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20231101.en_178849_29 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie | Barrie | In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Barrie had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. | 0.5 | 11,902.933813 |
20231101.en_210168_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint is sometimes used as either a diagnostic procedure for symptoms and signs related to these joints, or as a therapeutic measure in conditions like temporomandibular joint dysfunction. TMJ arthroscopy can be a purely diagnostic procedure, or it can have its own beneficial effects which may result from washing out of the joint during the procedure, thought to remove debris and inflammatory mediators, and may enable a displaced disc to return to its correct position. Arthroscopy is also used to visualize the inside of the joint during certain surgical procedures involving the articular disc or the articular surfaces, similar to laparoscopy. Examples include release of adhesions (e.g., by blunt dissection or with a laser) or release of the disc. Biopsies or disc reduction can also be carried out during arthroscopy. It is carried out under general anesthetic. | 0.5 | 11,900.119455 |
20231101.en_210168_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy | Professor Kenji Takagi in Tokyo has traditionally been credited with performing the first arthroscopic examination of a knee joint, in 1919. He used a 7.3 mm cystoscope for his first arthroscopies. The Danish physician Severin Nordentoft reported on arthroscopies of the knee joint in 1912 at the Proceedings of the 41st Congress of the German Society of Surgeons at Berlin. He called the procedure (in Latin) arthroscopia genu, and used sterile saline or boric acid solution as his optic media, and entering the joint by a portal on the outer border of the patella. It is not clear if these examinations were of deceased or of living patients. | 0.5 | 11,900.119455 |
20231101.en_210168_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy | Pioneering work began as early as the 1920s with the work of Eugen Bircher. He published several papers in the 1920s about his use of arthroscopy of the knee for diagnostic purposes. After diagnosing torn tissue, he used open surgery to remove or repair the damaged tissue. Initially, he used an electric Jacobaeus thoracolaparoscope for his diagnostic procedures, which produced a dim view of the joint. Later, he developed a double-contrast approach to improve visibility. He gave up endoscopy in 1930, and his work was largely neglected for several decades. | 0.5 | 11,900.119455 |
20231101.en_210168_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy | While he is often considered the inventor of arthroscopy of the knee, the Japanese surgeon Masaki Watanabe, MD, receives primary credit for using arthroscopy for interventional surgery. Watanabe was inspired by the work and teaching of Dr Richard O'Connor. Later, Dr. Heshmat Shahriaree began experimenting with ways to excise fragments of menisci. | 0.5 | 11,900.119455 |
20231101.en_210168_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy | The first operating arthroscope was designed by them, and they worked together to produce the first high-quality color intraarticular photography. The field benefited significantly from technological advances, particularly advances in flexible fiber optics during the 1970s and 1980s. | 1 | 11,900.119455 |
20231101.en_210168_22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy | Canadian doctor Robert Jackson is credited with bringing the procedure to the Western world. In 1964, Jackson was in Tokyo completing a one-year fellowship and serving as a physician for the Canadian Olympic team. While there, he spent time at the clinic of Watanabe learning the thirty year old procedure that had only been used to investigate arthritis in the elderly. Jackson returned to Toronto where he continued to practice the technique, eventually becoming "the world's foremost expert on arthroscopy". | 0.5 | 11,900.119455 |
20231101.en_210168_23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy | According to Sports Illustrated, "Jackson's particular genius was to recognize a wider application for the procedure than Watanabe ever did." Jackson realized the technique could be used for young, athletic patients that had suffered injuries. Torn knee cartilage or ligaments previously would require an arthrotomy procedure and might mean a year or more of rehab or the end of a career. Jackson believed the less invasive procedure with its smaller incisions would be able to save the career of injured athletes. While many were skeptical at first, Jackson's efforts to develop, teach and popularize the procedure helped to prolong the careers of athletes such as Bobby Orr, Willis Reed, Joan Benoit and Mary Lou Retton. For this, Jackson was named one of Sports Illustrated's forty most impactful people in sport's history, coming in at #37, and the only doctor on the list. | 0.5 | 11,900.119455 |
20231101.en_210168_24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy is considered a low risk procedure with a very low rates of serious complications. Commonly, irrigation fluid may leak (extravasates) into the surrounding soft tissue, causing edema which is generally a temporary phenomenon, taking anywhere from 7–15 days to completely settle. Rarely, this fluid may be the cause of a serious complication, compartment syndrome. However, postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis (PAGCL) is a rare complication of arthroscopic surgery and involves chondrolysis wherein the articular cartilage of the shoulder undergoes rapid, degenerative changes shortly after arthroscopic surgery. | 0.5 | 11,900.119455 |
20231101.en_210168_25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy | Arthroscopy | SpineUniverse Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Information Center – Articles from different institutes, organizations, and spine professionals. | 0.5 | 11,900.119455 |
20231101.en_234731_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosity | Virtuosity | In Los Angeles, Parker Barnes is a former police officer imprisoned for killing political terrorist Matthew Grimes, who killed Parker's wife and daughter. Barnes killed Grimes but also accidentally shot two news reporters in the process and was sentenced to 17 years to life. In the year 1999, Barnes and John Donovan are testing a virtual reality system designed for training police officers. The two are tracking down a serial killer named SID 6.7 at a restaurant in virtual reality. SID (short for Sadistic, Intelligent, Dangerous, a VR amalgam of the most violent serial killers throughout history) causes Donovan to go into shock, killing him. The director overseeing the project orders the programmer in charge of creating SID, Dr. Darrel Lindenmeyer, to shut down the project with Commissioner Elizabeth Deane and her associate, William Wallace, as his witnesses. | 0.5 | 11,898.679062 |
20231101.en_234731_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosity | Virtuosity | Following a fight with another prisoner, Big Red, Barnes meets with criminal psychologist Dr. Madison Carter. Meanwhile, Lindenmeyer informs SID that he is about to be shut down because Donovan's death was caused when SID disabled the fail-safes. At SID's suggestion, Lindenmeyer convinces another employee, Clyde Reilly, that a sexually-compliant virtual reality model, Sheila 3.2, another project created by Lindenmeyer, can be brought to life in a synthetically grown android body. Lindenmeyer replaces the Sheila 3.2 module with the SID 6.7 module. Now processed into the real world, SID 6.7 kills Reilly. | 0.5 | 11,898.679062 |
20231101.en_234731_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosity | Virtuosity | Once word gets out of SID being in the real world, Deane and Los Angeles Police Department Chief William Cochran offer Barnes a deal: if he catches SID and brings him back to virtual reality, he will be pardoned. Barnes agrees, and with help from Carter they discover that Matthew Grimes, the terrorist who killed Barnes's wife and daughter, is a part of SID 6.7's personality profile. After killing a family along with a group of security guards, SID heads over to the Media Zone, a local nightclub, where he takes hostages. Barnes and Carter go to the nightclub to stop him, but SID escapes. | 0.5 | 11,898.679062 |
20231101.en_234731_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosity | Virtuosity | The next day, SID begins a killing spree at the Los Angeles Olympic Auditorium. Barnes arrives at the Stadium to capture SID, and finds him on a train, where another hostage is being held by SID. Barnes seemingly kills the hostage in front of horrified witnesses and is sent back to prison. Having caught up with Barnes after the incident, Carter tries to prove Barnes's innocence, but Barnes is freed from his prisoner transport by SID, who once again escapes. Wallace and Deane are about to have Barnes terminated via a fail-safe transmitter implanted in his body but Cochran destroys the system after learning from Carter that Barnes didn't kill the hostage on the train. | 0.5 | 11,898.679062 |
20231101.en_234731_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosity | Virtuosity | SID kidnaps Carter's daughter Karin and takes over a television studio. Lindenmeyer, having come out of hiding, sees what SID is doing and is impressed, but is captured by Carter. After a fight on the roof of the studio Barnes ultimately destroys SID's body but is unable to learn where he hid Karin. They place SID back in VR to trick the location out of him which proves to be one of the fan enclosures on the studio roof. When SID discovers that he is back in virtual reality he goes into a rage. Cochran lets Carter out of VR, but Lindenmeyer kills Cochran before he can release Barnes. Barnes starts to go into the same shock that Donovan suffered, but Carter kills Lindenmeyer, and saves Barnes. | 1 | 11,898.679062 |
20231101.en_234731_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosity | Virtuosity | Barnes and Carter return to the building that SID took over in the real world and save Karin from a booby trap set up by SID that's similar to the one that killed Barnes' family. After Karin is saved, Barnes destroys the SID 6.7 module. | 0.5 | 11,898.679062 |
20231101.en_234731_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosity | Virtuosity | Denzel Washington as Lieutenant Parker Barnes, who was imprisoned after killing a man who killed his family | 0.5 | 11,898.679062 |
20231101.en_234731_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosity | Virtuosity | Kelly Lynch as Dr. Madison Carter, a criminal psychologist who teams with Barnes to understand SID's behavior | 0.5 | 11,898.679062 |
20231101.en_234731_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosity | Virtuosity | Washington restructured much of the story and dialogue during filming, entirely removing a romantic subtext between the Lt. Barnes and Dr. Carter characters from the original script. | 0.5 | 11,898.679062 |
20231101.en_325496_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism | Servomechanism | The term correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or error-correction signals help control mechanical position, speed, attitude or any other measurable variables. For example, an automotive power window control is not a servomechanism, as there is no automatic feedback that controls position—the operator does this by observation. By contrast a car's cruise control uses closed-loop feedback, which classifies it as a servomechanism. | 0.5 | 11,898.553875 |
20231101.en_325496_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism | Servomechanism | A common type of servo provides position control. Commonly, servos are electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic. They operate on the principle of negative feedback, where the control input is compared to the actual position of the mechanical system as measured by some type of transducer at the output. Any difference between the actual and wanted values (an "error signal") is amplified (and converted) and used to drive the system in the direction necessary to reduce or eliminate the error. This procedure is one widely used application of control theory. Typical servos can give a rotary (angular) or linear output. | 0.5 | 11,898.553875 |
20231101.en_325496_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism | Servomechanism | Speed control via a governor is another type of servomechanism. The steam engine uses mechanical governors; another early application was to govern the speed of water wheels. Prior to World War II the constant speed propeller was developed to control engine speed for maneuvering aircraft. Fuel controls for gas turbine engines employ either hydromechanical or electronic governing. | 0.5 | 11,898.553875 |
20231101.en_325496_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism | Servomechanism | Positioning servomechanisms were first used in military fire-control and marine navigation equipment. Today servomechanisms are used in automatic machine tools, satellite-tracking antennas, remote control airplanes, automatic navigation systems on boats and planes, and antiaircraft-gun control systems. Other examples are fly-by-wire systems in aircraft which use servos to actuate the aircraft's control surfaces, and radio-controlled models which use RC servos for the same purpose. Many autofocus cameras also use a servomechanism to accurately move the lens. A hard disk drive has a magnetic servo system with sub-micrometer positioning accuracy. In industrial machines, servos are used to perform complex motion, in many applications. | 0.5 | 11,898.553875 |
20231101.en_325496_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism | Servomechanism | A servomotor is a specific type of motor that is combined with a rotary encoder or a potentiometer to form a servomechanism. This assembly may in turn form part of another servomechanism. A potentiometer provides a simple analog signal to indicate position, while an encoder provides position and usually speed feedback, which by the use of a PID controller allow more precise control of position and thus faster achievement of a stable position (for a given motor power). Potentiometers are subject to drift when the temperature changes whereas encoders are more stable and accurate. | 1 | 11,898.553875 |
20231101.en_325496_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism | Servomechanism | Servomotors are used for both high-end and low-end applications. On the high end are precision industrial components that use a rotary encoder. On the low end are inexpensive radio control servos (RC servos) used in radio-controlled models which use a free-running motor and a simple potentiometer position sensor with an embedded controller. The term servomotor generally refers to a high-end industrial component while the term servo is most often used to describe the inexpensive devices that employ a potentiometer. Stepper motors are not considered to be servomotors, although they too are used to construct larger servomechanisms. Stepper motors have inherent angular positioning, owing to their construction, and this is generally used in an open-loop manner without feedback. They are generally used for medium-precision applications. | 0.5 | 11,898.553875 |
20231101.en_325496_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism | Servomechanism | RC servos are used to provide actuation for various mechanical systems such as the steering of a car, the control surfaces on a plane, or the rudder of a boat. Due to their affordability, reliability, and simplicity of control by microprocessors, they are often used in small-scale robotics applications. A standard RC receiver (or a microcontroller) sends pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals to the servo. The electronics inside the servo translate the width of the pulse into a position. When the servo is commanded to rotate, the motor is powered until the potentiometer reaches the value corresponding to the commanded position. | 0.5 | 11,898.553875 |
20231101.en_325496_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism | Servomechanism | James Watt's steam engine governor is generally considered the first powered feedback system. The windmill fantail is an earlier example of automatic control, but since it does not have an amplifier or gain, it is not usually considered a servomechanism. | 0.5 | 11,898.553875 |
20231101.en_325496_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism | Servomechanism | The first feedback position control device was the ship steering engine, used to position the rudder of large ships based on the position of the ship's wheel. | 0.5 | 11,898.553875 |
20231101.en_1861989_24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah | Dawah | Daʿwah manuals, booklets or guides are training material that give a framework and methodology for a daʿi to invite non-Muslims to accept and convert to Islam. The manuals present detailed guidance on how to carry out dialogue, various techniques and detailed steps of implementing daʿwah for non-muslim individual or collective audiences as well as socio-religious groups like atheists, Buddhists, Christians, Hindus etc. | 0.5 | 11,880.410668 |
20231101.en_1861989_25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah | Dawah | Daʿis are given trainings in the form of physical workshops and training sessions. Daʿwah trainings are also provided in the form of online video lessons, webinars, online discussion forums, handouts and quizzes. | 0.5 | 11,880.410668 |
20231101.en_1861989_26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah | Dawah | The Muslim Brotherhood has focused on a methodology of building grassroots institutions and funding welfare projects, which has helped it survive decades of repression under hostile governments in many Middle Eastern countries, with the group and its many offshoots still enjoying popular support and power. | 0.5 | 11,880.410668 |
20231101.en_1861989_27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah | Dawah | Jamaat-e-Islami has focused on presenting Islam as a complete way of life and on the methodology of building grassroots institutions and funding welfare projects. | 0.5 | 11,880.410668 |
20231101.en_1861989_28 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah | Dawah | Tablighi Jamaat works on trying to bring the Muslims back to the fundamental practices of Islam such as worship; they do this by encouraging members to speak and to teach them the virtues of good actions. The movement has a following of between 20 and 80 million people and, though it originated in India, now has a global following. | 1 | 11,880.410668 |
20231101.en_1861989_29 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah | Dawah | Ahmed Deedat was a notable debater who was a revolutionary figure among Muslims for his effort in debating Christian polemics. Many Muslim debaters from popular debaters to grassroots daʿwah campaigners use his books and videos as reference material. | 0.5 | 11,880.410668 |
20231101.en_1861989_30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah | Dawah | Zakir Naik was a student of Ahmed Deedat and followed in his teacher's footsteps by debating Christian polemics and by holding Q&A sessions with Christians. Zakir Naik is particularly notable for taking the effort of debating Christian polemics to the Muslim mainstream with his popular channel Peace TV. | 0.5 | 11,880.410668 |
20231101.en_1861989_31 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah | Dawah | iERA is a research institute based in London which seeks to debate Muslim and non-Muslim intellectuals, help new Muslims, train speakers and produce academic research papers on daʿwah issues. iERA was founded by Abdurraheem Green (Anthony Green) and Yusuf Chambers, British converts to Islam. It developed the GORAP method for daʿwah: God’s Oneness, Revelation and Prophethood. GORAP is a framework for holding daʿwah conversations and conveying the message of Islam in stages. | 0.5 | 11,880.410668 |
20231101.en_1861989_32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah | Dawah | Hikmah Times of Singapore there is a significant impact of the Islamic daʿwah movement. There are many local/international organisations (e.g. Hikmah Times). | 0.5 | 11,880.410668 |
20231101.en_47401_27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans | Titans | The female Titans, to the extent that they are mentioned at all, appear also to have been allowed to remain free. Three of these, according to the Theogony, become wives of Zeus: Themis, Mnemosyne, and Leto, the daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe. Themis gives birth to the three Horae (Hours), and the three Moirai (Fates), and Mnemosyne gives birth to the nine Muses. Leto, who gives birth to the Olympians Apollo and Artemis, takes an active part on the side of the Trojans in the Iliad, and is also involved in the story of the giant Tityos. Tethys, presumably along with her husband Oceanus, took no part in the war, and, as mentioned above, provided safe refuge for Hera during the war. Rhea remains free and active after the war: appearing at Leto's delivery of Apollo, as Zeus' messenger to Demeter announcing the settlement concerning Persephone, bringing Pelops back to life. | 0.5 | 11,880.011425 |
20231101.en_47401_28 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans | Titans | While in Hesiod's Theogony, and Homer's Iliad, Cronus and the other Titans are confined to Tartarus—apparently forever—another tradition, as indicated by later sources, seems to have had Cronus, or other of the Titans, being eventually set free. Pindar, in one of his poems (462 BC), says that, although Atlas still "strains against the weight of the sky ... Zeus freed the Titans", and in another poem (476 BC), Pindar has Cronus, in fact, ruling in the Isles of the Blessed, a land where the Greek heroes reside in the afterlife: | 0.5 | 11,880.011425 |
20231101.en_47401_29 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans | Titans | Prometheus Lyomenos, an undated lost play by Aeschylus (c. 525 – c. 455 BC), had a chorus composed of freed Titans. Possibly even earlier than Pindar and Aeschylus, two papyrus versions of a passage of Hesiods' Works and Days also mention Cronus being released by Zeus, and ruling over the heroes who go to the Isle of the Blessed; but other versions of Hesiod's text do not, and most editors judge these lines of text to be later interpolations. | 0.5 | 11,880.011425 |
20231101.en_47401_30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans | Titans | It is generally accepted that the Greek succession myth was imported from the Near East, and that along with this imported myth came stories of a group of former ruling gods, who had been defeated and displaced, and who became identified, by the Greeks, as the Titans. Features of Hesiod's account of the Titans can be seen in the stories of the Hurrians, the Hittites, the Babylonians, and other Near Eastern cultures. | 0.5 | 11,880.011425 |
20231101.en_47401_31 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans | Titans | The Hurro-Hittite text Song of Kumarbi (also called Kingship in Heaven), written five hundred years before Hesiod, tells of a succession of kings in heaven: Anu (Sky), Kumarbi, and the storm-god Teshub, with many striking parallels to Hesiod's account of the Greek succession myth. Like Cronus, Kumarbi castrates the sky-god Anu, and takes over his kingship. And like Cronus, Kumarbi swallows gods (and a stone?), one of whom is the storm-god Teshub, who like the storm-god Zeus, is apparently victorious against Kumarbi and others in a war of the gods. | 1 | 11,880.011425 |
20231101.en_47401_32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans | Titans | Other Hittite texts contain allusions to "former gods" (), precisely what Hesiod called the Titans, . Like the Titans, these Hittite , were twelve (usually) in number and end up confined in the underworld by the storm-god Teshub, imprisoned by gates they cannot open. In Hurrian, the Hittite's were known as the "gods of down under" () and the Hittites identified these gods with the Anunnaki, the Babylonian gods of the underworld, whose defeat and imprisonment by the storm-god Marduk, in the Babylonian poem Enûma Eliš (late second millennium BC or earlier), parallels the defeat and imprisonment of the Titans. Other collectivities of gods, perhaps associated with the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, include the Dead Gods (Dingiruggû), the Banished Gods (ilāni darsūti), and the Defeated (or Bound) Gods (ilāni kamûti). | 0.5 | 11,880.011425 |
20231101.en_47401_33 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans | Titans | In Orphic literature, the Titans play an important role in what is often considered to be the central myth of Orphism, the sparagmos, that is the dismemberment of Dionysus, who in this context is often given the title Zagreus. As pieced together from various ancient sources, the reconstructed story, usually given by modern scholars, goes as follows. Zeus had intercourse with Persephone in the form of a serpent, producing Dionysus. He is taken to Mount Ida where (like the infant Zeus) he is guarded by the dancing Curetes. Zeus intended Dionysus to be his successor as ruler of the cosmos, but a jealous Hera incited the Titans—who apparently unlike in Hesiod and Homer, were not imprisoned in Tartarus—to kill the child. The Titans whiten their faces with gypsum, and distracting the infant Dionysus with various toys, including a mirror, they seized Dionysus and tore (or cut) him to pieces. The pieces were then boiled, roasted and partially eaten, by the Titans. But Athena managed to save Dionysus' heart, by which Zeus was able to contrive his rebirth from Semele. | 0.5 | 11,880.011425 |
20231101.en_47401_34 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans | Titans | Commonly presented as a part of the myth of the dismembered Dionysus Zagreus, is an Orphic anthropogony, that is an Orphic account of the origin of human beings. According to this widely held view, as punishment for their crime, Zeus struck the Titans with his thunderbolt, and from the remains of the destroyed Titans humankind was born, which resulted in a human inheritance of ancestral guilt, for this original sin of the Titans, and by some accounts "formed the basis for an Orphic doctrine of the divinity of man." However, when and to what extent there existed any Orphic tradition which included these elements is the subject of open debate. | 0.5 | 11,880.011425 |
20231101.en_47401_35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans | Titans | The 2nd century AD biographer and essayist Plutarch makes a connection between the sparagmos and the punishment of the Titans, but makes no mention of the anthropogony, or Orpheus, or Orphism. In his essay On the Eating of Flesh, Plutarch writes of "stories told about the sufferings and dismemberment of Dionysus and the outrageous assaults of the Titans upon him, and their punishment and blasting by thunderbolt after they had tasted his blood". While, according to the early 4th century AD Christian apologist Arnobius, and the 5th century AD Greek epic poet Nonnus, it is as punishment for their murder of Dionysus that the Titans end up imprisoned by Zeus in Tartarus. | 0.5 | 11,880.011425 |
20231101.en_34338500_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine | Bilastine | Bilastine is approved in the European Union for the symptomatic treatment of allergic conjunctivitis and urticaria. It is not approved for any use in the United States. | 0.5 | 11,877.980489 |
20231101.en_34338500_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine | Bilastine | Evidence has shown that bilastine is effective in treating skin and eye symptoms of allergic reactions, improving patient's quality of life. Bilastine meets the treatment criteria for allergic rhinitis, as published by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact of Asthma (ARIA) initiative. | 0.5 | 11,877.980489 |
20231101.en_34338500_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine | Bilastine | The clinical efficacy of bilastine in allergic rhinitis (AR) and urticaria has been assessed in 10 clinical assays in which over 4,600 patients were involved. All of them compared bilastine with placebo and another second generation antihistamine with confirmed efficacy (active comparator). | 0.5 | 11,877.980489 |
20231101.en_34338500_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine | Bilastine | The studies on SAR were double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group involving male and female patients over 12 year of age with symptomatic disease at the beginning of the study. Nasal symptoms (sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal itching and congestion) were assessed both before treatment and during treatment period on a daily basis. Non nasal symptoms (itchy eye, watery eye, itchy ear and palate) were also assessed according to a 0–3 scale, so that the Total Symptoms Score (TSS) and other related parameters could clearly reflect daily evolution of SAR in each patient and treatment group. Parameters such as quality of life and discomfort were also assessed, and in the same way the type and frequency of AE, tolerability and general safety of treatment were registered. In this SAR studies the daily oral administration during 14 days of bilastine proves to have the same efficacy as the administration of cetirizine and desloratadine. | 0.5 | 11,877.980489 |
20231101.en_34338500_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine | Bilastine | A review article evaluated data from trials which detailed the efficacy of bilastine in skin models and urticaria to assess whether bilastine has an optimal profile for updosing in urticaria. The authors concluded that bilastine has an excellent profile for both efficacy and safety, although there is a need for controlled clinical trials to compare the efficacy of bilastine in a real-life updosing study in patients with urticaria, paying special attention to itch control. | 1 | 11,877.980489 |
20231101.en_34338500_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine | Bilastine | Bilastine comes as a tablet taken by mouth (PO) and it is supposed to be swallowed whole with water. Bilastine should not be given with, or within 1 hour before or 2 hours after, food as it may reduce its effectiveness. Australian dosing guidelines for Allertine give a maximum dose of 20mg (one tablet) daily as needed (PRN). Dose changes are not required for hepatic or renal impairment. | 0.5 | 11,877.980489 |
20231101.en_34338500_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine | Bilastine | While the onset of its effects vary between formulations, bilastine generally takes effect within 30–60 minutes. It should be taken only by children older than 4 years and adults, or anyone over 12 years for Allertine. | 0.5 | 11,877.980489 |
20231101.en_34338500_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine | Bilastine | Toxicity of bilastine investigated in preclinical toxicology studies in mice, rats and dogs after oral and intravenous administration showed no mortality observed after oral administration of massive doses. After intravenous administration, LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of animals) values were 33 and 45–75 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. No signs of toxicity were observed in any organ after bilastine massive overdosing, either orally (in mice, rats and dogs), or intravenously (in rats and dogs) during 4 weeks. No effects on fertility, no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, and no apparent carcinogenic potential were seen in the studies carried out in rats, mice and rabbits. | 0.5 | 11,877.980489 |
20231101.en_34338500_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine | Bilastine | In clinical research, bilastine has proven to be well tolerated, with an adverse events profile similar to that of placebo in healthy volunteers, patients with AR and with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Although the tolerance profile of bilastine and levocetirizine or desloratadine were very similar, bilastine was markedly better tolerated than cetirizine in a clinical assay in SAR, with fewer adverse events in the bilastine group. No anticholinergic adverse events were observed in the clinical trials with bilastine. No serious adverse events were reported during the research and there were no clinically significant changes in vital signs, electrocardiography (ECG) or laboratory tests. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles and studies in special populations indicate that dose adjustment of bilastine is not necessary in elderly patients or in chronic liver disease or chronic kidney disease. | 0.5 | 11,877.980489 |
20231101.en_431272_16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner | Commissioner | In other countries, such as Latin American countries, France, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Spain, Italy, etc., a commissioner is typically the commander of a major police station or a locally/regionally important police service. The equivalent ranks in the police forces of the United States and the United Kingdom are respectively captain and superintendent. | 0.5 | 11,877.783962 |
20231101.en_431272_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner | Commissioner | In firefighting services in the Commonwealth of Nations, the title of commissioner typically designates the head of an entire fire service in a particular jurisdiction, such as the commissioner of the New South Wales Rural Fire Service or the commissioner of Fire and Rescue NSW, two separate fire authorities that operate within the Australian state of New South Wales. | 0.5 | 11,877.783962 |
20231101.en_431272_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner | Commissioner | The title of commissioner or district commissioner, as such, was used by the (gubernatorial) chief British official in: | 0.5 | 11,877.783962 |
20231101.en_431272_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner | Commissioner | British India, now composed of four independent countries (Pakistan, India, Burma and Bangladesh), where the divisional commissioner was the head of one of the few divisions of a province and was higher than a deputy commissioner and lower than a secretary (now principal secretary) in the provincial capital. | 0.5 | 11,877.783962 |
20231101.en_431272_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner | Commissioner | Territories of Zambesia and Rhodesia, administered under charter by the British South Africa Company | 1 | 11,877.783962 |
20231101.en_431272_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner | Commissioner | The Oil Rivers Protectorate (from 5 June 1885 under a consul-general; soon renamed Niger Coast Protectorate), from 3 August 1891 till 1 January 1900 when it became the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, hence under a high commissioner | 0.5 | 11,877.783962 |
20231101.en_431272_22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner | Commissioner | The Caribbean Turks and Caicos Islands, 1874 – 4 July 1959, as a dependency under the governor of Jamaica colony | 0.5 | 11,877.783962 |
20231101.en_431272_23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner | Commissioner | Kamaran Island, in June 1915 taken from the Ottoman Empire and subordinated to the Aden Settlement, but not incorporated, till on 30 November 1967 it became part of the newly independent People's Republic of South Yemen. | 0.5 | 11,877.783962 |
20231101.en_431272_24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner | Commissioner | The UN trust territory of British Cameroons, only two incumbents, from 1 October 1954 (the only Special Resident succeeding himself till 1956) to 1 October 1961 when Southern British Cameroons was incorporated into the independent Republic of Cameroon (former French mandate of Cameroun), after the northern part united with Nigeria on 1 June 1961. | 0.5 | 11,877.783962 |
20231101.en_1288246_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi | Krabi | Krabi (, ) is the capital of and main town in Krabi Province (thesaban mueang), on the west coast of southern Thailand, where the Krabi River flows into Phang Nga Bay. The town lies south of Bangkok, and as of 2020, has a population of 32,644. As in much of southern Thailand, the local economy centres largely on tourism. | 0.5 | 11,874.985939 |
20231101.en_1288246_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi | Krabi | At the start of the Rattanakosin period in the late eighteenth century, when the capital was finally settled at Bangkok, an elephant kraal was established in Krabi by order of Chao Phraya Nakhon (Noi), the governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat, which was by then a part of the Thai Kingdom. He sent his vizier, the Phra Palad, to oversee this task, which was to ensure a regular supply of elephants for the larger town. So many followers immigrated in the steps of the Phra Palad that soon Krabi had a large community in three different boroughs: Pakasai, Khlong Pon, and Pak Lao. In 1872, King Chulalongkorn elevated these to town status, called Krabi, a word that preserves in its meaning the monkey symbolism of the old standard. The town's first governor was Luang Thep Sena, though it continued for a while as a dependency of Nakhon Si Thammarat. This was changed in 1875, when Krabi was raised to a fourth-level town in the old system of Thai government. Administrators then reported directly to the central government in Bangkok, and Krabi's history as an entity separate from other provinces had begun. | 0.5 | 11,874.985939 |
20231101.en_1288246_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi | Krabi | The town covers the tambon Paknam and Krabi Yai of Krabi District, and is divided into 10 communities (chumchon). | 0.5 | 11,874.985939 |
20231101.en_1288246_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi | Krabi | Facing the Andaman Sea, like Phuket, Krabi has a tropical monsoon climate, and is subject to a ten-month rainy season between March and December, often with sustained heavy rains for days at a time during the monsoons. Krabi's highest ever recorded temperature was on 26 March 1998. Its lowest temperature was recorded on 11 January 2009: . | 0.5 | 11,874.985939 |
20231101.en_1288246_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi | Krabi | Much of the province has been given over to several national parks. Top destinations are Hat Noppharat Thara - Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park, Ao Nang, Railay, and Ko Phi Phi. The province includes over 80 smaller islands such as Ko Lanta and Phi Phi, well-known to adventurers, yachtsmen, scuba-divers, snorkelers, and day-trippers from Phuket. Krabi's beaches attract both native Thai people and foreigners alike. | 1 | 11,874.985939 |
20231101.en_1288246_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi | Krabi | Ko Lanta National Park, also in Krabi Province, includes several coral-fringed islands with well-known diving sites. The largest island, Ko Lanta Yai, is the site of park headquarters, and is also home to "Chao Le", or sea gypsies, who sustain themselves largely through fishing. The islands are best visited during the drier months of October through April. | 0.5 | 11,874.985939 |
20231101.en_1288246_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi | Krabi | Kayaking, sailing, bird watching, snorkeling are also among top activities. In the interior, two predominantly mainland national parks, Khao Phanom Bencha National Park and Than Bokkhorani, offer inland scenic attractions including waterfalls and caves, and opportunities for trekking, bird watching, and eco-tours. | 0.5 | 11,874.985939 |
20231101.en_1288246_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi | Krabi | The rock faces at Railay Beach near Ao Nang have attracted climbers from all over the world and each year are the venue for the Rock and Fire Festival in mid April. There are several rock climbing schools at Railay Beach. The rock is limestone and has characteristic pockets, overhangs and faces. Railay has numerous multi-pitch areas most of which start from the beach itself. A famous example is "Humanality". In addition, deep water soloing is popular on the numerous nearby rocky islands accessible by long-tail boat. Another popular destination is the Fossil Shell Beach located at Ban Laem Pho. The beach is famous for its fossilized snail shells, dwellers of the freshwater swamp that covered this area some 40 million years ago. | 0.5 | 11,874.985939 |
20231101.en_1288246_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi | Krabi | Since 1999 the town has been served by the international Krabi Airport. Passing through the town is Phetkasem Road (Thailand Route 4). | 0.5 | 11,874.985939 |
20231101.en_3684349_57 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom | TomTom | IQ Routes, developed by TomTom and available since spring 2008 on the TomTom Go 730 and Go 930, uses anonymous travel time data accumulated by users of TomTom satnav devices. Newer TomTom devices use this data to take into account the time and day when determining the fastest route. | 0.5 | 11,866.382876 |
20231101.en_3684349_58 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom | TomTom | Travel time data is stored in Historical Speed Profiles, one for each road segment, covering large motorways, main roads and also small local roads. Historic Speed Profiles are part of the digital map and are updated with every new map release. They give insight into real-world traffic patterns. This is a fact-based routing system based on measured travel times, compared to most other methods which use speed limits or ‘assumed’ speeds. | 0.5 | 11,866.382876 |
20231101.en_3684349_59 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom | TomTom | In September 2008, map upgrade v8.10 was released for x20 series models, extending the IQ Routes feature to those devices with a free software update using TomTom Home. | 0.5 | 11,866.382876 |
20231101.en_3684349_60 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom | TomTom | TomTom worked with auto parts manufacturer Bosch, starting in 2015, to develop maps for use in self-driving vehicles. Bosch defined the specifications for TomTom maps to follow as they began first road-tests on U.S. highway I-280 and Germany's A81. TomTom commented at the time on the contrast in details required in those newly developed maps compared with earlier versions, specifically including "precision to the decimeter" and other complex data required to help a self-driving car "see" key road features as it travels. In 2015, TomTom was one of the only independent producers of digital maps that remained in the marketplace as they partnered with brands like Volkswagen to provide maps in the auto industry. The company also partnered with Uber in 2015, and extended the partnership further in 2020. Together the companies have worked to integrate TomTom maps and traffic data across the ridesharing app's platform. This lets Uber serve as a "trusted map editing partner", making it one of the first brands to join TomTom's Map Editing Partnership (MEP) program. | 0.5 | 11,866.382876 |
20231101.en_3684349_61 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom | TomTom | As part of the MEP program, users provide feedback on road conditions as they encounter them so that live maps can be updated to reflect current conditions. The program estimates 3 million edits monthly by its partners globally. Apple has relied on licensed data from TomTom and others to fill in data gaps in its Maps app since launching it in 2012. In January 2020 Apple confirmed that it was no longer licensing data from TomTom and would rely on its own underlying Maps app framework going forward after a recent app update at the time. | 1 | 11,866.382876 |
20231101.en_3684349_62 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom | TomTom | As of 2019, TomTom claimed to have 800 million people using its products across physical hardware and apps using TomTom technology. The same year, TomTom sold its telematics division, TomTom Telematics, to Japanese Bridgestone to prioritize business linked to its digital maps, as the brand shifted focus away from consumer devices to software services instead. In 2019, TomTom Telematics became Webfleet Solutions. The brand leveraged its real-time driving and parking data in collaboration with Microsoft and Moovit (a public transport data platform)in 2019, as well as struck map and navigation deals with auto industry tycoons like Nissan, Fiat Chrysler, Porsche, Lamborghini, and Bentley among others. Teaming up with the University of Amsterdam, the partners launched Atlas Lab, a research lab dedicated to AI development to support HD maps to be used in autonomous vehicles. TomTom has also been developing High Definition (HD) maps intended for use in autonomous cars to assist with environmental data where sensors are limited. The company announced in March 2019 that they would supply HD maps to "multiple top 10" auto manufacturers that would provide centimeter accuracy in representing terrain; and announced a new "map horizon" feature, allowing self-driving cars to simulate a virtual picture of the road ahead in real-time. The company partnered with Volvo the same year (2019) to build its own vehicle capable of "level 5" autonomy in hopes of further improving its maps technology. The Volvo XC90 included custom sensing equipment to provide data about the vehicle's surroundings that could be referenced against TomTom's HD maps. TomTom crowdsourced camera data through its partnership with Hella Aglaia, announced in September 2019, to feed into its real-time map updates for ongoing improvement to the new HD maps technology. | 0.5 | 11,866.382876 |
20231101.en_3684349_63 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom | TomTom | In early 2020, TomTom publicly announced the recent closing of a deal with Huawei Technologies where Huawei would use TomTom's maps, data, and navigation tools to develop its own apps for use in Chinese smartphones. | 0.5 | 11,866.382876 |
20231101.en_3684349_64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom | TomTom | Tomtom participates in OpenStreetMap contributes and uses map data from the service. Tomtom's vice president of community is a founder of OpenStreetMap. | 0.5 | 11,866.382876 |
20231101.en_3684349_65 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom | TomTom | TomTom has collected a range of live and historical data since 2008, analysing data from a variety of sources including connected devices and its community of users. Additionally, TomTom's "MoMa" vehicles (short for mobile mapping) cover over 3 billion km annually, using both radar and LiDAR cameras to capture 375 million images annually to sense road changes that are then verified and used to update its maps. TomTom pairs this data with input from partnering brands to process around 2 billion map changes on average each month to keep maps current and reflective of existing road conditions. The brand puts out an updated map database commercially on a weekly basis. | 0.5 | 11,866.382876 |
20231101.en_159168_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester | Cirencester | The struggle of the townsmen to gain the rights and privileges of a borough for Cirencester probably began with the grant of 1189, when they were amerced for a false presentment, meaning that they had presented false information. Four inquisitions during the 13th century supported the abbot's claims, yet the townspeople remained unwavering in their quest for borough status: in 1342, they lodged a Bill of complaint in Chancery. Twenty townspeople were ordered to Westminster, where they declared under oath that successive abbots had bought up many burgage tenements, and made the borough into an appendage of the manor, depriving it of its separate court. They claimed that the royal charter that conferred on the men of Cirencester the liberties of Winchester had been destroyed 50 years earlier, when the abbot had bribed the burgess who held the charter to give it to him, whereupon the abbot had had it burned. In reply, the abbot refuted these claims, and the case passed on to the King's Bench. When ordered to produce the foundation charter of his abbey the abbot refused, apparently because that document would be fatal to his case, and instead played a winning card. In return for a fine of £300, he obtained a new royal charter confirming his privileges and a writ of supersedeas. | 0.5 | 11,858.69312 |
20231101.en_159168_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester | Cirencester | Yet the townspeople continued in their fight: in return for their aid to the Crown against the earls of Kent and Salisbury, Henry IV in 1403 gave the townsmen a Merchant's Guild, although two inquisitions reiterated the abbot's rights. The struggle between the abbot and the townspeople continued, with the abbot's privileges confirmed in 1408‑1409 and 1413, and in 1418 the abbot finally removed this thorn in his side when the guild merchant was annulled, and in 1477 parliament declared that Cirencester was not corporate. After several unsuccessful attempts to re-establish the guild merchant, in 1592 the government of the town was vested in the bailiff of the Lord of the manor. | 0.5 | 11,858.69312 |
20231101.en_159168_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester | Cirencester | As part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539, Henry VIII ordered the total demolition of the Abbey buildings. Today only the Norman Arch and parts of the precinct wall remain above ground, forming the perimeter of a public park in the middle of town. Despite this, the freedom of a borough continued to elude the townspeople, and they only saw the old lord of the manor replaced by a new lord of the manor as the king acquired the abbey's title. Cirencester became a parliamentary borough in 1572, returning two members, although this was deprived of representation in 1885. | 0.5 | 11,858.69312 |
20231101.en_159168_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester | Cirencester | Sheep rearing, wool sales, weaving and woollen broadcloth and cloth-making were the main strengths of England's trade in the Middle Ages, and not only the abbey but many of Cirencester's merchants and clothiers gained wealth and prosperity from the national and international trade. The tombs of these merchants can be seen in the parish church, while their fine houses of Cotswold stone still stand in and around Coxwell Street and Dollar Street. Their wealth funded the rebuilding of the nave of the parish church in 1515–30, to create the large parish church, often referred to as the "Cathedral of the Cotswolds". Other wool churches can be seen in neighbouring Northleach and Chipping Campden. | 0.5 | 11,858.69312 |
20231101.en_159168_15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester | Cirencester | The English Civil War came to Cirencester in February 1643 when Royalists and Parliamentarians came to blows in the streets. Over 300 were killed, and 1,200 prisoners were held captive in the church. The townsfolk supported the Parliamentarians but gentry and clergy were for the old order, so that when Charles I of England was executed in 1649 the minister, Alexander Gregory, wrote on behalf of the gentry in the parish register, "O England what did'st thou do, the 30th of this month". | 1 | 11,858.69312 |
20231101.en_159168_16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester | Cirencester | At the end of the English Civil War, King Charles II spent the night of 11 September 1651 in Cirencester, during his escape after the Battle of Worcester on his way to France. | 0.5 | 11,858.69312 |
20231101.en_159168_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester | Cirencester | At the end of the 18th century, Cirencester was a thriving market town, at the centre of a network of turnpike roads with easy access to markets for its produce of grain and wool. A local grammar school provided education for those who could afford it, and businesses thrived in the town, which was the major urban centre for the surrounding area. | 0.5 | 11,858.69312 |
20231101.en_159168_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester | Cirencester | In 1789, the opening of the Cirencester Branch of the Thames and Severn Canal provided access to markets further afield, by way of a link through the River Thames. In 1841, a branch railway line was opened to Kemble to provide a link to the Great Western Railway at Swindon. The Midland and South Western Junction Railway opened a station at Watermoor in 1883. Cirencester thus was served by two railway lines until the 1960s. | 0.5 | 11,858.69312 |
20231101.en_159168_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester | Cirencester | The loss of the canal and the direct rail link encouraged dependency on road transport. An inner ring road system was completed in 1975 in an attempt to reduce congestion in the town centre, which has since been augmented by an outer bypass with the expansion of the A417 road. Coaches depart from London Road for Victoria Bus Station in central London and Heathrow Airport, taking advantage of the M4 Motorway. Kemble Station to the west of the town, distinguished by a sheltered garden, is served by fast trains from Paddington station via Swindon. | 0.5 | 11,858.69312 |
20231101.en_1488463_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Agroforestry | Growing space for medicinal plants e.g., in situations where people have limited access to mainstream medicines | 0.5 | 11,857.604055 |
20231101.en_1488463_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Agroforestry | According to FAO's The State of the World’s Forests 2020, adopting agroforestry and sustainable production practices, restoring the productivity of degraded agricultural lands, embracing healthier diets and reducing food loss and waste are all actions that urgently need to be scaled up. Agribusinesses must meet their commitments to deforestation-free commodity chains and companies that have not made zero-deforestation commitments should do so. | 0.5 | 11,857.604055 |
20231101.en_1488463_15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Agroforestry | Carbon sequestration is an important ecosystem service. Agroforestry practices can increase carbon stocks in soil and woody biomass. Trees in agroforestry systems, like in new forests, can recapture some of the carbon that was lost by cutting existing forests. They also provide additional food and products. The rotation age and the use of the resulting products are important factors controlling the amount of carbon sequestered. Agroforests can reduce pressure on primary forests by providing forest products. | 0.5 | 11,857.604055 |
20231101.en_1488463_16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Agroforestry | Agroforestry can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation along with adaptation benefits. A case study in Kenya found that the adoption of agroforestry drove carbon storage and increased livelihoods simultaneously among small-scale farmers. In this case, maintaining the diversity of tree species, especially land use and farm size are important factors. | 0.5 | 11,857.604055 |
20231101.en_1488463_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Agroforestry | Especially in recent years, poor smallholder farmers turned to agroforestry as a means to adapt to climate change. A study from the CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) found from a survey of over 700 households in East Africa that at least 50% of those households had begun planting trees in a change from earlier practices. The trees were planted with fruit, tea, coffee, oil, fodder and medicinal products in addition to their usual harvest. Agroforestry was one of the most widespread adaptation strategies, along with the use of improved crop varieties and intercropping. | 1 | 11,857.604055 |
20231101.en_1488463_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Agroforestry | Research with Faidherbia albida in Zambia showed maximum maize yields of 4.0 tonnes per hectare using fertilizer and inter-cropped with these trees at densities of 25 to 100 trees per hectare, compared to average maize yields in Zimbabwe of 1.1 tonnes per hectare. | 0.5 | 11,857.604055 |
20231101.en_1488463_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Agroforestry | A well-studied example of an agroforestry hillside system is the Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) in Lempira Department, Honduras. This region was historically used for slash-and-burn subsistence agriculture. Due to heavy seasonal floods, the exposed soil was washed away, leaving infertile barren soil exposed to the dry season. Farmed hillside sites had to be abandoned after a few years and new forest was burned. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) helped introduce a system incorporating local knowledge consisting of the following steps: | 0.5 | 11,857.604055 |
20231101.en_1488463_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Agroforestry | Thin and prune Hillside secondary forest, leaving individual beneficial trees, especially nitrogen-fixing trees. They help reduce soil erosion, maintain soil moisture, provide shade and provide an input of nitrogen-rich organic matter in the form of litter. | 0.5 | 11,857.604055 |
20231101.en_1488463_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry | Agroforestry | Harvest from the dried plant and plant beans. The maize stalks provide an ideal structure for the climbing bean plants. Bean is a nitrogen-fixing plant and therefore helps introduce more nitrogen. | 0.5 | 11,857.604055 |
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