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Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message typically to a group of people using email In its broadest sense every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing It usually involves using email to send advertisements request business or solicit sales or donations and is meant to build loyalty trust or brand awareness Marketing emails can be sent to a purchased lead list or a current customer database The term usually refers to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing a merchant s relationship with current or previous customers encouraging customer loyalty and repeat business acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately and sharing third party ads |
Email marketing has evolved rapidly alongside the technological growth of the 21st century Prior to this growth when emails were novelties to the majority of customers email marketing was not as effective In 1978 Gary Thuerk of Digital Equipment Corporation DEC sent out the first mass email to approximately 400 potential clients via the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ARPANET This email resulted in 13 million worth of sales in DEC products and highlighted the potential of marketing through mass emails However as email marketing developed as an effective means of direct communication users began blocking out content from emails with filters and blocking programs In order to effectively communicate a message through email marketers had to develop a way of pushing content through to the end user without being cut out by automatic filters and spam removing software This resulted in the birth of triggered marketing emails which are sent to specific users based on their tracked online browsing patterns |
Historically it has been difficult to measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns because target markets can not be adequately defined Email marketing carries the benefit of allowing marketers to identify returns on investment and measure and improve efficiency Email marketing allows marketers to see feedback from users in real time and to monitor how effective their campaign is in achieving market penetration revealing a communication channel s scope At the same time however it also means that the more personal nature of certain advertising methods such as television advertisements can not be captured |
Email marketing can be carried out through different types of emails |
Transactional emails are usually triggered based on a customer s action with a company To be qualified as transactional or relationship messages these communications primary purpose must be to facilitate complete or confirm a commercial transaction that the recipient has previously agreed to enter into with the sender along with a few other narrow definitions of transactional messaging Triggered transactional messages include dropped basket messages password reset emails purchase or order confirmation emails order status emails reorder emails and email receipts |
The primary purpose of a transactional email is to convey information regarding the action that triggered it But due to their high open rates 513 compared to 366 for email newsletters transactional emails are an opportunity to introduce or extend the email relationship with customers or subscribers to anticipate and answer questions or to crosssell or up sell products or services |
Many email newsletter software vendors offer transactional email support which gives companies the ability to include promotional messages within the body of transactional emails There are also software vendors that offer specialized transactional email marketing services which include providing targeted and personalized transactional email messages and running specific marketing campaigns such as customer referral programs |
Direct email involves sending an email solely to communicate a promotional message for example a special offer or a product catalog Companies usually collect a list of customer or prospect email addresses to send direct promotional messages to or they rent a list of email addresses from service companies Safe mail marketing is also used |
Email marketing develops large amounts of traffic through smartphones and tablets Marketers are researching ways to advertise to more users and to make them view advertising for longer However the rate of delivery is still relatively low due to better filtering out of advertising and users having multiple email accounts for different purposes Because emails are generated according to the tracked behavior of consumers it is possible to send advertising which is based on the recipient s behavior Because of this modern email marketing is perceived more often as a pull strategy rather than a push strategy |
There are both advantages and disadvantages to using email marketing in comparison to traditional advertising mail |
Email marketing is popular with companies for several reasons |
As of mid2016 email deliverability is still an issue for legitimate marketers According to the report legitimate email servers averaged a delivery rate of 73 in the US six percent were filtered as spam and 22 were missing This lags behind other countries Australia delivers at 90 Canada at 89 Britain at 88 France at 84 Germany at 80 and Brazil at 79 |
Additionally consumers receive on average circa 90 emails per day |
Companies considering the use of an email marketing program must make sure that their program does not violate spam laws such as the United States Controlling the Assault of NonSolicited Pornography and Marketing Act CAN SPAM the European Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 or their Internet service provider s acceptable use policy |
Opt in email advertising or permission marketing is a method of advertising via email whereby the recipient of the advertisement has consented to receive it This method is one of several developed by marketers to eliminate the disadvantages of email marketing |
Opt in email marketing may evolve into a technology that uses a handshake protocol between the sender and receiver This system is intended to eventually result in a high degree of satisfaction between consumers and marketers If opt in email advertising is used the material that is emailed to consumers will be anticipated It is assumed that the recipient wants to receive it which makes it unlike unsolicited advertisements sent to the consumer Ideally opt in email advertisements will be more personal and relevant to the consumer than untargeted advertisements |
A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm s customers Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions or new products In this type of advertising a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter |
With a foundation of opted in contact information stored in their database marketers can send out promotional materials automatically using autoresponders known as drip marketing They can also segment their promotions to specific market segments |
The Australian Spam Act 2003 is enforced by the Australian Communications and Media Authority widely known as ACMA The act defines the term unsolicited electronic messages states how unsubscribe functions must work for commercial messages and gives other key information Fines range with 3 fines of AU 110000 being issued to Virgin Blue Airlines 2011 Tiger Airways Holdings Limited 2012 and Cellar master Wines Pty Limited 2013 |
The Canada AntiSpam Law CASL went into effect on July 1 2014 CASL requires an explicit or implicit opt in from users and the maximum fines for noncompliance are CA 1 million for individuals and 10 million for businesses |
In 2002 the European Union EU introduced the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications Article 13 of the Directive prohibits the use of personal email addresses for marketing purposes The Directive establishes the opt in regime where unsolicited emails may be sent only with prior agreement of the recipient this does not apply to business email addresses |
The directive has since been incorporated into the laws of member states In the UK it is covered under the Privacy and Electronic Communications EC Directive Regulations 2003 and applies to all organizations that send out marketing by some form of electronic communication |
The CAN SPAM Act of 2003 was passed by Congress as a direct response of the growing number of complaints over spam emails Congress determined that the US government was showing an increased interest in the regulation of commercial electronic mail nationally that those who send commercial emails should not mislead recipients over the source or content of them and that all recipients of such emails have a right to decline them The act authorizes a US 16000 penalty per violation for spamming each individual recipient However it does not ban spam emailing outright but imposes laws on using deceptive marketing methods through headings which are materially false or misleading In addition there are conditions which email marketers must meet in terms of their format their content and labeling As a result many commercial email marketers within the United States utilize a service or special software to ensure compliance with the act A variety of older systems exist that do not ensure compliance with the act To comply with the act s regulation of commercial email services also typically require users to authenticate their return address and include a valid physical address provide a one click unsubscribe feature and prohibit importing lists of purchased addresses that may not have given valid permission |
In addition to satisfying legal requirements email service providers ESPs began to help customers establish and manage their own email marketing campaigns The service providers supply email templates and general best practices as well as methods for handling subscriptions and cancellations automatically Some ESPs will provide insight and assistance with deliverability issues for major email providers They also provide statistics pertaining to the number of messages received and opened and whether the recipients clicked on any links within the messages |
The CAN SPAM Act was updated with some new regulations including a no fee provision for opting out further definition of sender post office or private mail boxes count as a valid physical postal address and definition of person These new provisions went into effect on July 7 2008 |
Tracy McConnell better known as The Mother is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother The show narrated by Future Ted tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from Lucky Penny to The Time Travelers as an unseen character she was first seen fully in Something New and was promoted to a main character in season 9 The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti |
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series many facts about her are revealed throughout the series including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky s wedding this scene is shown in Last Forever the series finale The Mother s death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 also revealed in the series finale received a mixed reaction from fans |
An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD In the alternate ending Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 In the video future Ted is heard saying When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning I ca nt help but be amazed how easy it all really was indirectly stating that The Mother is alive The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby |
During its first eight seasons the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother Well known actresses often made guest appearances on the show Many fans expected that another would play one of the most wanted roles in Hollywood but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples Thomas said that We did nt want it to be a big famous star because we did nt want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be The whole idea is that Ted s never seen this woman before so it better feel that way to the audience similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had kept the show alive when it began Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call |
They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once her musical ability was also helpful as The Mother had been described as a band member After competing for the role against at least two others Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother she recalled I had ignorance on my side So I did nt know what it meant Milioti learned of the character s importance only after binge watching the show during the summer |
The Mother was born on September 19 1984 |
The Mother joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death After the funeral service she returns to the apartment to open Max s last gift to her a ukulele The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love |
In Wait for It it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella In No Tomorrow Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St Patrick s Day party which she also attended as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max her late boyfriend She is still grieving but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating The two women run into Mitch her old orchestra instructor The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment After they start talking Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college |
On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby as seen in the season 4 finale The Leap he is seen in front of the classroom of students one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother But in the first episode of season 5 Definitions it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom Economics instead of Architecture At the same time in How Your Mother Met Me the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy Rachel Bilson whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate They see Ted enter the room but when he announces the subject The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom |
Later in Girls Versus Suits Ted dates Cindy not knowing that her roommate is his future wife Throughout the episode Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate When in Cindy and the mother s apartment he picks up many of The Mother s belongings attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are thinking the items are Cindy s and glimpses the mother s foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back In How Your Mother Met Me it is revealed that after Ted left the apartment the Mother had discovered the umbrella and upon going to question Cindy finds her in a state As she tried to console her Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive before spontaneously kissing her revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating as the kiss was her first in a long time |
Some time after this a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics Darren gradually takes over the band |
In the season 6 opener Big Days it is revealed Ted meets his future wife the day of the wedding at which he is the best man In the episode False Positive Robin asks Ted to be her future best man should she ever get married In the episode Challenge Accepted it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney s wedding In the last episode of season 7 The Magician s Code it is shown that Barney will marry Robin and Ted will meet the mother the day of their wedding On the premiere of season 8 Ted s wife appears after Barney and Robin s wedding outside at the Farhampton station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar |
In the season 8 episode Band or DJ Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute The end result of the encounter is that Cindy s now ex roommate s band plays at Barney and Robin s wedding |
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in How Your Mother Met Me as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now lead band member Darren talks to his fans Later at MacLaren s Pub she tells him she s not yet ready to date Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after |
The Mother meets all of Ted s best friends Barney Lily Marshall and Robin before she meets him The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin as revealed through a flashback in Platonish In The Locket Tracy meets Lily on a train journey |
In Bass Player Wanted the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall carrying his son Marvin on her way to Farhampton Inn On their way it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception But the band s leader Darren forced her to quit The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band She ends up alone at the bar and while practicing a speech to give Darren Darren walks up to her furious the groom s best man punched him for no reason Amused by this the Mother laughs and Darren quits the band in anger |
In How Your Mother Met Me it is shown that after this incident the Mother returns to Louis summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend As she walks in the door Louis proposes to her but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes She declines Louis proposal and leaves his cottage going to check in at Farhampton Inn On her room s balcony she plays the ukulele and sings La Vie en Rose Ted hears her singing from his room next door |
In Gary Blauman Ted and the Mother are on their first date Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner On the way there Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run in with Louis She says that she is in the weirdest place on earth right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating Ted walks her back to her apartment They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her When the story is over they say goodnight again The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time before deciding to carry on their date |
In a flashforward in The Lighthouse Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn She immediately accepts In another flashfoward in Unpause the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child Luke in the year 2017 She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton |
The Mother s real name is not revealed until the series finale Last Forever When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell In the season 1 episode Belly Full of Turkey Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says that kids is the true story of how I met your mother The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother s name is Tracy |
In the series finale it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead Ted says that she became sick and his children saying that she has been gone for six years Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother s death Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was an amazing character and that over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy Kuchman said that asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request that the finale advanced too quickly and that HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue |
A petition was started aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale The petition has over 20000 signatures and considerable online news coverage On April 5 2014 Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD No new material was shot for this scene In the alternate ending the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 |
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell or fertilized egg initiating prenatal development Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century |
The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation follows with ovulation and finishes with fertilization Various exceptions to this sequence are possible including artificial insemination in vitro fertilization external ejaculation without copulation or copulation shortly after ovulation Upon encountering the secondary oocyte the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg s plasma membrane the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus |
In vitro fertilization IVF is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb in vitro |
The sperm binds through the corona radiata a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell known as zygote The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism |
Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce the yolk ooplasm is drawn out into a conical elevation termed the cone of attraction or reception cone Once the spermatozoon has entered the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane the perivitelline membrane which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa |
At the beginning of the process the sperm undergoes a series of changes as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female s reproductive tract over several hours which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane preparing it for the acrosome reaction the enzymatic penetration of the egg s tough membrane the zona pellucida which surrounds the oocyte |
After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida which is an extracellular matrix of glycoproteins A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida This binding triggers the acrosome to burst releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida |
Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells As a population sperm cells have on average 50 genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection |
Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process |
Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida the cortical reaction occurs Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida This in turn causes the glyco proteins in the zona pellucida to crosslink with each other ie the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg |
After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte also called ovocyte the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum enabling fusion of their genetic material |
The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place |
In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes |
The oocyte completes its second meiotic division This results in a mature ovum The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization |
The sperm s tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin Still a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring |
The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division |
Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome Their membranes dissolve leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes During this dissolution a mitotic spindle forms between them The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together Thus the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes |
Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage Thus they are genetically identical |
Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus The resultant age is known as fertilization age fertilizational age embryonic age fetal age or intrauterine developmental IUD age |
Gestational age in contrast takes the beginning of the last menstrual period LMP as the zero point By convention gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa In fact however fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation which in turn occurs on average 146 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation LMP There is also considerable variability in this interval with a 95 prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP to ovulation time of 146 In a reference group representing all women the 95 prediction interval of the LMP to ovulation is 82 to 205 days |
The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days 38 weeks and two days from ovulation with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 37 |
Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally after birth as well to estimate various risk factors For example it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process |
However some researchers have found that in rare pairs of fraternal twins their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process |
The following is a list of the top National Football League NFL quarterbacks in wins In the NFL the quarterback is the only position that is credited with records of wins and losses |
Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220 most regular season wins with 195 and most postseason wins with 25 as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots each of Brady s win records also apply to wins with a single team |
Among retired players the record for most wins is held by Peyton Manning with 200 In his final professional game Manning set the then record for wins surpassing Brett Favre who retired with 199 wins Other previous record holders include John Elway 162 Fran Tarkenton 130 and Johnny Unitas 124 Otto Graham holds the record for the highest winning percentage with a minimum of 35 wins at 788 61 wins to 16 losses |
This sortable table shows the top 100 NFL quarterbacks in order of total wins both regular season and playoffs since the start of the modern era 1950 The table also shows every team that a quarterback played for If two quarterbacks have the same number of wins the player with the highest winning percentage is ranked first |
When sorting teams |
The following are grouped together |
To reset the table to its default sorting settings simply reload the page |
Updated through the December 31 games |
Note Bobby Layne is listed as having started all 12 games for the Bulldogs NFL in 1949 The record for that team is 1 10 1 Combined with his official post 1949 won loss tied record of 80 51 4 0607 his overall estimated won loss tied record is 81 61 5 0568 |
Note The 1950 Baltimore Colts are a defunct NFL team not part of the current Colts franchise |
Updated through the 2017 season |
The Roanoke Colony ronok also known as the Lost Colony was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is today s Dare County North Carolina It was a late 16th century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in North America The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh |
The colonists disappeared during the Anglo Spanish War three years after the last shipment of supplies from England Their disappearance gave rise to the nickname The Lost Colony There is no conclusive evidence as to what happened to the colonists |
The enterprise was originally financed and organized by Sir Humphrey Gilbert who drowned in 1583 returning from a voyage to the fishing settlement at St John s Newfoundland Sir Humphrey Gilbert s half brother Sir Walter Raleigh later gained his brother s charter from the Queen and subsequently executed the details of the charter through his delegates Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville Raleigh s distant cousin |
On March 25 1584 Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter for the colonization of the area of North America This charter specified that Raleigh needed to establish a colony in North America or lose his right to colonization |
The Queen and Raleigh intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World The queen s charter said that Raleigh was supposed to discover search find out and view such remote heathen and barbarous Lands Countries and territories to have hold occupy and enjoy |
The queen s charter also said that Raleigh was supposed to establish a base from which to send privateers on raids against the treasure fleets of Spain The purpose of these raids was to tell Spain that England was ready for war The original charter basically told Raleigh to establish a military base to counteract the activities of the Spaniards Raleigh himself never visited North America although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to South America s Orinoco River basin in search of the legendary golden city of El Dorado |
On April 27 1584 Raleigh dispatched an expedition led by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the eastern coast of North America They arrived on Roanoke Island on July 4 and soon established relations with the local natives the Secotans and Croatans Barlowe returned to England with two Croatans named Manteo and Wanchese who were able to describe the politics and geography of the area to Raleigh Based on the information given Raleigh organized a second expedition to be led by Sir Richard Grenville |
Grenville s fleet departed Plymouth on April 9 1585 with five main ships Tiger Grenville s Roebuck Red Lion Elizabeth and Dorothy A severe storm off the coast of Portugal separated Tiger from the rest of the fleet The captains had a contingency plan if they were separated which was to meet up again in Puerto Rico and Tiger arrived in the Baye of Muskito Guayanilla Bay on May 11 |