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William St. John Glenn (1904–1974) was an Irish-British illustrator, painter and comics artist.
Early years
He was born in Belfast and at sixteen he had his first drawing reproduced in Ireland's Saturday Night. This early success prompted him to seek a career in art. To gain experience, in 1919, he entered the Artists' Department in a small publishing house, Graham & Heslip Ltd., and for over five years illustrated countless booklets, and did figure sketches in black and white and colour.
1926–1936 – The Belfast Telegraph and "Oscar"
In May 1926, at the age of 21, Glenn saw his own strip cartoon called "Oscar" appear daily in the Belfast Telegraph. "Oscar" featured a little man with a long nose who wore the baggy trousers of the period known as Oxford bags. In August the Belfast Telegraph appointed him to its editorial staff. The same year, at a Halloween party, he met his future wife, Dorothea, and soon his strip cartoon character "Oscar" had a glamorous wife inspired by the real person. "Oscar" was subsequently syndicated in South Africa and Australia. While with the Belfast Telegraph Glenn became a member of the Institute of Journalists, and wrote his own column on topical subjects under the pseudonym "The Gay Philosopher". He also had the opportunity to be involved in experimental press photography.
The Ulster Academy of Art
In 1931, Glenn was elected a member of the Ulster Academy of Art and on 23 January 1936 elected a full Academician and Vice-President. In 1931 the first exhibition of the Ulster Academy of Art was opened in the Municipal Art Gallery, Belfast. Glenn exhibited two watercolours and over the coming five years he exhibited mainly watercolours and oil paintings. His subjects varied from portraits and landscapes to markets, a printing press and Gipsy scenes. He also exhibited in the Royal Hibernian Academy exhibition in Dublin in 1936. He was happy to talk to community groups about his work and enjoyed organising the annual Ulster Arts Ball. He was elected a Member of the Order of Honorary Academicians of the Royal Ulster Academy on 12 January 1968, which entitled him to use the letters R.U.A. after his name.
Dublin Opinion and "Ballyscunnion"
Dublin Opinion was a humorous monthly magazine established in the early days of the Irish Republic and William St. J. Glenn was contributing cartoons from 1928, signed "W. St John." Over the next forty years he contributed cartoons often portraying glamorous, sophisticated young men and women, but alongside these, from 1938 he produced a full page scraperboard drawing of country folk in a mythical village called "Ballyscunnion". "It was an encapsulation of every village and villager of the time with all their idiosyncrasies and all their foibles." So wrote Pat Donlon.
In drawing "Ballyscunnion" Glenn used a scraperboard covered in white china that could be inked black and scratched, giving an effect rather like a woodcut. "Rarely can the medium have been more brilliantly used," said Charles E. Kelly, the editor of Dublin Opinion.
"Dorothea" 1936–1939
On Monday 31 August 1936 the Daily Mail announced a new comic strip that would run daily and start the next day. It was called "Dorothea" and featured an attractive young woman inspired by Glenn's wife of the same name. He started supplying the Daily Mail with the "Dorothea" strip while still with the Belfast Telegraph, but when the Daily Mail was sure of the success of "Dorothea", he and his family moved to London. Within six months Glenn joined the staff of the Daily Mail. The "Dorothea" strip attracted favourable attention from the art world for its experimental layout and from women readers for the fashionable style of clothing. It continued until the growing threat of war forced major changes in newspapers in the Spring of 1939. "Dorothea" was syndicated to The Friend in South Africa in 1937 and also appeared in Australia.
During the next year Glenn stayed in London freelancing cartoons and illustrating articles for many London newspapers and magazines. Then after recovering from major surgery for a brain tumour in 1940, he joined the Ministry of Information, working in the photographs and pictures division until 1945.
September 1945 – Back to the Daily Mail
Glenn returned to the Daily Mail as Features Editor. He initiated the Strip Cartoons Department and commissioned artists and photographers He continued as an artist, contributing illustrations to The Daily Mail Annual for Boys and Girls and designing covers for the Teddy Tail Annuals. 1951 brought new worries. After another brain operation, Glenn returned to the Daily Mail to draw "Teddy Tail" daily for the newspaper until it stopped appearing in December 1960. The Daily Mail also introduced a "Blue Spot" Annual of Children's Favourite Stories. There were three different editions of the "Blue Spot Annuals". Glenn designed the outside covers for all three and illustrated stories in each book.
Retiring from the Daily Mail after more brain surgery in 1961, Glenn devoted some of his leisure to helping the Chelsea Cine Club, and writing articles on Chelsea's riverside illustrated by photos.
“Ballyscunnion" Exhibition 1970.
There was an exhibition of original "Ballyscunnion" scraperboard drawings in the Irish Club, Eaton Square, London. Sir Charles Petrie, the military historian, opened the exhibition, and the editor of Dublin Opinion, Charles E. Kelly, flew over from Ireland to be there. He suggested the collection should find a home in the National Gallery in Dublin because "I am sure the like of this will not be seen again."
William St. John Glenn died in hospital in Chelsea in June 1974.
References
External links
Ballyscunnion Website
William St. John Glenn Website
Ballyscunnion Drawings etc
Lambiek Comiclopedia article
1974 deaths
1904 births
20th-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
Artists from Belfast
Cartoonists from Northern Ireland
Irish comics artists
Irish comics writers
Irish cartoonists
Painters from Northern Ireland
Members of the Royal Ulster Academy
20th-century Irish male artists
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{'title': 'William St. John Glenn', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20St.%20John%20Glenn', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Delaware is a town in Nowata County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 267 at the 2020 census, a decline of 35.9 percent from the figure of 417 recorded in 2010. The town is named for the Eastern Delaware tribe that moved into this area from Kansas after signing a treaty with the Cherokee Nation in 1867.
Geography
Delaware is on rolling prairie just west of the Verdigris River.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.
History
In 1889, the Kansas and Arkansas Valley Railroad built a line through this area. It constructed a switch at the present townsite, which it named Comana Switch. A small community sprung up here, which soon became known as Delaware. The name became permanent when a post office was established by that name on March 19, 1898.
Discovery of oil nearby in 1904 briefly turned Delaware into a boom town with four thousand residents. However, the bubble burst and the population quickly fell to 108 by November, 1907. The population has fluctuated since then, though generally declining from an official high of 804 in 1920.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 456 people, 171 households, and 129 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 194 housing units at an average density of 514.6 per square mile (197.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 73.25% White, 21.93% Native American, 0.44% from other races, and 4.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.66% of the population.
There were 171 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $28,167, and the median income for a family was $31,071. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,099. About 9.7% of families and 18.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.7% of those under age 18 and 22.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Towns in Nowata County, Oklahoma
Towns in Oklahoma
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{'title': 'Delaware, Oklahoma', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware%2C%20Oklahoma', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Thadlaskein Lake, also Pung Sajar Nangli, is man-made historical Lake in Meghalaya, India. It is located beside National Highway 6 by the side of a small village called Mukhla village which falls under West Jaintia Hills district Jowai. It is about from the city of Shillong.
According to a tale about the existence of this lake is related to a young leader of the medieval time named Sajar Nangli and his followers who once gathered together at a certain location to rest after their long day's journey. They began digging the ground on which they were sitting and resting upon with their bows and arrows edges and eventually it soon turned into a beautiful lake which is famous till today one of a huge lake in Meghalaya. Therefore, Thadlaskein Lake was named after his legacy.
The lake is a popular picnic spot. The lake was regarded as a sacred lake which is being revered by the people of Raid Mukhla who continued to offer sacrifices near the Lake and also was worshiped by a belonging community called Niamtre (a tribal religion in Meghalaya). The sacrifices was made once in a hundred years and was practiced by the Lyngdoh (a local indigenous priest) of the Niamtre community.
References
Further reading
Lamare, Shobhan N. (2005). The Jaintias: Studies in Society and Change.
Folktales are Stories to give Meaning to Natural Phenomenon
Hinduism and Nature
Lakes of Meghalaya
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{'title': 'Thadlaskein Lake', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thadlaskein%20Lake', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Events from the year 1945 in France.
Incumbents
Chairman of the Provisional Government (also Prime Minister): Charles de Gaulle
Events
1 January? – Jean-Paul Sartre refuses the Legion of Honour.
6 February – Writer Robert Brasillach executed for collaboration with the Germans.
9 March – Japanese overthrow the Vichy French Decoux Government in Vietnam.
2 May – Colette is the first woman to be admitted to the Académie Goncourt.
7 May – General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Rheims, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document will take effect the next day.
8 May – World War II ends in Europe.
8–29 May – In Algeria, French troops kill an estimated 6,000 Algerian citizens in the Sétif massacre.
23 July – Marshal Philippe Pétain, who headed the Vichy government during World War II, goes on trial, charged with treason.
31 July – Pierre Laval, fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.
19–30 August – Việt Minh under Hồ Chí Minh carry out the August Revolution in Vietnam.
October – École nationale d'administration established.
15 October – Former premier of Vichy France, Pierre Laval, is executed by firing squad for treason.
21 October – Legislative Election held. Women are allowed to vote for the first time.
13 November – Charles de Gaulle elected head of a French provisional government.
2 December – French banks (Banque de France, BNCI, CNEP, Crédit Lyonnais, and Société Générale) nationalized.
21 December – André Malraux is appointed minister of information by de Gaulle.
Duralex glass tableware manufacturers established in La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin.
La tennis Bensimon business is founded.
Births
22 January – Jean-Pierre Nicolas, racing driver and manager
17 February – Bernard Rapp, film director and television news presenter (died 2006)
4 April – Daniel Cohn-Bendit, political activist and politician
7 April – Joël Robuchon, chef (died 2018)
15 April – Christian Bergelin, politician (died 2008)
15 June – Françoise Chandernagor, writer
20 June – Jean-Claude Izzo, poet, playwright, screenwriter and novelist (died 2000)
30 July – Patrick Modiano, novelist, Nobel laureate
12 August – Jean Nouvel, architect
27 August – Catherine Leroy, photojournalist and photographer (died 2006)
12 October – Aurore Clément, actress
13 October – Christophe (Daniel Bevilacqua), singer-songwriter (died 2020)
16 October – Pascal Sevran, television presenter and author (died 2008)
28 October – François-Xavier Verschave, a founder of NGO Survie (died 2005)
Deaths
5 February -
Denise Bloch, heroine of World War II (born 1916)
Lilian Rolfe, heroine of World War II (born 1914)
Violette Szabo, World War II Allied secret agent (born 1921)
6 February – Robert Brasillach, author, executed for collaboration (born 1909)
23 March – Elisabeth de Rothschild, World War II heroine (born 1902)
30 March – Élise Rivet, nun and World War II heroine (born 1890)
8 June – Robert Desnos, surrealist poet (born 1900)
20 July – Paul Valéry, poet, essayist and philosopher (born 1871)
8 August – Le Pétomane (Joseph Pujol), flatulist (born 1857)
15 October – Pierre Laval, politician and Prime Minister, executed (born 1883)
26 October – Paul Pelliot, sinologist and explorer (born 1878)
See also
List of French films of 1945
References
1940s in France
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{'title': '1945 in France', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20in%20France', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene. Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neurotrophic factors, which regulate the survival and function of neurons. Neurturin’s role as a growth factor places it in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) subfamily along with its homologs persephin, artemin, and GDNF. It shares a 42% similarity in amino acid sequence with mature GDNF. It is also considered a trophic factor and critical in the development and growth of neurons in the brain. Neurotrophic factors like neurturin have been tested in several clinical trial settings for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Parkinson's disease.
Function
Neurturin is encoded for by the NRTN gene located on chromosome 19 in humans and has been shown to promote potent effects on survival and function of developing and mature midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DA) in vitro. In vivo the direct administration of neurturin into substantia nigra of mice models also shows mature DA neuron protection. In addition, neurturin has also been shown to support the survival of several other neurons including sympathetic and sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. Knockout mice have shown that neurturin does not appear essential for survival. However, evidence shows retarded growth of enteric, sensory and parasympathetic neurons in mice upon the removal of neurturin receptors.
Mechanism of activation
Neurturin signaling is mediated by the activation of a multi-component receptor system including the ret tyrosine kinase (RET), a cell-surface bound GDNF family receptor-α (GFRα) protein, and a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein. Neurturin preferentially binds to the GFRα2 co-receptor. Upon assembly of the complex, specific tyrosine residues are phosphorylated within two molecules of RET that are brought together to initiate signal transduction and the MAP kinase signaling pathway.
Interactions
Neurturin has been shown to upregulate B1 (bradykinin) receptors in neurons of mice, indicating a possible influence on pain and inflammation pathways. In addition knockout mice have shown that in the absence of neurturin an increased acetylcholine response is observed. The exact role and function of neurturin in multiple signaling pathways is widely unknown.
Role in disease
The most studied is neurturin’s role in neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's, where several rat studies have implicated neurturin’s role in rescuing neurons. However, these results have never been observed in humans. Hirschsprung disease, a autosomal dominant genetic disorder, is characterized by complete absence of neuronal ganglion cells from the intestinal tract. Previous studies indicate a role of NRTN gene mutations in the disease. One study showed evidence that a mutation in the NRTN gene was not enough alone to cause onset of the disease, however when coupled with a mutation in the RET gene, disease was present in family members as well as the individual. A more recent study showed NRTN variants present in individuals with Hirschsprung disease. However, RET associated mutations were not found and in one variant, RET phosphorylation levels were reduced, which has the potential to have downstream effects on the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal crests. Also, high levels of expression of neurturin were found to be associated with nephroblastoma indicating the possible that the growth factor could be influencing differentiation. Lastly, a study also associated neurturin deficiency in mice with keratoconjunctivitis and dry eye.
Therapeutic potential
Evidence showing neurturin’s role in neuron survival and management has made it a popular candidate for the potential treatment or reversal of neurodegeneration. In addition, mice models have shown the dying neurons exposed to trophic factors can be rescued. Neurturin is an example of a trophic factor that is difficult to utilize clinically because of its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier of the CNS (central nervous system). Ceregene sponsored a double-blind phase II clinical trial of CERE-120, a viral vector mediated gene transfer drug that allows for the continuous delivery of neurturin to the nigrostratial system. The hope was to reverse damaged and diseased tissue in Parkinson's patients and overall slow the progression of the disease. However, results were inconclusive and showed that while the drug appears to be relatively safe, there was no statistically significant data supporting the improvement of motor function or neuronal health. Neurturin’s therapeutic potential is unknown and future studies aim to improve delivery of the drug.
References
External links
Biomolecules
TGFβ domain
Neurotrophic factors
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{'title': 'Neurturin', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurturin', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Jhelum River (/dʒʰeːləm/) is a river in the northern Indian subcontinent. It originates at Verinag and flows through the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir, into the Pakistani-administered territory of Kashmir, then the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is the westernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region, and flows through the Kashmir Valley. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about .
Etymology
, a Pakistani author, recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as:Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum. One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing beside the city) which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas.
The Sanskrit name for the river is Vitástā, derived from an apocryphal legend regarding the origin of the river in the Nilamata Purana. The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river, Vyath.
History
The river Jhelum was called Hydaspes () by the ancient Greeks.
Alexander the Great and his army crossed the Jhelum in BC 326 at the Battle of the Hydaspes River, where he defeated an Indian king, Porus. According to Arrian (Anabasis, 29), he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named Bukephala (or Bucephala) to honour his famous horse Bucephalus, buried in Jalalpur Sharif. It is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum. According to Gujrat district historian Mansoor Behzad Butt, Bukephalus was buried in Jalalpur Sharif, but the people of Mandi Bahauddin, a district close to Jehlum, believed that their tehsil Phalia was named after Alexander's dead horse, saying that the name Phalia was a distortion of Bucephala.
The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is working on a hydropower project on a tributary of Jhelum river to establish first-use rights on the river water over Pakistan as per the Indus Waters Treaty.
Mythology
The ancient Greeks regarded the river as a god, as they did most mountains and streams. The poet Nonnus in the Dionysiaca calls the Hydaspes a titan-descended god, the son of the sea-god Thaumas and the cloud-goddess Elektra, the brother of Iris, goddess of the rainbow, and half-brother to the harpies, the snatching winds. Since the river is in a foreign country, it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river.
According to the Nilmata Purana, Hindu goddess Parvati was requested by the sage Kasyapa to come to Kashmir to purify the land from the evil practices and impurities of the Pisachas living there. Parvati then assumed the form of a river in the netherworld. Then Lord Shiva struck with his spear near the abode of Nila, (Verinag spring). With that stroke of the spear, Parvati came out of the netherworld. Shiva himself named her Vitasta. He had excavated with the spear a ditch measuring one vitasti, through which the river, gone to the netherworld, came out, so he gave her the name Vitástā.
Course
The river Jhelum rises from Verinag spring at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the southeastern Kashmir Valley administered by India. It is joined by its tributaries
Lidder River near village Mirgund at Khanabal
Veshaw River at Sangam in Anantnag
Sind River at Shadipora
Pohru River at Doabgah in Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir.
It flows through Srinagar and Wular Lake before entering Pakistan-administered Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge. The Neelum River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it at Domel, Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of Kaghan Valley. It is then joined by the Poonch River, and flows into the Mangla Dam reservoir in the Mirpur District. The Jhelum enters Pakistani Punjab in the Jhelum District. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Jech and Sindh Sagar Doabs. It ends in a confluence with the Chenab River at Trimmu in the Jhang District. The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River, which joins the Indus River at Mithankot.
Most of the villages and important cities of Kashmir valley are situated on the banks of Jhelum.
Lakes
Dams and barrages
The river has rich power generation potential in India. Water control structures are being built as a result of the Indus Basin Project, including the following:
Mangla Dam, completed in 1967, is one of the largest earth-fill dams in the world, with a storage capacity of
Karot Hydropower Project is an under-construction concrete-core rockfill gravity large dam in Pakistan, with a planned installed capacity of 720 MW.
Rasul Barrage, constructed in 1967, has a maximum flow of 850,000 ft³/s (24,000 m³/s).
Trimmu Barrage, constructed in 1939 some 20 km from Jhang Sadar at the confluence with the Chenab, has maximum discharge capacity of 645,000 ft³/s (18,000 m³/s).
Haranpur (Victoria Bridge) Constructed in 1933 Approximate 5 km from Malakwal near Chak Nizam village. Its length is 1 km, mainly used by Pakistan Railways, but there is a passage for light vehicles, motorcycles, cycles and pedestrians on one side.
Uri Dam with 480 MW Hydroelectric station is located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir.
Uri Dam II with 240 MW HYdro electric station is also located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir.
Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant with 330 MW Hydroelectric station is located in Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir.
Canals
Canals in and around the city of Srinagar.
The Upper Jhelum Canal runs from Mangla Dam to the Chenab.
The Rasul-Qadirabad Link Canal (Pakistan)|Chashma]]-Jhelum Link Canal runs from the Chashma Barrage on the Indus River to the Jhelum river downstream of Rasul Barrage. This is from Mari Shah Sakhira town.
Gallery
See also
Notes
References
External links
Livius.org pictures of the Hydaspes
Potamoi
Rivers of India
Rivers of Pakistan
Rivers of Azad Kashmir
Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir
Tributaries of the Indus River
International rivers of Asia
Jhelum
Jhelum District
Rigvedic rivers
Rivers in Buddhism
Rivers of Punjab (Pakistan)
pa:ਜੇਹਲਮ
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{'title': 'Jhelum River', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum%20River', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Coolnamunna is a townland in the historical barony of Ormond Upper, County Tipperary, Ireland.
Location
Coolnamunna townland is located to the west of Cloughjordan, south of the R490 road to Borrisokane.
Structures of note
The ruins of Garraun church are listed as being of architectural, historical and social interest as this was the first Catholic Church built in the Cloughjordan area. The land that the church was built on was provided by the Kennedy family of the nearby Coolmanunna House. The church fell in to disrepair once the church of Saints Michael and John was constructed on the Templemore Road in Cloughjordan around 1898.
Coolmanunna House, a detached five-bay home with two-stories over a basement was built by the Kennedy family about 1820. The distinctive gate posts feature wrought-iron railings with cut stone piers. The house is listed as being of architectural and historical interest. There is also a ruined gate lodge at the roadside.
References
Townlands of County Tipperary
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{'title': 'Coolnamunna', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolnamunna', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum is a museum of carpentry tools in Kobe, Japan. The museum was opened in 1984 with the objective of collecting and conserving ancient tools as an example of Japanese cultural heritage, in order to pass them on to the next generation through research and exhibitions.
More than 30,500 pieces of materials have been collected so far, and the museum has held exhibitions, lectures, seminars, classes outside of the museum, and workshops on the people who make use of the tools, as well as the resulting architecture and the culture of wood that surrounds it.
The project was designed and constructed by the Takenaka Corporation in collaboration with skilled woodworkers.
References
Further reading
John Adamson, "Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum - Japan", Furniture & Cabinetmaking, issue 234, August 2015, ISSN 1365-4292, pp. 16–20
Azby Brown, The Genius of Japanese Carpentry : An Account of a Temple's Construction, 1989, Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International,
William Howard Coaldrake, The Way of the Carpenter: Tools and Japanese Architecture, 1990, Weatherhill,
Jens H. Jensen, "Holy Tools: A shrine to the craft and kit of Japanese carpentry rises in Kobe", Wallpaper, January 2015, pp. 66–70
Teijirō Muramatsu; Takenaka Daiku Dōgukan, Traditional European Woodworking Tools [Yōroppa no dentō mokkōgu], 1992, Kobe, Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum,
Toshio Odate, Japanese Woodworking Tools: Their Tradition, Spirit, and Use, 1998, Linden Publishing; reprint edition,
Museums in Kobe
Woodworking tools
Carpentry tools
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{'title': 'Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takenaka%20Carpentry%20Tools%20Museum', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Hall's babbler (Pomatostomus halli) is a small species of bird in the family Pomatostomidae most commonly found in dry Acacia scrubland of interior regions of eastern Australia.<ref name ="Higgins">Higgins, P., & Peter, J. (2003) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (Vol. 6). Melbourne, Australia.: Oxford University Press</ref> Superficially similar to the white-browed babbler this species was only recognised during the 1960s, which makes it a comparatively recent discovery. The bird is named after the Australian-born philanthropist Major Harold Wesley Hall, who funded a series of expeditions to collect specimens for the British Museum, during which the first specimens of Hall's babbler were collected in southwestern Queensland in 1963.
Description
Hall's babbler is medium in size (19 cm-21 cm) and identified by its thick white eyebrows and a white 'bib' from chin to mid-breast which is sharply demarcated from the brown lower breast to belly. The tail feathers are tipped white, with the amount of white decreasing from the outermost to innermost feather, where most birds lack white tips on the central pair of feathers; this pattern creates distinctive white 'corners' to the fanned tail which is conspicuous in flight. The legs and feet are dark grey. The bill is curved and the iris is dark brown. As with other species of Australo-Papuan babbler, Hall's babbler is usually observed in small groups. The species is sexually dimorphic and sexually monochromatic. Juveniles are distinguishable from adults for only a short time after fledging, when they have a shorter all-black and less curved bill and conspicuous yellow rictal flange and palate.
Identification
There are three other species of Australian babbler which are similar in appearance; The white-browed babbler (Pomatostomus superciliosus), the chestnut-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps) and the grey-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis).
The white-browed babbler (Pomatostomus superciliosus) is considered most similar because of its size; however, it can be distinguished by its thinner eyebrows and the lack of a sharp demarcation between the white breast and brown belly (which is diagnostic of Hall's babbler).
The chestnut-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps) has a distinctive chestnut crown, thinner eyebrows, and white tips to the wing coverts; it also lacks a sharp demarcation between the breast and belly.
The considerably larger grey-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis) also has thick white eyebrows, but has a distinctive grey crown and a large rufous patch in the spread wing.
Distribution and habitat
Hall's babbler is found in semi-arid and arid regions of eastern Australia and prefers tall Acacia-dominated shrub lands, usually mulga (Acacia aneura). Occasionally reports are made of sightings in other arid woodlands or arid shrub lands. It has been sighted as far north as Winton and Boulia, as west as McGregor and Grey Ranges, and south to Mootwingee and Brewarrina and east to Longreach – Idalia National Park – Cunnamulla.
Behaviour
Breeding
During the breeding season flocks can be seen reducing in numbers from groups of 15 individuals to pairs with one or more helpers. One of the pair incubates the eggs throughout their development. The domed nest is constructed from twigs and has a side entrance usually with a short and indistinct entrance tunnel. Commonly found in the outer branches of acacias and in the vertical forks of mulgas and Casuarina''. Groups are known to construct several nests, although only one is used for laying eggs. The remaining nests are used for roost sites overnight.
Feeding
The Hall's babbler is insectivorous and feeds mostly on insects but is also known to consume other invertebrates. They spend most of their time on the ground searching in bark and decomposing timber, occasionally turning over stones. Foraging can occur on the branches of trees if food is available. Flocks tend to stay together as they move between feeding grounds and will form a tight unit when searching an area. The name ‘babbler’ may have come from the constant communication between groups as they forage.
Voice
The calls consist of constant ‘clucks’ while foraging, and an alarm call which sounds more like a loud buzzing, usually resulting in flocks retreating to the cover of trees.
Status and conservation
Commonwealth status: not listed
State of New South Wales: vulnerable
State of Queensland: least concern
Threats include habitat loss through clearing, habitat degradation through pastoralism and potentially predation by foxes and cats.
Recovery recommendations include;
Reduce stock intensity or exclude grazing in some areas to allow vegetation to recover
Retention of grasslands, including the full cycle of grass development such as seed set and tussock formation
Retention of understory shrubs continuing to complete their life cycle
Prevent the clearing of habitat
Control foxes, feral cats, rabbits and feral goats
Other research
The Relationship of Habitat Quality to Group Size in Hall's Babbler
Morphology and Development of Nestling Grey-crowned and Hall's Babblers.
Cryptic differentiation and geographic variation in genetic diversity of Hall's Babbler.
References
Hall's babbler
Endemic birds of Australia
Birds of Queensland
Least concern biota of Oceania
Hall's babbler
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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You Are Everything is the seventh studio album by American actor and singer David Hasselhoff, released on November 22, 1993 by Ariola Records. On the album, Hasselhoff worked with a variety of producers and writers who replaced German producer Jack White, the main producer Hasselhoff worked with from 1988 to 1992. It marked the second time Hasselhoff write several songs for his own album, and the first since 1987. The album met with moderate success, reaching the top-ten in Austria, the top-twenty in Germany and the top-thirty in Switzerland.
Background and release
After working with German music producer Jack White, who produced Hasselhoff's output from 1988 to 1992, Hasselhoff decided to work with other producers and writers including Andreas Bärtels, Axel Kroell, Bruce Swedien, Dietmar Kawohl and Mark Holden. The album also featured Hasselhoff as one of the main songwriters on the album. This marked the second time he wrote several songs for his own album, and the first since his second album Lovin' Feelings (1987), in which Hasselhoff wrote the song "Por Ti".
The album was re-released that year under the title Miracle of Love in the United Kingdom, which was also the name of one of the tracks from the original You Are Everything album. This version didn't include the songs "Hot Shot City", "Sunday Dreaming", "Highway to Your Heart" and "Caribbean Partytime". Instead, it was included a new song, "Blame It On the Night".
The track "Until the Last Teardrop Falls" was featured on the American TV series Baywatch season 5 episode "The Runaways".
Promotion
To promote You Are Everything, Hasselhoff appeared on several TV shows across Europe, performing several singles from the album. Hasselhoff performed "Dance Dance d'Amour" at Flitterabend in Germany; "If I Could Only Say Goodbye" on his debut live performance at Top of the Pops in the United Kingdom; "Wir zwei allein" at Verstehen sie Spaß in Germany; "Hot Shot City" at Hitparade in Germany; "San Pedro's Children" at Club Dorothée in France; and "The Best is Yet to Come" at Glucksradgala in Germany. Additionally, Hasselhoff also toured across Germany in March 1994.
After the promotion of the album in Europe, on June 17, 1994, Hasselhoff was scheduled to perform a concert on pay-per-view from Atlantic City. The concert was expected to launch his singing career in the United States. However, on the night of the concert, O. J. Simpson was involved in his slow-speed chase in southern California. Viewership of the concert was significantly lower than expected due to the live coverage of the chase, and the event was ultimately a $1.5 million loss. Hasselhoff joked that "90 million people watched O. J. and three people watched me, including me and my mom and my dad".
Singles
The album's lead single, "Dance Dance d'Amour", failed to chart. The second single, "If I Could Only Say Goodbye" peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles chart, becoming his first chart entry in the United Kingdom. The third single was the German version of "A Star Looks Down Tonight", titled "Wir zwei allein" as a duet with German singer Gwen, which became the album's most successful single, reaching the top-ten in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. "The Best is Yet to Come" served at the fourth and final single from the album, however, it failed to chart.
Commercial performance
You Are Everything met with moderate success on the charts, but performed slightly better than Everybody Sunshine (1992). In Austria, the album peaked at number ten, spending 17 weeks on the chart, becoming Hasselhoff's fifth top-ten album in Austria. In Switzerland, the album peaked at number 27, spending only seven weeks on the chart. In Germany, the album peaked at number 20, spending ten weeks on the German charts.
You Are Everything was certified Gold in Austria and Switzerland.
Track listing
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Certifications
References
1993 albums
David Hasselhoff albums
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The Texas General Land Office (GLO) is a state agency of the U.S. state of Texas, responsible for managing lands and mineral rights properties that are owned by the state. The GLO also manages and contributes to the state's Permanent School Fund. The agency is headquartered in the Stephen F. Austin State Office Building in Downtown Austin.
Role and remit
The General Land Office's main role is to manage Texas's publicly owned lands, by negotiating and enforcing leases for the use of the land, and sometimes by making sales of public lands. Royalties and proceeds from land sales are added to the state's Permanent School Fund, which helps to fund public education within the state. The agency is also responsible for keeping records of land grants and titles and for issuing maps and surveys of public lands. The agency also manages federal disaster recovery grant funding.
Since 2011 the GLO has managed The Alamo in San Antonio. The management of the Alamo was transferred to the General Land Office after allegations of mismanagement were directed at the prior manager, the Daughters of the Republic of Texas.
History
The Congress of the Republic of Texas established the General Land Office on 22 December 1836 (making the GLO the oldest existing Texas public agency). The agency's constitutional purpose was to "superintend, execute, and perform all acts touching or respecting the public lands of Texas." Since its establishment the agency has been located in Austin, although a relocation to Houston was briefly attempted during the Texas Archive War. One former home of the GLO, the Old Land Office Building, is a registered historic place and now serves as the Texas State Capitol Visitor's Center.
When Texas was annexed into the United States in 1845, it kept control of all of its public lands from its time as a sovereign state. As a result, Texas is the only US state to control all of its own public lands; all federal lands in Texas were acquired by purchase (e.g. military bases) or donation (e.g. national parks).
Texas's public lands were significantly enlarged by the US Submerged Lands Act of 1953 and the resolution of the ensuing Tidelands Controversy. Because Texas's historical territorial waters originated with the Republic, the US Supreme Court ruled in 1960 that Texas was in the unique position of owning territory out to three leagues (10.35 miles) from its coastline (significantly more than the three miles controlled by other coastal states). All of these lands (and the oil and gas deposits beneath them) are managed by the General Land Office.
Texas Land Commissioner
The head of the General Land Office is the Texas Land Commissioner, a statewide public official elected every four years. The current land commissioner is Dawn Buckingham, who was elected on 8 November 2022. She announced that she would seek her party's nomination to replace Bush as Land Commissioner.
See also
Permanent School Fund
References
External links
State agencies of Texas
Government agencies established in 1836
Land management in the United States
1836 establishments in the Republic of Texas
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Arthur Frank Bergmann (born February 8, 1953 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian rock singer-songwriter who was one of the key figures in Canadian punk rock in the late 1970s. Bergmann was made a member of the Order of Canada in 2021.
Punk bands
Bergmann began his musical career with an Abbotsford band called the Mount Lehman Grease Band. After Mount Lehman folded, he founded his own band, called the Notorious Smorg Brothers, which he stocked with a myriad of different support artists.
Bergmann was later the lead singer and songwriter for Vancouver punk stalwarts Young Canadians (formerly The K-Tels). Although the Young Canadians only recorded two independent EPs and a single before breaking up, their song "Hawaii" (co-written with Ross Carpenter) is one of the classic Canadian punk anthems. Although long out of print, the EPs, along with some unreleased live material, were reissued in 1995 as the album No Escape.
Solo career
In the 1980s, Bergmann played with Vancouver independent bands Los Popularos and Poisoned before the latter band signed to Duke Street Records in 1988. Due to confusion with the popular American band Poison which had marred the band's most recent tour, however, the label decided to bill the band's releases as solo albums by Bergmann.
He released his debut solo album, the John Cale-produced Crawl with Me, that year. He garnered a Juno Award nomination for Most Promising Male Vocalist at the Juno Awards of 1989, and James O'Mara and Kate Ryan were nominated for Best Music Video for Bergmann's "Our Little Secret".
1990's Sexual Roulette, produced by Chris Wardman, became Bergmann's mainstream breakthrough, spawning the rock radio hit "Bound for Vegas" and garnering him a deal with Polygram Records.
He followed up with a self-titled album on Polygram in 1991, again garnering significant radio airplay for the singles "Faithlessly Yours", "If She Could Sing" and "Message From Paul". In 1994 he collaborated with One Free Fall on a cover of Neil Young's "Prisoners of Rock and Roll" for the tribute album Borrowed Tunes, leading to a new deal with Sony Records for 1995's What Fresh Hell Is This?. That album won the Juno Award for Best Alternative Rock Album at the Juno Awards of 1996, but the album was not a strong performer on the charts and he was then dropped from the label. Bergmann quit the music business for a period following his release by Sony, performing sporadically between 1995 and 1998.
The 1998 Design Flaw, produced by Peter J. Moore and released on the independent label Other People's Music, was a reworking of tracks from his first three albums, plus a cover of Gram Parsons' "Sin City". The songs featured Bergmann on acoustic guitar, with backing by Chris Spedding on electric. Bergmann then released Vultura Freeway, a compilation of unreleased demo recordings from the early 1980s, in 2000, with liner notes from Pointed Sticks front man Nick Jones.
Following Vultura Freeway, however, Bergmann withdrew from the music business for several years, due to health difficulties with degenerative arthritis.
In 2009 Bergmann's bassist Ray Fulber compiled the CD Lost Art Bergmann, which featured early demo versions of most of the songs that appeared on the 1988 John Cale produced album. These demo recordings served as a tonic to many fans as they have a more guitar driven sound than the keyboard heavy Cale produced sessions.
On August 26, 2014, Bergmann released Songs for the Underclass through the independent label (weewerk).
On May 13, 2016, Bergmann released The Apostate, his first full-length album of new material since 1995.
On May 12, 2017, Bergmann released Remember Her Name, a remastered edition of his self-titled 1991 album.
On December 30, 2020, Bergmann was made a Member of the Order of Canada, for his "indelible contributions to the Canadian punk music scene, and for his thought-provoking discourse on social, gender and racial inequalities."
Film appearances
He has also appeared in two Bruce McDonald films, Highway 61 as Otto and Hard Core Logo as himself, and as a musician in Conjurer of Monikers. Additionally, he was featured in Bloodied but Unbowed, a film featured at the 2010 Vancouver Documentary Film Festival.
Discography
Crawl with Me (1988)
Sexual Roulette (1990)
Art Bergmann (1991)
What Fresh Hell Is This? (1995)
Design Flaw (1998)
Vultura Freeway (2000)
Lost Art Bergmann (2009)
Songs for the Underclass (2014)
The Apostate (2016)
Remember Her Name (2017)
Late Stage Empire Dementia (2021)
References
External links
Art Bergmann
1953 births
Living people
Musicians from Vancouver
Canadian punk rock singers
Canadian singer-songwriters
Canadian alternative rock musicians
Canadian Mennonites
20th-century Canadian male singers
Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year winners
21st-century Canadian male singers
Members of the Order of Canada
Mennonite musicians
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Valerie Lush (24 December 1918 – 14 May 2016) was a British actress who appeared in many British television programmes. She is best known for playing Auntie Flo in ...And Mother Makes Three (1971–1973) and ...And Mother Makes Five (1974–1975).
Biography
Lush was born in Hampstead, London, on 24 December 1918, the daughter of Charles Sidney Lush (1886–1967) and Evelyn Louise Masson (1892–1975). She married actor, and founder member of the Perth Theatre Company, Wilfred Bentley (1906–1989) in 1945.
She died on 14 May 2016 at the age of 97.
Selected filmography
Z-Cars (1970)
Budgie (TV Series) (1972)
Softly, Softly (1971 TV Series) (1972)
That'll Be the Day (1972)
...And Mother Makes Three (1971–1973)
Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series) (1974)
The Girls of Slender Means (1975)
...And Mother Makes Five (1974–1975)
The Ghosts of Motley Hall (1977)
Rumpole of the Bailey (1979)
Maybury (1981)
Crown Court (1984)
Bulman (1985)
Taggart (1985)
Brush Strokes (1986)
Miss Marple: Nemesis (1987)
Moondial (1988)
French Fields (1989–1991)
Lovejoy (1992)
Touching Evil (1997)
References
External links
British actresses
1918 births
2016 deaths
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Tytsjerk () is a village in Tytsjerksteradiel in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands. It had a population of 1,614 in January 2017.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1392 as Thiatzerckera, and means "the church of Tije (person)". Tytsjerk developed in the late middle ages. It had a road connection to Leeuwarden which resulted the construction of several estates.
The foundations of the church indicate that it already must have existed in the 13th century. The village itself is first mentioned in an ecclesiastical document from the year 1328. In 1720 the foundations of the contemporary church were laid.
The bronze church bell, which dates from 1608, was taken to Germany during World War II to be melted for the production of bullets and bombs, but was returned. This bell once hung in a separate belfry but found its place in the tower of the church itself already two centuries ago.
Tytsjerk was home to 344 people in 1840.
Bosk fan Ypey
Near the village park Vijversburg can be found, also known as the 'Bosk fan Ypey' or 'Bos van Ypey' (Forest of Ypey). This domain was earlier held by the rich families Looxma and Ypey. Later it became the property of the 'Op Toutenburg' Foundation. The park is laid out by the landscape architect .
Windmills
There are two windmills in the village, the Himriksmole and Lytse Geast.
Community
Population
1900 - 761
1910 - 828
1940 - 902
1954 - 829
1959 - 786
1964 - 954
1969 - 1255
1974 - 1435
2004 - 1400
2008 - 1539
Gallery
References
External links
Website Association for Village interests Tytsjerk
Foundation Vijversburg
Website Lytse Geast
Tytsjerksteradiel
Populated places in Friesland
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Elisabeth Luard née Longmore is a food writer, artist and broadcaster. She is Chair Emerita of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery.
She was born in 1942, shortly before her father Richard Longmore was killed in action as wing commander of CXX squadron while engaging U-539. Her mother, Millicent Baron, remarried a diplomat who took her to his postings in Uruguay, Spain and Mexico. She worked at the satirical magazine Private Eye where she met and married the proprietor, Nicholas Luard, in 1962. They had four children.
Publications
European Peasant Cookery (1986)
The Princess and the Pheasant (1987)
The Barricaded Larder (1988)
Family Life (1996)
My Life as a Wife (2008)
Still Life (2013)
The Flavours of Andalucia (2017)
Squirrel Pie
Classic French cooking
European festival food
Food of Spain and Portugal
Recipes & Ramblings
Seasonal European Dishes (1990, 2013)
A Cooks Year in a Welsh Farmhouse
References
External links
Elisabeth Luard – personal web site
Living people
British food writers
1941 births
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The Cebu North Bus Terminal (CNBT) is a bus station in Cebu City, Philippines operated by the Cebu Provincial Government which serves as a hub for buses servicing northern Cebu. CNBT was previously located in a lot owned by the Mandaue city government in Barangay Subangdaku which was under a lease agreement with Cebu City government, which in turn granted the Cebu Provincial Bus Operators Multi-purpose Cooperative, Inc. (CPBOMCI) the management of the terminal.
Location
The new Cebu North Bus Terminal is located on a site, at the corner of Sergio Osmeña Jr. Boulevard and Kaoshiung Street, which was previously used as an outdoor parking area for customers of SM City Cebu. It is situated across Bayfront Hotel Cebu and Cebu Daily News' office. Nearby landmarks include the Cebu International Port and Radisson Blu Cebu.
History
The old terminal's construction was part of the project components under the Metro Cebu Development Project Phase 2 (MCDP II) wherein the Regional Development Council for Region VII, through the Government of the Philippines, entered into a loan agreement with Japan's Official Development Assistance to fund the said project. Its construction was supposed to commence in January 1990 but was then moved to the early part of 1992. It was again delayed due to the bidding process and selection of consultants.
The construction eventually began in July 1993 and was completed by October 1994 with 24 bus lanes and 27 jeepney lanes. The construction period, which was planned to span for 18 months was reduced to 16 months. It was supposed to be a project for Mandaue but then Mayor Alfredo Ouano wanted to have the facility converted into a school. This in turn prompted then Cebu City Mayor Tomas Osmeña to offer a lease agreement in operating the terminal for a period of 25 years with an annual rent of million. The lease agreement between the two cities was signed on January 11, 1995. With the Cebu City Government leasing the site, it then entered into a memorandum of agreement with the Cebu Provincial Bus Operators Multi-purpose Cooperative, Inc. (CPBOMCI) to manage the terminal's operations for a period of 25 years. Despite the terminal's jeepney lanes, the number of jeepneys using it were below the initial target of 1,331. Only 70 jeepneys utilized the terminal in 2000.
In 2012, the Cebu Provincial Government, led by then Governor Gwendolyn Garcia, proposed that the province takeover the terminal's operations promising "better facilities" according to then Cebu Provincial Board Member Sun Shimura. This also meant that the Cebu City Government had to pay million to pre-terminate the contract. However, then Cebu City Administrator Jose Mari Poblete left the decision to the Mandaue city Government if it would be amenable in pre-terminating the contract. While the proposal was still on the table, a four-month study was done to improve the facility and its revenue generation.
As the lease agreement was about to expire in October 2020, Mandaue City Mayor Jonas Cortes in December 2019 decided not to renew the agreement to make way for the construction of government facilities in the said lot where the terminal is located. This prompted Cebu City Mayor Edgardo Labella to scout of a new location of the terminal among which was the Block 27 in North Reclamation Area.
On March 29, 2020, the terminal, along with the Cebu South Bus Terminal, was temporarily closed as Cebu City was placed under enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With Mandaue placed on enhanced community quarantine on May 16, 2020, the terminal was moved to Consolacion at Sta. Lucia Town Square and later, on August 11, 2020, to Tambayan Consolacion Food Park in Barangay Pitogo, Consolacion. The old terminal was also planned as an isolation facility catering to COVID-19 patients in the city.
In late September 2020, the Cebu Provincial Government announced that it was to takeover the operations of the new terminal to be situated inside the SM City Cebu compound with the lot granted by SM Prime Holdings Inc. for free for a period of two years. It was officially opened on October 12, 2020 and will start its full operations on October 15, 2020.
Services
Provincial
Bus
Metro Cebu Autobus – operates bus service to and from Maya Port in Daanbantayan via Bagay, Daanbantayan proper via Kawit, and Polambato Port in Bogo City.
Vallacar Transit – operates Ceres Liner and Sugbo Transit Express which services routes to destinations in northern Cebu, Bantayan Island, Camotes Island, Negros Island, and Leyte.
White Stallion Express - operates bus services to and from Daanbantayan, Medellin and Hagnaya Port in San Remigio.
Provincial buses which operate to and from Tuburan, Borbon, Sogod and Tabogon.
Provincial buses which operate to and from Catmon, Carmen, Danao City and Bogo City.
Intercity
Bus
MyBus - a public bus transportation operated by Metro Rapid Transit Services, Inc. (MRTSI), serves passengers coming the city going to Minglanilla, Talisay City, SM Seaside, Fuente Circle in Cebu City, Mandaue City up to Mactan–Cebu International Airport. It can accommodate up to 90 passengers including standing passengers.
References
Transportation in Cebu
Buildings and structures in Cebu City
Bus stations in the Philippines
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Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Bertie KSO (born Hoar, 3 July 1758 – 13 June 1825) was an English officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
His career began in the East Indies, where he served aboard the frigate with two fellow youths Horatio Nelson and Thomas Troubridge who he would remain in contact with as they each rose through the ranks in the navy. He eventually spent most of his youth serving in the West Indies and off the American coasts during the American War of Independence, seeing action in a number of battles with the French. He was a commander by the end of the war, but peace left him without a ship or promotion prospects. He married during the period of peace, taking the surname Bertie in accordance with his father-in-law's will, and also used his time ashore to carry out experiments that led to the introduction of lifebuoys to the navy. Returning to active service during the wars with revolutionary France, Bertie commanded a number of ships, often in the North Sea or the English Channel. His experience led to him being assigned to the expedition to the Baltic with Sir Hyde Parker and his old friend Horatio Nelson. Bertie was involved in the fierce fighting during the Battle of Copenhagen, and received Nelson's praise for his actions. This was the start of Bertie's long association with the Baltic, both as a captain, and after his promotion to rear-admiral. His good service led to a knighthood and an appointment to the Swedish Order of the Sword, but seriously weakened his health. He was obliged to resign his command in 1810, and went into retirement, dying in 1825.
Family and early life
Bertie was born Thomas Hoar on 3 July 1758 in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, the sixth child and fourth son of George Hoar, the Keeper of the Regalia of England at the Tower of London, and his wife Francis. His name was entered into the books of the yacht HMY William & Mary in March 1771, when he was just twelve years old, but this was only for seniority, and he spent his early life being educated, first at a navigation school in his native Stockton, followed by a move to London to attend Mr Eaton's academy, and then Christ's Hospital. He first went to sea in October 1773, joining the 24-gun under Captain George Farmer.
Also serving aboard the Seahorse as midshipman and able seaman respectively were the young Horatio Nelson and Thomas Troubridge. The three future admirals became good friends and would remain in correspondence with each other throughout their lives.
Hoar transferred to the 50-gun under Commodore Sir Edward Hughes on 27 June 1777 at the instigation of Hoar's patron, Lord Mulgrave, and returned to England on 14 May 1778. He was promoted to lieutenant on 21 May that year, and appointed to serve aboard the 74-gun under Joshua Rowley.
With Rowley, he was present at the Battle of Ushant on 27 July 1778, and in December moved with Rowley to the 74-gun .
Rowley and Hoar sailed to the West Indies to support operations there against the French fleets. Hoar saw action with Admiral John Byron's fleet at the Battle of Grenada on 6 July 1779, and then in two subsequent boat actions in December off Martinique. Hoar continued to serve under Rowley, accompanying him when he moved his flag to the 74-gun in March 1780.
With Rowley, Hoar saw action against the Comte d'Estaing at the Battle of Martinique on 17 April, and in two indecisive actions on 15 and 19 May. Rowley made Hoar his flag-lieutenant for his good service in July, and on 10 August 1782 Hoar was promoted to commander, and given command of the 16-gun sloop based at Port Royal. He remained in this position until the end of the war, at which his ship was paid off after her return to England in August 1783.
Interwar period and marriage
Hoar remained on half-pay at the rank of commander for the years between the end of the American War of Independence, and the start of the French Revolutionary Wars. He married during this time ashore, taking as his wife Catherine Dorothy Bertie, daughter of Peregrine Bertie. The couple were married at St Marylebone Parish Church on 20 May 1788, after which Hoar took the surname Bertie, in accordance with his father-in-law's will. Also in 1788 he carried out a series of experiments at Spithead, that led to the introduction of lifebuoys into the navy.
The Nootka Crisis in 1790 led to Bertie receiving his long delayed promotion to post-captain, on 22 November 1790. He received the command of but the easing of tensions led to her being paid off and Bertie was left without a ship. This continued even after the start of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, until September 1795, when he took command of the 54-gun with orders to serve in the West Indies.
Command
Bertie followed through on his orders, but while serving at Port-au-Prince in the West Indies he suffered a severe attack of yellow fever, and was invalided home in October 1796. He recovered his health and on 29 March 1797 he was appointed to command the 54-gun at Plymouth. He was part of the court that court-martialled Captain John Williamson for misconduct during the Battle of Camperdown, and afterwards received an appointment to command the 64-gun in the North Sea. Nelson wrote to congratulate Bertie, calling the Ardent 'the finest man-of-war upon her decks that ever I saw.' While in command of the Ardent he developed a slight alteration to the 42pdr carronades carried on her main deck. Bertie observed that if the chock were depressed by two inches, the gun could be worked and run out with a smaller number of people, while the recoil was reduced and the force of the shot increased. Bertie reported this to the Board of Ordnance, which subsequently adopted the modification for all the ships in the fleet.
North Sea and Baltic
Bertie spent the next few years in the North Sea and in blockading the Texel, initially under Admiral Adam Duncan until August 1799, and then Vice-Admiral Andrew Mitchell. After the surrender of the Dutch fleet to Mitchell in the Vlieter Incident on 30 August, Bertie was ordered to take possession of the 68-gun De Ruyter, and then to escort the rest of the prizes to the Nore, arriving there on 10 September. After the failure of the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, Bertie assisted in the evacuation and received the thanks of Parliament. He then took part in Vice-Admiral Archibald Dickson's expedition to Copenhagen in support of Lord Whitworth's diplomatic mission. Bertie returned to Copenhagen in 1801, with Sir Hyde Parker's expedition, and was detached to join his old friend Nelson's division for the attack on the city.
Bertie and the Ardent were duly engaged in the thick of the fighting, eventually suffering 29 killed and 64 wounded, with another 40 being slightly wounded but able to continue working. During the battle the Ardent forced the surrender of four Danish ships and floating batteries, causing Nelson to come aboard the Ardent the day after the battle to deliver his personal commendations to Ardents officers and men for their actions. On 9 April Parker moved Bertie to the 74-gun , replacing her captain, Thomas Boulden Thompson, who had lost a leg in the battle and was temporarily hors de combat. Bertie spent the next year serving in the Baltic, first under Nelson, and then under his successor, Sir Charles Pole.
Cadiz and West Indies
Bertie was sent home in July 1802 with a squadron under Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Graves, and went from there to Cadiz, via Cork, in order to blockade the Spanish fleet there. The Peace of Amiens led to his return to England again, but he was soon sent to sea again as part of Charles Tyler's squadron despatched to the West Indies. He returned to Britain in June, where the Bellona was paid off.
Resumption of war
The resumption of hostilities in 1803 led to Bertie taking command of the 74-gun on 3 November. The Courageaux became the flagship of Rear-Admiral James Richard Dacres, and in January Bertie attempted to organise a convoy to the West Indies. Soon after leaving Britain a gale blew up, causing considerable damage to the ship and forcing Bertie to return to Britain. Before he could return to sea, a sudden family crisis forced Bertie to resign his command, not returning to active service until December 1805. In that month he was given command of the 98-gun , commanding her in the English Channel. He was promoted to rear-admiral on 28 April 1808, and was requested to serve in the Baltic by Sir James Saumarez.
Flag rank and later life
He flew his flag initially from the 74-gun , followed by the 74-gun and the 64-gun . After a brief return to Britain in January 1809, he returned to the Baltic in March 1809 aboard the 64-gun , where he spent most of the year. He returned to Britain in December, and in February 1810 was obliged to strike his flag owing to his poor health. He was knighted on 24 June 1813 and authorised to accept the award of the Swedish Order of the Sword. He was advanced to a vice-admiral on 4 December 1813. He died at Twyford Lodge, Hampshire, the home of his brother, on 13 June 1825.
Notes
References
1758 births
1825 deaths
Royal Navy vice admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Knights Bachelor
People from Stockton-on-Tees
People educated at Christ's Hospital
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Knights of the Order of the Sword
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26th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery of the Union Army in the American Civil War. It was also known as Wilder's Battery
Service
The battery was organized in May 1861, but was not accepted for the service. Instead, the recruits were mustered in as Company A, 17th Indiana Infantry on June 12, 1861, but retained their status as artillery. The battery was detached from the 17th Indiana Infantry in mid-September 1861.
The battery was attached to Reynolds' Cheat Mountain District, West Virginia, to November 1861. Milroy's Command, Cheat Mountain, West Virginia, to March 1862. Milroy's Cheat Mountain Brigade, Department of the Mountains, to June 1862. Milroy's Independent Brigade, I Corps, Army of Virginia, to July 1862. Piatt's Brigade, Winchester, Virginia, to August 1862. Trimble's Brigade, White's Division, Winchester, Virginia, to September 1862. Miles' Command, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, September 1862. Camp Douglas, Illinois, and Indianapolis, Indiana, to March 1863. Central District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1863. Reserve Artillery, XXIII Corps, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, to July 1865.
The 26th Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out of service on July 19, 1865.
Detailed service
Left Indiana for Parkersburg, Virginia, July 2. Moved from Parkersburg, to Oakland July 23, 1861; then to Camp Pendleton and duty there until August 7. Moved to Cheat Mountain Pass and Elkwater August 7–13. Operations on Cheat Mountain September 11–17. Petersburg September 11–13. Cheat Mountain Pass September 12. Elkwater September 13. Greenbrier River October 3–4. Expedition to Camp Baldwin December 11–14. Allegheny Mountain December 13. Duty at Beverly until April 1862. Expedition on the Seneca April 1–12. Monterey April 12. Battle of McDowell May 8. Franklin May 10–12. Strasburg and Staunton Road June 1–2. Battle of Cross Keys June 8. Duty at Winchester until September 1. Defense of Harpers Ferry September 12–15. Bolivar Heights September 14. Surrendered September 15. Paroled and sent to Annapolis, Maryland, then to Camp Douglas, Illinois; duty there, at Camp Butler, Springfield, Illinois, and at Indianapolis, until March 1863. Left Indiana for Lexington, Kentucky, March 18. Duty in Central District of Kentucky until August. Operations against Pegram March 22-April 1. Action at Danville, Kentucky, March 24. Hickman's Heights March 28. Dutton's Hill, Monticello, May 1. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-September 17. Carter's Depot September 20–21. Jonesboro September 21. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Garrison duty at Knoxville until March 1865. Stoneman's Raid through eastern Tennessee into North Carolina March and April 1865. Duty at Greenville, Tennessee, until July.
Casualties
The battery lost a total of 13 men during service; 1 officer and 12 enlisted 6 men due to disease.
Commanders
Captain Silas F. Rigby
Captain Hubbard T. Thomas
See also
List of Indiana Civil War regiments
Indiana in the Civil War
Notes
References
Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
Attribution
Military units and formations established in 1861
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
Units and formations of the Union Army from Indiana
1861 establishments in Indiana
Artillery units and formations of the American Civil War
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{'title': '26th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th%20Independent%20Battery%20Indiana%20Light%20Artillery', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Saint Mungo Cup was a one-off football tournament held in Glasgow, Scotland, to celebrate the 1951 Festival of Britain. The competition was contested by fourteen 'Scottish Division A' clubs together with Clyde and Queens Park from 'Division B'. Celtic defeated Aberdeen 3–2 in the final in front of a crowd of 81,000 at Hampden Park.
Original format
The original format of the competition was to include the six Glasgow clubs, with the addition of Hibernian, Hearts, Aberdeen and Dundee.
Following protests on the behalf of club's that would excluded from the competition at a Scottish Football Association meeting, the proposed format was abandoned and the tournament format would be reconsidered.
Summary
On their road to the final, Celtic had beaten Heart of Midlothian 2–1, Clyde 4–2 in a replay the day after a 4–4 draw in the quarter-finals, and Raith Rovers 3–1 in the semi-finals. In the final, Aberdeen (who had eliminated Rangers, St Mirren and Hibernian) went two goals ahead with goals from Harry Yorston in 14 minutes (Celtic goalkeeper George Hunter was injured in the process, with Bobby Evans taking over between the posts for the next 12 minutes) and Tommy Bogan on 35 minutes after Hunter returned to the field. Charlie Tully changed the game in Celtic's favour in the second half, setting up two Sean Fallon goals and the winner, scored by Jimmy Walsh.
The Glasgow Corporation, who had organised the tournament along with the Glasgow Football Association and provided the cup (named after Glasgow's patron saint) as their donation to the Festival of Britain, were left red-faced when the triumphant players and manager Jimmy McGrory examined the trophy and discovered that it was decorated with ornate life belts and mermaids. It was revealed that the trophy was not in fact new but third-hand, having been made in 1894 as a yachting trophy, then been altered for a football competition in 1912 between Provan Gas Works and a City of Glasgow Police team. Celtic at first demanded a new trophy, but today the St Mungo Cup proudly takes its place in the Celtic Park trophy room.
There was also a tournament for clubs in the lower division, the St Mungo Quaich won by Dumbarton with a win over Ayr United in the final, and a series of friendly matches between Scottish and English clubs, five featuring Ayr United who lost each time.
Final
Teams
See also
1888 Glasgow Exhibition Cup, similar tournament in 1888
Glasgow International Exhibition Cup, similar tournament in 1901
Edinburgh Exhibition Cup, similar tournament in 1908
Empire Exhibition Trophy, similar tournament in 1938 (also featuring English clubs)
Coronation Cup (football), similar tournament in 1953 (also featuring English clubs)
References
Defunct football cup competitions in Scotland
1951–52 in Scottish football
Festival of Britain
Football in Glasgow
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A dry enema is an alternative technique for cleansing the human rectum either for reasons of health, or for sexual hygiene. It is accomplished by squirting a small amount of sterile lubricant into the rectum, resulting in a bowel movement more quickly and with less violence than can be achieved by an oral laxative.
It is called "dry" in contrast to the more usual wet enema, because no water is used.
Techniques
Suppositories
A rudimentary form of "dry" enema is the use of a non-medicated glycerin suppository. However, due to the relative hardiness of the suppositorynecessary for its insertion into the human bodybefore glycerin can act, it must be melted by the heat of the body, and hence it does not take effect for up to an hour. Often the hygroscopic glycerin irritates the sensitive membranes of the rectum resulting in forceful expulsion of the suppository without any laxative effects.
Lubrication injection
A quicker form of the dry enema utilizes the injection of a small amount of water-based lubricant such as KY Jelly into the rectum via a non-hypodermic syringe, such as an oral syringe, or from some other source. Then again since the glycerin itself is an effective producer of the desired contraction of the colonic muscles it is simplerand more easily controlledto introduce 5–10 cc of glycerin directly into the rectum. Specialist syringes are available for this purpose but are hard to find. An alternative is to use an enema nozzle which has an intake end which is compatible with a standard hypodermic syringe. This allows the immediate injection of the 5–10 cc required, and results can be expected in 2–4 minutes. Another alternative is to use a normal 5 or 10 cc syringe inserted directly into the anus. This needs to be done carefully to avoid scratching the anal passage. The passage should be lubricated with sorbolene cream or any water-based lubricant. Only a syringe with a Luer-slip should be used, not a Luer-lock tip (a syringe end molded to take a screw-on needle). Penetration is better performed by the patient to eliminate any pain. The patient should be encouraged to wait at least 15 minutes so that peristalsis can reach the full length of the rectum, but many will find this impossible and this treatment should therefore be applied only when the facilities to evacuate are nearby.
The usual amount of lubricant applied is about 2 tsp (10 cc), which will produce a movement in 30 minutes or less. The movement will be produced in a compact body, rather than in the more copious liquid form produced by a wet enema; and since no water is used, none will be retained higher up in the colon, to be expelled at a later, and possibly inconvenient, time.
A further advantage of this technique for sexual hygiene is that any slight remaining traces of fecal material willdue to the presence of the lubricanttend to adhere to the wall of the rectum rather than to any foreign object which may subsequently be inserted.
References
Sexual health
Laxatives
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is a railway station in the city of Yurihonjō, Akita Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third-sector railway operator Yuri Kōgen Railway.
Lines
Ayukawa Station is served by the Chōkai Sanroku Line, and is located 7.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Ugo-Honjō Station.
Station layout
the station has one side platform, serving one bi-directional track. The station is unattended.
Adjacent stations
History
Ayukawa Station opened on August 1, 1922, as a station on the Yokojō Railway, which became the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) Yashima Line on September 1, 1937. On that date, it was renamed . The JGR became the Japan National Railway (JNR) after World War II. The Yashima Line was privatized on 1 October 1985, becoming the Yuri Kōgen Railway Chōkai Sanroku Line, at which time the station reassumed its original name. A new station building was completed in December 2003.
Surrounding area
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
External links
Railway stations in Akita Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1922
Yurihonjō
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Plateau is an unincorporated community in Culberson County, Texas, United States located along the Toyah Subdivision of the Union Pacific Railroad and Interstate 10, west of Van Horn.
History
In the 1880s, a section house in Plateau was built for the Texas and Pacific Railroad which once passed through the site. A post office was established in 1907. In 1914, the community had an estimated population of 20 and a general store. The post office closed in 1916 after only 9 years of service, however the population continued to increase, reaching 50 inhabitants in the 1940s. By the 1960s, the population of Plateau dropped to only 4 residents, but then increased to 5 a few years later to where it remained at in the 1990 census. Plateau is now the site of the Plateau Truck Stop, which has a convenience store, truck and automobile gas stations, and a tire store.
References
Unincorporated communities in Culberson County, Texas
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Dennis P. Collins (June 12, 1924 – December 6, 2009) was an American Democratic party politician who served as the 24th mayor of Bayonne, New Jersey from 1974 until his retirement in 1990.
Biography
Born and raised in Bayonne, Collins attended St. Vincent De Paul grammar school and Holy Family Academy. He served in the United States Army for three years during World War II. Collins was elected to the Bayonne City Council in 1962, and served 12 years until being elected as mayor. His four terms in office make him the longest-serving mayor in Bayonne city history. Collins served as a Democratic elector from New Jersey in the 2000 Presidential election.
Legacy
Collins Park, the largest municipal park in Bayonne, is named in his honor. In 2007 the United States Congress named the city's Main Post Office in his honor.
References
2009 deaths
1924 births
Mayors of Bayonne, New Jersey
2000 United States presidential electors
20th-century American politicians
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This is a list of schools in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.
State-funded schools
Primary schools
Acre Heads Primary School, Anlaby Common
Airmyn Park Primary School, Airmyn
Aldbrough Primary School, Aldbrough
All Saints CE Infant Academy, Hessle
All Saints CE Junior Academy, Hessle
Anlaby Primary School, Anlaby
Bacon Garth Primary School, Cottingham
Barmby Moor CE Primary School, Barmby Moor
Barmby-on-the-Marsh Primary School, Barmby on the Marsh
Bay Primary School, Bridlington
Beeford CE Primary School, Beeford
Bempton Primary School, Bempton
Beswick and Watton CE Primary School, Beswick
Beverley Minster CE Primary School, Beverley
Beverley St Nicholas Community Primary School, Beverley
Bilton Community Primary School, Bilton
Bishop Wilton CE Primary School, Bishop Wilton
Boothferry Primary School, Boothferry
Boynton Primary School, Boynton
Brandesburton Primary School, Brandesburton
Brough Primary School, Brough
Bubwith Community Primary School, Bubwith
Bugthorpe CE Primary School, Bugthorpe
Burlington Infant School, Bridlington
Burlington Junior School, Bridlington
Burstwick Community Primary School, Burstwick
Burton Agnes CE Primary School, Burton Agnes
Burton Pidsea Primary School, Burton Pidsea
Cherry Burton CE Primary School, Cherry Burton
Cowick CE Primary School, East Cowick
Croxby Primary School, Cottingham
Driffield CE Infant School, Driffield
Driffield Junior School, Driffield
Dunswell Primary School, Dunswell
Eastrington Primary School, Eastrington
Elloughton Primary School, Elloughton
Flamborough CE Primary School, Flamborough
Garton-on-the-Wolds CE Primary School, Garton on the Wolds
Gilberdyke Primary School, Gilberdyke
Hallgate Primary School, Cottingham
Hedon Primary School, Hedon
Hessle Penshurst Primary School, Hessle
Hilderthorpe Primary School, Bridlington
Holme-upon-Spalding Moor Primary School, Holme-on-Spalding-Moor
Hook CE Primary School, Hook
Hornsea Burton Primary School, Hornsea
Hornsea Community Primary School, Hornsea
Howden CE Infant School, Howden
Howden Junior School, Howden
Hunsley Primary, Brough
Hutton Cranswick Community Primary School, Hutton Cranswick
Inmans Primary School, Hedon
Keldmarsh Primary School, Beverley
Keyingham Primary School, Keyingham
Kilham CE Primary School, Kilham
Kingsway Primary School, Goole
Kirk Ella St Andrew's Community Primary School, Kirk Ella
Leconfield Primary School, Leconfield
Leven CE Primary School, Leven
Little Weighton Rowley CE Primary School, Little Weighton
Lockington CE Primary School, Lockington
Market Weighton Infant School, Market Weighton
Marshlands Primary School, Goole
Martongate Primary School, Bridlington
Melbourne Community Primary School, Melbourne
Middleton-on-the-Wolds CE Primary School, Middleton on the Wolds
Molescroft Primary School, Molescroft
Mount Pleasant CE Junior School, Market Weighton
Nafferton Primary School, Nafferton
New Pasture Lane Primary School, Bridlington
Newbald Primary School, North Newbald
Newport Primary School, Newport
North Cave CE Primary School, North Cave
North Ferriby CE Primary School, North Ferriby
North Frodingham Primary School, North Frodingham
Northfield Infant School, Driffield
Our Lady and St Peter RC Primary School, Bridlington
Parkside Primary School, Goole
Patrington CE Primary Academy, Patrington
Paull Primary School, Paull
Pocklington CE Infant School, Pocklington
Pocklington Junior School, Pocklington
Pollington-Balne CE Primary School, Pollington
Preston Primary School, Preston
Quay Academy, Bridlington
Rawcliffe Bridge Primary School, Rawcliffe Bridge
Rawcliffe Primary School, Rawcliffe
Reedness Primary School, Reedness
Riston CE Primary Academy, Long Riston
Roos CE Primary School, Roos
St John of Beverley RC Primary School, Beverley
St Joseph's RC Primary School, Goole
St Martin's CE Primary School, Fangfoss
St Mary and St Joseph RC Primary School, Pocklington
St Mary's CE Primary School, Beverley
St Mary's RC Primary School, Market Weighton
Sigglesthorne CE Primary Academy, Sigglesthorne
Skidby CE Primary School, Skidby
Skipsea Primary School, Skipsea
Skirlaugh CE Primary School, Skirlaugh
Sledmere CE Primary School, Sledmere
Snaith Primary School, Snaith
South Cave CE Primary School, South Cave
Springhead Primary School, Anlaby
Sproatley Endowed CE Academy, Sproatley
Stamford Bridge Primary School, Stamford Bridge
Sutton upon Derwent CE Primary School, Sutton upon Derwent
Swanland Primary School, Swanland
Swinefleet Primary School, Swinefleet
Swinemoor Primary School, Beverley
Thorngumbald Primary School, Thorngumbald
Tickton Primary School, Tickton
Walkington Primary School, Walkington
Warter CE Primary School, Warter
Wawne Primary School, Wawne
Welton Primary School, Welton
Westfield Primary School, Cottingham
Wetwang CE Primary School, Wetwang
Wilberfoss CE Primary School, Wilberfoss
Willerby Carr Lane Primary School, Willerby
Withernsea Primary School, Withernsea
Wold Newton Foundation School, Wold Newton
Woodmansey CE Primary School, Woodmansey
Secondary schools
Beverley Grammar School, Beverley
Beverley High School, Beverley
Bridlington School, Bridlington
Cottingham High School, Cottingham
Driffield School, Driffield
Goole Academy, Goole
Headlands School, Bridlington
Hessle High School, Hessle
Holderness Academy, Preston
Hornsea School and Language College, Hornsea
Howden School, Howden
Longcroft School, Beverley
The Market Weighton School, Market Weighton
The Snaith School, Snaith
South Hunsley School, Melton
Withernsea High School, Withernsea
Woldgate School and Sixth Form College, Pocklington
Wolfreton School, Willerby
Special and alternative schools
The Hub School, Anlaby Common
Kings Mill School, Driffield
Riverside Special School, Goole
St Anne's School, Welton
Further education
Bishop Burton College, Beverley
East Riding College, Beverley
Independent schools
Primary and preparatory schools
Hessle Mount School, Hessle
Senior and all-through schools
Pocklington School, Pocklington
Tranby School, Anlaby
Special and alternative schools
The Becklands, Market Weighton
Cambian Beverley School, Beverley
Horton House School, Wawne
Sycamore House School, Withernsea
References
East Riding of Yorkshire
Schools in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Lists of buildings and structures in the East Riding of Yorkshire
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{'title': 'List of schools in the East Riding of Yorkshire', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20in%20the%20East%20Riding%20of%20Yorkshire', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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José Caballero (11 June 1915 – 26 May 1991) was a Spanish painter.
He was one of the most varied artists (in technique, style and theme). His way of understanding painting during the surrounding the civil war showed little similarities during the period.
Career
At the end of the 1920s he met poet Adriano del Valle and in 1930, Daniel Vázquez Díaz, when he was painting frescoes in La Rábida monastery. He arrived in Madrid in 1931, but maintained his hometown ties, where that year he held his first individual exhibition in the Mercantile Circle.
In 1932, along with Federico García Lorca and others, he produced an exhibition of scandalous drawings in the Popular Ateneo that lasted for only one day. In 1933 Lorca invited him to La Barraca, where he created sets of drawings. He met Alberto Sánchez, Pablo Neruda, Rafael Alberti, Miguel Hernández, Maruja Mallo, Joaquín Torres García and Luis Buñuel. The latter introduced him to surrealism, showing him, for example, the collages of Max Ernst.
In 1935 Caballeros created three surrealist posters for his performance together with del Valle in the Ateneo of Sevilla and illustrated poems for Lorca and Neruda.
He contributed to magazines such as Cruz y Raya, Noreste, Línea, Caballo Verde para la poesía, (Green Horse for Poetry) etc. Less known was his participation in the first Drawing Fair (1935) of the Iberian Artist Society.
In 1937 he spent months at the battlefront producing drawings and maps. After the war he made surrealist illustrations filled with contents related to Catholicism in magazines such as Vértice or Santo y Seña convinced by Dionisio Ridruejo. In 1945 he participated in the III Salón de los Once (Eleven's Hall). Five years later, he was invited to the XXV edition of the Biennale Exhibition of Venice and held his first major individual exhibition in Madrid, in the Clan gallery.
However, neither of these tendencies continued, especially in the fifties, when he left the figurative arts and tried to unite geometric abstraction with the matter-like expressivity of informalism. The results varied but always represented his creative interests, who remained influential in the artistic environment of Madrid until his death.
He received Spain's National Award for Plastic Arts in 1984.
José Caballero's paintings are showcased at the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo in Madrid.
References
External links
Spanish painters, biographies
1915 births
1991 deaths
People from Huelva
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
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Sir Thomas Howard (1651–1701) was the only surviving son of Sir Robert Howard of Ashtead, Surrey.
He served as a Teller of the Exchequer from 1689 until his death, a post that provided him with a house at Westminster. He was Member of Parliament for Castle Rising from 1685 to 1689 and from 1698 until his death, his father having the seat before him and in the intervening period. He sat for Bletchingley in the two periods between sitting for Castle Rising.
He married Lady Diana, daughter of Francis Newport, 1st Earl of Bradford in 1683, by whom he had three sons and a daughter. Only one son survived him, dying the year after him aged 14. His daughter Diana married (in 1703) Edward Ward, 8th Baron Dudley and 3rd Baron Ward, who died in 1704, leaving her pregnant with a posthumous son, who succeeded his father in the Dudley estates, but died in 1731 without issue.
His grave in Ashtead church is by William Stanton.
References
David W Hayton, Eveline Cruickshanks, and Stuart Handley, The House of Commons, 1690-1715 (Cambridge University Press for History of Parliament Trust 2002), 408–9.
1651 births
1701 deaths
People from Ashtead
Thomas
English MPs 1685–1687
English MPs 1689–1690
English MPs 1690–1695
English MPs 1695–1698
English MPs 1698–1700
English MPs 1701
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{'title': 'Thomas Howard (1651–1701)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Howard%20%281651%E2%80%931701%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Harkness is a Scottish surname. Its etymology is probably from the Old English personal name Hereca (a derivative of the various compound names with the first element here army) plus the Old English næss headland, cape. The name is first recorded along the Cumbrian border (1350). By the 15th century they were firmly established in Nithsdale area of Dumfriesshire. James Harkness of Locherben led the rescue in 1684 of a group of Covenanters who were being taken for trial in Edinburgh. For this act his brother was hanged the following year.
Tartans
There are two tartans that are recognized for the Harknesses of Nithsdale clan. One is the traditional red, and the other is the "ancient" blue. Both tartans were created by Harvey Harkness Rulien in 1982.
Family name
People with the surname include:
Shaun Harkness - an English Mechanical engineer and Landscaping and fencing specialist
Alistair Harkness - an Australian politician
Anna M. Harkness - an American philanthropist
Anthony Harkness - an American inventor
Charles W. Harkness - heir to Standard Oil fortune and namesake of Harkness Tower at Yale University
Daniel Harkness - an American university professor
Daniel M. Harkness - an American businessman and early Standard Oil investor
Deborah Harkness - Author and historian
Douglas Harkness - a Canadian politician
Edward Harkness - an American philanthropist
Georgia Harkness - an American Christian theologian
H. W. Harkness – an American mycologist and natural historian
Hilary Harkness – an American painter
James Harkness (disambiguation)
Jerry Harkness (1940–2021), American basketball player
John Granville Harkness - a British major-general
Kenneth Harkness - manager of the United States Chess Federation
Lamon V. Harkness - an American businessman, heir to Standard Oil fortune and important Standardbred horse breeder
Nancy Harkness Love - an American pilot
Ned Harkness - a college and NHL coach
Rebekah Harkness - founder of the Harkness Ballet
Robert Harkness - an English geologist
Ruth Harkness - American fashion designer and socialite who brought the first giant panda to the western world
Stephen V. Harkness - best friend and business partner of John D. Rockefeller
William L. Harkness - heir to Standard Oil fortune
Steven D. Harkness - founder of American Tank Wash Partners, first food grade tank wash franchise, worldwide
Fictional characters with the name
Agatha Harkness - a witch in the Marvel Comics universe
Horace Harkness - a naval officer in the 'Honorverse'
Captain Harkness - Captain of the torchship Mayflower in Farmer in the Sky, by Robert A. Heinlein
Captain Jack Harkness, one of the main protagonists in the fictional television series Torchwood and a companion of the television series Doctor Who
George "Digger" Harkness aka Captain Boomerang - a supervillain from the DC Comics universe
Harkness - Rivet City security officer in the video game Fallout 3
Gary Harkness - University student and football player in Endzone, novel by Don DeLillo
See also
Jack Harkness (disambiguation)
John Harkness (disambiguation)
References
Ancestry.com name meaning
Surnames
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Harrison Fontenot (August 1, 1934 – January 21, 2011) is a Cajun accordion player and builder, best known for his recording of "The Cajun Twist" in 1962.
January 26, 2011
Born in Point Blue, Louisiana in 1934, Fontenot got his first taste of music at the age of 16, when he regularly practiced on the accordion while his father was at work. He listening to the Grand Ole Opry as well as Aldus Roger and Austin Pitre. After forming his band, the Cajun Trio, he recorded songs during the 1960s and 1970s such as "La Cravat", "Smoke, Smoke that Cigarette", "If Teardrops Were Pennies", "I Passed in Front of your Door", "Jealous Heart", and several holiday songs. In 2001, Fontenot was designated a Master Accordion Player and Master Accordion Maker at the Mamou Cajun Music Festival.
Fontenot began making accordions under the brand name Imperial.
Disc
Merry Cajun Christmas (LP-SW6036 Swallow Records)
21 Cajun Classics (SW6079 Swallow Records)
Cajun Classics: Kings of Cajun at Their Very Best (ACE820 Ace Records 2002)
See also
List of Notable People Related to Cajun Music
References
Cajun accordionists
1934 births
2011 deaths
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{'title': 'Harrison Fontenot', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Fontenot', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Simon the Zealot (, ) or Simon the Canaanite or Simon the Canaanean (, ; ; ; ) was one of the most obscure among the apostles of Jesus. A few pseudepigraphical writings were connected to him, but Saint Jerome does not include him in De viris illustribus written between 392 and 393 AD.
Identity
The name Simon occurs in all of the Synoptic Gospels and the Book of Acts each time there is a list of apostles, without further details:
The Zealot
To distinguish him from Simon Peter he is called Kananaios or Kananites, depending on the manuscript ( ), and in the list of apostles in Luke 6:15, repeated in Acts 1:13, Zelotes, the "Zealot". Both Kananaios and Kananites derive from the Hebrew word קנאי qanai, meaning zealous, although Jerome and others mistook the word to signify the apostle was from the town of קנה Cana, in which case his epithet would have been "Kanaios", or even from the region of כנען Canaan. As such, the translation of the word as "the Cananite" or "the Canaanite" is without contemporary extra-canonic parallel.
Robert Eisenman has argued that contemporary talmudic references to Zealots refer to them as kanna'im "but not really as a group—rather as avenging priests in the Temple". Eisenman's broader conclusions, that the zealot element in the original apostle group was disguised and overwritten to make it support the assimilative Pauline Christianity of the Gentiles, are more controversial. John P. Meier argues that the term "Zealot" is a mistranslation and in the context of the Gospels means "zealous" or "religious" (in this case, for keeping the Law of Moses), as the Zealot movement apparently did not exist until 30 to 40 years after the events of the Gospels. However, neither Brandon nor Hengel support this view.
Other identifications
In the gospels Simon the Zealot is not identified with Simon the brother of Jesus mentioned in Mark 6:3:
The Catholic Encyclopedia suggests that Simon the Zealot may be the same person as Simeon of Jerusalem or Simon the brother of Jesus or both. He would then be the cousin of Jesus or a son of Joseph from a previous marriage. Another tradition holds that this is the Simeon of Jerusalem who became the second bishop of Jerusalem, although he was born in Galilee.
Later tradition
Isidore of Seville drew together the accumulated anecdotes of Simon in De Vita et Morte.
According to the Golden Legend, which is a collection of hagiographies, compiled by Jacobus de Voragine in the thirteenth century "Simon the Cananaean and Judas Thaddeus were brethren of James the Less and sons of Mary Cleophas, which was married to Alpheus."
In the apocryphal Arabic Infancy Gospel a fact related to this apostle is mentioned. A boy named Simon is bitten by a snake in his hand; he is healed by Jesus, who told the child "you shall be my disciple". The mention ends with the phrase "this is Simon the Cananite, of whom mention is made in the Gospel."
In later tradition, Simon is often associated with Jude the Apostle as an evangelizing team; in Western Christianity, they share their feast day on 28 October. The most widespread tradition is that after evangelizing in Egypt, Simon joined Jude in Persia and Armenia or Beirut, Lebanon, where both were martyred in 65 AD. This version is the one found in the Golden Legend. He may have suffered crucifixion as the Bishop of Jerusalem. According to an Eastern tradition Simon travelled to Georgia on a missionary trip, died in Abkhazia and was buried in Nicopsia. His remains were later transferred to Anacopia.
Another tradition states that he traveled in the Middle East and Africa. Christian Ethiopians claim that he was crucified in Samaria, while Justus Lipsius writes that he was sawn in half at Suanir, Persia. However, Moses of Chorene writes that he was martyred at Weriosphora in Caucasian Iberia. Tradition also claims he died peacefully at Edessa.
Yet another tradition says he visited Roman Britain. In this account, in his second mission to Britain, he arrived during the first year of Boadicea's rebellion (60 AD). He was crucified 10 May 61 AD by the Roman Catus Decianus, at Caistor, modern-day Lincolnshire, Britain. According to Caesar Baronius and Hippolytus of Rome, Simon's first arrival in Britain was in the year A.D.44, during the Roman conquest. Nikephoros I of Constantinople writes:
Another tradition, doubtless inspired by his title "the Zealot", states that he was involved in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD).
The second century Epistle of the Apostles (Epistula Apostolorum), a polemic against gnostics, lists him among the apostles purported to be writing the letter (who include Thomas) as Judas Zelotes. Certain Old Latin translations of the Gospel of Matthew substitute "Judas the Zealot" for Thaddeus/Lebbaeus in Matthew 10:3. To some readers, this suggests that he may be identical with the "Judas not Iscariot" mentioned in John 14:22: "Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Our Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world?" As it has been suggested that Jude is identical with the Apostle Thomas (see Jude Thomas), an identification of "Simon Zelotes" with Thomas is also possible. Barbara Thiering identified Simon Zelotes with Simon Magus; however, this view has received no serious acceptance. The New Testament records nothing more of Simon, aside from this multitude of possible but unlikely pseudonyms. He is buried in the same tomb as Jude Thaddeus, in the left transept of the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, under the altar of St. Joseph.
In Islam, Muslim exegesis and Quran commentary name the twelve apostles and include Simon amongst the disciples. Muslim tradition says that Simon was sent to preach the faith of God to the Berbers, outside North Africa.
In art, Simon has the identifying attribute of a saw because he was traditionally martyred by being sawn in half.
Sainthood
Simon, like the other Apostles, is regarded as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Eastern Catholic Churches, the churches of the Anglican Communion and the Lutheran Church. Simon is remembered (with Jude) in the Church of England with a Festival on 28 October.
References
External links
All appearances of "Simon" in the New Testament (mostly referring to Simon Peter)
Legenda Aurea: Lives of Saints Simon and Jude
"St. Simon the Apostle" in the Catholic Encyclopedia
"Ὁ Ἅγιος Σίμων ὁ Ἀπόστολος ὁ Ζηλωτής". Megas Synaxaristis .
1st-century Christian martyrs
Anglican saints
Christian saints from the New Testament
Saints from the Holy Land
Twelve Apostles
Year of birth unknown
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Brothers Grimm is the third album from Western Australian hip hop artist, Drapht. It was released in May 2008 through Australian hip hop label, Obese Records. The album features contributions by Dazastah (Downsyde), Ciecmate (Hospice Crew), Trials & Porsah Laine.
The album debuted at No. 64 on the ARIA Album charts, reached No. 9 on the V Energy AIR (Association of Independent Record Labels) Charts and No. 10 on the ARIA (Australian Recording Industry Association) Top 40 Urban Album charts.
The first single from the album, "Jimmy Recard" has received airplay on radio stations across Australia. In an interview with Triple J, Drapht explained how he came up with the name.I was thinking of successful names so I jumped on the net and actually googled successful names and came up with James and Recard. So I changed James to Jimmy and used Recard as the last name. I think a name does a lot for a character and where you go in life. And it was a positive track on the record because a lot of my stuff kind of feeds from negative ideas.
"Jimmy Recard" and "Falling" both appeared in Triple J's Hottest 100 for 2008 at No. 10 and No. 77 respectively. The song "Don't Wanna Work" appeared in the SBS comedy series "Swift and Shift Couriers".
Track listing
Credits
M-Phazes — producer (tracks 1, 3 & 10)
Plutonic Lab — producer (track 11)
Simplex — producer (track 13)
Trials — producer
Neville Clark — mastering
Dash — artwork
Notes
'Falling' has since been removed from all copies of the album due to a copyright dispute.
Certifications
References
2008 albums
Drapht albums
Obese Records albums
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John Miller is a musician and bassoonist.
Miller received his early musical training at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore and the New England Conservatory in Boston. He also holds a BS degree in humanities and engineering from MIT and was awarded a Fulbright grant for music study in Amsterdam. While in Boston, he founded the Bubonic Bassoon Quartet and made the premier recording of the Hummel Bassoon Concerto, released along with the Weber Concerto on Cambridge Records.
Miller assumed the position of principal bassoon of the Minnesota Orchestra in 1971, when he also joined the music faculty of the University of Minnesota. Since then, he has continued his solo career, performing numerous times with the Minnesota Orchestra, as well as many other orchestras. He has also presented master classes and recitals at many of the world's major conservatories and music schools. In 2015, John Miller retired from his position with the Minnesota Orchestra after 44 years. As a farewell, the orchestra programmed a concerto for two bassoons, each movement performed with a different member of the bassoon section.
For more than 20 years, Miller was a member of the American Reed Trio. Among his solo recordings are four concertos by Vivaldi and the Mozart and Wanhal bassoon concertos, all conducted by Sir Neville Marriner on two Pro Arte discs. He was featured in the 1968 Cambridge Records release of Hummel's Bassoon Concerto in F. His teachers have included Louis Skinner, Arthur Weisberg, Stanley Petrulis, Sherman Walt, Stephen Maxym, and Thom de Klerk. One of Miller's educational activities, the Nordic Bassoon Symposium, begun in 1984 as the John Miller Bassoon Symposium, has attracted an international mix of hundreds of professional, student, and amateur bassoonists.
References
External links
minnesotaorchestra.org
Living people
American classical bassoonists
University of Minnesota faculty
1942 births
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Gotthilf August Freiherr von Maltitz (July 9, 1794 – June 7, 1837) was a German writer.
Von Maltitz was born in Königsberg (then in the Kingdom of Prussia). He studied forestry in Tharandt, and became a forest overseer (Oberförsterstelle) in Prussia in 1821. However he left the position the next year because a satirical work of his offended his superiors.
He moved to Berlin, where he wrote satires and plays and became well known in high-society circles. His humorous works were probably most popular, including Ränzel und Wanderstab (1821) and Gelasius (1826). He also wrote some well-received dramas, including Schwur und Rache (1826) and Hans Kohlhaas (1828). Another 1828 play, however, Der alte Student, had a Polish protagonist and was judged to contain political agitation for Poland by the Prussian authorities, leading to his banishment from Berlin.
In 1828, he moved to the state of Hamburg, where he became editor of the journal Norddeutscher Courrier. In 1829, he wrote Das Pasquill, a dramatization of transparent versus concealed political culture, which "became quite popular in German theatres of the time." He went to Paris in 1830 following the July Revolution, but was soon disappointed and returned to the German states, where he lived in Dresden, Saxony until his death there in 1837. He published a collection of political poems as Pfefferkörner in four booklets from 1831 to 1834, and a collection of his satirical writings was published posthumously as Humoristische Raupen in 1839.
References
1794 births
1837 deaths
Writers from Königsberg
Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry alumni
German male poets
German male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German poets
19th-century German dramatists and playwrights
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
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Sexuality in Bangladesh is primarily influenced by religion and culture. The culture in Bangladesh is predominantly conservative and patriarchal. Several topics, including sex education, homosexuality, and sexual behavior are considered taboo. Over the years, the perception towards a very few taboos have changed, such as sex education is now taught in high schools.
Marriage
Arranged marriage is a cultural practice that is common place in Bangladesh. Families of the bride seek to arrange marriages with grooms that are employed, financially stable, and of reproductive age - the concept is the basis of the Bangladeshi family-system. As Bangladesh is based on social conservatism, there is a strong social and cultural prohibition on love marriage, and it is viewed negatively by a large portion of the people, though love marriages can be seen to a lesser extent.
Any discussion around sex and sexuality is considered a taboo. Bangladesh is a family-oriented Muslim country with a strong socioeconomic class structure. Cultural discussion around romance is considered to be sinful, a social crime, or a form of perverted behavior. However, there is a pocket of tolerance and acceptance for romance in Bangladesh amongst certain social classes.
Religion
The population of Bangladesh include a majority Muslim population. For this reason, most follow Islamic sexual jurisprudence, which supports sexual acts between spouses only and focuses mainly on procreation.
Sex education
Bangladesh has a sex education system in schools, though a majority of the teachers teach the subject in a conservative way. Sometimes, they skip the chapters in book which are about sexuality. Friendship with opposite gender is discouraged/prohibited in the society. There are gender segregation in so many schools where making inter-gender friendship is very hard. Despite of all these restrictions, moderate and modest friendships have always been accepted and appreciated by some urban societies.
Pornography
Watching, possessing, or producing of any kind of pornography is illegal in Bangladesh. A law against it was passed by the parliament in 2012; 244 pornographic sites and sites linked to adult content were blocked as per the rule.
Homosexuality
Homosexual sexual behavior is outlawed in Bangladesh, as Section 377 of the Penal Code forbids anal or oral sex, regardless of the gender and sexual orientation of the participants. Thus, even consensual heterosexual acts such as fellatio and anal penetration may be punishable under this law. In 2009 and 2013, the Parliament of Bangladesh refused to overturn Section 377. In 2014, the first LGBTQ magazine was launched in Bangladesh, called Roopbaan. The same year, Bangladesh held its first Trans Pride parade.
Prostitution
Prostitution is legal since 2000, though the practice is rejected by society. Both female and male prostitution is found in brothels. There are 14 registered brothels in this country which run legally under the supervision of local police authorities.
References
Bibliography
External links
Society of Bangladesh
Bangladeshi culture
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The Monticello Freeway was a planned freeway that was a part of the 1969 Northern Virginia Major Thoroughfare Plan. The proposal was to connect Arlington directly to Manassas as an Interstate, hence its name freeway. The plan overall was turned down due to environmental, preservation, and financial issues. Parts of the freeway would have been where Braddock Road is located.
The Freeway
Arlington County
The Monticello Freeway would have begun at another proposed highway as part of the 1969 NOVA Major Thoroughfare Plan. The road would have started at a trumpet interchange at the proposed Four Mile Run Expressway at modern-day Virginia State Route 120. The freeway would have been within the boundaries of Arlington County for about a mile and a half before going into Fairfax County for no more than a fraction of a mile. From there, the freeway would enter the western boundaries of the City of Alexandria.
Alexandria City
Like Arlington County, the freeway would have not been in the boundaries of Alexandria for long. Its prime purpose would be to serve as a three-way interchange between Virginia State Route 236 and Interstate 395. It then would have replaced Braddock Road as it entered Fairfax County in Annandale.
Fairfax County
Had the freeway been built in Fairfax County, the freeway would have gone through the regions of Annandale, Burke, Fairfax Station and the southern outskirts of Clifton before crossing Bull Run into Prince William County.
Annandale
Burke
Fairfax Station
Clifton
Prince William County
Manassas Park
Manassas
Roads in Virginia
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Willa of Spoleto (also Willa of Tuscany) ( – 7 January 978) was the daughter of Boniface I, duke of Spoleto. Through marriage to Hubert, Duke of Spoleto Willa became duchess of Spoleto and margravine of Tuscany.
Family
Willa’s parents were Boniface I, duke of Spoleto and Waldrada, daughter of Rudolf I, king of Upper Burgundy. Thus her maternal uncle was Rudolph II of Burgundy, and his daughter Adelaide of Italy was her cousin.
Marriage and issue
Around 945 Willa married Hubert, an illegitimate son of King Hugh and Wandelmoda. Hubert and Willa at least two children:
Hugh, who succeeded Hubert as margrave of Tuscany;
Waldrada, who married Pietro IV Candiano, doge of Venice;
It is sometimes argued that Bertha, who married Margrave Arduin of Ivrea, future king of Italy, was also the daughter of Willa and Hubert.
Religious patronage
According to a diploma issued by Emperor Otto III in 998, Willa was the founder of the convent of San Ponziano in Lucca.
Willa was widowed, around 968, and her son Hugh succeeded Hubert as margrave of Tuscany. Willa moved with Hugh from Lucca to Florence, establishing this as the new capital of Tuscany. In 978 Willa founded the monastery of Badia Fiorentina in Florence to commemorate her late husband.
Willa’s date of death is not known.
Notes
References
Liutprand of Cremona, Antapodosis, in J. Becker, ed., Die Werke Liutprands, MGH SS rer Germ 41 (Hannover, 1915).
Brunhofer, Ursula: Arduin von Ivrea. Untersuchungen zum letzten italienischen Königtum des Mittelalters (Augsburg, 1999).
Goez Elke: Beatrix von Canossa und Tuszien. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte des 11. Jahrhunderts (Sigmaringen, 1995).
Hlawitschka, Eduard: Franken, Alemannen, Bayern und Burgunder in Oberitalien (774-962) (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1960).
Thiele, Andreas: Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln zur europäischen Geschichte Band II, Teilband 2 Europäische Kaiser-, Königs- und Fürstenhäuser II Nord-, Ost- und Südeuropa (R.G. Fischer Verlag, 1994).
D. Carutti, Il conte Umberto (Biancamano) e il re Ardoino. Ricerche e documenti (Rome, 1884, 2nd ed., first published 1878).
Margraves of the Holy Roman Empire
10th-century Italian women
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The Church of Sweden Youth () is the children's and youth group of the Church of Sweden. It was established on 1 January 1993 following a merger of several youth groups within the denomination. In 2013, there were 13 000 members of various ages.
A merger was proposed already in 1964 but didn't become reality until a meeting on 6 December 1992.
Organization
At the national level, the National Assembly (Swedish: Riskårsmöte (Shortening: RÅM)) is the highest decision-making body to which the districts send representatives.
At the regional level, the annual district meeting (Swedish: Distriktsårsmöte (Shortening: DÅM)) is the highest decision-making body. DÅM is arranged annually, and the local branches in the district appoint representatives to DÅM in relation to the local branch's membership size. The representatives at the annual meeting, DÅM, will always appoint people to represent the district at RÅM.
At the local level, the local branch's annual meeting (Swedish: Lokalavdelningsårsmöte (Shortening: LAÅM)) or members' meeting is the highest decision-making body where all local branch members have voting rights.
At LAÅM, a local branch board is often elected (some small local branches do not have a board), which makes all executive decisions in the local branch. In local departments with their financial management, the board also makes all financial decisions, considering the budget adopted by the annual meeting. At LAÅM, delegates get elected at this meeting to represent the local branch at the district's annual meeting.
Chairpersons
Following people have been chairpersons.
1993-1994 - Gunilla Casserstedt Lundgren
1994-1997 - Helena Karlsson
1997-2001 - David Sundén
2001-2005 - Erik Persson
2005-2009 - Maria Wingård
2009-2013 - Johan Berkman
2013-2017 - Amanda Carlshamre
2017-2021- Jakob Schwarz
2021- Tova Mårtensson
References
External links
Official website
1993 establishments in Sweden
Christian youth organizations
Church of Sweden
Christian organizations established in 1993
Youth organizations based in Sweden
Uppsala
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KECA-LD (channel 29) is a low-power television station in Eureka, California, United States, affiliated with The CW Plus and MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside Arcata-licensed ABC affiliate KAEF-TV (channel 23) and low-power Univision affiliate KEUV-LD (channel 35). Sinclair also provides certain services to Fox affiliate KBVU (channel 28) under a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cunningham Broadcasting; however, Sinclair effectively owns KBVU as the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. The four stations share studios on Sixth Street in downtown Eureka; KECA-LD's transmitter is located along Barry Road southeast of the city.
History
The CW first appeared in Eureka on KUVU-LP (channel 9) as a part of the Eureka Broadcast Group, which owned CBS affiliate KVIQ and several other stations with affiliations to Fox, UPN, The WB and others. KUVU was dissolved in 2014 and Bonten Media Group launched KECA for the Eureka market.
On April 21, 2017, Sinclair Broadcast Group purchased KBVU as part of a four-station deal. The sale was completed September 1.
In June 2020, Sinclair upgraded the station's facilities to HD.
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
References
External links
KECA info at KRCR-TV website
Low-power television stations in the United States
MyNetworkTV affiliates
ECA-LD
Sinclair Broadcast Group
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Thomas Buckingham Smith (October 31, 1810 - January 5, 1871) was a lawyer, diplomat, antiquarian and author. He researched the history of early Spanish exploration and settlement in North America. Smith translated and published several important Spanish documents relating to this history.
Biography
Smith was born October 31, 1810 on Cumberland Island, Georgia, the son of Josiah and Hannah Smith. When Smith's father was appointed U.S. Consul to Mexico, the rest of the family settled in St. Augustine, Florida in 1820. Smith received his early education in Florida and visited his father in Mexico when he was about fourteen. The elder Smith died in 1825 and Buckingham became the ward of his uncle, Robert Smith. Smith attended Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut and later earned a degree from Harvard Law School in 1836. After graduation, Smith worked in the law offices of Samuel Fessenden, a politician and abolitionist.
When he returned to St. Augustine in 1839 he practiced law and became involved in politics. He was a secretary to Robert R. Reid, governor of the Territory of Florida, and served one term on the Florida Territorial Legislative Council in 1841. In 1843 he married Julia Gardner of Concord, New Hampshire.
In 1845 Florida was admitted as a state and the federal government was anxious to explore its economic potential. In 1847, the U.S. Senate appointed Smith to conduct a survey of the Florida Everglades. He spent five weeks performing a careful analysis of the terrain and its wildlife and submitted a report in 1848. His report is considered the first official publication on the area. In his report Smith advocated draining the swamp with a series of canals and using the reclaimed land to grow citrus crops.
At some point Smith became interested in the history of early Spanish exploration and settlement in America. With a desire to review the Spanish archives in Mexico, he sought and was granted an appointment to the US diplomatic delegation in Mexico in 1850. After serving there for two years, he returned home and then received an appointment as the US secretary of legation to Spain in 1855. In Spain he became friends with noted historian, Pascual de Gayangos, and continued his archival research with an emphasis on the early history of Florida. He also assisted other American historians including Francis Parkman and George Bancroft.
He was recalled from Spain in 1858 and again returned to St. Augustine. Although Smith was a slave owner, he sided with the Union during the Civil War. In 1864 he served as a delegate at the Republican convention in Baltimore. Shortly afterwards he returned to Spain to continue his archival studies. In 1868 Smith was back in Florida where he was appointed tax commissioner. In 1870 he moved to New York City and died there on January 5, 1871.
In his will, Smith bequeathed lands to one of his former slaves and cash to others. He set aside the rest of his estate to establish the Buckingham Smith Benevolent Association with a mission to benefit current and future generations of blacks in St. Augustine. His manuscripts and library were donated to the New York Historical Society.
He is listed as a Great Floridian. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1862.
Works
Smith wrote on a variety of topics including Spanish exploration and colonization, Native American history, linguistics, and geography. Some of his most important works include translations of Spanish and Portuguese manuscripts:
The Narrative of Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca (1851), translated from the Spanish;
Letter of Hernando de Soto and Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda (1854);
Colección de Varios Documentos para la Historia de la Florida y Tierras adyacentes (1857);
Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida, as told by a Knight of Elvas (1866) translated from the Portuguese;
Notes
References
External links
People from Cumberland Island
1810 births
1871 deaths
Florida lawyers
Florida city council members
Florida Territory officials
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
19th-century American politicians
Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
19th-century American lawyers
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Edmund Pollexfen Bastard (12 July 1784 – 8 June 1838) was a British Tory politician, son of Edmund Bastard and his wife Jane Pownoll. He married Anne Jane Rodney, granddaughter of Admiral Rodney.
He succeeded his father as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dartmouth from 1812 to 1816 when that seat was taken by his younger brother, John Bastard.
In the same election Edmund succeeded his uncle, John Pollexfen Bastard, as MP for Devonshire from 1816 to 1830.
He was appointed High Sheriff of Devon for 1834.
Disambiguation
John Pollexfen Bastard—John Bastard RN and Edmund Pollexfen Bastard—Edmund Bastard
References
John Burke, Bastard of Kitley, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Henry Colburn London 1834.
External links
1784 births
1838 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dartmouth
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Devon
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
High Sheriffs of Devon
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Hammer pants are modified baggy pants, tapered at the ankle with a sagging rise, made suitable for hip hop dancing. They were popularized in the 1980s and 1990s by American rapper MC Hammer. They were inspired by harem pants, which originated in the Middle East, and were introduced to Western fashion by Paul Poiret around 1910.
Hammer's specialized clothing line would come in a variety of colors and were usually shiny and flashy-styled, as often seen throughout his hip-hop career during talk show appearances, live concerts and music videos (including "U Can't Touch This" and "Pray"). The customized pants appeared again on Hammertime, his 2009 TV reality show.
In 2022, Bobby Brown claimed he started wearing the "diaper pants" that Hammer altered and made famous, on his A&E show Bobby Brown: Every Little Step. However, Brown wore a less sagging variation during some concerts and in music videos, such as "My Prerogative" (1988) and "Every Little Step" (1989).
References
Pants
1990s fashion
Trousers and shorts
Hip hop fashion
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Marino Alberto Murillo Jorge (19 February 1961) is a Cuban politician, economist and former military officer. He received national media attention in 2009 on his appointment as Minister of Economy and Planning following the government shake-up announced by Raúl Castro on 2 March 2009. Murillo retained this post until 25 March 2011, but was reappointed to it on 25 September 2014 to lead reform efforts in the economic sphere. On 14 July 2016 he was sacked from his post for a second time, and moved to a new role tackling market reforms.
As Minister of Economy and Planning, his role was to spearhead economic reforms initiated by Raúl Castro. Murillo's intention is to rid the Cuban economy of its paternalistic features by updating the economic system. Murillo dislikes the idea of Cuba copying the economic reforms of Vietnam and China, claiming that the newly established private markets will benefit socialism rather than capitalism.
Background
Little is known of Murillo's life before he became Minister of Economy and Planning in 2009. He was born on 19 February 1961,en Manzanillo, Cuba. and has a degree in economics from the Cuban National Defence College, and is a member of the Communist Party of Cuba. His official government biography states that he has "been linked to the economic sphere for more than 20 years" as Minister of Internal Trade, Deputy Minister of Economy and Planning and as an auditor for the Ministry of Food & Industry. He held the post of Minister of Internal Trade from 2006 until March 2, 2009 when he was succeeded by his First Deputy Minister Jacinto Angulo Pardo.
Minister of Economy and Planning (2009–2011)
During Raúl Castro's 2009 Cuban government shake-up, Murillo replaced José Luis Rodríguez García as Minister of Economy and Planning and Vice President of the Council of Ministers. Murillo then appointed Abel Rodriguez to the First Deputyship of the ministry and Perez Betancourt to the Deputyship of the ministry. Early on during his tenure, Murillo criticised the paternalistic features of the Cuban economy. He also supported cutting the government's payroll by up 500,000 workers, a motion enacted but not completed.
When Murillo took office the Cuban economy had been hard hit by the worldwide financial crisis of 2008. At the 7th Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba he stated that public debate was needed before implementing changes to the economic system, claiming "that false unanimity is pernicious and debate and healthy disagreement must be encouraged". Murillo also highlighted the importance of "order and discipline, institutionalism, clear establishment of the duties and powers of every post and, above all, of convincing people of the need to work in order to satisfy their aspirations." His report was approved by the plenum. Murillo was elected a member of the Council of State in December 2009 to "improve the planning process of the national economy", according to Raúl Castro. By the end of 2009, Cuba's 2008 2.3 billion trade deficit had become a surplus of 400 million dollars. Murillo accomplished this through a 37.6 percent reduction in imports. The economy only grew 1.4 percent in 2009, down from 4.2 percent in the previous year. Initial planning had called for 6 percent, but as a result of the global financial crisis, earnings from important sectors such as tourism noticeably decreased. There was a 22.9 percent decrease in exports, and a 37.4 percent decrease in imports, highlighting Murillo's efforts to reduce government hard currency expenses.
In a speech to the National Assembly of People's Power, the Cuban Parliament in August 2010, Murillo was asked if Cuba would pursue changes similar to those seen in Vietnam and the People's Republic of China. He replied; "I think the Cuban model is a very Cuban model. We cannot copy what many people in the world do", and further noted that the strongest country in the world, the United States, was their enemy. He went on to say that with updating rather than reforming, the Cuban state economic system would remain highly centralised, although some businesses, such as barbers for instance, should not be directly controlled by the government. On the updating of the economic system he stated that newly established private markets would prioritise the interest of socialism, and not those of capitalism. At the December convocation of Cuba's parliament, Murillo took center stage to talk about the difficulties, inefficiencies and constraints of the Cuban economic model. He outlined proposed reforms and explained the inefficiencies of the economy, stating that Cuba's updated economic model would function as a hybrid planned and market economy, but that the planned economy would remain dominant.
"Reform czar" (2011–2016)
On 25 March 2011 Murillo was replaced as Minister of Planning and Economy by Adel Yzquierdo Rodriguez. It is not clear whether this was a demotion; the official version being that Murillo was replaced so that he could concentrate his efforts on "supervising the implementation of measures associated with the updating of the Cuban economic model" as Chairman of the Economic Policy Commission of the 6th Party Congress. He does however retain overall control over the Ministry of Planning and Economy, as well as other "productive sectors". One foreign observer considered Murillo's position to be strengthened after his appointment as Chairman of the Economic Policy Commission, and referred to him as a "superminister" of economic reform. As commission chairman Murillo is in charge of implementing Raúl Castro's economic reforms.
At the Communist Party of Cuba's 6th Congress Murillo was elected to its Politburo. Murillo was considered to be one of Raúl Castro's possible successors as Cuban leader. According to an anonymous European diplomat in Havana, Murillo is the "one to watch".
Offices held
References
Government ministers of Cuba
Living people
Communist Party of Cuba politicians
1961 births
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{'title': 'Marino Murillo Jorge', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino%20Murillo%20Jorge', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The 2002 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women was the second edition of the FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women. 12 teams featured the competition, held in Zagreb, Croatia, from 26 July to 4 August 2002. The Czech Republic won their first title.
Qualification
Twenty-five national teams entered the qualifying round. They were allocated in five groups. The first two teams of each group qualified for the tournament, where they joined Russia (qualified as title holders) and Croatia (qualified as hosts).
Group A
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Group B
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Group C
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Group D
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Group E
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Qualified teams
Preliminary round
The twelve teams were allocated in two groups of six teams each.
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
9th–12th playoffs
Championship
5th–8th playoffs
Final standings
References
FIBA Europe Archive
2005
2002–03 in European women's basketball
2002–03 in Croatian basketball
International women's basketball competitions hosted by Croatia
International youth basketball competitions hosted by Croatia
2002 in youth sport
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{'title': '2002 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20FIBA%20Europe%20Under-20%20Championship%20for%20Women', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Il Nuovo Mondo was an Italian language anti-Fascist daily newspaper which was published in New York City and then, in Chicago between 1926 and 1931. The paper was the first anti-Fascist daily published abroad by the Italians.
History and profile
Il Nuovo Mondo was started in New York City in 1925, and the first issue appeared on 16 November. Frank Bellanca was the founder and also, served as its director. The members of the Anti-Fascist Alliance of North America, a socialist-syndicalist group, were also instrumental in the establishment of the paper. The financier of the paper was Local 89 which was a unit of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union. The general secretary of the Local 89 was an Italian, Luigi Antonini. The paper was published by Avanti News Company daily except for Mondays.
Il Nuovo Mondo mostly featured the articles written by the Italian exiles who left Italy due to the oppression of the Fascist rule in Italy. The paper also covered writings of the American critics of Fascism. It published the manifesto of the North American Anti-Fascist Alliance on 26 August 1926.
The paper was initially a labor organ, but it was sold to the Italian socialist exiles in April 1929. From 2 October 1929 to 8 February 1930 the paper was published in Chicago. The final issue of Il Nuovo Mondo was 282 which was published on 29 November 1931.
References
1925 establishments in New York City
1931 disestablishments in New York (state)
Italian-language newspapers published in the United States
Defunct newspapers published in New York City
Defunct newspapers published in Chicago
Publications established in 1925
Publications disestablished in 1931
Socialist newspapers published in the United States
Socialism in New York (state)
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Nurgyul Salimova (; born 2 June 2003) is a Bulgarian chess player. She was awarded the titles of International Master and Woman Grandmaster by FIDE in 2019. Salimova won the Bulgarian women's championship in 2017. In 2023, she won the silver medal in her country’s national chess championship and was the only woman to compete in the open section.
Biography
Salimova was born in the village of Krepcha (Targovishte Province). She learnt to play chess at the age of four. In 2011, in Albena she won the European Youth Chess Championship for girls under 8. In 2015, in Porto Carras Salimova won the World Youth Chess Championship for girls under 12. In 2015, she also won European Union Youth Chess Championship for girls under 12. She is a multiple winner of Bulgarian and European Youth Chess Championships in fast and blitz chess for girls in different age groups.
Salimova won the Bulgarian Women's Chess Championship in 2017.
In 2018 Salimova was invited to play in one of the strongest tournaments ever - Tata Steel group C.
In April 2018 Salimova became Bulgarian champion in the section G16 and 2 days later, Bulgarian blitz champion in the boys' section under 16.
In May 2018, Nurgyul Salimova won the Bayonne open with a performance of 2600+, enough for a GM norm.
In July 2018, Salimova scored her last WIM, first IM and first WGM norm at Pardubice, Czech Republic with a performance of 2478. Thanks to that, her rating went up to 2352 and she became the #2 in the under 16 girls world rankings, #2 among Bulgarian women and #11 in the world list for girls under 20. In September she took part in the Serbian women league with the team of ‘’Banovci Dunav’’. Salimova played at the second board and scored 8/10 (without losses) with a performance of 2400+. This gave her a second WGM norm. The team did poorly and finished in last place.
Salimova scored her last WGM and second IM norm in December 2018 at the age of 15 in Zadar, Croatia with a performance of 2492.
In April 2019, at the European Women's Individual Chess Championships, Salimova scored her last (valid) WGM norm and became a WGM at the age of 15 years and 10 months. She also earned the right to participate in the Women's World Cup.
In January 2022, at Vergani Cup January edition, Salimova got her first GM norm after defeating the former world championship challenger GM Nigel Short.
In the 2023 Bulgarian Chess Championships, she ended half a point short of first place. Although she tied for second place with two others (both GMs), Salimova was awarded the silver medal because her tiebreak points were higher. In the tournament, she finished ahead of six GMs and lost only to the champion, the national legend GM Georgiev Kiril. The nine-round Swiss tournament was held January 21-28, 2023 in Sofia, Bulgaria.
References
External links
Nurgyul Salimova chess games at 365Chess.com
2003 births
Living people
Chess International Masters
Chess woman grandmasters
People from Targovishte Province
Bulgarian female chess players
World Youth Chess Champions
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Pierre Daniel Huet's Trai[t]té de l'origine des Romans (Treatise on the Origin of Novels, or Romances) can claim to be the first history of fiction. It was originally published in 1670 as preface to Marie de la Fayette's novel Zayde. The following will give extended excerpts from the English translation by Stephen Lewis published in 1715. The title page reads:
THE| HISTORY| OF| ROMANCES.| AN| Enquiry into their Original| Instructions for Composing them;| AN| Account of the most Eminent| AUTHORS;| With Characters, and Curious Observations| upon the Best Performances of that Kind.| [rule]| Written in Latin by HUETIUS;| Made English by STEPHEN LEWIS.| [rule]| —juvat integros accedere fontes,| Atque haurire. Lucr.| [rule]| LONDON:| Printed for J. HOOKE, at the Flower-de-luce, and| T. CALDECOTT, at the Sun; both against St.| Dunstan'''s Church in Fleetstreet. 1715.
Pages i-xi gave a preface by Lewis, p.[xii] added “Corrigenda”, p. 1-149 offered the translation under the short title “Original of Romances”.
The excerpt is extensive and it will mainly serve students of literature interested in the scope of questions and the method of arguing the early historian of literature showed—Huet was a modern cultural historian, one could say. (The German parallel page :de:Traitté de l'origine des romans offers a summary of the plot with selected quotes and might be more comprehensive):
Excerpt
The Preface by Stephen Lewis, 1715 [p.i-xi]
'THERE is not any Speculation, which affords a more agreeable Pleasure to the Mind, than that of beholding from what Obscure and Mean Beginnings, the most Polite and Entertaining Arts have|<j/ij> risen to be the Admiration and Delight of Mankind. To pursue them up to the most abstruse Fountains, and then to view by what Steps they arise to Perfection; does not only excite an Amazement at their Increase; but an Impatient Desire of Inventing some New Subject, to be improv'd and advanc'd by Posterity.
The first Occasion of introducing ROMANCE into the World, was, without Dispute to mollify the Rigour of Precepts, by the Allurements of Example. Where the Mind can't be subdued into Virtue, by Reason and Philosophy; nothing can|<ij/iij> influence it more, than to present to it the Success and Felicity, which Crowns the Pursuit of what's Great and Honourable.
The beginning of romances is to be searched for in a far distant past and of interest to “the Curious in Antiquity”
Upon this Account, They are very much indebted to the Labour and Penetration of Huetius; who has, with great Judgement, traced the Subject he undertook to Illustrate, till he found it in|<iv/v> its Infancy, involved in the Umbrage of Fable, and perplexed in the Folds of Mystery and Riddle. [p.iv-v]
The treatise has found a wide audience in Latin and French translations. The new English translation is designed to attract a growing audience:
Especially since Romance has of late convey'd it self very far into the Esteem of this Nation, and is become the Principal Diversion of the Retirement of People of all Conditions. [p.v]
Huet's Text: The Original of Romances. [p.1-149]
What is a Romance?
The Name of Romance was formerly extended not only to Prose but Verse; Giradi and Pigra, in their Treatises de Romanzi, scarce mention any other, and lay down the Bayrdos and Arioste for Instances of their Opinion. But the Custom of this Age prevails to the contrary; so that we esteem nothing to be properly Romance but Fictions of Love Adventures, disposed into an Elegant Style in Prose, for the Delight and Instruction of the Reader.
I call them Fictions, to discriminate them from True Histories; and I add, of Love Adventures, because Love ought to|<4> be the Principal Subject of Romance. It is required to be in Prose by the Humour of the Times. It must be compos'd with Art and Elegance, lest it should appear to be a rude undigested Mass, without Order or Beauty. [p.3-4]
"Instruction" is the next argument, yet Huet does not go into tedious details here. "Virtue" is placed against "Vice", "Disgrace" is to be avoided. The next step is the definition of "Romance" versus "Epic Poem". Both have one thing in common if one follows Aristotle's definition of Poesy: they are fictional:
[...] in several Respects there is a great Relation between them; and according to Aristotle (who informs us, That 'tis Fiction rather than Verse which makes a Poet) a Writer of Romance may be reckon'd among the Poets. Petronius tells us, That Poems are to move in great Circumference by the Ministry of the Gods, and Expressions vast and audacious; so that First, They may be looked upon as Oracles throughout, from a Spirit full of|<7> Fury, and then for a faithful and exact Narration.Romances preserve a much greater Simplicity, and are not so exalted, nor have the same Figures in Invention and Expression.Poems have more of the sublime, though they are not always confined to Probability. Romances have more of Probability, though they don't advance so far toward the Sublime.Poems are more regular and correct in the Frame of their Contrivance, and receive less Addition from Events and Episodes than Romances, which are capable of these Accessions, because their Style is not so elevated, and they don't so far di|<8>sten'd the Intellect, so that they give it leave to admit a greater Number of different Ideas.
In short, Poems make some Military Act, or Politick Conduct, their Theme, and only descant upon Love at Pleasure; whereas Romances, on the contrary, have Love for their Principal Subject, and don't concern themselves in War or Politicks, but by Accident. I speak of Regular Romances, for those in Old French, Spanish, and Italian, have generally more of the Soldier than Gallant. [p.7-8]
The differences between histories and romances are connected with the fictional status—a problem is here caused by histories full of erroneous notions:
These Works are true in the Main, and false in some Parts. Romances, on the contrary, are false in the Gross, and true in some Particulars. [...|<10>] I mean, that Falsehood is so predominant in Romance, that it may be altogether False in Whole and every Particular. [p.10]
Huet excludes Histories if the authors wanted to give rue accounts and just failed and he excludes "fables":
[...] for Romance is a Fiction of Things which may, but never have happen'd; whereas the Matter of Fables is what never has, nor ever will be perform'd. [p.13]
An Ancient Practice: Religions Use Fictions to Create Secret Knowledge
The following part of the treatise touches the origin of "romances". The peoples of Asia, especially those of Egypt had, so Huet claims, proven a tendency to decipher all kinds of information. The hieroglyphs prove that. Their whole religion and all their histories were deciphered, mostly to exclude the population from further knowledge. Initiations were afforded before one would gain access to the secret cultural knowledge Egypt stored. The Greeks |<p. 17> had been extremely eager to learn from Egypt:
'Twas without doubt from these Priests, that Pythagoras and Plato, in their Voyage to Ægypt, learned to Transform their Philosophy, and hide it under the Shadow of Mystery and Disguise. [p.17]
The Arabs exploited the same cultural knowledge—their Koran is, so Huet says filled with knowledge one cannot understand without interpretation. The Arabs translated Greek fables into their language and via Arabia [p. 20] these materials finally reached Europe. This is proven by the fact that only after the occupation of Spain first romances appeared in southern France. Huet discusses Persias culture—as particularly obscure and full of secret knowledge, he mentions the Indians [p. 27] as particularly fond of poesy, before he speaks of the influence the Bible had on the western civilization and its love of fictions:
The Holy Scripture is altogether Mysterious, Allegorical, and Ænigmatical. The Talmudists are of Opinion that the Book of Job is no other than a Parable of the Hebrews|<32> Invention; this Book, that of David, the Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, the Canticles, and all other Holy Songs, are Poetical Works abounding with Figures, which would seem bold and violent in our Writings, and which are frequent in those of that Nation. The Book of Proverbs is otherwise call'd the Paraboles, because Proverbs of this sort, according to the Definition of Quintilian, are only short Figures or Parables express'd in little.
The Book of Canticles is a kind of Dramatic Poem, where the passionate Sentiments of the Bridegroom and Spouse are expressed after a Manner so tender and touching, that we|<33> should be charmed and affected with it, if the Expression and Figures had a little more Conformity to our Genius; or if we could Divest our selves of Prejudice, which disposes us to dislike every Thing which is the least different from what we are used to; tho' by this Practice we condemn our selves without perceiving it, since our Lightness never permits us to continue long in the Approbation of any Thing.
Our Saviour himself scarce ever gave any Precepts to the Jews but under the Veil of Parables. [...] [p.33]
Huet is extremely interested in changing tastes and in the relativity of judgments—he is far from any simple theory of cultural progress or decline. His concept is rather one of different functions knowledge and fictions can gain. Fables stood in the centre of his discussion so far. The next passages gain a wider perspective:
But it is not enough to have discovered The Original of Romances; we must see by what Streams they have spread and convey'd themselves into Greece, and Italy, and whether they have passed from thence to us; or we have received them from any other Nation. [p.35]
Novels of Luxury: Persia, Greece and Rome
The ancient world developed a high cultural standard. Luxury commodities became important. Persia was the country of highest refinement, producing perfumes and dances before the Milesians imported much of that culture:
But the Milesians, above all the rest, discover'd the indulging Temper, surpassed them all in the Accuracy of their Pleasures, and shew'd the most singular Taste for Delicacies. They were the first who introduced the Art of Romancing among the Persians, when they had had such Success in it themselves, that the Milesian fables, the same with Romances, full of Love Adventures, and Licentious Relations, advanced into the Highest Reputation: 'Tis probable Romances were Innocent 'till they fell into their hands, and before recounted only singular and memorable Adventures.
But these were the first who corrupted them [...]
One does not have any material artefacts to prove this, yet the ancient historians help us here with their accounts. The Ionians influenced the Greeks. Alexander the Great did much to widen their cultural concepts. The Milesian Fables by Aristides of Miletus were finally translated into Latin. The book was criticized in Rome's Senate as hardly serving the purposes of a Rome involved in wars.
Huet mentions names and develops a canon of texts and reaches Heliodorus who has to be compared with Jamblicus, the author of the Babylonics, which have only survived in fragments:Heliodorus excell'd him in the Desposition of his Subject, and indeed in every other Particular. Hitherto the World had not seen any thing better designed, and more compleat in Romance, than the Adventures of Theagenes and Chariclia: Nothing can be more chaste than their Loves. By this it appears, (beside the Honour of the Christian Reli|<50>gion which he professed) that he had in his own Nature such an Air of Virtue, as shines throughout the Work; in which not only Jambicus, but almost all the rest, are much his Inferiors. His Merit advanc'd him to the Dignity of an Episcopal See: He was Bishop of Tricca, a City of Thessaly. Socrates reports, that he introduced into that Diocese, the Custom of Deposing such of the Clergy, as did not abstain from the Women they had contracted before their Admission into Orders. This makes me very much suspect what Nicephorus, a credulous Writer, of little Judgement or Sincerity relates; That a Provincial Synod, understanding|<51> the Danger which the Reading this Romance (so highly Authorised by the Dignity of its Author) might expose Young People to; proposed, that he should either consent to the Burning of his Book, or the Resignation of his Bishoprick; and that he accepted the latter of the Conditions.[p.51]
Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Clitophon enters the canon, and Huet is uncertain about the chronology of events:
However, he is not to be compared to Heliodorus, either for the Regularity of his Manners, the Variety of Events, or the Artifice of Unraveling his Plots. Indeed his Style is to be preferr'd to that of Heliodorus, because 'tis more Simple and natural; whereas the other's is more forced. Some say, that he was a Christian, and a Bishop too. 'Tis strange, that the Obscenity of his Book should be so easily forgot; and more so, that the Emperor Leo VI, sirnamed the Philosopher, should commend the Modesty of it, in an Epigram which is yet extant; and not only permit but recommend the Reading of it with the clo|<54>sest Application, to all those who profess the Love of Chastity. [p.54]
Then, referring to Longos and his Daphnis and Chloe:My Judgement upon the Pastorals of Longus the Sophist, is the same with that I gave of the Two former Romances. For|<78> tho' the Learned of Late Times have commended them for their Elegance and Agreement, joined to a Simplicity proper to the Nature of the Subjects; yet I can observe nothing in it, but that Simplicity, which sometimes declines to Childishness and Impertinence. There is nothing in it of Invention, or Conduct. He begins grosly in the Birth of his Shepherds, and ends with their Marriage. He never clears up his Adventures, but by Machines improper, and ill contrived. His Expressions are so obscene, that one must be somewhat a Cynic, to read them without Blushing. His Style does not deserve the Commen|<79>dations it receives. 'Tis the Style of a Sophist, such as he was [...] which partakes of the Orator and Historian, tho' it be proper for neither of them. 'Tis full of Metaphors, Antitheses, Figures, which dazzle and surprise the Simple, and tickle the Ear, without satisfying the Mind; instead of Engaging the Reader, by the Novelty of Events, the Arrangement of Variety of Matter, a clear and close Narration, attended by a smooth and regular Cadence, which always advances within the Subject.
He endeavours (as all Sophists do) to entertain his Reader with Accidental Descripti|<81>ons: He leads him out of the way; and while he admits him so far into a Country he did not look for, he spends and exhausts the Attention and Impatience he had to arrive at the End he proposed. [p.80]
Rome does not play more than a marginal role. Huet mentions "Sybaritian Fables" and the love fiction of Ovid, yet only Petronius wrote something like a "romance" in Latin. Ovid mentions a Roman esteem of romances, Huet's comment:
Hence appears the Esteem Romances had in Rome; which is more evident, by the Romance which Petronius (one of their Consuls, and the most polished Man of his Time) composed. He disposed it into the|<93> Form of a Satyr, of the same Kind which Varro invented, intermixing Prose with Verse, the Serious with the Jocose, and stiled it Menippean; because Menippus had before treated of Serious Matters in a Pleasant Style.
This Satyr of Petronius fails not to be a True Romance: It contains nothing but diverting and ingenious Fictions, tho' they are sometimes too licentious and immodest. He hides under a Disguise a fine and poignant Raillery, against the Vices of Nero's Court. What remains of it, are some incoherent Fragments, or rather Collections of some industrious Person; so that one can't exactly discern|<94> the Form and Connexion of the whole Piece; tho' it appears to be conducted with Order. And 'tis probable those incoherent Parts, would compose a very Compleat Body, with the Addition of those which are lost. Tho' Petronius seems to be a very great Critic, and of an exquisite Taste in Learning; his Style does not always advance to the Delicacy of his Judgement: Something of Affectation may be observed. In some Places he's too Florid and Adorned; and degenerates from that Natural and Majestic Simplicity, which shined in the Agustan Age. [p.94]
The Northern Tradition: Fictions of a Dark Age of Ignorance
The ancient authors excelled with satires and texts which are no longer extant—a history which ended in darkness with the invasion of Germanic tribes causing the fall of the Roman empire:
Hitherto the Art of Romancing was maintained with some Splendor, but it soon decayed with Learning and the Empire; when the Furious nations of the North disseminated, with their Bodies, the Ignorance and barbarity of their Minds. Romances were hitherto composed for|<101> Delight. Fabulous Histories were now introduced, because none were acquainted with the Truth. Taliessin, who lived about the Middle of the Sixth Age, under that King Arthur so famous in Romances; and Melkin, who was somewhat younger, writ the History of England, his Country, of King Arthur, and the Round Table. Balæus, who has put them in his Catalogue, speaks of them, as of Authors filled with Fables. The same may be said of Hunibaldus Francus, who (as some relate) was Contemporary with Clovis, and whose History is no other but a Mass of Lies grossly conceived. [p.101]
The present age—the late 17th century—has learned to live with a differentiation between fiction and fact. The Middle Ages were marked by a completely different frame of mind. Huet reaches the stories written about king Arthur and Merlin:
[...] those which contained the Atchievements of King Arthur, and the Life of Merlin.|<104>
These Diverting Histories pleased the Readers, who were more ignorant than those who composed them. They did not, in those Days, trouble themselves with Researches into Antiquity, and after being informed of the Truth of what they wrote. They had the Stuff in their own Head, and went no farther than their own Invention. Thus Historians degenerated into True Romancers.
In this Age of Ignorance, the Latin Tongue, as well as Truth, was neglected and despised. The Versifiers, Composers, Inventers of tales, Jesters, and in short, all of this Country who studied what they called the Gay Science, began about the Time of Hugh|<105> Capet, to set upon Romancing with great Fury; and soon over-ran France, by dispersing them. These Fables were composed in the Roman Tongue [...]
The term romance was now invented—to denote the Spanish and French Language these texts were written in:
The Spaniards use the Word Romance in the same Signification with us, and call their ordinary Language by that Name. The Romain being then most universally understood, those of Provence who apply'd themselves to Fictions, made use of it in their Writings, which from thence were called Romances. [p.106]
The idea of a tradition coming via Spain to Europe is thus balanced by a second option: [p. 108-09] Taliessin and Melkin were English heroes, Huet notes. The romances touching them must have been composed originally around 550.
Where Traditions Met: Europe and Another Theory of the Anthropology of Fiction
The development into the 17th century gives the Amadis of Gaul a central position [p. 114-16] and leads to Cervantes Don Quixote—which is rather a critic of "romances" than a romance itself.
The following long passage gives Huet's picture of the intellectual network behind the rise of the modern novel—and of the traditions which now met:
All Europe was then overwhelmed with Darkness and Ignorance, but France, England, and Germany much less than Italy, which then produced but a small Number of Writers, and scarce any Authors of Romances. Those of that Country, who had a Mind to distinguish themselves by Learning and Knowledge, came for it to the University of Paris, which was the Mother of Sciences, and Nurse of the Learning of Europe. St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Bonaventure, the Poets Dante, and Boccace, came thither to study; and the President Fauchet produces, that the last of them took a great Part of his Novels from French Ro|<121>mances; and that Petrarch, and the other Italian Poets, have rifled for their Richest Fancies, the Songs of Thiband King of Navarre, Gace's Brussez, Chastelain de Corcy, and the Old French Romances. 'Twas then, in my Opinion, that the Italians learned from us the Science of Romance; which, by their own Confession, is to be ascribed to us, as well as that of Rhyming.
Thus Spain and Italy received from us an Art, which was the Effect of our Ignorance and Barbarity, and which the Politeness of the Persians, Ionians, and Greeks had produced. As Necessity engages us, to sustain our Bodies|<122> with Herbs an Roots; so when the Knowledge of Truth, which is the Proper and Natural Aliment of the Mind, begins to fail, we have Recourse to Falsehood, which is the Imitation of Truth. As in Plenty we refuse Bread, and our ordinary Viands, for Ragousts; so our Minds, when acquainted with the Truth, forsake the Study and Speculation of it, to be entertained with its Image, which is Fiction. This Imitation according to Aristotle, is often more agreeable than the Original it self; so that two oppositely different Paths, which are Ignorance and Learning, Rudeness and Politeness, do often conduct us to the same End; which is|<123> an Application to Fictions, Fables, and Romances. Hence it is, that the most Barbarous Nations are taken with Romantic Inventions, as well as the most Refined. The Originals of all the Savages of America, and particularly those of Peru, are nothing but Fables; no more are those of the Goths, which they wrote in their Ancient Runic Characters, upon great Stones; the Remains of which I my self have seen in Denmark. And if any Thing were left us of the Works, which the Bards among the Ancient Gauls composed, to eternize the Memory of their Nation, I don't question but we should find them enriched with Abundance of Fictions.
This Inclination to Fables, which is common to all Men, is not the Result of Reason; Imitation, or Custom. 'Tis Natural to them, and has its Seat in the very Frame and Disposition of their Soul. For the Desire of Knowledge is particular to man, and distinguishes him from Beasts no less than his Reason. nay we may observe in other Creatures some Rude Impressions of this; whereas the Desire of Understanding is Peculiar to Us only.
The Reason of this, according to my Opinion, is; because the Faculties of the Soul are too Vast an Extent, to be supplied by the Present Objects, so that 'tis obliged to|<125> have recourse to what's past, and to come, in Truth and in Fictions, in Imaginary Spaces and Impossibilities, for Objects to exert it self upon. The Objects of Sense fill the Desires of the Soul of Brutes, who have no farther Concern; so that we can't discover in them these restless Emotions, which continually actuate the Mind of Man, and carry it into the Pursuit of a recent Information, to proportion (if possible the Object to the Faculty; and enjoy a Pleasure resembling that which we perceive in the Appeasing a Violent Hunger, and Extinguishing a Corroding Thirst. This is that which Plato intends, in the Marriage of Do-|<126>rus and Penia, (in which Terms he would express Riches and Poverty,) which produces exquisite Pleasure. The Object is signified by Riches, which are not so but in Use and Intention; otherwise they are unfruitful and afford no Delight. The Faculty is intended by Inquietude, while 'tis separated from Riches; whereas its Union with them, supplies the Highest Satisfaction. The Case is the same with our Souls: Poverty, the same with Ignorance, is Natural to it; it sighs continually after Science; which is its Riches; and when 'tis possess'd of this Enjoyment, it feels the greatest Pleasure. But|<127> this Pleasure is not always equal; it often is the Purchase of much labour and Difficulty: As when the Soul applies it self to intricate Speculations, and Occult Sciences, the Matter whereof is not present to our Senses; where the Imagination, which acts with Faculity, has a Less Part in the Pursuit than the Understanding, whose Operations are more Vehement and Intense: And because Labour is naturally tedious, the Soul is not carried to Hard and Spinous Learning, unless in Prospect of some Advantage, or Hope of some remote Amusement, or else by Necessity. But the Knowledge which attracts and delights it most, is that which is acquired without|<128> Pain and where the Imagination alone acts on Subjects which fall under our Sense, ravish our Passions, and are great Movers in all the Affairs of Life. Such are Romances, which require no great Intention or Dispense of Mind, to understand them. No long Reasonings are exacted; the Memory is not overburthened: Nothing is demanded, but Fancy and Imagination. They move our Passions; but 'tis on purpose to sooth and calm them again: They excite neither Fear nor Compassion; [u]nless it be to display to us the Pleasure of seeing those we are afraid, or concern'd for, out of Reach of Danger or Distress. In short, all our Emo|<129>tions there find themselves agreeably provoked and appeased.
'Tis hence, that those who act more by [Passion than Reason], and labour more with their Imagination than Understanding, are affected by them; tho' these other are touched by them too, but after another manner. These are touched by the Beauties of Art, which amuse the Understanding; but the former, Ignorant and Simple, are sensible of no more than what strikes upon the Imagination, and stirs their Passions. They love the Fiction, and enquire no farther. Now Fictions being nothing but Narrations, True in Appearance, and False in Reality; the Minds of the Simple, who discern on|<130>ly the Disguise, are pleased and highly satisfied with this Shew of Truth. But those who penetrate farther, and see into the Solid, are easily disgusted with the Falsity: So that the first love Falsehood, because it is concealed under an Appearance of Truth; the Latter are distasted with the Image of Truth, because of the Real Forgery which is couched under it; unless it be varnished with Ingenuity, Subtility, and Instruction, and recommends it self by the Excellency of Invention and Art. St Augustin makes this Observation somewhere; 'That these Falsities which carry a Signification, and suggest an Hidden Meaning, are not Lies,|<131> but the Figures of Truth; which the most Wise and Holy Persons, and even our Saviour himself, have used upon Honourable and Pious Occasions.'
Since then 'tis true, that Lies commonly flow from Ignorance, and the Grossness of our Intellect; and that this Inundation of the Barbarians, who issued from the North, spread over all Europe, and plunged it into such profound Ignorance, as it could not clear it self from, within the Space of Two Ages; is it not then probable, that this Ignorance caused the same Effect in Europe, which it had produced every where besides? And is it not vain to enquire for that in|<132> Chance, which we find in Nature? There is then no Reason to contend, but that the French, German, and English Romances, and all the Fables of the North, are Fruits of those Countries, and not imported from Abroad: That they never had other Originals than the Histories stuffed with Falsities, and made in Obscure Ignorant Times, when there was neither Industry nor Curiosity to discover the Truth of Things, nor Art to describe it, if 'twas found: That these Histories have been well received by the Unpolished and Half-barbarous People; and that the Historians thereupon took upon them the Liberty to pre|<133>sent them with what was purely forged, which were the Romances.
The whole development of fiction is thus not one of continuities—but one of different traditions and complex reasons why fictions develop. Huet reaches the present age and passes through numerous titles:
Fictions and the Modern Period
I shall not undertake to [...] examine whether Amadis de Gaul were originally from Spain, Flanders, or France; and whether the Romance of Tiel Ulespiegel be a Translation from the German; or in what Language the Romance of the Seven Wise Men of Greece was first written; or that of Dolopathos, which some say was extracted from the Parables of Sandaber the Indian. Some say 'tis to be found in Greek in some Libraries; which has furnished the Matter of an Italian Book call'd Erastus, (and of many of Boccace his Novels, as the same Fauchet has remarked) which was written in La-|<137>tin by John Morck, or the Abby de Hauteselne, whereof Ancient Copies are to be seen; and translated into French by the Clerk Hubert, about the End of the Twelfth Age, and into High Dutch about Three Hundred Years afterwards; and an Hundred Years after that, from High Dutch into Latin again, by a Learned hand, who changed the Names of it, and was ignorant that the Dutch had come from the Latin.It shall suffice if I tell you, that all these Works which Ignorance has given Birth to, carried along with them the Marks of their Original, and were no other than a Complication of|<138> Fictions, grossly cast together in the greatest Confusion, and infinitely short of the Excellent Degree of Art and Elegance, to which the French Nation is now arrived in Romances. 'Tis truly a Subject of Admiration, that we, who have yielded to others the Bays for Epic Poetry, and History, have nevertheless advanced these to so high a Perfection, that the Best of theirs are not Equal to the Meanest of ours.
We owe (I believe) this Advantage to the Refinement and Politeness of our Gallantry; which proceeds, in my Opinion, from the great Liberty which the Men of France allow to the|<139> Ladies. They are in a manner Recluses in Italy and Spain; and separated from Men by so many Obstacles, that they are scarce to be seen, and not to be spoken with at all. Hence the Men have neglected the Art of Engaging the Tender Sex, because the Occasions of it are so rare. All the Study and Business there, is to surmount the Difficulties of Access; when this is effected, they make Use of the Time, without amusing themselves with Forms. But in France, the Ladies go at large upon their Parole; and being under no Custody but that of their own Heart, erect it into a Fort, more strong and secure than|<140> all the Keys, Grates, and Vigilance of the Douegnas. The Men are obliged to make a Regular and Formal Assault against this Fort, to employ so much Industry and Address to reduce it, that they have formed it into an Art scarce known to other Nations.
'Tis this Art which distinguishes the French from other Romances, and renders the Reading of them so Delicious, that they cause more Profitable Studies to be neglected.
The Ladies were first taken with this Lure: They made Romances their Study; and have despised the Ancient Fa|<141>ble and History so far, that they now no longer understand those Works, from which they received their greatest Embellishments: And lest they should blush at this Ignorance, which they find themselves so often guilty of; they perceive they had better disapprove what they don't know, than take the Pains to learn it.
The Men, in Complaisance, have imitated them; condemned what they disliked, and call that Pedantry, which made an Essential Part of Politeness, even in Malherbe's Time. The Poets, and other French Writers who succeeded, have been constrained to submit to this Arbi|<142>tration; and many of them, observing that the Knowledge of Antiquity would be of no Advantage to them, have ceased to study what they durst not practise: Thus a very Good Cause has produced an Ill Effect; and the Beauty of our Romances has drawn upon them the Contempt of Good Letters, and consequently Ignorance.
I don't, for all this, pretend to condemn the Reading of them. The Best Things in the World are attended with their Inconveniencies; Romances too may have much worse than Ignorance. I know what they are accused for: They exhaust our Devotion, and in|<143>spire us with Irregular Passions, and corrupt our Manner. All this may be, and sometimes does happen. But what can't Evil and Degenerated Minds make an Ill Use of? Weak Souls are contagious to themselves, and make Poyson of every Thing. Histories must be forbidden, which relate so many Pernicious Examples; and the Fable must undergo the same Fate; for there Crimes are authorised by the Practice of the Gods. [...|<144>]
Little Regard was had to Sobriety of manners, in most Part of the Greek and Old French Romances, by Reason of the Vice of the Times in which they were composed. [...] But the Modern Romances (I speak of the Good ones) are so far from this Fault, that you'll scarce find an Expression, or Word, which may shock Chaste Ears, or one single Action which may give Offence to Modesty.
If any one object; That Love is treated of in a Manner so Soft and Insinuating, that the Bait of this Dangerous Passion invades too easily the Tender Hearts; I answer, That it is so far from being Dangerous, that it is in some Respects Necessary, that the Young People of the World should be acquainted with it; that they may stop their Ears to that which is Criminal, and be better fortified against its Artifices; and know their Conduct, in that which has an Honest and Sacred End. This is so true, that Experience lays before us, that such as are least acquainted with Love, are the most unguarded to its As|<145>saults, that the most Ignorant are soonest decoyed. Add to this that Nothing so much refines and polishes Wit; Nothing conduces so much to the Forming and Advancing it to the Approbation of the World, as the Reading of Romances. These are the Dumb Tutors, which succeed those of the College, and teach us how to Live and Speak by a more Persuasive and Instructive method than theirs [...]. [p.145]
Huet has with this survey reached the end of his treatise. D'Urfee and Mademoiselle de Scudery become important here:
Monsieur D'Urfee was the first who retrieved them from Barbarity, and reduced them to Rules, in his Incomparable Astrea, The most Ingenious and Polite Work which has appeared in this Kind, and which Eclipsed the Glory which Greece, Italy and Spain, had acquired. [...|<146>]
None can, without Amazement, read those which a Maid as Illustrious in her Modesty, as her Merit, has published under a Borrowed Name; depriving her self so Generously of that Glory which was her Due, and not seeking for Reward, but in her Virtue; as if while She took so much Trouble for the Honour of our Nation, She would spare that Shame to Our Sex. But Time has done her that Justice, which she had denied her self; and has informed us, that the Illustrious Bassa, Grand Cyrus, and Clælia, are the Performances of Madam de Scudery [...].
The last lines refer to the following "history" Zayde—which will, so Huet, deserve all praise:
The Virtues which conduct his Reign are so Noble, and the Fortune which attend them so Surprizing, that Posterity would doubt whether it were a History, or a Romance. [p.149]
...which is the final sentence.
Literature
Olaf Simons, Marteaus Europa oder der Roman, bevor er Literatur wurde'' (Amsterdam/ Atlanta: Rodopi, 2001) , p. 165-72.
Camille Esmein, "Le Traité de l'origine des romans de Pierre-Daniel Huet, apologie du roman baroque ou poétique du roman classique?", communication lors de la journée d'étude sur 'Le roman baroque' organisée par M. le Professeur Jonathan Mallinson, colloque de l'Association internationale des études françaises (AIEF), Paris, 9 juillet 2003, publiée dans les Cahiers de l'Association internationale des études françaises (CAIEF), mai 2004, p. 417-436.
Essays about literature
1670 works
Narratology
17th-century French literature
17th-century essays
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Carlos Alexandre Torres (born 22 August 1966), known as Alexandre Torres, is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played as a defender. His father is former footballer Carlos Alberto Torres.
Career
Club career
Torres played professionally in Brazil and Japan for Fluminense, Vasco da Gama and Nagoya Grampus Eight.
At Nagoya Grampus he was signed by then manager Arsène Wenger, who seemed to recognise his agent's face from somewhere – bemused to find out it was his father and Brazil legend Carlos Alberto.
International career
Torres was called up to the Brazil national squad in 1992, making one international appearance.
References
External links
Player profile at SambaFoot.com
1966 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian expatriate footballers
Brazil international footballers
Fluminense FC players
CR Vasco da Gama managers
Nagoya Grampus players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
J1 League players
Expatriate footballers in Japan
Association football defenders
Brazilian football managers
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"Only Your Love" is a song recorded by English girl group Bananarama, released as the first single from the group's fifth studio album, Pop Life (1991). The song was issued several months prior to the release of the album. The Pop Life album marked Bananarama's break from their relationship with the Stock Aitken Waterman (SAW) production trio. "Only Your Love" was co-written and produced by Youth. The album version of the song was remixed for its single release.
The song's primary rhythm, complete with "woo woo" hoots, directly references "Sympathy for the Devil". This led Jonathan Ross to jokingly thank The Rolling Stones after Bananarama had performed the song on his TV show. The song also contains samples of "Loaded" by Primal Scream, "Fool's Gold" by The Stone Roses, and “Funky Drummer” by James Brown. Upon its release "Only Your Love" received positive critical reviews. The song was not released as a single in the United States.
"Only Your Love" peaked at number 27 in the UK singles chart, which the group considered to be a disappointment. The single did not fare much better in other countries, hitting number 49 in New Zealand and 51 in Australia.
Critical reception
Mandi James from NME wrote, "'Only Your Love' could be any of the Nana's other singles seeing as they have the vocal capacity of a stretched elastic band, except in all their postmodern glory they've half-inched the funky drummer break from 'Fool's Gold', bastardises the 'oooh, oooh' from 'Sympathy for the Devil' and created a monster. Tacky, trashy and fun, fun, fun."
Music video
The accompanying music video for "Only Your Love", directed by Philippe Gautier, features the girls on a studio set made to look like a cross between a train and a jungle gym, and uses silhouettes against multicoloured backdrops. They perform the song while dancing provocatively with various male dancers. The dancing features more physical contact between the girls and the male dancers than any of their other videos. The performance on the train is interspersed with shots of the girls singing on the front of the train engine in sunglasses and oversized dresses.
Remixes
CD 1 single
"Only Your Love" (Milky Bar Mix) - (8:12)
Remixed by Robin Goodfellow
"Only Your Love" (Youth & Thrash on the Mix) - (4:17)
"Only Your Love" (Hardcore Instrumental) - (3:27)
CD 2 single
"Only Your Love" (7" Mix) - (4:02)
"Only Your Love" (Milky Bar Mix) - (8:12)
Remixed by Robin Goodfellow
"Only Your Love" (Hardcore Instrumental) - (3:27)
"Only Your Love" (Youth & Thrash on the Mix) - (4:17)
CD 3 single
"Only Your Love" (Milky Bar Mix) - (8:12)
Remixed by Robin Goodfellow
"Only Your Love" (Hardcore Instrumental) - (3:27)
"Only Your Love" (Youth & Thrash on the Mix) - (4:17)
"Only Your Love" (Paris Texas Instrumental) - (5:33)
Other versions
"Only Your Love" (Album Version) - (3:58)
"Only Your Love" (Instrumental)
"Only Your Love" (The Monkey Drum Mooch) - (7:20)
Remixed by Terry Farley
"Only Your Love" (A Tribute to Barry Mooncult Mix) - (5:40)
Remixed by Terry Farley
Charts
References
1990 singles
Bananarama songs
London Records singles
Songs written by Sara Dallin
Songs written by Youth (musician)
1990 songs
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is a passenger railway station located in Kita-ku of the city of Okayama, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West).
Lines
Kitanagase Station is served by the San'yō Main Line, and is located 146.8 kilometers from the terminus of the line at and 3.4 kilometers from . It is also served by trains of the Hakubi Line, which continue past the nominal terminus of that line at to terminate at Okayama.
Station layout
The station consists of two opposed side platforms, connected by an elevated station building.The station building has a white-based appearance, and has a large roof over the wide south exit stairs. It is equipped with an elevator and a wheelchair-accessible restroom, making it barrier-free. The outbound platform is curved to match the tracks, and the train is tilting toward the platform Between the two passenger tracks lines, there is an outbound pull-up track for Okayama Freight Terminal, and freight train shunting work is often carried out. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.
Platforms
History
Kitanagase Station opened on October 1, 2005, on the site of the former Japan National Railways Okayama Switchyard.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 4715 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Okayama Dome
Okayama Seibu General Park
Okayama Municipal Hospital
Okayama Prefectural Okayama Daianji Secondary School
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Kitanagase Station Official Site
Railway stations in Okayama
Sanyō Main Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 2005
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Eyleifur Hafsteinsson (born 31 May 1947) is an Icelandic former footballer. He won the Icelandic championship in 1968, 1970 and 1974 and the Icelandic Cup in 1966. He was part of the Iceland national football team between 1964 and 1972, playing 26 matches and scoring 4 goals.
After coming up through the junior teams of Íþróttabandalag Akraness (ÍA), he debuted with the senior team in 1964. He became an instant hit, becoming the youngest player ever to score in the Icelandic top-tier league when he did so three days before his 17th birthday. He finished the 1964 season as the league's top goal scorer with 10 goals. The following year he spent three months in Glasgow, Scotland, where he trained with the Glasgow Rangers. He returned to ÍA before the start of the 1965 season where he scored 7 goals. In 1966, he moved to Reykjavík and joined Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur where he played until 1969. In 1970, he returned to ÍA where he finished his career in 1975, at the age of 27.
Statistics
See also
List of Iceland international footballers
References
External links
Archived profile at Íþróttabandalag Akraness
1947 births
Living people
Association football forwards
Eyleifur Hafsteinsson
Eyleifur Hafsteinsson
Eyleifur Hafsteinsson
Eyleifur Hafsteinsson
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This is an incomplete list of species in the fungal genus Puccinia. Members of this genus are pathogens on all major cereal crop species except rice, and some cause large economic losses. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the widespread genus contains about 4000 species.
Puccinia abrotani
Puccinia abrupta
Puccinia acetosae
Puccinia achilleae
Puccinia adjuncta
Puccinia adoxae
Puccinia aegopodii
Puccinia agrophila
Puccinia akiraho
Puccinia albescens
Puccinia alboclava
Puccinia albulensis
Puccinia aletridis
Puccinia allii
Puccinia amphigena
Puccinia andropogonis
Puccinia anemones-virginianae
Puccinia angelicae
Puccinia angustata
Puccinia anisotomes
Puccinia annularis
Puccinia antenori
Puccinia anthemidis
Puccinia antirrhini
Puccinia apii
Puccinia arachidis
Puccinia arenariae
Puccinia areolata
Puccinia argentata
Puccinia aristidae
Puccinia aristolochiae
Puccinia arnaudensis
Puccinia aromatica
Puccinia artemisiae-chamaemelifoliae
Puccinia artemisiicola
Puccinia arundinellae
Puccinia asarina
Puccinia asparagi
Puccinia asperulae-cynanchicae
Puccinia asphodeli
Puccinia asterum
Puccinia atkinsonii
Puccinia aucta
Puccinia austrina
Puccinia barkhausiae-rhoeadifoliae
Puccinia batatas
Puccinia behenis
Puccinia belamcandae
Puccinia betonicae
Puccinia bistortae
Puccinia blechni
Puccinia bonariensis
Puccinia brachypodii
Puccinia bulbocastani
Puccinia bupleuri
Puccinia burchardiae
Puccinia butleri
Puccinia buxi
Puccinia cacabata
Puccinia calcitrapae
Puccinia calosperma
Puccinia calthae
Puccinia calthicola
Puccinia cameliae
Puccinia campanulae
Puccinia canaliculata
Puccinia canariensis
Puccinia cancellata
Puccinia cannae
Puccinia caricina
Puccinia caricis-araliae
Puccinia caricis-shepherdiae
Puccinia carthami
Puccinia caulicola
Puccinia celmisiae
Puccinia cephalandrae-indicae
Puccinia chaerophylli
Puccinia chaetochloae
Puccinia chathamica
Puccinia chloridis
Puccinia chondrillina, biocontrol of Chondrilla juncea
Puccinia chrysanthemi
Puccinia chrysosplenii
Puccinia cicutae
Puccinia circaeae
Puccinia circumalpina
Puccinia citrina
Puccinia cladii
Puccinia clavata
Puccinia clintonii
Puccinia cnici
Puccinia cnici-oleracei
Puccinia coaetanea
Puccinia cockaynei
Puccinia cognata
Puccinia commelinae
Puccinia commelinae-benghalensis
Puccinia commutata
Puccinia conclusa
Puccinia congesta
Puccinia conii
Puccinia contegens
Puccinia convolvuli
Puccinia coprosmae
Puccinia coronata
Puccinia costina
Puccinia cousiniae
Puccinia crepidicola
Puccinia crepidis-asadbarensis
Puccinia crepidis
Puccinia crepidis-montanae
Puccinia cribrata
Puccinia crinitae
Puccinia cuniculi
Puccinia cyani
Puccinia cygnorum
Puccinia cynodontis
Puccinia deyeuxiae-scabrescentis
Puccinia dichondrae
Puccinia difformis
Puccinia dioicae
Puccinia distichlidis
Puccinia distincta
Puccinia distorta
Puccinia drabae
Puccinia dracunculina
Puccinia duthiei
Puccinia egmontensis
Puccinia elymi
Puccinia elytrariae
Puccinia emaculata
Puccinia embergeriae
Puccinia enceliae
Puccinia epilobii
Puccinia erianthi
Puccinia eriophori
Puccinia erythropus
Puccinia euphrasiana
Puccinia eutremae
Puccinia evadens
Puccinia extensicola
Puccinia falcariae
Puccinia fergussonii
Puccinia ferruginosa
Puccinia festucae
Puccinia flaccida
Puccinia flaveriae
Puccinia flavescens
Puccinia flourensiae
Puccinia fodiens
Puccinia foyana
Puccinia fragosoana
Puccinia freycinetiae
Puccinia gahniae
Puccinia galii-cruciatae
Puccinia galii-verni
Puccinia gei
Puccinia gei-parviflori
Puccinia gentianae
Puccinia geranii-pilosi
Puccinia gigantea
Puccinia gigantispora
Puccinia gladioli
Puccinia glechomatis
Puccinia glomerata
Puccinia gnaphaliicola
Puccinia grahamii
Puccinia graminis
Puccinia granulispora
Puccinia harknessii
Puccinia hectorensis
Puccinia hederaceae
Puccinia helianthi
Puccinia helianthi-mollis
Puccinia heliconiae
Puccinia hemerocallidis
Puccinia heraclei
Puccinia heterospora
Puccinia heucherae
Puccinia hordei
Puccinia horiana
Puccinia hydrocotyles
Puccinia hyssopi
Puccinia hysterium
Puccinia investita
Puccinia iridis
Puccinia junci
Puccinia juncophila
Puccinia jurineae
Puccinia kalchbrenneri
Puccinia kansensis
Puccinia keae
Puccinia kenmorensis
Puccinia kinseyi
Puccinia kirkii
Puccinia kochiae
Puccinia koherika
Puccinia komarovii
Puccinia kopoti
Puccinia kuehnii
Puccinia kusanoi
Puccinia lactucarum
Puccinia lagenophorae
Puccinia lapsanae
Puccinia lateripes
Puccinia liatridis
Puccinia libanotidis
Puccinia liberta
Puccinia ligustici
Puccinia liliacearum
Puccinia lithospermi
Puccinia ljulinica
Puccinia longicornis
Puccinia longissima
Puccinia ludwigii
Puccinia luzulae
Puccinia lycii
Puccinia lygodesmiae
Puccinia maculosa
Puccinia magnusiana
Puccinia major
Puccinia malvacearum
Puccinia mania
Puccinia mariae-wilsoniae
Puccinia mariana
Puccinia maurea
Puccinia melanocephala
Puccinia melanosora
Puccinia melicae
Puccinia menthae
Puccinia mesomajalis
Puccinia microsora
Puccinia microspora
Puccinia minussensis
Puccinia minuta
Puccinia miscanthi
Puccinia mogiphanis
Puccinia moliniae
Puccinia monoica
Puccinia montana
Puccinia montanensis
Puccinia morrisoni
Puccinia moschata
Puccinia muehlenbeckiae
Puccinia mulgedii
Puccinia myrsiphylli
Puccinia nakanishikii
Puccinia namua
Puccinia nemoralis
Puccinia nepalensis
Puccinia nevadensis
Puccinia nitida
Puccinia noccae
Puccinia novozelandica
Puccinia oahuensis
Puccinia obliqua
Puccinia obscura
Puccinia obtectella
Puccinia operta
Puccinia opizii
Puccinia opulenta
Puccinia orbicula
Puccinia oreoboli
Puccinia oxalidis
Puccinia oxyriae
Puccinia paludosa
Puccinia pampeana
Puccinia paspalina
Puccinia patruelis
Puccinia pattersoniae
Puccinia pazschkei
Puccinia pedatissima
Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis
Puccinia peristrophes
Puccinia perlaevis
Puccinia petasitis
Puccinia phlomidis
Puccinia phragmitis
Puccinia phyllostachydis
Puccinia physedrae
Puccinia physospermi
Puccinia pimpinellae
Puccinia pittieriana
Puccinia plagianthi
Puccinia poarum
Puccinia podophylli
Puccinia podospermi
Puccinia polemonii
Puccinia polliniae
Puccinia polygalae
Puccinia polygoni-amphibii
Puccinia polygonicola
Puccinia polypogonobia
Puccinia polysora
Puccinia pounamu
Puccinia pratensis
Puccinia primulae
Puccinia pritzeliana
Puccinia prostii
Puccinia psidii
Puccinia ptarmicae
Puccinia pulverulenta
Puccinia pulvinata
Puccinia punctata
Puccinia punctiformis
Puccinia purpurea
Puccinia pusilla
Puccinia pygmaea
Puccinia rara
Puccinia rautahi
Puccinia recondita
Puccinia reidii
Puccinia rhei-undulati
Puccinia rhodosensis
Puccinia ribesii-caricis
Puccinia ribis
Puccinia rigensis
Puccinia rimosa
Puccinia romagnoliana
Puccinia rottboelliae
Puccinia rubefaciens
Puccinia ruelliae
Puccinia rufescens
Puccinia rufipes
Puccinia rugulosa
Puccinia ruizensis
Puccinia rumicis-scutati
Puccinia saccardoi
Puccinia saniculae
Puccinia santolinae
Puccinia satyrii
Puccinia saxifragae
Puccinia saxifragae-ciliatae
Puccinia scandica
Puccinia schedonnardii
Puccinia schileana
Puccinia schoenus
Puccinia schroeteri
Puccinia scirpi
Puccinia scleriae
Puccinia scorzonerae
Puccinia septentrionalis
Puccinia sessilis
Puccinia sherardiana
Puccinia silphii
Puccinia smyrnii
Puccinia soldanellae
Puccinia sorghi
Puccinia sparganioides
Puccinia spegazzinii
Puccinia stachydis
Puccinia striiformis
Puccinia suaveolens
Puccinia subcircinata
Puccinia subnitens
Puccinia substriata
Puccinia swertiae
Puccinia tanaceti
Puccinia tararua
Puccinia tekapo
Puccinia tenuispora
Puccinia thalaspeos
Puccinia thaliae
Puccinia thesii
Puccinia thuemenii
Puccinia thwaitesii
Puccinia thymi
Puccinia tiritea
Puccinia tirolensis
Puccinia toa
Puccinia triticina
Puccinia tumida
Puccinia turgida
Puccinia tweediana
Puccinia uliginosa
Puccinia umbilici
Puccinia unciniarum
Puccinia urticae
Puccinia urticata
Puccinia ustalis
Puccinia variabilis
Puccinia verbesinae
Puccinia veronicae
Puccinia veronicae-longifoliae
Puccinia verruca
Puccinia vincae
Puccinia violae
Puccinia virgae-aureae
Puccinia virgata
Puccinia vittadiniae
Puccinia vossii
Puccinia wahlenbergiae
Puccinia wattiana
Puccinia whakatipu
Puccinia willemetiae
Puccinia windsoriae
Puccinia xanthii
Puccinia ziziphorae
Puccinia zoysiae
References
List
Puccinia species, List of
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Gary Duane Hansen (born c. 1958) is an American macroeconomist at UCLA. He is known for creating the theory of indivisible labor, as part of this doctoral thesis at the University of Minnesota.
Hansen graduated from the University of Puget Sound in 1980 and received his doctorate from the University of Minnesota, under supervision of Edward Prescott, in 1986.
Selected publications
Fiscal Reform and Government Debt in Japan: A Neoclassical Perspective
Health Insurance Reform: The Impact of a Medicare Buy-In (with Minchung Hsu and Junsang Lee)
"Business Cycle Fluctuations and the Life Cycle: How Important is On-the-Job Skill Accumulation?? with Selahattin Imrohoroglu
Consumption over the Life Cycle: The Role of Annuities (with Selo Imrohoroglu)
Why Have Business Cycle Fluctuations Become Less Volatile? (with Andres Arias and Lee E. Ohanian)
References
External links
Official webpage
Macroeconomists
21st-century American economists
1950s births
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
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Bohemian Grove is a restricted 2,700-acre (1,100 ha) campground at 20601 Bohemian Avenue, in Monte Rio, California, United States, belonging to a private San Francisco–based gentlemen's club known as the Bohemian Club. In mid-July each year, Bohemian Grove hosts a more than two-week encampment of some of the most prominent men in the world.
The Bohemian Club's all-male membership includes artists and musicians, as well as many prominent business leaders, government officials, former U.S. presidents, senior media executives, and people of power. Members may invite guests to the Grove. Guests may be invited to the Grove for either the "Spring Jinks" in June or the main July encampment. Bohemian Club members can schedule private day-use events at the Grove any time it is not being used for Club-wide purposes, and they are allowed at these times to bring spouses, family, and friends, although female and minor guests must be off the property by 9 or 10 pm.
After 40 years of membership, the men earn "Old Guard" status, giving them reserved seating at the Grove's daily talks, as well as other perquisites. Former U.S. president Herbert Hoover was inducted into the Old Guard on March 4, 1953; he had joined the club exactly 40 years prior. Redwood branches from the Grove were flown to the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City, where they were used to decorate a banquet room for the celebration. In his acceptance speech, Hoover compared the honor of the "Old Guard" status to his frequent role as veteran counselor to later presidents.
The Club motto is "Weaving Spiders Come Not Here," which implies that outside concerns and business deals (networking) are to be left outside. When gathered in groups, Bohemians usually adhere to the injunction, although discussion of business often occurs between pairs of members. Important political and business deals have been developed at the Grove. The Grove is particularly famous for a Manhattan Project planning meeting that took place there in September 1942, which subsequently led to the atomic bomb. Those attending this meeting included Ernest Lawrence, J. Robert Oppenheimer, the S-1 Executive Committee heads, such as the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, along with representatives of Standard Oil and General Electric as well as various military officials. At the time, Oppenheimer was not an S-1 member, although Lawrence and Oppenheimer hosted the meeting. Grove members take particular pride in this event and often relate the story to new attendees. Other behavior at the campground has led to numerous claims and even some parody in popular culture. One example was President Richard Nixon's comments from a May 13, 1971, tape recording talking about upper-class San Franciscans: "The Bohemian Grove, which I attend from time to time—it is the most faggy goddamned thing you could ever imagine, with that San Francisco crowd."
History
The tradition of a summer encampment was established six years after the Bohemian Club was formed in 1872. Henry "Harry" Edwards, a stage actor and founding member, announced that he was relocating to New York City to further his career. On June 29, 1878, somewhat fewer than 100 Bohemians gathered in the Redwoods in Marin County near Taylorville (present-day Samuel P. Taylor State Park) for an evening sendoff party in Edwards' honor. Freely flowing liquor and some Japanese lanterns put a glow on the festivities, and club members retired at a late hour to the modest comfort of blankets laid on the dense mat of Redwood needles. This festive gathering was repeated the next year without Edwards, and became the club's yearly encampment. By 1882 the members of the Club camped together at various locations in both Marin and Sonoma County, including the present-day Muir Woods and a redwood grove that once stood near Duncans Mills, several miles down the Russian River from the current location. From 1893 Bohemians rented the current location, and in 1899 purchased it from Melvin Cyrus Meeker who had developed a successful logging operation in the area. Gradually over the next decades, members of the Club purchased land surrounding the original location to the perimeter of the basin in which it resides.
Writer and journalist William Henry Irwin said of the Grove,
Not long after the club's establishment by newspaper journalists, it was commandeered by prominent San Francisco-based businessmen, who provided the financial resources necessary to acquire further land and facilities at the Grove. However, they still retained the "bohemians"—the artists and musicians—who continued to entertain international members and guests.
Membership and operation
The Bohemian Club is a private club; only active members and their guests may visit. Guests have been known to include politicians and notable figures from other countries. Particularly during the midsummer encampment, the number of guests is strictly limited due to the small size of the facilities.
Camp valets
Camp valets are responsible for the operation of the individual camps. The head valets are akin to general managers at a resort, club, restaurant, or hotel. Service staff include female workers whose presence at the Grove is limited to daylight hours and central areas close to the main gate. Male workers may be housed at the Grove within the boundaries of the camp to which they are assigned or in peripheral service areas. High-status workers stay in small private quarters, but most are housed in rustic bunkhouses.
Facilities
The main encampment area consists of of old-growth redwood trees over 1,000 years old, some over tall.
Sleeping quarters, or "camps", are also scattered throughout the grove. There were 118 as of 2007. These camps, which are frequently patrilineal, are the principal means through which high-level business and political contacts and friendships are formed.
The preeminent camps are:
Hill Billies
Mandalay
Cave Man
Stowaway
Uplifters
Owls Nest
Hideaway
Isle of Aves
Lost Angels
Silverado Squatters
Sempervirens
Hillside
Idlewild
The grove features the following gathering places:
Grove Stage – an amphitheater with seating for 2,000, used primarily for the Grove Play production, on the last weekend of the midsummer encampment. The stage extends up the hillside.
Field Circle – a bowl-shaped amphitheater used for the mid-encampment "Low Jinks" musical comedy, for "Spring Jinks" in early June and for a variety of other performances.
Campfire Circle – has a campfire pit in the center of the circle, surrounded by carved redwood log benches. Used for smaller performances in a more intimate setting.
Museum Stage – a semi-outdoor venue with a covered stage. Lectures and small ensemble performances.
Dining Circle – seating approximately 1,500 diners simultaneously.
Clubhouse – designed by Bernard Maybeck in 1903, completed in 1904 on a bluff overlooking the Russian River; a multi-purpose dining, drinking and entertainment building; the site of the Manhattan Project planning meeting held in 1942.
The Owl Shrine and the Lake – an artificial lake in the interior of the grove, used for the noon-time concerts and also the venue of the Cremation of Care, which takes place on the first Saturday of the encampment. It is also the location of the 12:30 p.m. daily "Lakeside Talks." These significant informal talks (many on public policy issues) have been given over the years by entertainers, professors, astronauts, business leaders, cabinet officers, Central Intelligence Agency directors, future presidents and former presidents.
Security
The Bohemian Grove is protected by a sophisticated security team year-round. The Bohemian Club employs ex-military personnel to help secure the area. They utilize high-end security equipment, including thermal/night vision cameras, motion detectors, and vibration sensing alarm systems. The level of security is particularly heightened during the time periods that members are on-site. During these times, the local Sheriff's office, California Highway Patrol, and, if warranted by the guest-list, the United States Secret Service help to secure the areas and roads surrounding the encampment.
In 2019, the Sonoma County board of supervisors informed the club that 2019 would be the last year they provided law enforcement security.
Despite the high level of security present, there have been numerous high-profile successful infiltrations of the Bohemian Grove:
In the summer of 1980, Rick Clogher gained entrance to the Grove with the help of an employee and posed as a worker during two weekends of the annual encampment. His efforts, the first magazine reporting from inside the Grove, were published in the August 1981 issue of Mother Jones. Around the same time, ABC Evening News aired a special report on Bohemian Grove.
In the summer of 1989, Spy magazine writer Philip Weiss spent seven days in the camp posing as a guest, which led to his November 1989 article "Inside the Bohemian Grove". He was eventually discovered and arrested for trespassing.
On July 15, 2000, Alex Jones and his cameraman Mike Hanson clandestinely entered Bohemian Grove and shot footage of the Cremation of Care ceremony. Jones claimed it was a "ritual sacrifice". From this footage, documentary filmmaker Jon Ronson produced the episode "The Satanic Shadowy Elite?", in which he characterizes the proceedings as an "overgrown frat party", while Jones produced "Dark Secrets Inside Bohemian Grove", describing what he said were Satanic rituals.
On January 19, 2002, 37-year-old Richard McCaslin was arrested after his nighttime infiltration of the Bohemian Grove, where he set several fires. He was heavily armed and wearing a skull mask and outfit with "Phantom Patriot" written across the chest.
Traditions, rituals, and symbols
Symbols
The club's patron saint is John of Nepomuk, who, according to legend, died at the hands of a Bohemian monarch rather than disclose the confessional secrets of the queen. A large wood carving of St. John in cleric robes with his index finger over his lips stands at the shore of the lake in the Grove, symbolizing the secrecy kept by the Grove's attendees throughout its long history.
Since the founding of the club, the Bohemian Grove's mascot has been an owl, symbolizing wisdom. A hollow owl statue made of concrete over steel supports stands at the head of the lake in the Grove. This statue was designed by sculptor and two-time club president Haig Patigian. It was constructed in the late 1920s. Since 1929, the Owl Shrine has served as the backdrop of the yearly Cremation of Care ceremony.
Cremation of Care
The Cremation of Care ceremony is a theatrical production in which some of the club's members participate as actors. It was first conducted in 1881. The production was devised by James F. Bowman with George T. Bromley playing the High Priest. It was originally set up within the plot of the serious "High Jinks" dramatic performance on the first weekend of the summer encampment, after which the spirit of "Care", slain by the Jinks hero, was solemnly cremated. The ceremony served as a catharsis for pent-up high spirits, and "to present symbolically the salvation of the trees by the club ..." The Cremation of Care was separated from the other Grove Plays in 1913 and moved to the first night to become "an exorcising of the Demon to ensure the success of the ensuing two weeks." The Grove Play was moved to the last weekend of the encampment.
The ceremony takes place in front of the Owl Shrine. The moss- and lichen-covered statue simulates a natural rock formation, yet holds electrical and audio equipment within it. For many years, a recording of the voice of club member Walter Cronkite was used as the voice of The Owl during the ceremony.
Grove Play
Each year, a Grove Play is performed for one night during the final weekend of the summer encampment. The play is a large-scale musical theatrical production, written and composed by club members, involving some 300 people, including chorus, cast, stage crew and orchestra. The first Grove Play was performed in 1902; during the war years 1943–1945 the stage was dark. In 1975, an observer estimated that the Grove Play cost between $20,000 and $30,000, an amount that would be as high as $ in today's dollars.
Controversies
Women
Although no woman has ever been given full membership in the Bohemian Club, the four female honorary members were hostess Margaret Bowman, poet Ina Coolbrith (who served as librarian for the club), actress Elizabeth Crocker Bowers, and writer Sara Jane Lippincott. Since Coolbrith's death in 1928, no other woman has been made a member. These honorary members and other female guests have been allowed into the Bohemian "City Club" building and as daytime guests of the Grove, but not to the upper floors of the City Club nor as guests to the main summer encampment at the Grove. Annual "Ladies' Jinks" were held at the Club especially for spouses and invited guests.
In 1978, the Bohemian Club was charged with discrimination by the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing over its refusal to hire female employees. In January 1981, an administrative law judge issued a decision supporting the practices of the club, noting that club members at the Grove "urinate in the open without even the use of rudimentary toilet facilities" and that the presence of females would alter club members' behavior. However, the judge's decision was overruled by the State Fair Employment and Housing Commission, which on October 17, 1981, ordered the club to begin recruiting and hiring women as employees.
The Bohemian Club then filed a petition in California Superior Court, which ruled in favor of the club, finding "the male gender [to be] a bona fide occupational qualification." It was revealed that the trial judge had previously participated in club activities, yet the request that he be disqualified was denied. The Fair Employment and Housing Commission appealed to the California Court of Appeal which reversed the lower court's decision, holding that the Bohemian Club's private status did not shield it from the "same rules which govern all California employers." The Supreme Court of California denied review in 1987, effectively forcing the club to begin hiring female workers during the summer encampment at the Grove in Monte Rio. This ruling became quoted as a legal precedent and was discussed during the 1995–1996 floor debate surrounding California Senate Bill SB 2110 (Maddy), a proposed bill concerning whether tax-exempt organizations (including fraternal clubs) should be exempt from the Unruh Civil Rights Act.
In 2019, Sonoma County Board of Supervisors member Lynda Hopkins, who was elected to the district encompassing the Grove, wrote an open letter criticizing the role Bohemian Club had in making it difficult for women to get into politics, their lack of investment in the community despite member's personal wealth, and the anachronistic and hegemonic attitudes she felt described the Grove.
Logging
Outside the central camp area, which is the site of the old-growth grove, but within the owned by the Bohemian Club, logging activities have been underway since 1984. Approximately of lumber equivalents were removed from the surrounding redwood and Douglas fir forest from 1984 to 2007. The club's forester, Edward Tunheim, resigned his post in 2006 over club pressure to increase logging. Tunheim was concerned that excessive logging would encourage more brushy undergrowth and thus increase the fire danger.
In 2007, the Bohemian Club board filed application for a nonindustrial logging permit available to landowners with less than of timberland, which would allow them to steadily increase their logging in the second-growth stands from per year to over the course of the 50-year permit. The board had been advised by Tom Bonnicksen, a retired forestry professor, that they should conduct group selection logging to reduce the risk of fire burning through the dense second-growth stands, damaging the old-growth forest the Club wants to protect.
The Bohemian Club stated that an expansion of logging activities was needed to prevent fires, and that money made from the sale of the lumber would be used to stabilize access roads and to clear fire-promoting species like tanoaks and underbrush. The California Department of Fish and Game instead recommended single-tree logging to preserve the habitats of murrelets and spotted owls in senescent trees. Philip Rundel, University of California, Berkeley professor of biology said that redwoods are not very flammable and "This is clearly a logging project, not a project to reduce fire hazard". Reed F. Noss, professor at the University of California, Davis, has written that fires within redwood forests do not need to be prevented, that young redwoods are adapted to regenerate well in the destruction left behind by the fires typical of the climate.
After controversy raised by opponents of the harvesting plan, the club moved to establish their qualification for the permit by offering to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation in Missoula, Montana, for a conservation easement. A further were written off as not being available for commercial logging, bringing the total to and thereby qualifying for the permit. Opponents and their lawyers interpret the relevant law as counting all timberland and not just the portion subject to the logging permit. They state that if the total of timberland is counted, are owned by the club, so the permit should not be granted.
On March 10, 2011, Judge René A. Chouteau rejected the Non-Industrial Timber Management Plan (NTMP) that the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection had approved. The suit, brought by the Sierra Club and the Bohemian Redwood Rescue Club, sought to have the NTMP annulled. The ruling calls on the Bohemian Club to draft a new NTMP that offers alternatives to its proposed rate of logging. At present the Bohemian Club is not allowed to log any of its property.
See also
List of Bohemian Club members
Belizean Grove
International Debutante Ball
References
Notes
Bibliography
Domhoff, G. William. The Bohemian Grove and Other Retreats: A study in ruling class cohesiveness, Harper and Row, 1974.
Field, Charles K. The Cremation of Care, 1946, 1953
Fletcher, Robert H. The Annals of the Bohemian Club, Hicks-Judd, 1900
Garnett, Porter. The Bohemian Jinks: A Treatise, 1908
Hanson, Mike. Bohemian Grove: Cult Of Conspiracy, iUniverse Inc, 2004
Hoover, Herbert. Memoirs, Vol 2: The Cabinet and the Presidency, Macmillan, 1952.
Hoover was a prominent figure in the Grove's history and coined the phrase: "The Greatest Men's Party on Earth".
Hotaling, Richard M; Sabin, Wallace Arthur; and Sterling, George. "Bohemian Grove" in The Twilight of Kings: A Masque of Democracy, the 16th Grove play (1918)
Ickes, Harold L. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol 1. The First Thousand Days, 1933–36. Simon and Schuster, 1953.
Ickes was Secretary of the Interior during the New Deal.
Isaacson, Walter. Kissinger: A Biography, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, (updated) 2005.
Contains a brief reference to his attendance at the Grove and fame for his performances in various skits.
Maupin, Armistead. Significant Others, Chatto and Windus, 1988.
A fictionalized account of the grove, as described from the point of view of one of the major characters in the fifth of the Tales of the City series. Sympathetic and well informed, it includes an accurate description of the Cremation of Care ceremony.
McCartney, Laton. Friends in High Places: The Bechtel Story: The Most Secret Corporation and how It Engineered the World, Ballantine Books, Updated edition, 1989.
For the network of links between the Californian-based and privately owned Bechtel Corporation and members of Reagan's Cabinet, along with their camp membership in the Grove.
Nader, Ralph. The Big Boys, Pantheon, 1987.
Contains a chapter on high-level businessmen and the tightly held secrecy of their Club membership.
Nixon, Richard. RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Grosset & Dunlap, 1978.
Phillips, Peter Martin. A Relative Advantage: Sociology of the San Francisco Bohemian Club
A definitive look at the history of the Grove and the composition of Bohemian Club members and their social, business and political affiliations, updating Domhoff's book (see above). Phillips is Professor of Sociology at Sonoma State University in California. He attended events at the Grove and conducted scores of interviews with attendees in his research.
Quigley, Carroll. Tragedy And Hope: A History of the World in Our Time, G. S. G. & Associates, Incorporated, 1975.
This book serves as the basis for many current conspiracy theories and studies of socio-economic elites.
Schmidt, Helmut, Men and Powers : A Political Retrospective, Random House, 1990.
Schmidt states that Germany had similar institutions, some of which included such rituals as Cremation of Care, but that his favorite was the Bohemian Grove.
Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power and the Victory of the American Ideal, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993.
Stephens, Henry Morse; Sabin, Wallace Arthur; and Dobie, Charles Caldwell. "Bohemian Club" in St. Patrick at Tara, 1909 Grove play
Warren, Earl. The Memoirs of Chief Justice Earl Warren , Madison Books, 2001. A frequent attendee, Warren mentions the Grove in his reminiscences.
Watson, Thomas J., Jr. and Petre, Peter. Father, Son & Co. : My Life at IBM and Beyond, Bantam, 2000. An IBM CEO gives an insider's business perspective on the Grove.
External links
"Social Cohesion & the Bohemian Grove: The Power Elite at Summer Camp" (G. William Domhoff).
"Scanned Map of Grove Layout" (courtesy RareMaps)
"An Elite Alliance". March 2006, article on former NASA head and current LSU Chancellor Sean O'Keefe's participation in the Bohemian Grove.
Images of Bohemian Grove, ca. 1906–1909, The Bancroft Library.
"Old Bohemia, New Bohemia" (compares Bohemian Grove and Burning Man). Forbes Magazine. 1999.
Save Bohemian Grove The website of the group that brought suit against the Grove for its logging practices.
"Bohemian Grove : summer hideout for America's republican establishment".
1878 establishments in California
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Geography of Sonoma County, California
Campgrounds in California
Bohemian Club
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Metra Theatre is an east London based theatre company established in August 2005. The company specialises in taking on what they perceive to be 'dormant' texts and bringing them to life, making them accessible to modern theatre audiences. They strive to keep admission costs to their productions low to draw in audiences who would not normally go to the theatre.
Metra Theatre consists of artistic director Tanya Roberts, Jessica Stanley, Josephine Rogers, and Lee-Diep Chu.
Measure for Measure
Nine graduating students, fresh from London Metropolitan University were chosen to perform William Shakespeare's Measure for Measure at the International Shakespeare festival in Gdańsk, Poland as part of the education program. the performance was directed by lecturers Gian Carlo Rossi and Lucy Richardson with vocal coach acek Ludwig Scarso. As was to become a staple factor in Metra's work, the development of the production drew heavily from the ideas of philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze refers to ideas as being rhizome, meaning a thick underground stem or root system. It stretches out, reaching into all dimensions, rebelling against its own foundations and outgrowing beginnings and endings.
Although the production was a modern reworking, it used Shakespeare's original language and attempted to present it in a way that resonates today, not by replacing and resetting it in a parallel era or context, but by drawing on many different ideas, concepts, styles, techniques and quirks, and bring them together to form a unique, explorative and un-unified piece of theatre. Metra Theatre later described it as tackling Measure for Measure ‘with feminist foresight, socio-religious thinking and a bit of jive to boot’.
In early 2006, Metra Theatre showcased a new version of the performance - including an Aerial Dance performed by Francesca Hyde - at The Lion and Unicorn pub theatre in Kentish Town, London. The production was popular and received a glowing review from Wendy Attwell (of The Shakespeare Revue). The response to this production contributed heavily to Metra's passion in making theatre more accessible, and drawing in new audiences who wouldn't necessarily go to see a classical play for fear of 'not getting it'.
Simon McPhillips with Lucky Strike Productions and Press On Features went on to use an adapted version of the script in a film version of play. The film was set in a modern-day army base, with Josephine Rogers continuing on with her role as Isabella.
Lysistrata
Metra Theatre performed their second production, a modern take on Aristophanes' Lysistrata (using the Dudley Fitts' translation) in July 2006, their first production developed without the guidance of their lecturers. Continuing on with the Deleuzian theory that Measure for Measure was rooted in, they intuitively jetted through a range of different sources and concepts which have a root in the context of the play, without feeling any pressure to be part of unified theme or universal conclusion. Metra utilised the Essentialist Feminism that is present in the text, drawing on music and dance from the 1920s, evoking a time when women were slowly but firmly rejecting the image of the submissive, dependent housewife. Lysistrata was performed at the Brickhouse on Brick Lane in East London. The production continued Metra's use of different disciplines by incorporating static trapeze and the 1920s Charleston style of dance.
The Revenger's Tragedy
Metra Theatre's third production was a take on Thomas Middleton's The Revenger's Tragedy, directed by Tanya Roberts and performed as part of the Enterprise 08 Festival at the Space Theatre in Isle of Dogs.
3 Sisters
Metra Theatre's fourth production was an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters performed on a moving canal barge. The first run took place in November, 2008 along the Regent's Canal in Camden. Over the next three years, Metra Theatre embarked on a sell-out national tour of '3 Sisters', performing in Bath (Bath Fringe Festival), Cardiff (Wales Millennium Centre), Edinburgh Fringe Festival, The Secret Garden Party, Manchester, The Lowry, Oxford. Oxford Playhouse, until finally returning the show to London.
Shakin' the Blues Away
Metra Theatre's latest production explores the lives of Katharine Hepburn, Rita Hayworth, and Ann Miller. Set to tour in late 2014.
References
External links
Official company website
Wendy Attwell's review of Measure for Measure
Ukscreen profile
Teatrum Gedanese Foundation
The Space
Maddy Ryle's review of The Revenger's Tragedy
Skye Crawford's review of 3 Sisters
Article in the Independent by Alice Jones
Review of 3 Sisters by BroadwayBaby.com
Interview with the director and cast of 3 Sisters from EdFest TV
Review of 3 Sisters by TimeOut
Review of 3 Sisters by the Herald
Review of 3 Sisters by Three Weeks
Theatre companies in London
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{'title': 'Metra Theatre', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metra%20Theatre', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Poltoratsky family was a Russian noble family, descended from the Cossack Mark Fedorovich Poltoratsky (1729–1795), who during the reign of Catherine the Great, was in charge of the Court Singing Chapel. The Poltoratsky coat of arms shows a harp as a sign of this.
History
"The family that recently emerged from the merchants, in which all the brothers and sisters were distinguished by a sharp tone and an extraordinary enterprise in all kinds of labor", the contemporary of the Poltoratsky family characterized them in the 1820s.
Poltoratsky owned famous estates Gruziny in Tver Governorate and Avchurino in Kaluga Governorate. Outside these provinces, they were also included in the genealogical books of the provinces of Kursk, Penza, St. Petersburg and Tambov.
Significant members
Fedor Filippovich Poltoratsky was a cathedral archpriest in Sosnitsa (the land of the Chernigov Regiment).
Mark Fedorovich (1729 – 1795) was a singer (baritone), granted in 1763 to the nobility.∞ Agafokleya Shishkova (1737 – 1822) was a woman with an entrepreneurial spirit who kept the whole Tver Governorate at the mercy of, making for her husband a considerable fortune of 4000 souls.
Alexey Markovich (1759 – 1843) was a Tver provincial leader of the nobility; in 1823 he married Varvara Dmitrievna Kiseleva (1797 – 1859), the sister of Count Pavel Kiselyov.
Vladimir Alekseevich (1828 – 1889) was a major general, a participant in the Caucasian War, Turkestan Campaign and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.
Peter Alekseevich (1844 – 1909) was an Active Privy Councillor.
Dmitry Markovich (1761 – 1818) was a famous horse breeder, owner of the Avchurino estate.
Sergey Dmitrievich (1803 – 1884) was a bibliophile and bibliographer.
Vera was the wife of Alexander Vonlyarsky, the owner of Ray estate.
Fyodor Markovich (1764 – 1858) was the owner of furniture, paper and cloth factories, sugar and distilleries in the settlement Chernyanka of the Kursk Province. From 1788, he was married to Varvara Afanasyevna Bryanchaninovova, and the second from 1801 to Elizabeth Frantsevna Benyoni, a Frenchwoman.
Elizabeth (1789 – 1828) was married to Ivan Yakovlevich Bukharin (1772 – 1858), their daughter Vera Ivanovna (1813 – 1902) was the wife of General Nicholas Annenkov.
Alexander (1794 – 18..)
Alexey (1810 – 1870)
Alexander Markovich (1766 – 1839) was the manager of the Saint Petersburg Mint.
Alexander (1792 – 1855) was a Tambov district leader of the nobility.∞ Ekaterina Pavlovna was the daughter of Pavel Bakunin.
Paul was a major general.
Mikhail (1801 – 1836) was a friend of Alexander Pushkin.
Pavel Markovich (1768 – 1827)
Alexander Pavlovich (1796 – 1863) participated in the War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. In 1819 he was the captain of the Life Guards Izmailovo Regiment. A member of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, his membership in them is ignored. Since 1828, retired, subsequently an Active State Councillor.
Andrey Aleksandrovich
Victor Andreevich (? – 1911)
Tatyana Viktorovna
Victor Alexandrovich (1949 – 1985) was a Soviet composer, pianist.
Alexey (1802 – 1863) was an Active State Councillor.
Anna was the wife of Ivan Rally.
Elizaveta Markovna (1768 – 1838) was the heir to the Okkervil manor.∞ Alexey Olenin
Anna Olenina
Peter Markovich (1775 – after 1851)
Anna Kern (1800 – 1879) was known for her role in the life of Alexander Pushkin.
Elizabeth (also a friend of Pushkin)
Alexander
Vladimir Alexandrovich (1830 – 1886) was a Russian general, cartographer, Semipalatinsk governor, participant of the so-called Turkestan Campaigns.
Agafokleya Markovna (1776 – 1840) was the wife of Major General Alexander Sukharev, the heir to the manor house Kosaya Gora.
Varvara Markovna (1778 – 18..) was the wife of Dmitry Borisovich Mertvago.
Konstantin Markovich (1782 – 1858) was lieutenant general, participant in Napoleonic Wars, Yaroslavl governor.
Yegor Markovich
Information in the General Armorial of the Noble Families
Volume and sheet of the General Armorial: II, 142.
Parts of the genealogy book: II, III.
The coat of arms of Poltoratsky in the General Armorial of the noble families of the Russian Empire:
"The shield is divided horizontally into two parts, of which three silver crosses of the trifoliate figure are depicted in the upper blue field. In the lower part in the silver field there is a harp with stretched blue strings.
The shield is crowned with an ordinary noble helmet, decorated with a noble torse, on the surface of which a silver lion extending to half is visible, holding a bunchuk with a blue rim and a black shaft in its front paws. The mantling on the shield is blue, enclosed with silver. The coat of arms was included in Part 2 of the General Armorial of the Noble Clans of the All-Russian Empire, p. 142".
References
External links
Poltoratsky family (Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary)
Heralding case of Poltaratsky family. Department of the Gerold of the Governing Senate for the admission to the General Armorial in Tver province in 1870
Lazar Chereisky. Mikhail Poltoratsky // Pushkin and his circle / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Department of Literature and Language of the Pushkin Commission. Responsible editor Vadim Vatsuro. – 2nd edition, supplemented and revised – Leningrad: Science. Leningrad branch, 1989.
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Shane Cooney (born 1995) is an Irish hurler who plays for Galway Senior Championship club St Thomas's and at inter-county level with the Galway senior hurling team. He is usually deployed as a centre-back. His brother, Conor Cooney, also plays for both teams.
Playing career
St Thomas's
Cooney was just 17-years old when he joined the St Thomas's senior hurling team. On 18 November 2012, he was introduced as a 35th-minute substitute when St Thomas's defeated Loughrea by 3-11 to 2-11 to win the Galway Senior Championship. On 17 March 2013, Cooney was at centre-back when St Thomas's defeated Kilcormac/Killoughey by 1-11 to 1-09 in the All-Ireland final.
On 16 October 2016, Cooney was at centre-back when St Thomas's defeated Gort by 1-11 to 0-10 to win their second ever Galway Senior Championship.
On 18 November 2018, Cooney won a third Galway Senior Championship medal from centre-back after a 2-13 to 0-10 defeat of reigning champions Liam Mellows.
Galway
Minor and under-21
Cooney first played for the Galway minor hurling team on 28 July 2012 in a 4-20 to 2-11 defeat of Wexford in the All-Ireland quarter-final. He was eligible for the minor grade again the following year and, on 8 September 2013, was at centre-back for Galway's 1-21 to 0-16 defeat by Waterford in the All-Ireland final at Croke Park.
On 22 August 2015, Cooney made his first appearance for the Galway under-21 hurling team in a 1-20 to 0-17 defeat by Limerick in the All-Ireland semi-final.
On 10 September 2016, Cooney was at centre-back when Galway suffered a 5-15 to 0-14 defeat by Waterford in the All-Ireland final. It was his last game in the under-21 grade.
Senior
Cooney made his first appearance for the Galway senior hurling team on 3 February 2018 in a 2-18 to 0-17 defeat of Laois in the National Hurling League. On 9 June, he made his first Leinster Championship appearance when he came on as a 50th-minute substitute for Paul Killeen in a 0-26 to 2-19 defeat of Dublin. On 8 July, Cooney was an unused substitute for Galway's 1-28 to 3-15 defeat of Kilkenny in the Leinster final. In the subsequent All-Ireland final against Limerick on 19 August, he was also an unused substitute fr Galway's 3-16 to 2-18 defeat.
Career statistics
Honours
St Thomas's
All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 2013
Galway Senior Hurling Championship (6): 2012, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
Galway
National Hurling League (1): 2021
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2018
References
1995 births
Living people
St Thomas's hurlers
Galway inter-county hurlers
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Rovigo railway station () serves the town and comune of Rovigo, in the Veneto region, northeastern Italy.
Opened in 1866, the station forms part of the Padua–Bologna railway, a double track electrified line. Rovigo is also a junction station for two other lines. Heading eastwards, towards Adria and Chioggia, is the Rovigo–Chioggia railway, a single track non-electrified line, and heading west, towards Legnago and Verona, is the Verona–Legnago–Rovigo railway, also single track and non-electrified.
The station is currently owned by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI). The commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni. Main line train services to and from the station are operated by Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.
Regional trains on the two branch lines are operated by a consortium of Trenitalia and Sistemi Territoriali, a public company controlled by the region of Veneto.
Features
Rovigo railway station consists of six tracks: the first for the Rovigo-Chioggia line, the second and third for the Bologna-Padua line, the fourth and sixth for the Verona–Legnago–Rovigo line, and the fifth only for direct regional trains to Padua.
The station is also a junction of a short non-electrified single track line used by Rovigo Interporto, a goods service.
Passenger and train movements
The station has about 3.6 million passenger movements each year.
Trains depart frequently from Rovigo for Venezia and Bologna, and there are numerous regional trains (R) to every part of the Veneto/Lombardy/Emilia-Romagna area, especially during peak hours. Less frequent trains also operate to other destinations.
Interchange
In the piazza in front of the station, there are stops and termini of urban bus lines operated by SITA, and a taxi stand. Along the avenue leading from the station are also some suburban bus lines, again managed by SITA. These head towards the bus station, situated in the square opposite the church della Commenda, which connects to all provincial destinations plus some national coach lines.
Gallery
References
External links
A collection of old postcards depicting the station
This article is based upon a translation of the Italian language version as at December 2010.
Railway stations in Veneto
Rovigo
Railway stations opened in 1866
1866 establishments in Italy
Railway stations in Italy opened in the 19th century
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Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro (EARJ, the American School of Rio de Janeiro) is a non-profit twin-campus international school located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The school was founded in 1937 as a private, independent, coeducational, non-denominational day school. EARJ offers an educational program from Nursery through Grade 12 for students of all nationalities. In 2019-20, enrolment was 1,200 students across the Gávea and Barra campuses with 160 members of teaching faculty.
Curriculum and Programs
The curriculum is that of a U.S. college-preparatory independent day school for students from pre-school through Grade 12. Instruction is in English with Portuguese offered as an additional first or foreign language. Other available foreign languages include French and Spanish. Health, physical education, and computer classes are also run. Music, art, band, choir, drama, publications, athletics, and Model UN (Model United Nations) are among the extracurricular activities offered. There is no religious instruction. There are chapters of the National Honor Society, the Spanish Honor Society, French Honor Society and Mu Alpha Theta on campus.
The school offers the American, Brazilian and International Baccalaureate Diplomas. Over 98% of the school’s graduates enroll in a college or university, with 75% of them going on to a higher learning institution in the U.S., 20% going on to a higher learning institution in Europe, Canada, Latin America and Asia and 5% enroll in universities in Brazil. The school is accredited by AdvancED and is the only school in the State of Rio de Janeiro to be designated by license as an international school, recognized by the Brazilian Ministry of Education and the Secretary of Education for the State of Rio de Janeiro. The School is affiliated with the International Baccalaureate Organization. EARJ sports teams compete against other schools in the Association of American Schools in Brazil (AASB) in soccer, basketball, volleyball, softball, futsal and cheerleading.
Campuses and Facilities
The Gávea campus opened in 1971 and features eight towers that house the school’s Lower School and Upper School divisions. The towers together contain 78 classrooms, eight science laboratories.
The two libraries with a collection totaling more than 30,000 titles have been closed.
In addition the Gávea campus has three gymnasiums, three music rooms, a cafeteria, an infirmary, snack bar, student store, security room, and a 350-seat auditorium. Athletic facilities include a lower school playground, indoor and outdoor courts, and playing field. The Barra campus opened in 2013 and provides purpose built learning, artistic and sporting facilities. The school contains two libraries.
Athletics
EARJ students have the opportunity to participate in several interscholastic competitions. Along with a few other local competitions which vary through different sports, EARJ participates in Big 8 and Little 8 tournaments. EARJ's Boys Basketball Varsity team is the reigning Big 8 champion, as they conquered the 22-23 season title undefeated, getting EARJ their first ever Big 8 basketball gold. They went on to also conquer 2nd place in the first ever AASB National Final Four (Boys Basketball), closing off a historic season as the best ever boys basketball squad in the school's history. The Panthers' 22-23 season cheerleading squad also managed to secure the gold in the first ever Big 8 Cheerleading Competition.
See also
Americans in Brazil
References
''Content has been adapted from a US Office of Overseas Schools report which can be found at: https://2001-2009.state.gov/m/a/os/1529.htm and updated by the school
External links
School website
Carioca Yearbooks from 1944 through 1980
EARJ alumni website
International schools in Rio de Janeiro (city)
International Baccalaureate schools in Brazil
American international schools in Brazil
Association of American Schools in South America
1937 establishments in Brazil
Educational institutions established in 1937
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{'title': 'American School of Rio de Janeiro', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20School%20of%20Rio%20de%20Janeiro', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Hartselle–Morgan County Regional Airport is a public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) south of the central business district of Hartselle, a city in Morgan County, Alabama, United States. The airport was formerly known as Rountree Field, named in the 1960s for Asa Rountree Sr., a former head of the Alabama Department of Aeronautics.
This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 and 2009–2013, both of which categorized it as a general aviation facility.
Facilities and aircraft
Hartselle–Morgan County Regional Airport covers an area of 62 acres (25 ha) at an elevation of 628 feet (191 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,599 by 75 feet (1,097 x 23 m).
For the 12-month period ending July 2, 2009, the airport had 15,295 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 41 per day. At that time there were 20 aircraft based at this airport: 75% single-engine, 15% multi-engine, 5% jet and 5% helicopter.
See also
List of airports in Alabama
References
External links
Aerial image as of 6 March 1997 from USGS The National Map
Airports in Alabama
Transportation buildings and structures in Morgan County, Alabama
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{'title': 'Hartselle–Morgan County Regional Airport', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartselle%E2%80%93Morgan%20County%20Regional%20Airport', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Otto Soltermann was a Swiss footballer who played as a forward.
Soltermann first played for FC Birsfelden and he joined FC Basel's first team for their 1949–50 season. He made his domestic league debut for his new club in the home game at the Landhof on 26 March 1950 against La Chaux-de-Fonds, and scored his first goal in the same game as Basel won 4–3.
In this season Soltermann played six games for Basel scoring that one goal. One of these games was in the Nationalliga A, one was in the Swiss Cup and the other four were friendly games.
Following his time in Basel Soltermann returned to FC Birsfelden.
References
Sources
Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel.
Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage
(NB: Despite all efforts, the editors of these books and the authors in "Basler Fussballarchiv" have failed to be able to identify all the players, their date and place of birth or date and place of death, who played in the games during the early years of FC Basel)
FC Basel players
Swiss men's footballers
Association football forwards
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
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Kevin B. Sullivan (born August 20, 1949) is an American politician. A Democrat, he was the 106th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, from 2004 to 2007. He was elected to the Connecticut State Senate in 1986 and served as Senate President Pro Tempore from 1997 to 2004.
Mayor
Prior to his election to the State Senate, he was mayor of West Hartford, Connecticut, serving on the Town Council for five years. As Mayor, he oversaw an executive reorganization of town government, land use changes that eventually led to the economic renewal of the town center and cut property taxes.
State Senator
Elected to the State Senate in 1986, Sullivan chaired the General Assembly's Education Committee. Connecticut Magazine cited him for his honesty and hard work. After serving as Assistant Minority Leader, Sullivan became State Senate President Pro Tempore in 1997 and chaired the national Senate President's Forum.
Lieutenant Governor
Upon Governor John G. Rowland's resignation and imprisonment, Lieutenant Governor M. Jodi Rell became governor. Sullivan, as the Senate President Pro Tempore, succeeded to the office of Lieutenant Governor in 2004 where he served until 2007. During his time as Lieutenant governor, he led a statewide effort to improve mental health care.
Commissioner of Revenue Services
In 2011, Governor Dannel Malloy appointed Sullivan as Connecticut's Commissioner of Revenue Service. He also served as President of the national Federation of Tax Administrators.
References
External links
Official site
Living people
People from West Hartford, Connecticut
Mayors of places in Connecticut
Presidents pro tempore of the Connecticut Senate
Democratic Party Connecticut state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Connecticut
Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni
University of Connecticut School of Law alumni
Quinnipiac University faculty
1949 births
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{'title': 'Kevin Sullivan (politician)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Sullivan%20%28politician%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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State Trunk Highway 144 (often called Highway 144, STH-144 or WIS 144) is a state highway in southeastern Wisconsin, United States, that runs roughly north–south from Slinger to Random Lake.
Route description
Starting at Interstate 41/US Highway 41 (I-41/US 41) at a diamond interchange, WIS 144 proceeds to travel northward. Also, the Kettle Moraine Scenic Drive runs concurrently with part of the highway. It travels adjacent to Big Cedar Lake. After that, in Nabob, the highway then meets WIS 33. At this point, WIS 144 turns east along WIS 33 while the latter continues straight. In West Bend, WIS 33/WIS 144 then meets US 45 at a diamond interchange. Then, in downtown West Bend, WIS 144 branches off northward along the riverfront of Milwaukee River. Then, it crosses above that river. Continuing on, it travels northeastward through Orchard Grove. It then begins to run concurrently with WIS 28 and then going through Boltonville before ending the concurrency. At this point, WIS 144 turns east, traveling through Silver Creek and Random Lake before intersecting WIS 57. At that point, the highway ends.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
144
Transportation in Washington County, Wisconsin
Transportation in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin
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The Attorney General of Mississippi is a statewide elected office in the U.S. state of Mississippi. The attorney general is a constitutional officer responsible for representing state agencies in legal matters, supplying other state officials and prosecutors with legal advice, and bringing lawsuits on behalf of the state. They serve a four-year term with no term limits.
The office was created by 1817 Constitution of Mississippi as a legislatively-elected position with a one-year term. In 1832 the office was made popularly-elective and the term was extended. All attorneys general from 1878 to 2020 were Democrats. The incumbent attorney general, Republican Lynn Fitch, was sworn-in to office on January 9, 2020.
History
The 1817 Constitution of Mississippi provided for an attorney general to be elected by the Mississippi State Legislature for a one-year term. The legislature elected Mississippi's first attorney general, Lyman Harding, on January 21, 1818. Under the constitution of 1832, the term was extended to four years and the officer was made popularly-elective.
The 1890 state constitution maintained the attorney general of Mississippi as a popularly-elected executive official with a four-year term. The document also made the officer an ex officio member of the State Board of Education. In 1982 the constitution was amended, removing the attorney general from the board effective July 1, 1984. From 1878 until 2020, all Mississippi attorneys general were Democrats. The incumbent attorney general, Republican Lynn Fitch, was sworn-in to office on January 9, 2020. She is the first woman to hold the position.
Powers and responsibilities
Like the seats in the Mississippi State Legislature and the other seven statewide-elected offices, the Mississippi attorney general is popularly elected every four years in the November preceding a United States presidential election year. There are no term limits for the holder of the office. Candidates for the office must meet the same constitutional qualifications as candidates for circuit court and chancery court judges; they must be at least 26 years old, have lived in the state for at least five years, and have practiced law for at least five years. The attorney general's salary is determined by law. It is currently fixed at $108,960 per year, but is set to increase to $150,000 annually in 2024.
The attorney general is the chief legal officer of the state and serves as the state's lawyer, representing its agencies, boards, and commissions in legal capacities. The attorney general's office also represents district attorneys and local judges in civil litigation, though it is forbidden by law from providing counsel to defendants in criminal cases. Only their office can bring or defend a lawsuit on behalf of the state, though they may retain private counsel to work on their own behalf in such instances. They are also empowered to appoint special investigations and prosecutors to try criminal cases on behalf of the state, and may—at their own discretion—assume responsibility for the prosecution of a crime in the event a local district attorney recuses themselves from proceedings. The attorney general is responsible for appointing the state's solicitor general. They are empowered by law to issue advisory opinions on questions of state law to statewide elected officials, legislators, state agencies, judges, and some local officials. They can also exercise powers under common law.
The Office of the Attorney General of Mississippi is split into 16 divisions. The main facilities of the attorney general and their staff are located in Jackson, though a satellite office is maintained in Biloxi and another is planned to be opened in Oxford. As of February 2023, the agency employs about 300 people, including attorneys and law enforcement officers.
List of attorneys general
Notes
References
Works cited
External links
Mississippi Attorney General articles at ABA Journal
News and Commentary at FindLaw
Press releases at Mississippi Attorney General
Attorneys-General
1820 establishments in Mississippi
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Tracker is a 2010 British–New Zealand action-thriller film directed by Ian Sharp and starring Ray Winstone and Temuera Morrison. It is set in New Zealand in 1903.
Plot
Arjan van Diemen is a renowned Afrikaner commando leader of the Second Boer War, and a master tracker. After the war, which ended in a British victory, he emigrates from South Africa to Auckland in the British colony of New Zealand. Upon arrival, he is recognised by Sergeant-Major Saunders, a British soldier who also fought in the Second Boer War, and is promptly arrested. Major Carlysle, also a British Boer War veteran, and the officer in charge of the British garrison in Auckland, respects van Diemen as a former opponent and releases him; Carlysle also knows that British soldiers burned down van Diemen's farm and killed his family.
Meanwhile, Kereama, a Māori harpooner on a whaling ship, sleeps with a prostitute in an army stable. A drunken Saunders arrives with two of his comrades, and become angry at a Māori coupling with a white woman. He and the other men beat and taunt Kereama, who fights back; in the confusion Saunders accidentally kills one of his own men, but evades responsibility by blaming Kereama. Kereama flees, knowing that he has no hope of a fair trial. After Saunders convinces a sceptical Carlysle of Kereama's guilt, Carlysle gathers a posse of soldiers to pursue Kereama, along with Bryce, a civilian tracker. Knowing of van Diemen's skills, Carlysle offers him a substantial reward to help them.
As they track Kereama, Bryce and van Diemen disagree over which way he has gone. Van Diemen takes a different path and eventually surprises and captures Kereama, while the soldiers follow a different trail and fall behind. Kereama persistently declares his innocence as van Diemen takes him back; notwithstanding their common traumas at the hands of the British, van Diemen refuses to release him, and they make their way back across the New Zealand landscape to return to the British garrison, with van Diemen revealing that, during the Boer War, he and his men would cut off the trigger fingers of British prisoners. Kereama escapes, but van Diemen catches up to him. The two fight, but Kereama gains the upper hand and almost kills van Diemen when the soldiers come upon them and recapture him. That night, having developed sympathy for Kereama, van Diemen subtly drops a knife, allowing him to free himself and escape once again.
In the morning, van Diemen denies that he aided Kereama and departs the company. The soldiers, now joined by Saunders, set out in pursuit of Kereama once more, now aiming to kill him since he is apparently armed with a rifle he made off with in the night, but which was in fact deliberately misplaced by Saunders, who still wants Kereama dead. Van Diemen continues to track Kereama, while setting a false trail for Bryce and the soldiers, knowing they will be only briefly misled. He follows Kereama to the sacred place of his ancestors, high in the mountains. Kereama enters into a mountain cave to pray to his ancestors, while van Diemen prays for his dead family.
Having decided to help Kereama, van Diemen formulates a plan that will allow Kereama to leave New Zealand if they can avoid the soldiers. Unfortunately, Kereama falls and injures himself. Unable to run and boxed in by the soldiers, van Diemen offers him a pistol to fight them, but Kereama refuses, asking van Diemen to kill him as he does not want to die "hanging from a post" like his father. On the edge of a waterfall, van Diemen seemingly shoots Kereama from behind, who tumbles into the pool below. The soldiers hear the shot and rush to the falls, where van Diemen shows them the amputated finger of Kereama with his body under the falls. Having achieved their goal, the company departs, with Carlysle refusing van Diemen's request to bury Kereama.
Back in Auckland, Carlysle sees a man with his head under a spigot, reminding him of the waterfall, and realises that Kereama is still alive. He issues an order to check and arrest any Māori leaving New Zealand with a missing trigger finger. Carlysle tracks down van Diemen, who is leaving for Tasmania without his reward. Carlysle accuses van Diemen of merely knocking Kereama unconscious and amputating Kereama's finger to fake his death, which in flashback appears to be true. Van Diemen denies this and asks Carlysle whether he gave the order to burn his farm. Carlysle says no and van Diemen departs. At a whaling station, Kereama signs onto a ship, revealing that he has all of his fingers, whereas, while being rowed out to the transport ship, van Diemen is shown to be missing his trigger finger.
Cast
The cast consists of British and New Zealand actors.
Ray Winstone as Arjan van Diemen
Temuera Morrison as Kereama
Gareth Reeves as Major Pritchard Carlysle
Mark Mitchinson as Sergeant-Major Saunders
Dan Musgrove as Private Rennick
Andy Anderson as Bryce
Mick Rose as Sergeant Leybourne
Jodie Hillock as Lucy
Jed Brophy as Corporal Barker
Production
The film was directed by Ian Sharp and written by Nicolas Van Pallandt. It is a co-production of the UK Film Council and New Zealand Film Commission.
It was shot around the Queenstown lakes area of South Island.
Release
Tracker opened in the UK on 22 April 2011. The film went to DVD in June 2011, distributed internationally by Kaleidoscope Entertainment.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85% based on reviews from 13 critics.
David Edwards of the Daily Mirror gave the film 4/5 and praised the lead performances: "Watching Temuera Morrison and Ray Winstone clash is every bit as electrifying as you'd expect, like a pair of roaring juggernauts colliding at 90mph." Trevor Johnston of Radio Times gave it 3/5 and wrote: "Ultimately, the drama's more satisfying than exciting, but it's a solid entertainment nonetheless."
Anna Smith of Empire called it "An intermittently exciting chase adventure with rich period detail." Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5 and wrote: "The scenery is glorious, but the movie's a hard slog all the same."
Awards
Tracker made official selection for the Toronto and Valencia film festivals.
References
External links
Official website
2010 films
2010s historical films
British chase films
British action thriller films
British historical films
Films directed by Ian Sharp
Films set in 1903
Films set in New Zealand
Films shot in New Zealand
New Zealand action thriller films
New Zealand historical films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films
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{'title': 'Tracker (2010 film)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracker%20%282010%20film%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Lado Kham was a Slovenian architect and engineer, born on May 26, 1901 in Ljubljana.
He graduated from the Technical University of Vienna and worked as a practitioner in Austria with his mentor, , on the construction of municipal apartment blocks in Vienna, including the 420-apartment block in Simmeringerhof. He also led the construction of a Catholic church in the Croatian municipality of Pinkovec/Güttenbach in Germany, and designed the renovation and reconstruction of a monastic church and a new church in Deutsch Schützen, as well as two apartment buildings in the 20th district of Vienna. He participated successfully in various Austrian "concurences" and traveled extensively throughout Europe. As a technical officer at the Pension Fund in Ljubljana, he was involved in the construction of apartment blocks in Ljubljana and Celje.
In 1933, he began his own civil practice and completed numerous smaller private projects in Ljubljana, Celje, Kranj, Kamnik, Bohinj, and other regions of Slovenia, as well as in Koroska, Germany. These included holiday and cultural homes, chapels, tombstones, and the Catholic church in Hrastnik, the renovation of the evangelical church community's prayer room in Ptuj, various smaller church renovations, the renovation and reconstruction of the Kamnik spa, three three-storey houses in Ljubljana, the Hotel Bellevue in Bohinj, the Hotel Sestre Logar in the Logar Valley, the renovation of the Figovec guesthouse in Ljubljana, the renovation and expansion of the Union cinema in Ljubljana, a factory for processing animal fur in Strazisce, the Seraphic College in Ljubljana, a building with commercial premises, a dormitory, cells, a chapel, and a conference hall, as well as a commercial block in Franciskanska street.
Among the unfinished projects are several smaller and medium-sized buildings, as well as several larger multi-storey houses for Ljubljana and elsewhere, including a four-storey apartment building in Belgrade, a municipal hall in Menges, a teachers' holiday home in Omiselj, and projects for various community halls. He also designed a sanatorium for lung diseases on Golnik for the Railway hospital fund.
He held an architectural studio in the Ljubljana Skyscraper building and was involved in its construction.
Notable works
Architect and researcher Jure Korošec, based in Zürich started an investigation about works of Lado Kham, and below list is a result of his research.
List of works by engineer and architect Lado Kham:
"School for children with health risks, Amsterdam (practice in the Netherlands)
New church, Deutsch-Schützen (at the Karl Holey office)
Catholic church in the Gradiščansko-Hrvatska municipality of Pinkovac (Güttenbach), (construction management at the Karl Holey office)
Simmeringer Hof, Vienna (at the Karl Holey office)
"Two residential buildings" in the 20th district of Vienna, Vienna (at the Karl Holey office)
"Several competitors", Vienna (at the Karl Holey office)
Pension Fund House, Celje, 1930-1932 (collaborator at the Pension Fund, Vladimir Šubic)
Inn "pri Rogovilcu", Črnuče, 1929 (reconstruction)
Pollak - Bonač - Pehani building, Resljeva street, Ljubljana, 1935
"Three-storey building" on Celovška road, ~1935 (source: Göstl)
Parish Church of Christ the King, Hrastnik, 1936
Evangelical Church Prayer Room, Ptuj (reconstruction)
Kamnik swimming pool Neptun, Kamnik (reconstruction and renovation)
Hotel "Bellevue", Bohinj, 1935
Hotel "Sestre Logar" Logarska Valley, -1938
reconstructing the Figovec Inn, Ljubljana
reconstructing and equipping the "Union" cinema, Ljubljana
Animal Fur Processing Factory, Stražišče
Collegium Seraphicum , Ljubljana, 1937
Franciscan premises, Ljubljana, 1937
Relocation of the tower at the Kamnik Fire Department Home, Kamnik, 1934
Two-storey residential house, Mekinje in Kamnik, 1939
Bridge over Nevljica, Kamnik, 1935
Neptune Villa, Kamnik, 1935 (adaptation?)
Diana Villa, Kamnik, 1935 (adaptation)
Subdivision of land opposite the train station, Kamnik, 1938
Deepening Project of the Ljubljana Train Station
New fairground, Ljubljana, 1939 (competition project; Stanislav Rohrman, Lado Kham)
Bata Palace, 1940 (addition to usable condition)
Trade and the residential house of Ivan Lovše, Ljubljana, 1940 (planned, implemented?)
some other multi-story houses, Ljubljana and elsewhere (planned, implemented?)
multi-family house, Ljubljana
two other three-story houses in Ljubljana (underground?)
4-story residential house in Belgrade (planned, implemented?)
municipal home in Mengeš, (planned, implemented?)
Teachers' holiday home in Omišelj, (planned, implemented?)
Construction of a sanatorium for lung disease, Železniški pavilion, Golnik, 1940 (planned, implemented?)
Parish Church of St. Martin, Smartno v Tuhinju, Interior Design (Lado Kham, Stane Kregar and Anton Bitenc)
Ljubljana Maternity Hospital (study, annex)
Bokalci Health Center, Ljubljana
Arrangement of cinemas at the Cooperative House, Ajdovščina, 1947 (Head Office for Cooperative Construction)
Cooperative House, Dolenja vas, 1948 (adaptation, implemented?)
Leather School, Domžale, 1948 (for the LRS Projective Institute, implemented?)
Cooperative House, Košani, 1948
Cooperative House, Godovič, 1952
Holiday Home of the School Clinic, Kraljevica, 1954 (adaptation and extension, implemented?)
Agricultural Faculty, Ljubljana, 1947
Gynaecological and Obstetrical Clinic, Ljubljana, 1963 (adaptation, implemented?)
City Maternity Hospital, Street of Old Pravda, Ljubljana, 1955
Hipodrom, Ljubljana, 1951 (sketches, not implemented?)
Pavilion for Extrapulmonary TBC, Golnik, 1948
Health Center, Ivančna Gorica, 1958 (adaptation)
Bokalce Health Center, Ljubljana
Bežigrad Health Center, 1955 (adaptation)
Črnuče Health Center, 1959 (District Hygiene Institute, for Lado Kham)
Moste Health Center, 1957 (Hygiene Station OLO Ljubljana, for Lado Kham)
Polje-Vevče Health Center, 1956
Rakovnik Health Center, 1963
Vič Health Center, 1962 (adaptation; Construction Department, for Lado Kham)
Logatec Health Center, 1962
Cooperative House, Orehek, 1948 (adaptation)
Annex to the cinema hall at the building of the city people's committee, Radovljica, 1950 (draft, implemented?)
Cultural House, Rakek, 1947 (draft)
Ribnica Health Center, 1959
Senožeče Cooperative House, 1948 (draft)
Šmartno pri Litiji Cooperative House, 1949 (planned, implemented?)
Sanitary Material Factory, Vir pri Domžalah, 1955 (planned, implemented?)
Ground Floor Garage Building Rangus-Pečnik, Ljubljana, 1971
References
TU Wien alumni
Slovenian architects
20th-century architects
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{'title': 'Lado Kham', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lado%20Kham', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Anne Karoline Frogner (born February 3, 1961) is a Norwegian filmmaker, photographer, writer and lecturer. She is one of Norway's foremost documentary filmmakers and is a stills photographer for the image agency Samfoto. She is the director of production company Integritet Film AS and the author of several books.
Her films often cover human rights issues. In 1990 she started a children's art centre in Betlehem. She was made a Government scholar in the State budget of Norway of 2014.
Films
2011: Gacacas and the Fairness in the Grass
2011: Duhozanye - We Who Comfort Each Other, about a widows society in Rwanda.
2009: Kirsten Flagstad Place, a documentary film about opera singer Kirsten Flagstad.
2003: Tradra - Yesterday I Became a Romani, a documentary about travellers in Norway.
1999: Stolen Time/Thirst, a short story project based on three short stories by Knut Hamsun.
1995: The Time Of Darkness - drama based on the lives of ten female members of the Norwegian Resistance during World War II who were arrested by the Nazis and deported to labour camps in Germany.
1994: Asil - Lisa Went to School - Or Vice Versa, a short film about a dyslexic girl.
1990: Whistling Not Allowed, a short film about Norwegian girls dating German soldiers during World War II.
1989: God Bless the Child, a short film about Palestinian children playing Intifada.
1988: A Portrait of Anja Breien.
Awards
2013: Norwegian government grant.
2004: Amanda Award nomination for best documentary and the people's choice award, for Tradra.
1995: Amanda Award for best documentary, Times Of Darkness
Times of Darkness: Best Documentary Award, Women's Film Festival, Turin
Times of Darkness: Best Film, Nordic Glory of Jyvaskyla in Finland.
The Osterø Award for humanitarian work, Military Deny Peace Prize 1995.
Whistling Not Allowed: Nordic Film, Lübeck 1990.
The Jewish community planted a tree bearing Frogner's name for Times Of Darkness - Women's Encounter with Nazism.
Books
1997: Portrait of a Neighbour: A Portrait of Eight Immigrant Women
1995: Times Of Darkness - Women's Encounter with Nazism.
1994: Lisa Went to School - Or Vice Versa: children's book, along with Jón Sveinbjørn Jónsson, illustrated by Annie Goetzinger.
1992: A Suffering without Borders: the Face of Kurdish Refugees (along with Unn-Iren Aasdalen) Cappelen .
1991: Intifada Children: A Meeting with Palestinian Women and Children
Compilation DVD
2004: Times Of Darkness
Films included on this DVD: God Bless the Child, Whistling Not Allowed, Asil - Lisa Went to School - Or Vice Versa, Stolen Time and Time of Darkness - Women's Encounter with Nazism.
Exhibitions
2014: The film Duhozanye. The Widows of Rwanda about the gacaca-trials during the aftermath of the genocide in Rwanda, was screened at the Memorium Nuremberg Trials from 10/4-12/5 as part of the exhibition, commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Rwandan genocide.
2011: Gacacas and the Fairness in the Grass, Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities - Bygdøy, Oslo.
2011: Dag og Karoline Frogner - Photo series from Rwanda, and Le Marais in Paris, Modum art union - Modum.
1998: Bertolt Brecht Multimedia performance with music, Hennie Onstad Art gallery, Bayern Prison, Bredtvedt Female Correctional Facilities.
1991: Intifada Children Current Art Gallery, Oslo.
References
1961 births
Living people
Norwegian film directors
Norwegian women film directors
Norwegian film producers
Movie stills photographers
Norwegian women photographers
Norwegian photographers
Norwegian government scholars
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Monika Pedersen (21 December 1978) is a Danish singer of the band Sinphonia and former vocalist of "The World State" and the Norwegian gothic metal band Sirenia, replacing Henriette Bordvik. She also contributed guest vocals to Mercenary, Effektor, Evil Masquerade, Manticora, and Ad Noctum.
Discography
With The World State
Flier EP – 2013
"A Castle for the Battles that I Fight" (single) – 2013
With Sinphonia
When the Tide Breaks – 2000
The Divine Disharmony – 2002
Silence (EP) – 2005
With Sirenia
Nine Destinies and a Downfall – 2007
Singles
My Mind's Eye
Music videos
My Mind's Eye
The Other Side
Guest appearances
Mercenary – 11 Dreams (2004)
Evil Masquerade – Theatrical Madness (2005)
References
External links
Monika Pedersen's blog
Sirenia official website
The World State official site
1978 births
Living people
Danish heavy metal singers
20th-century Danish painters
21st-century Danish painters
Women heavy metal singers
Singers from Aarhus
People from Skanderborg Municipality
Danish sopranos
English-language singers from Denmark
20th-century Danish male singers
21st-century Danish women singers
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Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency (formerly, Midnapore Lok Sabha constituency) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India. The constituency centres on Midnapore in West Bengal. Six of the seven assembly segments of No. 34 Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency are in Paschim Medinipur district and one is in Purba Medinipur district.
Vidhan Sabha segments
As per order of the Delimitation Commission issued in 2006 in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 34 Medinipur is composed of the following segments:
Prior to delimitation, Midnapore Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:Patashpur (assembly constituency no. 215), Midnapore (assembly constituency no. 223), Kharagpur Town (assembly constituency no. 224), Kharagpur Rural (assembly constituency no. 225), Keshiari (ST) (assembly constituency no. 226), Narayangarh (assembly constituency no. 227) and
Dantan (assembly constituency no. 228)
Members of Lok Sabha
Election results
General election 2019
General election 2014
General election 2009
General election 2004
General election 1999
By-election 2001
A by-election was held in this constituency in 2001 which was necessitated by the death of sitting MP Indrajit Gupta. In the by-election, Prabodh Panda of Communist Party of India defeated his nearest rival Manorajnan Dutta of Trinamool Congress.
General election 1998
General election 1996
General election 1991
General elections 1951-2004
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are generally mentioned below:
In 1951 Midnapore-Jhargram constituency and in 1957 Midnapur constituency, both the constituencies had two seats, with one seat reserved for Scheduled Tribes. The results here are shown separately.
See also
Paschim Medinipur district
List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha
References
External links
Medinipur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details
Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal
Politics of Paschim Medinipur district
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Stephanos Mousouros (1841–1906) was an Ottoman Greek diplomatic official of the Ottoman Empire, who served as ambassador to Italy and the United Kingdom, and was the Ottoman-appointed Prince of Samos from 1896 to 1899.
Mousouros was the grandson of the first Prince of Samos, Stephanos Vogoridis, and the son of Konstantinos Mousouros, governor of Samos for Vogoridis. The family was Christian. His father had served as Ottoman ambassador to the United Kingdom for more than 30 years from 1850, and the young Stephanous thus lived in London in the early part of his life, and also served in minor positions at the embassy.
He was ambassador of the Ottoman Empire to the Kingdom of Italy, before he was appointed Prince of Samos in 1896. He ruled Samos well, putting the law above everything else. The political factionism on the island decreased. He built the roads connecting Vathi, Karlovasi, Marathokampos, Platanos, Pirgos and the capital.
He became ambassador of the Ottoman Empire to the United Kingdom in early 1903.
He was married to a Greek lady.
References
1841 births
1906 deaths
Princes of Samos
Ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to Italy
Ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to the United Kingdom
Stephanos
19th-century rulers in Europe
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Eric Pehota (born November 17, 1964) is a Canadian alpine skier, best known for his more than 40 first descents of mountains on skis, and his appearances in a number of ski films, including ski documentary Steep (2007), and a number of Warren Miller films.
Biography
Born November 17, 1964, Eric Pehota grew up in Mackenzie, a logging town in British Columbia. Pehota's father and grandfather were loggers.
Pehota rose to fame as a big mountain skier in the early 1990s with his friend and ski partner, Trevor Petersen. The pair met shortly after Pehota graduated from high school, and went on to complete a number of first descents, including Mount Waddington in 1987. The two appeared in ski films, including Cosmic Winter and Tales from the Snow Zone.
Eric Pehota and his wife, Parveen, live in Pemberton, British Columbia, and own and operate a jet-boating company, Whistler Jet Boating. The couple has two sons, Dalton and Logan (both are named after mountain summits). The family of four can all be seen in the film, Warren Miller's Cold Fusion (2001).
Pehota remains a recognisable figure in alpine skiing, appearing in magazine articles and films, such as Steep (2007), and 2009's The Edge of Never, and is a sponsored athlete of Rossignol and Arc’teryx.
Filmography
While not an exhaustive list, Eric Pehota has been featured in a number of ski films, including:
The Edge of Never (2009)
Steep (2007)
Warren Miller's Playground (2007)
Warren Miller's Cold Fusion (2001)
Tales from the Snow Zone (1991)
Cosmic Winter
References
1964 births
Living people
Canadian male alpine skiers
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Place of birth missing (living people)
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Hokus Pokus is a 1949 short subject directed by Jules White starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Shemp Howard). It is the 115th entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.
Plot
The Stooges are three paperhangers who also look after invalid Mary (Mary Ainslee), who always uses a wheelchair. The seemingly helpless blonde, however, is trying to swindle her insurance company out of $25,000, as she is not handicapped in the least. While the Stooges are at work hanging posters, they are taken by one poster that advertises a great hypnotist, Svengarlic ("He'll steal your breath away!" the poster announces). The Stooges want the hypnotist to work his magic on Mary so that she can walk again, but Svengarlic is more interested in winning an audience by hypnotizing the Stooges. Under his spell, they walk out onto a flagpole high on a building and dance. But a distracted bicyclist knocks Svengarlic over and the Stooges are abruptly awakened. They immediately panic when they see where they are, then the flagpole breaks, sending them flying through an open window. The boys land directly in the insurance office where Mary is about to be handed her check. Startled, she stands up to look at the boys, only to have her scheme exposed and her check snatched and torn up. Angry, she grabs the ball from the broken flagpole and throws it at the boys in the heads.
Cast
Credited
Moe Howard as Moe
Larry Fine as Larry
Shemp Howard as Shemp
Mary Ainslee as Mary
Vernon Dent as Insurance adjuster
Jimmy Lloyd as Cliff
Uncredited
David Bond as Svengarlic
Ned Glass as Svengarlic's manager
Johnny Kascier as man on bicycle
Production notes
Hokus Pokus was filmed on March 23–26, 1948, and released over 13 months later on May 5, 1949. It was remade as Flagpole Jitters (1956), using ample stock footage. In particular, the two films have different endings: Mary is a fraud here, whereas in the later picture she is actually paraplegic. In the remake Svengarlic is the fraud.
The Stooges make a reference to Sing Sing Correctional Facility, in which Shemp believes he has hypnotized Moe into thinking he is locked up in the infamous prison. The character name 'Svengarlic' is a parody of 'Svengali,' the name of a fictional character in George du Maurier's 1894 novel Trilby.
References
External links
1949 films
The Three Stooges films
American black-and-white films
1949 comedy films
Films about hypnosis
Hokus Pokus
Films directed by Jules White
Columbia Pictures short films
American slapstick comedy films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
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{'title': 'Hokus Pokus (1949 film)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokus%20Pokus%20%281949%20film%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Andrea Bellini (born October 9, 1971) is an Italian and Swiss curator and contemporary art critic based in Geneva, Switzerland. Since 2012, he is director of the Centre d’Art Contemporain Genève, and artistic director of the Biennial of Moving Images (Biennale de l’Image en Mouvement).
Life and work
Andrea Bellini holds a degree in Philosophy (1996), and a postgraduate diploma in Archaeology and History of Art, University of Siena (2002). From 2004 to 2007, he was US editor of Flash Art magazine, based in New York City.
In 2007 he was named director of Artissima. Beatrix Ruf, director of the Stedelijk Museum, interviewed by Frieze Magazine chose Andrea Bellini’s Artissima as one of the most important events world-wide in 2008. In 2009, in the context of Artissima, he organized the events program “Accecare l’ascolto / Aveugler l’écoute / Blinding the ears”, focusing on a single theme: the interaction between the visual arts and theater.
From 2007 to 2009 he was hired by Alanna Heiss as curatorial advisor of MoMA PS1, where he organized several shows, including the retrospective of Gino De Dominicis.
From 2009 to 2012 he was co-director of the Castello di Rivoli with Beatrice Merz, devising interdisciplinary cultural events, and personally curating group and solo exhibitions, including the first Italian museum show of Thomas Schütte “Frauen” and the first retrospective in Europe of John McCracken (2011). Other exhibitions include the solo shows of Piero Gilardi “Collaborative Effects 1963-1985” (Castello di Rivoli, 2012; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, 2012–13; Nottingham Contemporary, 2013) – and of Luigi Ontani “RivoltArteAltrove” (Castello di Rivoli, 2011–12; Le Consortium, Dijon, 2012; Kunsthalle Bern, 2012), of Philippe Parreno (2010) and of Andro Wekua (2011).
In 2013, he curated solo shows by Gianni Piacentino and Pablo Bronstein at Centre d'Art Contemporain Genève. In the following years he organized solo exhibitions and performances by Marina Abramović, Joachim Koester, Charles Atlas, Genesis P-Orridge, Nicole Miller, Raphael Hefti, Sonia Kacem, Steven Claydon, Ernie Gehr, Robert Overby, and Giorgio Griffa. Daniel Birnbaum, director of the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, listed Giorgio Griffa’s solo show as one of the ten most interesting shows worldwide in 2015 in Artforum. In 2017 he curated the first mid-career retrospective of Italian artist Roberto Cuoghi.
In 2014 he curated his first Biennial of Moving Images with Hans-Ulrich Obrist and Yann Chateigné, proposing a new format: the works presented are commissioned and produced by the Centre d'Art Contemporain Genève for the occasion. The second edition of the Biennial of Moving Images under his artistic direction took place between November 2016 and January 2017, it was this time co-curated by Cecilia Alemani, Caroline Bourgeois and Elvira Dyangani Ose. In the context of the Biennial of Moving Images, works by Sophia Al Maria, Karimah Ashadu, Ed Atkins, Alexandra Bachzetsis, Marie Kølbæk Iversen, Donna Kukama, Salomé Lamas, Arvo Leo, Andrew Hardwidge, Isabelle Lewis, Heather Phillipson, James Richards, Tracey Rose, Jeremy Shaw, Wu Tsang, Emily Wardill, Emilie Jouvet, Bodil Furu, Phoebe Boswell, Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz were commissioned and produced. Writing in Frieze about the 2016 edition of the Biennial, art critic Pablo Larios stated that the Biennial of Moving Images accounts “(…) too, for video as a political tool: a handy, accessible, democratic (or anti-democratic) medium of forensics and surveillance, reportage and testament – and, increasingly, an inexpensive form now making filmmakers of amateur-experts across the world. It is in this broad and global sense that the Biennale of Moving Images excelled.”
In 2017, he curated “From Concrete to Liquid to Spoken Worlds to the Word”, an exhibition that explores the emancipation of language through historical and contemporary positions, from the earliest typographic and sound works of concrete poets to poetic experiments in the digital era. Extending his researches on writing and scriptures in contemporary art, he co-curated in 2020 “Scrivere Disegnando. When Language Seeks Its Other”, an exhibition about writing and its shadow side, looking back over a number of practices, from the early twentieth century to the present day, in which writing leaves the function of communication behind and moves into the sphere of the illegible and unspeakable. As the very first collaborative project between the Collection de l’Art Brut in Lausanne and a contemporary art institution, this exhibition brought together a diverse range of personalities: from “outsider” artists, some of whom carried out their work while institutionalized, all the way to “official” artists, some of whom played key roles in twentieth-century avant-garde and neo-avant-garde movements.
He will curate the Swiss pavilion of the 2024 Venice Biennale.
Andrea Bellini is the president of the artistic committee of MIRE, an artistic programme, unprecedented in its scope, for the dissemination of works of moving images in the railway stations of the commuter rail network Léman Express.
Andrea Bellini is member of CERN’s Cultural Advisory Board, the Scientific Committee of Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina (MADRE) in Naples, the Acquisitions Committee of NMNM Nouveau Musée National de Monaco; the Advisory Committee of Arthub, Shanghai and the academic council of HEAD in Geneva. He has also been visiting professor at IULM University of Milan, École cantonale d'art de Lausanne and University of Zurich.
Selected publications
As editor
Writing by Drawing. When Language Seeks Its Other, Skira, 2020
Biennale de l’Image en Mouvement 2018, Corraini Edizioni, Turin, 2019
Hreinn Friðfinnsson, Works 1964–2019, Koenig Books, London, 2019
Centre d’Art Contemporain Genève, 1974-2017, Les Presses du Réel, Genève, 2017
Roberto Cuoghi, PERLA POLLINA 1996-2016, Hatje Cantz, Berlin, 2017
Steven Claydon, Mousse Publishing, Milan, 2017
Biennale de l’Image en Mouvement 2016, Mousse Publishing, Milan, 2017
Biennale de l’Image en Mouvement 2014, Mousse Publishing, Milan, 2016
Giorgio Griffa, WORKS 1965-2015, Mousse Publishing, Milan, 2015
Robert Overby, Works 1969-1987 (co-edited with Alessandro Rabottini), Mousse Publishing, Milan, 2014
Ernie Gehr, Bon Voyage, Mousse Publishing, 2015
Pablo Bronstein, (co-edited with Pablo Bronstein), Walther König, Cologne, 2013
Gianni PIacentino, JRP | Ringier, Zurich, 2013
Facing Pistoletto, JRP | Ringier, Zurich, 2009
Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Gallerists But Were Afraid to Ask, JRP | Ringier, Zurich, 2009
As Author
"Roberto Cuoghi: On Immoderacy and the Loss of Proportion" in Roberto Cuoghi, PERLA POLLINA 1996-2016, Hatje Cantz, Berlin, 2017
"Steven Claydon" (Interview) in Steven Claydon, Mousse Publishing, Milan, 2017
"Rethinking the Format. The New Biennale de l'Image en Mouvement" in Biennale de l’Image en Mouvement 2014, Mousse Publishing, Milan, 2016
"Of the Standard and the Random: Time, Memory, Sign" in Giorgio Griffa, WORKS 1965-2015, Mousse Publishing, Milan, 2015
"Ernie Gehr" (Interview) in Ernie Gehr, Bon Voyage, Mousse Publishing, 2015
"Beyond Cinema: An Exhibition of the Recent Works of Ernie Gehr" in Ernie Gehr, Bon Voyage, Mousse Publishing, 2015
"Less Is a Bore: Robert Overby the Heretic", in Robert Overby, Works 1969-1987 (co-edited with Alessandro Rabottini), Mousse Publishing, Milan, 2014
"Pablo Bronstein" (Interview) in Pablo Bronstein, (co-edited with Pablo Bronstein), Walther König, Cologne, 2013
"Mechanical Cosmogonies", in Gianni PIacentino, JRP | Ringier, Zurich, 2013
"Disse e si contraddisse", Domus, no. 929, October 2009
"Michelangelo Pistoletto", Kaleidoscope insert, no. 3, September–October 2009
Paolo Mussat Sartor, Luoghi d’arte e di artisti. 1968-2008, exhibition catalogue, Palazzo Cavour, Turin, 2008, JRP | Ringier, Zurich, 2008
Collecting Contemporary Art, JRP | Ringier, Zurich, 2008
"S.N.O.W.. La scultura come teorema", in S.N.O.W. Sculpture in a Non-Objective Way (exhibition catalogue), Hopefulmonster, Turin, 2006
"Conrad Shawcross studio in London", in Conrad Shawcross, The Steady States, (exhibition catalogue) National Museum, Liverpool, 2006
Stefania Galegati, group catalogue, MoMa PS1, New York, July, 2005
"51st Venice Biennale", Flash Art International, no. 243, 2005
"Greater New York", Flash Art International, no. 243, 2005
"Thomas Demand" (Interview), Flash Art International, no. 242, 2005
"New York Tales", Flash Art International, no. 242, 2005
"The East Village Revisited", Flash Art International, no. 241, 2005
"Paul Chan" (Interview), Flash Art International, no. 241, 2005
"An Interview with Maurizio Cattelan", Sculpture Magazine, no. 7, 2005
"Sui destini della scultura nella civiltà delle immagini", in Cover Theory, ed. Marco Senaldi, Libri Scheiwiller, Milan, 2003
Arte, Architettura, Città. Forum progetti e altro, catalogue of the exhibition at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Prospettive edizioni, Rome 2003
The Book of Piero Golia, Artisart, Geneva, (collected writings), 2003
"Cecily Brown", Flash Art Italia, no. 242, 2003
"Ricordo di Emilio Villa", Flash Art Italia, no. 240, 2003
"Cosa Arcana e Stupenda", Scultura italiana contemporanea, Silvana editoriale, Milan, 2001
"Golia e la goliardia", Il Giornale dell’Arte, October, 2001
"Meglio in gruppo che in comitiva", Il Giornale dell’Arte, February, 2001
"Giuseppe Gabellone", Sculpture Magazine, no. 6, 2001
"Paul McCarthy", Cioccolato amaro, Il Giornale dell’Arte, no. 194, 2000
References
1971 births
Living people
Italian art curators
University of Siena alumni
Directors of museums in Italy
People associated with CERN
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{'title': 'Andrea Bellini (curator)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bellini%20%28curator%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The revenge tragedy, or revenge play, is a dramatic genre in which the protagonist seeks revenge for an imagined or actual injury. The term revenge tragedy was first introduced in 1900 by A. H. Thorndike to label a class of plays written in the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean eras (circa 1580s to 1620s).
Origins
Most scholars argue that the revenge tragedies of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries stemmed from Roman tragedy, in particular, Seneca's Thyestes. Seneca's tragedies followed three main themes: the inconsistency of fortune (Troades), stories of crime and the evils of murder (Thyestes), and plays in which poverty, chastity and simplicity are celebrated (Hippolytus).
In Thyestes, Seneca portrayed the evil repercussions of murder. In order to exact revenge on his brother Thyestes for adultery with his wife, Atreus lures him to Argos under the pretext of a shared rule, but instead tricks him into eating the cooked flesh of his own children. Seneca's criminals (in this case Thyestes) are always deserving of their punishment unless they repent, since he believed the will to do evil is entirely in the hands of the individual, who must therefore be appropriately punished. This ethical logic becomes complicated, however, since the revenging murder is also a crime, transforming the revenger into a criminal, and thus prompting retribution on behalf of the punished.
Conventions of revenge plays
The ghost of the murdered victim urges revenge (Hamlet, Spanish Tragedy),
Metatheatricality
Madness
Murder
Cannibalism
History/Development
The revenge tragedy was established on the Elizabethan stage with Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy in 1587. In this play, Hieronimo's discovery of his son Horatio's dead body leads him into a brief fit of madness, after which he discovers the identity of his son's murderers and plans his revenge through a play-within-a-play. It is during this play that he enacts his revenge, after which he kills himself. With Hieronimo's quest for justice in the face of a seemingly powerless state, Spanish Tragedy introduced the thematic issues of retributive justice that would be explored as the genre gained popularity and developed on the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage. The distinction and cultural contention between public and private revenge has been considered by some to be the defining theme of not only early modern revenge tragedy but all early modern tragedy. The tension between public and private revenge, then, has also led to disputes between whether the protagonists enacting private revenge are heroes or villains: is Hieronimo, a character who seeks private revenge to gain retribution for the private murder of his son, a villain or a hero?
Believed to have been staged shortly afterwards, Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus is another early piece of the genre in which the dangerous cycle of revenge through private justice is brought to the fore and the typical features of the genre can be found. In this play, Titus' murder of Tamora's eldest son in a ritual of war leads to the rape and mutilation of his daughter Lavinia. As his revenge, Titus murders Tamora's remaining sons, bakes them into pie, and serves them to her at a feast.
One of the great contentions of the revenge tragedy is the issue of private revenge vs. divine revenge or public (i.e. state sanctioned) revenge. In his essay, "Of Revenge," Francis Bacon writes: "the first wrong, it doth but offend the law; but the revenge of that wrong, putteth the Law out of Office. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with his Enemy. But in passing it over, he is Superior: For it is a princes part to Pardon."
As the genre gained popularity, playwrights explored the issue of private vs. public or state justice through the introduction of a variety of revenge characters. In Antonio's Revenge, John Marston creates a character named Pandulpho who embodies an idea from the Spanish Tragedy of the Senecan stoic. The Senecan stoic is not ruled by emotions but rather follows a balance of cosmic determinism and human freedom to avoid misfortune. In Hamlet, Shakespeare explores the complexities of the very human desire for revenge in the face of stoic philosophy and ethics. Throughout the play, Hamlet struggles to avenge his father's murder (as has been demanded of him by his father's ghost), and only does so in the end by mischance.
Other play writers of the period questioned the conventions of the genre through parody reversals of generic expectations. In The Revenger's Tragedy, currently ascribed to Thomas Middleton but formerly thought to be by Cyril Tourneur, the revenge character Vindice is a spiteful man whose pleasure in the act of revenge is what seems to be his true motivation for its fulfillment. The Atheist's Tragedy also by Tourneur followed an anti-revenge plot by having Montferrer's ghost explicitly order his son Charlemont not to seek revenge in order to avoid the villainy of violence.
Reaction
Scholars have examined the themes of the revenge tragedy in the context of the Elizabethan and Jacobean period as a way to understand its rapid growth in popularity. For some, the fact that plays openly question the morality of revenge and taking justice into one's own hands is evidence that the public was morally opposed to the concept. For others, however, the popularity of the genre is evidence that the plays expressed the frustrations and desires for justice against oppressive governance of the public.
In other medias
Numerous adaptations have been made of revenge plays. Excluding films based on Hamlet, these include:
Julie Taymor's Titus
Alex Cox's Revengers Tragedy
Marcus Thompson's Middleton's Changeling
Peter Greenaway's The Cook, the Thief, His Wife, and Her Lover and Lars von Trier's Dogville are original works in the revenge-play style.
Todd Field's In the Bedroom
Park Chan-wook's Oldboy
For music, Sound Horizon's Märchen is an original work which has revenge tragedies as its central theme.
For anime series based on manga, Redo of Healer is a revenge fantasy about Keyaru, who is exploited and sexually abused repeatedly by others due to being a healing hero, a premise as an example of revenge genre due to its numerous depictions of graphic violence and sexual content, including rape, torture, and cannibalism.
For the video games, The Last of Us Part II much more used of violent themes throughout the entire plot as an example of revenge video game.
References
English Renaissance plays
English drama
British drama
Tragedies (dramas)
Theatrical genres
Literature of England
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{'title': 'Revenge play', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge%20play', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Yeadon, Guiseley and District Factory Workers' Union was a trade union representing textile workers in part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, in England.
The union was founded in 1887 as the Yeadon and Guiseley Power Loom Weavers' Association, and was led by Herbert Lockwood, who had been victimised for his earlier trade union activities. By 1890, the union had 772 members. In 1892, it decided to broaden its remit to include other workers in textile factories, becoming the "Yeadon, Guiseley and District Factory Workers' Union", and in 1894 the Yeadon, Guiseley and District Fettlers' Union amalgamated with it. However, this was accompanied by a drop in membership, which fell to only 449 members, and bottomed out at 286 members in 1899.
With the turn of the century, the union's membership began rising again, and by 1906 it had recovered to 489. It led a major strike in 1913, involving 2,500 workers and lasting ten weeks. This was a success, with a new agreement on pay and conditions for all workers signed with the Yeadon and Guiseley Manufacturers' Association, and the increased prestige of the union led to rapid membership growth, with 1,076 members by 1915, and 2,500 in 1918.
The union affiliated to the Trades Union Congress in 1918. In 1922, it merged with the National Society of Dyers and Finishers and the General Union of Weavers and Textile Workers, forming the General Union of Textile Workers. Lockwood had remained secretary of the union throughout its existence, and became the Bradford District Secretary of the new union.
References
Trade unions established in 1887
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
1887 establishments in the United Kingdom
Textile and clothing trade unions
Trade unions disestablished in 1922
Trade unions based in West Yorkshire
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{'title': "Yeadon, Guiseley and District Factory Workers' Union", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeadon%2C%20Guiseley%20and%20District%20Factory%20Workers%27%20Union', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Alfred Kazin (June 5, 1915 – June 5, 1998) was an American writer and literary critic. He wrote often about the immigrant experience in early twentieth century America.
Early life
Like many other New York Intellectuals, Alfred Kazin was the son of Jewish immigrants, born in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn and a graduate of the City College of New York. However, his politics were more moderate than most of the New York Intellectuals, many of whom were socialists.
Career
Kazin was deeply affected by his peers' subsequent disillusion with socialism and liberalism. Adam Kirsch writes in The New Republic that "having invested his romantic self-image in liberalism, Kazin perceived abandonment of liberalism by his peers as an attack on his identity".
He wrote out of a great passion—or great disgust—for what he was reading and embedded his opinions in a deep knowledge of history, both literary history and politics and culture. In 1996 he was awarded the first Truman Capote Lifetime Achievement Award in Literary Criticism, which carries a cash reward of $100,000. As of 2014, the only other person to have won the award was George Steiner.
Personal life
Kazin was friends with Hannah Arendt.
Kazin's son from his second marriage is historian and Dissent co-editor Michael Kazin. Alfred Kazin married his third wife, the writer Ann Birstein, in 1952, and they divorced in 1982; their daughter is Cathrael Kazin, who is a managing partner at Volta Learning Group.
Kazin married a fourth time, and is survived by his widow, the writer Judith Dunford.
Death
Kazin died in Manhattan on his 83rd birthday.
Bibliography
Author
On Native Grounds: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature (1942)
The Open Street (1948)
A Walker in the City (1951)
The Inmost Leaf: Essays on American and European Writers (1955)
Contemporaries: Essays on Modern Life and Literature (1963)
Starting Out in the Thirties (1965)
Bright Book of Life: American Novelists and Storytellers from Hemingway to Mailer (1973)
New York Jew (1978)
The State of the Book World, 1980: Three Talks (1980), with Dan Lacy and Ernest L. Boyer
An American Procession: The Major American Writers from 1830 to 1930—The Crucial Century (1984)
A Writer's America: Landscape in Literature (1988)
Our New York (1989), co-authored with David Finn
The Emmy Parrish Lectures in American Studies (1991)
Writing Was Everything (1995)
A Lifetime Burning in Every Moment: From the Journals of Alfred Kazin (1996)
God and the American Writer (1997)
Alfred Kazin's America: Critical and Personal Writings (2003) edited and with an introduction by Ted Solotaroff
Alfred Kazin's Journals (2011), selected and edited by Richard M. Cook
Editor (selected)
The Portable Blake The Viking Press 1946, reprinted many times between 1959 and 1975; Penguin Books 1976, reprinted 1977,
F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Man and His Work
The Stature of Theodore Dreiser, co-edited with Charles Shapiro
Emerson: A Modern Anthology, co-edited with Daniel Aaron
The Works of Anne Frank, co-edited with Ann Birstein
The Open Form: Essays for Our Time
Selected Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne
References
External links
Alfred Kazin, champion of American literature: An appreciation by Fred Mazelis on the World Socialist Web Site
“Correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Alfred Kazin”, with an Introduction & Commentary by Helgard Mahrdt, Samtiden 1 - 2005, Retrieved 2 September 2014
Alfred Kazin Papers at the New York Public Library
1915 births
1998 deaths
American literary critics
City College of New York alumni
Jewish American writers
People from Brownsville, Brooklyn
Writers from New York (state)
Journalists from New York City
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century American Jews
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
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Epsilon Minus was the debut album by Epsilon Minus, released in 2002 on the Alfa Matrix label. It was also released as a deluxe edition with a bonus disc. The track "Power Down" was later released as a bonus track on the limited edition version Hearts for Bullets, an album by Jennifer Parkin's solo project Ayria.
Track listing
"Introduction (EM Anthem)" – 1:42
"Freedom" - 7:14
"Antigravity" - 4:07
"Transition (The Clock Is Ticking)" - 0:30
"Wasted Years" - 4:20
"Through" - 3:55
"Faceless Whispers" - 4:22
"Lost" - 4:48
"Protection" - 4:28
"Chiba City Blues" - 4:38
"Power Down" - 4:15
"Faceless Whispers (Hallucinate)" - 4:07
"Freedom (Restriction)" - 5:27
"Nothing Is Indestructible" - 6:42
"Untitled" - 6:48
"Untitled" - 0:47
"Untitled" - 0:33
Bonus Disc
"Antigravity" (Implant Mix) - 5:15
"Through" (Glis Mix) - 5:24
"Faceless Whispers" (GASR Mix) - 4:43
"A Dark Background" - 3:51
"Freedom" (Stromkern Mix) - 6:43
"Nothing Is Indestructible" (Neikka RPM Mix) - 4:49
"Antigravity" (cXe) - 3:59
References
2002 albums
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The rise of musical bands in Pakistan began in the 1980s when cassettes first came into Pakistan bringing in a wave of Western rock music. Western-influenced rock music began to feature in underground concerts all across the country. In the 1980s, rock bands Vital Signs and Strings rose in defiance of the authoritarian regime and gained immense popularity amongst the youth. Vital Signs is widely regarded as Pakistan's first and most successful pop-rock band. Their single "Dil Dil Pakistan" was voted the third most popular song of all time in a BBC World poll in 2003, and is also called Pakistan's "pop national anthem". Despite being active since the late 80s, Strings attained widespread popularity after the release of their second album in 1992. The band went on to sell over 25 million albums worldwide. Junoon, Aaroh, and Noori followed suit in the 1990s.
Junoon pioneered the genre of Sufi rock, combining the poetry of famous Sufi poets such as Rumi, Hafez, and Bulleh Shah with the hard rock band of Led Zeppelin and Santana and South Asian percussion such as the tabla. Junoon is one of Pakistan's and South Asia's most successful bands with over 30 million albums sold worldwide; The New York Times called Junoon "the U2 of Pakistan" and Q magazine dubbed them as "One of the biggest bands in the world". Junoon became the first rock band to perform at the United Nations General Assembly Hall and only the second Pakistani act to perform at a Nobel Peace Prize Concert.
The early 2000s saw the arrival of progressive metal, progressive rock, and psychedelic rock with bands such as Entity Paradigm and Mizraab. Mekaal Hasan Band, Call, Karavan, Jal, Roxen, Mizmaar, and Qayaas also exploded onto the music scene with different brands of rock including alternative and soft rock. The television series Pepsi Battle of the Bands was instrumental in launching Entity Paradigm, Aaroh, and the Mekaal Hasan Band, all of whom competed in the inaugural edition of the show in 2002.
The resumption of the Pepsi Battle of the Bands in 2017 after almost 15 years, heralded the resurgence of Pakistani rock with the rise of Kashmir band, Bayaan, and Badnaam.
Although the heavy metal genre began to rise in popularity after the 1997 general elections, Pakistani heavy metal music can be traced back to the new wave of British heavy metal of the 1980s and 1990s with bands such as Black Warrant, Final Cut, and Barbarians. In recent years, numerous heavy and black metal bands including Overload, Saturn, Saakin, Karakoram, Burq – The Band, Taarma, The Nuke, and Aag have amassed followings in this niche rock music in Pakistan.
In 1986, the Vital Signs, (predominantly a pop band) released its very first single Do Pal Ka Jeevan, which became an ultimate success and the band built its reputation in Pakistan's underground music industry. The rock music bands and trios came to be perceived by many Pakistani fans and country's cultural observers as a "promising new era of cultural revival". Their enormous popularity significantly opened a new wave of music and a modern chapter in the history of Pakistan.
In the 1980s, rock bands including the Strings, The Barbarians, The Final Cut, Jupiters, Junoon, and Vital Signs gained a lot of public appraisal and popularity; the public opinion was generally positive and welcomed the bands for their uniqueness. NTM, launched a show titled Music Channel Charts to highlight new talent every week due to popular youth demand.
Vital Signs were followed by Junoon, Awaz, Strings, Karawan, and Jupiters, all of whom had exploded the pop, rock and heavy metal music genre in the country, bringing the significant shift of country's transformation into modernism during the 1990s. The Pakistani rock further matured itself and gained public appraisal with the arrival of American satellite television in the 1990s. The popular form of music quickly spread throughout the country and with that came the arrival of various rock bands in the 1990s. Early rock bands such as Vital Signs and Junoon are regarded as the pioneers of Pakistan's rock music. Other bands such as Strings began in the mid 1990s and during the late 1990s underground bands were becoming a norm in cities across Pakistan. In a short span of time, the Western-influenced rock bands gained enormous popularity and were generally welcomed by the public. The Music Channel Charts aired to NTM became the first pop/rock music entity that used to give ratings to pop/rock bands and singers. Music '89 was the first ever all pop/rock music stage-show to be aired on PTV.
Cities such as Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad witnessed an explosion of rock bands and concerts in 2000 as Pakistan began to liberalize under President Musharraf's "enlightened moderation" campaign. In 2002, a major shift in the rock music of Pakistan occurred with the arrival of the Pepsi Battle of the Bands, which saw bands like Aaroh, Mizraab, Entity Paradigm and Mekaal Hasan Band appear onto the scene. Finally, Pakistan saw good rock music, with respectable instrument playing.
Vital Signs emerged during a time in which Pakistan was embracing Islamization. With the rise of Vital Signs and later, Junoon and others, the rock music, exploded in the 1980s and 1990s, became a vehicle for expressing patriotic nationalist spirit in Pakistan. Undoubtedly, the rock music has been one major influential force which has truly kept the national spirits high amidst the prevailing social woes which had worsened in since the 1980s, such music included songs like "Dil Dil Pakistan", Jazba Junoon, Jaago and many more.
In 1980, such Western ideas were denounced in the country, and the film industry was deteriorating quick to compete with counterrevolution of Indian film industry. According to the editorial written in The Express Tribune in 2011, the "Vital Signs and Pakistan's ingenious rock music was the only "arsenal" the country had against India's encroaching entertainment industry."
Several popular bands, including EP, Call, and Noori, have been integral in revitalizing the rock culture in Pakistan.
After the successful emergence of Vital Signs in the 1980s and Junoon in the 1990s, the heavy metal music genre began to rise after the 1997 general elections. Black Warrant was one of the earliest heavy metal band that released its very first album in the public. The roots of Pakistani heavy metal music can be traced back to the new wave of British heavy metal when it was transferred in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the 1980s, the bands Final Cut and Barbarians are considered the earliest Pakistani heavy metal bands. Although they were short-lived, they influenced many other musicians. Guitarist Salman Ahmad gained fame for his unique style of playing Sufi-style and neoclassical kinds of music in heavy metal form.
The second wave of heavy metal artists, comprising bands such as Dhun, which was Fawad Baloch's more conventional metal project, Blackhour, Ehl-e-Rock, Inferner, and Black Warrant, still continues to promote the genre. The most notable and productive work on the heavy metal genre was bestowed and carried out by Mizraab, whose Panchi album was an ultimate success in this genre. Guitarist Faraz Anwar of Mizraab's solo instrumental work is widely noticed by the public and news channels dubbed Anwar as "Pakistan's master of progressive-metal rock." In recent studies and reports conducted by CNN, heavy metal is one of Pakistan's most popular genres of music, and country's radio FMs broadcast the music each week. Since 2004, the economic liberalisation programmes of Prime minister Shaukat Aziz which helped open the new Pakistan TV and several music video channels, have triggered the underground heavy metal movements in cities such as Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad.
Although Mizraab, a band led by Faraz Anwar that is considered to be Pakistan's first progressive metal band, have also played a significant role in promoting the growth of metal music in Pakistan. Furthermore, bands such as Jehangir Aziz Hayat, Takatak, Messiah and Foreskin are examples of significant metal bands that have surfaced in the past five years.
In 2002, Atif Aslam and Goher Mumtaz formed rock band Jal. The band released Aadat and it became a major hit in South Asia. It was recreated many times. It was also used in the 2005 Hollywood film Man Push Cart. However, Atif left the band and Farhan Saeed joined the band.
In Pepsi Battle of Bands, 4 bands rose to popularity. The first band is Aaroh formed in 1998 in Karachi is an alternative rock band. The name was given to it by Shoaib Mansoor. Kamran Khan was the founder of the band. It gained fame from Pepsi Battle of Bands by performing songs like Sawaal, Aag Ki Tarhan. It released 2 studio albums in 2003 and 2013 respectively. Aaroh released 'Jeet' in February 2018, a tribute to the Pakistan Super League.
The second band that gained fame was an alternative metal band 'Entity Paradigm' that was formed in 2000 in Lahore by Zulfiqar Jabbar Khan. In the Pakistani music industry, it's one of the pioneering mainstream rock bands. It disbanded in 2007 but reunited in 2009.
Kashmir was the third band in this series, The 2012 formed alternative rock band from Karachi, and also the winner of Pepsi Battle of Bands Season 2. The band has also won the Lux Style Award in 2017 for Best Emerging Talent (Music) 2017 for the song 'Kaaghaz Ka Jahaaz'. Badnaam is the last band of the series. It was formed in 2009 in Lahore. The name of the Sufi band was inspired from Bulleh Shah's poetry.
Hassan & roshan is one of the new emerging duo/band with there major hit of the song Doobne de
This is a list of music bands in Pakistan. The list contains bands with their origin year (or period for past bands), origin city, genres, labels, and the present and old members arranged alphabetically.
Current bands
Past bands
See also
Music of Asia
Music of Pakistan
Culture of Pakistan
Pakistani pop music
List of Pakistani musicians
List of Pakistani pop singers
List of Pakistani ghazal singers
List of Pakistani qawwali singers
Sufi rock
Filmi pop
National Academy of Performing Arts
References
Groups
Pakistani
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{'title': 'List of Pakistani music bands', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Pakistani%20music%20bands', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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San Telmo ("Saint Peter González" or "Saint Erasmus of Formia") was a Spanish 74-gun ship of the line, launched in 1788. It sank while bringing reinforcements to Peru during the war of independence, and some of its crew or passengers may have discovered and landed on Antarctica.
History
In 1819, the San Telmo, commanded by Captain Joaquín de Toledo y Parra, was the flagship of a Spanish naval squadron under Brigadier Rosendo Porlier y Asteguieta bound for Callao, Peru, to reinforce colonial forces there fighting the independence movements in Spanish America. It was damaged by severe weather in the Drake Passage, south of Cape Horn on 2 September 1819.
Legacy
A portion of the 644 officers, soldiers and seamen of the San Telmo may have been the first people to land on Antarctica. Some remnants and signs of the wreckage were later found by William Smith on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands. If any crew members survived the initial sinking and managed to land there, they would have been the first humans in history to reach the continent.
San Telmo Island, off the north coast of Livingston Island, is named after the ship.
Moments prior to the battle that led to the capture of Valdivia in February 1820 the patriot force told the Spanish garrison of the Valdivian Fort System they were part of the convoy of San Telmo. Using this tactic they were able to approach the beach at Aguada del Inglés largely undisturbed before their amphibious assault begun.
See also
List of ships of the line of Spain
List of disasters in Antarctica by death toll
References
External links
El San Telmo. Una historia sin final.
History of Antarctica
Ships of the Spanish Navy
Colonial Peru
Maritime incidents in 1819
Livingston Island
Shipwrecks in the Southern Ocean
1819 in Antarctica
1788 ships
Spain and the Antarctic
1819 in the Spanish Empire
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Shozo "Strong" Kobayashi (, 25 December 1940 – 31 December 2021), also known by the stage name Strong Kongô, was a Japanese professional wrestler and actor. He is known for his appearances with International Wrestling Enterprise and New Japan Pro-Wrestling, as well as his appearances on television series including Choudenshi Bioman and Takeshi's Castle.
Early life
Born in Hongō, Tokyo, at the age of three Kobayashi's family was evacuated to Ōme, Tokyo, as a result of World War II. As a youth he participated in weight training and bodybuilding, training at the Korakuen Gym. After leaving high school, Kobayashi worked for Japanese National Railways at Inagi-Naganuma Station until being spotted at a bodybuilding event and recruited as a professional wrestler in 1966 at the age of 25.
Professional wrestling career
Kobayashi trained as a professional wrestler under Isao Yoshiwara and Matty Suzuki at the International Wrestling Enterprise Dojo. He made his debut on 21 July 1967 at the age of 26 for International Wrestling Enterprise, wrestling under a mask as "Fukumen Taro" ("Masked Taro"); he was reportedly the first ever Japanese professional wrestler to perform under a mask. In 1968, he unmasked and began wrestling under his real name.
Kobayashi made his first foray out of Japan in November 1968, travelling to Aberdeen, Scotland to wrestle for Relwyskow & Green Promotions. In 1969, he travelled to Germany, where he performed for Internationaler Berufsringkämpfer-Verband. He won his first title in May 1969, teaming with Toyonobori to defeat Ivan Strogoff and Jean Ferré for the inaugural IWA World Tag Team Championship in Paris, France (the titles were vacated in January 1970). In July 1969, Kobayashi returned to Japan, where he tweaked his ring name to "Strong Kobayashi".
In November 1970, Kobayashi travelled to the United States where he began wrestling for the American Wrestling Association (AWA). In June 1971, he defeated Dr. Bill Miller in Duluth, Minnesota to win the IWA World Heavyweight Championship. Later that month, he lost a loser leaves town match to The Crusher, subsequently returning to Japan and International Wrestling Enterprise.
Over the following two-and-a-half years, Kobayashi defended the IWA World Heavyweight Championship against a series of foreign challengers including Blackjack Lanza, Red Bastien, Baron von Raschke, Dusty Rhodes, Crusher Lisowski, Curtis Iaukea, Billy Robinson, Édouard Carpentier, Ivan Koloff, Dick Murdoch, and Mad Dog Vachon. In July 1972, Kobayashi and Great Kusatsu won the vacant IWA World Tag Team Championship; they held the titles until April 1973 when they lost to Koloff and Vachon. Kobayashi's reign as IWA World Heavyweight Champion ended in November 1973 when he lost to Wahoo McDaniel; he defeated McDaniel in a rematch later that month to regain the title. Kobayashi began 1974 with a pair of successful title defences against Bill Watts. He abruptly left International Wrestling Enterprise in February 1974, vacating the IWA World Heavyweight Championship.
Kobayashi made his debut with the nascent New Japan Pro-Wrestling promotion in March 1974, challenging NWF Heavyweight Champion Antonio Inoki in a historic match held at Kuramae Kokugikan that was billed as "the Duel on Ganryū-jima"; Inoki won the contest with a German suplex. The bout drew a live audience of 16,500 and over a 20% Japanese television share. and was named match of the year by Tokyo Sports. The match was significant as hitherto top Japanese professional wrestlers traditionally only faced foreign opponents, not one another, leading it to be described as a "forbidden battle".
Following his bout with Inoki, Kobayashi returned to the United States in June 1974, wrestling for Championship Wrestling from Florida under a mask as "The Korean Assassin". During his time in Florida, he was managed by Gary Hart and was part of Hart's villainous "Gary Hart's Army" faction. On July 15, 1974, Kobayashi lost to Mike Graham in a bout in which both Graham's beard and Hart's beard were on the line. On July 23, Kobayashi was unmasked after losing to The Bounty Hunter. On July 24, Kobayashi lost to NWA North American Heavyweight Champion Bob Armstrong in a "title versus hair" match. Kobayashi left Florida later that month after he and Bobby Duncum lost a tag team loser leaves town match to Don Muraco and Jerry Brisco. In August 1974, Kobayashi began wrestling for the World Wide Wrestling Federation, where his opponents included André the Giant, Pedro Morales, Chief Jay Strongbow, Victor Rivera, Larry Zbyszko, Tony Garea, and WWWF Heavyweight Champion Bruno Sammartino; during his tenure, he occasionally teamed with Killer Kowalski. He left the WWWF in November 1974 to return to Japan.
Kobayashi returned to New Japan Pro-Wrestling in December 1974, unsuccessfully challenging Inoki for a second time in the Kuramae Kokugikan. He wrestled for NJPW throughout 1975, competing primarily against foreign opponents such as The Canadian Wildman, Steve Veidor, Killer Karl Krupp, Man Mountain Mike, The Hollywood Blonds, Hans Schmidt, Brute Bernard, Gilles Poisson, Greg Valentine, and Tiger Jeet Singh. In May 1975, Kobayashi competed in the annual World League Tournament, losing to Inoki in the semi-finals. In February 1976, Kobayashi and Seiji Sakaguchi defeated Singh and Voodoo Malumba in the finals of a tournament for the vacant NWA North American Tag Team Championship. They held the titles for close to a year, losing to Singh and Umanosuke Ueda in February 1977. In October 1976, Kobayashi and Sakaguchi defeated Singh and Gama Singh in the finals of the Asia Tag Team League to be crowned the inaugural Asia Tag Team Champions. In July 1977, Kobayashi and Sakaguchi defeated Singh and Ueda to regain the NWA North American Tag Team Championship; in the same month, they lost the Asia Tag Team Championship to Singh and Ueda. Their second reign as NWA North American Tag Team Champions lasted until April 1979 when they lost to Hiro Matsuda and Masa Saito.
In April 1978, Kobayashi returned to the World Wide Wrestling Federation. During his run, he unsuccessfully challenged WWWF Heavyweight Champion Bob Backlund and WWWF World Tag Team Champions Dino Bravo, S. D. Jones, and Dominic DeNucci. Kobayashi left the WWWF in June 1978, returning to NJPW.
In February 1981, Kobayashi began wrestling for the Universal Wrestling Association in Estado de Mexico, Mexico. In March 1981, he unsuccessfully challenged Canek for the UWA World Heavyweight Championship. In June 1981, Kobayashi returned to the World Wide Wrestling Federation (since renamed the World Wrestling Federation) for a third and final run, where his opponents include Johnny Rodz, Baron Mikel Scicluna, and a rookie Curt Hennig. In August 1981, Kobayashi returned to NJPW, facing opponents such as Abdullah the Butcher, Bad News Allen, Billy Crusher, Hulk Hogan, and Stan Hansen.
Kobayashi largely retired from professional wrestling in October 1981 due to a back injury. In his final bout before entering semi-retirement, he teamed with Yoshiaki Fujiwara to face Murdoch and Hogan.
Kobayashi made a one-night return to the ring in 1984 for the Universal Wrestling Association in Mexico, teaming with Buffalo Allen and Scorpio to face Robinson, Kuniaki Kobayashi, and Lou Thesz in a six-man tag team match. He formally announced his retirement on 26 August 1984. He wrestled his last ever match at New Japan Pro-Wrestling's twentieth anniversary show on 1 March 1992, teaming with Sakaguchi to defeat Singh and Ueda.
Acting career
After largely stepping back from wrestling in 1981, Kobayashi worked as a television and film actor under the stage name "Strong Kongô" until retiring in 1995. His roles included appearaing as a henchman on the gameshow Takeshi's Castle from 1986 to 1989.
Filmography
Professional wrestling style and persona
Kobayashi wrestled in a "powerhouse" style. His finishing move was the Canadian backbreaker rack; his signature moves included the atomic drop, brainbuster, bear hug, and diving body press. He was nicknamed "Dotō no Kairiki" ("Raging Super Power").
Personal life and death
In later life, Kobayashi lived in a specialist nursing home in Ōme after becoming bedridden due to a spinal cord injury that paralyzed his lower body. He died from lung disease on 31 December 2021 6 days after his 81st birthday in Ōme. Following his death, Antonio Inoki expressed his commiserations, calling their 1974 bout the best match of his career.
Championships and accomplishments
International Wrestling Enterprise
IWA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
IWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Great Kusatsu (1 time), Haruka Eigen (1 time), and Toyonobori (1 time)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Seiji Sakaguchi
NWA North American Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Seiji Sakaguchi
Tokyo Sports Puroresu Awards
Match of the Year Award (1974) - vs. Antonio Inoki (March 19)
Fighting Spirit Award (1974)
Best Tag Team Award (1976) - with Seiji Sakaguchi
References
External links
1940 births
2021 deaths
20th-century professional wrestlers
Deaths from lung disease
Japanese actors
Japanese bodybuilders
Japanese catch wrestlers
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Japanese people in rail transport
Masked wrestlers
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
NWA North American Tag Team Champions (Los Angeles/Japan version)
People from Bunkyō
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{'title': 'Strong Kobayashi', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20Kobayashi', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Federal headship refers to the representation of a group united under a federation or covenant. For example, a country's president may be seen as the federal head of their nation, representing and speaking on its behalf before the rest of the world. Related to the created order, the concept of headship is taught in Christian theology, with respect to God, Jesus, man and woman. It has historically been externally reflected through the Christian practice of headcovering.
In Christianity
In Christianity, this concept has been used to explain the concepts of the covenants found in the Bible. In particular, it has been applied to passages such as Romans 5:12-21, explaining the relation of all humanity with Adam, as well as the relation of redeemed humanity with Jesus Christ, who is called the last Adam. According to this understanding, as humanity's federal head Adam brought the entire human race into sin, misery, and death due to his disobedience. Christ, in his perfect obedience to God the Father, earned eternal life and blessedness for all his people.
In his instructions regarding the Christian ordinance of headcovering in , Paul the Apostle grounds his teaching in "the headship of God, the headship of Christ, and the headship of man". New Testament scholar Ben Witherington III explicates the historical interpretation of this passage:
In Conservative Anabaptist Christianity, the woman's headcovering is worn throughout the day "to show that the wearer is in God's order." The concept of headship can be found in the writings of the Church Fathers, including Irenaeus' Against Heresies and Augustine's City of God. The full theological articulation came in the time of the Protestant Reformation, and this doctrine is held by many Protestant churches, particularly in conservative Reformed and Presbyterian churches, as well as those of Conservative Anabaptism.
See also
Covenant Theology
Calvinism
Imputed Righteousness
References
Further reading
External links
Headship and Head Covering by Rev. Chalan Hetherington - Bennetts End Reformed Baptist Church
The Significance of the Christian Woman's Veiling by Merle Ruth - Anabaptists
Why We Wear a Headship Covering by Brenda M. Weaver - Wilkes-Barre Mennonite Church
The Practice of Headcoverings in the New Testament Church by Rev. William O. Einwechter - Immanuel Free Reformed Church
Christian theology and politics
Calvinist theology
Religious concepts related with Adam and Eve
First Epistle to the Corinthians
Christianity and women
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This article contains a list of the known Bakugan that appear in the Bakugan Battle Brawlers franchise.
The Bakugan are a group of creatures that come from Vestroia. Each of the Bakugan are associated with a different element ranging from Pyrus (the attribute of fire), Subterra (the attribute of earth), Haos (the attribute of light), Darkus (the attribute of darkness), Aquos (the attribute of water), and Ventus (the attribute of wind).
Battle Brawlers Bakugan
The following Bakugan are owned by the Battle Brawlers:
"Drago (Pyrus Dragonoid)"
The Bakugan main protagonist in the series (and also main protagonist of series alongside Dan), and also Dan's partner who resembles a dragon. Drago is the leader of the Bakugan with strong convictions and morals, and is arguably the most powerful of all the bakugan. Together with Dan, they set out to defeat the Doom Beings, and rebuild the Perfect Core of Vestroia. He has the ability to radiate intense heat in battle dissolving everything around him. He is equipped with high intelligence. He is limited in battle mobility, but compensates for it through powerful strikes. He is able to infinitely evolve on his own and with every evolution it makes him stronger and it brings him one step closer to the Perfect Core.
Delta Dragonoid II
Drago's first evolution during Dan, Runo, and Marucho's battle against Julio, Klaus, and Chan Lee in Drago's On Fire. He fought against Dual Hydranoid, and lost, sending him to the Doom Dimension. In the Doom Dimension he battled Apollonir, after defeating him, he had to defeat Shun, Julie, Runo, and Marucho. He has three sleek horns and a hard plated armor in ball mode with chrome rings. He has an extra set of wings and a pitchfork tail.
Ultimate Dragonoid
Drago's second evolution when he defeated Storm Skyress. He has markings on his wings, which are now split, and he also has two horns that are merged. He was also used to defeat Alpha Hydranoid.
Infinity Dragonoid
Drago's third evolution (as an ultimate Bakugan) when he absorbed the Infinity Core from Wavern. He used it to absorb the Silent Core from Naga, becoming the Perfect Dragonoid completely, and later transforming himself into Vestroia's core.
Neo Dragonoid
Drago's regeneration in New Vestroia, after the Ancient Soldiers separated him from the Perfect Core in Invasion of the Vestals. Although he is weaker than his previous form, he still is one of the strongest bakugan. He still has a connection to the Core, and can gain new abilities from it during emergencies. When Dan lost his battle to Spectra and Helios, he also lost Drago and because of his forced defection, his color change from a pure red to mixture of red and black (turning him into a dark and corrupted Hex Dragonoid). Drago has now also lost all his free will in this form and his pupils have been erased. Drago gained the ability to change into any chosen attribute at the cost of his physical health. NOTE: As Drago has a portion from Vestroia's Core, he can evolve more of four times than in the first season.
Cross Dragonoid
Drago's next evolution when he inherits the Pyrus attribute energy from Apollonir in Six Degrees of Destruction, sadly Apollonir died. He lost the Pyrus energy when he, Helios, and Wilda lost a battle against Farbros and Dryoid.
Helix Dragonoid
Drago's next evolution when he absorbed the 6 Attribute energies from the BT System in Exodus. This evolution also marks the first anthropomorphic design of Drago. He can now combine with Battle Gear (JetKor), and his Dragon Hummer abilities gives him super speed. His Battle Gear is JetKor, a dual cannon blaster which can shoot an energy blast and defeat opponents. A lock on beam from the green lens freezes the opponent before the blaster attacks. It combines the two blaster beams into one enormous blast. It was used by Dan to combine with Drago in Fusion Confusion. The finished version was shown in episode 46. Unlike Helios' Battle Gear, it was made using Drago's own DNA so that it'd be more organic in nature, due to Drago's hatred of mechanical Bakugan and not wanting to become a cyborg like Helios. Because of this, JetKor acts like a part of Drago's own body when he uses it.
Lumino Dragonoid
Drago's next evolution in Gundalian Invaders. He evolved in, when Neo Ziperator gave him the Element in The Element. He has four wings and a tail with a giant X shape on it. Curiously his body looks like an amalgamation between his previous forms Cross and Helix. This marks the quickest time Drago has evolved in any of the series. His second Battle Gear is Explosix Gear (Cross Buster), similar to the JetKor with the only differences being the appearance of the cannons and its expansion to cover Drago's new wings. From this on, he also started to use two Mobile Assault Vehicles: Raytheus, a large motorcycle like hover vehicle with a laser mounted in front, and Jakalier, a resemblance to the ocelot's glider with the only difference being Dan being able to ride inside of it.
Blitz Dragonoid
Drago's next evolution when Dragonoid Colossus evolves him as a reward for defeating him in Genesis. He now has armor covering his front body and has a set of wings again, but bigger than his previous version's wing, Lumino Dragonoid. He is also able to combine with Dragonoid Colossus respectively. His third Battle is Axator Gear, given from Dragonoid Collossus. In this form, he represents the original Dragonoid who banished the Nonets to the Doom Dimension.
Titanium Dragonoid
Drago's next evolution, when Code Eve rewarded him for defeating Barodius and Dharak in Destiny Revealed. His Mechtogan is Zenthon and his Mechtogan Titan is Zenthon Titan. His BakuNano is Sonicannon, while his Mobile Assault Vehicles are the motorbike Zoompha and surfboard-like Rapilator. He gave some of Code Eve's power to the other Brawlers to summon their Mechtogan.
Fusion Dragonoid
After connect the power of the Gate and Key, Drago evolved again to a "Baku Sky Raider" of himself. His razor sharp wings and infamous horn give him tenacious attack when he leaps into battle. Only the bravest opponents can measure up to the combined ruthlesness and courage of Fusion Dragonoid. Fused with Reptak, he becomes Aeroblitz. His Battle Suit is Defendtrix.
Maxus Dragonoid / Maxus Cross Dragonoid
Neo Dragonoid's / Cross Dragonoid's transformation when combined with the six mechanical Bakugan Traps Brachium, Grafias, Dark Hound, Grakas Hound, Spitarm, and Spyderfencer.
Skyress
Skyress is Shun's guardian Bakugan that resembles a phoenix. She possesses the ultimate ability to resurrect herself. Her Impressive vision scours the horizon. She has gigantic wingspan and numerous long tails with bladed feathers at its tip. She is noble with a chivalrous spirit and fair in battle. Shun received Skyress as a gift from his sick mother right before she fell into a coma (in the English version; in the Japanese, she died).
Storm Skyress
Storm Skyress evolved from Skyress when Shun met an illusionary girl he realized was his mother in the past. Because of him missing his mother, he wanted to stay with her so that she wouldn't get ill like she did, realized he could not live alone with an illusionary form of his younger mother and his friends were depending on him. She is a larger, stronger version of Skyress with a colossal wingspan and a blade-tipped tail. In Blast From the Past, she was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Ingram
Shun's second Guardian Bakugan in New Vestroia. Shun saved Ingram in midair when he was being sucked into the Vestal Destroyer. Ingram is a bird-type monster with six wings and a hard-plated steel chest. His sharp, clawed feet can shred his opponents. He can also fly high into the air and nosedive directly into his opponents to eliminate them.
Master Ingram
Ingram's evolution after gaining Oberus' elemental energy in Six Degrees of Destruction. Ingram is now a ninja/warrior Bakugan with an additional set of wings who can call upon Shadow Wing as a battle partner. He lost the Ventus energy when he and Nemus lost a battle against Boriates and Macubass, due to the Vexos' cheating. In Blast From the Past, he was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Hawktor
Shun's third Guardian Bakugan that resembles a humanoid hawk in Gundalian Invaders. He appeared in Phantom Data Attack along with Aranaut, Akwimos, and Coredem. In Hostile Takeover, his real form replaced Shun's synthetic Bakugan. Hawktor is excited to be partnered with Shun, eager to learn some stealth attacks from the ninja. His Battle Gear is Swayther, a giant jet pack with dual laser cannons on the wings. also called cucklord
Taylean
Shun's fourth Guardian Bakugan in Arc 1 of Mechtanium Surge. Taylean is from Neathia as such he is always calm about how to approach things. Taylean is Shun's first bakugan to not resemble a bird. His BakuNano is Hammermor and his Mobile Assault Vehicle is Zoompha. His Battle Suit is Blasterate. In Blast From the Past, he was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Jaakor
Shun's fifth Guardian Bakugan in Arc 2 of Mechtanium Surge. He is a Baku Sky Raider. He is the one who is strong and even the one who seeks supreme power. It is his second bakugan to not resemble a bird, instead, it resembles Taylean and Primo Vulcan. Its Baku Sky Raider Combination with Skytress and Oberum is Magmafury
Preyas
Preyas is a chameleon-like Bakugan with strong loyalty to Marucho. His greatest strength is that Preyas can change his molecular structure allowing him to turn to Darkus or Subterra. Even though he has a menacing appearance, he is shy and comical. Small in comparison to the other monsters, Preyas makes up for it in speed. Preyas reappears in Return to New Vestroia.and in mechtanium surge when dan and drago go to New Vestroia and start training on an island they meet him and his student. In Blast From the Past, he was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Preyas Angelo & Preyas Diablo
Instead of evolving, Preyas regurgitated a mutated version of himself. The second Preyas has a split personality, one side is hotheaded and extremely rude, and the other is peaceful and overly polite. The rude side looks like demon version of Preyas and is a pyrus/aquos hybrid, called Preyas Diablo (demon); the polite side looks like an angel version of Preyas and is a haos/aquos hybrid, called Preyas Angelo (angel). Although the original Preyas has been found in New Vestroia, Preyas II hasn't even been mentioned. In Blast From the Past, he was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Elfin
Marucho's second Guardian Bakugan that resembles a frog-like humanoid in New Vestroia. Elfin is like Preyas, for she can change attributes to gain an advantage during battle. Before joining with Marucho, she protected the Bakugan from a forest in New Vestroia from the Vexos. She can shoot arrows out of its fingers. She's known to be a parody of Sailor Moon with her looks, stances and transformations. She and Preyas later started dating.
Minx Elfin
Elfin's evolution after she inherited Frosch's Elemental energy in Six Degrees of Destruction. Her hair is now twisted and she has a heart on her chest. She lost the Aquos energy when she lost a battle against Dryoid and MAC Spider. In Blast From the Past, she was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Akwimos
Marucho's third Guardian Bakugan that resembles a Gill-man in Gundalian Invaders. He looks like Elico with swim goggles. He appeared in Phantom Data Attack, along with Aranaut, Coredem, and Hawktor. In Hostile Takeover, his real form replaced Marucho's synthetic Bakugan. His catchphrase is "Cool is the rule, dude!". He seems to have an African-American accent. His Battle Gear is Gigarth.
Trister
Marucho's fourth Guardian Bakugan in Arc 1 of Mechtanium Surge. Trister is from Gundalia and is always looking for a fight. His BakuNano is Crosstriker. In Blast From the Past, he was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Radizen
Marucho's fifth Guardian Bakugan in Arc 2 of Mechtanium Surge. He represents a kappa and very much agitated with Roxtor. His BakuFusion Combination is Betakor.
Tigrerra
A Bakugan that resembles a saber-toothed white tiger. Tigrerra is a beast with a strong bond to Runo and willing to defend her with incredible ferocity. She possesses a gigantic blade inside her body capable of cutting any substance in the human world. She has a very human like nature with a strong sense of duty. Tigrerra is kind and often protective. Runo nicknames Tigrerra "Tig". In the Japanese version, Tigrerra is a male named Tigres, nicknamed "Tora-chan" by Runo. Tora means tiger in Japanese.
Blade Tigrerra
Tigrerra's next evolution that resembles an anthropomorphic version of Tigrerra, which has long, yellow retractable blades at her hands, knees and shoulders. She is able to stand normally on two legs. In "Bakugan: New Vestroia", she was partnered up with Baron. But when they were battling Spectra and Helios, she sacrificed herself to save Nemus. She was taken back to the royal palace to be turned into a bronze trophy for Prince Hydron. She was later freed and reunited with Runo. In the second arc of Mechtanium Surge, it was revealed that she returned to New Vestroia with Preyas and Hammer Gorem and became Aerogan's master. In Blast From the Past, she was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Aerogan
Runo's new partner in Mechtanium Surge and Blade Tigrerra's apprentice. He first appeared in Jump to Victory, when he traveled to Earth in search of a new partner and ended up teaming up with Runo to help Dan, Drago, and Reptak in a battle with Wiseman. After winning the battle, Aerogan returned to New Vestroia to keep training with Tigrerra. Despite this, he returned in Blast From the Past, where he was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Gorem
A Bakugan that resembles a large golem. Gorem is one of the largest Bakugan and its body is composed of exceptionally dense cells making it very heavy. When battling it uses its massive fist and a shield decreasing the G power of any Bakugan. Normally gentle and obedient, only Julie can calm it down when angry. It evolves into Hammer Gorem.
Hammer Gorem
Hammer Gorem is the next evolution of Gorem. It is a stronger more powerful evolution with an impressive coat of armor and bull-like horns protruding from its head. Hammer Gorem wields a highly destructive double-sided hammer to pound its enemies into the ground. He later went back to New Vestroia with Blade Tigrerra and Preyas, though this wasn't shown. In Blast From the Past, he was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Hydranoid
Alice's guardian Bakugan (Masquerade's before). Hydranoid is one of the strongest species with a body composed of a highly intelligent, independent cell structure. It is completely controlled by Masquerade and obeys all of Masquerade's commands. This one-headed Hydra-like Bakugan has very strong armor, a dragon-like face, spines all over its body, and a sharp flail for a tail. Its mobility is extremely slow, but can battle all species with its extremely powerful and forceful strikes. Hydranoid is a mercilessly cruel and unforgiving monster, not to mention extremely violent and arrogant that feeds off the power of Bakugan sent to the Doom Dimension by Masqerade. Like his old nemesis (now close friend) Drago, Hydranoid can evolve into a more powerful monster.
Dual Hydranoid
Hydranoid's first evolution with two heads. Hydranoid now also has two tails. He seems to be partially mechanical even though his evolution was completely natural, unlike Helios who was evolved by Vestal Technology. His arrogant, merciless personality is unchanged.
Alpha Hydranoid
Hydranoid's second evolution with three heads. Even more of his body looks mechanical, and he now has three pairs of wings. The armor on the front of his body can rotate like a huge grinder after he ensnares his opponent with metal cords that erupt from chinks in his wings (this is probably a strange biological feature). He now battles as Alice's Bakugan guardian (because the Silent Core's negative energy finally leaving him and Alice, leaving Alice as just herself, without Masquerade), caring for her as much as she cares for him. He can also shoot hot fire that can melt all attributes. In Blast From the Past, he was killed by Mechtavius Destroyer, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Wavern
A wyvern-like Bakugan who is Naga's twin sister and Drago's love interest. She obtained the Infinity Core and became Joe's Guardian. She used the power of the Infinity Core to cure Joe and get him out of the hospital. He later was able to use only her to defeat Masquerade in a battle. She and Drago had been going out on secret dates before the Infinity Core incident. It started when Drago slipped between the attributed world and he met Naga and Wavern, the White Ones, or non-attributed Bakugan with supposed no power. He kept visiting her ever since. She still has affection towards him. Her pet name for him is "Dragoruny".
She has also appeared in Bakugan Mechtanium Surge.
Coredem
Jake's Guardian Bakugan resembles a King. He appeared in New Vestroia: Episode 43 along with Aranaut, Akwimos, and Hawktor. In Episode 8, his real form replaced Jake's synthetic Bakugan. His Battle Gear is Rock Hammer.
Reptak
The guardian Bakugan of Gunz which he is the most skilled Bakugan in tactics and cunning style. As of Wiseman Cometh, he is teamed up with Dan until he can find Gunz. He and Gunz were finally reunited in Doom Dimension Throwdown.
Bakugan of the Top Brawlers
The following Bakugan are owned by the Top Brawlers:
Sirenoid
Klaus's Guardian who resembles a Mermaid. She wears a long, flowing robes and protects herself with the harp she carries. Sirenoid is mostly based on Sirens that lure in sailors by looks or by any devious way like how Sirenoid uses a harp. She is in love with her master Klaus Von Hertzon, and when she is living in Vestal, she lives in the fish tank of Klaus' office, albeit in her open Bakugan sphere form. This is referencing the fact that she is an Aquos Bakugan.
Fourtress
A Bakugan that resembles an Asura and is Chan Lee's Guardian Bakugan. He is a warrior bakugan that has three faces and four arms giving him an extra edge in battle. Fortress faces are the face of rage/phase glare (attack), the face of sadness/phase breaker (defense), the face of joy/phase driver (power-up), and the face of enlightenment (enlightenment is never shown as an ability, but is the back face in ball form and is the starting face for when Fortress appears). He became more powerful in New Vestroia.
Tentaclear
Julio's Guardian Bakugan. A Bakugan resembles a floating eye with tentacles on the side. Tentacular is unable to speak, perhaps because of his lack of a mouth. This proves to be a bad thing for Julio Santana because Harpus was making fun of him and Tentaclear couldn't speak for either side.
Harpus
Komba's Guardian who resembles a Harpy. She loves to make fun of any other Bakugan on the field, often calling Skyress names like 'old lady,' or 'grandma.' Her special ability card is 'Feather Storm.' She isn't the most powerful Bakugan but managed to get Komba to fifth place. She is often arrogant like Komba, making them get in many arguments, although Komba still cares for her.
Cycloid
and Carman Melville (S1E45)
A large cyclops-like Bakugan with one horn and sharp teeth. He was found in the center of Bakugan Valley. Cycloid is tough and eager to fight. His abilities include 'Left Giganti' and 'Right Giganti' which destroys the Gate Card he stands on, 'Stare Down' which creates a field that lowers the G-Power of any enemy Bakugan that steps in by 50, and 'Smack Down' which he destroys the opponent's Gate card by his hand. In New Vestroia, he sometimes calls Billy boss and often finds humans amusing and hard to understand, as proved alongside Julie's Gorem. He and Hammer Gorem battled against Midnight Percival in Bakugan Interspace.
Doom Beings' Bakugan
The following Bakugan make up the Doom Beings:
Naga
Naga is the central villain on the first season. He was a rogue Bakugan who tried to control all the power in Vestroia. In order to do so, he tried to absorb the two opposite cores, but made a mistake and merged himself with the Silent Core while the Infinity Core was expelled to Earth. At the same time, Naga shot energy waves that brainwashed the Bakugan, altering the dimensional balance, and creating the Doom Beings. He also had a deep hatred for the Battle Brawlers, mainly Dan and Drago.
He is Wayvern's twin brother, and he uses the Darkus attribute.
Silent Naga
The "evolved/mutated" form of Naga after he absorbed the Silent Core into his body, having the chance to use Darkus abilities. He was killed by Infinity Dragonoid (the third evolution of Drago) to become the Perfect Core of New Vestroia.
According to one of the producers, the destruction of his physical body sent Naga's spirit to the Doom Dimension.
Dual-Hybrid Gatekeepers
The Dual-Hybrid Gatekeepers are Bakugan that have two attributes and work for Naga as gatekeepers to the rebuilt Vestroia. They later participate in Naga's attack on Earth where most of them are destroyed by the Bakugan Battle Brawlers and their allies. Among the Dual-Hybrid Gatekeepers are:
Tayghen
An Aquos/Ventus Bakugan created by Naga. The upper half of her body is that of a human girl wearing a dress with very long sleeves and her lower half is that of a giant fish-like sea monster. She and Hairadee fought Shun and Marucho and lost. Tayghen later takes part in the attack on Earth. She was defeated by Marucho and the JJ Dolls and was destroyed for good upon her defeat.
Hairadee
A Ventus/Aquos Bakugan created by Naga who resembles a male version of Harpus with tentacles instead of hair, webbed feet, shark-like teeth, and an overall blue and green color scheme. He and Tayghen fought Shun and Marucho and lost. Hairadee later takes part in the attack on Earth. He was destroyed in battle against Shun, Komba, and Julio.
Tricloid
A Subterra/Haos Bakugan created by Naga and sister of Rabeeder who resembles a three-eyed version of a cyclops. She and Rabeeder fought Runo and Julie and lost. Tricloid later takes part in the attack on Earth. She was defeated by Julie, Billy, and Nene, but survived. After reuniting with Rabeeder, both of them returned to Vestroia. Their current location is unknown.
Rabeeder
A Haos/Subterra Bakugan created by Naga and sister of Tricloid who resembles a humanoid whose torso comes out of an unspecified floating metal structure with arms. She and Tricloid fought Runo and Julie and lost. Rabeeder later takes part in the attack on Earth. She was defeated by Alice, Christopher, and Klaus, but survived. Upon being reunited with Tricloid, both of them returned to Vestroia. Their current location is unknown.
Centorrior
A Darkus/Pyrus Bakugan created by Naga. He resembles an armored centaur with a pointy tail. He and Druman were responsible for the death of Nova Lion. Dan and Masquerade teamed up to fight Centorrior and Druman and managed to defeat them. Centorrior later takes part in the attack on Earth. He battled Dan and Runo and was destroyed.
Druman
A Pyrus/Darkus Bakugan created by Naga. He resembles a humanoid lizard with hand-shaped wings that have an eye on them. He and Centorrior were responsible for the death of Nova Lion. Dan and Masquerade teamed up against Centorrior and Druman and defeated them. Druman later takes part in the attack on Earth. He battled Dan and Runo and was destroyed.
Resistance's Bakugan
The following Bakugan are owned by the Resistance:
Wilda
Wilda is the guardian for Mira, the leader of the Resistance and has a deafening battle cry to scare away opponents. A massive creature made of rock and hardened clay, Wilda moves slowly during battle, but his incredible durability makes up for this. He also pounds the ground forcefully to rattle his opponents before finishing them with a karate chop.
Magma Wilda
Wilda's evolution when he inherited Clayf's elemental energy in Six Degrees of Destruction. He has a metal armor on his chest and can use a metal stick in battle. He lost the Subterra energy when he & Tigrerra lost a battle against Macubass & Aluze.
Roxtor
Mira's new Guardian Bakugan in Arc 2 of Bakugan Mechtanium Surge. He doesn't speak in an understandable language and always arguing with Radizen. Mira usually lets Marucho borrow him.
Percival
A wicked monster who uses his cape for invisibility and shoots plasma bullets from his three mouths. He also creates a black tornado with purple sparks to thrash his challenger. Percival has two dragon-head wrist guards, and his body is covered in armor-plated steel. The horns sticking out from his head and shoulders are unbreakable. Percival has a special bond with Ace. Together they battle to free the enslaved Bakugan.
Knight Percival
Percival's first evolution when he inherited Exedra's elemental energy in Six Degrees of Destruction. Knight Percival wears a new cape that protects him from fire and water and has additional horns on his head and shoulders for increased protection from attacks. He has fire-breathing dragon heads on his shoulders and impenetrable armor protecting his arms and legs. He also carries a mammoth stainless steel sword to slay his adversaries. He lost the Darkus energy when he and Elfin lost a battle against Aluze and MAC Spyder due to the Vexos' cheating.
Nemus
Nemus teams up with Baron to battle for freedom against the Vexos. Nemus is built like an Egyptian king where he's a towering figure with massive blade-like wings. He possesses wrist guards to deflect enemy fire and a cane that shoots a beam of light to destroy his opponents.
Saint Nemus
Nemus's evolution when he inherited Lars Lion's elemental energy in Six Degrees of Destruction. He also gains the ability to change his attribute. He lost the Haos energy when he lost a battle against Dryoid. His new name was only mentioned in the video game.
Helios
, Andrew Jackson (Mechtanium Surge)
Spectra's Guardian Bakugan. Helios is an evil dragon that obeys every command from the heinous Spectra. Its mammoth wings allow it to move swiftly and avoid quick attacks. Helios has poisonous tipped thorns covering its body. From its mouth, it can shoot cannonball fire blasts with rapid speed. The key point of the original Helios is that 1 he uses his abilities general quasar which is usually unused for the rest of the bakugan series. Another key point being that in this form with help from the forbidden cards he manages to defeat Drago. but for some reason Spectra doesn't use the forbidden cards ever again.
Cyborg Helios
Helios suggested that he be turned into a cyborg, since it would not have any of the weaknesses of a completely mechanical Bakugan. A computer voice can be heard when he uses his new ability FARBAS to repair himself and increase his power to match his opponents. In this form, Helios can use more cybernetical attacks like Ragnorok Cannon which soon begins to evolve into the realistic gun-like weaponry in the Bakugan series.
Helios MK2
The power of the forbidden cards forced him to evolve artificially. Even more of his body is mechanical. Since episode 41, he was upgraded to combine with his Battle Gears, Twin Destructor (a pair of powerful cannons that attach to his back) and Zukanator (a cannon with the top appearing to look like a Castle Tower).
Infinity Helios
Helios' next evolution in Mechtanium Surge. Helios became Darkus instead of Pyrus. His BakuNano is Bombaplode, that resembles Zukanator, except with tiny extra cannons attached to a big cannon. His Battle Suit is Doomtronic. Helios still has the "FARBAS" system.
Maxus Helios / Maxus Helios MK2
Cyborg Helios's / Helios MK2's transformation when combined with the six mechanical Bakugan Klawgor, Scraper, Spindle, Leefram, Foxbat, and Fencer.
Premo Vulcan
Gus' Guardian Bakugan. Premo Vulcan is a massive creature that is taller than most brawlers. Premo Vulcan's mighty punches shatter steel plated armor. His gigantic fists detach from its body and fire cannon-like balls.
Rex Vulcan
The power of the forbidden cards forced him to evolve artificially. He appeared in episode 39 and was seemingly killed by Farbros along with Elico, Hexados and his master Gus, but was revealed to have survived when he reappeared eleven episodes later, after Gus tricks Hydron into initiating a battle with him though the former soon left.
Vexos' Bakugan
The following Bakugan are owned by the Vexos:
Farbros
King Zenoheld's Mechanical Bakugan. He was created with the data of ALL Bakugan launched on New Vestroia. Clay called Farbros the mighty and feared creation on all the Vestal realm. Like Altair and Hades, it's a gigantic cybernetic Bakugan but is able to repair itself (like Cyborg Helios). Zenoheld controls it manually from inside a cockpit. It is powerful enough to challenge all Six Legendary Soldiers at once. It was destroyed after the BT System got all six attribute energies, but was repaired in episode 49 and used to link to his Alternative Weapon System. It is destroyed along with the Alternative.
Dryoid
Prince Hydron's Mechanical Bakugan that looks like Robotallion, but has a more streamline-like armor. It is also a Cybernetic Bakugan. It fights with a lightsaber-like weapon, although its fighting style is more like a samurai.
Elico
Elico is controlled by Mylene of Vexos. He's pure strength and brute force, with defensive spikes sticking out of his shoulders and knees and six tentacles that attach to his back and can wrap around his battler's arms and legs to render the battler defenseless. Elico can breathe under water. He has a large, golden diamond that shoots a water blast to defeat his opponents. On Elico's forearms are six blades used for attacking enemies and protecting his arms. It can also change attribute. He and Brontes were thrown away by Mylene when they both got too emotional.
Blast Elico
After evolving from the power of the forbidden cards, Elico aided Gus in battle against Zenoheld. He died taking a hit for Gus in Avenging Spectra.
Macubass
Mylene's Mechanical Bakugan after she discarded Elico. It's a Cybernetic Bakugan that resembles a robot that can turn into a manta ray-shaped jet. Its main ability is ABSIDS, which lets her control mini-pods. It was first shown battling Ace and almost beat Ace, but was beaten by Klaus. It was destroyed by Wilda in Mylene's Meltdown.
Hades
Shadow's first Mechanical Bakugan that resembles Alpha Hydranoid. Hades is a Mechanical Hydra-like Bakugan who lives to serve the Vexos. His primary weakness is that he needs to recharge after using strong attacks. He is Shadow's primary brawler when battling the Resistance. Hades has three fire breathing heads and six wings making him one of the fastest flying Bakugans. His three tails each have a spiky tip, so Hades can attack his opponent from many different directions. His metal exoskeleton can sustain multiple blows from any brawler, but on top of that, he has three large metal thorns that further protect his heart from attack. Alpha Hydranoid was the Bakugan he was based on.
MAC Spider
Shadow's second Mechanical Bakugan after Hades was destroyed by Hydranoid . It's a Cybernetic Bakugan that resembles a spider. It was destroyed by Helios in Mylene's Meltdown.
Brontes
Together with Volt, Brontes brawls for the Vexos to eliminate the Resistance. Brontes is a strange, puppet-like Bakugan who can also use Darkus abilities. This mammoth monster can fly by using the propeller sticking out of his head. His gigantic legs allow him to move quickly and avoid enemy attacks, and his long arms stretch out to wrap around opponents during battle. He & Elico were thrown away by Mylene when they both got too emotional.
Alto Brontes
Alto Brontes evolved from Brontes when Gus used the Forbidden Card on him. He has become mean spirited and gains more energy from defeated Bakugan. He has an extra set of arms to battle multiple Bakugan at once. His strength has grown ten times stronger, but has made him slower. A bright white circle on his chest can freeze a charging Bakugan with a single blast. Brontes was discarded by Gus after he served his purpose. He was last seen on New Vestroia calling out to Volt.
Boriates
Boriates is Volt's second Guardian Bakugan after Mylene discarded Brontes. He resembles a horned humanoid dressed as a samurai.
Altair
Altair is used mostly by Lync to battle the Resistance. Altair is the first Mechanical Bakugan created by Professor Clay. The lenses in its red eyes glimmer brightly to see at night. Its fangs and horns are sharp as swords. The wide spread wings have turbines to hover and white steam shoots from his mouth. It possesses a fierce battle cry that deafens its opponents.
Aluze
Lync's second Mechanical Bakugan after Altair was burned out. Aluze is a Cybernetic Bakugan who is similar to Altair. He was destroyed in Payback by Prince Hydron in the same place Altair was destroyed.
Castle Knights' Bakugan
The follow Bakugan are owned by the Castle Knights:
Aranaut
Aranaut is partners with Fabia of the Bakugan Battle Brawlers. He is incredibly loyal to Fabia and the Castle Knights, often noting that he will defeat his opponents in the name of the Castle Knights when he stands. His whole body sparkles like platinum. He is a skilled fighter with offensive abilities, defensive skills, speed and reflexes. He is shown to be a gentlemen, such as when he met Dan's mom in episode 9. He is also equipped with a unique ability to emit an electromagnetic field from his hands. His Battle Gear is Battle Crusher.
Wolfurio
Rafe's Guardian Bakugan. Wolfurio's appearance resembles a hybrid of Mega Nemus, Aranaut, and Siege. His BakuNano is Lanzato.
Gundalian Forces Bakugan
Linehalt
Ren's Guardian Bakugan. Resembles a fiend knight. Ren was tasked with protecting Linehalt, who he was afraid of until Linehalt saved his life. They spent most of their life training until Barodius offered them a life on the service. His Battle Gear is Boomix.
Rubanoid
Sid's Guardian Bakugan. Resembles a Ruby Dragon. After Sid died, Ren adopted Rubanoid and was later given to Linus Claude. His Battle Gear is Destrakon Gear, which resembles robotic laser-shooting snakes.
Boulderon
Paige's Guardian Bakugan. Boulderon's appearance resembles a hybrid of Foxbat, Wilda, Vandarus, Primo Vulcan, and Contestir. His BakuNano is Slingpike.
Twelve Orders' Bakugan
The following Bakugan are owned by the Twelve Orders:
Dharak
Barodius' Guardian Bakugan that esembles a quadrupedal dragon and represents a direct descendant of the original Dharaknoid. His Battle Gear is AirKor.
Phantom Dharak
The evolution of Dharak that was caused by combining Blitz Dragonoid's DNA with Dharak's to forcibly evolve him. Phantom Dharak now walks upright. He is mutated into Razenoid by Code Eve, and he, along with Barodius, who became Mag Mel, were imprisoned inside a flip world of Bakugan Interspace.
Razenoid
The mutated version of Dharak who resembles a dragon/spider hybrid. His mission was to take Drago's Gate to become "whole" again. After get succeeding, he entered into an egg-like cocoon.
Evolved Razenoid
After complete the Gate and Key through Dan's portion with Code Eve, Razenoid evolved to a humanoid version of himself, making Mag Mel to be whole. He was killed alongside Mag Mel in "The Final Takedown".
Lumagrowl
Kazarina's Guardian Bakugan. Resembles a six-tailed Kitsune/wolf hybrid. His Battle Gear is Barias Gear. Lumagrowl has a serious attitude when attacking Plitheon and saying how low he was by going against his brawling partner. His most powerful moves come from the use of his tail and lightning.
Krakix
Gill's Guardian Bakugan that resembles a samurai. His battle gear is Vicer. Kraxix has only talked once by saying "yes master" to Gill.
Strikeflier
Airzel's Guardian Bakugan. Resembles a winged samurai. He also possess' the ability to use his enemies attacks. His Battle Gear is Battle Turbine.
Lythirus
Stoica's Guardian Bakugan. Resembles a lobster with big claws. His Battle Gear is Razoid.
Chaos Army's Bakugan
The following Bakugan are owned by the Chaos Army:
Horridian
Anubias' Guardian Bakugan. Resembles a humanoid Cerberus. Its BakuNano is Aeroblaze.
Spyron
Sellon's Guardian Bakugan that resembles a birdman. Its BakuNano is Daftorix.
Bolcanon
Anubias' second guardian bakugan. His claws resembles Fear Ripper's claws. His Bakunano is Hyper Pulsor.
Krakenoid
Anubias' third guardian bakugan that resembles a Kraken. Its Bakunano is Jam Saber. It can fuse body Parts with Krawl.
Vertexx
Sellon's second guardian bakugan. who resembles an Ogre. His Bakunano is Orehammer.
Krowl
Sellon's third guardian bakugan and is based on a Spider. Its Bakunano is Slicerix. It can fuse body parts with Krackenoid.
Gundalian Agents' Bakugan
The following Bakugan are owned by the Gundalian Agents:
Phosphos
Lena's Guardian Bakugan that resembles a humanoid hydra. His Battle Gear is Terrorcrest, which resembles giant hands with sharp silver claws.
Avior
Mason's Guardian Bakugan that resembles a Wyvern. His Battle Gear is Lashor.
Contestir
Zenet's Guardian Bakugan that resembles a humanoid rhinoceros. In episode 13 of Gundalian Invaders it was revealed that he can change his appearance as seen in his battle with Drago but he can not copy the opponent's battle gear. His Battle Gear is Spartablaster, which resembles giant butterfly wings.
Plitheon
Jesse's Guardian Bakugan that resembles a dragon/lizard humanoid. His Battle Gear is Vilantor Gear, which resembles giant laser blasters.
Nonet Bakugan
These are evil Bakugan that were banished to the deepest regions of the Doom Dimension by the original Dragonoid and were freed by Wiseman. Later on, they were betrayed after Wiseman's true identity was revealed and he was Coredegon. He was used by Gunz Lazar (except Balista and Worton), but five of them were banished and used as energy for Mechtavius Destroyer. At the Doom Dimension, Betadron fought Drago, but he was defeated. After this, he and Worton now joined the Brawlers and sacrifice themselves in order to get out of the Doom Dimension.
Betadron
A Baku Sky Raider who is the main guardian of Wiseman and whose purpose is to destroy Drago which is the descendant of the original Dragonoid. His battle suit is Combustoid. Fused with Kodokor and Mutabrid, he becomes Gliderak.
Kodokor
He is the master of aerial attacks of the Nonets and the brother of Betadron.
Mutabrid
The brother of Betadron whose attacks can fear even the bravest Bakugan.
Spatterix
He is the most cautious Bakugan with the Nonets and the one who is rash and savage in battle. Fused with Stronk, he becomes Scorptak.
Stronk
He is the most immature with the Nonets and have argued with Spatterix.
Worton
He is the brain and the spiritual leader among the Nonets, usually called "Professor" by his teammates. Fused with Balista, he becomes Volkaos.
Balista
He was the least trusting Nonet with Wiseman. He called Worton as "all-seeing" and "all-knowing". He later discovered that Wiseman had copied Gunz Lazar's appearance, and became obsessed with discovering Wiseman's true identity. In Enemy Infiltration, he confronts Wiseman over his true identity and demands to know who he really is. Wiseman then reveals his true identity and kills Balista offscreen.
Tremblar
A dangerous and notorious Bakugan, Tremblar is shielded by sharp defensive blades. When an enemy gets in close proximity, Tremblar immediately detonates his most powerful weapon: a stinging spike shield that cuts through even the toughest of monsters.
Legendary Soldiers
They are Bakugan who defeated an army of Gargonoids long ago. Since then, they have become legends and preside over Vestroia from the Doom Dimension. There is one of each Attribute. When the Battle Brawlers came to the Doom Dimension they were met by the Soldiers and a deal was struck, if all of the Brawlers could defeat the soldier that uses the same attribute as them they would take them out of the Doom Dimension and take all of the Bakugan that Masquerade and his minions sent there. They all won, so the Soldiers had to keep their end of the bargain. In New Vestroia, the Soldiers reappear conversing with Drago and giving him a body, transforming him into Neo Dragonoid, and sending him to the human world to get Dan. Then Vestroia starts to collapse without him and all they can do is wait and discuss. After Drago returns to New Vestroia the Perfect Core becomes stable again and they later appeared to send Drago and the others to Earth. The Six Ancient Warriors then battled Zenoheld after he threatened to destroy the Bakugan if they did not come. Although they had the upper hand, the tide of the battle turned quickly after Zenoheld unleashed the Assail System. They were defeated. Before they could lose their attribute energies, they transferred their power to the Resistance' Bakugan, thus giving up their lives.
Apollonir
He is the legendary Bakugan that resembles a dragon with four sets of wings and humanoid posture. He is the Leader of The Six Legendary Bakugan. In battle, Apollonir is the most powerful Dragonoid Bakugan. Apollonir was the most powerful Dragonoid. He was with a clown who used two Mock Dragonoid to battle against Dan and Drago. When Drago defeated the two Dragonoids, Apollonir left his disguise and prepared to battle Drago. Dan used the ability D-Strike Extreme and repeatedly did that until Drago defeated him. But when Drago still didn't evolve, he explained that he needed to defeat all of his friends to further evolve. In the first season, his wings resembled leathery insect wings. When Drago was taken by Spectra while on Earth, Apollonir appeared to Dan in a dream and offered to temporarily become Dan's Guardian Bakugan. During the battle against Spectra, Apollonir easily defeated Helios, but when Drago arrived, he and Dan were backed into a corner, and Dan used Dragon Proudia, turning Apollonir into a trident. Dan then proceeded to throw him, hitting Drago's Perfect Core diamond and freeing him from Spectra's command. Also, Apollonir is revealed to be linked to the Perfect Core, just like Drago, and as such, he has the ability to detect Drago from anywhere on New Vestroia. In Reunion, when Drago says that he can no longer leave New Vestroia due to his link with the Perfect Core, Apollonir explains to Drago that though he is linked to the Perfect Core, he had become strong enough to free himself from it. Apollonir gave his Attribute Energy to Drago just like the other Legendary Soldiers did to the Bakugan belonging to the Resistance. This forced Drago to evolve into Cross Dragonoid. Apollonir's wings now resemble Helix Drago's wings.
Clayf
Clayf is the legendary Subterra Bakugan. He resembles shakokidogu and is the strongest. He can drain abilities given to his opponents. He was one of the ones who disapproved of asking the Brawlers for help. He used a fake version of Julie's big sister, Daisy Makimoto, who would always beat her at everything and battles her in a fake abandoned ghost town. He revealed his true form to her, and he looks similar to a Robotallion. He is big with a multi-pronged lochaber axe. Gorem than evolves into Hammer Gorem and Julie learns to stop comparing herself to her sister, passing Clayf's test. He gave his Subterra energy to Thunder Wilda, after a defeat by King Zenoheld, causing him to evolve into Magma Wilda. He dies after giving his attribute energy to Wilda.
Lars Lion
Legendary Haos Bakugan that resembles an angel-like warrior, Lars Lion is an extremely moral member of The Six Legendary Bakugan. A knight's armor protects her head and body. She uses the golden arrow weapon to bring back defeated Haos soldiers. She was the one who tested Runo. She was originally disguised as an old woman who told Runo where an Illusionary Dan was the person she chose to Brawl Runo was. When she revealed herself, she outright told Runo to stop being so stubborn, but Runo would not listen. She almost won using the most powerful Haos ability card, Sagittarius Arrow. This revives all Bakugan used in the battle that can side with her and uses them to boost her power. She has a basic power level 500 Gs. She was defeated after Runo learned to stop being so stubborn and to listen to her friends, (in the Japanese version, she admitted she loved Dan), and Tigrerra evolved into Blade Tigrerra and used Velocity Fang ability to disable Sagittarius Arrow, lowering Lars Lion's power level by 100 Gs and winning the battle. During Lars Lion's and Runo's battle they don't get to see who wins because when the battle is almost over Lars Lion says that Runo has learned not to be stubborn. A noticeable fact is that Lars Lion's battle form is basically the same as her masked form except Lars Lion wears a mask in her masked form while observing Runo's battle against the fake young Dan. Lars Lion gave her Haos Energy to Mega Nemus, which forced Nemus to evolve into Saint Nemus.
Exedra
Exedra is the legendary Darkus Bakugan. He resembles a Lernaean Hydra and is the most powerful. He can drain power from teammates, but then turns them to stone. Exedra, the Darkus Legendary Soldier, battled Masquerade with an illusionary "Alice Gehabich" using the most powerful Darkus abilities, Demon Wizard and Final Wizard. He is defeated by Masquerade with a combo with Dual Hydranoid. This caused Dual Hydranoid to evolve to Alpha Hydranoid. Exedra gave his Darkus Energy to Percival, which forced Percival to evolve into Midnight Percival.
Frosch
He is the legendary Bakugan bringing sage wisdom into play. He is the wisest and the most tactical of The Six Legendary Bakugan. He is a gigantic frog-like creature with huge legs for fast maneuverability and a long whipping tongue. In battle, Frosch produces a water tornado to overcome its enemies. He was originally disguised as a frog man who needed water and had Marucho get it for him. He then revealed himself to be Frosch and conjured up an Illusionary Marucho to use. This version of Marucho was the version that did everything his parents told him to do. This made Marucho realize that he needed to accept how his past allowed him to become who he is today and Marucho gained Preyas II. Frosch was defeated by Preyas when he was on the triple battle card and teamed up with Diablo. After nearly losing to King Zenoheld, Frosch gave his attribute energy to Elfin, causing her to evolve into Minx Elfin.
Oberus
Oberus is the legendary Ventus Bakugan. She resembles a beaked head with moth-like wings. She is the most compassionate. The Sixth Soldier of Ventus, she is immensely powerful. Oberus can boost its power to defeat an enemy, but can only defeat one opponent at a time in return for the power boost. She is one of the only two soldiers that are female along with Lars Lion. In her masked form, she takes the form of a maiden in green clothing. Oberus battles Shun in 'A Place Far From Home' under the control of a younger version of Shun's mother. This caught Shun very off guard and upset him very much due to his mother's current state and how happy this version was. She uses the ultimate Ventus ability card, Turmoil, to boost her power level of 500 Gs to 700 Gs but can only defeat one Bakugan in return for this massive power boost. She was defeated after Skyress evolved into Storm Skyress and used the 'Destruction Meteor Storm' ability card to boost her power by 200 Gs. Oberus gave her Ventus Energy to Ingram, which forced Ingram to evolve into Master Ingram.
Colossus Dragonoid
Colossus Dragonoid was as an ancient, giant and living Mechanical Bakugan born on Neathia to protect the Sacred Orb; and considered Dan's second partner, along with Drago. He also can combine with four Battle Gears for Blitz Dragonoid's use (Blasteroid, Nukix, Beamblitzer and Axator) to become Dragonoid Colossus. He first appeared in "Dragonoid Colossus", for when Linehalt's Forbidden Power was destroying Neathia, Dragonoid Colossus was called upon as the Sacred Orb's last defense. He then subdued Linehalt, thus ceasing the Forbidden Power. After that, he then entered an unconscious Dan's BakuMeter. In "Genesis", Dragonoid Colossus teleports Dan and Drago to a place in between dimensions. In order to return to Neathia, Dan and Drago must battle Dragonoid Colossus. Dragonoid Colossus beat them with ease the first time, but Dan and Drago finally beat him using Explosix and Jakalier. After being defeated, Dragonoid Colossus explains to both Dan and Drago about the origins of the Bakugan, their descendants, and the ultimate warrior gene. For defeating him, Dragonoid Colossus rewarded Drago by evolving him into Blitz Dragonoid. He then teleports back to Neathia with Dan, Drago, Nurzak, and Mason. After that, Dragonoid Colossus takes the Brawlers, Nurzak, and Mason to Gundalia to rescue Jake and Ren's teammates. In "Code Eve" Dragonoid Colossus was helping Dan reach the Sacred Orb Chamber, but then Stoica and Lythirius got onto him and blinded him with acid bubbles. He then drops Dan to the palace, for he needed to go ahead by himself. Just then, Phantom Dharak strikes at Dragonoid Colossus, Stoica, and Lythius, all being killed by the blast.
Ally Bakugan
Neo Ziperator
Linus' partner Bakugan and keeper of the Element. He resembles a humanoid dragon. He is taken by Jesse and dies after giving Drago the Element. He appears in Linus' dreams to give one final goodbye. Like Wavern, Zip Zam dies giving Drago an object of great power that causes his evolution and ultimately dies as a result.
Raptorix
Captrain Elright's partner Bakugan. It resembles a humanoid hawk. Raptorix is revealed to be his partner after he escapes Gundalian capture and joins the battle with Fabia.
Sabator
(14) Matthew Hawkins (19, 21, 32), Andrew Jackson (37, 38)
Nurzak's Guardian Bakugan that resembles a minotaur. His Battle Gear is Chompixx.
Mechanical Bakugan
The Mechanical Bakugan are artificial Bakugan that were created by the Vexos (namely Professor Clay). Besides the Mechanical Bakugan owned by the Vexos, among the known Mechanical Bakugan are:
Fencer - A spider-like Pyrus Mechanical Bakugan. (resembles Metalfencer and Spyderfencer, except that it's ball not a trap). This four-legged creature runs extremely fast and battles with its front bladed legs. Blinding light shoots from its center blue eye to stun challengers during battle. Its long whipping tail has a blaster on the tip that can rip through its opposition. Fencer has extremely strong pincers that are impossible to break free from.
Foxbat - A Darkus Mechanical Bakugan who is one of the components of Maxus Helios. This bat-like creature has gigantic wings that allow it to fly to great heights quickly. Its wings can cover its entire body for protection. Its feet have deadly claws to rip through armor. Although its eyesight is poor during daylight, Foxbat can spot a foe in the darkest of places.
Hexados - Gus's Bakugan Trap. He is shaped like a cylinder. He resembles a worm. He can wrap around his opponent with his 'Land Twist' ability. Sacrificed himself to save Vulcan from Farbros in "Avenging Spectra".
Klawgor - A Ventus Mechanical Bakugan who is one of the components of Maxus Helios. Although small, this Bakugan opens up into multiple layers with attack hardware. Its two spider-like legs have deadly spikes covering them. A tail launches fire blasts from its duel blaster tail. Sharp pinchers help Klawgor to weaken its foes before destroying its opponents with a deadly blow from its tail.
Leefram - An Aquos snake-like creature who is one of the components of Maxus Helios. Leefram as two arms with sickles for hands. A deadly sharp horn projects from the top of its head, while venomous fangs stick out from its mouth. Leefram has the ability to stand tall by contorting its body, this allows for attacks that are fast and ferocious.
Scraper - A Subterra Mechanical Bakugan who is one of the components of Maxus Helios. This monster quickly scurries along the ground by using its massive legs. It has a quick whipping tail with two spikes on the end that can penetrate any type of armor. Horns and fangs help protect its head during battle.
Spindle - A Haos Mechanical Bakugan that resembles a snake-like creature with two massive mechanical claws to shred its challenger. It is one of the components of Maxus Helios. A multiple barrel blaster-ray protrudes from its back, which when fired can eliminate multiple Bakugans. Its body is made up of the latest metallic fiber that is both light and durable.
Bakugan Traps
The Bakugan Traps are shaped differently than the Bakugan and come with one attribute with a second attribute hidden inside. They can be activated when the Gate Card has been flipped up. Among the known Bakugan Traps are:
Assail System - A Mechanical Bakugan Trap which combines specifically with Farbros. It is similar to Battle Gear. The Assail System comes out of nowhere and combines with Farbros. When combined with Farbros, Farbros gains 4200 Gs and is called Assail Farbros. It was created by Professor Clay for King Zenoheld, in episode 50 the Assail System comes off Farbros and is replaced with The Alternative Weapon System. When it comes out of nowhere, it is in two parts. It has been scattered across the galaxy.
Baliton - Mira's Ankylosaurus-like Bakugan Trap in the shape of a sphere with spikes around it. Baliton merges with Wilda during battles. Like Wilda, he is slow to move, but he uses massive weight to crush his foe. His brown exterior is the perfect camouflage when battling in the desert. Horns cover his body from head to tail, and his multi-horned tail with sharp nails at the end can swing around like a baseball bat.
Brachium - A Haos Trap who is one of the components of Maxus Dragonoid. It is a mechanical worm that has two heads at both ends of its body. The heads have wrench-like grabbers with blasters that zap energy. Its metal exoskeleton gives it superior protection. Additionally, Brachium has the ability to use its body like a whip to stun its opponents as well has wrap around its opponents making them defenseless and easy to defeat.
Dark Hound - A Darkus Trap that gives the ability to change a Bakugan's attribute. It resembles a mechanical dog and is one of the components of Maxus Dragonoid. It is the fastest of all the Bakugan Traps and can sniff out opponents who are hiding.
Dynamo (Drone Spider) - Volt's Mechanical Bakugan Trap. He is shaped like a hexagonal prism and resembles a tarantula. He can fire dangerous lasers with his 'Gillion Cords' ability. Dynamo links up with Brontes to form Dynamo Brontes. If another Bakugan looks into his red eyes, that Bakugan falls into a trance and becomes defenseless. Dynamo uses his large pincers to grasp and thrash opponents around, and his six legs make him extremely maneuverable. He also links with Boriates with his Battle Arm Mode.
Falcon Fly - Ace's Bakugan Trap that Percival can stand and ride on it. It takes the shape of a rectangular prism in Trap form. Falcon Fly is a Bakugan Trap that combines with Percival. Its large wings make it quicker than a dragonfly while its dark color makes it difficult to see at night. It has a very thin body that makes it almost invisible when attacking straight on. To destroy its enemies, Falcon Fly shoots laser blasts from its eyes. The pattern on its body and tail is similar to the pattern on AirKor's wings.
Flash Falcon Fly (Rad Fly) - The evolution of Falcon Fly, Ace called it "Rad Fly" for short and it helped finish Ace's battle with Billy and Julie by using "Darkus Fly Arrow". It now has jet-like materialed wings and helicopter legs at the bottom. Its rectangular shape is now a little deformed. It's also the first trap Bakugan to ever evolve.
Fortress - Shadow's Mechanical Bakugan Trap. He is shaped like a rounded cube. He resembles a war robot. He can shower down lasers with his 'Proton Rain' ability. Although its name is the same, it not related to Chan Lee's Pyrus Fortress. It also resembles Laserman. The Alternative is equipped with Fourtress armies, led by Zenoheld and Clay.
Grafias - An Aquos Trap who is one of the components of Maxus Dragonoid. It resembles a mechanical snake that has a wrench-like clamp to grab onto its enemies and can hear its foes coming from miles away.
Grakas Hound - A Subterra Trap that is a mechanical dog-like creature with a vicious growl. It is one of the components of Maxus Dragonoid. His bite can rip through the toughest metal.
Hexstar (Carlvelt) - Volt's second Mechanical Bakugan Trap, a robotic version of Baliton. It walks on all four of its legs and is one of the strongest Bakugan. The spikes covering its back provides ultimate protection. Hexstar uses its thorny tail to ward off enemies. Its massive strength can take on the toughest of opponents. Hexstar can also let Boriates stand on it and form a brutal brawler.
Hylash (Slash) - Shun's Bakugan Trap. He is shaped like a cylinder and resembles a warrior. He has huge shields attached to his shoulders for protection and spikes protruding from his chest to pulverize enemies. His massive legs allow him to run in circles around slower opponents. Beams of light shoot from the diamond on his forehead to destroy enemies. He and Ingram transform into their High Mobility Mode. Destroyed in episode 51.
Metalfencer - Spectra's Bakugan Trap. He takes the form of a mechanical spider with three blue eyes that can freeze opponents, making them easy to defeat. His long tail can, not only can shoot lasers, but it can also wrap and squeeze his opponents tightly, eliminating them with its deadly stinger. His four mighty legs provide tremendous maneuverability. Metalfencer can assume Battle Unit Mode to enhance Viper Helios's fighting skills.
Piercian (Guardian) - Baron's Bakugan Trap and is in the shape of a cube. It is similar to another trap Zoack. In episodes 23 and 36, Baron says "Guardian" instead of Piercian. This could be like Shun's Trap Hylash, who he nicknamed Slash. It does not have a known evolution. Piercian is a Bakugan trap that connects with Nemus to create a dynamic one, two punch. He has two colossal shields attached to his forearms for protection, which he can also throw like discs to crush his challengers. The shields can also be used as mirrors that reflect Nemus's light rays. Piercian's towering block legs provide tremendous stability to sustain the mightiest of punches.
Scorpion - Dan's Bakugan Trap. He is shaped like a coin. He resembles a scorpion. He can rise up on his six legs to tower over his enemy. He has two colossal pinchers with metal spiked balls and a long tail with an especially deadly pointer that can snap like a whip. His exoskeleton shell protects his insides from damage during battle.
Spitarm - A Ventus Trap in the form of an ocelot and is one of the components of Maxus Dragonoid. It can fly, scouting its territory for enemies. A deadly venom is carried on its small stinger for defeating opponents.
Spyderfencer - A spider-like Pyrus Bakugan Trap and one of the components of Maxus Dragonoid. Small in size, he can hide in small places for surprise attacks.
Tripod Epsilon - Marucho's Bakugan Trap. He is shaped like a triangular pyramid. His Bakugan form resembles a big frog with a snail on the huge leaf it carries. He can also use 'Aquos, Subterra and Haos' abilities.
Tripod Theta - Mylene's Bakugan Trap. He is shaped like a triangular pyramid. He resembles a land walking version of Neptune. He can use 'Aquos, Darkus, and Ventus' abilities. Only seen in Marucho's Mission and burnt out by Ingram.
Wired - Lync's Mechanical Bakugan Trap. He is shaped like a ridged sphere. He resembles a "small" mechanical bird. He can make it shower acid-like energy with his 'Shower Harpoon' ability. Wired also combines with Altair into Meta Altair. They both were burned out by Nemus in Gate Crashers.
Battle Gear
Exokor - A deluxe Battle Gear. It is Dharak's giant vehicle that combines with two other scorpion-like monsters Riptor and Smashtor.
Mechtogan
The Mechtogan are bio-mechanical creatures that are supported by the Mechtogan Aviator. They are a "physical manifestation of an ability" are the result of a brawler and a Bakugan falling out of sync. They can be controlled when a brawler and a Bakugan regain their sync.
Accelerak
Tristar's Mechtogan, summoned when Drago gave Tristar some of Code Eve's power along with Taylean, Boulderon, and Wolfurio.
Braxion - The fourth Mechtogan that appear in the anime. It is Sellon's Mechtogan.
Chromopode
The Mechtogan of Reptak, who first appears in Beginning of the End and created from the last 10% of the energy reserve of the Dragonoid Destroyer.
Coredegon
Originally a Mechtogan created in the Doom Dimension by a Nonet Bakugan called Fury, Coredegon destroyed his creator and said that he is a Mechtogan with his own free will and he wants to destroy all Bakugan and create an army of Mechtogan. He then arrived in Bakugan City and brought an army of evil Mechtogan to attack and take over Earth. Coredegon then became Mechtavius Destroyer along with his pals Exostriker, Mandibor, and Slycerak, but he was later defeated by Dragonoid Destroyer. However, Coredegon kidnapped Gunz and absorbed his energy to copy his human form and mannerisms, starting to call himself "Wiseman". He also knows the story about the original Dragonoid and how Drago is its descendant. He freed the Nonet Bakugan from the Doom Dimension and tricked them into helping him re-summon Mechtavius Destroyer so he could defeat the Battle Brawlers. He ended up getting defeated when Dragonoid Destroyer was summoned and helped Jaakor and Reptak boost their power. In Mysterious Bond, he fought Dan Kuso using Betadron, Kodokor and Mutabrid and formed Gliderak. Even though he defeated Drago and Reptak's Bakugan Battle Suits, he lost when Reptak and Drago formed Aeroblitz. In The Prodigal Bakugan, he fought Shun and Jaakor as well as Orbeum and Skytruss using Spatterix and Stronk. In Combination Impossible, he used Balista and Worton against Radizen. In Enemy Allies, he summoned Coredegon and the other Mechtogan to fight the Battle Brawlers but ended up losing. In Battle for Bakugan Land, he fought Dan using Scorptak. He was winning until Dan used Drago and Reptak's Battle Suits, and Dan won the battle. In Gunz Blazing, he disguised as Gunz Lazar to confuse the Brawlers that he is Gunz. He stole some Battle Suits Data. He battles Dan with his Haos Tremblar. He wins the first round against Reptak, but loses from Dragonoid Destroyer and Reptak in the next round. In Battle Suit Bash, he fought the brawlers using Betadron, Kodokor, and Mutabrid using the stolen Battle Suits Clawbruk, Fortatron, and Combustoid. It was revealed in the end of the episode that he isn't Gunz. He's a mysterious being who stole Gunz's appearance and battling style. In Countdown to Doomsday, he battle the brawlers once more in a huge battle with all the Nonets and combinations with them. Later in the battle, he summons Coredegon, Slycerak, Exostriker, and Mandibor to combine into Mechtavius Destroyer and wins the battle for the first time against the Battle Brawlers. In "End Of The Line," Coredegon, Slycerrak, Exostricker, and Mandibor are later destroyed by Drago and Dragonoid Destroyer.
Deezall - One of 3 Mechtogan being the 7th seen, along with Miserak and Rockfist.
Dreadeon
Razenoid's Mechtogan. The second Mechtogan that appear to be taken down by Razenoid on a first strike. Then it was summoned to battle Zenthon.
Exostriker
He is the most defensive and most lethal in battle along with the Nonets' Mechtogans. He forms the left leg of the Destroyer. He later died in "End Of The Line."
Flytris - Radizen's Mechtogan. It combined with Thorak to create Duomechtra.
Mandibor
He is indimidating and frightening threat among the Nonets' Mechtogan. He forms the right leg of the Destroyer. He later died in "End Of The Line."
Miserak - The 2nd out of 3 Mechtogan being the 8th seen, along with Rockfist and Deezal.
Rockfist - The 3rd out of 3 Mechtogan being the 9th seen, along with Deezal and Miserak.
Silent Strike
Taylean's Mechtogan. It resembles a mixture of a Viking and a ninja. His Mechtogan Titan is Faser Titan.
Slycerak
He is the agile and nimble Mechtogan in the Nonets' Mechtogans. He forms the right hand of the Destroyer. He later died in "End Of The Line."
Slynix - Infinity Helios's Mechtogan. Vicious long spikes shoot out from his hands, making him a dangerous opponent at close quarters. Reinforced vertical shoulder armor opens to reveal devastating weaponry. Slynix lowers his single horned head into optimal fighting position once he's fully armed and ready to attack.
Smasheon - The fifth Mechtogan that is in ownership of Anubias. His true Mechtogan.
Swift Sweep
Wolfurio's Mechtogan, summoned when Drago gave some of Code Eve's power to Wolfurio.
Thorak - Jaakor's Mechtogan. It combines with Flytris to create Duomechtra.
Venexus - The third Mechtogan given by Mag Mel to Anubias in order to defeat Dan and Drago.
Vexfist
Boulderon's Mechtogan, summoned when Drago gave Boulderon some of Code Eve's power.
Zenthon
Titanium Dragonoid's Mechtogan. Infused with dragon-like abilities, Zenthon flies at super-speed and spews white hot fire at his opponents. He has several cannons coming out when he transforms. His Mechtogan Titan is Zenthon Titan. Zenthon and Zenthon Titan later died in The final battle.
Mechtogan Combination
Duomechtra - It is the first Mechtogan combination seen in the anime. It is the combination of Flytris and Thorak.
Mechtogan Destroyer
Dragonoid Destroyer
Fusion Dragonoid's Mechtogan Destroyer. He could launch a devastating attack and can attack if Drago goes into the hub of the Destroyer. It is also revealed that his true idendity is Genesis Dragonoid, one of the two original Bakugan who banished the Nonets to the Doom Dimension.
Mechtavius Destroyer
The Mechtogan Destroyer of Wiseman, now Coredegon. It is the 4-in-1 Mechtogan Destroyer which made up of Coredegon, Exostriker, Mandibor, and Slycerak. It was destroyed in End of the Line by Drago and Dragonoid Destroyer before it could wipe out the universe, screaming in anguish at being overpowered as it disintegrated, never to threaten anyone ever again.
Mechtogan Titan
Dreadeon Titan (Razen Titan) - The 2nd Mechtogan Tiitan seen in the anime. It is seen behind Razenoid in episode 14.
Silent Strike Titan (Faser Titan) - Its Shun's Mechtogan Titan, appears in episode 25: Dark Moon.
Venexus Titan - The 3rd Mechtogan Titan seen in the anime. Used by Anubias in episode 22, Unfinished business.
Zenthon Titan - Zenthon Titan is the 1st Mechtogan Titan to be seen in the anime. It is Dan and Drago's 2nd Mechtogan And Zenthon's Titan Form.
Video Game Bakugan
The following Bakugan are exclusive to the video games:
Leonidas
He is a one-of-a-kind dragon-like Bakugan who was born in the Doom Dimension, in the first video game (his only appearance). He is able to have any attribute, and the Leonidas and Omega Leonidas Gate Cards and the 'Alpha Blaster' and 'Omega Eraser' Ability Cards.
Omega Leonidas
The only existing evolution of Leonidas in the Bakugan video game. It evolves to counter the immense power of Battle Ax Vladitor, staying as the player's Guardian Bakugan even after fading upon Vladitor's defeat.
Vladitor
He was banished to the Doom Dimension when he tried to take over Vestroia. When Naga took the Silent Core he was freed and he traveled to Earth. He has sharp horns and incredible strength as well as an armored covered body. He is Marduk's Guardian Bakugan.
Battle Axe Vladitor
The evolved form of Vladitor, after he absorbed the Silent Orb (a tiny version from the Silent Core), and is still in service to Marduk, the masked villain's Guardian Bakugan. When both Bakugan faded and left their partners alone, it was Battle Ax Vladitor's remaining strength and tiny portion of good heart that brought Leonidas back to life.
Manga Bakugan
The following Bakugan are exclusive to the manga:
Chamelia
A Non-attributed chameleon-like Bakugan and was one of Katie's Guardian Bakugan. It was sent to the Doom Dimension by Masquerade and Mecha Chamelia took his place in the arena, and more importantly as Katie's Guardian. Drago had said that most Chamelia's were already extinct from being to weak. They have abilities of their own and are only capable of using abilities copied from their opponent.
Mecha Chamelia
A Mechanical Bakugan from The Evo Tournament. He was created to replace Katie's Chamelia after she lost to Masquerade (maybe is Chamelia's resurrection). It, like a regular Chamelia, has the ability to copy an opponent's Bakugan and their ability cards. It was deleting people's memories of their Bakugan, and caused many people, including Dan, Shun, and Julie, to forget that their Bakugan could talk. It also completely wiped out many Bakugan's memories, causing the Bakugan affected to be unable to speak. In actuality, Mecha Chamelia had been symphoning G powers from Bakugan in the Evo Tournament to increase his own strength (memory loss was an unintentional side effect). After being defeated by Dan and Runo, Mecha Chamelia apologizes and asks Katie if he will be deactivated. Katie decides not to, provided he does not pull the same stunt again.
Flare Dragaon
He is Harubaru Hinode's Guardian Bakugan in The Manga Bakutech Bakugan who evolves into Gren Dragaon, Rise Dragaon, then Jigen Dragaon.
Other Bakugan
5th Paladin - A Spartan-like Bakugan army with a lot of armor and a large shield. They are commanded by Hal-G. There are five of them that loyally protect Naga after he is attacked by Drago. However, when the other Brawlers join in the battle, their Bakugan manage to destroy them all.
Abis Omega - A serpent-like Bakugan.
Amazon - Preyas's "student". He had apparently chosen Drago's old training spot to do his own training. When Drago arrives, Amazon begins taunting him, calling him an old man and immediately asks Drago for a battle, having heard all about Drago from Preyas. Drago is hesitant as he is clearly worried about losing control but agrees when Dan points out that it may be different as they are now battling in the real world. Amazon ends up winning the battle when Dan and Drago pass out from another vision of Mag Mel and Razenoid. Preyas, clearly concerned that something is wrong with Drago, leaves with Amazon, letting Drago rest. When Dan tries to explain to him about Drago's powers, Amazon does not seem to care about holding back and what he would do if he had Drago's power. Later, he and Dan rush to find Drago when Dan senses an evil presence in New Vestroia. He gets scared easily when he sees Drago out of control. Later, he and Preyas hold off Venexus until Zenthon makes the save. He comments later on how awesome and powerful Dan and Drago are when battling together. He was later killed by Mechtavius Destroyer in Blast From the Past, but was resurrected when the Brawlers went back in time to stop Mechtavius Destroyer from destroying the universe.
Anchorsaur - A dinosaur-like Bakugan with gems embedded in its shoulders and armor on its legs, shoulders, and arms.
Atchibee - A moth-like Bakugan.
Atmos - A falcon-like Bakugan.
Bee Striker - A bee-like Bakugan.
Brachiosaur - A dinosaur-like Bakugan.
Buz Hornix - A hornet-like Bakugan that's similar to Bee Striker.
Centipoid - A centipede-like Bakugan.
Chaos Bakugan - Artificial Bakugan created by Mag Mel and Razenoid to cause havoc and gain more Chaos Energy. There are varieted in all six attributes.
Cyclone Percival - A Chaos Bakugan based on Ace's Percival. It is usually Darkus, but the Tri-twisters also used a Pyrus and Haos, and Sellon once used an Aquos.
Flash Ingram - A dragon-like Chaos Bakugan given to the Bash brothers as a gift from Mag Mel and have a razenoid symbol on their chest. Although usually ventus, Sellon used one of all attributes. They were named after Shun's Ingram even though they are nothing like Ingram. Their Bakunano is Shoxrox (Coin Blaster).
Iron Dragonoid - Resembles the original Dragonoid (hints the name). Usually used by Anubias, although most of them are Subterra, Anubias has used a Darkus and a Pyrus.
Clawcer - A crab-like Bakugan similar to Terrorclaw.
Clawsaurus - An insect-like Bakugan with a big claw.
Damakor - A four-legged reptile-like Bakugan.
Damdos
He is the one who build Bakugan Land. He appears to be short-tempered and doesn't enjoy the presence of humans. His good nature is rekindled by defending them from Wiseman and protecting Julie from a falling statute.
El Condor - A shaman-like Bakugan.
Falconeer - A humanoid falcon-like Bakugan that's said to resemble the Egyptian god Ra.
Fangoid - A dragon-like Bakugan.
Farakspin - A dragonfly-like Bakugan.
Fear Ripper - A humanoid Bakugan with large extending claws.
Fly Beetle - A beetle-like Bakugan that can fly.
Freezer - A squid-like Bakugan.
Fury - He is one of the Nonets who created Coredegon and other Mechtogan. However, he ended up destroyed by Coredegon who betrays his master.
Gargonoid - A gargoyle-like Bakugan.
Genesis Dragonoid - The Original Dragonoid which created New Vestroia.
Goblinball - A goblin-like Bakugan that flies & has an eye inside its mouth.
Glotronoid - A dragonoid-like Bakugan.
Griffon - A Chimera-like Bakugan with the head and front legs of a lion, the wings of an eagle, the back legs of a goat, and a snake-headed tail.
Gren - A walrus-like Bakugan.
Hakapoid - An aquatic demon-like Bakugan.
Hammersaur - A dinosaur-like Bakugan with hammer-like hands. Similar to Anchorsaur.
Hynoid - A hyena-like Bakugan.
Jelldon - A jellyfish-like Bakugan.
Jetro - A robotic octopus-like Bakugan with big ears.
Juggernoid - A turtle-like Bakugan. One Juggernoid is the partner of Christopher.
Laserman - One of Masquerade's favorite Bakugan to send opponents to the Doom Dimension. He is a giant of a monster with three laser cannons atop his shoulders. Each cannon has its own unique laser that can extinguish fire, freeze water, and explode rock.
Limulus - A trilobite-like Bakugan.
Longfly - A fly-like Bakugan.
Lumitroid - A scorpion-like Bakugan with a big glowing eye.
Luxtor - A worm-like Bakugan with four eyes.
Manion - A sphinx-like Bakugan.
Mantris - A mantis-like Bakugan.
Megarus - A swordfish-like Bakugan.
Merlix - A wizard-like Bakugan used by Fabia Sheen. He rolls a dice when opened.
Monarus - A fairy-like Bakugan.
Nastix - A blob-like Bakugan who looks like a slug.
Nova Lion
He was the oldest Bakugan in Vestroia and a Pyrus version of Tigrerra. He helped Dan and Drago fight Centorrior and Druman, but was later defeated, then fell into lava. He survived as he is a Pyrus Bakugan, but he was then was killed in a later battle against Centorrior and Druman. When he first rescued Dan and Drago, he took them to his home in a cave at the base of a large cliff. There, Drago figures out that this is not just an ordinary Bakugan who has saved them, but as Nova Lion later confirms with a chuckle, he is the oldest Bakugan in existence. Unfortunately, they would later battle Centorrior and Druman and Nova Lion would die defending Drago who he foresaw to be the next great leader of Vestroia and more: the Perfect Core of Vestroia. He also told him about how Naga and Wavern came to be and how the new Bakugan were created. He appeared in a flashback in episode 42 as one of the many Bakugan who gave up their lives to save Vestroia.
Rafflesian - A flower-like Bakugan.
Ramdol - A dragon-like Bakugan in the shape of a motorcycle.
Raptorix - A humanoid hawk-like Bakugan that spins.
Rattleoid - A rattlesnake-like Bakugan.
Ravenoid - A humanoid raven-like Bakugan.
Reaper
A Bakugan that resembles the Grim Reaper. Reaper came from the Darkus world of Vestroia & became the first Guardian of Masquerade. He was borrowed by other Darkus Brawlers who teamed with Masquerade for a short period of time before being sent to the Doom Dimension by Masquerade. Drago briefly encountered him there in the episode "The Brawler's Last Stand" after being defeated by Dual Hydranoid. He is presumed to be out of Doom Dimension due to the deal made by the Brawlers and the Six Legendary Soldiers of Vestroia.
Robotallion - A humanoid robot Bakugan.
Saurus - A humanoid Styracosaurus Bakugan.
Scaboid - A mechanical insect-like Bakugan.
Serpenoid - A snake-like Bakugan.
Shadow Wing - Shun's second Bakugan created by Master Ingram when he uses the "Shadow Wing" ability. They can combine each other in his Ninjitsu Mode.
Siege - A knight-like Bakugan. His weapon varies based on the attribute he is under.
Skytruss and Orbeum
Skytruss
Orbeum
These are Shun's first Darkus Bakugan that are swift and have great performance in battle. They are the students of Jaakor.
Snapzoid - A dragon/centipede-like Bakugan with a second head.
Spidaro - A mutant spider-like Bakugan.
Splight - A futuristic warrior-like Bakugan.
Stinglash - A scorpion-like Bakugan with a human head.
Stug - A hermit crab-like Bakugan.
Tuskor - A four tusked elephant-like Bakugan.
Tuskus - A Triceratops-like Bakugan.
Terrorclaw - A crab-like Bakugan.
Venoclaw - A treasure chest-like Bakugan with two long arms.
Ventoraptor - A dinosaur-like Bakugan.
Verias - A gorilla-like Bakugan.
Volt Elezoid - A sea anemone-like Bakugan that's similar to Rafflesian.
Warius - An ogre-like Bakugan.
Wontu - A rabbit/penguin-like Bakugan.
Wormquake - A giant worm-like Bakugan.
Ziperator - A humanoid mosquito-like Bakugan.
References
Lists of anime and manga characters
Bakugan
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{'title': 'List of Bakugan', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bakugan', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Russian Agency of Legal and Judicial Information (), abbreviated in Russian as РАПСИ (), is a Russian news agency specializing in news related to an activity of the judiciary of Russia.
It was founded by the RIA Novosti, the Constitutional Court of Russia, the Supreme Court of Russia, and the Supreme Court of Arbitration of Russia on 10 February 2009 and was included in the Russian Unified State Register of legal entities on 20 August 2009 as autonomous non-commercial organization with the assignment of primary state registration number 1097799014246 and taxpayer identification number 7704276230. Its number in All-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations maintained by the Federal State Statistics Service is 94160342. The Russian Agency of Legal and Judicial Information was registered as news agency by the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media on 8 April 2014 (certificate of registration ИА No. ФС 77–57654).
The Russian Agency of Legal and Judicial Information publishes news on its website in Russian and English.
History
The Russian Agency of Legal and Judicial Information was founded as subsidiary organization of the RIA Novosti.
In 2014, as the result of the reorganization of the RIA Novosti, the Russian Agency of Legal and Judicial Information became independent organization.
Activity
The Russian Agency of Legal and Judicial Information gathers news reports, drawing on the work of own correspondents and public relations divisions of Russian courts, other Russian state bodies, the Federal Chamber of Advocates of Russian Federation, the Federal Chamber of Notaries, etc. Agency's correspondents make reports from the courtroom on high-profile cases, interview an experts, prepare an understandable to non-lawyers summaries of judicial acts, bills and other legal documents.
Financial situation
According to 2018 fiscal year annual financial reporting, The Russian Agency of Legal and Judicial Information had a total assets amounting to 1245000 rubles and net loss for the year amounting to 7846000 rubles.
References
External links
News agencies based in Russia
Mass media companies established in 2009
Russian news websites
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{'title': 'Russian Agency of Legal and Judicial Information', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20Agency%20of%20Legal%20and%20Judicial%20Information', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Vakhtang Kolbaia (; born 9 September 1952) is a Georgian politician. From 2013 to 2019, he was chairman of the government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, which sits in exile in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi due to the armed conflict in Abkhazia.
Political career
A native of Abkhazia, Kolbaia graduated from the Moscow Technological Institute of Food Industry with a degree in economics. He worked as the Communist Party youth organization official in the 1970s and 1980s. He served as the head of the administration of the Gali district from 1984 to 1990 and chairman of the Legal Committee and First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia from 1990 to 1993. He served his tenure during the secessionist war in Abkhazia which forced the pro-Georgian faction of the Abkhazian government and legislature into internal displacement in Tbilisi in 1993. There, Kolbaia was the First Deputy Chairman of the Government of Abkhazia and head of the Gali district administration from 1993 to 1995. At the same time, he was member of the Parliament of Georgia for Abkhazia from 1992 to 2004 and First Deputy Chairman of the Parliament of Georgia from 1995 to 2004. He also headed the Georgian delegations to the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly from 1996 to 2003 and the CIS Parliamentary Assembly from 2000 to 2002. In 2008, he became secretary-general of the opposition Democratic Movement – United Georgia party chaired by Nino Burjanadze. On 8 April 2013, he was elected the acting Chairman of Government (-in-exile) of Abkhazia after his predecessor, Giorgi Baramia, filed resignation.
Kolbaia has been involved in various international non-governmental projects on conflict settlement issues. He is the head of Research Center at Caucasian Regional Security Institute and member of Executive Board at Caucasian Dialogue Foundation. He has published several books and articles on the regional conflicts and political developments. He is the recipient of Georgia's Order of Honor. He is married, with two children.
References
1952 births
Living people
Government ministers of Abkhazia
Democratic Movement – United Georgia politicians
Members of the Parliament of Georgia
Recipients of the Order of Honor (Georgia)
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{'title': 'Vakhtang Kolbaia', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhtang%20Kolbaia', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Nimbus Sans is a sans-serif typeface created by URW++, based on Helvetica.
Nimbus Sans
It is a version using URW++ font source. The family supports Western Europe, East Europe, Turkish, Baltic, and Romanian languages.
The font names ending with (D) have slightly lighter font weights and tighter spacing.
Nimbus Sans Poster
It is a version of Nimbus Sans with even tighter spacing than the Nimbus Sans (D) fonts. Other changes include alternate designs for currency symbols.
Nimbus Sans Diagonal
It is a version with more right lean than Nimbus Sans italic fonts. The family currently only includes 1 font, in Black weight in medium width.
Nimbus Sans Mono
It is a monospaced variant of Nimbus Sans. The family currently only includes 1 font, in Regular weight in medium width.
Nimbus Sans Global
It is a family supporting Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, CJK ideographic, Japanese kana, Korean Hangul syllables, Thai characters. The family includes 5 fonts in 1 (medium) width, with 4 proportional and 1 monospaced fonts. The proportional fonts are in 4 weights (bold, medium, regular, light), while the monospace font is in medium weight.
Nimbus Sans L
Nimbus Sans L is a version of Nimbus Sans using Adobe font sources. It was designed in 1987. The family includes 17 fonts in 5 weights and 2 widths, with Nimbus Sans L Extra Black only available in condensed roman format.
A subset of Nimbus Sans L, which includes regular and bold weight fonts in all widths and styles, were released under the GPL and AFPL in Type 1 format in 1996 and LPPL in 2009, and is one of several freely licensed fonts offered by URW++.
Although the characters are not exactly the same, Nimbus Sans L has metrics almost identical to Helvetica and Arial. Nimbus Sans L is one of the Ghostscript fonts, a set of free alternatives to the 35 basic PostScript fonts (which include Helvetica).
It is a standard typeface in many Linux distributions. It was used as default font in OpenOffice.org Calc and Impress in some Linux distributions (e.g. Ubuntu - up to version 8.10; since Ubuntu 9.04 the default font was changed to Liberation Sans).
Ghostscript version
It was extended to include Cyrillic support by Valek Filippov.
Nimbus Sans Novus
It is a version Linotype's Stempel Studio source, based on Neue Helvetica, but without the extended fonts.
The font names ending with (D) have tighter letter spacing.
See also
Nimbus Roman No9 L
Nimbus Mono L
Free software Unicode typefaces
References
External links
Nimbus Sans
URW pages:
Nimbus Sans Family,
Nimbus Sans Global
Nimbus Sans on MyFonts
URW fonts sources on Ghostscript (Type 1, OTF and TTF fonts)
Nimbus Sans L
URW pages: Nimbus Sans L
URW fonts releases
Fonts and font facilities supplied with Ghostscript (Type 1)
Nimbus Sans Novus
URW pages: Nimbus Sans Novus
Neo-grotesque sans-serif typefaces
Open-source typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1999
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Razakar (رضا کار) is etymologically an Arabic word which literally means volunteer. The word is also common in Urdu language as a loanword. On the other hand, in Bangladesh, razakar is a pejorative word meaning a traitor or Judas.
In Pakistan and India
Razakars were an East Pakistani paramilitary force that aided the Pakistan Army against the Mukti Bahini during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Police Qaumi Razakars are a volunteer force in Pakistan which aids the Police in their duties.
In Hyderabad, Razakars were volunteers sponsored by the Nizam's state of Hyderabad for opposition to its merger with India.
In Bangladesh
In Bengali language, razakar is an ethnic slur mainly towards Pakistanis and Biharis: a pejorative term akin to the western term "traitor" or Judas. The phrase comes from the East Pakistani paramilitary force (see above) who opposed the freedom of Bangladesh.
References
Arabic words and phrases
Bengali words and phrases
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Donald Roebling (November 15, 1908 – August 29, 1959) was an eccentric twentieth-century American philanthropist, engineer, industrial designer, and inventor.
He was the great-grandson of John A. Roebling, who began the design of the Brooklyn Bridge, and the grandson of Colonel Washington A. Roebling and Emily Warren Roebling, who together completed the design and supervised its construction. His father was John A. Roebling II.
History
Born in New York City, Roebling grew up in his family's Boulderwood Mansion in Bernardsville, New Jersey.
Roebling built Spottiswoode, now known as the Donald Roebling Estate, in Clearwater, Florida, in 1929. The estate and its buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places in Pinellas County in 1979.
Roebling died in Boston on August 29, 1959, following complications of an earlier gall bladder operation.
Science and invention
Roebling had an interest in science, and sponsored Paul Bartsch's 1937 Smithsonian marine research expedition. He was also involved in the establishment of the Archbold Biological Station.
He is most famous for inventing the amtrac in 1937, which he originally intended to be a hurricane rescue device. The United States Navy awarded Roebling a Certificate of Achievement in recognition of "exceptional accomplishment" for his invention, dubbed the Roebling Alligator. In 1948, he received the Medal of Merit from President Harry S. Truman, "for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service to the United States."
See also
References
External links
"Roebling's Amphibian". GlobalSecurity.org. 1987.
"Roebling Alligator Amphibian Tractor". ibiblio. May 23, 2006.
"Business & Finance: Alligators by Roebling". Time. January 11, 1943.
American industrial designers
1908 births
1959 deaths
People from Bernardsville, New Jersey
People from Clearwater, Florida
Scientists from Florida
20th-century American engineers
Engineers from New Jersey
20th-century American inventors
20th-century American philanthropists
Roebling family
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Heinrich Popow (born 14 July 1983) is a German sprinter. At the Paralympics 2012 in London he won Gold in 100 metres sprint. During his career he has been the World and European Champion in 100 metres sprint and World Champion in the long jump. In total, he won 27 medals at the Paralympic Games, World and European Championships.
Disciplines
Heinrich Popow specialises in 100 metres sprint, the most prestigious discipline in track and field. Furthermore, he starts in 200 metres, long jump and 4 × 100 metres relay.
Athletic successes
Heinrich Popow started his sport career in 2001 at TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen. Following an invitation for a track and field training at Bayer, he convinced his coaches by excellent results. Today he practises in a group of Karl-Heinz Düe together with heptathletes like the German Olympian Jennifer Oeser. At the World Championships in Athletics in Lille, 2002, he won a bronze medal in long jump and established himself as a top athlete. At his first Paralympics in Athens 2004 he won three bronze medals in 100 metres, 200 metres, and long jump. Popow boosted performance at the Paralympics in Beijing 2008 once again and won the silver medal by running 100 metres in 12.98 seconds. Finally, Heinrich Popow won Gold in 100 metres at the Paralympics in London 2012. With a time of 12.40 seconds, he prevailed over the Australian Scott Reardon and his German team-mate Wojtek Czyz at the Olympic Stadium.
Childhood and job
Heinrich Popow's family emigrated from Kazakhstan to Germany when he was seven years old. He grew up in Nisterau (Westerwald), in Western Germany. At the age of nine, his left leg was amputated up to the thigh as a consequence of an Ewing’s sarcoma in the left fibula (knee disarticulation). In Interviews, the athlete points out that the amputation was harder for his parents than for himself. His biggest concern those days was about not being able to play football as he did before. Heinrich Popow describes himself as sports-mad. He tried several sports after his amputation, before starting track and field, in 2001, at TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen. He works part-time as an IT system administrator at the football club Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH.
Work with young talents
In addition to his athletic career, Heinrich Popow supports and motivates young talents. He visits amputees in hospitals to motivate them for sports after their amputation. At Bayer 04, he acts as a mentor for several young athletes and supports their career with words of advice. To reach young talents, Heinrich Popow relies on social media.
Popularity and positioning
Heinrich Popow is one of the most popular German athletes on Facebook. The number of his fans grows constantly. Due to his clear statements he became "probably the most admired Paralympian in Germany." Often quoted by mass media, Heinrich Popow became a needed voice of Paralympic sports in Germany. The man from Leverkusen demands "respect and appreciation" for Paralympic athletes. At the same time, he claims a professionalisation of Paralympic sports. Popow defended lower bonuses for Paralympic athletes compared to Olympic winners. He explains his opinion with the lower competition within the Paralympic field. Furthermore, Popow defended the separation of the Paralympics and Olympics, otherwise the Paralympics would be eclipsed by the Olympic Games.
Nominations and Prizes
In November 2012, Heinrich Popow was repeatedly honoured with a Silver Laurel Leaf, the highest sports award conferred by the Federal President of Germany to outstanding athletes. In 2011, Heinrich Popow was one of the most promising candidates for the election of the German award "Disabled Athlete of the Year". After his success in London 2012, he is again nominated for this award.
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Paralympic athletes of Germany
Paralympic gold medalists for Germany
Paralympic silver medalists for Germany
Paralympic bronze medalists for Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
German people of Russian descent
Recipients of the Silver Laurel Leaf
Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships
Medalists at the World Para Athletics European Championships
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
German male sprinters
German male long jumpers
Paralympic sprinters
Paralympic long jumpers
Sprinters with limb difference
Long jumpers with limb difference
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Samuel Cleland Campbell (12 March 1891 – 21 October 1918) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
He died of illness (influenza), in British Sierra Leone, while on active service in World War I.
Family
One of the eight children of John Campbell (1836–1913) and Johanna McIntosh Campbell (1848–1915), née Matheson, he was born in Ballarat, Victoria on 12 March 1891.
His cousin, Sapper George McLarty (5386), who also served in the First AIF, died of pneumonia at Chester Military Hospital, in England, on 4 November 1918.
Footballer
Aged 19, recruited from Spensley Street Methodists, he played his only senior VFL match for Collingwood, against Carlton, at Princes Park, on 30 April 1910 (round one). Carlton won by 28 points, 9.9 (63) to 5.5 (35).
Soldier
Enlisting with the First AIF on 14 May 1918, giving his occupation as clerk, and his status as single, he was engaged as part of the 12th General (Victorian) Reinforcements. He died, on active service, in transit to the United Kingdom.
Death
Private Samuel Cleland Campbell died of influenza on 21 October 1918 in a military hospital, having been put ashore from HMAT Barambah (A37) in Freetown, British Sierra Leone, en route to the United Kingdom.
Eleven of the men that had left Cape Town, South Africa with Campbell on the (overcrowded and insanitary) HMAT Barambah on 6 October 1918 had already died – ten of whom were buried at sea — from the influenza epidemic that had broken out on board after embarkation, by the time the transport ship reached Freetown on 20 October 1918.
He was admitted to the ship's hospital on 14 October 1918, seriously ill with influenza.
He was put ashore on 20 October 1918, and admitted to the military hospital at Tower Hill in a critical condition, suffering from influenza and pneumonia. He died the next day (i.e., seven days after his presentation for treatment).
He is buried at the Freetown (King Tom) Military Cemetery, in Sierra Leone. His name is located at panel 185 in the Commemorative Area at the Australian War Memorial.
See also
List of Victorian Football League players who died in active service
Footnotes
References
Smith, M.S. (2010). The Relationship between Australians and the Overseas Graves of the First World War, PhD dissertation, Queensland University of Technology.
World War I Nominal Roll: Samuel Cleland Campbell (61590)
World War I Embarkation Roll: Samuel Cleland Campbell (61590)
Died on Service: Campbell, The Argus, (Saturday 9 November 1918), p. 11.
Victorian Casualties: List No.447 Issued: Died Other Causes (Campbell, S. C.), The Argus, (Thursday, 28 November 1918), p. 9.
Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour – Samuel Cleland Campbell (61590)
Australian War Memorial "Circular": Samuel Cleland Campbell (61590)
World War I Service Record: Samuel Cleland Campbell (61590)
Commonwealth War Graves Commission Casualty Details: Campbell, Samuel Cleland
The AIF Project: Samuel Cleland Campbell (61590)
External links
Sam Campbell, at Collingwood Forever.
1891 births
1918 deaths
Collingwood Football Club players
Australian military personnel killed in World War I
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Deaths from Spanish flu
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{'title': 'Sam Campbell (footballer)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Campbell%20%28footballer%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk (; 10 January 1934 – 10 May 2022) was a Ukrainian politician and the first president of Ukraine, serving from 5 December 1991 until 19 July 1994. In 1992, he signed the Lisbon Protocol, undertaking to give up Ukraine's nuclear arsenal. He was also the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and a People's Deputy of Ukraine serving in the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) faction.
After a political crisis involving the president and the prime minister, Kravchuk resigned from the presidency, but ran for a second term as president in 1994. He was defeated by his former prime minister, Leonid Kuchma, who then served as president for two terms. After his presidency, Kravchuk remained active in Ukrainian politics, serving as a People's Deputy of Ukraine in the Verkhovna Rada and the leader of the parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) from 2002 to 2006.
Early life
Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk was born on 10 January 1934 in the village of Velykyi Zhytyn (Żytyń Wielki) to an ethnic Ukrainian peasant family. At that time the village was part of Poland (Second Polish Republic). It became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic after the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 when Kravchuk was a child. His father served in the Polish army during the 1930s, and later he and his wife worked for the local osadniks (Polish colonists). During World War II, Kravchuk's father perished on the front lines.
Kravchuk married a mathematics teacher, Antonina Mykhailivna Mishura, in 1957. First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993, Barbara Bush (wife of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush), described Antonina in her memoirs: "She was the nicest young woman, a math teacher with absolutely no interest in politics".
Kravchuk went to a vocational school before studying Marxist political economy at Kyiv University. He graduated at 24 and became a political economy teacher in Chernivtsi, in southwest Ukraine, before entering politics. Kravchuk joined the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1958 and rose through the ranks of the party and of its agitprop department.
Kravchuk took part in the International Visitor Leadership Program, a professional exchange run by the US State Department.
Presidency
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR
He became a member of the Ukrainian Communist Party Bureau in 1989, and on 23 July 1990, became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, becoming the republic's nominal head of state. On 24 October 1990, the monopoly of the Communist Party of Ukraine on power was abolished, and thus, Kravchuk became not only the nominal, but also the actual head of the republic.
After the 19–21 August 1991 Soviet coup attempt, Kravchuk, who did not support the attempt to remove Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev from power, resigned from the Communist Party. After the Verkhovna Rada passed the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine on 24 August, the constitution was amended to create the post of President of Ukraine. Before the vote for the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine Kravchuk was instrumental in persuading the communists parliamentary majority to accept the opposition's demands of Ukrainian Independence. Participants in the Belovezha talks said Kravchuk rejected any efforts to keep the Soviet Union going with reforms.
Following the Act of Declaration of Independence Kravchuk was vested with presidential powers, thus becoming both de facto and de jure head of state. Later that year, on 5 December 1991, voters formally elected him president in Ukraine's first presidential election. On the same day, the voters voted overwhelmingly to secede from the Soviet Union—a move which Kravchuk now fully supported. This made Kravchuk the first head of state of independent Ukraine.
President of Ukraine
On 25 February 1992, as President of Ukraine, Kravchuk, issued Presidential decree 98/92 About the changes in the system of central bodies of executive power of Ukraine.
On 6 May 1992, Kravchuk met George H. W. Bush in the United States and signed an agreement for the full removal of all nuclear tactical weapons from Ukrainian territory by 1 July, and in return obtained a credit line of $110 million to buy U.S. commodities. It led to the signing of the Budapest Memorandum. The document was signed on 5 December 1994 at the summit of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in Budapest. In it, Ukraine, a nuclear power at that time, voluntarily gave up its nuclear weapons in exchange for security guarantees.
Kravchuk achieved and strengthened the formal sovereignty of the country. He took a pro-European stance, developing relations with the West and signing a cooperation accord with the European Union. The Kravchuk administration was the source for Ukraine's depressing reputation as a champion of corruption and missed opportunities as Kravchuk was cozy with Oligarchs and supported Pro Russian Forces adding to escalation of Ukrainian–Russian tensions and a policy of cooperation with Moscow.
Kravchuk refused to retain the common armed forces and currency inside the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 2 July 1993, the Ukrainian parliament approved the statement; 'Ukraine advocates the creation of an all-embracing international system of universal and all-European security and considers participation [therein] a basic component of its national security'.
Ukraine under Kravchuk welcomed the idea of NATO enlargement. As president, he never opposed the expansion of the Alliance or the possibility of a future Ukrainian membership to NATO. This was reflected in his disdain for military cooperation with Eurasian structures, such as the Tashkent CIS Collective Security Treaty, in favour of European security structures. He said that "the best guarantee to Ukraine's security would be membership to NATO." He repeated his support for an immediate Ukrainian membership to NATO in 1994.
Ukraine and Russia argued over many issues, including how the Soviet Navy's Black Sea Fleet should be divided. In May 1992, Russia's Supreme Soviet voted to declare the Soviet government's 1954 grant of Crimea to Ukraine an illegal act. Ukraine opposed this decision. The status of the Russian Black Sea Fleet's presence in Sevastopol and the Crimea was not resolved by a 20-year lease agreement until 1997, three years after Kravchuk left office.
Under Kravchuk's leadership, Ukraine's economy slumped as corruption linked to privatization of Soviet-era industry thrived. Ukraine's economic woes caused a decline in Kravchuk's political popularity, sparking governmental infighting. Political tension reached a point in the fall of 1993 that the then-prime minister, Leonid Kuchma, resigned. By 1994, in less than three years of Kravchuk's presidency, the country's GDP had shrunk by 40 percent.
Kravchuk ran for a second term as president in 1994 but was defeated by his former Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma, with his loss being attributed to the rampant graft and the stagnant economy.
Post-presidency
Soon after his defeat in 1994, Kravchuk joined the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) (SDPU(o)). He served as a member of the Verkhovna Rada from 1994 until 2006.
In February 2003, Oleksandr Moroz, the leader of Ukraine's Socialist Party, accused Kravchuk and other 300 public high-ranked officials of being members of the Freemasons.
During the 2004 presidential elections Kravchuk actively supported the candidacy of Viktor Yanukovych, and was a member of the Yanukovych team that negotiated with the opposition in the aftermath of that disputed election. In November 2004 he told the media that he was afraid that the resulting crisis would cause the disintegration of the country, intensifying movements for certain regions of Ukraine to join other countries.
On 25 September 2009, Kravchuk declared during an interview with the newspaper Den that he left SDPU(o) and became unaffiliated again. He explained this based on the fact that his former party decided to join the Bloc of Left and Center-left Forces to run for the 2010 presidential elections. He was indignant due to the fact that the political council of the party decided to accomplish that behind the closed doors in non-democratic order. He called it [the] "block as the artificial union without any perspectives". Kravchuk endorsed Yulia Tymoshenko during the 2010 presidential elections campaign.
During the 2010 election campaign, he accused incumbent president Viktor Yushchenko of having "turned into Yanukovych's aide. He has actually turned into an also-ran. His task is to slander Yulia Tymoshenko every day and prevent her from winning [the presidential elections]". Kravchuk explained his shift in support from Yanukovych to Tymoshenko was caused because he felt Yanukovych "turned his back" on all the issues Kravchuk wanted him to address as president: the Ukrainian language, culture, and the Holodomor. "Only the dead or the stupid do not change their views", he stated in December 2009 when he also voiced the opinion that voting for Yanukovych in the second round of the 2010 elections would indicate an anti-Ukrainian position.
In July 2020, Kravchuk was chosen to represent Ukraine at the Trilateral Contact Group (formed to facilitate a diplomatic resolution to the war in the Donbass region), being appointed to replace Leonid Kuchma. He maintained this position until February 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine.
Death and funeral
Kravchuk had heart surgery in June 2021. He was reportedly in ill health by this time. On 29 June 2021, the first president of Ukraine missed the solemn meeting of the Verkhovna Rada on the occasion of Constitution Day due to heart surgery. After surgery, the head of the Trilateral Contact Group was placed in intensive care and connected to a ventilator. In July, the media reported that Leonid Kravchuk had been in intensive care for a month.
On 10 May 2022, a family member told the Ukrainian News Agency that Kravchuk had died at the age of 88 in Germany, after a long illness. His death was also confirmed by unnamed officials in Kyiv, as well as Andriy Yermak, head of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's office. He died a week after Stanislav Shushkevich, another signatory to the Belovezh Accords, died in Minsk. On 11 May, President Zelenskyy issued a decree establishing the Kravchuk Prize in his memory.
His funeral ceremony took place on 17 May at the Ukrainian House in Kyiv, and was attended by President Zelenskyy and First Lady Olena Zelenska as well as three former presidents of Ukraine: Leonid Kuchma, Viktor Yushchenko, and Petro Poroshenko. In addition, guests included his wife Antonina, Mayor Vitali Klitschko of Kyiv, Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov, and former politicians Oleksandr Kuzmuk, Oleksandr Moroz, and Mustafa Dzhemilev. He was buried at Baikove Cemetery.
Personal life
Kravchuk was married to Antonina Mykhailivna Kravchuk. The couple married in 1957. She rarely attended official events with her husband.
Kravchuk and his wife had one child, Oleksandr Leonidovych Kravchuk (born 1959), president of the State Company "Nafkom-Ahro" and the former FC Nafkom Brovary. Kravchuk had two grandchildren and one great-granddaughter. After Kravchuk stopped working for the Ukrainian state, he lived in a state-owned dacha in Koncha-Zaspa.
Awards and honors
:
Hero of Ukraine (21 August 2001)
Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (2004)
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (1st, 2nd and 3rd classes) (15 July 2020, 9 January 2007 and 10 January 2004)
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (4th and 5th classes) (10 January 1999 and 21 August 1996)
Order of Liberty (10 January 2014)
Medal of 25 Years of Ukrainian Independence (19 August 2016)
Medal for the Glory of Chernivtsi
Winner of the Ukrainian Celebrity Awards 2020 in the category "Man of the Year"
Honorary Doctorate from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
:
Order of the October Revolution
Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice
Legacy
He is often associated as a key figure in achieving Ukraine's independence and in giving up Ukraine's nuclear arsenal.
Former Belarusian leader, Stanislav Shushkevich, who took part in the Belovezha talks and signed the deal, said; "Kravchuk was focused on Ukraine's independence, he was proud that Ukraine declared its independence in a referendum and he was elected president on 1 December 1991." Following his death, Ukrainian Minister of Defense, Oleksii Reznikov, said, "Thank you for the peaceful renewal of our Independence. We're defending it now with weapons in our hands." Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine, Andriy Yermak, said it was "Sad news and a great loss," describing Kravchuk as "a wise patriot of Ukraine, a truly historical figure in gaining our independence." Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy paid tribute to Kravchuk, calling him not just a historical figure but "a man who knew how to find wise words and to say them so that all Ukrainians would hear them."
References
External links
1934 births
2022 deaths
Leonid
People from Rivne Oblast
People from Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)
Presidents of Ukraine
Soviet leaders of Ukraine
Chairmen of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Politicians of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) politicians
Independent politicians in Ukraine
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) politicians
Soviet propagandists
People of the Revolution on Granite
Candidates in the 1991 Ukrainian presidential election
Candidates in the 1994 Ukrainian presidential election
Ukrainians in Poland
Burials at Baikove Cemetery
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
Recipients of the title of Hero of Ukraine
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 5th class
Recipients of the Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
20th-century Ukrainian politicians
21st-century Ukrainian politicians
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{'title': 'Leonid Kravchuk', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid%20Kravchuk', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The politics of Seychelles have historical roots in both one-party socialism and autocratic rule. Following independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, Seychelles was a sovereign republic until 1977, when the original President and leader of the Seychelles Democratic Party, James Mancham, was overthrown in a bloodless coup by the Prime Minister France-Albert René. René installed a single-party socialist state under the Seychelles People's Progressive Front which remained in place until 1993, when multiparty elections took place for the first time since independence. Modern day Seychelles governance takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Seychelles is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly.
Political history
Pre-independence political movements
While under British colonization, the people of the Seychelles had little to no say in how they were governed. Following the end of World War I, however, this began to change. The first political movement in the Seychelles was the Planters Association, which came into existence around 1918. In addition to the movement of the Planters Association, workers in the Seychelles petitioned the government about their poor working conditions and tax structure, which led to some proposed reform by the governor at the time, Governor Sir Arthur Grimble. Ultimately though, these reforms did not go into action, as the beginning of World War II put everything on hold.
The Planters Association was primarily focused on the interests of rich, white landowners and not the workers whom they employed. The League of Coloured Peoples formed as a result, and demanded minimum wage laws and health care reform.
The first actual political party, the Taxpayers Association, was not formed until 1939. This Taxpayers Association was also an organization primarily made up of rich white landowners, so its goals were, again, purely the advancement of their personal interests and the interests of the plantocracy.
1948 marked the first year in which Seychelles enjoyed any sort of suffrage, but it was limited only to literate property owners, which made up just 2,000 people in a population of over 36,000. As a result of the first elections in 1948, most representatives on the new Legislative Council were members of either the Planters' or Taxpayers' organizations.
In 1964, the Socialist Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP) was formed. Led by London-educated lawyer France Albert Rene, they campaigned on a platform of autonomy from Britain. Another London-educated lawyer, James Mancham headed the Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), which was created the same year, and by contrast wanted closer integration with Britain. Early elections between these two parties seemed in part based on the personal rivalry between these two leaders.
As a result of the 1967 elections, the first elections under universal adult suffrage, each party gained three seats in the legislature. Mancham's SDP retained a single-seat lead in the legislature, despite the SPUP having a slight margin of victory in number of votes. This result was met with protests and strikes by supporters of the SPUP throughout the following year.
1970 brought constitutional revisions to the colonial government of Seychelles, instituting a smaller-scale parliamentary system, but leaving plurality voting for the single-member districts. In the following elections in both 1970 and 1974, Mancham gained a small majority in votes, but a large one in seats, through a voting system which relied on the principle of "first past the post". Specifically in the 1974 elections, Mancham's SDP won a disproportionate amount of seats, 13 out of 15, with just barely over half of the vote.
Social unrest was rampant during this period, with strikes and protests, as well as bombings in 1972, all attributed to the SPUP. While this was partially attributable to the issues faced with the voting system, tensions regarding independence and rumored political repression and jailing of SPUP activists was also a factor.
In June 1975, the SDP and SPUP began a coalition government in order to negotiate independence with Britain. The British Government was asked to appoint an electoral review commission so that differences in opinion on legislative makeup and representation could be reconciled. An informal agreement between the two parties was reached, and ten seats were added to the Legislative Assembly, five to be nominated by each party. A cabinet of ministers also was formed consisting of eight members of the DP and four of the SPUP, with Chief Minister Mancham becoming prime minister.
Independence
Although Mancham's SDP had initially opposed independence, public opinion on the island heavily favored it, and on June 29, 1976, the British officially granted independence to the Seychelles. Mancham was named the new president, and René became prime minister. The new government kept the original distribution of seats per their 1975 agreement. Each party agreed to a "grand coalition" until 1979, when the next elections would take place.
Less than one year after independence, on 5 June 1977, the SPUP overthrew the newly formed government in a bloodless coup while Mancham was overseas at a Commonwealth conference in London. René initially denied involvement, but eventually took responsibility as leader of the SPUP. This coup was claimed to have been to prevent the establishment of a one-party state, but likely was more motivated by the SPUP's lack of representation in the newly formed legislature. Following the coup, René was installed as president and ruled by proclamation for the next two years, before imposing a new constitution in 1979 without referendum. During this period, the SPUP was formally renamed the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and became the sole ruling party of the new single-party socialist state. New elections were also called in 1979, and Rene was formally elected President of Seychelles.
One-party socialism
One-party socialism was established in the Seychelles in 1979 by France-Albert Rene and his SPUP, and ended in 1991. During this time the state built one of Africa's highest gross domestic products per capita.
Return to multiparty system
After almost sixteen years of one-party rule, President Rene announced a return to the multiparty system of government at an Extraordinary Congress of the ruling Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) on 4 December 1991. On 27 December 1991, the Constitution of Seychelles was amended to allow for the registration of political parties. Among the exiles returning to Seychelles was James Mancham, who returned in April 1992 to revive his party, the Democratic Party (DP). By the end of that month, eight political parties had registered to contest the first stage of the transition process: election to the Constitutional Commission, which took place on 23–26 July 1992.
The Constitutional Commission was made up of twenty two elected members, fourteen from the SPPF and eight from the DP. It commenced work on 27 August 1992 with both President Rene and Mancham calling for national reconciliation and consensus on a new democratic constitution. A consensus text was agreed upon on 7 May 1993 and a referendum to approve it called for 15–18 June. The draft was approved with 73.9% of the electorate in favor of it and 24.1% against.
23–26 July 1993 saw the first multiparty presidential and legislative elections held under the new constitution, as well as a resounding victory for President Rene. Three political groups contested the elections—the SPPF, the DP, and the United Opposition (UO)—a coalition of three smaller political parties, including Parti Seselwa. Two other smaller opposition parties threw in their lot with the DP. All participating parties and international observer groups accepted the results as "free and fair."
Three candidates again contested the 1998 presidential election: Albert Rene (SPPF), James Mancham (DP), and Wavel Ramkalawan. Again, President Rene and his SPPF party enjoyed a landslide victory. The President's vote in the 20–22 March elections jumped to 66.6% from 59.5% in 1993, while the SPPF garnered 61.7% of the total votes cast in the National Assembly election, compared to 56.5% in 1993.
The twenty-first century
Early elections originally set for 2003 were called in August/September 2001. The Government Party SPPF again prevailed, although the main Opposition Party, Seychelles National Party (previously known as the United Opposition Party) headed by Wavel Ramkalawan, made a surprisingly strong showing and collected 46% of the total votes. The DP, headed by Mancham, did not take part in the elections.
In April 2004, Rene retired as president, passing the office to his vice president, James Michel. At the next presidential election in July 2006, Michel polled 53.7% of valid votes, Wavel Ramkalawan 45.7% and Phillip Boulle 0.6%. In the May 2007 National Assembly elections, Seychelles People's Progressive Front took 56.2% of votes and Seychelles National Party in coalition with Seychelles Democratic Party took 43.8%. This gave SPPF 18 directly elected seats plus 5 nominated, total 23 seats with the SNP/DP coalition taking 7 directly elected plus 4 nominated, total 11 seats. The former vice-president, Danny Faure, was sworn in as president in October 2016, following the surprise resignation of James Michel.
The new National Assembly building on Ile du Port, Victoria opened in 2009. The building was partly financed by the Government of China.
Wavel Ramkalawan is the current President of Seychelles, and was elected in October 2020. Anglican priest Wavel Ramkalawan defeated President Danny Faure by 54.9% to 43.5%. The opposition took power in the Seychelles for the first time since 1977, following its victory in the presidential election.
The election of the National Assembly was held on the 22–24 October 2020. The Seychelles National Party, the Seychelles Party for Social Justice and Democracy and the Seychelles United Party formed a coalition, Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS). LDS won 25 and former ruling party United Seychelles (US) 10 seats of the 35 seats of the National Assembly.
Executive branch
|President
|Wavel Ramkalawan
|LDS
|26 October 2020
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The President of Seychelles, who is both head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office, and can be re-elected only once.
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the President, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
Legislative branch
The National Assembly/Assemblée Nationale has 34 members, elected for a term of five years, 25 members elected in single-seat constituencies and 9 members elected by proportional representation.
Political parties and elections
Presidential elections
Parliamentary elections
Administrative divisions
Seychelles is divided in 25 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Royale, Au Cap, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, English River, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe), Grand' Anse (on Praslin), Inner Islands, Les mamelles, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Roche Caiman, Saint Louis, Takamaka.
International organization participation
Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, ACP, AfDB, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, ECA, FAO, Group of 77, IBRD, ICAO, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, IFAD, International Finance Corporation, IFRCS, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, InOC, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, International Organization for Standardization (correspondent), International Trade Union Confederation, Non-Aligned Movement, OPCW, Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA), Southern African Development Community, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UPU, World Health Organization, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant).
References
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{'title': 'Politics of Seychelles', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics%20of%20Seychelles', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The 2014 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 4, 2014, to elect a member of the United States Senate from Montana, concurrently with other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections.
Democratic Senator Max Baucus, who had announced he would retire and not seek a seventh term, resigned in February 2014 in order to accept an appointment as United States Ambassador to China. Democrat John Walsh, the Lieutenant Governor of Montana, who was already running for Baucus' seat when Baucus was named to the ambassadorship, was appointed to replace Baucus by Governor Steve Bullock.
Walsh won the Democratic primary on June 3 and ran for a first full term in office, but withdrew from the race on August 7, 2014 due to allegations that he had plagiarized a term paper while attending the Army War College. Democrats selected Amanda Curtis, a state representative from Butte, to replace Walsh as the party's nominee at a convention in Helena on August 16. Steve Daines, the incumbent U.S. Representative from Montana's at-large congressional district, easily won the Republican nomination.
Daines defeated Curtis 57.9% to 40.0%, while Libertarian Roger Roots won 2.2%. Daines and Arkansas' Tom Cotton became just the 18th and 19th U.S. House freshmen to win U.S. Senate races over the last 100 years, and just the third and fourth over the last 40 years. He became the first Republican to win this Senate seat since 1913.
Democratic primary
Candidates
Declared
Dirk Adams, rancher, businessman and former business law professor
John Bohlinger, former Republican Lieutenant Governor of Montana
John Walsh, incumbent U.S. Senator, former Lieutenant Governor of Montana and former Adjutant General of the Montana National Guard
Declined
Max Baucus, former U.S. Senator
Steve Bullock, Governor of Montana
John Brueggeman, former Republican state senator
Shane Colton, attorney and former commissioner of the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Amanda Curtis, state representative
Melinda Gopher, writer and candidate for Montana's at-large congressional district in 2010
Mike Halligan, executive director of the Dennis and Phyllis Washington Foundation and former state senator
Denise Juneau, Montana Superintendent of Public Instruction
Nancy Keenan, former president of NARAL Pro-Choice America and former Montana Superintendent of Public Instruction
John Lewis, former state director for Senator Max Baucus (ran for the U.S. House)
Monica Lindeen, Montana State Auditor
Linda McCulloch, Secretary of State of Montana and former state representative
Mike McGrath, Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court and former Attorney General of Montana
John Morrison, former Montana State Auditor and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2006
Brian Morris, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Montana and former associate justice of the Montana Supreme Court
Stephanie Schriock, president of Emily's List and former chief of staff to Senator Jon Tester
Brian Schweitzer, former Governor of Montana
Kendall Van Dyk, state senator
Mike Wheat, Justice of the Montana Supreme Court (ran for re-election)
Carol Williams, former Majority Leader of the Montana Senate and nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Montana in 2000
Pat Williams, former U.S. Representative
Whitney Williams, former director of operations for Hillary Clinton
Franke Wilmer, state representative
Johnathan Windy Boy, state senator
Endorsements
Polling
Results
Democratic convention
Because Walsh withdrew, a nominating convention was held to pick a new nominee prior to August 20. The state party called a convention for August 16, and voting delegates were members of the State Central Committee, specifically: "one chair and one vice chair from each existing county central committee; one state committeeman and one state committeewoman from each county central committee; all voting members of the State Party Executive Board; the president of each chartered organization of the Montana Democratic Party; Montana State House leadership, and Montana State Senate leaders, and all Democrats currently holding statewide or federal office."
Candidates
Momentary buzz was created by a movement to draft actor Jeff Bridges for the nomination, with over 1,000 people signing a petition on Change.org and a Twitter account, DudeSenator, being created online. Bridges, who lives part-time and owns property in the Paradise Valley south of Livingston, Montana, declined the offer on the Howard Stern show, noting the disapproval of his wife. Other news outlets noted that he also was not registered to vote in Montana.
Potential
Dirk Adams, rancher, businessman and former business law professor
John Bohlinger, former Republican Lieutenant Governor of Montana
Amanda Curtis, state representative
Linda McCulloch, Secretary of State of Montana
Anna Whiting Sorrell, former director of the state Department of Health and Human Services and former state director of the Indian Health Services
Withdrew
Franke Wilmer, state representative
David Wanzenried, state senator
Declined
Jeff Bridges, actor and part-time Montana resident
Steve Bullock, Governor of Montana
Denise Juneau, Montana Superintendent of Public Instruction
Nancy Keenan, former president of NARAL Pro-Choice America and former Montana Superintendent of Public Instruction
Monica Lindeen, Montana State Auditor
Stephanie Schriock, president of Emily's List and former chief of staff to Senator Jon Tester
Brian Schweitzer, former Governor of Montana
Carol Williams, former Majority Leader of the Montana Senate and nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Montana in 2000
Endorsements
Results
Republican primary
Candidates
Declared
Susan Cundiff
Steve Daines, U.S. Representative and nominee for lieutenant governor in 2008
Champ Edmunds, state representative
Withdrew
David Leaser, air traffic manager at Glacier Park International Airport
Corey Stapleton, former state senator and candidate for governor in 2012 (running for MT-AL)
Declined
Chuck Baldwin, Baptist pastor, radio host, Constitution Party nominee for vice president in 2004 and for President in 2008
John Bohlinger, former Lieutenant Governor of Montana (ran as a Democrat)
Tim Fox, Attorney General of Montana
Rick Hill, former U.S. Representative and nominee for governor in 2012
Krayton Kerns, state representative
Marc Racicot, former Governor of Montana
Scott Reichner, state representative (ran for the state senate)
Matthew Rosendale, state senator (ran for the U.S. House)
Denny Rehberg, former U.S. Representative, former lieutenant governor and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1996 and 2012
Jon Sonju, state senator and nominee for lieutenant governor in 2012
Larry R. Williams, author, commodity trader and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1978 and 1982
Ryan Zinke, former state senator and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2012 (ran for the U.S. House)
Endorsements
Polling
Results
Libertarian nomination
Candidates
Declared
Roger Roots, nominee for Secretary of State of Montana in 2012
Independents
Candidates
Declined
John Bohlinger, former Lieutenant Governor of Montana (ran as a Democrat)
Sam Rankin, real estate broker (did not qualify)
General election
Debates
Complete video of debate, October 20, 2014
Predictions
Polling
With Adams
with Baucus
With Bohlinger
With Juneau
With Keenan
With Lindeen
With Schweitzer
With Walsh
Results
See also
2014 United States House of Representatives election in Montana
2014 United States Senate elections
2014 United States elections
References
External links
U.S. Senate elections in Montana, 2014 at Ballotpedia
Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets
2014
Montana
2014 Montana elections
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{'title': '2014 United States Senate election in Montana', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20United%20States%20Senate%20election%20in%20Montana', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Gloria Arellanes (born March 4, 1946) is a political activist known for her involvement with the Brown Berets during the Chicano Movement and has been influential in the development of Chicana feminism. As the first female Prime Minister of the Brown Berets, Arellanes worked to include the Chicana perspective in fighting for Mexican rights in Los Angeles in the 1960s and 1970s. Conflicts of covert "macho attitude" within the delegation of labor in the Brown Berets led Gloria Arellanes along with other female Brown Berets to leave the organization and create Las Adelitas de Aztlán. Similar to the Brown Berets, Las Adelitas de Aztlán strived to assist its community members in creating awareness for better bilingual education in Los Angeles as well as protesting against the Vietnam War. Arellanes was also a prominent figure in the National Chicano Moratorium Committee, leading Las Adelitas de Aztlán to participate in marches against the violence of the Vietnam War.
With over 50 years of experience in activism, Arellanes is now a current Tongva Elder of the first nation of the Los Angeles Basin. Arellanes' focus continues to remain on the rights of her people, defending the preservation of indigenous lifestyles through its traditions and education in Los Angeles.
Early life and education
Arellanes was born in East Los Angeles, and a few years later her family moved to El Monte, California. Gloria's father, César Barron Arellanes, was a Mexican immigrant. Her mother, Aurora Arellanes, was of indigenous Mexican descent from present-day Azusa. Gloria as a child was never taught about her indigenous roots. Her mother found it easier for Gloria and her sibling, William (Bill) Cesar, to identify as Mexicans.
Gloria attended El Monte High School from 1960 to 1964, which is where her political consciousness began to develop. Her high school had a large mix of white and Chicano population. The Chicanos, although from different barrios, often stuck together and supported each other. Fights would break out in her high school constantly until a counselor named John Bartan held a Human Relations Club where white and Latino kids could work through their problems. Through this engagement and community-building, her identity as a Chicana began to grow. She identified many racist aspects of her high school, including discriminatory arrests made in school, teachers ignoring Chicano/a students when they raised their hands, and tracking Chicano/a students into vocational classes. Gloria became interested in the issues around race and discrimination because she knew what it was like to be discriminated against because of the color of her skin and her Mexican descent.
After graduating high school, Gloria enrolled in East Los Angeles College but quit after one year. She went on to become involved in community work and got a full-time job with the Neighborhood Adult Participation Project, an anti-poverty program where she organized Black and Chicano communities and worked on voter registration.
Brown Berets
In 1967, Arellanes and some of her friends visited La Piranya, a coffeehouse owned and operated by the Brown Berets. Arellanes met future Prime Minister of the Brown Berets, David Sánchez, and was encouraged by Sánchez to join the Berets at the coffeehouse. She began attending community meetings and events, and eventually decided to join. In 1968, Arellanes was named the Minister of Finance and Correspondence, the first female minister of the Brown Berets. Early in her career she represented the Brown Berets when they were awarded the Ghetto Freedom Award by the Greater Los Angeles Urban League in 1968. The Brown Berets worked to raise their community by calling for improvement on education and employment, demanding more resources for the Chicano/a movement, and exposing police brutality against the Mexican-American people. The first important move the Brown Berets made was their involvement in the 1968 East L.A. blowouts, which Arellanes had been forced to sit out by her boss at the time. She was informed that her friend and companion Andrea Sánchez was arrested by Sergeant Arias of the Special Operation Conspiracy Force of LAPD under the assumption that he had arrested Arellanes. She was being watched by police because of her involvement in the Brown Berets.
Arellanes organized marches during her time with the Brown Berets in partnership with the East L.A. Blowouts, in opposition to policy brutality against Chicanos, and for El Barrio Free Clinic. In 1969 she arranged for the Brown Berets to use a tank for their float in the September 16 parade. She requested it without informing the clinic it would be used for Brown Berets because of the known sentiments against the Brown Berets. Arellanes was also in charge of fundraising for the Berets on a couple occasions. She organized a "Zoot Suit Party" where they made money selling beer to fund the Brown Berets' activities. Arellanes, among many other women Berets, chiefly arranged and assembled the newsletter that went out for Mexicans and Chicanos to read, titled La Causa. However, limited resources and funds made the production and distribution of the paper difficult.
East L.A. Free Clinic / El Barrio Free Clinic
In 1969, David Sanchez brought the news about the Barrio Free Clinic which Arellanes was given the responsibility of coordinating. The Brown Berets created the East L.A. Free Clinic, later to be known as El Barrio Free Clinic, on Whittier Boulevard. Arellanes headed the clinic for the Brown Berets, partnering with professionals that offered medical services "including drug addiction counseling, immunizations, physical exams, STI screenings and even small surgical procedures." The clinic struggled to fundraise because of its casual approach in its "provided counseling for unwanted pregnancies." Though it funds were not always steady, the clinic provided a space where young people in L.A. felt safe in receiving important services, even giving comfort to those who were worried of attaining health services because of their legal status in the United States. Coordinating El Barrio Free Clinic, Arellanes had helped better the name of the Brown Berets, who had been seen as an outrageous radical group, as many had viewed the Black Panthers during this time. In July 1969, Arellanes had become the official Clinic Director of the Barrio Free Clinic. El Barrio Free Clinic is what Arellanes called, "the most significant contribution of the East L.A. Brown Berets." While the clinic significantly aided the Brown Berets in their reputation within the community, it led to the departure of many female Brown Berets because of the gendered distribution of work that it came with. Arellanes faced conflict in her duty to maintain the family-friendly environment of the Clinic while the men of the organization used the Clinic as a location of socialization, where she would be forced to remove their mess frequently to preserve its orderly image for its patients.
While they got along for the most part, the women were expected to work the clinic and the men took little part in volunteering and participating in the daily functions of the clinic. The Beret women were not initially aware of their "second-class" membership within the organization because they "never openly expressed macho attitude," but the clinic enabled the women to recognize the difference in the roles of the men and women in the Brown Berets. Arellanes mentions in her testimony that many of the women left the Brown Berets around the same time in February 1970 due to what they saw as gender inequality perpetuated by the male Brown Berets in the Chicano movement. She said this was because they "found that the Brown Beret men have oppressed us more than the pig system has."They left by verbal resignation but wrote letters to other chapters explaining their reasons for leaving. The letter was signed, "Con Che!" due to Che Guevara's stance on equality among the sexes.
Las Adelitas de Aztlán
After leaving the Brown Berets, Gloria Arellanes, alongside Gracie and Hilda Reyes, Andrea and Esther Sánchez, Lorraine Escalante, Yolanda Solis, and Arlene Sánchez, formed a short-lived Chicana group named "Las Adelitas de Aztlán" in 1970. Las Adelitas de Aztlán combined their activism for the Mexican-American and the women, focusing on women's rights for Chicanas. The group takes its name from the revolutionary woman who fought alongside the men in Mexico's revolution, La Adelita. Las Adelitas de Aztlán were a combined group of women from the Brown Berets and other similar organizations created to support one another in their goals to fight for Chicano rights and aid one another in their obstacles as women in the Chicano movement. The goal of this group was not to be a formal organization, but rather a "discussion and support group."
National Chicano Moratorium
While in the process of leaving the Brown Berets, Arellanes joined the National Chicano Moratorium Committee in 1969. Anti-war sentiments towards the Vietnam War were increasing amongst the Mexican-American youth in Los Angeles as they rallied to focus on the social justice issues at home, rather than the war in Vietnam. Led by co-chairs, Ramsés Noriega and Rosalio Muñoz, the East L.A. demonstrations formed in protest of the war in Vietnam and injustices it placed on the Mexican-American. In their first demonstration, Arellanes was still in the Brown Berets and was asked to attain permission from the LAPD for the Moratorium to march down the streets of East Los Angeles.
In attendance of these East Los Angeles demonstrations, Las Adelitas de Aztlán, led by Gloria Arellanes, seen to be the first instance of a Chicana group protesting in their own right. The women marched in the second moratorium, the "March in the Rain" of February 28, 1970 brandishing white crosses of Chicano men from L.A. that had been killed in the war, Arellanes toting a cross with the name of her own cousin, Jimmy Vásquez.
Chicano Moratorium march of August 29th, 1970
In preparation for what came to be the largest march by the Chicano Moratorium, with between 20,000 to 30,000 participants, Arellanes enjoyed her heavy involvement in its planning. On the Moratorium Committee Arellanes would handle clerical work like taking phone calls and also outreach in the North California Bay Area region. She traveled to the Bay Area to motivate Northern Californian Chicanos to participate in the Moratorium and to community centers in East L.A. to hand out flyers. In her tasks of managing attendance, Arellanes connected thousands of out-of-state attendees with housing accommodations for the moratorium.
The march of August 29, 1970, in the chaos that ensued with the police intervention, resulted in arrests and deaths that drove Arellanes away from participating in the moratorium. After having an experience as a target of a tear gas cannister, Arellanes fled from the stage of the demonstration and went back to the Brown Beret Office. This event marked the end of Arellanes' involvement with the Moratorium Committee and the Chicano Movement altogether.
La Clínica Familiar del Barrio
Gloria Arellanes found a passion for helping those in her community through the Barrio Free Clinic in her time as a Brown Beret and opened another clinic after her departure from the Chicanx organizations with former female Brown Berets and Adelitas de Aztlán. La Clínica Familiar del Barrio opened on Atlantic Boulevard on March 15, 1971. The clinic was coordinated by Arellanes and supplied free medical services to the community, as the Brown Berets' Barrio Free Clinic shut down after the withdrawal of the Chicana women from the Brown Berets. The success of the clinic gladdened Arellanes, though she would resign from the clinic in 1972 in response to the "pressure from some board members" of the clinic. La Clínica Familiar del Barrio continues to service the East Los Angeles community as AltaMed.
Tongva activism
Arellanes is currently an Elder in the Tongva tribe of the first nation of the Los Angeles Basin. Now connected with her maternal roots of the Tongva people that she had not expressed in her adolescence, Arellanes' focus has shifted to the civil rights activism of the Native American people. Her knowledge in coordinating the free clinics in East L.A. has aided her role as a community health advocate as well as a speaker representing the Tongva people.
Personal life
Arellanes has two sons and a grandson. She resides in El Monte, California.
References
1946 births
Living people
Activists from California
Activists for Hispanic and Latino American civil rights
People from East Los Angeles, California
People from El Monte, California
Women civil rights activists
21st-century American women
Tongva
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{'title': 'Gloria Arellanes', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria%20Arellanes', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Paul Garner is a British epidemiologist and public health professional, known for his work in Systematic Reviews and Evidence Informed Policy. He is currently an Emeritus Professor, Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Previously he was a member of the WHO malaria treatment guidelines group from 2004-18.
Early life, education and career
Paul Garner attended Spalding Grammar School in Lincolnshire in the UK. He received an MB BS from University College London in 1979, and MD from the University of London in 1990.
He started his career in as a physician in Papua New Guinea. There he ran the Aitape Health Center in the West Sepik Province 1982-84, a 100 bedded hospital with a catchment area of 200,000 population. He subsequently worked as a researcher at the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research branch in Madang between 1984 and 1988.
He was a full time Professor of evidence synthesis at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM) and the Director of the Center for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, between 2004 and 2022. He now serves as an emeritus professor at LSTM. He is also an honorary research fellow at St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada since 1997, and honorary Professor at the University of Stellenbosch since 2013. He also acted as the Director of a series of UK Government research and development programmes in evidence synthesis related to problems of the tropics and low and middle income countries, the most recent being READ-It, 2018-2024. He is a Fellow of the Faculty of Public Health.
Notable contributions
In 1992, Paul Garner played a key role in the development of the Cochrane Collaboration after its founding. He led the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, whose reviews have helped underpin policy changes across the world.
Garner directly contributed to change in the formulation of Oral re-hydration solution and global policies related to its use in treatment of diarrheal diseases using oral re-hydration therapy. At the time WHO used a 311mOsm/L solution as the standard and the systematic review clearly showed that lower osmolarity of 240mOsm/L is more effective.
Garner has worked closely with the World Health Organization in the development of malaria treatment guidelines from 2004 to 2018, organizing evidence synthesis for the three editions in 2006, 2010, and 2015. He played a key role in the introduction of Artemisinin based combination treatments for malaria around the world.
His systematic reviews have also challenged global dogmas, including Directly Observed Therapy for tuberculosis, and routine de-worming of soil transmitted helminths in schoolchildren in living in endemic areas in middle and low-income countries.
Drawing from personal experience, Garner worked to highlight the occurrence of the post-covid-19 syndrome and health concerns related to it. He advocated that the involvement of communities of people who have recovered from post-viral illnesses would be helpful in the management and treatment approaches.
References
Living people
1955 births
COVID-19 researchers
British public health doctors
British epidemiologists
People educated at Spalding Grammar School
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of the University of London
Cochrane Collaboration people
Fellows of the Faculty of Public Health
Academics of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
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{'title': 'Paul Garner (doctor)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Garner%20%28doctor%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Alan I of Rohan (1084–1147), also known as Alain le Noir, was the 1st Viscount de Rohan and Viscount of Castelnoec. He was the third son of Odo I, Viscount of Porhoët, and Emma de Léon.
Life
He received as his inheritance, the sparsely populated western Porhoët, in 1116. He also owned a castle at Castennec and constructed another on the shores of the Oust which he named Rohan, the name he passed on to his descendants. In 1128, Alain de Rohan finished constructing his permanent residences and founded the Priory de la Coarde at Castennec for the monks at Redon Abbey, and a priory for Marmoutier Abbey near the château de Rohan.
Children
Alan I married a woman named Villana. They had two children:
Alan II, 2nd Viscount de Rohan,
Josselin
Coat of Arms
See also
House of Rohan
References
Alain 01 de Rohan
Alain 01 de Rohan
1084 births
1147 deaths
Porhoët family
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{'title': 'Alan I, Viscount of Rohan', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20I%2C%20Viscount%20of%20Rohan', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Best on the Street, earlier known as the All Star Analysts Survey is an annual survey-cum-contest of financial analysts in the United States conducted by The Wall Street Journal. Many financial firms participate in the survey and boast about the results on their websites.
History
The survey has been conducted annually by The Wall Street Journal since 1993, but the first hard copy that survives is from the year 1997. The survey changed its name to Best on the Street in 1999 or 2000.
Reception
Reception by financial analysts
Financial analysts vie for the accolades that obtain to them from performing well at Best on the Street. Examples of financial analysts that have listed good performance in the survey on their website are Morningstar, Inc., Raymond James Financial, and Keefe, Bruyette & Woods.
Academic reception
Best on the Street, both with its current name and with the earlier name of the All Star Analysts Survey, has been the subject of an academic research article titled Are the Wall Street Analyst Rankings Popularity Contests? The abstract reads: "We investigate the (sell-side) analyst rankings of Institutional Investor (I/I) and The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), using data from 1993–2005. We find that factors with a primary component of recognition are the most important determinants of the rankings, although performance measures are statistically significant determinants in some cases. The single exception to this finding is with existing WSJ stars, where industry-adjusted investment-recommendation performance is the only significant determinant of repeating as a star. Further, in the year after becoming stars, the recommendations of WSJ stars are significantly worse than those of nonstars; and the recommendations and earnings forecasts of I/I stars, as well as the earnings forecasts of WSJ stars, are not significantly different from those of nonstars. We conclude that these rankings are largely "popularity contests.""
The survey has also been mentioned in other studies of the variation between financial analysts in the accuracy of their forecasts.
References
Wall Street
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{'title': 'Best on the Street', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20on%20the%20Street', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Harvey Golub (born April 16, 1939) is an American businessman.
Biography
Born to a Jewish family, Golub attended Cornell University and received a Bachelor of Science from the New York University.
He worked as a senior partner with McKinsey & Company. In 1983, American Express hired him to investigate a possible acquisition – Investors Diversified Services. After acquiring IDS, American Express hired Golub to run the company, which became American Express' second most profitable sector. In 1990 he was made vice chairman of American Express while remaining president and chief executive officer of IDS. In 1991, he was named president of American Express. From 1993 to 2001, he was chief executive officer of American Express. He served as Chairman of the board at the Campbell Soup Company from November 2004 to July 2009. He served as chairman of the American International Group (AIG). His resignation as AIG chairman was announced on July 16, 2010. He sits on the boards of directors of Marblegate Asset Management, the Campbell Soup Company, and Ripplewood Holdings.
In 2016, Golub was appointed to chair boutique energy company.
He currently serves as the chairman of Miller Buckfire and as Director at Hess Corporation.
He sits on the board of trustees of the American Enterprise Institute, the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, and the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
In addition, he also serves on Jupiter Medical Center‘s board of trustees and is chairman of the Maltz Jupiter Theatre endowment board. He is a director emeritus of New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and a member of its investment committee.
Golub was named the interim non-executive chairman of the board of Dynasty financial partners in April 2020.
Personal life
Harvey Golub is married to Roberta Golub. Golub is the father of three adult children by a previous marriage.
References
Living people
Cornell University alumni
New York University Stern School of Business alumni
American chief executives of financial services companies
American Express people
20th-century American Jews
Lehman Brothers
McKinsey & Company people
1939 births
21st-century American Jews
Ameriprise Financial people
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{'title': 'Harvey Golub', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%20Golub', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Battle of Ramu, fought in May 1824, was one of the opening battles of the First Anglo-Burmese War. On May 10, 1824, the Burmese under General Maha Bandula launched an invasion of Chittagong from Arakan as the southern part of a two-pronged attack aimed at Calcutta. They offered to end the invasion if the British were to hand over some Arakanese rebels that had taken refuge in the Bengal Presidency. The British commander at Ramu, Captain Noton (also spelled Cotton in some sources), rejected the offer, and the Burmese detachment under Lord Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa attacked. After three days of fighting the British troops, a mixed force with a total strength of several hundred men, was routed and forced from Ramu on May 17. The British losses in killed, wounded and missing amounted to more than half the strength of the garrison. The Burmese however failed to exploit their advantage, and Maha Bandula's army would withdraw to counter the British occupation of Rangoon.
Campaign background
In 1824, the Burmese armies marched into the Bengal Presidency to force the British into surrendering Arakanese rebels taking shelter. Maha Bandula, was supported by twelve of the Burmese best divisions, including one under his personal command, all totaling 10,000 men and 500 horses. Bandula's plan was to attack the British on two fronts: Chittagong from Arakan in the southeast, and Sylhet from Cachar and Jaintia in the north. Bandula personally commanded the Arakan theatre while Thado Thiri Maha Uzana commanded Cachar and Jaintia theater.
British forces in Chittagong under Colonel Shapland consists of around 3,000 men from 13th Bengal Native infantry, 5 companies of the 2nd battalion 20th Native infantry, 1st battalion of the 23rd Native Infantry and a local corps of Arakanese levies.
Early in the war, British forces were pushed back by the battle-hardened Burmese due to the difficulties of fighting in the jungles of Manipur and Assam.
While Bandula remained in Arakan, a 4,000 strong Burmese force under the Lord Myawaddy, advanced into Chittagong. According to G.P. Ramachandra, the Burmese made several efforts to make peaceful contact.
According to a British witness:"Captain Noton [the British commander] communicated with two horsemen who approached the opposite bank of the river, who disavowed any hostile intention of the Burmese towards us, but desired only that some rebellious subjects under our protection should be delivered up to them offering at the same time to explain further the views of the Burmese, provided Captain Noton would allow them to cross the river with a guard of 100 horsemen and guarantee the safety of that party."Noton did not trust the Burmese and rejected the offer. It appears that the British were the first to open fire:
"On the evening of the 14th, the enemy's whole force is concentrated on the opposite bank of the river apparently with the intention of crossing at a favourable opportunity [some units] were detached for the purpose of annoying the enemy on their Encampment, and preventing them crossing the river, should they attempt it. Several rounds of grape and shrapnel were fired from the nine-pounders with effect, and appeared to create much confusion."
The Burmese then proceeded to attack the British force occupying Ratnapallang, fourteen miles south of Ramu. Captain Noton, commanding from Ramu, decided to attack the Burmese position, leaving the convalescents of the 1/23rd, the whole of the Provincials, and around a hundred levy, he marched out of Ramu on the evening of 11 May with the rest of his detachment, including the two 6-pounder guns.
The British found the Burmese occupying the hills overlooking the road on the east side and built a stockade at Ratnapallang. While Captain Noton was able to advance past these hills towards the stockade, they experienced difficulty in bringing up the guns due to the inexperience of the mahouts who drove the elephants.
The British exchanged fire all night around the stockade but were forced to withdraw in the morning due to the ammunition coolies deserting and the guns thus being unserviceable. Noton withdrew to back to Ramu, with a loss of seven missing and eleven wounded. He was reinforced joined by three companies of the 2nd battalion of the 20th Bengal Native Infantry.
Forces
The British forces consisted of around 350 regulars: five companies from the 1st Battalion of the 23rd Bengal Native Infantry, three companies from the 2nd Battalion, 20th Bengal Native Infantry, 250 men from the Chittagong Provincial Battalion and about 400 Maghs (Arakanese) Levies. Noton also had under his command two 6-pounder guns.
The Burmese army left the capital with 4,000 and gathered levies along the way gathering up to a total of around 10,000 by the time they reach Arakan. The British estimated at least 10,000 infantry and 200 cavalrymen at Ramu, however, actual numbers are likely lower as the Burmese forces split into several columns under Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa, Uzana and Maha Bandula himself. Furthermore, the British regarded much of the intelligence gathered on Burma to be inadequate and unreliable.
Battle
On the 13th morning, Myawaddy's forces had been reinforced and encouraged by their success, advanced from their stockade in Ratnapallang and occupied the hills east of Ramu across the river which flows by the town. Despite the disparity in strength, Noton resolved to hold Ramu, for he was confident that further reinforcements would arrive from Chittagong.
During 14 May, the two 6-pounder guns managed to prevent the Burmese from crossing the river, but on the 15th they managed to cross the stream, and took possession of a tank near British position. The encampment was surrounded by a three-foot levee and was protected on its right flank by the river; some sixty feet right flank was another tank, which was held by a rear was also a tank, held by a strong unit of Provincials. The Burmese infantry made good use of natural cover and despite heavy fire proceeded to occupy the tank in front without difficulties. In the next two days, Burmese entrenched themselves closer and closer to the British lines despite heavy fire. The levies and Provincials at this point were greatly demoralized and were barely prevented from deserting.
Captain Noton began to consider withdrawing but he had received information leading him to believe that reinforcements would arrive from Chittagong next day, and chose to hold his ground. Skirmishing continued all night but by the next morning, the Burmese positions had been reinforced and were entrenched within thirty yards of the British pickets at the tank.
As the Burmese began to close in, the levies and Provincials fled along with the elephants from the gunnery teams leaving the regulars severely outnumbered and without artillery support. Noton, with only 400 exhausted men attempted to retreat before the Burmese could attack. They managed to maintain order for about half a mile before being finally caught up by the Burmese cavalry, who charged and routed the remaining British troops.
Wilson describes the closing stage of the battle as:"(A) small body of Horse attached to their force, by whom the men that fell off from the main body were instantly cut to pieces, filled (our) troops with an ungovernable panic, which rendered the exertions of their officers to preserve order unavailing."
Aftermath
Casualties
The British force suffered around 250 killed, wounded or captured. Among the six European and three Indian officers, only three survived with two being wounded. The six officers were Captains Trueman, Pringles, and Noton himself, Lieutenant Grigg, Ensign Bennet, and Assistant-surgeon Maysmore were killed. Lieutenants Scott and Campbell were wounded while Lieutenant Codrington escaped. The British force at Ramu had been thoroughly destroyed with British prisoners being marched back to Ava. The British considered their operations in the Chittagong frontier "unsatisfactory throughout" with little knowledge of the terrain, sickness being prevalent, difficulties in logistics and lack of friendly locals.
The Burmese losses were unknown but were suspected to suffer at most 200 killed or wounded most of them from the British artillery. The Burmese commander at Ramu, Myawaddy, however, witnessed the firepower of British regulars and would at that point attempt to avoid engaging them in open combat.
Myawaddy's column then joined Bandula's column on the march to defeat British forces at Gadawpalin, and went on to capture Cox's Bazar. The destruction at Ramu caused extreme panic in Chittagong and in Calcutta. The Burmese victory too contributed to the Barrackpore mutiny of 1824 where tales of mystical prowess of the Burmese was exaggerated. However Bandula, not wanting to overstretch his lines, stopped Myawaddy from proceeding to Chittagong even though it was lightly held. Had the Burmese taken it, it would open the way to Calcutta. A threat to Calcutta could have potentially forced the British into giving more favourable terms in the peace negotiations to the Burmese kingdom or at least contribute more troops on the Arakan frontier rather than to Rangoon.
Furthermore, the British occupation of Rangoon and naval assault forced the offensive to halt and return to Burma. Myawaddy and his veterans would return to Arakan while Bandula brought the rest of his men back to Rangoon to face the 11,000 strong expeditionary force under Sir Archibald Campbell.
The British would later return to Arakan with a much larger army of 10,000 men including two Royal regiments, cavalry and thirty artillery pieces led by high profiled officers such as War of 1812 veteran Joseph Wanton Morrison and Colquhoun Grant. Although the British would finally defeat Myawaddy and his depleted men in the Battle of Mrauk U on April 1, 1825, Morrison and many of his men suffered greatly from tropical diseases.
References
First Anglo-Burmese War
Military history of Myanmar
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles involving British India
Battles involving the British East India Company
Battles involving Myanmar
1824 in Asia
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{'title': 'Battle of Ramu', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Ramu', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Bachelor of Hearts is a 1958 British comedy film starring Hardy Krüger as a German who studies at Cambridge University. It was made to cash in on Krüger's popularity following the success of the war film The One That Got Away (1957). It combined elements of A Yank at Oxford with Doctor in the House.
Plot
A young German maths scholar Wolf Hauser (Hardy Krüger) arrives for a year at Cambridge on a Student exchange programme. Settling into his rooms at University College, Wolf has more than his share of trouble negotiating English customs and manners, as well as being the victim of pranks from his fellow students. He eventually finds solace with a girlfriend called Ann (Sylvia Syms).
Cast
Hardy Krüger as Wolf Hauser
Sylvia Syms as Ann Wainwright
Ronald Lewis as Hugo Foster
Eric Barker as Aubrey Murdock
Miles Malleson as Dr. Butson
Newton Blick as Morgan
Jeremy Burnham as Adrian Baskerville
Peter Myers as Jeremy
Philip Gilbert as Conrad Lewis
Charles Kay as Tom Clark
John Richardson as Robin
Gillian Vaughan as Virginia
Sandra Francis as Lois
Barbara Steele as Fiona
Catherine Feller as Helene
Monica Stevenson as Vanessa
Pamela Barreaux as Bijou
Beatrice Varley as Mrs. Upcott
Hugh Morton as Lecturer
Ronnie Stevens as Shop Assistant
Everley Gregg as Lady Don
Peter Cook as a pedestrian in the street (uncredited; Cook's film debut)
Production
Leslie Bricusse and Frederic Raphael had written revues together at Cambridge University. This led to a screenwriting career which included the scripts for Charley Moon and The Big Money. Raphael says their work on the latter, a rewrite, led to them being offered Bachelor of Hearts.
Raphael and Bricusse were approached by the producer Vivian Cox, who wanted them to write a film about Cambridge University similar to The Guinea Pig, a play and film about a working class boy who goes to a public school. Bricusse wrote "In our story, a clever young Cockney lad, in our imagining the still-baby-faced Richard Attenborough, gets a scholarship to Cambridge, where we follow his subsequent hope-fully hilarious adventures." Raphael said the script was "based, with all but slipshod looseness, on As You Like It."
The film was changed to become a vehicle for Hardy Kruger who had been in The One That Got Away. Producer Julian Wintle, who produced that film and also worked on this, said "Kruger undoubtedly has that almost indefinable something which the public recognise and welcome as star quality. Mere good looks and ability are not enough. There has to be something plus in the personality. I should say that in Kruger's case it is his manly way of acting. The teenage girls and older ones appreciate his clean-cut manner, his air of self reliance." Kruger said, "I know it is a gamble to switch to comedy after drama. But I like to ring the changes and I think it is a good thing to surprise the public."
Raphael felt director Wolf Rilla "was a rather solemn filmmaker, not wholly suited to Leslie's and my larky screenplay... Wolf had high ambitions as an auteur but lacked the force or luck to fulfil them".
According to Bricusse, the final film:
Appeared to be Pinewood's personal apology to Germany for our having won the war. It starred a Teutonically handsome leading German actor... and was directed by a somewhat solemn and serious German director... in a vaguely related but not surprisingly heavier-handed version of what we had written. Every subtle English comedic nuance was lost, and though the final film was far from being a disaster, it became what I can most charitably describe as a romantic non-comedy. Charming and talented as both Hardy and Wolf were, a comedy about U-boats rather than Cambridge might have been more appropriate - Carry On Torpedoing.
The film was originally called Light Blue then The Freshman then Bachelor of Hearts. Bricusse says this was the result of "an embarrassing ‘find a name for the movie’ competition, which provided the eventual stomach- turning title, Bachelor of Hearts."
Filming started 27 May 1958 under the title The Freshman. It was part of a boom in production from Rank Films that also included Rockets Galore, Passionate Summer, Floods of Fear, Sea of Sand, The Square Peg, Operation Amsterdam, The Captain's Table, Too Many Crooks, The Lorelei (which became Whirpool), Ferry to Hong Kong and The Thirty Nine Steps.
Sylvia Syms was loaned out from Associated British to play the female lead. She recalled "Hardy Kruger was adorable, a very nice man. It was a most enjoyable funny film to be on, and Geoff Unsworth, the cameraman, made me look stunning too."
It was the film debut of Peter Cook, who appeared as an extra for ten shillings a day. Cook's biographer says Cook was "desperately short of cash" at the time and "can be clearly seen in one scene from the film, standing in the street alongside Christopher Booker, the future co-founder of Private Eye. Booker remembers Peter keeping the bored extras amused with a stream of jokes."
Critical reception
The Guardian said "after a very heavy start it does come comically alive in its last two episodes."
Variety called it "facetious, rather embarrassing... US audiences are likely to be completely bewildered." Filmink magazine said "the film has nice colour, location footage, Belinda Steele as an ingenue, Peter Cook as an extra and maybe one funny joke."
Raphael says Kruger "went on to make some quite respectable films, but this wasn't his finest hour" and that by the time he had finished the film "I was so tired of collaboration, and of the movies, that my wife and I decided to move to Spain." He later wrote "Bachelor of Hearts was not the kind of movie that I should ever have wanted to write, but it furnished me with that vital commodity, a credit, without which no film career was likely to proceed."
References
External links
Bachelor of Hearts at TCMDB
Bachelor of Hearts at Letterbox
Bachelor of Hearts at BFI
1958 films
British romantic comedy films
Films directed by Wolf Rilla
1958 romantic comedy films
Films shot in Cambridgeshire
1950s English-language films
1950s British films
Films set in the University of Cambridge
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A phosphodiesterase inhibitor is a drug that blocks one or more of the five subtypes of the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE), thereby preventing the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by the respective PDE subtype(s). The ubiquitous presence of this enzyme means that non-specific inhibitors have a wide range of actions, the actions in the heart, and lungs being some of the first to find a therapeutic use.
History
The different forms or subtypes of phosphodiesterase were initially isolated from rat brains in the early 1970s and were soon afterward shown to be selectively inhibited in the brain and in other tissues by a variety of drugs. The potential for selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors as therapeutic agents was predicted as early as 1977 by Weiss and Hait. This prediction meanwhile has proved to be true in a variety of fields.
Classification
Nonselective PDE inhibitors
Methylated xanthines and derivatives:
caffeine, a minor stimulant
aminophylline
IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), used as investigative tool in pharmacological research
paraxanthine
pentoxifylline, a drug that has the potential to enhance circulation and may have applicability in treatment of diabetes, fibrotic disorders, peripheral nerve damage, and microvascular injuries
theobromine
theophylline, a bronchodilator
Methylated xanthines act as both
competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which raise intracellular cAMP, activate PKA, inhibit TNF-alpha and leukotriene synthesis, and reduce inflammation and innate immunity and
nonselective adenosine receptor antagonists
But different analogues show varying potency at the numerous subtypes, and a wide range of synthetic xanthine derivatives (some nonmethylated) have been developed in the search for compounds with greater selectivity for phosphodiesterase enzyme or adenosine receptor subtypes.
PDE2 selective inhibitors
EHNA (erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-n)adenine)
BAY 60-7550 (2-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-7-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-phenylbutyl]-5-methyl-imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one)
Oxindole
PDP (9-(6-Phenyl-2-oxohex-3-yl)-2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-purin-6-one)
PDE3 selective inhibitors
Amrinone, milrinone and enoximone are used clinically for short-term treatment of cardiac failure. These drugs mimic sympathetic stimulation and increase cardiac output.
Anagrelide
Cilostazol is used in the treatment of intermittent claudication.
Pimobendan is FDA approved for veterinary use in the treatment of heart failure in animals.
PDE3 is sometimes referred to as cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase.
PDE4 selective inhibitors
Mesembrenone, an alkaloid from the herb Sceletium tortuosum
Rolipram, used as investigative tool in pharmacological research
Ibudilast, a neuroprotective and bronchodilator drug used mainly in the treatment of asthma and stroke. It inhibits PDE4 to the greatest extent, but also shows significant inhibition of other PDE subtypes, and so acts as a selective PDE4 inhibitor or a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, depending on the dose.
Piclamilast, a more potent inhibitor than rolipram.
Luteolin, supplement extracted from peanuts that also possesses IGF-1 properties.
Drotaverine, used to alleviate renal colic pain, also to hasten cervical dilatation in labor
Roflumilast, indicated for people with severe COPD to prevent symptoms such as coughing and excess mucus from worsening
Apremilast, used to treat psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
Crisaborole, used to treat atopic dermatitis.
PDE4 is the major cAMP-metabolizing enzyme found in inflammatory and immune cells. PDE4 inhibitors have proven potential as anti-inflammatory drugs, especially in inflammatory pulmonary diseases such as asthma, COPD, and rhinitis. They suppress the release of cytokines and other inflammatory signals, and inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species. PDE4 inhibitors may have antidepressive effects and have also been proposed for use as antipsychotics.
On October 26, 2009, The University of Pennsylvania reported that researchers at their institution had discovered a link between elevated levels of PDE4 (and therefore decreased levels of cAMP) in sleep deprived mice. Treatment with a PDE4 inhibitor raised the deficient cAMP levels and restored some functionality to Hippocampus-based memory functions.
PDE5 selective inhibitors
Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, and the newer udenafil and avanafil selectively inhibit PDE5, which is cGMP-specific and responsible for the degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum. These phosphodiesterase inhibitors are used primarily as remedies for erectile dysfunction, as well as having some other medical applications such as treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
Dipyridamole also inhibits PDE5. This results in added benefit when given together with nitric oxide or statins.
PDE7 selective inhibitors
Recent studies have shown Quinazoline type PDE7 inhibitor to be potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents.
PDE9 selective inhibitors
Paraxanthine, the main metabolite of Caffeine (84% in humans), is another cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits PDE9, a cGMP preferring phosphodiesterase. PDE9 is expressed as high as PDE5 in the corpus cavernosum.
PDE10 selective inhibitors
Papaverine, an opium alkaloid, has been reported to act as a PDE10 inhibitor.
PDE10A is almost exclusively expressed in the striatum and subsequent increase in cAMP and cGMP after PDE10A inhibition (e.g. by papaverine) is "a novel therapeutic avenue in the discovery of antipsychotics".
References
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{'title': 'Phosphodiesterase inhibitor', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase%20inhibitor', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Platon Ilarionovych Maiboroda (; 1 December 1918 in Pelekhivshchyna khutir, Ukrainian State – 8 July 1989 in Kyiv, Soviet Union) was a Soviet composer.
Maiboroda, whose brother Heorhiy Maiboroda was also a composer, studied at the Gliere Music College. In 1938 Maiboroda enrolled in the Kyiv Conservatory in Kyiv where he studied under Levko Revutsky, graduating in 1947. Maiboroda taught at the Gliere Music College from 1947 to 1950.
He was buried at the Baikove Cemetery, Kyiv.
Works
Films
Valley of Blue Rocks (1956)
Far and Near (1957)
Thunder over fields (1958)
Shift starts at six (1958)
Ages of youth (1958), director Oleksiy Mishurin
Odessa (1959)
Blood of Man - Not a Water (1960)
Dmytro Horytsvit (1961)
Ukrainian Rhapsody (1961)
People don't know everything (1964)
Ballad of British (1969)
Abiturient (1973)
Adieu, pharaohs! (1975)
Ordinary concern (1975)
Involuntary diplomats (1978)
Revision (1979)
Visit to Kovalivka (1980)
Selected songs
Dearest mother of mine (words of Andriy Malyshko), soundtrack to the film Ages of youth (1958)
Kyiv Waltz (words of Andriy Malyshko)
Awards
Stalin Prize (III degree, 1950) - for songs "About Olena Khobta", "About Mark Ozerny", "About Maria Lysenko"
Shevchenko National Prize (1962)
Distinguished Artist of Ukrainian SSR (1958)
National Artist of Ukrainian SSR (1968)
National Artist of Soviet Union (1979)
Order of Lenin
Notes
1918 births
1989 deaths
Burials at Baikove Cemetery
Soviet classical composers
Soviet opera composers
People from Poltava Oblast
Recipients of the Shevchenko National Prize
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the title of People's Artists of Ukraine
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{'title': 'Platon Maiboroda', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon%20Maiboroda', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Peter Kugel House, also known as the Kugel-Gips House, is a historic house at 188 Way 626, Wellfleet, Massachusetts, in Cape Cod National Seashore. It is one of a modest number of surviving houses in Wellfleet that combine elements of Modern architecture with traditional Cape Cod architecture. This house was built in 1970 to a design by architect Charlie Zehnder, who took his design inspiration for it from the Fallingwater estate designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cape Cod National Seashore
References
Houses in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Wellfleet, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Cape Cod National Seashore
Modernist architecture in Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1970
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{'title': 'Peter Kugel House', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Kugel%20House', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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