data_source
stringclasses 2
values | prompt
listlengths 1
1
| ability
stringclasses 1
value | reward_model
dict | extra_info
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nEsophagus stas at the level of\nA. Upper border of cricoid cailage\nB. Lower border of cricoid cailage\nC. Thyroid cailage\nD. Hyoid cailage",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "B. Lower border of cricoid cailage",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Upper border of cricoid cailage"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Lower border of cricoid cailage"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Thyroid cailage"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Hyoid cailage"
}
],
"index": 12601,
"question": "Esophagus stas at the level of",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhat clinical sign is specific for albinism?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Red reflex",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 17159,
"question": "What clinical sign is specific for albinism?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA 13-year-old girl presents with a 1-month history of involuntary muscle contractions triggered by touch. She has a younger brother with cognitive disabilities and epilepsy. Examination reveals frequent, brief, involuntary contractions of muscles in the upper arms, legs, and face. EEG shows generalized epileptiform activity. A skeletal muscle biopsy stained with trichrome reveals muscle fibers with peripheral red inclusions that disrupt the normal fiber contour. What is the most likely underlying mechanism of her symptoms?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Defective oxidative phosphorylation",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 3022,
"question": "A 13-year-old girl presents with a 1-month history of involuntary muscle contractions triggered by touch. She has a younger brother with cognitive disabilities and epilepsy. Examination reveals frequent, brief, involuntary contractions of muscles in the upper arms, legs, and face. EEG shows generalized epileptiform activity. A skeletal muscle biopsy stained with trichrome reveals muscle fibers with peripheral red inclusions that disrupt the normal fiber contour. What is the most likely underlying mechanism of her symptoms?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nFox Fordyce's disease affects which type of sweat glands?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Apocrine sweat glands",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 19857,
"question": "Fox Fordyce's disease affects which type of sweat glands?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhich pathologic feature is not typically seen in H. pylori chronic gastritis?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Eosinophilic infiltrates",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 20520,
"question": "Which pathologic feature is not typically seen in H. pylori chronic gastritis?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nWhat is the name for the form of caries, which is rapidly\nprogressing?\nA. Rampant caries\nB. Nursing bottle caries\nC. Acute dental caries\nD. Chronic dental caries",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "A. Rampant caries",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Rampant caries"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Nursing bottle caries"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Acute dental caries"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Chronic dental caries"
}
],
"index": 19213,
"question": "What is the name for the form of caries, which is rapidly\nprogressing?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhich types of mutations are responsible for causing thalassemia?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "bd",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 15500,
"question": "Which types of mutations are responsible for causing thalassemia?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 31-year-old woman presents with difficulty walking and climbing stairs for the last 3 weeks. She has no history of trauma. The physical examination reveals a waddling gait with the trunk swaying from side-to-side towards the weight-bearing limb. When she stands on her right leg, the pelvis on the left side falls, but when she stands on the left leg, the pelvis on the right side rises. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured in this patient?\nA. Right superior gluteal nerve\nB. Right femoral nerve\nC. Right inferior gluteal nerve\nD. Right obturator nerve\nE. Left femoral nerve",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "A. Right superior gluteal nerve",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Right superior gluteal nerve"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Right femoral nerve"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Right inferior gluteal nerve"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Right obturator nerve"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Left femoral nerve"
}
],
"index": 5164,
"question": "A 31-year-old woman presents with difficulty walking and climbing stairs for the last 3 weeks. She has no history of trauma. The physical examination reveals a waddling gait with the trunk swaying from side-to-side towards the weight-bearing limb. When she stands on her right leg, the pelvis on the left side falls, but when she stands on the left leg, the pelvis on the right side rises. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured in this patient?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA 22-year-old man presents with a 6-month history of headaches and blurry vision, along with frequent vomiting over the past month. His father died of renal cell carcinoma at age 37. On examination, his visual acuity is 20/40 bilaterally, and fundoscopic exam reveals bilateral optic disc swelling and growth of capillary vessels in the temporal peripheral retina. Brain MRI shows an infratentorial mass, which is surgically resected. Based on these findings, what is the most likely diagnosis?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Hemangioblastoma",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 4129,
"question": "A 22-year-old man presents with a 6-month history of headaches and blurry vision, along with frequent vomiting over the past month. His father died of renal cell carcinoma at age 37. On examination, his visual acuity is 20/40 bilaterally, and fundoscopic exam reveals bilateral optic disc swelling and growth of capillary vessels in the temporal peripheral retina. Brain MRI shows an infratentorial mass, which is surgically resected. Based on these findings, what is the most likely diagnosis?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 77-year-old Caucasian woman presents to her primary care provider for a general checkup. The patient is with her daughter who brought her to this appointment. The patient states that she is doing well and has some minor joint pain in both hips. She states that sometimes she is sad because her husband recently died. She lives alone and follows a vegan diet. The patient's daughter states that she has noticed her mother struggling with day to day life. It started 2 years ago with her forgetting simple instructions or having difficulty running errands. Now the patient has gotten to the point where she can no longer pay her bills. Sometimes the patient forgets how to get home. The patient has a past medical history of obesity, hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) controlled with pantoprazole, and diabetes mellitus. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 158/108 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Which of the following will most likely help with this patient's presentation?\nA. Donepezil\nB. Fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy\nC. Lisinopril and metoprolol\nD. Vitamin B12 and discontinue pantoprazole\nE. No intervention needed",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "A. Donepezil",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Donepezil"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Lisinopril and metoprolol"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Vitamin B12 and discontinue pantoprazole"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "No intervention needed"
}
],
"index": 8180,
"question": "A 77-year-old Caucasian woman presents to her primary care provider for a general checkup. The patient is with her daughter who brought her to this appointment. The patient states that she is doing well and has some minor joint pain in both hips. She states that sometimes she is sad because her husband recently died. She lives alone and follows a vegan diet. The patient's daughter states that she has noticed her mother struggling with day to day life. It started 2 years ago with her forgetting simple instructions or having difficulty running errands. Now the patient has gotten to the point where she can no longer pay her bills. Sometimes the patient forgets how to get home. The patient has a past medical history of obesity, hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) controlled with pantoprazole, and diabetes mellitus. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 158/108 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Which of the following will most likely help with this patient's presentation?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA 19-year-old female presents with primary amenorrhea, normal breast development, and pubic hair, but examination reveals absence of the uterus and vagina. What is the most likely diagnosis?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Mullerian agenesis",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 14464,
"question": "A 19-year-old female presents with primary amenorrhea, normal breast development, and pubic hair, but examination reveals absence of the uterus and vagina. What is the most likely diagnosis?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA 19-year-old woman presents with recent weight gain after starting combined oral contraceptives six months ago for dysmenorrhea and acne. She has been compliant with the medication, experiences regular withdrawal bleeding, and her symptoms have improved. She has increased her exercise routine and has no changes in sleep or energy levels. Physical examination is unremarkable, and a pregnancy test is negative. What is the most appropriate next step in managing her weight gain?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Reassure the patient",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 9430,
"question": "A 19-year-old woman presents with recent weight gain after starting combined oral contraceptives six months ago for dysmenorrhea and acne. She has been compliant with the medication, experiences regular withdrawal bleeding, and her symptoms have improved. She has increased her exercise routine and has no changes in sleep or energy levels. Physical examination is unremarkable, and a pregnancy test is negative. What is the most appropriate next step in managing her weight gain?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nAn 82-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because of excruciating right flank pain and fever for the past 2 days. She states that she is having trouble urinating. Her past medical history is unremarkable. A urinalysis is performed and comes back positive for leukocytes and gram-negative bacilli. A contrast computed tomography of the abdomen is performed and reveals a large retroperitoneal mass compressing the right ureter, leading to hydronephrosis of the right kidney. The mass is excised. Histopathologic evaluation of the mass is shown in the image below, and it is determined to be malignant. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?\nA. Liposarcoma\nB. Lipoma\nC. Rhabdomyosarcoma\nD. Teratoma\nE. Leiomyosarcoma",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "A. Liposarcoma",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Liposarcoma"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Lipoma"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Rhabdomyosarcoma"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Teratoma"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Leiomyosarcoma"
}
],
"index": 2847,
"question": "An 82-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because of excruciating right flank pain and fever for the past 2 days. She states that she is having trouble urinating. Her past medical history is unremarkable. A urinalysis is performed and comes back positive for leukocytes and gram-negative bacilli. A contrast computed tomography of the abdomen is performed and reveals a large retroperitoneal mass compressing the right ureter, leading to hydronephrosis of the right kidney. The mass is excised. Histopathologic evaluation of the mass is shown in the image below, and it is determined to be malignant. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nSpot the diagnosis in the following IVU\nA. Horse shoe kidney\nB. Bladder diveiculum\nC. Pelvic mass\nD. Ectopic kidney",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "D. Ectopic kidney",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Horse shoe kidney"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Bladder diveiculum"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Pelvic mass"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Ectopic kidney"
}
],
"index": 17335,
"question": "Spot the diagnosis in the following IVU",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nOn what date did the World Health Organization (WHO) declare COVID-19 a global pandemic?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "11th March 2020",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 18887,
"question": "On what date did the World Health Organization (WHO) declare COVID-19 a global pandemic?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhat immune-mediated process is responsible for the condition characterized by chronic pain and swelling in both hands and wrists, morning stiffness lasting about an hour, and the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Type III hypersensitivity",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 1863,
"question": "What immune-mediated process is responsible for the condition characterized by chronic pain and swelling in both hands and wrists, morning stiffness lasting about an hour, and the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA 60-year-old woman recently discharged after a myocardial infarction presents with fever, headache, dark-colored urine, and no urine output for 24 hours. On examination, she has pallor, petechiae, altered sensorium, and vital signs showing fever and stable hemodynamics. Laboratory tests reveal anemia, thrombocytopenia, schistocytes on peripheral smear, elevated serum creatinine, and normal coagulation studies including fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products, PT, and aPTT. What is the most appropriate treatment for this patient's condition?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Plasma exchange",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 2848,
"question": "A 60-year-old woman recently discharged after a myocardial infarction presents with fever, headache, dark-colored urine, and no urine output for 24 hours. On examination, she has pallor, petechiae, altered sensorium, and vital signs showing fever and stable hemodynamics. Laboratory tests reveal anemia, thrombocytopenia, schistocytes on peripheral smear, elevated serum creatinine, and normal coagulation studies including fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products, PT, and aPTT. What is the most appropriate treatment for this patient's condition?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 31-year-old G1P0 woman at 26 weeks gestation presents to the clinic for evaluation of an abnormal glucose tolerance test. She denies any symptoms, but states that she was given 50 g of oral glucose 1 week earlier and demonstrated a subsequent venous plasma glucose level of 156 mg/dL 1 hour later. The vital signs are: blood pressure, 112/78 mm Hg; pulse, 81/min; and respiratory rate, 16/min. Physical examination is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\nA. Repeat the 50 g oral glucose challenge\nB. Administer an oral, 3-hour 100 g glucose dose\nC. Advise the patient to follow an American Diabetic Association diet plan\nD. Begin insulin treatment\nE. Order a fetal ultrasound examination",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "B. Administer an oral, 3-hour 100 g glucose dose",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Repeat the 50 g oral glucose challenge"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Administer an oral, 3-hour 100 g glucose dose"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Advise the patient to follow an American Diabetic Association diet plan"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Begin insulin treatment"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Order a fetal ultrasound examination"
}
],
"index": 6338,
"question": "A 31-year-old G1P0 woman at 26 weeks gestation presents to the clinic for evaluation of an abnormal glucose tolerance test. She denies any symptoms, but states that she was given 50 g of oral glucose 1 week earlier and demonstrated a subsequent venous plasma glucose level of 156 mg/dL 1 hour later. The vital signs are: blood pressure, 112/78 mm Hg; pulse, 81/min; and respiratory rate, 16/min. Physical examination is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA 67-year-old man presents with fatigue, progressive abdominal distention, and yellow skin coloration for the past 2 weeks. He denies fever or chills. His past medical history is unremarkable, but he reports heavy alcohol consumption for several years and recently quit drinking. On examination, he appears jaundiced and ill, with shifting dullness and a positive fluid wave on abdominal percussion, icteric sclera, and bilateral gynecomastia. Laboratory studies show hemoglobin 13 g/dL, leukocyte count 4,500/mm³, platelets 86,000/mm³, AST 108 U/L, ALT 55 U/L, GGT 185 U/L, urea 23 mg/dL, iron 120 μg/dL, ferritin 180 μg/dL, and transferrin saturation 40%. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Alcoholic liver disease",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 4220,
"question": "A 67-year-old man presents with fatigue, progressive abdominal distention, and yellow skin coloration for the past 2 weeks. He denies fever or chills. His past medical history is unremarkable, but he reports heavy alcohol consumption for several years and recently quit drinking. On examination, he appears jaundiced and ill, with shifting dullness and a positive fluid wave on abdominal percussion, icteric sclera, and bilateral gynecomastia. Laboratory studies show hemoglobin 13 g/dL, leukocyte count 4,500/mm³, platelets 86,000/mm³, AST 108 U/L, ALT 55 U/L, GGT 185 U/L, urea 23 mg/dL, iron 120 μg/dL, ferritin 180 μg/dL, and transferrin saturation 40%. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents with complaints of severe muscle cramping and abdominal pain. They live in Virginia. The parents state that about 2 hours before, the child was playing in their outdoor shed when he suddenly ran inside crying, saying he was bitten by a bug. One hour following the bite, the child developed the symptoms of cramping and pain. He has no known medical history and takes no medications. His blood pressure is 132/86 mm Hg, the heart rate is 116/min, and the respiratory rate is 20/min. Vital signs reveal tachycardia and hypertension. On exam, there is a 1 cm area of erythema to the dorsum of his right hand without any further dermatologic findings. Palpation of his abdomen reveals firm rigidity but no discernable rebound tenderness. What arthropod is most likely responsible for his symptoms?\nA. Brown recluse\nB. Black widow\nC. Bark scorpion\nD. Cryptopid centipede\nE. Tick",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "B. Black widow",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Brown recluse"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Black widow"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Bark scorpion"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Cryptopid centipede"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Tick"
}
],
"index": 6078,
"question": "A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents with complaints of severe muscle cramping and abdominal pain. They live in Virginia. The parents state that about 2 hours before, the child was playing in their outdoor shed when he suddenly ran inside crying, saying he was bitten by a bug. One hour following the bite, the child developed the symptoms of cramping and pain. He has no known medical history and takes no medications. His blood pressure is 132/86 mm Hg, the heart rate is 116/min, and the respiratory rate is 20/min. Vital signs reveal tachycardia and hypertension. On exam, there is a 1 cm area of erythema to the dorsum of his right hand without any further dermatologic findings. Palpation of his abdomen reveals firm rigidity but no discernable rebound tenderness. What arthropod is most likely responsible for his symptoms?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 28-year-old man presents to the emergency department after being rescued from his home. He was working at home alone on some renovations when 1 of his house's walls collapsed on him. His legs were trapped under the debris for about 30 hours before a neighbor came by, found him, and called an ambulance. He is very mildly confused and reports pain throughout both legs. The physical examination is notable for dry mucous membranes and tenderness to palpation throughout both legs with many superficial abrasions, but no active hemorrhage. The full-body computed tomography (CT) scan shows small fractures in both tibias, but no hematomas. He is admitted to the trauma service for observation. On hospital day 1, his urine appears very dark. Urine output over the preceding 24 hours is 200 mL. The laboratory studies show a creatinine of 2.7 mg/dL and serum creatine kinase (CK) of 29,700 IU/L. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?\nA. Order anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titers\nB. Order anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) titers\nC. Order anti-streptolysin O titers\nD. Start dialysis\nE. Start IV fluids",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "E. Start IV fluids",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Order anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titers"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Order anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) titers"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Order anti-streptolysin O titers"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Start dialysis"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Start IV fluids"
}
],
"index": 6698,
"question": "A 28-year-old man presents to the emergency department after being rescued from his home. He was working at home alone on some renovations when 1 of his house's walls collapsed on him. His legs were trapped under the debris for about 30 hours before a neighbor came by, found him, and called an ambulance. He is very mildly confused and reports pain throughout both legs. The physical examination is notable for dry mucous membranes and tenderness to palpation throughout both legs with many superficial abrasions, but no active hemorrhage. The full-body computed tomography (CT) scan shows small fractures in both tibias, but no hematomas. He is admitted to the trauma service for observation. On hospital day 1, his urine appears very dark. Urine output over the preceding 24 hours is 200 mL. The laboratory studies show a creatinine of 2.7 mg/dL and serum creatine kinase (CK) of 29,700 IU/L. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA drug that inhibits mRNA synthesis and causes red-orange discoloration of body fluids is used as monotherapy for which condition?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Neisseria meningitidis prophylaxis",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 1381,
"question": "A drug that inhibits mRNA synthesis and causes red-orange discoloration of body fluids is used as monotherapy for which condition?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nTemperature required for holding period of 20 minutes in Hot air oven -\nA. 160deg C\nB. 170deg C\nC. 120deg C\nD. 130deg C",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "B. 170deg C",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "160deg C"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "170deg C"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "120deg C"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "130deg C"
}
],
"index": 14110,
"question": "Temperature required for holding period of 20 minutes in Hot air oven -",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nWhat are these crystals that were aspirated from the bursa of an elbow of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis?\nA. Cholesterol\nB. Calcium apatite\nC. Calcium oxalate\nD. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "A. Cholesterol",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Cholesterol"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Calcium apatite"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Calcium oxalate"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate"
}
],
"index": 10189,
"question": "What are these crystals that were aspirated from the bursa of an elbow of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nDeficiency of hypocretin leads to\nA. Somnambulism\nB. Bruxism\nC. Narcolepsy\nD. Restless leg symdrome",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "C. Narcolepsy",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Somnambulism"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Bruxism"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Narcolepsy"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Restless leg symdrome"
}
],
"index": 18210,
"question": "Deficiency of hypocretin leads to",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhat is the most likely underlying pathophysiological mechanism causing this 72-year-old woman's bilateral leg swelling, prominent superficial veins, and reddish-brown discoloration around the ankles?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Increased venous valve reflux",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 1620,
"question": "What is the most likely underlying pathophysiological mechanism causing this 72-year-old woman's bilateral leg swelling, prominent superficial veins, and reddish-brown discoloration around the ankles?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA 14-year-old boy presents with multiple gradually enlarging depigmented patches on his trunk, thighs, hands, feet, and around his mouth. The lesions are asymptomatic, without redness, itchiness, numbness, or pain. His family emigrated from Indonesia 8 years ago. What is the most likely cause of these skin findings?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Autoimmune melanocyte destruction",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 7018,
"question": "A 14-year-old boy presents with multiple gradually enlarging depigmented patches on his trunk, thighs, hands, feet, and around his mouth. The lesions are asymptomatic, without redness, itchiness, numbness, or pain. His family emigrated from Indonesia 8 years ago. What is the most likely cause of these skin findings?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nNot associated with diabetes mellitus :\nA. Cushing syndrome\nB. Acromegaly\nC. Hypothyroidism\nD. Phaeochromocytoma",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "C. Hypothyroidism",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Cushing syndrome"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Acromegaly"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Hypothyroidism"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Phaeochromocytoma"
}
],
"index": 10463,
"question": "Not associated with diabetes mellitus :",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 28-year-old woman presents to a psychiatrist with a 10-year history of unexplained anxiety symptoms. To date, she has not visited any psychiatrist, because she believes that she should not take medicines to change her emotions or thoughts. However, after explaining the nature of her disorder, the psychiatrist prescribes daily alprazolam. When she comes for her first follow-up, she reports excellent relief from her symptoms without any side-effects. The psychiatrist encourages her to continue her medication for the next 3 months and then return for a follow-up visit. After 3 months, she tells her psychiatrist that she has been experiencing excessive sedation and drowsiness over the last few weeks. The psychiatrist finds that she is taking alprazolam in the correct dosage, and she is not taking any other medication that causes sedation. Upon asking her about any recent changes in her lifestyle, she mentions that for the last 2 months, she has made a diet change. The psychiatrist tells her that diet change may be the reason why she is experiencing excessive sedation and drowsiness. Which of the following is the most likely diet change the psychiatrist is talking about?\nA. Daily consumption of tomatoes\nB. Daily consumption of cruciferous vegetables\nC. Daily consumption of charcoal-broiled foods\nD. Daily consumption of St. John's wort\nE. Daily consumption of grapefruit juice",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "E. Daily consumption of grapefruit juice",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Daily consumption of tomatoes"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Daily consumption of cruciferous vegetables"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Daily consumption of charcoal-broiled foods"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Daily consumption of St. John's wort"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Daily consumption of grapefruit juice"
}
],
"index": 425,
"question": "A 28-year-old woman presents to a psychiatrist with a 10-year history of unexplained anxiety symptoms. To date, she has not visited any psychiatrist, because she believes that she should not take medicines to change her emotions or thoughts. However, after explaining the nature of her disorder, the psychiatrist prescribes daily alprazolam. When she comes for her first follow-up, she reports excellent relief from her symptoms without any side-effects. The psychiatrist encourages her to continue her medication for the next 3 months and then return for a follow-up visit. After 3 months, she tells her psychiatrist that she has been experiencing excessive sedation and drowsiness over the last few weeks. The psychiatrist finds that she is taking alprazolam in the correct dosage, and she is not taking any other medication that causes sedation. Upon asking her about any recent changes in her lifestyle, she mentions that for the last 2 months, she has made a diet change. The psychiatrist tells her that diet change may be the reason why she is experiencing excessive sedation and drowsiness. Which of the following is the most likely diet change the psychiatrist is talking about?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nNihilistic ideas are seen in -a) Simple schizophreniab) Paranoid schizophreniac) Cotard's syndromed) Depressione) Body dysmorphic disorder\nA. cd\nB. bc\nC. bd\nD. ac",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "A. cd",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "cd"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "bc"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "bd"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "ac"
}
],
"index": 18231,
"question": "Nihilistic ideas are seen in -a) Simple schizophreniab) Paranoid schizophreniac) Cotard's syndromed) Depressione) Body dysmorphic disorder",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhat is the recommended management of aspirin therapy in a patient who has been on long-term aspirin and is scheduled for elective surgery?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Stop aspirin for 7 days",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 17940,
"question": "What is the recommended management of aspirin therapy in a patient who has been on long-term aspirin and is scheduled for elective surgery?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhat is the most specific diagnostic test for confirming infectious mononucleosis in a young adult presenting with sore throat, fatigue, posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, and a pharyngeal membrane that does not bleed upon scraping?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Positive monospot test",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 8761,
"question": "What is the most specific diagnostic test for confirming infectious mononucleosis in a young adult presenting with sore throat, fatigue, posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, and a pharyngeal membrane that does not bleed upon scraping?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nUteroplacental blood flow per minute\nA. 200 ml / minute\nB. 400 ml / minute\nC. 300 ml / minute\nD. 600 ml / minute",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "D. 600 ml / minute",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "200 ml / minute"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "400 ml / minute"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "300 ml / minute"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "600 ml / minute"
}
],
"index": 14446,
"question": "Uteroplacental blood flow per minute",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA 5-month-old boy with no significant past medical, surgical, or family history is brought to the pediatrician by his parents for evaluation of a rash that started several weeks ago and has remained unchanged. He has been breastfed since birth and began eating soft foods at 4 months. Physical examination reveals erythematous plaques with shiny, yellow scales over the scalp and external ears. Vital signs and complete blood count are within normal limits. What is the most likely diagnosis?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Infantile seborrheic dermatitis",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 6815,
"question": "A 5-month-old boy with no significant past medical, surgical, or family history is brought to the pediatrician by his parents for evaluation of a rash that started several weeks ago and has remained unchanged. He has been breastfed since birth and began eating soft foods at 4 months. Physical examination reveals erythematous plaques with shiny, yellow scales over the scalp and external ears. Vital signs and complete blood count are within normal limits. What is the most likely diagnosis?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhich type of fracture is associated with the Thurston Holland sign?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Type II",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 15035,
"question": "Which type of fracture is associated with the Thurston Holland sign?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nBaroreceptor stimulation producesa) Decreased heart rate & BPb) Increased heart rate & BPc) Increased cardiac contractilityd) Decreased cardiac contractility\nA. b\nB. c\nC. ac\nD. ad",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "D. ad",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "b"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "c"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "ac"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "ad"
}
],
"index": 13031,
"question": "Baroreceptor stimulation producesa) Decreased heart rate & BPb) Increased heart rate & BPc) Increased cardiac contractilityd) Decreased cardiac contractility",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nDuring the decomposition of a body, where does the green discoloration caused by hydrogen sulphide accumulation first appear?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Iliac fossa",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 16103,
"question": "During the decomposition of a body, where does the green discoloration caused by hydrogen sulphide accumulation first appear?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nAn investigator is examining tissue samples from various muscle tissue throughout the body. She notices that biopsies collected from a specific site have a high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and myoglobin; they also stain poorly for ATPase. Additionally, the cell surface membranes of the myocytes in the specimen lack voltage-gated calcium channels. These myocytes are found in the greatest concentration at which of the following sites?\nA. Ventricular myocardium\nB. Semispinalis muscle\nC. Glandular myoepithelium\nD. Tunica media\nE. Lateral rectus muscle",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "B. Semispinalis muscle",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Ventricular myocardium"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Semispinalis muscle"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Glandular myoepithelium"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Tunica media"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Lateral rectus muscle"
}
],
"index": 1739,
"question": "An investigator is examining tissue samples from various muscle tissue throughout the body. She notices that biopsies collected from a specific site have a high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and myoglobin; they also stain poorly for ATPase. Additionally, the cell surface membranes of the myocytes in the specimen lack voltage-gated calcium channels. These myocytes are found in the greatest concentration at which of the following sites?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhat type of diagram is used to represent continuous (quantitative) data?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Histogram",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 18775,
"question": "What type of diagram is used to represent continuous (quantitative) data?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nFrom which embryonic developmental structure is the gastrosplenic ligament derived?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Dorsal mesogastrium",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 12440,
"question": "From which embryonic developmental structure is the gastrosplenic ligament derived?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 5 year boy presented with massive haemetemesis. He is not febrile. Per abdomen examination revealed massive splenomegaly without hepatomegaly. Most probable diagnosis would be: March 2005\nA. Non-cirrhotic poal fibrosis\nB. Extrahepatic poal venous obstruction\nC. Budd-Chiari syndrome\nD. Hepatic carcinoma",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "B. Extrahepatic poal venous obstruction",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Non-cirrhotic poal fibrosis"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Extrahepatic poal venous obstruction"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Budd-Chiari syndrome"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Hepatic carcinoma"
}
],
"index": 15247,
"question": "A 5 year boy presented with massive haemetemesis. He is not febrile. Per abdomen examination revealed massive splenomegaly without hepatomegaly. Most probable diagnosis would be: March 2005",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nWHO definition of normal sperm count:\nA. 10 million/ml\nB. 20 million/ml\nC. 40 million/ml\nD. 50 million/ml",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "B. 20 million/ml",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "10 million/ml"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "20 million/ml"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "40 million/ml"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "50 million/ml"
}
],
"index": 14328,
"question": "WHO definition of normal sperm count:",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 51-year-old woman with Sjogren’s syndrome presents to her physician for suddenly developed palpitations. She feels more anxious than usual and has had difficulty sleeping well for the past 2 weeks. She has lost 2 kg (4.4 lb) since her last routine appointment 6 months ago. She also has had diarrhea and often feels like her heart is beating very quickly. On physical examination, her skin appears warm and moist. Her reflexes are hyperactive. Her thyroid is moderately enlarged and is non-tender. She has mild dry eyes and dry mouth. Her blood pressure is 136/88 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, respirations are 17/min and temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F). Which of the following pathologic findings is this patient likely to have?\nA. Lymphoma\nB. Silent thyroiditis\nC. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis\nD. Granulomatous thyroiditis\nE. Fibrous thyroiditis",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "C. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Lymphoma"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Silent thyroiditis"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Granulomatous thyroiditis"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Fibrous thyroiditis"
}
],
"index": 6140,
"question": "A 51-year-old woman with Sjogren’s syndrome presents to her physician for suddenly developed palpitations. She feels more anxious than usual and has had difficulty sleeping well for the past 2 weeks. She has lost 2 kg (4.4 lb) since her last routine appointment 6 months ago. She also has had diarrhea and often feels like her heart is beating very quickly. On physical examination, her skin appears warm and moist. Her reflexes are hyperactive. Her thyroid is moderately enlarged and is non-tender. She has mild dry eyes and dry mouth. Her blood pressure is 136/88 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, respirations are 17/min and temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F). Which of the following pathologic findings is this patient likely to have?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room for altered mental status and rapid twitching of her left hand 3 hours ago. The patient is a poor historian given her current mental status, and her husband provided most of the history. He reports that the patient started demonstrating bizarre behavior about 2 weeks ago. She would be up until late into the night working on a “genius project” she had and had elaborate plans to double their joint investments. This morning, she began having speech difficulties, and her left hand jerked uncontrollably for the 10 minutes. He denies loss of consciousness, urinary incontinence, vision changes, or sick contacts. Her past medical history is significant for an adequately treated syphilis infection 10 years ago. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 118/70 mmHg, pulse is 103/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. A physical examination demonstrates a lethargic individual with neck stiffness. A computed tomography of the head is unremarkable, and a cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) study is shown below.\n\nCell count: 760/mm3\nCell type: Lymphocytes\nGlucose: 60 mg/dL\nPressure: 100 mmH2O\nProteins: 35 mg/dL\nErythrocytes: 130/mm^3\n\nWhat is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?\nA. Brain abscess\nB. Infection with herpes simplex virus\nC. Infection with Streptococcal pneumoniae\nD. Neurosyphilis\nE. Undiagnosed bipolar disorder",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "B. Infection with herpes simplex virus",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Brain abscess"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Infection with herpes simplex virus"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Infection with Streptococcal pneumoniae"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Neurosyphilis"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Undiagnosed bipolar disorder"
}
],
"index": 1952,
"question": "A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room for altered mental status and rapid twitching of her left hand 3 hours ago. The patient is a poor historian given her current mental status, and her husband provided most of the history. He reports that the patient started demonstrating bizarre behavior about 2 weeks ago. She would be up until late into the night working on a “genius project” she had and had elaborate plans to double their joint investments. This morning, she began having speech difficulties, and her left hand jerked uncontrollably for the 10 minutes. He denies loss of consciousness, urinary incontinence, vision changes, or sick contacts. Her past medical history is significant for an adequately treated syphilis infection 10 years ago. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 118/70 mmHg, pulse is 103/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. A physical examination demonstrates a lethargic individual with neck stiffness. A computed tomography of the head is unremarkable, and a cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) study is shown below.\n\nCell count: 760/mm3\nCell type: Lymphocytes\nGlucose: 60 mg/dL\nPressure: 100 mmH2O\nProteins: 35 mg/dL\nErythrocytes: 130/mm^3\n\nWhat is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 68-year-old man presents to his primary care provider after noticing that his urine has been pink for the last week. He does not have any pain with urination, nor has he had any associated fevers or infections. On his review of systems, the patient notes that he thinks he has lost some weight since his belt is looser, and he has also had occasional dull pressure in his back for the past two months. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 132/90 mmHg, pulse is 64/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient weighs 210 lbs (95.3 kg, BMI 31.9 kg/m^2), compared to his weight of 228 lbs (103.4 kg, BMI 34.7 kg/m^2) at his last visit 2 years prior. On exam, the patient does not have any back or costovertebral angle tenderness. On abdominal palpation, a firm mass can be appreciated deep in the left abdomen. The clinical workup should also assess for which of the following conditions?\nA. Carcinoid syndrome\nB. Cushing syndrome\nC. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome\nD. Myelitis\nE. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "B. Cushing syndrome",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Carcinoid syndrome"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Cushing syndrome"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Myelitis"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)"
}
],
"index": 2082,
"question": "A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care provider after noticing that his urine has been pink for the last week. He does not have any pain with urination, nor has he had any associated fevers or infections. On his review of systems, the patient notes that he thinks he has lost some weight since his belt is looser, and he has also had occasional dull pressure in his back for the past two months. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 132/90 mmHg, pulse is 64/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient weighs 210 lbs (95.3 kg, BMI 31.9 kg/m^2), compared to his weight of 228 lbs (103.4 kg, BMI 34.7 kg/m^2) at his last visit 2 years prior. On exam, the patient does not have any back or costovertebral angle tenderness. On abdominal palpation, a firm mass can be appreciated deep in the left abdomen. The clinical workup should also assess for which of the following conditions?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nA 72-year-old man presents with a 2-week history of gradually progressive yellow discoloration of his skin, generalized pruritus, decreased appetite, and a 6.3-kg weight loss. He reports pale stools and dark urine. Three years ago, he had an episode of acute upper abdominal pain treated conservatively. He has a long history of smoking and past moderate alcohol use but has been abstinent since the episode. On examination, he has jaundice and a palpable soft, cystic mass in the right upper quadrant. Laboratory studies show elevated total and direct bilirubin, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and mildly elevated AST and ALT. Abdominal ultrasonography reveals an anechoic cystic mass in the subhepatic region and dilation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. What is the most likely diagnosis?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 6973,
"question": "A 72-year-old man presents with a 2-week history of gradually progressive yellow discoloration of his skin, generalized pruritus, decreased appetite, and a 6.3-kg weight loss. He reports pale stools and dark urine. Three years ago, he had an episode of acute upper abdominal pain treated conservatively. He has a long history of smoking and past moderate alcohol use but has been abstinent since the episode. On examination, he has jaundice and a palpable soft, cystic mass in the right upper quadrant. Laboratory studies show elevated total and direct bilirubin, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and mildly elevated AST and ALT. Abdominal ultrasonography reveals an anechoic cystic mass in the subhepatic region and dilation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. What is the most likely diagnosis?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nWhich anesthetic agent is known to cause post-operative jaundice?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Halothane",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 18020,
"question": "Which anesthetic agent is known to cause post-operative jaundice?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 71-year-old man presents to the physician for a routine health-maintenance examination. He feels well; however, he is concerned about the need for prostate cancer screening. He has a 3-year history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. His symptoms of urinary hesitancy and terminal dribbling of urine are well controlled with tamsulosin and finasteride. He also had a percutaneous coronary angioplasty done 2 years ago following a diagnosis of unstable angina. His medication list also includes aspirin, atorvastatin, losartan, and nitroglycerin. His vital signs are within normal limits. He has never had a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test or prostate ultrasonography. Which of the following is the most appropriate screening test for prostate cancer in this patient?\nA. Prostate ultrasonography every year\nB. Prostate ultrasonography every 5 years\nC. Serum PSA every year\nD. Serum PSA every 2-4 years\nE. No screening test is recommended",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "E. No screening test is recommended",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Prostate ultrasonography every year"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Prostate ultrasonography every 5 years"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Serum PSA every year"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Serum PSA every 2-4 years"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "No screening test is recommended"
}
],
"index": 5697,
"question": "A 71-year-old man presents to the physician for a routine health-maintenance examination. He feels well; however, he is concerned about the need for prostate cancer screening. He has a 3-year history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. His symptoms of urinary hesitancy and terminal dribbling of urine are well controlled with tamsulosin and finasteride. He also had a percutaneous coronary angioplasty done 2 years ago following a diagnosis of unstable angina. His medication list also includes aspirin, atorvastatin, losartan, and nitroglycerin. His vital signs are within normal limits. He has never had a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test or prostate ultrasonography. Which of the following is the most appropriate screening test for prostate cancer in this patient?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-rank | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process and then provides the user with an accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think>reasoning process here</think> answer here. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly list all possible answers in order from most likely to least likely. Start with \"# Final Answer\" followed by numbered lines using the format `n. answer` for each answer. Each item MUST contain only the answer without any explanation or reasoning.\n\nExample:\n<think>...</think>\n\n# Final Answer\n1. xxx\n2. xxx\n\nNow the user asks you to solve a problem.\n\nIn which condition are short metacarpals not typically seen?",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "Down's syndrome",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": null,
"index": 15063,
"question": "In which condition are short metacarpals not typically seen?",
"split": "train",
"type": "rank"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 5-year-old girl presents to the emergency room due to difficulty walking. According to her parents, she has been complaining of pain in her right leg for the last few days. Her neighbor’s cat bit her last week and her parents attributed the pain to her healing bite. At the time of the bite they cleaned the wound and irrigated it with sterile\nsaline water from a first aid kit. She has no past medical history and has never been hospitalized. On physical examination her temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), blood pressure is 118/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 21/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. The open wound remains present on the thigh with surrounding erythema and edema. MRI is consistent with osteomyelitis. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\nA. Amoxicillin\nB. Vancomycin\nC. Flucanozole\nD. Doxycycline\nE. Ampicillin and sulbactam",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "E. Ampicillin and sulbactam",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Amoxicillin"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Vancomycin"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Flucanozole"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Doxycycline"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Ampicillin and sulbactam"
}
],
"index": 6717,
"question": "A 5-year-old girl presents to the emergency room due to difficulty walking. According to her parents, she has been complaining of pain in her right leg for the last few days. Her neighbor’s cat bit her last week and her parents attributed the pain to her healing bite. At the time of the bite they cleaned the wound and irrigated it with sterile\nsaline water from a first aid kit. She has no past medical history and has never been hospitalized. On physical examination her temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), blood pressure is 118/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 21/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. The open wound remains present on the thigh with surrounding erythema and edema. MRI is consistent with osteomyelitis. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 69-year-old man presents with progressive malaise, weakness, and confusion. The patient’s wife reports general deterioration over the last 3 days. He suffers from essential hypertension, but this is well controlled with amlodipine. He also has type 2 diabetes mellitus that is treated with metformin. On physical examination, the patient appears severely ill, weak and is unable to speak. His neck veins are distended bilaterally. His skin is mottled and dry with cool extremities, and he is mildly cyanotic. The respiratory rate is 24/min, the pulse is 94/min, the blood pressure is 87/64 mm Hg, and the temperature is 35.5°C (95.9°F). Auscultation yields coarse crackles throughout both lung bases. Which of the following best represents the mechanism of this patient’s condition?\nA. Loss of intravascular volume\nB. Failure of vasoregulation\nC. Barrier to cardiac flow\nD. Restriction of cardiac filling\nE. Cardiac pump dysfunction",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "E. Cardiac pump dysfunction",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Loss of intravascular volume"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Failure of vasoregulation"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Barrier to cardiac flow"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Restriction of cardiac filling"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Cardiac pump dysfunction"
}
],
"index": 9144,
"question": "A 69-year-old man presents with progressive malaise, weakness, and confusion. The patient’s wife reports general deterioration over the last 3 days. He suffers from essential hypertension, but this is well controlled with amlodipine. He also has type 2 diabetes mellitus that is treated with metformin. On physical examination, the patient appears severely ill, weak and is unable to speak. His neck veins are distended bilaterally. His skin is mottled and dry with cool extremities, and he is mildly cyanotic. The respiratory rate is 24/min, the pulse is 94/min, the blood pressure is 87/64 mm Hg, and the temperature is 35.5°C (95.9°F). Auscultation yields coarse crackles throughout both lung bases. Which of the following best represents the mechanism of this patient’s condition?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA gravida 3 female with H/o 2 previous 2nd trimester abortion presents at 22 weeks of gestation with tunneling of cervix and length of cervix 20 mm. Most appropriate management would be:\nA. Administer dinoprostone and bed rest\nB. Administer misoprostol and bed rest\nC. Apply fothergill stretch\nD. Apply McDonald stitch",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "D. Apply McDonald stitch",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Administer dinoprostone and bed rest"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Administer misoprostol and bed rest"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Apply fothergill stretch"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Apply McDonald stitch"
}
],
"index": 14628,
"question": "A gravida 3 female with H/o 2 previous 2nd trimester abortion presents at 22 weeks of gestation with tunneling of cervix and length of cervix 20 mm. Most appropriate management would be:",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nWhich cause of death would cause an elevated level of cyanide\nA. Cold\nB. Starvation\nC. Thermal burns\nD. Poisoning",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "C. Thermal burns",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Cold"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Starvation"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Thermal burns"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Poisoning"
}
],
"index": 16049,
"question": "Which cause of death would cause an elevated level of cyanide",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nWhich of the following is contraindicated in an epileptic patient posted for general anesthesia?(Asked twice in the exam)\nA. Propofol\nB. Thiopentone\nC. Ketamine\nD. Midazolam",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "C. Ketamine",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Propofol"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Thiopentone"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Ketamine"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Midazolam"
}
],
"index": 18024,
"question": "Which of the following is contraindicated in an epileptic patient posted for general anesthesia?(Asked twice in the exam)",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 15-year-old boy is undergoing the bodily changes associated with puberty. He is concerned that he easily develops a foul skin odor, even with mild exercise. Which of the following glandular structures is the causative agent for this foul skin odor?\nA. Eccrine gland\nB. Mucous gland\nC. Apocrine gland\nD. Sebaceous gland\nE. Serous gland",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "C. Apocrine gland",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Eccrine gland"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Mucous gland"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Apocrine gland"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "Sebaceous gland"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Serous gland"
}
],
"index": 1639,
"question": "A 15-year-old boy is undergoing the bodily changes associated with puberty. He is concerned that he easily develops a foul skin odor, even with mild exercise. Which of the following glandular structures is the causative agent for this foul skin odor?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
pittawat/medqa-medmcqa-mcq | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful and harmless expert clinical assistant. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the accurate answer. The reasoning process is enclosed within <think></think> tags followed by an answer, i.e., <think> reasoning process here </think> answer here. Now the user asks you to solve a problem. After thinking, when you finally reach a conclusion, clearly state the final answer in \\boxed{}. You always begins your answer with the choice, e.g., A., B., C., D., E. in the \\boxed{}.\n\nA 23-year-old woman presents with fever, chills, nausea, and urinary urgency and frequency. She says that her symptoms began 4 days ago and have progressively worsened. Her past medical history is significant for a 6-month history of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Her vital signs include: temperature 39.0°C (102.2°F), blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, pulse 92/min, and respiratory rate 25/min. On physical examination, there is moderate left costovertebral angle tenderness. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:\nWBC 8,500/mm3\nRBC 4.20 x 106/mm3\nHematocrit 41.5%\nHemoglobin 13.0 g/dL\nPlatelet count 225,000/mm3\nUrinalysis\nColor Dark yellow\nClarity Turbid\npH 6.5\nSpecific gravity 1.026\nGlucose None\nKetones None\nNitrites Positive\nLeukocyte esterase Positive\nBilirubin Negative\nUrobilirubin 0.6 mg/dL\nProtein Trace\nBlood None\nWBC 25/hpf\nBacteria Many\nWhich of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?\nA. Pyelonephritis\nB. Uncomplicated cystitis\nC. Complicated cystitis\nD. UTI\nE. Acute obstructing nephrolithiasis",
"role": "user"
}
]
| medical | {
"ground_truth": "A. Pyelonephritis",
"style": "rule"
} | {
"choices": [
{
"key": "A",
"value": "Pyelonephritis"
},
{
"key": "B",
"value": "Uncomplicated cystitis"
},
{
"key": "C",
"value": "Complicated cystitis"
},
{
"key": "D",
"value": "UTI"
},
{
"key": "E",
"value": "Acute obstructing nephrolithiasis"
}
],
"index": 7296,
"question": "A 23-year-old woman presents with fever, chills, nausea, and urinary urgency and frequency. She says that her symptoms began 4 days ago and have progressively worsened. Her past medical history is significant for a 6-month history of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Her vital signs include: temperature 39.0°C (102.2°F), blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, pulse 92/min, and respiratory rate 25/min. On physical examination, there is moderate left costovertebral angle tenderness. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:\nWBC 8,500/mm3\nRBC 4.20 x 106/mm3\nHematocrit 41.5%\nHemoglobin 13.0 g/dL\nPlatelet count 225,000/mm3\nUrinalysis\nColor Dark yellow\nClarity Turbid\npH 6.5\nSpecific gravity 1.026\nGlucose None\nKetones None\nNitrites Positive\nLeukocyte esterase Positive\nBilirubin Negative\nUrobilirubin 0.6 mg/dL\nProtein Trace\nBlood None\nWBC 25/hpf\nBacteria Many\nWhich of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?",
"split": "train",
"type": "mcq"
} |
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