. At no point was there a radiological risk to the workers or the public, the court heard. AWE plc pleaded guilty to an offence under the Health and Safety at Work Act. In a statement the Office for Nuclear Regulation - the UK's independent nuclear safety regulator who led the investigation - said the outcome "recognised that AWE plc fell short of it duty to protect the safety of a contractor working on site". AWE plc was previously fined £1m after an employee suffered a minor burn due to an electric shock.
Example Output: AWE fined over contract worker's 415-volt 'near miss'
Example Input: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Example Output: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
Example Input: Driving a 32-year-old Land Rover through several feet of flood water, Steve McCarthy helped ferry people and vital supplies around Fishlake. He and his teenage sons rescued an 85-year-old woman from her home, taking her to the Hare and Hounds pub which has opened up as a refuge. The 44-year-old bus driver said he wanted to do what he could to help. "Somebody put a request out on Facebook for people with 4x4 vehicles to help, and as my son has a Land Rover Defender, we went up to see what we could do. "We started at about 10 o'clock on Saturday, finishing about 10.30 at night. At one point I was waist-deep in water." Mr McCarthy, who lives in nearby Stainforth, collected food, bedding, fresh water and hygiene products donated by a local Asda supermarket, before taking them to those in need. "Then it started coming in from other supermarkets," he said. "Chip shops, takeaways, all over the place. We were sending big pans of curries down to Fishlake - one from the Mumbai restaurant to the Hare and Hounds pub late at night." He was helped by sons Jack, 19, who owns the Land Rover, and 17-year-old Ben. The owners of the Hare and Hounds, Angie and Scott Godfrey, opened their premises for people to sleep and get a hot meal. The couple were name-checked by ex-Labour leader Ed Miliband when he visited the flood-hit area on Saturday - helped in the Land Rover by the McCarthys. Four-wheel drive or boat is the only means of transport in parts of the village, where severe flood warnings remain in place around the River Don. Speaking about the stranded congregating at the pub, Mrs Godfrey said: "The first night everyone was devastated, absolutely devastated. "We had grown men crying, which was horrific, but spirits have lifted now." Claire Holling, who runs the Old Butchers cafe, said many people spent Saturday night in the Hare and Hounds or in the church. She said the pub and her cafe had become the centre of a community pulling together to get through. "I just managed to get here on the back of a tractor and I live in the village," she said. "We've opened up and we're making sure everyone has bacon and sausage sandwiches and a warm settee to sit on. It's getting quite full in here now. "Everyone's pulling together and making sure vulnerable people are being looked after." The council was urging people in Fishlake to leave on Monday, as more rain is forecast. Residents of Fishlake said it was the first time the village had flooded in 100 years. A yellow warning for rain remains in place over parts of Yorkshire and the East Midlands on Monday. Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. ---
Example Output: | Fishlake floods: Stranded residents helped by community heroes
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: American Kevin King and Australian Timothy Weeks were lecturers at the American University of Afghanistan when they were kidnapped in 2016. Anas Haqqani, a leading figure in the Haqqani militant group, and two other senior commanders are part of the deal. It is unclear how or when the exchange of prisoners will take place. "In order to pave the way for face-to-face negotiations with the Taliban, the government has decided to free Taliban prisoners in exchange for two university professors," Mr Ghani said in a televised speech. There was no immediate response to the announcement from the Taliban, who have long refused to negotiate with Mr Ghani's administration. The two professors were ambushed by gunmen and taken from a vehicle while leaving their university campus in Kabul in August 2016. The pair then appeared in a video, released in January 2017, appealing to then US President-elect Donald Trump to agree to a deal to secure their release. The exact condition of the two men remains unclear, but in his speech Mr Ghani noted "their health has been deteriorating while in the custody of the terrorists". Mr Ghani said the decision to conditionally release the prisoners was "a tough, but important decision" and a "humanitarian gesture". Anas Haqqani's older brother, Sirajuddin, leads the Haqqani network of fighters and is a deputy leader of the Taliban. The Haqqani network has been behind many of the co-ordinated attacks on Afghan and Nato forces in recent years and has been blamed for some of the deadliest blasts in the country, including a truck bomb in Kabul in 2017 that killed more than 150 people. Pakistan has been accused by the West of backing the Haqqani network to counter the influence of arch-rival India in Afghanistan, a charge it denies. Anas Haqqani was captured in 2014 alongside another commander, Hafiz Rashid, who is also set for release. The other militant involved in the swap was named as Haji Mali Khan, who is reportedly an uncle of Sirajuddin Haqqani, the AFP news agency reports. The Afghan government was shut out of negotiations between the US and the Taliban earlier this year. In September President Trump declared that effort "dead", shortly after cancelling secret plans to host a Taliban delegation at Camp David in the US. Swap shows concessions Analysis by Auliya Atrafi, BBC Afghan in Kabul President Ghani's confirmation of this prisoner swap came as no surprise, as negotiations behind the scenes have been happening for some time. Until now, he had made clear that the release of Haqqani Network members was a red line for his government, but it now seems the president is willing to make a range of concessions to the Taliban if it paves the way to direct peace talks. For some it's a move by the Afghan government to try to appease, in exchange for including it in peace talks in which the National Unity Government has so far been kept out. But the Taliban have previously made clear that foreign forces have to withdraw before they start intra-Afghan talks. Even then, the Taliban say, they will only treat the Afghan government as a part of the conflict and not as a state.
Example Output: Afghanistan announces Taliban prisoner swap to free hostages
Example Input: Zsuzsanna Besenyei, 37, was found dead on Le Pulec beach in St Ouen, Jersey, on 16 May 2018. Jamie Lee Warn, 56, of First Tower, was also found guilty at the Royal Court of perverting the course of justice. He was remanded in custody by Judge William Bailhache until 13 November, when a sentencing date is due to be set. Warn was found guilty after a retrial, following a successful appeal against his first conviction, in 2019. The two had met while working together at a hotel, and later began an affair while Warn was already in a relationship. 'Long and complex' A this second trial, jurors were shown CCTV footage of Miss Besenyei driving to Warn's flat on 10 May 2018 at about 18:00 BST. Prosecuting, Advocate Simon Thomas said the Hungarian worker had come to collect money Warn had promised her for beauty treatments. At 20:20 BST, Warn was seen buying hand sanitiser at a local supermarket. The following day he drove Miss Besenyei's car into First Tower car park, where her body lay in the boot for three days. In the early hours of 14 May, Warn dumped the body at La Pulec beach. On his journey back he left the car in water at St Aubin's Bay and walked home. Miss Besenyei's body was discovered two days later face-down in water, but a post-mortem examination could not determine the cause of death. Det Insp Craig Jackson said it had been a "long and complex investigation". "We now hope that Zsuzsanna's family can move on with their lives and they gain some form of closure from this verdict," he said.
Example Output: Jersey 'secret lover' killer Jamie Lee Warn guilty of murder
Example Input: By Zoe MurphyBBC News In human and financial terms, the burden is huge and it is hitting the poor especially hard. Often thought of as a disease of the rich, experts say the unabating rise may be fuelled as much by food scarcity and insecurity as it is by excess. Changing lifestyles, rapid urbanisation and cheap calories in the form of processed foods are putting more and more people at risk of developing Type-2 diabetes. There are now 382 million people worldwide living with diabetes, according to new figures from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). More than half are in Asia and the Western Pacific, where 90-95% of cases are classed as Type-2. China is leading the world, with the disease now affecting more than 98 million people or about 10% of the population - a dramatic increase from about 1% in 1980. Prof Juliana Chan of the Chinese University of Hong Kong says there is a complex interplay between genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors, which have been compounded by China's rapid modernisation. "Diabetes is a disease of paradoxes," she says. "It is typically an ageing disease, but the data shows that the young and middle-aged are most vulnerable. It is prevalent in obese people but emerging data suggests that for lean people with diabetes the outcome can be worse." The big question is whether China has the capacity to deal with a health problem of such magnitude. China spent $17bn (£10.6bn) on diabetes last year. The disease may consume more than half of China's annual health budget, if all those with the condition get routine, state-funded care, the IDF says. "Diabetes is a silent killer in a silent population," says Prof Chan. Men and women, trapped by stigma, poverty and misinformation, often do not seek help for diabetes until it is in its advanced stages. Kidney failure, cardiovascular disease and blindness are common complications. Prof Chan says China's leaders need to do a lot in terms of public health policy. "One of the greatest challenges is that the system is not conducive to preventative care. We need to go out and find those at risk otherwise you miss the critical moment to prevent the disease," she says. Governments are waking up to the problem, according to Leonor Guariguata, a biostatistician at IDF. "India and China are uniquely positioned - as they are developing so fast, they have the resources to act fast and reframe their health systems," she says. Big babies India is closely trailing China, with an estimated 65.1 million diabetics. Kanmani Pandian is 25 years old and expecting her first baby in January. Two months ago she was diagnosed with gestational diabetes - a disease she had never heard of. Kanmani was lucky. In Chennai, in the south-eastern state of Tamil Nadu, universal screening is available for pregnant women. If left unchecked the disease can lead to life-threatening complications, including foetal macrosomia, or excessive birth weight, making the delivery dangerous for both mother and child. More than 21 million live births were affected by diabetes in 2013. In India, the condition is particularly prevalent. Dr R M Anjana, a diabetes expert based in Chennai, says gestational diabetes is often not taken seriously "because people think it's a one-time thing or a mild affliction". The condition disappears after birth, but within five years of pregnancy, 70-80% of women develop Type-2 diabetes, she says. The infant is also at increased risk of developing the disease in later life. 'Owning up' Across the Western Pacific the disease is taking an unprecedented human and economic toll. In Fiji, surgeons carry out a diabetes-related amputation every 12 hours on average. "Before people seek help for foot infections they would have tried traditional medicines and herbs. By the time they come to the clinic the infection is often so advanced they need an amputation," says Dr Wahid Khan, co-founder of the Diabetes Trust of Fiji. "People don't want to own up to having diabetes. Culturally, it's seen as an illness that leads to early death. If it's known the person has diabetes there is less chance of them getting a job for instance," Dr Khan says. One in three people in Fiji aged 30 or above has diabetes. "The writing has been on the wall for a long time," says Dr Khan. Following the trend across Asia, Fiji's economy, driven by tourism, the sugar industry, gold, copper and fish exports, has produced a rising middle class. "People would traditionally grow their own crops, catch their own fish, if you wanted to get anywhere you would have to walk. We've become more lazy and less active," says Dr Khan, adding that he also has a gripe with the confectionary and fast food industries. In Fiji, diabetes could be prevented or delayed in 80% of cases through simple lifestyle changes, says the IDF. Three diabetes "hubs" were opened earlier this year, and Dr Khan is urging all adult Fijians to get screened. As part of a "massive campaign" to begin in 2014, Dr Khan says surgeons will be asked to "save rather than cut" when it comes to amputations, which are often seen as preferable to keeping patients in hospital for prolonged periods of time. "There is no one answer to diabetes," says Dr Khan, "but we are striving for the right path." Additional reporting by the BBC's Shilpa Kannan in Delhi.
Example Output: | Diabetes: Asia's 'silent killer'
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
One example: But Eluned Morgan conceded that it would be "difficult for us to stop" from a legal point of view. Her comments were criticised by a Labour AM. Alun Davies said threatening legal action "sounds like the last breath before you're thrown out of the pub". Mr Davies said he was not convinced the Welsh Government would "have a leg to stand on" in trying to shape international trade deals after Brexit. Following Donald Trump's comments during last week's trade visit that the NHS would be "on the table" in any future trade talks between the UK and the USA, Eluned Morgan said there was "absolutely no prospect whatsoever of us allowing the Welsh NHS to be part of any negotiation." The US President then rowed back on his initial comments following criticism from a number of MPs. Asked about her response to President Trump's remarks as she gave evidence to the Assembly's Brexit committee on Monday, Ms Morgan said "legally, it would be difficult for us to stop because we don't have a veto over trade". "Politically, I think it's extremely unlikely to happen," the international relations and the Welsh language minister said. "They [the UK Government] should not be concluding any trade agreements without consulting us where we have the power." Ms Morgan explained that UK and Welsh government officials are working on an agreement or 'concordat' for how future trade deals are negotiated. During a robust exchange, the Labour AM Alun Davies said: "I want something which is in law to which I can hold you to account and which colleagues in Westminster can hold the UK Government to account. "The argument we'll make life difficult for them, it sounds alright on the street, but it's not the reality of intergovernmental relations." "The United Kingdom has to find a way of functioning. "At the moment, your answers aren't giving me any confidence that there is that structure in place because, if the Welsh Government's argument is, 'we'll see you in court', it's not a very impressive argument either for the continuation of the structure of United Kingdom as a state or the commitment of the government within the United Kingdom to actually work together," he added. Responding to the criticism, Ms Morgan said: "Is the current intergovernmental structure adequate? "Absolutely not... and it's not just in relation to trade, it's in relation to almost every aspect of government policy. So, that infrastructure needs to be built."
Solution is here: NHS Wales: Court action if trade deals affect service?
Explanation: The output phrase is the appropriate title for the given text and it highlights the essence of the passage.
Now, solve this: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Solution: | Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy? | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
"Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
By Carys BetteleyBBC News That is the advice of 30-year-old Rachel Jury, from Bridgend, to anyone adapting to life with a stoma - an artificial opening on the abdomen to divert the flow of faeces or urine into a pouch outside the body. Rachel has two stoma bags, an ileostomy named Bob and a urostomy named Squirt. Relentless problems with the bags and several near death experiences have meant Rachel has felt anger towards her situation - but she is keen to spread the message that it does not help. "I have had hatred, many times," she said. Rachel is not alone. In the last 15 years the number of stoma appliances dispensed by the Welsh NHS have almost trebled, with 318,196 bags and other items prescribed in 2015-16. The net cost of ostomy items has also rocketed from £7.4m to £20.6m since 2000-01, according to the Welsh Government figures. The Colostomy Association said the increase could be down to a number of factors including people living longer, higher survival rates for cancer and ileostomy operations and more people having temporary stoma surgery due to better diagnosis and awareness of conditions like Ulcerative Colitis. Rachel was 21 when she started having problems with her bladder, while studying for a degree in radiotherapy before starting work in oncology at a Bristol hospital. The urologist team there decided she needed a catheter - used to treat bladders which do not empty - but a busy shift meant Rachel was not taught how to use it. "To say I struggled with this was an understatement," she said. "Fighting with the toilet seat and mirror to get myself into the right position and locate where to catheterise, I had to do this 12 times a day while trying to work and still suffering from the pain, retention and clamping. "I was trying to work at the same time." Rachel had to stop working at the age of 22. In June 2012, it was decided Rachel needed an emergency operation to form a permanent ileostomy (stoma), which diverts waste outside her body - "Bob" was born. In 2015 Rachel, who now lives in Bournemouth, agreed to have her bladder removed in a urostomy operation - because it was too small and caused pain and bleeding. And so "Squirt" was born, named after the havoc the bag caused while being changed by a nurse. 'You can still live a life and love your body' Rachel still does not have a full diagnosis but her condition causes autonomic neuropathy, meaning the nerves that control involuntary bodily functions are damaged. "I had four operations last year and was admitted about eight times because the stoma kept falling out," Rachel said. "I had a cardiac arrest a few months ago. But at least I had Christmas off, unlike the year before. "It's been a nightmare." "Relentless" problems with Bob over the past two years have meant Rachel regularly ends up in hospital with sepsis and does not always spot the early signs, resulting in long stays. She does not know what her life expectancy will be - but her condition is progressive and she said it "won't be decades", especially due to the sepsis. "I'm just trying to deal with each hurdle," she said. "Every time I go to the hospital I see people dealing with stomas and the nurses will ask me 'would you mind speaking to this person?'. "I do believe this is my purpose, and the medical training helps, I love being able to help patients." So what advice would Rachel give someone coming to terms with a diagnosis or adjusting to life with a stoma? "It's so important to name your stoma. "Yes it's quite funny calling them Squirt and Bob and it's light hearted, but it's so much harder if you have got hatred for it. "I have had hatred, many times. I've not been positive all the way through. "I've had a lot of accidents and to start with I shouted at it and got angry, but after the last couple of years and so many near death experiences, if you start hating, you're going to stay in that negative frame of mind. "If you can see it as a part of you, it's a lot easier. "I'll post on Facebook 'Bob's being a naughty boy again!', you can talk about it in normal conversation then. "But a lot of us are in the situation where, they have saved our life." Rachel said her health problems have affected friendships and her long-term relationship ended, but it also helped her to find new friendships. 'Be proud' "I hate the saying 'you find out who your friends are' but, yes, you do. And I have made amazing friends," she said. "With relationships, it puts a lot of pressure on to be dealing with it [illness] constantly, so it affects that." Rachel launched her blog, Rocking2Stomas, this month. She hopes to raise awareness of urostomy bags, saying not many people realise stoma bags can be to do with urological problems not just bowel. "It's quite rare to have two," she said. "Not many people know much about it or think it's only to do with poo - it's not, it's wee as well. "I'd like to build an online community of urostomates - similar to colostomies and ileostomy online communities. "I think I want to show you can still live a life and love your body. "I want to help women celebrate their bodies and be proud."
Rachel Jury from Bridgend on living with two stoma bags
By John L AllenSenior correspondent, National Catholic Reporter Catholics may believe there is something supernatural about their Church, but as the 13th Century theologian St Thomas Aquinas taught, it is not exempt from the normal realities of human nature - including the laws of psychology, sociology, and even politics. If that is true of the Church writ large, it is also true of the business of declaring saints. That fact was on clear display on 1 May, when Pope John Paul II was beatified, the final step before sainthood, in a ceremony in Rome that drew hundreds of thousands of people to St Peter's Square. John Paul's beatification comes just six years and one month after his death in 2005. The perception of haste has puzzled some observers, especially those inclined to question the late pope's record on combating the scourge of clerical sexual abuse. Formally speaking, the Vatican's explanation is that all the traditional criteria have been met. There is a popular grassroots conviction that John Paul was a holy man - an exhaustive four-volume Vatican study concluded that he lived a life of "heroic virtue" - and a miracle has been documented as resulting from his intervention. The miracle involves the healing of a 49-year-old French nun from Parkinson's disease, the same affliction from which the late pope suffered. Five fast-track factors Without questioning any of that, it is probably fair to say that institutional dynamics and even a degree of politics also help explain the rapid result. John Paul reformed the sainthood process in 1983, making it faster, simpler, and cheaper. The office of "Devil's advocate" - an official whose job was to try to knock down the case for sainthood - was eliminated, and the required number of miracles was dropped. The idea was to lift up contemporary role models of holiness in order to convince a jaded secular world that sanctity is alive in the here and now. The results are well known: John Paul II beatified and canonised more people than all previous popes combined. Since the reforms took effect, at least 20 cases qualify as "fast track" beatifications, meaning the candidate was beatified within 30 years of death. Taking a careful look at that list, aside from lives of holiness and miracle reports, at least five factors appear to influence who makes the cut. First, successful candidates have an organisation behind them with both the resources and the political savvy to move the ball. The Catholic movement Opus Dei (of Da Vinci Code fame), for instance, boasts a roster of skilled canon lawyers, and they invested significant resources in their founder's cause. St Josemaria Escriva was canonised in 2002. Second, several fast-track cases involve a "first", usually to recognise either a geographical region or an under-represented constituency. Italian lay woman Maria Corsini was beatified in 2001, just 35 years after her death, along with her husband Luigi Beltrame Quattrocchi. They were the first married couple to be declared "blessed". Nicaraguan Sr Maria Romero Meneses was beatified in 2002, 25 years after her death, as the first blessed from Central America. It is also striking that 12 of these fact-track beatifications have been women. That is arguably related to an effort to counter perceptions that the Church is hostile to women. Third, there is sometimes a political or cultural issue attached to the cause. For instance, Italian lay woman Gianna Beretta Molla was beatified in 1994, 32 years after she died in 1962. (Molla was canonised in 2004). She is famous for having refused both an abortion and a hysterectomy in order to save her unborn child. In other cases, the perceived issue is internal to the Church. Maria de la Purisima, a Spanish nun, was beatified in 2010, just 12 years after her death in 1998. Vatican officials hailed her as a model of preserving tradition in a period of "ideological turmoil" following the Second Vatican Council (1962-65). Push to canonise papacy Fourth, Church officials may feel a personal investment in a cause. For instance, two Polish priests moved through the process swiftly under John Paul II: Michal Sopocko, the confessor of St Faustina Kowalska, a mystic and founder of the Divine Mercy devotion, and Jerzy Popieluszko, a Solidarity leader murdered by the Polish Communists. Fifth, fast-track cases generally enjoy overwhelming hierarchical support, both from the bishops of the region and in Rome. Chiara Badano, a lay member of the Focolare movement, was beatified just 20 years after her death in 1990. Focolare is admired for its spirituality of unity and its ecumenical and inter-faith efforts, not to mention its loyalty to the Church. All five criteria are clearly in place with John Paul II. He has got powerful institutional backing both in Poland and in Rome, and virtually all of the officials making sainthood decisions today are John Paul II proteges. There is also a push to canonise not just John Paul the person, but also his papacy, especially its emphasis on recovering Catholicism's missionary muscle. Those criteria suggest that it won't be terribly long before the canonisation arrives, and St John Paul II is formally added to the Church's list. If so, both nature and the supernatural will, again, have had their say. John L Allen Jr is senior correspondent for the National Catholic Reporter and author of The Future Church: How Ten Trends are Revolutionizing the Catholic Church (Doubleday, 2009).
| John Paul II beatification: Politics of saint-making
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
A: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
****
Q: The union is accusing Southern railway of wanting to impose changes rather than reach an agreement. The dispute is separate to a long-running row between Southern and the RMT union over changes to the role of conductors. Aslef said Southern had "dug its heels in" over the changes. Southern's drivers who are members of Aslef voted for walkouts by 87%. The union has announced its drivers will strike on 13-14 December, again on 16 December, and between 9-14 January. 'Two to tango' Mick Whelan, Aslef's general secretary, said: "Our trade dispute with the company is that there should be no introduction and/or extension of new driver-only operated routes on Southern without the agreement of Aslef. "We have genuinely sought to reach a compromise with Southern. We have always been prepared to talk to the company and we have always been of the view that it should be possible to do a deal, but it takes two to tango and the company has not been prepared to negotiate," he said. "They have dug in their heels and forced us to ballot our members." Analysis: Richard Westcott, BBC transport correspondent This ups the ante in an already vitriolic dispute. Up until now, Southern had managed to run about 60% of its trains on RMT strike days. Still incredibly annoying for customers but they could normally find a way of getting to work. Now that just under 1,000 Aslef drivers are joining the fray, albeit on different days, it's hard to see how Southern will be able to run any kind of functioning train service when they walk out. They're also stopping overtime, which is often vital to running the trains every day. This dispute has become the defining battle for one of the most contentious issues on our railways, the increasing introduction of what's known as "driver-only-operation" or DOO, where the driver, rather than the guard, takes control of closing the doors. The unions say it's a safety risk and an excuse to cut jobs in the long run, all to save money. The rail firms and the government argue that it's about modernising the railways, freeing up on-board staff to deal with customers. They also point out that the safety regulator, the ORR, says it's safe and that DOO is already commonplace on many lines. What happens on Southern is likely to determine what happens on other rail franchises in the future. 'Perfectly safe' Charles Horton, the chief executive of Southern's parent company Govia Thameslink, said: "Passengers will be rightly furious that these wholly unnecessary and unjustified strikes have been called in the run up to Christmas and in the New Year. "It's perfectly safe for the driver to have sole responsibility for the operation of a modern train and that's how a third of the trains up and down the country - with the full agreement and support of Aslef - already operate today." The RMT has been embroiled in a bitter dispute with Southern over changes to the role of conductors. More stoppages are planned in the coming weeks, in the run-up to Christmas and over the new year. Southern wants drivers, rather than conductors, to operate carriage doors at certain times. London Underground drivers are to stage a 24-hour strike on 6 and 7 December, coinciding with a walkout by Southern rail guards. RMT strike dates:
A: Southern strike: Drivers vote in favour of action
****
Q: The Parker Solar Probe rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The probe is set to become the fastest-moving manmade object in history. Its data promises to crack longstanding mysteries about the Sun's behaviour. It is the first space craft to be named after a living person - astrophysicist Eugene Parker, 91, who first described solar wind in 1958. "Wow, here we go! We're in for some learning over the next several years," he said after watching the lift-off from the scene. The University of Chicago professor said he had been biting his nails in anticipation. The Delta-IV Heavy rocket - which was carrying the probe - launched at 03:31 local time (07:31 GMT). It came after a failed attempt the previous day, when a last-minute alarm caused the agency to miss its 65-minute window. Just under an hour after the launch, Nasa confirmed that the spacecraft had successfully separated and the probe had been released into space. What will the probe do? The probe aims to dip directly into our star's outer atmosphere, or corona. It will zip past Venus in six weeks and make a first rendezvous with the Sun a further six weeks after that. Over the course of seven years, Parker will make 24 loops around our star to study the physics of the corona, the place where much of the important activity that affects the Earth seems to originate. The probe will dip inside this tenuous atmosphere, sampling conditions, and getting to just 6.16 million km (3.83 million miles) from the Sun's broiling "surface". "I realise that might not sound that close, but imagine the Sun and the Earth were a metre apart. Parker Solar Probe would be just 4cm away from the Sun," explained Dr Nicky Fox, the UK-born project scientist who is affiliated to the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. "It will also be the fastest man-made object ever, travelling at speeds of up to 430,000mph [690,000km/h] - New York to Tokyo in under a minute!" she told BBC News.
A: | Parker Solar Probe: Nasa launches mission to 'touch the Sun'
****
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
The two areas, which are currently car parks on Lord Street and Parade Street, occupy more than three acres. Subject to planning, it is hoped the development will include leisure facilities, a hotel, shops and offices. Infrastructure Minister Phil Gawne said potential designs need to "set the standard for future development". He added: "This is an opportunity to develop a prime area in Douglas fronting the inner harbour and marina and close to the main shopping streets."
Tenders invited for Isle of Man quayside development
"Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
Kerry Elson posted photos on a community Facebook page for Yatton, Somerset, of mouldy vegetables she says came from the company Chartwells. She called the food "inedible" and said it "just wasn't acceptable". Chartwells said it had received a lot of "positive feedback" from parents about its food. The company had been criticised by Premier League footballer Marcus Rashford in January over the amount of food in its parcels, which it apologised for. Mum-of-four Ms Elson said the problem had got worse over the past fortnight. "It's just inedible, it's mouldy, it's rotten, it is just not acceptable for any child to eat. "It has got progressively worse the last week or two. We, and other parents, rely on those parcels and they are just not good enough," she said. Ms Elson's sister-in-law, Ellis, added: "You pick a pear up and put your thumb through it. "It almost feels like our children are being punished. To think that someone is hand selecting these items to put into the box, to distribute to low-income families, there is no care or thought put into that." They have set up a Facebook support group to offer a "safe place" for struggling parents to ask for help. "We set this up because we felt so passionately that if we are suffering, other parents are suffering, and is it fair that parents have to choose between feeding their children rotten food or not feeding them at all?" Kerry said. Their primary school has a contract with Chartwells, which says it has offered replacement parcels to replace the ones that provoked the complaints. In a statement Chartwells said: "Unfortunately it is impossible to tell whether the pictures provided to the BBC are from one of our parcels. "It is important to stress that if a parent is ever unhappy with what they receive they can call our helpline and receive a replacement parcel within 24 hours. "We have substantially enhanced our lunch parcels in the last three weeks, and are also providing free breakfast too. "We have supplied over 30,000 parcels in the last two weeks and have been receiving lots of positive feedback from parents." Follow BBC West on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to: [email protected] Related Internet Links Compass Group UK Department for Education
| Free school meals: 'Mouldy' food prompts action from mums
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
TASK DEFINITION: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
PROBLEM: By Jamie BartlettPresenter, The Missing Cryptoqueen About £2bn from across the world was spent on OneCoin tokens, including tens of millions of pounds from British families. Then, in late 2017, Ruja disappeared and the scheme was exposed to be a scam. There was no cryptocurrency. It was an old-fashioned Ponzi scheme. For 18 months, I've investigated the scandal for BBC Sounds, for the podcast The Missing Cryptoqueen, alongside my producer, Georgia Catt. After a break, we returned for a new episode last week, which focused in part on the UK's Financial Conduct Authority. Just three and a bit months after the London extravaganza, the watchdog posted an online warning about the get-rich scheme, headlined: "Beware trading virtual currencies with OneCoin". It said consumers should be "wary of dealing with OneCoin" and the organisation was being investigated by the City of London Police. "This firm is not authorised by us and we do not believe it is undertaking any activities that require our authorisation. However, we are concerned about the potential risks this firm poses to UK consumers," it added. This helped counteract the claims of OneCoin promoters, who were trying to pull in more victims. And delighted critics would spend their evenings sending the FCA warning to potential new recruits. But on or around 1 August 2017, with the scam in full momentum, the authority suddenly removed its notice. Now, it was Ruja's turn to be thrilled. According to retired libel lawyer David Hooper, it should have been obvious to the regulator OneCoin's promoters were going to use this "as a marketing opportunity". And OneCoin promoters quickly began claiming it meant the FCA no longer considered OneCoin a risk. One triumphantly told his followers: "If [the FCA] still thought we were a fraudulent company… then, guess what, that warning's not removed." While making the podcast, we've seen letters a UK law firm hired by Ruja sent to her critics. The letters threatened legal action unless they deleted online posts claiming OneCoin was a pyramid scheme run by a criminal organisation. And at some point, one of Ruja's advisors - although it's still not clear exactly who or when - realised the FCA might have overstepped its regulatory authority. And, according to multiple sources, the law firm pressured the FCA to have the notice removed. Heavily promoted All regulators have their own turf to referee. The FCA's covers financial products and services. What's included isn't always clear, especially with new products. And being so novel, cryptocurrencies were, and still are, outside this "perimeter". In response to a query at the time of its removal, the FCA said it "had been on our website for a sufficient amount of time to make investors aware of our concerns". However, several alerts have remained live on the FCA's website for years, even decades. Not to mention the scam was still being heavily promoted in the UK at the time. When we asked again, it told us the initial decision to publish the notice had been at City of London Police's request and the decision to take it down had been made "in conjunction" with the force. "It did not appear that OneCoin was carrying on any activities that required FCA authorisation," it said. "The FCA does not regulate crypto-assets and therefore it could not take this matter further. "Any queries should be directed to the City of London Police on this." We followed this up with the police force. But it made clear responsibility for the notice was the regulator's alone. "The City of London Police was made aware of the FCA's intention to take down their alert on OneCoin and their reasons for doing so," said a spokesman. "The force accepted that the decision belonged to the FCA given that this was their alert." We went back to the FCA to ask again what its reasons were but it declined to comment further. City of London Police ultimately dropped its own investigation, citing "insufficient evidence to support criminal proceedings" but was thanked by US prosecutors for helping them convict a lawyer who had helped launder $400m (£300m) of OneCoin's proceeds. However, neither of these events happened until two years later, in 2019. And critics believe once the decision had been made to issue the original warning, there was an obligation for the FCA and police to stick with it. "They clearly had responsibilities not to pour a bucket of whitewash over OneCoin," Mr Hooper told us. The hunt for Ruja continues - if caught, she faces up to 80 years in a US jail. For the many thousands conned out of their savings, justice won't be served until the matter is revolved. But in the meantime, many can't help feeling the UK authorities could have done more to thwart the scam and at the very least shouldn't have backtracked from keeping their concerns public. Download or stream the Missing Cryptoqueen podcast on BBC Sounds. _______ Additional reporting by Leo Kelion
SOLUTION: Missing Cryptoqueen: Why did the FCA drop its warning about the OneCoin scam?
PROBLEM: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
SOLUTION: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
PROBLEM: By Lorraine MallinderMontreal To those outside environmental circles, the move seemed puzzlingly out of character. After all, in the popular imagination, this is a country of virgin forests and pristine lakes, home of Jack London's White Fang, not to mention the birthplace of Greenpeace. Quite simply, Canada was not supposed to act like this. The move, of course, came as no surprise to those familiar with Alberta's tar sands boom - the sands saturated with a dense form of petroleum which can be extracted and used as fuel. Under the Conservative government of Stephen Harper, the Kyoto Protocol had become an impediment to growth of the multi-billion-dollar industry, which generates higher greenhouse gas emissions than conventional pumping from oil wells. Rush for riches The retreat from Kyoto may only have been the beginning of Canada's environmental about-turn. The country is currently preparing to capitalise on its treasure trove of resources, which include hydro-power, natural gas, timber, coal, potash, iron ore, lithium, gold and much more. With global warming freeing the Arctic shipping routes, this vast mineral wealth will flow eastwards to feed the burgeoning appetites of the world's developing economies. The country is in a hurry. As Canada's natural resources minister Joe Oliver said at a Toronto press conference last month, it's time to "seize the moment". "These opportunities won't last forever," he added. David Suzuki, a scientist and one of the country's foremost voices on the environment, fears Canada is about to commit ecological "suicide". Pipeline flashpoint "The warming that has been going on in the Arctic is undeniable," he says. "But, what Mr Harper is seeing is all this economic activity, that we'll be able to mine more resources and ship them through the Northern Passage. The ecological implications of all that are just monumental." His criticisms come as the Conservative government, re-elected with a majority in 2011, embarks on a sweeping review of environmental laws. The most controversial proposals would speed up assessments, limit public participation in hearings and give the cabinet powers to override regulators on major projects. Other reforms would water down laws on the protection of fish habitats and endangered species. Environmentalists are alarmed by the proposals, which they say have been bundled into an obscure budget bill that is being fast-tracked through parliament. "It's not illegal, but it's devious," says Elizabeth May, leader of the opposition Green Party. "It's all about massive resource development, intentionally designed to grease the wheels of the tar sands industry." The new rules could affect projects currently under review, such as the proposed Northern Gateway oil pipeline, which will transport bitumen from Alberta to British Columbia for shipping to Asia. Like the unpopular Keystone XL pipeline, which was rejected by US President Barack Obama earlier this year, Northern Gateway has become a flashpoint for tar sands opponents, including native groups who fear spills on their territory. Their opposition prompted Mr Oliver to write an open letter to Canadians this year, attacking groups threatening to "hijack our regulatory system to achieve their radical ideological agenda". Moreover, he accused groups of receiving foreign funding to undermine Canada's national interests, attracting "jet-setting celebrities" to "lecture Canadians". Environment Minister Peter Kent later accused charities of laundering foreign money. The government's salvoes led to accusations of a smear campaign against activist groups. Simon Dyer, policy director at the Pembina Institute, an environmental think tank which also advises government and industry, thinks the debate has become irreparably polarised. "Right now, you're either for or against development," he says. There has been progress on some fronts, such as the Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement, which promotes sustainable logging. But, in other areas, such as the protection of woodland caribou, there is still far to go. Mr Dyer laments what he calls the government's laissez-faire attitude to tar sands. Since Mr Harper's arrival in office, despite repeated promises, there has been no progress on regulating emissions from the industry. Meanwhile, oil production is expected to nearly double, to almost four million barrels a day by 2021. "The federal government just hasn't been minding the stall, letting many tar sands projects to go ahead at the same time," he says. Liberal MP Stephane Dion, a former environment minister and party leader, worked hard to place green issues at the top of the country's political agenda. But, his proposals for a carbon tax were rejected in the 2008 federal election. "I don't see the opportunity for meaningful change in Canada in the short-term," he says. "If you allow people in the oil industry to have less regulation, they will not protest and that's what this government is willing to do." Mr Harper is nothing if not consistent. In 2002, in a letter written when he was leader of the now defunct Canadian Alliance party, he described the Kyoto Protocol as "a socialist scheme to suck money out of wealth-producing nations." Describing his campaign as the "battle of Kyoto", he vowed to block the "job-killing, economy-destroying … accord". As leader of the country, he has remained true to his word. Canadians are largely in favour of the tar sands industry, though attitudes vary across the country. According to an Ipsos Reid survey conducted in April 2012, two-thirds of respondents believed it would be possible to increase oil and gas production while protecting the environment at the same time. Mr Suzuki maintains his fellow countrymen care deeply about the environment. "Canadians are not where Mr Harper is," he says. "We place a high value on nature as a part of who we are as a country." "It is something that is deeply embedded in the Canadian psyche." Lorraine Mallinder is a freelance journalist based in Montreal. More from Canada Direct
SOLUTION: | Viewpoint: Canada's green image tarnished by new policies
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Zoe KleinmanReporter, BBC News It is calling for government support for sports and leisure facilities, similar to the Eat Out to Help Out scheme for the food sector. Its suggestions include a VAT reduction, a pause on National Insurance contributions and help with backdated rent arrears. One gym owner told the BBC business had got worse since it reopened. "People think that now we're open we're OK, but the guidelines mean we can't really carry out our business in any way near what we were doing before, and we still have full overheads to pay," said Gareth Johnson, who co-owns a Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) gym in Portsmouth. Mixed Martial Arts - which combines a number of fighting disciplines including kickboxing, jiu-jitsu and wrestling - requires close physical contact during training. Strict rules around contact between people mean MMA fighters cannot spar at his gym at all. Training bubble Mr Johnson thinks Covid rules should include a "training bubble" so two people from different households can train together. He has written to Chancellor Rishi Sunak and his local MP Stephen Morgan asking for support, and has the backing of Portsmouth North MP Penny Mordaunt. In a letter to Health Secretary Matt Hancock, seen by the BBC, Ms Mordaunt writes: "I would like to support a bubble so that people can have an exercise partner outside of their household who they can train with". She adds it would be "greatly beneficial if we could have a fund to enable healthcare professionals to prescribe a gym membership." Fighting for survival British UFC fighter Molly McCann and Commonwealth Games boxer Jonathan Francois are among those who have trained at Mr Johnson's Gym01. At its peak, it had 1,000 members but can now only operate at 20% capacity within the new guidelines. Gyms were allowed to reopen in England on 25 July after just over four months of lockdown, but by then the gym had lost over half its members, with many facing financial difficulties themselves. Others have been too nervous to return, or feel they cannot do the exercise they want. "When we reopened I had an air of excitement that everyone was going to come and train and get fit - and it just didn't come through," Mr Johnson said. "We're in a hell of a lot of debt that we are struggling to pay." Under the guidelines, which apply to all sports facilities, gyms must follow strict hygiene and social distancing measures. A recent study by UKActive found that there were eight million gym visits made by people in England in the first three weeks after they reopened. While 17 people later informed gyms they had tested positive for Covid-19 there was no suggestion they had become infected while at the gym. "Covid-19 has devastated the fitness and leisure sector, with many businesses having zero income but still facing overhead costs," said UKActive CEO Huw Edwards. "With government support, we can keep fitness facilities open at a time when they are needed the most." The government has launched a campaign urging people to get fitter. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has himself hired a personal trainer to help him lose weight. But Gareth Johnson feels the Better Health campaign has excluded the commercial fitness sector. "If you go on to the NHS website there are links were you can pay for diet clubs or online training videos, but no mention at all of going to a gym," he said. Insurance hit Gym01 is also one of hundreds of UK businesses affected by a dispute over whether "business interruption" insurance policy extensions should include losses incurred as a result of the pandemic. Insurers say they do not and most have not paid out on related claims. A court ruling is due next month after the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) brought a case citing 17 examples of business interruption claims involving various insurance firms, eight of which are taking part. For Mr Johnson, that resolution can't come soon enough. "We need our insurance to pay out and we need something that's going to encourage people to come and train," he says. "This is 10 times worse than the last recession. We are massively worried about the future."
Coronavirus: Fitness industry 'devastated' by lockdown
By Amelia ButterlyNewsbeat reporter But this year's winner, Kevin Simm, hopes he will prove that wrong. "I suppose there is pressure and there is a tag with The Voice winners," he tells Newsbeat, just hours after winning the public vote. Leanne Mitchell, the first winner, only got to 134 in the charts with her album. Last year's winner, Stevie McCrorie reached number 35. "I personally don't believe The Voice is cursed," Simm says. "I genuinely thought and said that out of the four people who were in the final, and the final 10 even, I truly believe any of us could have had a career outside of this." And Simm has had a successful career outside of The Voice, having been one fifth of Liberty X, the band formed out of the runners up on the 2001 ITV show Popstars. He is aware that some fans of The Voice have been less than impressed that he has had another chance to compete on a reality show - and that he has gone on to win. "If you lose your job, or you get made redundant, can you not apply for the same job because there's other young people coming through?" he asks. "No, usually it's best person for the job who gets it. Why is it any different? "I didn't 'have' a chance with Liberty X - I went out there and got it and instead of feeling sorry for myself when it all ended, I grafted through the pubs and clubs and I've been doing that for the last six years. "If there was a rule in place on The Voice that I couldn't go for it then that would be fair enough, but there wasn't so, let's have it." Despite being billed as a documentary, Popstars tends to mark the dawn of the age of Saturday night talent shows that now dominate. Hear'Say, the winners, had a couple of number one singles, before disappearing. Liberty X meanwhile had the greater commercial success with three albums and numerous top 10 singles. Simm's former bandmates were in the audience to support him during the final and it is clear that meant a lot to him. "I don't think I put my head on the chopping block on The Voice to start dancing around with canes again," he says, when Newsbeat asks if their attendance suggests plans to reform. "It is a great laugh. When we do get together and do stuff, it is just for the laugh and for the memories and nostalgia. "I'm totally not discounting getting the canes out and performing but as far as new music, that's definitely not on the cards." For the first time in its history, the winner's single was written especially for The Voice. Rival judge Boy George has said he was "pleased" his act, Cody Frost, didn't win, because she didn't want to sing the track, called All Good Friends. "With the winner's song, a lot of the lyrics in it are quite relevant to my - I don't want to be cliched and say journey - but yeah, my journey," laughs Simm. "So for me to sing it, I can put my heart into it and believe the lyrics. "Hopefully people at home will see that too." Find us on Instagram at BBCNewsbeat and follow us on Snapchat, search for bbc_newsbeat
Kevin Simm: The Voice isn't cursed with unsuccessful winners
By Dr Faye Kirkland and Joseph LeeBBC News Are family doctors ready to deal with a wave of patients, prevent the spread of the disease and protect the most vulnerable? The doctor According to the tests carried out so far, there are hardly any diagnosed patients with Covid-19 in the neighbourhood of Dr Jane Wheatley's north London surgery. In reality she believes there are likely to be many people with the coronavirus out there - and the government agrees, estimating the true extent of the infection nationwide at between 5,000 to 10,000 cases as of Friday. With testing not available for every patient, it's hard to be sure. She says: "We know there is community transmission. Obviously we can't tell which patients have the normal influenza virus or a cold and which ones have the Covid-19 disease. We can't distinguish based on symptoms." Dr Wheatley says it has been impossible for her to get patients tested unless they have either been to a high-risk country or been in contact with a known case of Covid-19. But she's "had suspicions" about patients who have been in contact with people returning from Hong Kong or Italy - but who did not fit the criteria to get tested themselves. Her surgery displays a sign warning anyone with a cough or fever to go home and use the phone. Fluid-resistant surgical masks have just arrived and the practice was already equipped with plastic aprons and gloves. But they do not have the most effective respirator masks, as supplies are being kept for hospitals, which will deal with the most serious infections - prompting fears for the safety of medical staff. Dr Wheatley says: "I'm going to see sick people, that's what we do. But I want to have the right equipment to protect myself." She says guidance for GPs has lagged behind that for hospital staff, saying: "Things weren't happening quickly enough and we were making ourselves vulnerable." "I don't want to get sick, but I still want to do my job. "If I'm sick or even exposed and have to self-isolate, that leaves our surgery without a doctor, which puts extra strain on colleagues. But I don't want to infect elderly and vulnerable people, I don't want to infect my colleagues, I don't want to infect my family, my elderly relatives." She would like to see a standardised way of managing people with respiratory illnesses - such as an initial telephone consultation - so they can be kept apart from other patients. As the outbreak continues to grow, she's having to warn regular patients to expect appointments to be disrupted. As healthcare workers fall ill or have to self-isolate, routine work such as health checks for over-75s or diabetic checks will have to be reduced, she says. "I'm counselling patients on what's coming. We're always stretched, we work at capacity," she says. "I'm not panicking, I'm taking precautions." The receptionist With GP surgeries told to limit the number of people who visit in person, receptionists are under pressure as they try to deal with the volume of calls. Georgia, a receptionist in Hertfordshire, tells the BBC: "It's just been chaos. I haven't seen anything like it this before." She says the phone had been "ringing off the hook" but for many patients' questions, there were simply no answers yet. The surgery is equipped with masks, gloves and deep cleaning tools, and has been directing people to self-isolate if they show the symptoms of a cough or a fever. "It's been very emotionally and physically draining. We are doing our best to help, but at the moment it's a lot to handle," says Georgia. The expert "This is a massive crisis, probably the biggest crisis the NHS has ever had to face," says Prof Martin Marshall, an east London GP who is also chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners' council. He says not enough has been done yet to prepare family doctors for the epidemic, although he adds: "We need to be a little bit understanding of the pressures that the whole system is under." As the virus circulates in the community, he says we need "urgent action" to protect healthcare workers, give them the information they need and provide technology to allow for more consultations by phone or the internet. Administrative tasks for GPs should be suspended during the crisis, he says, and staff need to be tested as a priority. Given the pressures the NHS will be under, Prof Marshall says it is vital that doctors and nurses are not taken out of action for seven days of isolation unnecessarily. "We're not saying that health professionals are more important than patients, we're saying that health professionals have a responsibility," he says. "We therefore need to keep them as healthy as possible and we need to get them back into the workforce as quickly as possible. So we're asking that health professionals are tested early."
| Coronavirus: GPs prepare for NHS's 'biggest crisis'
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
A: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
****
Q: By Michael BuchananSocial Affairs Correspondent, BBC News Some patients have been sent hundreds of miles for treatment because no beds are available locally, the data shows. The online journal Community Care sent Freedom of Information requests to all 56 English mental health trusts. NHS England said it was determined to improve mental health services. The Royal College of Psychiatrists said delayed discharge and poor social care were exacerbating the problem. Data from 37 trusts that responded showed there were 4,447 patients sent out of their area for treatment in 2014-15 - up 23.1% from 2013-14, when 3,611 patients were sent out of their area. There was also an increase in the cost of caring for these patients - from £51.4m in 2013-14 to £65.1m in 2014-15, figures from 29 trusts showed. According to the data, the longest journeys carried out by patients were trips from Bristol to Livingston (370 miles), Cumbria to London (270 miles), and Southampton to Harrogate (260 miles). 'I didn't know where I was' Daniel Gillan, 40, from Margate, Kent, has suffered from mental health problems since he was 18. In the middle of a crisis in late 2013, he was sent to a hospital in Weston-Super-Mare in Somerset - 226 miles away. When he had to be admitted last month, there were no local beds available again. This time, he spent most of June in Manchester - 281 miles away. "The problem is my admissions have got further and further away from Margate as time goes by," said Daniel. "If the beds are full here, the next closest bed that becomes available is the bed you're going to get. The closest bed in my case was Manchester." The distance meant that neither family nor friends were able to visit him. "I didn't know where I was, I didn't have a clue. I knew I was a long, long way from home as it had taken so long to get there but I didn't know where in the country I was." 'Unacceptable' While some mental health trusts, such as Oxleas and South London & Maudsley, have managed to reduce their use of out-of-area beds, most have increasingly had to transport patients to other parts of the country. The trusts with the biggest increases in patients treated out of area from 2013-14 to 2014-15 were: Paul Farmer, chief executive of Mind, said the figures showed a "very clear message" that mental health services were struggling to deliver care. He said: "It is unacceptable that so many people are being driven hundreds of miles away from their loved ones in search of a hospital bed, at a time when they are often scared, vulnerable and most in need of the support of family and friends and familiar surroundings." Previous research by BBC News and Community Care found that more than 2,100 psychiatric beds have been closed in England since 2011. The problems have led to the Royal College of Psychiatry launching an inquiry into acute care. Its interim report, published on Wednesday, does not blame the bed closures for the difficulties patients are experiencing. Instead, it says delayed discharges and poor community services are causing the problem. "The biggest thing is to get some people in beds out of them," said Lord Crisp, who is chairing the inquiry. "We need better ways of treating people in the community. [More] beds alone won't solve that - it's getting better housing, better alternatives to care, keeping people at home." 'Determined to improve' Ministers have increased funding for mental health services and urged local commissioning groups to properly fund these services in a bid to ensure psychiatric patients are treated as well as physical patients in the NHS. Dr Martin McShane, NHS England's director for people with long term conditions, said the Mental Health Taskforce had been set up to improve mental health services over the next five years. He added: "We are determined to improve mental health services and address the distress and unwarranted costs associated with out-of-area placements which are unacceptable."
A: Mental health patients sent 'hundreds of miles' for care
****
Q: James Alex Fields Jr, 22, was sentenced for numerous federal hate crimes committed in the August 2017 attack. Heather Heyer, 32, died when Fields drove his car into people protesting against a white nationalist rally. The avowed neo-Nazi has also been convicted of murder at the state level. He is set to be sentenced in that case next month. Speaking ahead of his sentencing on Friday, Fields apologised for the "hurt and loss" he had caused. "Every day I think about how things could have gone differently and how I regret my actions. I'm sorry," he said. Fields pleaded guilty to 29 of 30 federal hate crimes under a deal with prosecutors who agreed not to seek the death penalty. His lawyers had asked for a more lenient sentence than life in prison, citing his age, a traumatic childhood and mental illness. Ms Heyer's parents told the court of the pain of losing their daughter. Her father Mark Heyer told Fields: "I forgive you." "I hope he can heal one day and help others too," her mother, Susan Bro, said. What happened in Charlottesville? Hundreds of neo-Nazis, white nationalists and Ku Klux Klan members gathered in Charlottesville, Virginia, on 12 August, 2017 for one of the largest white supremacist rallies in the US in decades. The "Unite the Right" march was organised to protest against plans to take down a statue of General Robert E Lee, who had fought for the pro-slavery Confederacy during the American Civil War. Clashes broke out with counter-protesters, leaving dozens injured. Graphic video footage shared widely on social media showed Fields driving his car into the counter-protesters, killing 32-year-old paralegal Ms Heyer and injuring others. Who is James Alex Fields Jr? Fields, a self-described neo-Nazi from Ohio, was 20 at the time of the attack. Federal prosecutors said he thought about harming others while driving to the Charlottesville rally. They noted that there was evidence on his social media profiles of him "expressing support of the social and racial policies of Adolf Hitler and Nazi-era Germany, including the Holocaust". Less than a month before the attack, they said he posted an image on Instagram showing a car driving into a crowd of people. "You have the right to protest but I'm late for work," read the caption. Hours before the attack, he was photographed carrying a shield bearing the emblem of a far-right hate group. Even afterwards, Fields remained unrepentant, prosecutors said. In a phone call from prison in December 2017, he criticised Ms Heyer's mother. "She is a communist. An anti-white liberal," Fields said. He went on to describe her as "the enemy". Fields' lawyers have argued that he felt intimidated and acted to protect himself in the August 2017 attack.
A: | Charlottesville attacker apologises as he is jailed for life
****
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Dr Faye Kirkland and Joseph LeeBBC News Are family doctors ready to deal with a wave of patients, prevent the spread of the disease and protect the most vulnerable? The doctor According to the tests carried out so far, there are hardly any diagnosed patients with Covid-19 in the neighbourhood of Dr Jane Wheatley's north London surgery. In reality she believes there are likely to be many people with the coronavirus out there - and the government agrees, estimating the true extent of the infection nationwide at between 5,000 to 10,000 cases as of Friday. With testing not available for every patient, it's hard to be sure. She says: "We know there is community transmission. Obviously we can't tell which patients have the normal influenza virus or a cold and which ones have the Covid-19 disease. We can't distinguish based on symptoms." Dr Wheatley says it has been impossible for her to get patients tested unless they have either been to a high-risk country or been in contact with a known case of Covid-19. But she's "had suspicions" about patients who have been in contact with people returning from Hong Kong or Italy - but who did not fit the criteria to get tested themselves. Her surgery displays a sign warning anyone with a cough or fever to go home and use the phone. Fluid-resistant surgical masks have just arrived and the practice was already equipped with plastic aprons and gloves. But they do not have the most effective respirator masks, as supplies are being kept for hospitals, which will deal with the most serious infections - prompting fears for the safety of medical staff. Dr Wheatley says: "I'm going to see sick people, that's what we do. But I want to have the right equipment to protect myself." She says guidance for GPs has lagged behind that for hospital staff, saying: "Things weren't happening quickly enough and we were making ourselves vulnerable." "I don't want to get sick, but I still want to do my job. "If I'm sick or even exposed and have to self-isolate, that leaves our surgery without a doctor, which puts extra strain on colleagues. But I don't want to infect elderly and vulnerable people, I don't want to infect my colleagues, I don't want to infect my family, my elderly relatives." She would like to see a standardised way of managing people with respiratory illnesses - such as an initial telephone consultation - so they can be kept apart from other patients. As the outbreak continues to grow, she's having to warn regular patients to expect appointments to be disrupted. As healthcare workers fall ill or have to self-isolate, routine work such as health checks for over-75s or diabetic checks will have to be reduced, she says. "I'm counselling patients on what's coming. We're always stretched, we work at capacity," she says. "I'm not panicking, I'm taking precautions." The receptionist With GP surgeries told to limit the number of people who visit in person, receptionists are under pressure as they try to deal with the volume of calls. Georgia, a receptionist in Hertfordshire, tells the BBC: "It's just been chaos. I haven't seen anything like it this before." She says the phone had been "ringing off the hook" but for many patients' questions, there were simply no answers yet. The surgery is equipped with masks, gloves and deep cleaning tools, and has been directing people to self-isolate if they show the symptoms of a cough or a fever. "It's been very emotionally and physically draining. We are doing our best to help, but at the moment it's a lot to handle," says Georgia. The expert "This is a massive crisis, probably the biggest crisis the NHS has ever had to face," says Prof Martin Marshall, an east London GP who is also chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners' council. He says not enough has been done yet to prepare family doctors for the epidemic, although he adds: "We need to be a little bit understanding of the pressures that the whole system is under." As the virus circulates in the community, he says we need "urgent action" to protect healthcare workers, give them the information they need and provide technology to allow for more consultations by phone or the internet. Administrative tasks for GPs should be suspended during the crisis, he says, and staff need to be tested as a priority. Given the pressures the NHS will be under, Prof Marshall says it is vital that doctors and nurses are not taken out of action for seven days of isolation unnecessarily. "We're not saying that health professionals are more important than patients, we're saying that health professionals have a responsibility," he says. "We therefore need to keep them as healthy as possible and we need to get them back into the workforce as quickly as possible. So we're asking that health professionals are tested early." | Coronavirus: GPs prepare for NHS's 'biggest crisis' | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
[EX Q]: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
[EX A]: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
[EX Q]: By Monty MunfordTechnology of Business reporter This is the story of how I got my fingers burned in the murky of world of cryptocurrency investment. Be warned. After a decade as a tech journalist, I liked to describe myself as a "lunchtime-adopter", somebody who acted faster than many, but would never be as smart as the early adopters. So it was with cryptocurrencies. I had heard about Bitcoin, but it was one of those technologies where I nodded my head sagely whenever I was in the same room with those talking about it. As for investing or speculating, I had absolutely no intention of doing so. But as the Bitcoin price made its merry way to a peak of nearly $20,000 (£16,500) at the end of 2017 - a rise of more than 100,000% in seven years - my curiosity got the better of me. And it wasn't just Bitcoin, other cryptocurrencies interested me, such as Ethereum. I chose it not for any other reason than it was second to Bitcoin by valuation and looked like it could emulate that 100,000% rise. So in the middle of 2017, I made some investments, figuring that it was a long-term plan and might even become a nest egg for a pension. But doing so was utterly terrifying. Even after a lot of tutorials from very patient friends, I pulled out three times from completing my initial transaction. One wrong press of the key and I thought I'd lose my money. How prophetic that turned out to be. There seemed to be two options: to store my crypto on an exchange, or in an encrypted digital storage wallet. When I researched the subject, there were stories of exchanges being hacked for millions of pounds and going bust, so I decided to store it in a wallet - myetherwallet.com. I was given two keys, one private and one public, both of 40 random numbers and letters. If I wanted to transfer money to my wallet, I used the public key; to access my wallet I used my private key. I was told to write down my private key and store it securely with other financial documents. I was never to reveal it to anyone, or lose it. So I printed it out, but also made the fateful decision to store it in my Gmail drafts, so I could copy and paste it when I needed to make a transaction rather than laboriously typing it out each time. I deleted my internet history after every check of my wallet for extra security. When the price of Ethereum rocketed, I was soon sitting on a decent pile of money. Then that decent pile of money disappeared. I hadn't used my private key to access my account for some time and was getting the jitters when the price of all cryptocurrencies began to fall in 2018. Maybe it was time to take some out. But when I tried to do so, I saw with horror that all of my Ethereum - about £25,000's worth - had already been taken out; the cupboard was bare. It had been moved to another private key address and there was absolutely nothing I could do about it. There seemed to be no-one to complain to. A transaction on Ethereum cannot be reversed and there is no safety net - nothing like the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) that guarantees up to £85,000 on UK bank accounts. After contacting people in my extensive crypto network, I found out that my Ether money had been taken to the Binance cryptocurrency exchange and, according to Binance, moved again within 60 minutes. Trying to get information from Binance was a Kafkaesque nightmare - just an automated message saying it would respond within 72 hours when 72 seconds would have been more useful. Binance wouldn't disclose anything anyway until it has been contacted by law enforcement, so I went to the Action Fraud website, reported my case, and obtained a crime number. But six months passed with no news on my stolen investments, so I went on the offensive and contacted US bounty-hunters CipherBlade who work with the FBI in Philadelphia to pinpoint thieves and track them down - in exchange for a percentage of the bounty. They discovered that my money had been deposited by the thief (or thieves) in a "consolidation wallet" then divided up in to chunks and sent to four different deposit addresses on the Binance exchange. The police would need to contact Binance, they said, to find out who owned these accounts, using email and IP addresses and any other personal details the thieves may have given. I sent CipherBlade's report to Action Fraud and things finally began to move. The following morning I was contacted by Sussex's cybercrime unit, my local force, and within a week they had received useful information from Binance. The unit tracked IP addresses to a telecoms company in the Netherlands, but there weren't any personal identification details to be had - perhaps unsurprisingly. More Technology of Business The investigations continue, and my money remains stolen. Of course, I should never have stored my password anywhere on my computer. Malware can scan keystroke movements and sniff out a private key - even if, as I had done, you chop it up into separate blocks and store it in different places. But writing down a private key on paper can be just as hazardous. A house fire, flood, hungry pet - simply a bad memory - can mean that huge amounts of cryptocurrency are lost forever. You could hammer out your private key on to a fire and corrosion proof titanium tag - check out Cryptotag's solution - and then store it in a bank vault, but this is hardly convenient if you want to access your crypto wallet regularly. So I'm left with my fingers burned, feeling like I wandered in to a savage bazaar where criminals can pick your pocket at will. And get away with it. Please learn from my mistakes.
[EX A]: 'How I lost £25,000 when my cryptocurrency was stolen'
[EX Q]: It's part of the devolution deal that takes decision making from Westminster to our county, on important issues such as housing and transport. The mayor will lead a combined authority of representatives from each of the existing unitary authorities, district and county councils. The authority will have a budget of £800m over the next five years. Ahead of the election, BBC Cambridgeshire will be finding out what you want from the new mayor. What do you think are the most important issues in the county and how do you think the money should be spent? You can get in touch on Twitter, Facebook and you can also board the BBC bus, which will be travelling around the county. BBC Radio Cambridgeshire will be in Ely market square on Tuesday, 21 March, from 11:00 - 15:00. The Big Conversation will also broadcast live from Cambridge market on Wednesday, 22 March, and in St John's Square, Peterborough, on Friday, 24 March. You can meet presenter Paul Stainton and the crew and ask your questions from 09:00 - 12:00. Related Internet Links Gov.uk: Cambridgeshire and Peterborough set for new mayor
[EX A]: | How should the mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough spend £800m?
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Teacher:Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Student: | Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy? | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: Stephen Bournes, who has been at the pier since 2005, said it had been sold to Gough Hotels for an unspecified amount, but less than £6m. The pier includes several restaurants, shops and arcades and already has planning permission for a 30 bed-hotel. Gough Hotels, which is based in Bury St Edmunds, was unavailable for comment. The chain owns the Angel in Bury St Edmunds and the Salthouse on the Ipswich Waterfront. Mr Bournes said the sale of the 623ft (190m) long pier, which was built in 1900 and refurbished 100 years later, was "great for Suffolk". "The pier is a bit of a landmark and is very family orientated," he said. Southwold Pier has won a number of national tourism awards over the past few years. It was named Best Seaside Attraction 2007, Best Tourism Experience 2008 in the East of England and Best Large Attraction 2009. Britain's only surviving sea-going steam passenger ship, the PS Waverley paddle steamer and its sister ship the MV Balmoral, are frequent visitors to the pier.
Example Output: Southwold Pier sold to Gough Hotels, owner says
Example Input: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Example Output: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
Example Input: During a turbulent career, he led two coups before twice being elected president in multiparty polls. He died in November at the age of 73 of an undisclosed illness, but his funeral was delayed - in part by political squabbling. The ceremony was held at Independence Square, with numbers attending limited by coronavirus restrictions. But many Ghanaians headed to the square despite being asked by the government to watch the ceremony on TV in an effort to curb the spread of coronavirus, the BBC's Thomas Naadi reports from Accra. Mourners were wearing masks and hand sanitiser had been provided but it was proving difficult to practise social distancing, our reporter says. Prominent mourners included Liberia's President George Weah, Sierra Leonean leader Julius Maada Bio and representatives from the UN and African Union. President Rawlings contributed to peace efforts in Liberia and Sierra Leone during the civil wars in the 1990s and most recently was an African Union envoy to Somalia. He also led campaigns against malaria across the continent. 'A caring disciplinarian' Tribute after tribute eulogised the late Ghanaian leader, most describing him as a selfless and committed leader who worked for the common good of his country, our reporter says. Ghana's President Nana Akufo-Addo described Rawlings as a "charismatic and fearless leader", reports the AFP news agency. His widow Nana Konadu Agyemang-Rawlings was quoted as saying: "Your gift of sharing knew no bounds. You never hesitated to help in the passing of laws to protect the vulnerable in society. Jerry, I know that God created us for each other." Earlier, hundreds of people went to pay their respects to the former president as his body lay in state for three days. Many of them remember him as a disciplinarian but also as a leader who cared about ordinary people, our correspondent says. After the funeral, Rawlings was laid to rest at the military cemetery in Accra. Our correspondent reports that some people wanted him to be buried in his home region of Volta. It is not the only row to dog events - the funeral was originally scheduled for 23 December. The National Democratic Congress (NDC), a party Rawlings founded and which is now in opposition, wanted more involvement in organising the state funeral, which led to the delay. One party leader even threatened to "steal his remains" following the funeral so that the party could bury him again. Who was Jerry Rawlings? The son of a Scottish farmer and a Ghanaian mother, Rawlings entered the Ghana Air Force, graduating in 1969. A decade later, as a senior officer in the air force, he overthrew a military government, handing over power to a civilian leader. He oversaw the execution of several former heads of state and army generals for corruption, but expressed some regret about the killings. Later the execution by firing squad of Supreme Court judges also left a stain on his legacy. In 1981, he led a second coup and was the head of a military junta until introducing multiparty elections in 1992, when he was first elected president. This ushered in a long period of political stability. In 2001, he stepped down after serving two terms but continued to wield a strong influence in the country. In later years, Rawlings campaigned for African nations to have their international debts written off. Around the BBC Africa Today podcasts
Example Output: | Rawlings funeral: Ghanaians bid farewell to ex-president
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
A: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
****
Q: Monmouth Comprehensive is phasing in the uniform from September and told parents they must purchase it from a preferred supplier. Some parents are angry at having to buy £20 trousers and £16 skirts from Trutex, rather than from cheaper shops. The school's stance is contrary to Welsh Government uniform advice. Monmouthshire council said the school consulted with the "whole school community over a lengthy period" as per government guidelines. Deputy head Andy Williams sent a letter to parents which said "sending students home (in line with Welsh Government guidance) is, of course, our last resort". The community Facebook page has received hundreds of comment from concerned parents. Paula Beddis Simpson wrote: "I am a single parent doing 2/3 jobs to make ends meet, it's totally unfair. As long as they are proper grey school trousers and pupils look smart, what is the problem?" Alex Watkins added: "It's not as if people are refusing to adhere to the uniform, just would like to choose where to buy trousers skirts and shirts. It's hardly unreasonable."' Year seven and sixth form pupils will be expected to wear a branded blazer and tie instead of the existing polo shirt and jumper, which the school says had become "tired, inconsistent and not fit for purpose". 'Some concern' Pupils in other years can change to the new uniform from September if they choose to or if their old uniform is in need of replacement Parents claim the new uniform will cost more than £100 if they are forced to buy from the supplier. The school said it would cost £97 for boys and £93 for girls. The Welsh Government says governing bodies should consider stipulating "basic items and colours but not styles so that items can be bought from retail chains at reasonable prices and not just from one supplier". The school, which will move to a new £33m building in 2018, has acknowledged "there has been some concern over the cost of trousers and skirts from our suppliers". My Williams wrote: "We trialled the use of barcodes for parents to buy cheaper (but often less ethically sourced) items from high street retailers. "But quickly found that codes and styles changed, allowing many students to create a very different style of uniform including tight, skinny jean type trousers and inappropriate skirts. "The school simply cannot keep pace with brand and style changes that will add to inconsistency in a school with over 1500 students." Council officer Will McLean said: "The design of school uniforms and the rules which apply to them are determined by school governing bodies." Pupils eligible for free school meals will receive free uniform items in their first year.
A: Monmouth school's warning to parents in uniform row
****
Q: The election went ahead despite Democrat calls for it to be postponed, or held by postal voting, owing to coronavirus fears. Justice Kelly is just the second incumbent state Supreme Court justice to be voted out since 1967. He had the support of President Donald Trump. Wisconsin is expected to be crucial in the presidential election in November. Former Vice-President Joe Biden will likely become the Democratic Party challenger to President Trump after his main rival Bernie Sanders dropped out and publicly endorsed him. The US is now the country worst hit by the coronavirus pandemic with 582,594 confirmed cases and 23,649 deaths. Wisconsin has recorded more than 3,400 coronavirus cases and 154 deaths. The Wisconsin Supreme Court vote - and the Democratic Party primary election - went ahead last week, after the same court blocked the governor's effort to postpone it to June. Voters braved long queues at a limited number of polling stations where some staff wore hazmat suits. Judges had ordered a delay in the publication of results to make sure absentee votes had arrived and been included in the count. "Despite the result, the fact that this in-person election took place was a searing loss for Wisconsin," said Ben Wikler, the chairman of the Wisconsin Democratic Party. "Wisconsin voters will not forget this travesty." Wisconsin was the first state in a month to hold a primary with in-person voting since stay-at-home orders swept the US due to the pandemic. The Badger state imposed its own lockdown on 25 March. All other states have postponed their primary season elections or moved entirely to postal votes while the country remains in the throes of its health emergency. Dane County Judge Jill Karofsky's win for the 10-year term reduces the conservative majority in the top court to 4-3. The court is expected to decide a case that seeks to purge more than 200,000 people from Wisconsin's voter rolls. The issue is sensitive in a state where presidential elections have been decided by fewer than 30,000 votes. Mr Trump won Wisconsin in 2016.
A: | Wisconsin Democrat Jill Karofsky in Supreme Court election upset
****
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
As part of its Healthy Visions series, Radio 4 invited five leading practitioners and thinkers to share their prescriptions for the future of healthcare. How does our approach need to change, if the National Health Service is to cope with future demand? Dr Michael Dixon: Do I need the Doctor? GP Dr Michael Dixon chairs the NHS Alliance, and advises the College of Medicine. "Patients are the renewable energy resource of the health service. We've got to start seeing ourselves as the creators of health - individually and collectively - and not just passive recipients of whatever the professionals want to give us. "We don't take health as seriously as disease. We focus too much on the operations on the hearts and limbs and eyes for diabetics many years down the road, or gastric banding for the overweight. We've got to start preventing those patients needing those interventions in the first place. "I run what you might call a one-stop shop. So we've not only got conventional GP and community services, but also complementary services, a cafe, pharmacy and voluntary sector services. "We concentrate on health in every sense, caring for patients when they need it, but enabling them to look after themselves and live better and happier lives whenever we can. I'd like to reinvent the GP practice as a club where - with minor or self-limiting illnesses - we help each other to help ourselves, rather than use professional resources unnecessarily. "No one expects their next door neighbour to be looking after their cancer or heart disease, but if we continue to spend as much NHS money as we do at present on things which could have been prevented, or don't actually need high tech input, then we will make the health service bankrupt and we won't have one tomorrow." Dr Charles Alessi: The Patient in Charge GP Dr Charles Alessi is co-chairman of the National Association Of Primary Care, and a senior adviser to Public Health England. "The current healthcare system is on the verge of a revolution that will make our current ways seem as quaint as the horse and cart. "More and more patients are taking control of their health. Patients regularly come to my surgery with a sheaf of internet printouts revealing their diagnosis and their suggestions for treatment. "We can utilise this willingness to create a better healthcare system for us all. "Other forms of digital technology can also empower patients. For people who have a single long- term condition like diabetes, there are already smartphone apps which advise how to alter your insulin dosage, or even change your medication. "In my vision, patients will carry their own medical records from practitioner to practitioner, demanding that care is carried out in convenient places such as pharmacies and supermarkets. Procedures like chemotherapy and dialysis will be delivered in the community or at home - not at a huge building we call a hospital. "This may sound somewhat scary: next it'll be robots diagnosing and treating our illnesses. But the use of technology is to empower. It isn't to replace the doctor. It doesn't mean that face-to-face human interaction forged over the long-term is threatened. It is just different and more tailored to the individual. "None of this will happen effortlessly. The change in the doctor - from the person in charge to an advocate and mentor through life-long illnesses - will not be easy. No doubt there will be resistance in places, and we will make some mistakes. "But the days of the patient being subordinate to a great monolithic system are coming to an end." Dame Carol Black: Wellness at Work Dame Carol Black is a former president of the Royal College of Physicians, and led two independent reviews for government about health in the workplace. "We often think of the workplace as just where we go to do our job. But the workplace is more than that. It has the potential to be a place where you can improve your health. It can be a place to promote health - both physical and mental - and a place where you can improve well-being. "There are good business cases now showing that investing in the health and well-being of staff is really investing in productivity, investing in being more profitable; and we've got lots of cases where we can show that. The business case has been proven. "Good management requires that you listen to people. Even if you are a small company, there are many little things that don't require lots of money. You can take advantage of free smoking cessation classes. You can introduce a lunchtime walking club. You might have a yoga session at the end of the day. "Our NHS is so busy dealing with people who are ill that it is very difficult to spend a lot of time and energy on prevention. As we're living longer, we're expected to work longer, so all of these things are an additional pressure, and it's really important for the workplace to play its part. "Then I believe we will access our health service less, we will be healthier, and we will be a saving and a gain to the NHS." Prof John Ashton: Healthier Homes Prof John Ashton is president of the Faculty of Public Health. "I'm very interested in how we live as we get older. Health and housing are indivisible. They are also indivisible from living in a good, supportive neighbourhood. "In 1948, when the health service was founded, the Department of Health was the Department of Health and Housing. "How can we reconnect these two important areas to make it possible for people who are living longer to live a full life in the community? "A new generation of better designed and more attractive homes for the elderly would provide a healthier living environment for many who currently live alone in homes that are too large and insufficiently adapted to their needs. "A return to the 'almshouse' model would provide a supportive environment, free from the isolation and the mental health problems which loneliness can cause. "It could also help alleviate the housing crisis for younger people trying to buy their first home. "As we contemplate all those baby boomers reaching 85 in less than 20 years, we have time to plan and get it right. "But it's time we got on with it." Nigel Crisp: A Health-Creating Society Lord Crisp was chief executive of the NHS between 2000 and 2006. He is an independent member of the House of Lords, and co-chairs the All Party Parliamentary Group on Global Health. "The election of a new government is a great opportunity to change the direction and the mood for health provision in the UK. "The World Health Organisation got it right when it said 'modern societies actively market unhealthy lifestyles'. We need to turn this round so we're creating healthy lifestyles. "The NHS was a great coming together of everyone involved in health services to deliver healthcare to the whole population. We need all those parts of society that affect health to come together into a new compact. And we need to be explicit about this everywhere in the country. "We need to release the NHS and the remarkable people in it to create a long-term plan for transition. There is already remarkable consensus about what needs to be done, and we need a transition fund to support development and the double running of services as changes are made. "There's a wonderful African saying: 'health is made at home, hospital is for repairs'. Health is made at home, and in our communities. "The NHS - with all the important services we all rely on - will only be sustainable if we all play our part in developing a health-creating society. "We do know how to do it. It's time to act." The final part of Healthy Visions will be broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Friday 3 April at 13:45 BST. You can listen to the rest of the series now on the BBC Radio 4 website. | Five prescriptions to transform the NHS | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
[EX Q]: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
[EX A]: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
[EX Q]: In future it will be easier to vote by post, or if away from the island, to vote in advance of polling day. Changes could also see members of the Judicial Greffe go to people's homes to take their vote, if they register to do so in advance. States members spent a second day debating the changes. As part of the reform of the election law, politicians debated things such as how voters put their pieces of paper in the ballot box, what colour they should be and how it should be monitored. Constable Julliette Gallichan said going to people's homes would simplify things for people who previously found the postal voting scheme too complicated. However, it could mean the States of Jersey paying more money for staffing at election time. Those changes were eventually approved by 42 votes to five. Members also talked about ways to keep the ballot boxes secure - that went through with just one vote against. And they extended the amount of time available to take legal action in the event of disputes at an election - at the moment it must be done within six months, that has been extended to 12 months. They then voted on the whole bill, which was approved by 41 to four.
[EX A]: Voting in Jersey will change after reform vote
[EX Q]: Frankie Bullbrook, 34, was found with fatal injuries in a park area of Belmont Lane in Chislehurst, south-east London, on 24 July. Metropolitan Police believe his death is linked to a brawl involving 10 men at the Gordon Arms pub. Alfie Tullett, 32, of East Malling, Kent, is accused of killing Mr Bullbrook and violent disorder. Police were called to a brawl at the pub at 20:52 BST and found two men aged 30 and 26, had been stabbed. Two minutes later, officers were alerted to a fatal crash nearby involving the victim, who was pronounced dead at the scene. The vehicle - said to be a blue van - did not stop at the scene on Slades Drive and was found abandoned nearby. The stabbed men were taken to a south London hospital with non life-threatening injuries. Both were arrested on suspicion of murder, with the 30-year-old released under investigation while the 26-year-old remains in hospital. Meanwhile, another man, aged 25, who was arrested on suspicion of murder and violent disorder on 29 July has been released under investigation.
[EX A]: | Chislehurst: Murder charge over hit-and-run death near pub
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
TASK DEFINITION: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
PROBLEM: Northampton Film Festival was set up to reach "disenfranchised" young people and it is being backed by The Watchmen/From Hell author, who is from the town. "The fact I could express myself creatively was the thing that saved me from certain doom," said Moore. "To offer that to these young people - it can't be valued enough." Becky Adams, director of organisers Screen Northants, said finding new audiences had been "hard" but worth it. "We hear a lot from young people who think doors have closed," she said. "The joy of film is that everyone is out of their comfort zone. "When you're in that position, your confidence improves." Ellen Page, 17, signed up as a volunteer after "struggling" with social anxiety, to the extent she had to sit her exams in a smaller room as big groups of people "overwhelmed" her. She helped to shape the new festival's programme alongside industry experts twice her age. "I had to make the choice to speak. It was amazing," she said. "I've regained a lot of my confidence." More on Moore: Moore, who recently filmed his first movie The Show in Northampton, spent five hours watching competition entries as a festival judge and said he was "incredibly impressed". "We rely upon the energy of this next generation. [Not] giving them a bleak relentless message of futility is as important as anything I can think of," he said. A awards evening for the categories of Northampton, Northamptonshire and Coming of Age is on Wednesday at The Royal theatre. About 100 people aged 16-24 have attended festival events and workshops, which run until 27 March. Kate Dow, 24, is showing a film she made about feeling "alienated" while growing up. "I wanted to make something that showed my discomfort," she said. "It was cathartic putting that together… I don't feel like that anymore."
SOLUTION: Alan Moore 'impressed' by Northampton Film Festival
PROBLEM: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
SOLUTION: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
PROBLEM: The seven were reportedly detained on Monday for "promoting sexual deviancy", but have not yet been formally charged. Prosecutors opened an investigation after images from the concert by the Lebanese band Mashrou' Leila - whose lead singer is openly gay - went viral. Homosexuality is not explicitly criminalised under Egyptian law. But the authorities routinely arrest people suspected of engaging in consensual homosexual conduct on charges of "debauchery", "immorality" or "blasphemy". The advocacy group, Solidarity With Egypt LGBTQ+, said late last year that it had recorded 114 criminal investigations involving 274 lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals since 2013. The raising of the rainbow flag was a rare public show of support for the LGBT community in the conservative Muslim country. Late on Monday, the state news agency reported that Public Prosecutor Nabil Sadek had ordered an investigation by the State Security Prosecution after images posted on social media were condemned by several politicians and media figures. The deputy head of the Egyptian Musicians Syndicate, Reda Ragab, meanwhile said it would be taking steps to stop Mashrou' Leila performing again in the country. "We are a religious, conservative society, an identity we need to preserve," he told the Daily News Egypt website. "This is a scandal against our traditions and far from serious and meaningful art." The Egyptian feminist and writer Mona Eltahawy condemned the actions of both the authorities and the musicians syndicate. "It is utterly ridiculous to arrest anyone for waving a flag. It is utterly ridiculous to arrest anyone for their sexuality as #Egypt does," she wrote on Twitter. Mashrou' Leila has twice been banned from performing in Jordan. On Saturday, it said the Cairo concert "was one of the best shows we've ever played". "Was an honour to play to such a wonderful crowd! So much love!"
SOLUTION: | Seven arrested in Egypt after raising rainbow flag at concert
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: Familiar scenes from the bilingual series, broadcast in Welsh on S4C as Y Gwyll, have been recreated at Aberystwyth University's Old College. The new exhibition includes the police office shared by DCI Tom Mathias, played by Richard Harrington, and Mali Harries' character DI Mared Rhys. Running alongside the exhibition, which runs until 22 December, are workshops. The exhibition will also include a bloody murder scene, props used by the cast and a wall dedicated to a busy investigation noticeboard, including a map showing the areas of Ceredigion which have been used during the BAFTA Cymru award-winning series. Dr Rhodri Llwyd Morgan, Pro Vice-Chancellor at Aberystwyth University, said the exhibition marks the first in a series of exhibitions which form part of an ambitious project to "bring new life to Old College." "As we prepare to resubmit our funding bid to the Heritage Lottery Fund, we hope it will show the building's potential to be used as a unique exhibition space which will attract both locals and visitors," he said. The third series of Hinterland has been filmed and will be broadcast on BBC Wales in early 2017. The Welsh language version Y Gwyll is currently being shown on S4C.
A: Hinterland: Go behind the scenes of TV crime drama
****
Q: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
A: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
****
Q: The Foreign Correspondents' Club (FCC) suggested visas were being used "as a weapon in international disputes". Foreign media face restrictions on the Chinese mainland but Hong Kong has long been an exception. The warning comes after China suggested US media could face "countermeasures". The US had not renewed the visas of any Chinese journalists since May 11, said foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin on Tuesday. "If the US persists, China will take a necessary and legitimate response to safeguard its rights," he said. In its statement the FCC said that journalists should not be targeted for actions taken by their home countries. "The FCC calls on the Trump administration to lift its restrictions on Chinese media working in the US, and on Hong Kong and China's governments to refrain from retribution in targeting US media and journalists working in Hong Kong," it said. Many foreign media organisations, including CNN, CNBC, Bloomberg and the BBC, have staff in Hong Kong. The New York Times last month moved some of its staff from the city to Seoul, South Korea. It warned that a controversial new security law had "unsettled news organizations and created uncertainty about the city's prospects as a hub for journalism". The FCC said several media outlets in Hong Kong had reported delays in obtaining or renewing visas for journalists of several nationalities. "Restricting journalists in Hong Kong by reducing their numbers and interfering with their ability to report freely will damage Hong Kong's international standing and reputation," it said. Press freedom in Hong Kong has been in the spotlight in recent weeks, after Beijing introduced the new security law which critics say drastically curtails free speech. The government says it is necessary to restore stability and security in Hong Kong, which was hit by months of often-violent protests last year. In its statement on Thursday, the FCC urged the Hong Kong government "to clarify the impact of the new national security law on journalists working in the city". It asked for a guarantee that journalists would be "free to continue their work without intimidation or obstruction". Are foreign journalists under pressure in Hong Kong? When the former British colony was handed back to China in 1997, it was guaranteed substantial freedoms under a "one country, two systems" principle. But even before the 2020 security law Beijing had been accused of increasingly undermining freedom of speech and the media. In 2018, Financial Times journalist and FCC vice-president Victor Mallet was barred from entering the city on a tourist visa. It came a month after the territory refused to renew his work visa without explanation. The FCC had previously angered Beijing by hosting a guest speaker who advocated Hong Kong independence. Earlier in 2020, mainland China effectively expelled journalists from three leading US newspapers when it ordered reporters from the New York Times, the Washington Post and the Wall Street Journal to return their media passes within days. What is the new security law?
A: | Hong Kong foreign press says journalists being targeted in US-China stand-off
****
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: The trains - which feature carriages with double beds - are now not expected be introduced until September on the route between London and Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William. Instead, the carriages will be diverted to support the Lowland service between London, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Transport Scotland said the delay was "unacceptable" and penalties applied. Sleeper trains are "hotels on wheels" The new £150m fleet began running at the end of April. It had been due to be rolled out on the Highland route over the coming weeks. 'Tourist season' However, Ryan Flaherty, Serco managing director of the Caledonian Sleeper, said: "We are disappointed but it is undoubtedly the correct decision and will allow us to improve the reliability and resilience of the Lowlander fleet and maintain capacity on the Highland route. "While we are keen to introduce our new trains on the Highland route as soon as we can, our priority must be delivering a reliable service on the lowland route and then make sure that each new carriage on the Highland route is ready to welcome guests and deliver a true Caledonian Sleeper experience." The company said passengers who had already booked to travel on a Highland service from 7 July and who had booked one of the new accommodation options, would be refunded the difference in cost. A spokesman for Scotland's national transport agency, Transport Scotland, said the timing of the delay was significant. 'Correct train faults' He said: "The introduction of new trains often present significant challenges, however, this latest delay is quite simply unacceptable. "Given we are fast approaching the height of the tourist season, it is disappointing that many customers are as yet unable to fully enjoy the benefits of the new on-board facilities, particularly as bookings have increased and feedback has been positive where the customer experience reaches the standards we expect. "While the Caledonian Sleeper team are working to correct train faults, the manufacturer CAF's inability to supply sufficient suitable trains leaves no other option than for service entry to be postponed. "The Highlander service will continue to run with existing trains until this is resolved." Caledonian Sleeper said the delay would give CAF, the manufacturer, more time to fulfil its responsibilities and complete work on the remaining new carriages. The fleet has been part funded by capital grants from Scottish ministers and the UK government.
A: Caledonian Sleeper Highland service launch delayed
****
Q: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
A: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
****
Q: Newzbin's members-only pages provide links to pirated films and music. Sky said it had actedafter receiving a court orderdemanding it remove access to the site. The broadband provider's action follows a similar move by BT in November. The MPA says it wants other ISPs to follow. A Sky spokesman said: "Sky is working with the rest of the industry to implement a sustainable framework for tackling piracy. "When presented with clear and robust evidence of copyright theft, we will take the appropriate action in respect to site blocking, as we have with Newzbin 2." The MPA has vowed to implement similar blocks against other sites offering links to pirated films. It has described Newzbin as an organisation "whose business model is based on wholesale copyright infringement". However, the group behind Newzbin previously told the BBC that most of its active members in the UK had downloaded workaround software to overcome BT's Cleanfeed block. Virgin Media told the BBC that it would obey the law, but would not take action over the matter until it had received a court order of its own. "As a responsible ISP, we will comply with any court order addressed to us but strongly believe such deterrents need to be accompanied by compelling legal alternatives such as our agreement with Spotify, which gives consumers access to content at the right price," a spokesman told the BBC. A spokeswoman for TalkTalk added: "We are not in principle against blocking, provided a court decides. We have received no such order in respect of Newzbin."
A: | Sky blocks access to Newzbin site after MPA move
****
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
But Eluned Morgan conceded that it would be "difficult for us to stop" from a legal point of view. Her comments were criticised by a Labour AM. Alun Davies said threatening legal action "sounds like the last breath before you're thrown out of the pub". Mr Davies said he was not convinced the Welsh Government would "have a leg to stand on" in trying to shape international trade deals after Brexit. Following Donald Trump's comments during last week's trade visit that the NHS would be "on the table" in any future trade talks between the UK and the USA, Eluned Morgan said there was "absolutely no prospect whatsoever of us allowing the Welsh NHS to be part of any negotiation." The US President then rowed back on his initial comments following criticism from a number of MPs. Asked about her response to President Trump's remarks as she gave evidence to the Assembly's Brexit committee on Monday, Ms Morgan said "legally, it would be difficult for us to stop because we don't have a veto over trade". "Politically, I think it's extremely unlikely to happen," the international relations and the Welsh language minister said. "They [the UK Government] should not be concluding any trade agreements without consulting us where we have the power." Ms Morgan explained that UK and Welsh government officials are working on an agreement or 'concordat' for how future trade deals are negotiated. During a robust exchange, the Labour AM Alun Davies said: "I want something which is in law to which I can hold you to account and which colleagues in Westminster can hold the UK Government to account. "The argument we'll make life difficult for them, it sounds alright on the street, but it's not the reality of intergovernmental relations." "The United Kingdom has to find a way of functioning. "At the moment, your answers aren't giving me any confidence that there is that structure in place because, if the Welsh Government's argument is, 'we'll see you in court', it's not a very impressive argument either for the continuation of the structure of United Kingdom as a state or the commitment of the government within the United Kingdom to actually work together," he added. Responding to the criticism, Ms Morgan said: "Is the current intergovernmental structure adequate? "Absolutely not... and it's not just in relation to trade, it's in relation to almost every aspect of government policy. So, that infrastructure needs to be built."
Solution: NHS Wales: Court action if trade deals affect service?
Why? The output phrase is the appropriate title for the given text and it highlights the essence of the passage.
New input: By Dr Faye Kirkland and Joseph LeeBBC News Are family doctors ready to deal with a wave of patients, prevent the spread of the disease and protect the most vulnerable? The doctor According to the tests carried out so far, there are hardly any diagnosed patients with Covid-19 in the neighbourhood of Dr Jane Wheatley's north London surgery. In reality she believes there are likely to be many people with the coronavirus out there - and the government agrees, estimating the true extent of the infection nationwide at between 5,000 to 10,000 cases as of Friday. With testing not available for every patient, it's hard to be sure. She says: "We know there is community transmission. Obviously we can't tell which patients have the normal influenza virus or a cold and which ones have the Covid-19 disease. We can't distinguish based on symptoms." Dr Wheatley says it has been impossible for her to get patients tested unless they have either been to a high-risk country or been in contact with a known case of Covid-19. But she's "had suspicions" about patients who have been in contact with people returning from Hong Kong or Italy - but who did not fit the criteria to get tested themselves. Her surgery displays a sign warning anyone with a cough or fever to go home and use the phone. Fluid-resistant surgical masks have just arrived and the practice was already equipped with plastic aprons and gloves. But they do not have the most effective respirator masks, as supplies are being kept for hospitals, which will deal with the most serious infections - prompting fears for the safety of medical staff. Dr Wheatley says: "I'm going to see sick people, that's what we do. But I want to have the right equipment to protect myself." She says guidance for GPs has lagged behind that for hospital staff, saying: "Things weren't happening quickly enough and we were making ourselves vulnerable." "I don't want to get sick, but I still want to do my job. "If I'm sick or even exposed and have to self-isolate, that leaves our surgery without a doctor, which puts extra strain on colleagues. But I don't want to infect elderly and vulnerable people, I don't want to infect my colleagues, I don't want to infect my family, my elderly relatives." She would like to see a standardised way of managing people with respiratory illnesses - such as an initial telephone consultation - so they can be kept apart from other patients. As the outbreak continues to grow, she's having to warn regular patients to expect appointments to be disrupted. As healthcare workers fall ill or have to self-isolate, routine work such as health checks for over-75s or diabetic checks will have to be reduced, she says. "I'm counselling patients on what's coming. We're always stretched, we work at capacity," she says. "I'm not panicking, I'm taking precautions." The receptionist With GP surgeries told to limit the number of people who visit in person, receptionists are under pressure as they try to deal with the volume of calls. Georgia, a receptionist in Hertfordshire, tells the BBC: "It's just been chaos. I haven't seen anything like it this before." She says the phone had been "ringing off the hook" but for many patients' questions, there were simply no answers yet. The surgery is equipped with masks, gloves and deep cleaning tools, and has been directing people to self-isolate if they show the symptoms of a cough or a fever. "It's been very emotionally and physically draining. We are doing our best to help, but at the moment it's a lot to handle," says Georgia. The expert "This is a massive crisis, probably the biggest crisis the NHS has ever had to face," says Prof Martin Marshall, an east London GP who is also chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners' council. He says not enough has been done yet to prepare family doctors for the epidemic, although he adds: "We need to be a little bit understanding of the pressures that the whole system is under." As the virus circulates in the community, he says we need "urgent action" to protect healthcare workers, give them the information they need and provide technology to allow for more consultations by phone or the internet. Administrative tasks for GPs should be suspended during the crisis, he says, and staff need to be tested as a priority. Given the pressures the NHS will be under, Prof Marshall says it is vital that doctors and nurses are not taken out of action for seven days of isolation unnecessarily. "We're not saying that health professionals are more important than patients, we're saying that health professionals have a responsibility," he says. "We therefore need to keep them as healthy as possible and we need to get them back into the workforce as quickly as possible. So we're asking that health professionals are tested early."
Solution: | Coronavirus: GPs prepare for NHS's 'biggest crisis' | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example input: But Eluned Morgan conceded that it would be "difficult for us to stop" from a legal point of view. Her comments were criticised by a Labour AM. Alun Davies said threatening legal action "sounds like the last breath before you're thrown out of the pub". Mr Davies said he was not convinced the Welsh Government would "have a leg to stand on" in trying to shape international trade deals after Brexit. Following Donald Trump's comments during last week's trade visit that the NHS would be "on the table" in any future trade talks between the UK and the USA, Eluned Morgan said there was "absolutely no prospect whatsoever of us allowing the Welsh NHS to be part of any negotiation." The US President then rowed back on his initial comments following criticism from a number of MPs. Asked about her response to President Trump's remarks as she gave evidence to the Assembly's Brexit committee on Monday, Ms Morgan said "legally, it would be difficult for us to stop because we don't have a veto over trade". "Politically, I think it's extremely unlikely to happen," the international relations and the Welsh language minister said. "They [the UK Government] should not be concluding any trade agreements without consulting us where we have the power." Ms Morgan explained that UK and Welsh government officials are working on an agreement or 'concordat' for how future trade deals are negotiated. During a robust exchange, the Labour AM Alun Davies said: "I want something which is in law to which I can hold you to account and which colleagues in Westminster can hold the UK Government to account. "The argument we'll make life difficult for them, it sounds alright on the street, but it's not the reality of intergovernmental relations." "The United Kingdom has to find a way of functioning. "At the moment, your answers aren't giving me any confidence that there is that structure in place because, if the Welsh Government's argument is, 'we'll see you in court', it's not a very impressive argument either for the continuation of the structure of United Kingdom as a state or the commitment of the government within the United Kingdom to actually work together," he added. Responding to the criticism, Ms Morgan said: "Is the current intergovernmental structure adequate? "Absolutely not... and it's not just in relation to trade, it's in relation to almost every aspect of government policy. So, that infrastructure needs to be built."
Example output: NHS Wales: Court action if trade deals affect service?
Example explanation: The output phrase is the appropriate title for the given text and it highlights the essence of the passage.
Q: By Zoe MurphyBBC News In human and financial terms, the burden is huge and it is hitting the poor especially hard. Often thought of as a disease of the rich, experts say the unabating rise may be fuelled as much by food scarcity and insecurity as it is by excess. Changing lifestyles, rapid urbanisation and cheap calories in the form of processed foods are putting more and more people at risk of developing Type-2 diabetes. There are now 382 million people worldwide living with diabetes, according to new figures from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). More than half are in Asia and the Western Pacific, where 90-95% of cases are classed as Type-2. China is leading the world, with the disease now affecting more than 98 million people or about 10% of the population - a dramatic increase from about 1% in 1980. Prof Juliana Chan of the Chinese University of Hong Kong says there is a complex interplay between genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors, which have been compounded by China's rapid modernisation. "Diabetes is a disease of paradoxes," she says. "It is typically an ageing disease, but the data shows that the young and middle-aged are most vulnerable. It is prevalent in obese people but emerging data suggests that for lean people with diabetes the outcome can be worse." The big question is whether China has the capacity to deal with a health problem of such magnitude. China spent $17bn (£10.6bn) on diabetes last year. The disease may consume more than half of China's annual health budget, if all those with the condition get routine, state-funded care, the IDF says. "Diabetes is a silent killer in a silent population," says Prof Chan. Men and women, trapped by stigma, poverty and misinformation, often do not seek help for diabetes until it is in its advanced stages. Kidney failure, cardiovascular disease and blindness are common complications. Prof Chan says China's leaders need to do a lot in terms of public health policy. "One of the greatest challenges is that the system is not conducive to preventative care. We need to go out and find those at risk otherwise you miss the critical moment to prevent the disease," she says. Governments are waking up to the problem, according to Leonor Guariguata, a biostatistician at IDF. "India and China are uniquely positioned - as they are developing so fast, they have the resources to act fast and reframe their health systems," she says. Big babies India is closely trailing China, with an estimated 65.1 million diabetics. Kanmani Pandian is 25 years old and expecting her first baby in January. Two months ago she was diagnosed with gestational diabetes - a disease she had never heard of. Kanmani was lucky. In Chennai, in the south-eastern state of Tamil Nadu, universal screening is available for pregnant women. If left unchecked the disease can lead to life-threatening complications, including foetal macrosomia, or excessive birth weight, making the delivery dangerous for both mother and child. More than 21 million live births were affected by diabetes in 2013. In India, the condition is particularly prevalent. Dr R M Anjana, a diabetes expert based in Chennai, says gestational diabetes is often not taken seriously "because people think it's a one-time thing or a mild affliction". The condition disappears after birth, but within five years of pregnancy, 70-80% of women develop Type-2 diabetes, she says. The infant is also at increased risk of developing the disease in later life. 'Owning up' Across the Western Pacific the disease is taking an unprecedented human and economic toll. In Fiji, surgeons carry out a diabetes-related amputation every 12 hours on average. "Before people seek help for foot infections they would have tried traditional medicines and herbs. By the time they come to the clinic the infection is often so advanced they need an amputation," says Dr Wahid Khan, co-founder of the Diabetes Trust of Fiji. "People don't want to own up to having diabetes. Culturally, it's seen as an illness that leads to early death. If it's known the person has diabetes there is less chance of them getting a job for instance," Dr Khan says. One in three people in Fiji aged 30 or above has diabetes. "The writing has been on the wall for a long time," says Dr Khan. Following the trend across Asia, Fiji's economy, driven by tourism, the sugar industry, gold, copper and fish exports, has produced a rising middle class. "People would traditionally grow their own crops, catch their own fish, if you wanted to get anywhere you would have to walk. We've become more lazy and less active," says Dr Khan, adding that he also has a gripe with the confectionary and fast food industries. In Fiji, diabetes could be prevented or delayed in 80% of cases through simple lifestyle changes, says the IDF. Three diabetes "hubs" were opened earlier this year, and Dr Khan is urging all adult Fijians to get screened. As part of a "massive campaign" to begin in 2014, Dr Khan says surgeons will be asked to "save rather than cut" when it comes to amputations, which are often seen as preferable to keeping patients in hospital for prolonged periods of time. "There is no one answer to diabetes," says Dr Khan, "but we are striving for the right path." Additional reporting by the BBC's Shilpa Kannan in Delhi.
A: | Diabetes: Asia's 'silent killer' | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
Instructions: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Input: By Zoe MurphyBBC News In human and financial terms, the burden is huge and it is hitting the poor especially hard. Often thought of as a disease of the rich, experts say the unabating rise may be fuelled as much by food scarcity and insecurity as it is by excess. Changing lifestyles, rapid urbanisation and cheap calories in the form of processed foods are putting more and more people at risk of developing Type-2 diabetes. There are now 382 million people worldwide living with diabetes, according to new figures from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). More than half are in Asia and the Western Pacific, where 90-95% of cases are classed as Type-2. China is leading the world, with the disease now affecting more than 98 million people or about 10% of the population - a dramatic increase from about 1% in 1980. Prof Juliana Chan of the Chinese University of Hong Kong says there is a complex interplay between genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors, which have been compounded by China's rapid modernisation. "Diabetes is a disease of paradoxes," she says. "It is typically an ageing disease, but the data shows that the young and middle-aged are most vulnerable. It is prevalent in obese people but emerging data suggests that for lean people with diabetes the outcome can be worse." The big question is whether China has the capacity to deal with a health problem of such magnitude. China spent $17bn (£10.6bn) on diabetes last year. The disease may consume more than half of China's annual health budget, if all those with the condition get routine, state-funded care, the IDF says. "Diabetes is a silent killer in a silent population," says Prof Chan. Men and women, trapped by stigma, poverty and misinformation, often do not seek help for diabetes until it is in its advanced stages. Kidney failure, cardiovascular disease and blindness are common complications. Prof Chan says China's leaders need to do a lot in terms of public health policy. "One of the greatest challenges is that the system is not conducive to preventative care. We need to go out and find those at risk otherwise you miss the critical moment to prevent the disease," she says. Governments are waking up to the problem, according to Leonor Guariguata, a biostatistician at IDF. "India and China are uniquely positioned - as they are developing so fast, they have the resources to act fast and reframe their health systems," she says. Big babies India is closely trailing China, with an estimated 65.1 million diabetics. Kanmani Pandian is 25 years old and expecting her first baby in January. Two months ago she was diagnosed with gestational diabetes - a disease she had never heard of. Kanmani was lucky. In Chennai, in the south-eastern state of Tamil Nadu, universal screening is available for pregnant women. If left unchecked the disease can lead to life-threatening complications, including foetal macrosomia, or excessive birth weight, making the delivery dangerous for both mother and child. More than 21 million live births were affected by diabetes in 2013. In India, the condition is particularly prevalent. Dr R M Anjana, a diabetes expert based in Chennai, says gestational diabetes is often not taken seriously "because people think it's a one-time thing or a mild affliction". The condition disappears after birth, but within five years of pregnancy, 70-80% of women develop Type-2 diabetes, she says. The infant is also at increased risk of developing the disease in later life. 'Owning up' Across the Western Pacific the disease is taking an unprecedented human and economic toll. In Fiji, surgeons carry out a diabetes-related amputation every 12 hours on average. "Before people seek help for foot infections they would have tried traditional medicines and herbs. By the time they come to the clinic the infection is often so advanced they need an amputation," says Dr Wahid Khan, co-founder of the Diabetes Trust of Fiji. "People don't want to own up to having diabetes. Culturally, it's seen as an illness that leads to early death. If it's known the person has diabetes there is less chance of them getting a job for instance," Dr Khan says. One in three people in Fiji aged 30 or above has diabetes. "The writing has been on the wall for a long time," says Dr Khan. Following the trend across Asia, Fiji's economy, driven by tourism, the sugar industry, gold, copper and fish exports, has produced a rising middle class. "People would traditionally grow their own crops, catch their own fish, if you wanted to get anywhere you would have to walk. We've become more lazy and less active," says Dr Khan, adding that he also has a gripe with the confectionary and fast food industries. In Fiji, diabetes could be prevented or delayed in 80% of cases through simple lifestyle changes, says the IDF. Three diabetes "hubs" were opened earlier this year, and Dr Khan is urging all adult Fijians to get screened. As part of a "massive campaign" to begin in 2014, Dr Khan says surgeons will be asked to "save rather than cut" when it comes to amputations, which are often seen as preferable to keeping patients in hospital for prolonged periods of time. "There is no one answer to diabetes," says Dr Khan, "but we are striving for the right path." Additional reporting by the BBC's Shilpa Kannan in Delhi.
Output: | Diabetes: Asia's 'silent killer' | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
TASK DEFINITION: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
PROBLEM: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the agriculture department will lead the effort, which includes $8m (£4.7m) for new honey bee habitats. Bee populations saw a 23% decline last winter, a trend blamed on the loss of genetic diversity, exposure to certain pesticides and other factors. A quarter of the food Americans eat, including apples, carrots and avocados, relies on pollination. Honey bees add more than $15bn in value to US agricultural crops, according to the White House. The decline in bee populations is also blamed on the loss of natural forage and inadequate diets, mite infestations and diseases. There has also been an increase in a condition called colony collapse disorder (CCD) in which there is a rapid, unexpected and catastrophic loss of bees in a hive. But other North American pollinators, like the monarch butterfly, have seen decreases in their populations as well. Some environmental groups have criticised the president for not acting more directly, including taking action against neonicotinoids, a class of pesticides linked to bee deaths. "The administration should prevent the release and use of these toxic pesticides until determined safe," Friends of the Earth president Erich Pica told Reuters. In the plan announced on Friday, Mr Obama directed the EPA and the agriculture department to lead a government-wide task force to develop a strategy within six months to fight bee and other pollinator declines. Also announced on Friday was funding for farmers and ranchers in five states - Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wisconsin - who establish new habitats for honey bee populations.
SOLUTION: US sets up honey bee loss task force
PROBLEM: The Commons International Development Committee said dependable tax revenues were a far better route out of poverty than reliance on overseas aid. In a report, it said supporting more efficient tax collection represented "excellent value" for UK taxpayers. The UK spent £7.8bn on aid in 2011 and this is set to rise to £11bn by 2015. The government welcomed the report and said it was "firmly committed to helping developing countries access more sustainable sources of revenue". Amid cuts in other departments, the foreign aid budget is being protected to help the UK meet its target of spending 0.7% of national income on aid by 2013. The cross-party committee said an efficient and transparent tax system was of "fundamental importance" to a country's economic and social development. Tax havens It urged ministers to support the authorities in developing nations to improve the collection rates of income tax, VAT and local property taxes and to ensure governing elites paid their fair share. "If developing countries are to escape from aid dependency, and from poverty more broadly, it is imperative that their revenue authorities are able to collect taxes effectively," the committee's chairman, Lib Dem MP Malcolm Bruce said. "The aim of development work is to enable developing countries to escape from over-reliance on aid. "Supporting revenue authorities is one of the best ways of doing this: it represents excellent value for money, both for the countries concerned and for UK taxpayers." In their report, the MPs expressed concern that recent changes to tax rules affecting UK-owned companies operating exclusively abroad could make it easier for them to use tax havens and reduce their tax liability in developing countries. Aid agencies have estimated this could cost developing countries billions in lost tax revenues and the committee said the government should consider reversing the changes "as a matter of urgency". "The government is committed to supporting economic growth in developing countries to reduce their dependency on aid. While this is clearly the right thing to do, it would be deeply unfortunate if the government's efforts were undermined by its own tax rules," Sir Malcolm added. Ministers should introduce rules requiring companies to publish financial information on a country-by-country basis to discourage cross-border tax evasion, the report said. A government spokesperson said: "The Committee is right to praise British aid for helping poor countries to boost their tax systems and help them to pull themselves out of poverty by investing in schools, hospitals and infrastructure. "We will consider the detailed recommendations carefully and will produce a formal written response in due course."
SOLUTION: Foreign aid strategy should focus on tax collection, MPs say
PROBLEM: The term diabulimia is used to describe diabetics, usually with type 1 diabetes, who stop taking their insulin in order to become thinner. Around one in three women under the age of 30 may be abusing insulin, according to Diabetes UK. The Welsh government said educating diabetes sufferers was the key. Jacqueline Allan, who suffered from diabulimia and set up a charity to help fellow sufferers, said the condition is no different to other eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. "It was a pathological fear of weight gain and a complete obsession with losing weight," she told BBC Radio Wales. "The only thing which changed was the mechanism by which I lost weight. "I started the charity because one of the things we do is advocate for people with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders," she added. Dai Williams, national director for Diabetes UK Cymru, said that since 2003 it was mandatory that everyone diagnosed with type 1 diabetes is instructed on how to manage the condition. But he claimed only 2% of diabetics in Wales were getting the information they needed. "If you don't understand your diabetes... it's not just a case of managing it properly, it's understanding the consequences of mismanaging it, and that's one of the problems," he added. A Welsh government spokesperson said if diabetes is not managed properly, it can lead to very serious health problems. "The good news is, by educating people with the condition so they have the knowledge and confidence they need to keep their diabetes under control, quality of life is improved vastly," said a spokesperson. "It is disappointing so few young people in Wales are accessing structured education about their diabetes. "The Welsh government is committed to the structured education programme and this will be re-enforced in our new Diabetes Delivery Plan, which will be published for consultation soon." The plan will have a clear aim of improving provision, awareness and uptake of courses across Wales, the spokesperson added.
SOLUTION: | Diabetes sufferers misuse insulin to lose weight, says charity
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
|
I am verifying the answers generated by an automatic system to the following question: what is metformin used for Suggested answer: Metformin is now believed to be the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug in the world; in the United States alone, more than 48 million prescriptions were filled in 2010 for its generic formulations . Should I validate this answer?
Answer: | No | wiki_qa_automatic_system |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.