text
stringlengths 1
17k
|
|---|
While waiting for the other ships Grenville established relations with the resident Spanish while simultaneously engaging in some privateering against them He also built a fort Elizabeth arrived soon after the fort s construction Grenville eventually tired of waiting for the remaining ships and departed on June 7 The fort was abandoned and its location remains unknown |
Tiger sailed through Ocracoke Inlet on June 26 but it struck a shoal ruining most of the food supplies The expedition succeeded in repairing the ship and in early July reunited with Roebuck and Dorothy which had arrived in the Outer Banks with Red Lion some weeks previous Red Lion had dropped off its passengers and left for Newfoundland for privateering |
During the initial exploration of the mainland coast and the native settlements the Europeans blamed the natives of the village of Aquascogoc for stealing a silver cup As retaliation the settlers sacked and burned the village English writer and courtier Richard Hakluyt s contemporaneous reports also describe this incident Hakluyt s reports of the first voyage to Roanoke were compiled from accounts by various financial backers including Sir Walter Raleigh Hakluyt himself never traveled to the New World |
Despite this incident and a lack of food Grenville decided to leave Ralph Lane and 107 men to establish a colony at the north end of Roanoke Island promising to return in April 1586 with more men and fresh supplies The group disembarked on August 17 1585 and built a small fort on the island There are no surviving renderings of the Roanoke fort but it was likely similar in structure to the one in Guayanilla Bay Grenville in the Tiger on only his seventh day of sail captured after a three day battle a rich Spanish galleon Santa Maria de San Vicente off Bermuda which he took with him as a prize back to England |
As April 1586 passed there was no sign of Grenville s relief fleet Meanwhile in June bad blood resulted from the destruction of the village and this spurred an attack on the fort by the local Native Americans which the colonists were able to repel Soon after the attack Sir Francis Drake was on his way home from a successful raid in the Caribbean and he stopped at the colony and offered to take the colonists back to England Several accepted including metallurgist Joachim Gans On this return voyage the Roanoke colonists introduced tobacco maize and potatoes to England The relief fleet arrived shortly after Drake s departure with the colonists Finding the colony abandoned Grenville returned to England with the bulk of his force leaving behind a small detachment of fifteen men both to maintain an English presence and to protect Raleigh s claim to Roanoke Island |
In 1587 Raleigh dispatched a new group of 115 colonists to establish a colony on Chesapeake Bay They were led by John White an artist and friend of Raleigh who had accompanied the previous expedition to Roanoke and was appointed governor of the 1587 colony White and Raleigh named 12 assistants to aid in the settlement They were ordered to stop at Roanoke to pick up the small contingent left there by Grenville the previous year but when they arrived on July 22 1587 they found nothing except a skeleton that may have been the remains of one of the English garrison |
When they could find no one the master pilot Simon Fernandez refused to let the colonists return to the ships insisting that they establish the new colony on Roanoke His motives remain unclear however and new evidence offered by author Brandon Fullam indicates not only that Fernandez had good reason for his actions but that the decision to alter the Chesapeake Bay destination had already been agreed to prior to their arrival at Roanoke |
White reestablished relations with the Croatan and other local tribes but those with whom Lane had fought previously refused to meet with him Shortly thereafter colonist George Howe was killed by a native while searching alone for crabs in Albemarle Sound |
The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony s desperate situation and ask for help Left behind were about 115 colonists the remaining men and women who had made the Atlantic crossing plus White s newly born granddaughter Virginia Dare the first English child born in the Americas |
White sailed for England in late 1587 although crossing the Atlantic at that time of year was a considerable risk Plans for a relief fleet were delayed first by the captain s refusal to return during the winter and then the attack on England of the Spanish Armada and the subsequent Anglo Spanish War Every able English ship joined the fight leaving White without a means to return to Roanoke at the time In the spring of 1588 White managed to acquire two small vessels and sailed for Roanoke however his attempt to return was thwarted when the captains of the ships attempted to capture several Spanish ships on the outward bound voyage in order to improve their profits They themselves were captured and their cargo seized With nothing left to deliver to the colonists the ships returned to England |
Because of the continuing war with Spain White was unable to mount another resupply attempt for an additional three years He finally gained passage on a privateering expedition organised by John Watts and Walter Raleigh They agreed to stop off at Roanoke on the way back after raiding the Spanish in the Caribbean White landed on August 18 1590 on his granddaughter s third birthday but found the settlement deserted His men could not find any trace of the 90 men 17 women and 11 children nor was there any sign of a struggle or battle |
The only clue was the word CROATOAN carved into a post of the fence around the village and the letters CRO carved into a nearby tree All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled which meant that their departure had not been hurried Before he had left the colony White instructed the colonists that if anything happened to them they should carve a Maltese cross on a tree nearby indicating that their absence had been forced There was no cross and White took this to mean that they had moved to Croatoan Island now known as Hatteras Island but he was unable to conduct a search A massive storm was forming and his men refused to go any farther the next day they left |
Born in 1560 Thomas Harriot entered Raleigh s employment in the early 1580s after graduating from the University of Oxford Harriot may have been among the men of Arthur Barlowe s 1584 expedition of the colony He trained the members of Raleigh s first Roanoke expedition in navigational skills and eventually sailed to Roanoke with the second group of settlers where his skills as a naturalist became particularly important along with those of painter and settlement leader John White |
Between their arrival in Roanoke in April 1585 and the July 1586 departure Harriot and White both conducted detailed studies of the Roanoke area with Harriot compiling his samples and notes into several notebooks that did not survive the colony s disappearance Harriot also wrote descriptions of the surrounding flora and fauna of the area which survive in his work A Brief and True Report of the New Founde Land of Virginia written as a report on the colony s progress to the English government on the request of Raleigh Viewed by modern historians as propaganda for the colony this work has become vastly important to Roanoke s history due to Harriot s observations on wildlife as well as his depictions of Indian activities at the time of the colony s disappearance |
Harriot reports that relations between the Roanoke Indians and the English settlers were mutually calm and prosperous contradicting other historical evidence that catalogs the bloody struggles between the Roanoke Indians and both of Raleigh s commanders Sir Richard Grenville and his successor Ralph Lane Harriot recounts little to none of these accounts in his report to England and does not mention the disorderly state of the colony under either Grenville s or Lane s tenure correctly assuming these facts would prevent Roanoke from gaining more settlers Harriot s text did not reach England or the English press until 1588 by which time the fate of the Lost Colony was sealed in all but name |
Twelve years went by before Raleigh decided to find out what happened to his colony Led by Samuel Mace this 1602 expedition differed from previous voyages in that Raleigh bought his own ship and guaranteed the sailors wages so that they would not be distracted by privateering However Raleigh still hoped to make money from the trip and Mace s ship landed in the Outer Banks to gather aromatic woods or plants such as sassafras that would generate a decent profit back in England By the time they could turn their attention to the colonists the weather had turned bad and they were forced to return without even making it to Roanoke Island By this time having been arrested for treason Raleigh was unable to send any further missions |
There was one final expedition in 1603 led by Bartholomew Gilbert with the intention of finding Roanoke colonists Their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay but bad weather forced them to land in an unspecified location near there The landing team including Gilbert himself was killed by a group of Native Americans for unknown reasons on July 29 The remaining crew were forced to return to England empty handed |
Meanwhile the Spanish had different reasons for wanting to find the colony Knowing of Raleigh s plans to use Roanoke as a base for privateering they were hoping to destroy it Moreover they had been getting mostly inaccurate reports of activities there and they imagined the colony to be far more successful than it actually was |
In 1590 they found the remnants of the colony purely by accident but assumed it was only an outlying base of the main settlement which they believed was in the Chesapeake Bay area John White s intended location But just as the Anglo Spanish War prevented White from returning in a timely manner Spanish authorities in the New World could not muster enough support back home for such a venture |
Once the Jamestown settlement was established in 1607 efforts were undertaken by the English to acquire information from the Powhatan tribe about Roanoke The first definitive information concerning the fate of the Lost Colony came from Captain John Smith leader of the Jamestown Colony from 1608 to 1609 According to chronicler Samuel Purchas Smith learned from Chief Powhatan that he had personally conducted the slaughter of the Roanoke colonists just prior to the arrival of the Jamestown settlers because they were living with the Chesepians a tribe living in the eastern portion of the present day South Hampton Roads subregion who were related to the Pamlico tribe in Carolina and who refused to merge with the Powhatans This shocking information was reported to England and by the spring of 1609 King James and the Royal Council were convinced that Chief Powhatan was responsible for the slaughter of the Lost Colony |
The second source of Chief Powhatan s involvement was William Strachey Secretary of the Jamestown colony in 1610 11 Strachey s The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia seemed to confirm Smith s report and provided additional information the colonists had been living peacefully among a group of natives beyond Powhatan s domain for more than twenty years when they were massacred Furthermore Powhatan himself seemed to have directed the slaughter because of prophecies by his priests that he would be overthrown by people from that area and he reportedly produced several English made iron implements to back his claim |
The information from these two sources John Smith and William Strachey provides the basis for the traditional view that the Lost Colony was slaughtered by Chief Powhatan and versions of the Powhatan Lost Colony slaughter scenario have persisted for more than 400 years However no bodies were found and no archaeological evidence has been found to support this claim |
Furthermore recent reexamination of the Smith and Strachey sources advanced by author and researcher Brandon Fullam has suggested that the massacre described by Powhatan was actually of the 15 people left behind by the first Roanoke expedition leaving the fate of the second colony still unknown |
As per Smith s and Strachey s reports Dr David Beers Quinn theorized that the colonists moved north to integrate with the Chesepians that Chief Powhatan claimed to have killed To make the journey northward Quinn believed that they used the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings Naturally if that were the mode of transportation the colonists could have gone to live in other locations as well |
In her 2000 book Roanoke Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony historian Lee Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with the Chowanoke who were attacked by another tribe identified by the Jamestown Colony as the Mandoag an Algonquian name commonly given to enemy nations The Mandoag are believed to be either the Tuscarora an Iroquois speaking tribe or the Eno also known as the Wainoke |
The so called Zuniga Map named for Pedro de Ziga the Spanish ambassador to England who had secured a copy and passed it on to Philip III of Spain drawn about 1607 by the Jamestown settler Francis Nelson also gives credence to this claim The map states four men clothed that came from roonock were living in an Iroquois site on the Neuse William Strachey wrote that at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen there were reportedly two story houses with stone walls The Indians supposedly had learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers In both cases as stated above it is equally possible that these were survivors of Chief Powhatan s attack on the first Jamestown colonists |
There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period Strachey wrote in 1612 that four English men two boys and one girl had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco Strachey reported that the captives were forced to beat copper and that they had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river the present day Chowan River in Bertie County North Carolina |
John Lawson wrote in his 1709 work A New Voyage to Carolina that the Croatans living on Hatteras Island used to live on Roanoke Island and claimed to have white ancestors |
A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hatteras Indians who either then lived on Ronoak Island or much frequented it These tell us that several of their Ancestors were white People and could talk in a Book as we do the Truth of which is confirm d by gray Eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians and no others They value themselves extremely for their Affinity to the English and are ready to do them all friendly Offices It is probable that this Settlement miscarry d for want of timely Supplies from England or thro the Treachery of the Natives for we may reasonably suppose that the English were forced to cohabit with them for Relief and Conversation and that in process of Time they conform d themselves to the Manners of their Indian Relations |
From the early 17th century to the middle 18th century European colonists reported encounters with gray eyed American Indians who claimed descent from the colonists although at least one a story of a Welsh priest who met a Doeg warrior who spoke the Welsh language is likely to be a hoax Records from French Huguenots who settled along the Tar River in 1696 tell of meeting Tuscaroras with blond hair and blue eyes not long after their arrival As Jamestown was the nearest English settlement and they had no record of being attacked by Tuscarora the likelihood that the origin of those fair skinned natives was the Lost Colony is high |
Fred Willard and Phillip MacMullan believe that the colonists along with the Croatans relocated to villages along the Alligator River in an area known as Beechland slightly inland from Roanoke Island Archeological remains of settlements have been discovered in the area including coffins with Christian markings on them where there had been no previous record of a grave site but their hypothesis is mostly based on oral histories and also lacks any definitive evidence |
In the late 1880s North Carolina state legislator Hamilton McMillan discovered that his redbones those of Indian blood neighbors in Robeson County claimed to have been descended from the Roanoke settlers He also noticed that many of the words in their language had striking similarities to obsolete English words Furthermore many of the family names were identical to those listed in Hakluyt s account of the colony Thus on February 10 1885 convinced that these were the descendants of the Lost Colony he helped to pass the Croatan bill that officially designated the population around Robeson county as Croatan Two days later on February 12 1885 the Fayetteville Observer published an article regarding the Robeson people s origins This article states |
They say that their traditions say that the people we call the Croatan Indians though they do not recognize that name as that of a tribe but only a village and that they were Tuscaroras were always friendly to the whites and finding them destitute and despairing of ever receiving aid from England persuaded them to leave Roanoke Island and go to the mainland They gradually drifted away from their original seats and at length settled in Robeson about the center of the county |
However the case was far from settled A similar legend claims that the now extinct Saponi of Person County North Carolina are descended from the English colonists of Roanoke Island However no documented evidence exists to link the Saponi to the Roanoke colonists |
Other tribes claiming partial descent from surviving Roanoke colonists include the Catawba who absorbed the Shakori and Eno people and the Coree and the people who call themselves the Lumbee Samuel ACourt Ashe was convinced that the colonists had relocated westward to the banks of the Chowan River in Bertie County and Conway Whittle Sams claimed that after being attacked by Wanchese and Powhatan the colonists scattered to multiple locations the Chowan River and south to the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers |
Another theory is that the Spanish destroyed the colony Earlier in the century the Spanish did destroy evidence of the French colony of Fort Charles in coastal South Carolina and then massacred the inhabitants of Fort Caroline a French colony near present day Jacksonville Florida However a Spanish attack is unlikely as the Spanish were still looking for the location of England s failed colony as late as 1600 ten years after White discovered that the colony was missing |
From 1937 to 1941 a series of inscribed stones were discovered that were claimed to have been written by Eleanor Dare mother of Virginia Dare They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths Most historians believe that they are a fraud but there are some today who still believe at least one of the stones to be genuine |
In May 2011 Brent Lane of the First Colony Foundation was studying the Virginia Pars Map which was made by John White during his 1585 visit to Roanoke Island and noticed two patches where the map had been corrected The patches are made of paper contemporaneous with that of the map Lane asked researchers at the British Museum in London where the map has been kept since 1866 what might be under the patches sparking a research investigation On May 3 2012 at Wilson Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill members of the Foundation and representatives of the museum announced the discovery of a large square shaped symbol with oddly shaped corners This symbol presumed to represent a fort is visible when the map is viewed on a light box Some scholars speculate that the colonists relocated to that location on what is now called Salmon Creek in the Bertie County community of Merry Hill The Scotch Hall Preserve golf course community was planned on the site but it has not been fully developed |
The discovery of new information on the map led to more study of artifacts previously found as well as additional digs in 2012 and 2014 |
In 1993 Hurricane Emily caused numerous relics to appear and David Phelps of East Carolina University later began digging in the area and found evidence the settlers lived with the native people |
In 1998 East Carolina University organized The Croatoan Project an archaeological investigation into the events at Roanoke The excavation team sent to Hatteras Island uncovered what they believed to be a 10 karat 42 gold 16th century English signet ring gun flints and two copper farthings produced sometime in the 1670s at the site of the ancient Croatan capital 50 miles 80 km from the old Roanoke Colony Genealogists were able to trace the lion crest on the signet ring to the Kendall coat of arms and concluded that the ring most likely belonged to one Master Kendall who is recorded as having lived in the Roanoke Colony from 1585 to 1586 If this is the case the ring represents the first material connection between the Roanoke colonists and the Native Americans on Hatteras Island However archaeologist David Phelps did not have the ring tested and Charles Ewen who continued Phelps work after Phelps retired had the ring tested and found the ring was brass Ewen announced his findings in April 2017 Mark Horton of the University of Bristol said he was not convinced that this news proved the ring did not date to the 16th century |
It is also believed that the reason for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is due to shoreline erosion Since all that was found was a rustic looking fort on the north shore and this location is well documented and backed up it is believed that the settlement must have been nearby The northern shore between 1851 and 1970 lost 928 feet 283 m because of erosion If in the years leading up to and following the brief life of the settlement at Roanoke shoreline erosion was following the same trend it is likely the site of the dwellings is underwater along with any artifacts or signs of life Archaeological investigations continue to find tantalizing clues and funding is being sought to continue recent excavations |
In 1998 a team led by climatologist David W Stahle of the University of Arkansas and archaeologist Dennis B Blanton of the College of William and Mary used tree ring cores from 800 year old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area of North Carolina and the Jamestown area of Virginia to reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies |
The researchers concluded that the settlers of the Lost Colony landed at Roanoke Island in the summer of the worst growing season drought in 800 years This drought persisted for 3 years from 1587 to 1589 and is the driest 3 year episode in the entire 800 year reconstruction the team reported in the journal Science A map shows that the Lost Colony drought affected the entire southeastern United States but was particularly severe in the Tidewater region near Roanoke Island The authors suggested that the Croatan who were shot and killed by the colonists may have been scavenging the abandoned village for food as a result of the drought |
The Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project was founded in 2007 by a group led by Roberta Estes who owns a private DNA testing company in order to solve the mystery of the Lost Colony using historical records migration patterns oral histories and DNA testing The project used Y chromosome Mitochondrial DNA and Autosomal DNA As of 2016 they have not yet been able to positively identify any descendants of the colony |
Coordinates 35 55 42 N 75 42 15 W 35928259 N 75704098 W 35928259 75704098 |
The continent of Africa is commonly divided into five regions or subregions four of which are in SubSaharan Africa though some definitions may contain four removing Central Africa or six regions separating the horn of Africa into its own region |
The five UN subregions |
One common approach categorises Africa directionally eg by cardinal direction compass direction |
This approach is taken for example in the United Nations geoscheme for Africa and the regions of the African Union |
Another common approach divides Africa by using features such as landforms climatic regions or vegetation types |
A slightly less common but equally important method of division of the continent is by investment factors For the purposes of investing Africa is not a single destination with a single set of standardized risk factors and homogeneous potential for reward Although some high level similarities are evident digging into the specifics of certain regions and countries shows that Africa comprises a range of distinct investment destinations each with its own attractions flaws cultural differences and business practices |
The investment approach was first developed by global independent financial analytics provider and investment consultant RisCura |
Pom Klementieff born 3 May 1986 is a French actress She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup 2009 Sleepless Night 2011 and Hacker s Game 2015 She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 2017 and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers Infinity War 2018 |
Pom Klementieff was born in Quebec City Quebec Canada to a Korean mother and French Russian father who was working there as a consul with the French government She had a brother who committed suicide Her parents chose the name Pom because it is similar in pronunciation to the Korean words for both spring and tiger Klementieff lived in Canada for one year before her family traveled extensively due to her father s job and she lived in Japan and the Ivory Coast before settling in France Klementieff later said that travelling at an early age gave her a gypsy soul |
Klementieff s father died of cancer when she was 5 and her mother was schizophrenic and unable to care for children so Klementieff was raised by her paternal uncle and aunt Her uncle whom she described as like my second father died on her 18th birthday Klementieff briefly attended law school after her uncle s death to appease her aunt but did not find the career path appealing She also worked as a waitress and saleswoman in France She started acting at age 19 at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris A few months into her education she won a theater competition that awarded her free classes for two years with the school s top teachers |
Klementieff s first professional acting job was the French independent film Aprs lui 2007 portraying the stepdaughter of the protagonist played by Catherine Deneuve Filming for her scenes took three days During one scene Klementieff was supposed to push someone down a set of stairs but accidentally fell down the stairs herself and director Gal Morel kept that shot in the final film Her first leading role was in Loup 2009 a French film about a tribe of reindeer herders in the Siberian mountains During filming Klementieff stayed in a camp hours from the nearest village where temperatures dropped well below zero During filming she befriended nomads who lived there worked with real wolves rode reindeer and swam with a horse in a lake |
Klementieff made her Hollywood debut in Spike Lee s Oldboy 2013 a remake of the South Korean film of the same name She portrayed Haeng Bok the bodyguard of the antagonist played by Sharlto Copley A fan of the original film Klementieff heard about the part through Roy Lee a producer with the remake and took boxing lessons after learning the role involved martial arts After showcasing her boxing skills during her audition Lee asked her to go home and come back wearing a more feminine outfit and make up like her character in the film She contributed some of her own clothes to the character s wardrobe and trained three hours a day for two months for an on screen fight with star Josh Brolin Klementieff came up with the name Haeng Bok Korean for happiness herself after Lee asked her to research possible names for the character |
Klementieff moved to Los Angeles after Oldboy was filmed and began pursuing more Hollywood auditions She continued taekwondo after the film and has a purple belt as of the summer of 2014 Her next acting role was the film Hacker s Game 2015 in which she plays a hacker she compared to Lisbeth Salander from the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Klementieff used her boxing skills again in the film and due to the movie s low budget she had to do her own make up and chose her own wardrobe It was her idea to dye her hair purple for the role to which the directors first objected but later acquiesced She joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe with her role as Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 2017 and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers Infinity War 2018 |
Frosty the Snowman is a 1969 animated Christmas television special based on the song Frosty the Snowman The program which first aired on December 7 1969 on CBS where it continues to air annually was produced for television by Rankin Bass Productions and featured the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante as the film s narrator Durante s final performance in a film and Jackie Vernon as the title character |
Arthur Rankin Jr and Jules Bass wanted to give the show and its characters the look of a Christmas card so Paul Coker Jr a greeting card and Mad magazine artist was hired to do the character and background drawings The animation was produced by Mushi Production in Japan with then Mushi staffer Osamu Dezaki among the animation staff |
Rankin Bass veteran writer Romeo Muller adapted and expanded the story for television as he had done with Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer |
TV Guide ranked the special number 4 on its 10 Best Family Holiday Specials list |
One December afternoon a little girl named Karen and her friends create a snowman after a class Christmas party at school After several suggestions of what to call their snowman including Oatmeal and Christopher Columbus Karen decides to name him Frosty Later the children acquire a top hat discarded by inept magician Professor Hinkle Karen places the hat on top of Frosty s head and the snowman comes to life and always says Happy Birthday in response When Hinkle learns of the magic power his hat actually possesses he takes it back and departs pretending that he did not see Frosty come to life However the professor s pet rabbit Hocus Pocus returns the hat to Frosty and the children |
Frosty soon senses the temperature is rising and worries about melting away The children suggest putting him on the next train to the North Pole where he will never melt and they all parade into the city on the way to the train station where Frosty has his confrontation with the traffic cop mentioned in the song s lyrics When Karen explains that Frosty came to life and does nt know what a traffic light or a lamp post is the traffic cop lets Frosty go At the train station Frosty stows away aboard a refrigerated train car since neither he nor the children have any money for a train ticket As the train is about to leave the station Karen and Hocus decide to join Frosty for the ride to keep him company With that Frosty Karen and Hocus wave goodbye to the other kids as the train takes off Unbeknownst to them Hinkle has also hitched a ride on the train intending to get his hat back |
As the train continues up north however Frosty notices Karen is freezing and starting to catch a cold so they jump off the train leaving Hinkle behind once again Hinkle seeing them escape jumps off the train too but falls down a mountain and crashes into a tree where a pile of snow falls on him At Frosty s request Hocus convinces some forest animals who are preparing for Christmas to build a campfire for Karen Fearing that Karen still can not survive for long in the cold weather Frosty asks Hocus who might be able to help them Hocus suggests by pantomiming the President of the United States and the United States Marines before suggesting Santa Claus Frosty agrees and promptly takes credit for the idea himself much to Hocus annoyance Hocus hops off to get Santa but Hinkle then confronts Frosty and Karen once more and blows out Karen s campfire Frosty and Karen are again forced to flee this time with Karen riding on Frosty s back as he slides head first down a hill At the bottom of the slope Karen and Frosty discover a greenhouse filled with Christmas poinsettias Despite Karen s objections Frosty steps inside the warm greenhouse with her suggesting that he could afford to lose a little weight while she warms up Unfortunately an angry and vengeful Hinkle catches up to them immediately after and locks them in the greenhouse |
Hocus brings Santa Claus to the greenhouse only to find Karen in tears and Frosty melted on the floor due to Hinkle s cruel act Santa explains to Karen that Frosty is made from Christmas snow and that he can never completely disappear only take the form of summer rain until next December With a gust of cold wind through the open greenhouse door the puddle that was Frosty blows out the door and magically changes back into his typical snowman form Before Santa can put the finishing touch on Frosty and bring him back to life as Hocus arrives with the hat Hinkle arrives on the scene and again demands the return of his hat He relents only when threatened with being removed from Santa s Christmas list for the rest of his life if he put so much as one finger on the hat Santa states that if Hinkle is truly repentant for his mean attitude and harming Frosty and if he goes home and writes I am really sorry for what I did to Frosty a hundred zillion times he may find a gift in his stocking on Christmas morning which makes Hinkle bid Frosty and Karen farewell and run home to repeatedly write his apologies assuming he may get a new hat Finally Santa then places the magic hat back on top of Frosty s head and the snowman returns to life again After celebrating Santa takes Karen home and Frosty to the North Pole but promises that Frosty will be back next winter |
The end credits show all the characters the next Christmas marching through the town square with Frosty in the lead singing the Frosty the Snowman song Among them is a redeemed Professor Hinkle who is proudly wearing his new top hat At the end of the parade Frosty gets back into Santa s waiting sleigh and they return to the North Pole with Frosty proclaiming I ll be back on Christmas Day |
1969 Videocraft International Limited |
Released by Rhino on October 1 2002 the entire audio portion of Frosty the Snowman is available on CD along with the entire audio portion of Santa Claus is Comin to Town the Rankin Bass special produced in 1970 This edition contains the full dialogue and song audio of both specials |
The track listing is as follows |
In the United States CBS continues to hold the telecast rights to the original program under license from the current copyright holder Universal Television and still airs it yearly with the CBS produced sequel Frosty Returns see below The CBC holds broadcast rights in Canada The special also airs on Freeform in some territories However CBS does not own the telecast rights to the 1976 sequel Frosty s Winter Wonderland that special currently airs on Freeform s 25 Days of Christmas each year which prompted CBS to produce its own sequel of sorts Frosty Returns see below |
Family Home Entertainment released Frosty the Snowman on VHS as part of the Christmas Classics Series in 1989 and 1993 with multiple reprints throughout the 1990s It was paired with The Little Drummer Boy on LaserDisc in 1992 Upon its 1989 and 1993 releases the special was also bundled in box sets with the other Rankin Bass Christmas specials including Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer and Santa Claus is Comin to Town the 1973 Chuck Jones holiday special A Very Merry Cricket and the sequel Frosty Returns which aired on CBS in 1992 In 1998 Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment released the special on VHS and also paired it with these other Rankin Bass Christmas specials including Cricket on the Hearth in the separate Holiday Classics Collection box sets |
The special was also released on DVD by Sony Wonder and Classic Media in 2002 and 2004 and by Genius Entertainment in 2007 Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment released it on DVD and Blu ray on October 12 2010 and on the DVD Blu ray combo pack on November 6 2012 Most DVD releases also include Frosty Returns On September 8 2015 Classic Media released both the special and Santa Claus is Comin to Town in their 45th Anniversary Collector s Edition on Blu ray and DVD in addition to the 50th Anniversary release of Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer in 2014 |
Frosty returned in several sequels |
The Acadians French Acadiens are the descendants of the French settlers and sometimes the Indigenous peoples of parts of Acadia French Acadie in the northeastern region of North America comprising what is now the Canadian Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island Gasp in Quebec and to the Kennebec River in southern Maine |
The history of the Acadians was significantly influenced by the six colonial wars that took place in Acadia during the 17th and 18th century see the four French and Indian Wars Father Rale s War and Father Le Loutre s War Eventually the last of the colonial wars the French and Indian War resulted in the British Expulsion of the Acadians from the region After the war many Acadians came out of hiding or returned to Acadia from the British Colonies Others remained in France and some migrated from there to Louisiana where they became known as Cajuns a corruption of the word Acadiens or Acadians The nineteenth century saw the beginning of the Acadian Renaissance and the publication of Evangeline which helped galvanize Acadian identity In the last century Acadians have made achievements in the areas of equal language and cultural rights as a minority group in the Maritime provinces of Canada |
Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts built the Habitation at Port Royal in 1605 as a replacement for his initial attempt at colonizing Saint Croix Island present day Maine The trading monopoly of de Monts was cancelled in 1607 and most of the French settlers returned to France although some remained with the natives Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint Just led a second expedition to Port Royal in 1610 |
The survival of the Acadian settlements was based on successful cooperation with the Indigenous peoples of the region In the early years of Acadian settlement this included a small number of recorded marriages between Acadian settlers and Indigenous women Some records have survived showing marriages between Acadian settlers and Indigenous women in formal Roman Catholic rites for example the marriage of Charles La Tour to a Mikmaw woman in 1626 There were also reported instances of Acadian settlers marrying Indigenous spouses according to Mikmaq rites and subsequently living in Mikmaq communities Many settlers also brought French wives with them to Acadia such as La Tour s second wife Franoise Marie Jacquelin who joined him in Acadia in 1640 |
Governor Isaac de Razilly s administration at LaHave Nova Scotia prepared the ground for the arrival of the first recorded migrant families on board the Saint Jehan which left La Rochelle on 1 April 1636 There were a number of sailings from the French Atlantic Coast to Acadia between 1632 and 1636 but this is the only one for which a detailed passenger list has survived Nicolas Denys who was stationed across the LaHave River at Port Rossingol Liverpool Bay acted as agent for the Saint Jehan After a 35 day crossing of the Atlantic the Saint Jehan arrived on 6 May 1636 at LaHave Nova Scotia There were seventy eight passengers and eighteen crew members With this ship Acadia began a slow shift from being primarily a matter of explorers and traders of men to a colony of permanent settlers including women and children While the presence of European women is a signal that settlement was seriously contemplated there were yet so few of them in this group of migrants that they did not immediately affect the status of Acadia as basically a colony of European transients By the end of the year the migrants were moved from LaHave and reestablished at Port Royal At Port Royal in 1636 Pierre Martin and Catherine Vigneau who had arrived on the Saint Jehan were the first European parents to have a child in Acadia The first born child was Mathieu Martin In part because of this distinction Mathieu Martin later became the Seigneury of Cobequid 1699 |
Kennedy 2014 argues that the emigrants from the Vienne region of France carried to Acadia their customs and social structure They were frontier people who dispersed their settlements based on kinship They optimized use of farmland and emphasized trading for a profit They were hierarchical and politically active The French and the Acadian villages were similar in terms of prosperity egalitarianism and independent mindedness Kennedy says the emergence of a distinct Acadian identity emerged from the gradual adaptation of traditional French methods institutions and ideas to the North American environmental and political situations |
With the death of Isaac de Razilly Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war 1640 1645 Acadia had two legitimate Lieutenant Governors The war was between Port Royal where Governor Charles de Menou dAulnay de Charnisay was stationed and present day Saint John New Brunswick where Governor Charles de Saint tienne de la Tour was stationed |
In the war there were four major battles La Tour attacked dAulnay at Port Royal in 1640 In response to the attack DAulnay sailed out of Port Royal to establish a five month blockade of La Tour s fort at Saint John which La Tour eventually defeated 1643 La Tour attacked dAulnay again at Port Royal in 1643 DAulnay and Port Royal ultimately won the war against La Tour with the 1645 siege of Saint John After dAulnay died 1650 La Tour reestablished himself in Acadia |
In 1654 war between France and England broke out Led by Major Robert Sedgwick a flotilla from Boston under orders from Cromwell arrived in Acadia to chase the French out The flotilla seized La Tour s fort then Port Royal La Tour nevertheless managed to find himself in England where with the support of John Kirke succeeded in receiving from Cromwell a part of Acadia along with Sir Thomas Temple La Tour returned to Cap deSable where he remained until his death in 1666 at the age of 70 |
During the English occupation of Acadia Jean Baptiste Colbert Louis XIV s minister forbade the Acadians from returning to France As a result of the English occupation no new French families settled in Acadia between 1654 and 1670 |
The Treaty of Breda signed 31 July 1667 returned Acadia to France A year later Marillon du Bourg arrived to take possession of the territory for France The son of LeBorgne Alexandre LeBorgne was named provisionary governor and lieutenant general of Acadia He married Marie Motin La Tour the eldest child of the marriage between La Tour and dAulnays widow |
In 1670 the new governor of Acadia the chevalier Hubert dAndigny chevalier de Grandfontaine was responsible for the first census undertaken in Acadia The results did not include those Acadians living with local First Nations It revealed that there were approximately sixty Acadian families with approximately 300 inhabitants in total These inhabitants were predominantly engaged in aboiteau farming along the shores of the present day Bay of Fundy No serious attempt was made to increase the population of Acadia |
In the spring of 1671 more than fifty colonists left La Rochelle aboard the lOranger Others arrived from Canada New France or were retired soldiers During this time a number of colonists married with the local First Nations Some of the first to marry were Charles de Saint tienne de La Tour Martin Pierr Lejeune Briard Jehan Lambert Petitpas and Guidry The capitan Vincent de Saint Castin the commander at Pentagoet married Marie Pidikiwamiska the daughter of an Abenakis chief |
In 1674 the Dutch briefly conquered Acadia renaming the colony New Holland |
During the last decades of the seventeenth century Acadians migrated from the capital Port Royal and established what would become the other major Acadian settlements before the Expulsion of the Acadians Grand Pr Chignecto Cobequid and Pisiguit Although not common on occasion epidemics ravished the population of Ile St Jean Ile Royale and Acadia In 1732 33 more than 150 people died of smallpox on Ile Royale |
The history of the settlers of Ile St Jean prior to the expulsion includes extreme hardship For almost every good harvest year it seems that there was one in which crops failed In one or two instances widespread fires destroyed crops livestock and farms Famine and starvation were common and frequently occasioned desperate pleas for supplies from Louisbourg Qubec and even France itself In 1756 famine on Ile St Jean prompted authorities to relocate some families to Qubec |