Dataset Viewer
text
stringlengths 1
12.5k
| source
stringclasses 3
values |
---|---|
Ans. is'd'i.e., Von Zumbusch typeVon Zumbusch type of pustular psoriasis is the suddenly developing most serious type, characterized by severe systemic upset, swinging pyrexia, ahralgia and high polymorphonuclear lymphocytes.The skin first becomes erythrodermic and then develops sheets of sterile pustules over trunk and limbs.Pustules become confluent to from "lakes of pus". | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'a' i.e.t Promoter regiono These are the consensus sequences of DNA present on same chromosome, which is to be transcribed. These are - Promoter-proximal sequences (or simply promoters):- These are consensus sequences, which lies close to the initiation site of transcription. These can be divided into : -i) Promoters which define where transcription is to commence These are -TATA Box (Hogness box) It is nearly identical to that of pribnow box of prokaryotic promoter region. It is found - 25 base pairs i.e. 25 bp upstream (towards 5l end) from transcription initiation site.Initiator sequence (Inr)Is is found -3 bp (upstream) to +5 bp (downstream) from initiaton site.Down stream promotor element (DPE)It is found -25 bp (downstream) from initiation site. It is the only exception ofpromoter sequences, which is a part of structural gene itself.# The human (eukaryotic) RNA polymerase cannot bind to these promoior directly. Transcription factor IID{TFIID) directs the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequence. TF II D is made up of two components : TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs). The TATA box is bound by TBP subunits of TF II D and directs the binding of RNA polymerase. Inr and DPE are bound by TAF subunits of TF II D to direct the binding of RNA polymerase,ii) Promoters which define how frequently transcription will occur These are - GCbox;- It is found anywhere between -75 to -25 bp from initiation site. It binds to SP-1 protein.b) CAA T boxIt is found at -7 5 bp from initiation site. It binds to C A AT binding transcription factor (C T F). Enhancers :- These are DNA sequences that increase the rate of initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. These are located far away from the initiation site. There sequence is called 'response element' that bind to specific transcription factors (TFs), i.e. enhancer-binding transcription factors and function as transcription activators. Silencers (or Repressors) :- These sequences decrease transcription.Trans-acting factorso These are various proteins/factors encoded by DNA sequences genes present on different chromosome, i.e. on chromosome other than to be transcribed, These are -General transcription factors These facilitate binding of RNA polymerase II to promoter-proximal sequence and help to form pre-initiation complex (PIC). Example are TFIIA, TF IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TF IIH;Coactivators These regulate the rate of transcription by binding to TF, e.g. TAF subunit ofTFII D, HAT, HD AC.ActivatorsThese bind to GC Box or CAAT box, e.g. SP-1 and CTF which bind to GC box and CAAT box respectively.Factors that bind to enhancer or silencers e.g. HRE binding protein. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Pemphigus vulgaris and carcinomatous pemphigus (Pemphigus foliaceous) cause intraepidermal bullae. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
TOURE METHODS: The methods of toure are wide and varying. (I) PHYSICAL ABUSE : (1) Beating is the commonest form. Fist, foot or an instrument, such as lathi, metal or wooden bars, whips, belts, cycle chains, etc., are used. The usual target is the back, but injuries may be seen on almost any pa of the body. Abrasions, contusions, lacerations and fractures may be found. Bruises in abdominal wall and rupture of internal organs may be seen. Poking with stick, baton, rod, etc. is common. (2) Falanga (faiaka, bastinado): In this canes or rods are used to beat on the soles of the feet, or rarely to the palms of the hands or hips, which is very painful and debilitating. Contusions are found deep in the tissues. Faint red lines may be seen, and often hyperpigmentation along the lines of injury. Aseptic necrosis may occur. (3) Telefono: It consists of repeated slapping of the sides of the head (over ears) by the open palms of the assailant. This may cause rupture of ear drums and injury to the inner ear. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-297,298 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
In 30deg flexion, knee joint has maximum capacity and pressure of contained fluid or blood is minimum and consequently, there is the least pain. The capacity of knee joint decreases and pain thereby increases when the knee is fully extended or flexed more than 30deg-45deg. Ref: Maheshwari 9TH ED pg 149. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is a subtype of idiopathic generalized epilepsy with onset usually between 8 and 20 years of age. Myoclonic jerks, especially in the morning, are of variable intensity ranging from simple twitching ("flying saucer syndrome") to falls; consciousness is not impaired in it. It is precipitated by alcohol and sleep deprivation. Patients will have normal intelligence. The typical interictal EEG abnormality consists of a generalized 4- to 6-Hz spike or polyspike and slow-wave discharges lasting 1-20 seconds. Usually, 1-3 spikes precede each slow wave. Also know: In Generalized tonic clonic seizure EEG shows a normal background with generalized epileptiform discharges such as spike or polyspike wave complexes at 2.5 to 4 Hz. During absence seizures there is an abrupt onset of bilaterally synchronous and symmetrical 3 Hz spike-wave discharge, irrespective of whether typical absences are simple or complex. Ictal recordings from patients with typical temporal lobe epilepsy usually exhibit 5-7 Hz, rhythmic, sharp theta activity, maximal in the sphenoidal and the basal temporal electrodes on the side of seizure origin. Ref: A-Z of Neurological Practice: A Guide to Clinical Neurology By Andrew J. Larner, Alasdair J Coles, Neil J. Scolding, Roger A Barker, 2011, Page 368 ; Clinical Electroencephalography by Misra,2005, Page 188 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
D i.e. Sternum Sex can be determined most reliably by medullary index of tibia, humerus, ulna and radiusQ | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Epidemiological triad
The occurrence and manifestations of any disease, whether communicable or noncommunicable, are determined by the interaction of following three factors.
The agent
The host
The environment
These three factors together constitute the epidemiological triad.
Mere presence of these factors does not cause disease, interaction of these three is required for causation of a disease.
The triangle of epidemiology
The triangle of epidemiology shows the interaction and interdependence of agent, host, environment and time (It is different from epidemiological triad which does not contain time, but contain other three components).
Advanced model of the triangle of Epidemiology
This new model includes all facets of the communicable disease model. The term ‘agent’ is replaced by causative factors and this model shows the interaction of: -
Causative factors;
Group of population and their characteristic;
Environment behaviour, culture, physiological factors, ecological elements; and
Time. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm during the first 15deg of abduction; palpation of the tendon during this phase would result in pain from a tendinopathy of the supraspinatus. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
This is a case of Phenylketonuria. Autosomal recessive Deficiency of Phenylalanine hydroxylase May also be due to deficiency of cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin BH4 Leads to hyperphenylalaninemia - Impairs brain development Normal at bih Becomes symptomatic later on in life Present with seizures, hypopigmentation of skin and hair, mental retardation. Complications can be avoided by restricting phenylalanine intake in diet. Diagnosed by: - Guthrie test Tandem mass spectrometry- measure amino acid Immunoassays MRI image shows affected periventricular/ parieto-occipital white matter (due to hypomyelination). Pegvaliase can be given in adults. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans: C. Events(Ref: Kaplan & Sadock 11/e p176-117; Niraj Ahuja 7le p14)Semantic memory is one of the two types of declarative or explicit memory.Refers to general word knowledge thst hte have accumnlated throughout our lives.This general knowledge (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) is intewined in experience and dependent on culture.Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory, which is oar memory of experiences and specific events that occur daring our lives, from which we can recreate at any given point.Types of MemoryDeclarative memoryNondeclarative memoryFactsdegEventsdegSkill & habbitsdegPrimingdegSimple classical conditioningdegNon-associative learningdeg | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Pemphigoid neonatorum is a variety of bullous impetigo. Impetigo is a contagious superficial pyogenic infection. It can be bullous or non-bullous Causative organism: Bullous is caused by staph aureus Non bullous impetigo is caused by both Staph aureus and Strep pyogens Bullous disorder is widespread in neonate and was called pemphigus neonatorum (Ref: Harrison 20th edition pg 1245 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Immunologically the SLE. is associated with an enomorous array of autoantibodies , Classically include Anti nuclear antibody. Anti-DNA antibody to native DNA in abnormal tier Robbins 9 th edition page no. 125 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Enophthalmos (sinking of the eye) is the inward displacement of the eyeball. It results from paralysis of the orbitalis muscle (a smooth muscle that spans the inferior orbital fissure and may contribute to maintaining the normal position of the eyeball). Ref: Gray's Basic Anatomy By Richard Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, Adam W. M. Mitchell, 2012, Page 467. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Lack of initiation may result in oligodontia or anodontia.
Abnormal initiation may result in supernumerary teeth. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Unequal sizes of twin fetuses with a difference of 25% (larger twin being used as the index), is called as Discordant growth.
It is a sign of pathological growth restriction in the smaller fetus.
As the weight difference within a twin pair increases and the earlier the growth discordance is evident, perinatal mortality increases.
Most common cause of discordance:
In dichorionic twins – unequal placental mass.
In monochorionic twins – Twin-twin transfusion syndrome/genetic syndrome.
Hazards of discordant growth.
The smaller fetus is at increased risk of perinatal mortality due to:
Respiratory distress
Intra ventricular hemorrhage
Seizure
Sepsis
Periventricular leukomalacia
Necrotising enterocolitis.
At a difference of more than 30%—Risk of fetal death increases.
Extra Edge
Besides weight—other ultrasonographic parameters indicating discordance:
Difference in biparietal diameter is 6 mm or more.
Difference in head circumference is 5% or more.
Difference in abdominal circumference is 20 mm or more.
On colour Doppler ultrasound in umbilical arteries systolic to diastolic (S/D) ratio difference is 15% or more.
But amongst all criterias best is fetal weight difference i.e. more than equal to 25%.
Route of delivery: In case of discordant growth vaginal delivery is indicated if:
Cervix is ripe
Presentation is vertex/vertex
Weight of smaller twin is > 1500 gm. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. (d) ZincImportant minerals and their respective action as cofactorMineralsFunctionSelenium* Cofactor for# Glutathione peroxidase# Deiodinase# Thioredoxin reductaseManganese* Cofactor for:# Arginase# Kinase# Carboxylase# Glucosyl transferase# EnolaseZinc* Cofactor for:# Carbonic anhydrase# Alcohol dehydrogenase# Lactate dehydrogenase# Carboxypeptidase | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. D i.e. All of the above Mechanism of death: Cerebral anoxia: is due to bilateral occlusion of the carotid aeries. It is the most common cause. Cerebral congestion: is due to occlusion of the neck veins. Asphyxia: is due to direct compression of the air passages or lifting of the larynx to be closed by the root of the tongue. Reflex vagal inhibition: is due to stimulation of baroreceptors situated in the carotid sinuses and the carotid body | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. b. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Autosomal dominant "Very Powerful DOMINANT Humans" V- Von willibrands disease/ Von hippel lindau P - Pseudo hypoparathyroidism D - Dystrophia myotonica O - Osteogenesis imperfecta/Osler-weber-rendu M - Marfans syndrome I - Intermittent porphyria N - Neurofibramatosis A - Achondroplasia, Adult polycystic kidney disease N - Noonans syndrome T- Tuberous sclerosis H - Hypercholestrolemia H - Huntington's disease H - Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy H - Hereditary spherocytosis H - Hereditary non polyposis coli H - Hereditary hemorrhagic telengiectasia | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Seminoma | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
A i.e. Aoic arch; C i.e. Left ventricle; B i.e. Left Pulmonary aery | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Exeional dyspnea, angina pectoris, and syncope are the three cardinal symptoms of AS. Often, there is a history of insidious progression of fatigue and dyspnea associated with gradual cuailment of activities. Dyspnea results primarily from elevation of the pulmonary capillary pressure caused by elevations of LV diastolic pressures secondary to reduced left ventricular compliance and impaired relaxation. Angina pectoris usually develops somewhat later and reflects an imbalance between the augmented myocardial oxygen requirements and reduced oxygen availability. Exeional syncope may result from a decline in aerial pressure caused by vasodilation in the exercising muscles and inadequate vasoconstriction in nonexercising muscles in the face of a fixed CO, or from a sudden fall in CO produced by an arrhythmia. ( Harrison&;s principle of internal medicine,18th edition,pg no. 1939 ) | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
D. i.e. Papilloma virus | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Steady state is achieved when rate of administration is equal to rate of elimination Three impoant points to remember: Steady state is achieved within 4-5 half lives Dosing rate (dose per unit time) determines the average plasma concentration obtained at steady state. Frequency - drug when given intermittently, concentration will vary around baseline - peak and trough are obtained Longer interval - difference between peak and trough is more Lesser the interval - difference between peak and trough is less | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
IgG is diagnostic Repeat .from May 10 Q no.122 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
This is a case of minimal change disease(MCD) On biopsy-no lesion is seen by light microscopy, negative for deposits by immunofluorescent microscopy -so it is also called nil lesion. On electron microscopy -effacement of foot processes suppoing Glomerular cells(podocytes) with weakening of slit pore membranes is seen. Ref:Harrison 20 th edition pg no. 2142 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The decrease in O2 affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls is called the Bohr effect. It is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin). The pH of blood falls as its CO2 content increases, so that when the PCO2 rises, the curve shifts to the right and the P50 rises. Ref: Barrett K.E., Barman S.M., Boitano S., Brooks H.L. (2012). Chapter 35. Gas Transpo & pH. In K.E. Barrett, S.M. Barman, S. Boitano, H.L. Brooks (Eds), Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
According, the rate of systemic absorption is greatest with intercostal nerve blocks followed by caudal, lumbar epidural, brachial plexus block femoral and sciatic nerve blocks. Sequence of systemic absorption IV > Tracheal > Intercostal block > Para cervical block > Caudal > Lumbar epidural > Brachial Plexus > Sciatic > Subcutaneous. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. a (The vaginal finger is at ischial spine) (Ref. Dutta Obst 6th/353)Muller introduced the abdominovaginal method of diagnosing CPD at the brim by placing the vaginal finger at the level of ischial spine to note the descent of the fetal head.Munro-Kerr added placement of the thumb over the synmphysis pubis to note the degree of overlapping. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Hypoglycemia is the most common cause of seizure in an infant of diabetic mother within 24hours of delivery. Ref: NMS Pediatrics By Paul H. Dworkin, Paula S. Algranati page135. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Congenital | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Intracellular | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Deep palmar arch- Fed by radial aery, Lies deep to lumbricals Gives three perforating and three palmar metacarpal aeries. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. (b) Sympathetic ophthalmitisRef: A.K. Khurana 6th ed. /163y 437* Sympathetic ophthalmitis is a serious bilateral granulomatous panuveitis which usually occurs due to penetrating trauma to ciliary body.* The injured eye is called exciting eye.* Fellow eye which also develops uvieitis is called sympathizing eye.Features* Always follows a penetrating wound.* More common in children than in adults.* It doesn't occur when actual suppuration develops in the injured eyePathologies* Uveal pigment acts as allergen and excites plastic uveitis in the sound eye.* Dalen-Fuchs' nodules are formed due to proliferation of the pigment epithelium (of the iris, ciliary body and choroid) associated with invasion by the lymphocytes and epitheloid cells.Clinical Picture* Prodromal stage: Sensitivity to light (photophobia) transient indistinctness of near objects is the earliest symptoms.* First sign may be presence of retrolental flare or the presence of a keratic precipitates (KPs) at back of cornea. * Fully-developed stage: has typical signs and symptoms consistent with acute plastic iridocyclitis.* Dalen Fuch's Nodules are characteristic of SO.* Exciting (injured) eye: Keratic precipitates may be present at the back of cornea* Sympathizing (sound) eye: usually involved after 4-8 weeks of injury in the other eye.* Treatment - Early excision of the injured eye.# Topical cycloplegics + IV/oral steroids are also used for treatment. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans: b (Cloxacillin) Ref: Tripahti, 6th ed, p. 699Classification1. Acid resistant alternative to pencillin G Phenoxymethyl penicillin (Penicillin V)2. Penicillinase resistant penicillins: Methicillin, cloxacillin3. Extended spectrum penicillina) Aminopenicillin: Ampicillin, bacampicillin, amoxicillinb) Carboxypenicillin: Caebenicillin, ticarcillinc) Ureidopenicillin: Piperacillin, mezlocillind) Ambinocillin: MecillinamBeta-lactamase inhibitors : Clavulanic acid, sulbactum, tazobactumResistanceResistance to penicillins and other b-lactams is due to one of four general mechanisms: (1) inactivation of antibiotic by b-lactamase, (2) modification of target PBPs, (3) impaired penetration of drug to target PBPs, and (4) efflux. b-Lactamase production is the most common mechanism of resistanceAltered target PBPs (penicillin binding proteins)are the basis of methicillin resistance in staphylococci and of penicillin resistance in pneumococci and enterococci. Resistance due to impaired penetration of antibiotic to target PBPs occurs only in gram-negative species because of their impermeable outer cell wall membrane, which is absent in gram-positive bacteria.NotesPiperacillin in combination with a beta- lactamase inhibitor (piperacillin -tazobactam) has the broadest antibacterial spectrum of the penicillins.Piperacillin is most effective anti-pseudomonal penicillin. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
liddle syndrome severe hypeension Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis Polyuria polydipsia and muscle weakness low aldosterone and reninn levels Autosomal dominant Blood pressure does not improve with Aldactone but does improve with triamterene or amilor-ide Other Causes of Hypeension and pokalemia Renovascular Disease Diuretic therapy Cushing&;s Syndrome Licorice ingestion CAH Rare renin-secreting tumors ref : harrisons 21sted | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
(B) Group B | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The normal urothelium is composed of 3-7 layers of transitional cell epithelium. It is characterized by a superficial layer of dome like cells that are neither squamous nor columnar. These cells, sometimes called umbrella cells. It lines,Walls of the calicesPelvisUrinary bladderUretersUpper pa of the urethra | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
In Cu T 200, the number included in the name of the device refer to the surface area in sq.mm of the copper on the device Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,23rd edition, Page no: 496 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Busiprinone, is a medication primarily used to treat anxiety disorders, paicularly generalized anxiety disorder. Benefits suppo its sho term use. It is not useful for psychosis. It is taken by mouth, and it may take up to four weeks for an effect Ref KD Tripati 8th ed. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
A i.e. Analgesic with arm sling | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 48 hours * Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): Glycoprotein, with biological activity very similar to luteinizing hormone (LH), both of which act via the plasma membrane LH-hCG receptor. It is secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts.* This hormone is structurally related to three other glycoprotein hormones: LH, FSH, and TSH. The amino acid sequence of the a- subunits of all four glycoproteins is identical.* hCG is detectable in plasma of pregnant women as early as day 22 of menstrual cycle by RRA (radioreceptor assay) or day 25th of menstrual cycle by RIA (radioimmunoassay).* hCG enters maternal blood at the time of blastocyst implantation. Blood levels increase rapidly, doubling every 2 days, with maximal levels being attained at about 8-10 weeks of gestation.* From 10 to 12 weeks the level begins to decline to reach the nadir at 20 weeks. Plasma levels are maintained at this lower level for the rest of pregnancy.* It completely disappears from circulation 2 weeks postpartum.* The best-known biological function of the hCG is the rescue and maintenance of function of the corpus luteum, that is, continued progesterone production. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Obstructed labour | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
South Hampton grading Scale is used for surgical site infections. SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS A major SSI is defined as a wound that either discharges significant quantites of pus spontaneously or needs a secondary procedure to drain it. The patient may have systemic signs such as tachycardia, pyrexia and a raised WBC count (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)) Minor wound infections may discharge pus or infected serous fluid but should not be associated with excessive discomfo, systemic signs or delay in return home. The differentiation between major and minor and the definition of SSI is impoant in audit or trials of antibiotic prophylaxis. There are scoring systems for the severity of wound infections, which are paicularly useful in surveillance and research. Examples are the Southhampton and ASEPSIS systems . Southampton Wound Grading system Grade/Appearance Subtype/Appearance 0: Normal Healing I: Normal healing with mild brusing or erythema Ia: Some brusing Ib: Considerable brusing Ic: Mild erythema II: Erythema Plus other signs of inflammation IIa: At one point IIb: Around sutures IIc: Along wound IId: Around wound III: Clear or hemoserous discharge IIIa: At one point only (<2 cm ) IIIb: Along wound (>2 cm) IIIc: Large volume IIId: Prolonged (>3 days) IV: Pus IVa: At one point only (<2 cm) IVb: Along wound (>2cm) REf: Bailey 27th edition PGno: 48 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
CERVICAL VEEBRAE They are identified by the presence of foramen transversaria.There are seven cervical veebrae,out of which the third to sixth are typical,while the first,second and seventh are atypical. Typical cervical veebra Body 1.The body is small and broader from side to side than from before backwards. 2.The superior surface is concave transversely with upward projecting lips on each side. 3.The inferior surface is saddle shaped,being convex from side to side and concave from before backwards. 4.The anterior and posterior surfaces resemble that of other veebrae. Veebral Foramen It is larger than the body.It is triangular in shape because the pedicles are directed backwards and laterally. Veebral Arch 1.The pedicles are directed backwards and laterally. 2.The laminae are relatively long and narrow,being thinner above than below. 3.The superior and inferior aicular processes form aicular pillars which project laterally at the junction of pedicle and the lamina. 4.The transverse processes are pierced by foramina transversaria. REF.BD CHAURASIA'S HUMAN ANATOMY,FIFTH EDITION,VOL 3.PAGE NO 40 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Insulin is administered subcutaneously. MMR vaccine, heparin are also given by SC route All others are by intradermal route. (Ref.Essentials of medical pharmacology TD Tripathi 6th edition page no.263) | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
- Field instrument to measure bih weight is Salter's Spring balance (kind of sling balance on which child is hung) - Average bih weight = 2.8kg - According to WHO, Low bih weight = < 2.5kg Very Low bih weight = < 1.5 Kg Extremely Low bih weight = < 1 Kg - Bih weight Doubles by 5 months Triples by 12 months Quadruples by 2yrs | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Systemic steroids are not required in DH Dapsone is D.O.C. S/E of Dapsone: Hemolysis and Methemoglobinemia. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Septic shock is most common cause of death.
Asphyxia is MCC death in immediate phase of burns. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Caudate lobe lies anterior to crura of diaphragm, right inferior phrenic artery and coeliac trunk.
Caudate lobe is superior to portal vein (lies in porta hepatis) and to right of ligament venosum. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Effects of tamoxifen Tamoxifen is an S.E.R.M (selective estrogen receptor modulator) Increase risk of endometrial cancer Decrease risk of osteoporosis Useful in breast cancer Menopausal symptoms like hot flushes | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Any object that compromises the blood supply to the tracheal mucosa or cartilage can cause stenosis. When the mean intramural pressure exceeds 20-30 mm Hg, damage may be anticipated. Riedel struma is a rare fibrosing thyroid condition, which must be differentiated from carcinoma and may cause severe tracheal stenosis. Achalasia is a neuromuscular defect at the lower end of the esophagus causing dysphagia, because of nonmechanical esophageal obstruction. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Transfection is the method by which DNA is transferred into eukaryotic cell. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Line diagramLine diagram 1 Line chart/Line graph)o It is used to show the trend of events with passage of time and shows how the frequency of a particular event or variable vary over time. DataMethodFrequency of occurrence (comparisons of magnitude)Bar ChartPie chartTrends over timeLine graphDistribution (not related to time)Histogram,Frequency polygonAssociation (Looking for correlation between two variables)Scatter diagram | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is c i.e. LSCS When a patient with transverse lie is seen in labour, it is managed as follows according to Dutta Obs. 6/e, p 397. Early labor ECV - provided there is good amount of liquor amnii and there is no contraindication. ECV should be tried in all cases. LSCS - is the preferred method of delivery if version fails or is contraindicated. ate labor Baby alive - If the baby is mature and fetal condition is good, it is preferable to do LSCS in all cases. Baby dead - LSCS even in such cases, is much safer in the hands of those who are not conversant with destructive operation. If the obstetrician is conversant with destructive operation, decapitation or evisceration is to be done. Following destructive operation, the uterine cavity is to be explored to exclude rupture of uterus. Internal version should not be done. According to Onset of active labor in a woman with a transverse lie is an indication for cesarean delivery. Once labor is well established, attempts at conversion to a longitudnal lie by abdominal manipulation are likely to be unsuccessful. Before labor or early in labor, with the membranes intact, attempts at external version are woh trying in absence of other complications that indicate cesarean section. In the given question 38 weeks primi is presenting in Early labour so external cephalic version could have been tried. but it is not given in the option, so our answer is LSCS. Note : While doing LSCS--a transverse incision into the uterus may lead to difficult fetal extraction. Therefore a veical incision is typically indicated. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Saturnine gout Cause - Lead toxicity Symptoms - Symptoms of lead toxicity precede the development of gout. Hence patient will have anemia, basophilic stippling of RBC, abdominal pain and nerve palsy The damage to kidney will lead to hypeension and progressive renal malfunction. Knee joint involvement is more common than MTP involvement in saturnine gout | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. (c) Sweat electrolytesRef: Harrison's Medicine 18th ed p 2149-50 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Lupus affects anterior part of larynx. It starts at the epiglottis and sspreads posteriorly to involve aryepiglottic folds. Slow indolent and symptomless destruction of epiglottis may occur. Lupus of larynx is secondary to lupus of nose and pharynx.Contact ulcer occurs at vocal process of arytenoid when one vocal process hammers against another traumatising the overlying mucosa and formation of a granuloma. It is due to vocal abuse.Pachydermia laryngis is a form of chronic hypertrophic laryngitis. It involves interarytenoid region and both vocal processes of arytenoid where grey or red papilliferous lesions are seen. Biopsy is essential to differentiate from tuberculosis and malignancy.Intubation granuloma is also seen in the area of vocal processes and is due to prolonged rough intubation or using a large tube. Trauma of tube ulcerates mucosa with the formation of a granuloma. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans: d) tricuspid valve prolapse It is mitral valve prolapse and not tricuspid valve prolapse that is classically associated with ADPCKDADPCKD:-* Inheritance: AD with high penetrance* Universally bilateral* Mutations - ADPKD1 - Ch. 16ADPCKD2 - Ch. 4* Renal function retained till 4th - 5th decade* PKD1 gene encodes Polycystin 1 in tubular epithelium of distal nephron. It is usually involved in the cell-cell and cell- matrix interactions.* PKD2 - Polycystin 2 - in all segments of renal tubule. It is a Ca++ permeable cation channel* Progression of the disease is accelerated in blacks with sickle cell trait.* Extrarenal manifestations in ADPCKDCysts - Liver- from biliary epitheliumSpleen, pancreas, lungsBerry aneurysm ( 5 - 10 %)Colonic diverticulaMitral valve prolapseMost common cause of death- CAD or hypertensive heart disease (40%). | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Presence of abdominal painBacillus cereus food poisoning is of two types. Emetic type and Diarrheal type. Abdominal cramps are common feature in both. Other features are:(a) Emetic Type: History of intake of fried rice from Chinese restaurant 6 hours earlier. Mediated by enterotoxin resembling Staphylococcal Enterotoxin.(b) Diarrhoeal Type: History of intake of cooked meat and vegetables 8-16 hours earlier. Mediated by enterotoxin resembling E. coli. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 150 ml o Total capillary blood valume in lung- 104 ml.o Total pulmonary capillary surface area - 70 m2o Volume of blood per alveolus - 4.7 x 10-7 ml.o Capillary surface area per alveolus - 23.4 x l04 cm2o Number of capillary segments - 280 x 109 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. B. 24 mm In adults the external acoustic meatus measures about 24 mm from the introitus to the tympanic membrane, which is its medial limit. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. (C) Allopurinol(Ref: KDT 8th/e p217)*NSAIDs like naproxen have no role in chronic gout*Uricosuric drugs like probenecid and sulfinpyrazone are ineffective in the presence of renal insufficiency*Allopurinol is drug of choice for most cases of chronic gout. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Celecoxib o COX-2 inhibitors are i) Celecoxib iii) Valdecoxib v) Rofecoxib ii) Etoricoxib vi) Lumitracoxib vi) Parecoxib | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
d. GnRH agonists(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2658)Nelson latest ed says: "Long-acting formulations of GnRH agonists, which maintain fairly constant serum concentrations of the drug for weeks or months, constitute the preparations of choice for treatment of central precocious puberty." | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Premolars are absent in temporary dentition. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Joints taking part in inversion and eversion of foot.
Principal joints- Subtalar, talocalcaneonavicular
Accessory joints- calcaneocuboid, talonavicular | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
ANTERIOR COLPORRHAPHY An inveed T incision is made on the anterior vaginal wall. the horizontal incision is made below the bladder and the veical incision is made staing from the midpoint of the tranverse incision upto a point about 1.5 cm below the external urethral meatus. The traiangular vaginal flaps including the fascia on either sides are seperated from the endopelvic fascia covering the bladder by knife and gauze dissection.The line of clevage is vesicovaginal space and if properly negotiated the dissection is easy with minimal blood loss. the edges of the vaginal walls are retracted laterally The vesicocervical spaceis exposed. The pubocervical fascia is plicated by interrupted sutures with No&;O&; chromic catgut using round body needle.The lower one or two stitches include a biteon the cervix, thus closing the hiatus through which bladder herniates The redundant poion of the vaginal mucosa is cut on either side. The cut margins of the vagina are apposed by interrupted sutures with No.&;O&;&;chromic catgut using cutting needle Catheter is reintroduced to ensure bladder is not injured Toileting of vagina is done Vagina is tightly packed with roller gauze smeared with anti septic cream D.C.DUTTA&;S TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLLOGY,Pg no:213,6th edition | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' Hepatic disease Make it clear once and for all that Digitalis is the parent compound. Digitalis is applied as a collective term for the whole group and has come to mean a cardiac glycoside.Digoxin and digitoxin are two of the many types of cardiac glycoside.Digoxin is a polar glycoside, and is excreted by kidney, does not undergo hepatic metabolism. So does need not be altered in hepatic disease.Digitoxin undergoes hepatic metabolism and its dose has to be altered in hepatic disease. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. C. Ovarya. Mullerian duct is a mesodermal derivative and gives rise to uterus and uterine tubes. It also forms mesodermal part of the vagina when it meets with the Sino-vaginal bulbs. Sino-vaginal bulbs are induced by the mullerian duct and they form the lower (endodermal) part of vagina.b. Now if mullerian ducts are absent, there will be no uterus and uterine tubes. Vagina will also not form because it is the mullerian duct which induces the formation of vagina. Ovaries will be present since they arise from a separate source-the genital ridges.Note1. A patient with Mullerian agenesis will have amenorrhea due to the absence of uterus. And this amenorrhea cannot be corrected.2. The lady can become a mother by using a surrogate to whom she contributes oocyte for in vitro fertilization. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The diagnostic criteria of NCPF includes splenomegaly, normal liver function test, esophageal varices (90-95% cases), patent hepatic and poal veins and no evidence of cirrhosis on biopsy. Based on this criteria, the most probable diagnosis in this patient is Non cirrhotic poal fibrosis. Ref: Arun J. Sanyal, Vijay H. Shah (2005), Chapter 25, "Noncirrhotic Poal Hypeension and Poal Vein Thrombosis", In the book, "Poal Hypeension: Pathobiology, Evaluation and Treatment", USA, Pages 411-12 ; Harrison's Internal Medicine, 15th Edition, Page 1759 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Epitheloid cell | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. D. ALA dehydratasePaints contain lead hence it is most probably lead poisoning. Biochemical effects of lead poisoning are:Inhibition of ALA dehydratase >> Ferro chelataseIncreased ALA excretion in urine. Increased ALA synthase activity. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Intra-orbital is the longest pa of optic nerve. Cranial Nerve Optic nerve arises from ganglion cell axons. Length = 50 mm. (40 mm in few texts) Can be considered as pa of brain 2nd order neuron Pas: Intraocular(1), Intraorbital(2), Intracanalicular(3), Intracranial(4). Smallest pa of optic nerve is Intraocular Longest pa : Intraorbital. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
In posterior dislocation of hip, the limb is held in flexion, adduction and internal rotation. It's the opposite in anterior dislocation. The treatment is emergency reduction of the dislocated hip. Ref: Essential Ohopedics By J Maheswari, 2nd Edition, Pages 181-183 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. D. Factitious disorderFactitious disorderIt is also known as Hospital addiction, hospital hoboes, or Professional patient.The term Munchausen syndrome is used for those patients who repeatedly simulate or fake diseases (intentionally) for the sole purpose of obtaining medical attention. There is no other recognizable motive (in contrast to malingering).The typical presentation of Munchausen syndrome is characterized by a restless journey from doctor to doctor and hospital to hospital, an ever-changing list of complaints and symptoms.The patient tries to maintain the sick role to obtain medical attention. There may be evidence of earlier treatment usually surgical procedure, for example, multiple surgical scars (gridiron abdomen). | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Varicella Tzank smear findings in bullous disordersDisordersFindingso Pemphiguso Bullous pemphigoido Varicella-zoster infectiono Herpes simpex infectiono Toxic epidermal necrolysisAcantholysisPredominantly eosinophilsMultinucleated giant cellsMultinucleated giant cellsNecrotic cells | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Zika virus is a mosquito- borne flavivirus which is transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes Aegypti. Transmission from an infected pregnant mother to her baby during pregnancy or around the time of bih is also a possibility. Zika Virus Zika virus is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus Caused by Zika virus which belongs to the genre Flavivirus. Zika virus is diagnosed through PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and virus isolation from blood samples. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
DORSIFLEXION FOOT:- The forefoot is raised,and the angle between the front of the leg and the dorsum of the foot is diminished. The wider anterior trochlear surface of the talus fits into the lower end of narrow posterior pa of the lower end of tibia. No chance of dislocation in dorsiflexion. PLANTAR FLEXION OF FOOT:- Forefoot is depressed and the angle between leg and foot is increased. The narrow posterior pa of trochlear surface of talus loosely fits into the wider anterior pa of lower end of tibia. High heels causes plantar flexion of ankle joint and its dislocation. MUSCLES INVOLVED;- Main Accessory Dorsiflexion Tibialis anterior EHL EDL Peroneus Teius Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Tibialis posterior FHL FDL {Reference: BDC 6E pg no.150} | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Smith Patersen Nail was previously used for internal fixation of fracture neck of femur. IMAGE OF ENDERS NAIL Ref : Maheswari 9th ed | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
In mature erythrocytes the major available anion is ClRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 523 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Answer is B (Verbal expression): Motor aphasia also known as expressive aphasia is a disorder of thought and word finding resulting in inadequate verbal expression. * Defect in hearing: Deafness * Defect in understanding: Receptive aphasia / Sensory aphasia * Defect in thought and word finding: Motor / Expressive aphasia * Defect in voice production: Dysphonia * Defect in aiculation: Dysahric | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
a) Congenital syphilis:
Hutchinson's triad: Hypoplastic incisors and molars, interstitial keratitis, 8th nerve deafness.
Saddle nose
Sabre tibia
Rhaghades (radiating scars around mouth, nose and anus) • Bossing of frontal and parietal bones
Hypoplastic maxilla
Salt and pepper scars on retina.
b) Primary syphilis:
Painless chancre
Painless palpable rubbery inguinal lymphnodes
c) Secondary syphilis:
This stage is highly infectious
Starts 6 - 8 weeks after the development of the chancre
Fever, malaise
Maculopapular rash on the trunk and limbs.
Condyloma lata (Papules coalescing to plaques)
Mucous patches in the genitalia, mouth, pharynx
'Snail track' ulcers in mouth
d) Late / tertiary, syphilis:
Characteristic granulomatous lesion called gumma.
Cardiovascular syphilis
Aortitis
Aortic aneurysm (mostly in ascending aorta)
Aortic incompetence
Neurosyphilis (KCET-11)
Tabes dorsalis
Meningovascular disease
General paralysis | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
a. Refusal to suck, poor cry and lethargy are common features(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 918-922)Discussing the options one by one,a.True; These are the earliest and very common features of neonatal sepsisb.False, Neutropenia & not neutrophilia is a feature of neonatal sepsisc.False, Sepsis can occur anytime in the neonatal periodd.False, Empirical antibiotics should be started if neonatal sepsis is suspected, even before culture- sensitivity reports are available | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Answer: b) Inability to oppose the thumb to other digits.Patient is suffering from "carpal tunnel syndrome".It is a medical condition in which the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the carpal tunnel deep to the flexor retinaculum at the wrist.The patient's occupation as typist may have predisposed the patient to this condition.MEDIAN NERVE "labourer's nerve" (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)Formed from the branches of medial and lateral cord of brachial plexus.No branches to axilla & arm.Sensory SupplyPalmar aspect:- Lateral half of Palm & Lateral 31/2 fingers with their nail bedsDorsal aspect: - distal part of later 31/2 fingers Motor SupplyForearm: All flexors except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundusHand: Ist two lumbricals (1st & 2nd lumbricals), thenar muscles except adductor pollicis (Supplied by ulnar nerve)Injuries to Median nerve:At elbowPointing Index (detected by Oschner clasping test)Simian/Ape thumb deformity (Thenar muscles wasted)Pen testAt wrist: Abduction & Opposition of thumb is lost.Median Nerve- Commonly injured in cut injury at flexor retinaculum.Commonly gets involved in entrapment neuropathy (carpal tunnel syndrome)Tests of median nerve lesion:Tinel's sign- percussion of flexor retinaculum -> tingling sense in the distribution of median N.Phalen's test- hyperextension/ flexion aggravates pain & paresthesiaCuff compression test of Gilliatt & Wilson- BP cuff is inflated above systolic BP-> aggravates pain & paresthesia.CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROMEMost common upper extremity compressive neuropathyNeuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel.The floor of the tunnel is formed by the volar radiocarpal and intercarpal ligaments.The transverse carpal ligament forms the roof of the tunnel.9 long flexors of the wrist and fingers and median nerve run within this spatially limited and relatively rigid tunnel.Etiology: PRAGMATICP-PregnancyR-Rheumatoid arthritisA-Arthritis degenerativeG-Growth hormone abnormalities (acromegaly)M-Metabolic (gout, diabetes myxedema, etc)A-AlcoholismT-Tumorsl-ldiopathicC- Connective tissue disorders (e.g. amyloidosis).Thus, any increase in pressure within the tunnel compresses the injury-prone median nerve.A decrease in thenar muscle strength occurs, along with a numbness or a decrease in the sensibility of the palmar surface of the radial 3 1/2 digits, especially the middle and index fingers.Initial stage:Dull pain in the arm at night (brachialgia paresthetica nocturna)Wakes the patient from sleep and can be relieved by shaking and massaging the armsStiff & uncoordinated fingers for a short time after the patient wakes up in the morningAdvanced stage:Abnormal sensations (paresthesia) developSense of touch is impaired, mainly in the thumb and index finger.The Phalen wrist flexion sign or Phalen maneuver is positive in carpal tunnel syndrome.Inability to oppose the thumbs.Emaciation of thenar eminenceParesthesia, hypoesthesia, or anesthesia of lateral three and a half digits.Sensation in the central palm remains unaffected.TESTS:Provocative testing includes Phalen's test, Tinel's test at the wrist, or the carpal tunnel compression test (Durkan's test).The carpal tunnel compression test is generally regarded as the most sensitive.The most predictable sensory test to evaluate carpal tunnel syndrome is the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Epinephrine injection Generalized uicaria, swelling of lips, hypotension and bronchospasm within 5 minutes of taking penicillin suggest the diagnosis of anaphylactic type of hypersensitivity. Epienephrine (S.C./i.m.) is DOC for anaphylactic shock. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The umbilical cord, surrounded by the amnion, contains two umbilical aeries, one umbilical vein and Whaon&;s jelly, which serves as a protective cushion for the vessels. Single Umbilical aery is associated with other congenital anomalies and observation of a two-vessel cord with a single umbilical aery in a new born should prompt one to look carefully for additional anomalies. Umbilical aeries: The umbilical aeries are paired branches of the internal iliac aeries. These pass through the connective stalk (umbilical cord) and become continuous with the chorionic vessels of the developing placenta. These vessels carry deoxygenated blood. Fate(after bih) : The proximal poion of the umbilical aery persist as the internal iliac and superior vesical aeries. The distal pas are obliterated to form the median umbilical ligaments. Single umbilical aery: (Seen in 1 to 2% of pregnancies) It is associated with aneuploidy as well as renal and cardiac abnormalities Observation of a Single Umbilical aery (two-vessel cord) should prompt one to loom carefully for additional anomalies in a newborn. Umbilical Veins: Umbilical veins appear as a pair of vessels to return blood from placenta to the fetus. The right umbilical vein is obliterated during the fifth gestational week. Left vein is left (right is obliterated) These vessels carry oxygenated blood. The oxygenated blood is shunted through the ductus venosus into the inferior vena cava and the hea. Fate (After bih) : The left umbilical vein obliterates to form ligamentum teres. Ref: Nelson 20th edition Pgno: 890 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Treatment includes: 1. Coicosteroids administered systemically and as repeated periocular injections may be effective in some cases. 2. Immunosuppressive drugs may be helpful in steroid-resistant cases. 3. Peripheral cryotherapy is also repoed to be effective. with most forms of uveitis, coicosteroids are the mainstay of therapy. Topical therapy with prednisolone acetate 1% or prednisolone sodium phosphate 1% is only helpful in the treatment of the anterior segment inflammation. Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg.No.161 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e.. Anemometer | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Unlike the external carotid aery, the internal carotid normally has no branches in the neck. Branches of the internal carotid aery Memonic: A VIP'S COMMA A: anterior choroidal aery V: Vidian aery I: inferolateral trunk P: posterior communicating aery S: superior hypophyseal aery C: caroticotympanic aery O: ophthalmic aery M: meningohypophyseal trunk M: middle cerebral aery A: anterior cerebral aery | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The presentation of shock is variable with some people having only minimal symptoms such as confusion and weakness. While the general signs for all types of shock are low blood pressure, decreased urine output, and confusion, these may not always be present.While a fast hea rate is common, those on b-blockers, those who are athletic, and in 30% of cases of those with shock due to intra abdominal bleeding may have a normal or slow hea rate.Specific subtypes of shock may have additional symptoms. Dry mucous membrane, reduced skin turgor, prolonged capillary refill time, weak peripheral pulses and cold extremities can be early signs Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 355 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., SmokingThromboangitis obliterans (Berger disease) o Thrombangitis obliterans is a distinctive disease that is characterized by segmental, thrombosing acute and chronic inflammation of medium sized and small sized aeries, and sometimes secondarily extending to veins and nerves.o Thromboangitis obliterans occurs almost exclusively among heavy-cigarrete-smoking persons.o It is more common in men but incidence is increasing in women because of increasing smoking habit in women. o Buerger disease is associated with HLA B-5 and HLA-A9.o In thrombongitis obliterans there is acute and chronic segmental inflammation of vessels with accompanied thrombosis in the lumen.o Typically, the thrombus contains microabscesses with a central focus of neutrophils surrounded by granulomatous inflammation.o Later, the inflammatory process extends into contiguous veins and nerves and in time all three structures (aeries, veins and nerves) become encased in fibrous tissue, a characterstic that is very rare with other form of vasculitis.Clinical manifestationso Thrombangitis obliterans affects vessels of upper and lower extremities.Symptoms are due to vascular insufficiency, i.e. Ischemia of toes, feet and fingers that can lead to ulcer and frank gangrene.Due to neural involvement, there may be severe pain, even at rest.Buerger disease Vs atherosclerosisBuerger disease is almost exclusively associated with smoking. Atherosclerosis is also associated with smoking,but it has other predisposing conditions also, e.g. diabetes, hypeension, hypercholesterolemia etc. o Burger disease affects smaller aeries. Atherosclerosis involves larger and medium size aeries.o In Atherosclerosis, pain occurs on movement due to vascular insufficiency, while in Buerger disease, pain occursat rest also due to neural involvement. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY:
Is a classical example of cohort study
Initiated in 1948 by US Public Health Service at Framingham, a town in Massachusetts, USA
Aim: To study the relationship of risk factors (serum cholesterol, blood pressure, weight,smoking) to the subsequent development of cardiovascular diseases. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans is a Follicular | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
(Decidua-parietalis) (25, 36-Duta 6th)Decidua-vera or parietalis - the rest of the deciduas lining the uterine cavity outside the site of implantation.* Foetal blood now circulate through the villi, while maternal blood circulate through intervillous space (69-IBS- Embryology 7th)* Synocytiotrophoblast grows into the endometrium. As endometrium is eroded, some of its blood vessels are opened up, and blood from them fills the lacunar spaces {intervillous space)* Each trabeculus is initially made up entirely by syncytiotrophoblast. Now the cells of the cytotrophoblast begin to multiply and grow into each trabeculus. The trabeculus thus comes to have a central core of cytotrophoblast covered by an outer layer of syncytium. It is surrounded by maternal blood filling the lacunar space. The trabeculus is now called is primary villous. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
"Peripheral neuropathy strongest association is seen stavudine and zalcitabine" Major dose limiting side effects of retroviral drugs 1. Didanosine - pancreatitis, neutropenia 2. Stavudine peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis 3. Zidovudine bone marrow suppression 4. Lamivudine -- nil and least toxic 5. Zalcitabine - peripheral neuropathy, apthous ulcers 6. Abacavir - rash, fever 7. Saquinavir - headache, GI disturbance 8. Ritonavir - peripheral paresthesias 9. Indinavir - renal stones 10. Nelfinavir - diarrhea | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The inferior margin of pleura extends onto diaphragm at the level of (Costodiaphragmatic line)
- 8th rib in the midclavicular line
- 10th rib in mid-axillary line
- 12th rib at the lateral border of erector spinae.
The lower border of lungs extends till the level of
- 6th rib in the midclavicular line
- 8th rib in mid-axillary line
- 10th rib at the lateral border of erector spinae. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune pruritic skin disease preferentially in elderly people, that may involve the formation of blisters (bullae) in the space between the epidermal and dermal skin layers. The disorder is a type of pemphigoid. It is classified as a type II hypersensitivity reaction, with the formation of anti-hemidesmosome antibodies Pathophysiology: The bullae are formed by an immune reaction, initiated by the formation of IgG autoantibodies targeting Dystonin, also called Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 1, and/or type XVII collagen, also called Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 2, which is a component of hemidesmosomes. A different form of dystonin is associated with neuropathy. Following antibody targeting, a cascade of immunomodulators results in a variable surge of immune cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils coming to the affected area. Unclear events subsequently result in a separation along the dermoepidermal junction and eventually stretch bullae. Diagnosis: Diagnosis consist of at least 2 positive results out of 3 criteria (2-out-of-3 rule): (1) pruritus and/or predominant cutaneous blisters, (2)linear IgG and/or C3c deposits (in an n- serrated pattern) by direct immunofluorescence microscopy (DIF) on a skin biopsy specimen, and (3)positive epidermal side staining by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy on human salt-split skin (IIF SSS) on a serum sample. Routine H&E staining or ELISA tests do not add value to the initial diagnosis. Treatment: Treatments include class I topical steroids (clobetasol, halobetasol, etc.) , systemic prednisone and powerful steroid-free immunosuppressant medications, such as methotrexate, azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil. Some of these medications have the potential for severe adverse effects such as kidney and liver damage, increased susceptibility to infections, and bone marrow suppression. Antibiotics such as tetracycline or erythromycin may also control the disease, paicularly in patients who cannot use coicosteroids. The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has been found to be effective in treating some otherwise refractory cases of pemphigoid. Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 1278 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
All of them contribute to the stability of the knee joint but The vastus lateralis muscles arise from the femur and all the other muscles originate from the hip (coxal) bone. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Dendritic cells are a form of antigen-presenting cell. Dendritic cells in epithelia are known as Langerhans cells, and those within germinal centers are called follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). The FDCs may become infected but not killed by HIV. They have cell surface Fc receptors that capture antibody-coated HIV virions through the Fc portion of the antibody. These virions attached to the FDCs can infect passing CD4+ lymphocytes. Dendritic cells elaborate type I interferons that up-regulate antiviral proteins in neighboring cells. B cells are a component of humoral immunity, and antibody to HIV does not serve a protective function, but allows serologic detection of infection. CD8+ cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that lack the receptor necessary for infection by HIV. Because they survive selectively, the CD4+:CD8+ ratio is reversed so that it is typically less than 1 with advanced HIV infection. Innate lymphoid cells resemble NK cells, but shape further lymphoid reactions. Langhans giant cells are "committees" of activated macrophages that are part of a granulomatous response. Macrophages are a type of antigen- presenting cell that can become infected by HIV without destruction. Mast cells have surface-bound IgE, which can be cross-linked by antigens (allergens) to cause degranulation and release of vasoactive amines, such as histamine, as part of anaphylaxis with type I hypersensitivity. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
No dataset card yet
- Downloads last month
- 31