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Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress was a regional political party in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in October 1997 by Naresh Agarwal along with Jagdambika Pal, Atul Kumar Singh, Bacha Pathak, Rajeev Shukla, Hari Shankar Tiwari, Suresh Chand Bhardwaj, Shripati Singh and Shyam Sunder Sharma. The party was formed when these leaders broke away from the Indian National Congress to join the All India Indira Congress (Tiwari), led by N. D. Tiwari which led another switched to form Loktantrik Congress.
Jagdambika Pal served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh for 3 days from 21 February 1998 to 23 February 1998 when Governor of Uttar Pradesh Romesh Bhandari dismissed Kalyan Singh government. Kalyan Singh moved Allahabad High Court which termed the dismissal of government unconstitutional on 23 February 1998, thereby reinstating the Kalyan Singh government. Naresh Agarwal was name the Deputy Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
The party became partners in (Atul Kumar Singh) & Kalyan Singh, Ram Prakash Gupta and Rajnath Singh.
Electoral history
State
State
References
Political parties established in 1997
1997 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Regionalist parties in India
Defunct political parties in Uttar Pradesh
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{'title': 'Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhil%20Bharatiya%20Loktantrik%20Congress', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Nancy Cappello ( Marcucci; October 30, 1952 – November 15, 2018) was an American breast cancer activist who was known for her campaign to improve disclosure on the limitations of mammography and the difficulty in identifying cancer for those with dense breast tissue. She worked as a special education teacher in her hometown of Waterbury, Connecticut, and later as an educational administrator in the Connecticut state department.
After being diagnosed with breast cancer in 2003, Cappello started an organization called Are You Dense? in order to improve notification laws for women with dense breasts, as it was due to not being informed that her cancer had not been identified sooner through non-mammogram methods. By 2019, 37 U.S. states had passed a breast density inform law as she had advocated, along with a federal law being passed to update the notification rules in February 2019.
Early life and education
Cappello was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, on October 30, 1952, to Stephen A. Marcucci, a plumbing business owner, and Antoinette Llorens. She attended Watertown High School and went on to earn a Master's degree in education and special education from the Central Connecticut State University. Then, she earned a PhD at the University of Connecticut with a focus on educational administration.
Career
Starting in 1974, Cappello worked as a special education teacher at her former high school and eventually became the city's director of special education. This resulted in her becoming a consultant on such subjects with the Connecticut state education department and she eventually became interim bureau chief for the department in 2007. She retired in 2009 from state work to focus on her advocacy outreach.
Advocacy
Breast cancer diagnosis
The beginning to Cappello's activism regarding mammography was in 2003 after her doctor physically identified a lump on her breast, despite nothing of the sort having been identified in a mammogram weeks earlier and still not being detected in a follow-up mammogram after noticing the lump. An ultrasound was able to properly identify the mass, however, as a tumor that had already spread to become a stage 3 lymph node cancer that could only be treated with chemotherapy and a mastectomy of the affected breast.
The reason why the mammograms had been unsuccessful in identifying the tumor was due to her having dense breast tissue with low amounts of fat that prevented X-ray scans from penetrating into the tissue and separating darker fat pockets from the bright white tumor tissue. She was also informed that this type of breast tissue increases the risk of cancer forming, despite cancer being difficult to diagnose at the same time for such tissue.
Having been unaware of the existence of dense breast tissue or the frequency of it occurring in women, Cappello was "outraged" at not having been informed earlier, as she would have been undergoing ultrasounds rather than mammograms for the prior 10 years if she had known she had the condition. She estimated that due to the growth and extent of the cancer once it was finally detected, it had been growing for several years and had not been identified by any of her scans during that time period. Her doctors also said that informing female patients about the possibility of dense breast tissue was not a part of the "standard protocol" and so she and her husband decided to start advocating for changes to the protocol.
Creation of advocacy group
The couple interacted with medical experts and state politicians over the following years, resulting in a law and protocol change in Connecticut in 2009 requiring doctors to inform patients about dense breast tissue and to require that medical insurance would cover the alternative ultrasounds such patients would need. Receiving messages from women across the US wanting such laws passed in their states, Cappello and her husband created the non-profit Are You Dense? in 2008 to advocate for such legal changes. She would go on to speak on the subject internationally at various medical conventions, including in countries such as Japan, France, Italy and Canada.
As of 2019, 37 states had passed a version of the breast density inform law that she had advocated for. A federal notification bill was signed into law in February 2019. Cappello was described by Imaging Technology News as the "founder of the breast density education movement".
Personal life
Cappello was married to her husband, Joseph J. Cappello, in 1974. She was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome in September 2018 that was identified as having formed during the treatment for her cancer in 2004. A bone marrow transplant was scheduled for December of that year to cure the syndrome, but a series of transfusions and antibiotics were required as treatment and multiple infections occurred in the following months. She died on November 15, 2018, due to a Clostridium difficile infection.
References
Further reading
1952 births
2018 deaths
People from Waterbury, Connecticut
Breast cancer
Central Connecticut State University alumni
University of Connecticut alumni
Activists from Connecticut
Educators from Connecticut
21st-century American women
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{'title': 'Nancy Cappello', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Cappello', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Ashland School District (#5) is a public school district that serves the city of Ashland, Oregon, United States. As of 2009, there were approximately 3,000 students and 300 employees in the district.
Administration
Superintendent: Samuel Bogdanove
Primary schools
Bellview Elementary School
Helman Elementary School
Walker Elementary School
Secondary schools
Ashland's secondary schools include grades 6 through 8.
Ashland Middle School
Ashland Middle School is the only public middle school located in Ashland, and has 623 students and 81 staff members. The school includes grades 6-8. The 2012 Oregon Report Card from the Oregon Department of Education rated Ashland Middle School as "outstanding".
In 2013, at 11:06 am, May 14, a fire broke out in the south wing of the school. Smoke was reported to be coming from the boys' bathroom. Investigators said an arsonist had started the fire. The school was cleared by 12:45, and students were let back into the north building. The student who started the fire was identified, and the Jackson County District Attorney's Office Juvenile Department handled the case.
In November 2014, an epidemic of chickenpox broke out at Ashland Middle School. 20 students were reported to have chickenpox, including two cases of pertussis. Only about 70% of students attending Ashland Middle School were vaccinated as of 2013.
High schools
Ashland High School
Alternative schools
John Muir School (K-8)
Wilderness Charter School
Willow Wind Community Learning Center
Demographics
In the 2009 school year, the district had 62 students classified as homeless by the Department of Education, which was 2.1% of students in the district.
Teacher and student numbers
Total students: 3,040
Classroom teachers: 150.8 (FTE)
Student/teacher ratio: 20.2
Drug testing controversy
In late 2001, Ashland School Board enacted a controversial drug and alcohol policy for leadership students. The local Oregon chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union had advocated on behalf of various students expelled by the Ashland School District for drug use in May 2001 at a national forensics tournament, and rallied again to protect the students from an unconstitutional invasion of their privacy. This landmark battle for students' rights was the first of many similar incidents across the country.
Students at Ashland High School argued that their off-campus behavior after school hours should have no effect on their academic standing. In a statement to the local press, Ashland High School Student Body Co-President Brady Brim-DeForest said, "Teaching kids not to use and abuse drugs and alcohol is a family thing. Ultimately, it's a student's own personal choice."
Eventually, the code of conduct was rewritten and the controversy led to a full-scale re-evaluation of the school district's drug and alcohol policy. In order to reach consensus, a community committee was formed, which met consecutively for five months.
Drug policy references
Daily Tidings (February 2002 coverage)
Daily Tidings (January 2002 coverage)
Daily Tidings (January 2002 coverage)
Daily Tidings (January 2002 coverage)
Daily Tidings (January 2002 coverage)
Mail Tribune (January 2002 coverage)
Mail Tribune (October 2001 coverage) article 1
Mail Tribune (October 2001 coverage) article 2
Daily Tidings (September 2001 coverage)
Mail Tribune (September 2001 coverage)
Mail Tribune (July 2001 coverage) article 1
Mail Tribune (July 2001 coverage) article 2
See also
List of school districts in Oregon
References
External links
Ashland School District (official website)
Ashland, Oregon
School districts in Oregon
Education in Jackson County, Oregon
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{'title': 'Ashland School District (Oregon)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland%20School%20District%20%28Oregon%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The 74th Punjabis were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1776, when they were raised as the 14th Carnatic Battalion.
The regiment first saw action during the Carnatic Wars. This was followed by the Battle of Sholinghur in the Second Anglo-Mysore War and the Battle of Mahidpur in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Their next active service was in China for the First and Second Opium Wars. In 1885 they took part in the Third Burmese War.
In 1914 the class composition of the 74th Punjabis consisted of 4 companies of Punjabi Muslims, 2 of Sikhs and 2 of Punjabi Hindus. This diversity was in accordance with the enlistment system of the period; under which about three-quarters of the Indian regiments were each recruited from more than one religious or racial groups. The 74th Punjabis had historically been a Madrasi regiment (see below) but as part of a general policy the area of recruitment had changed to the Punjab after 1889.
During World War I the regiment was part of the 8th Lucknow Division which initially remained in India on internal security and training duties. They were posted to the 10th (Irish) Division in 1918, and took part in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.
After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 74th Punjabis became the 4th Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment. This new regiment was disbanded in 1947.
Predecessor names
14th Carnatic Battalion - 1776
14th Madras Battalion - 1784
2nd Battalion, 6th Madras Native Infantry - 1796
14th Madras Native Infantry - 1824
14th Madras Infantry - 1885
74th Punjabis - 1903
References
Bibliography
Moberly, F.J. (1923). Official History of the War: Mesopotamia Campaign, Imperial War Museum.
British Indian Army infantry regiments
Military history of the Madras Presidency
Military units and formations established in 1776
Military units and formations disestablished in 1922
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George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon KG (1547 – 9 September 1603) was the eldest son of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and Anne Morgan. His father was first cousin to Elizabeth I of England. In 1560, at the age of 13, George matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Military and political career
In December 1566 he accompanied the Earl of Bedford on an official mission to Scotland, to attend the baptism of the future King James. Mary, Queen of Scots gave him a ring and a chain with her miniature portrait.
During the Northern Rebellion of 1569, George was knighted in the field by Thomas Radcliffe 3rd Earl of Sussex for bravery. George had challenged Lord Fleming, the commander of Dunbar Castle, to single combat.
George served as a member of Parliament in the Commons for several terms (for Hertfordshire in 1571, for Hampshire in 1584, 1586, 1589, and 1593).
He was created Knight Marshal in 1578. He was given the tenure of the lands of the Cornish recusant Francis Tregian when the latter was convicted of praemunire in 1577 for aiding and abetting the missionary priest Cuthbert Mayne.
George was sent to Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight and later assumed command of the Isle's defenses during the Spanish Armada threat.
In July 1596, when his father died, George became the second Baron Hunsdon, and the following year he was appointed Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household, a position which had been held by his father.
Theatre
Both Henry and George Carey were patrons of the professional theatre company in London known as "the Lord Chamberlain's Men". Talents such as William Shakespeare and Richard Burbage were among the writers and performers of the company. In 1597 George was invested as a Knight of the Garter, and it is sometimes proposed that the first performance of William Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor was held to commemorate the occasion.
Family
George married Elizabeth Spencer (related to poet/author Edmund Spenser), who like her husband was a patron of the arts. They had one daughter, Elizabeth.
Death
He died on 9 September 1603 (from venereal disease and mercury poisoning), and his brother John (the next eldest) became the third Lord Hunsdon.
References
1547 births
1603 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Georger
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Hampshire
Carey, George
Carey, George
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English nobility
Carey, George
Carey, George
Carey, George
Carey, George
Carey, George
Barons Hunsdon
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{'title': 'George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Carey%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Hunsdon', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Al Ghariyah () is a village on the northeast coast of Qatar located in the municipality of Ash Shamal. It was founded in 1885 by settlers from the town of Al Wakrah. It was a site of contention between Qatari tribes allied with the Ottomans and Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani.
A number of ancient cup-marks and rock engravings were discovered in Al Ghariyah.
Etymology
The name "Ghariyah" is derived from the Arabic word for cave, "ghar". It was so named because the area contains many mountains with small caves.
Geography
Because of Al Ghariyah's precise location on the coast, in the past its inhabitants lacked direct access to the groundwater. Moreover, the water that could be obtained was saline. Therefore, the village formed a trade relationship with the nearby settlements of Al `Adhbah, Filiha, and Ain Sinan in which it would receive water in exchange for sea goods such as fish and pearls.
Al Ghariyah's landscape is influenced by a series of wind-blown ridges believed to date back to the end of the Late Pleistocene period. These ridges start in and enclose Fuwayrit, approximately 6.5 km to the south. In Al Ghariyah, these ridges, which form Jebel Ghariyah, are noticeably lower and shorter than in Fuwayrit; their length being and their height being high.
Al Ghariyah Beach is a popular spot for tourists to encamp, and has traditionally played host to the desert camp of The Scout and Guide Association of Qatar. A small number of sea turtles nest near the town's coastline during breeding season (late spring to early summer). The area is regularly patrolled by the Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) to ensure the conservation of these nests.
History
19th century
Al Ghariyah was first settled in 1885 by a group of 100 members of the Al-Buainain and Al-Jehran tribes who had left the town of Al-Wakrah after a dispute with Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani. Al Ghariyah was almost immediately attacked by Jassim's troops. This, however, did not deter the town's growth. Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab (not to be confused with the Wahhabi founder), a brother in-law of Jassim, soon emerged the sheikh of the town. He came to lead the coalition formed to resist Jassim's rule, with the ultimate goal achieving independence for Al Ghariyah.
A meeting was soon summoned between Sheikh Jassim and Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab and the discussion was mediated by an Ottoman commander of an Al Bidda–situated gun boat. The Ottoman commander's proposal that the coalition be left alone infuriated Sheikh Jassim. This incited tribesmen loyal to Sheikh Jassim to attack Al Ghariyah, but they were defeated, with the Bani Hajr tribe suffering a few casualties.
In an attempt to earn favor with the Ottomans stationed in Qatar while simultaneously undermining Jassim's authority, Abdel Wahab suggested the establishment of an Ottoman customs in Doha. Although the inhabitants of Doha protested against it, the Ottomans favored his suggestion. In May 1885, out of a coalition of 50 Ottoman troops who arrived that month, 20 had been sent to protect Al Ghariyah. It was also reported that the Mutasarrıf of al-Hasa proclaimed Al Ghariyah to be Ottoman territory.
Some time after its settlement, Al Ghariyah was mostly abandoned by its original settlers after the town founder, Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab, had a meeting with 250 members of the Al-Jehran tribe who by then had migrated to Al Ghariyah. The meeting, held in Bahrain, concluded that the founding tribes would leave Al Ghariyah and settle an area in Qatif with Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab as their leader.
20th century
In 1908, Al Ghariyah was described as a deserted village with the remains of a ruined fort in its confines.
The village was later repopulated and its first formal school was opened in 1957.
Like many other coastal towns in the north, Al Ghariyah was abandoned sometime in the mid-20th century after its aquifer was exhausted by the excessive use of diesel-powered water pumps.
21st century
In the 21st century, the Qatari government has been active in implementing projects in Al Ghariyah in an attempt to develop it as a tourist destination. One such project is the Al Ghariyah Resorts, which features many high-end villas overlooking the coast.
Archaeology
A number of structures dating to as early as the 17th century and as late as the mid-19th century have been discovered. To the east of these structures and the proceeding village that was formed in 1885 are various petroglyphs carved on the sides of the low rock outcrops on the southern flank of Jebel Ghariyah. Consistent with what has been observed elsewhere in the country, cup-marks are the most common form of rock carving. Here they appear in various forms, such as single cup-marks measuring 0.15 in diameter, in daisy-like patterns known as rosettes, and in aligned rows of three to six cup-marks. Furthermore, similar to what was observed in Fuwayrit 6 km to the south, there are also rock carvings at the highest point of the jebel at its northern extremity, a spot that would have offered the best vantage point of returning pearling vessels.
The motifs of Jebel Ghariyah's petroglyphs bear much resemblance to those found at nearby Jebel Fuwayrit and Jebel Jassassiyeh, and even to rock carvings found in the east in Freiha. It is speculated that aside from aesthetic purposes, these rock carvings also served functional purposes such as facilitating board games like mancala.
References
Populated places in Al Shamal
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{'title': 'Al Ghariyah', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Ghariyah', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Sassafras is a locality and township within Greater Melbourne, beyond the Melbourne metropolitan area Urban Growth Boundary, 43 km east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Knox and Shire of Yarra Ranges local government areas. Sassafras recorded a population of 970 at the 2021 census.
Location
The Sassafras village is located at an altitude of approximately 500 metres, in a saddle on the top of the ridgeline of the Dandenong Ranges, a few kilometres south of the highest peak of Mount Dandenong.
The locality of Sassafras extends from Hilton Road in the south, to just north of the village. In the east, it extends down the Sassafras Gully, whilst to the West much of the locality is within the Dandenong Ranges National Park.
History
The area was named Sassafras Gully, after the sassafras trees which grow in gully along Sassafras Creek. The land was opened to small scale farming in 1893 and a small township developed. The Post Office opened on 1 June 1901 and has always been known as Sassafras Gully. The Sassafras Primary School was established in 1894, originally meeting in a bark slab hut, before relocating to the Sassafras Mechanics Institute hall in 1895. The school moved to its present site in 1915. In the early 1900s tourism began to increase and the township consequently grew. Artist Henrietta Maria Gulliver established a garden estate called Panteg there in 1915. Today Sassafras is a tourist destination with several boutique stores including Devonshire tea outlets, cafés, toy shops, antique shops and nurseries.
The area has had a history of bushfires, and areas near the town are known to have burnt since the 1850s, most recently in 1962.
Waterways
Sassafras village is on the watershed between the Yarra River Catchment and the Dandenong Creek. Sassafras Creek is located to the east of the township while tributaries of the Dandenong Creek are west and north of the township. Both creeks provide important corridors for native flora and fauna, and are both largely protect by parklands.
Sassafras Creek flows generally east until it meets Ti-Tree Creek, where they joint to form the Woori Yallock Creek. Woori-Yallock Creek then flows northward to eventually join the Yarra River next to the Warramate Nature Conservation Reserve. Sassafras Creek's Riparian Zone is almost entirely protected by public land, which in this case is Dandenong Ranges National Park.
Tributaries of the Dandenong Creek rise on the western face of the Dandenong Ranges and flow west to Dandenong Creek, where it flows southward into the Patterson River and then into Port Phillip Bay at Patterson Lakes.
Natural environment
Sassafras Creek is protected by the Sassafras Creek Nature Conservation Reserve, which is nowadays incorporated into the Dandenong Ranges National Park.
Sassafras has many exotic flora largely due to the fertile volcanic soils. Most private land contains exotic flora.
The Dandenong Ranges tourist Track, a walking trail, runs for 15km alongside the Sassafras Creek, past Kallista and Monbulk to Emerald.
See also
Shire of Sherbrooke – Sassafras was previously within this former local government area.
Geography of the Yarra River
Dandenong Creek Trail
References
External links
Melbourne's Dandenong Ranges - Sassafras
City of Knox
Yarra Ranges
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{'title': 'Sassafras, Victoria', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassafras%2C%20Victoria', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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WSG Wannabe () is a seasonal South Korean supergroup formed on the MBC variety show Hangout with Yoo, and was a female counterpart of MSG Wannabe which formed in the previous year. The group, which officially formed on May 26, 2022, consists of twelve members (ranging from actresses to singers to K-pop idols): Yoon Eun-hye, Navi, Lee Bo-ram, Kota (Sunny Hill), Park Jin-joo, Jo Hyun-ah (Urban Zakapa), Sole, Soyeon (Laboum), Eom Ji-yoon, Kwon Jin-ah, Hynn and Jung Ji-so. The group released their debut album and tracks on July 9, 2022.
Members
Gaya-G
Lee Bo-ram
Soyeon (Laboum)
Hynn
Jung Ji-so
Sa-Fire
Navi
Sole
Eom Ji-yoon
Kwon Jin-ah
Oasiso
Yoon Eun-hye
Kota (Sunny Hill)
Park Jin-joo
Jo Hyun-ah (Urban Zakapa)
Discography
Singles
Awards and nominations
See also
Hangout with Yoo
MSG Wannabe
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Official YouTube Channel
2022 establishments in South Korea
K-pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2022
Musical groups from Seoul
Supergroups (music)
South Korean contemporary R&B musical groups
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Distorsio perdistorta, common name the bristly distorsio, is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Personidae, the Distortio snails.
Distribution
This marine species has a wide distribution and occurs in the Indo-West Pacific; the Atlantic Ocean and in the Caribbean Sea.
Description
The maximum recorded shell length is 82 mm.
Shell up to 80 mm, with a moderately high spire and a strongly distorted profile. The protoconch is large (2 mm), globose, distinctly cyrtoconoid with three smooth whorls. The teleoconch consists of 7-8 whorls. The body whorlis compressed on the side of the aperture and increasingly inflated opposite to it. The sculpture shows low spiral cords, and of narrow axial ribs which form indistinct nodes where crossing the spirals. The interspaces between the cords are furnished with a small intervening cordlet. Varixes are situated at about each 3/4 of a whorl over the last whorls. The aperture is subtriangular, considerably constricted by outgrowths of the outer lip and of the columellar edge. The outer lip is provided with 6-7 elongate denticles of which the third (from adapical side) is markedly larger. The parietal edge has a broad, thin and shiny callus, continued to form a broad shield also bordering the columella; provided with small blunt tubercles and molded over the varix of the preceding whorl but never bearing a distinct plait or denticle on the adapical side. The columellar edge forms a thick outgrowth which extends over the aperture, provided with denticles which increase in size towards the adapical side. The siphonal canal is short. The periostracum is hairy, rather short over most of the surface, with longer bristles over the varices. The colour of the shell is whitish to tan, the aperture tinged with brown on the edge of the outer lip and on the parietal/columellar shield.
This species is distinguished from the West African Distorsio smithi (von Maltzan, 1887) in being smaller, with a more attenuated sculpture.
Habitat
Minimum recorded depth is . Maximum recorded depth is .
References
Fulton, H. C. 1938. Descriptions and figures of new Japanese marine shells. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 23(1):55-56, pl. 3.
External links
Personidae
Gastropods described in 1938
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{'title': 'Distorsio perdistorta', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorsio%20perdistorta', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Maryland Route 579 (MD 579) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Bozman Neavitt Road, the state highway runs from the beginning of state maintenance in Neavitt north to MD 33 near St. Michaels. MD 579 provides access to the peninsula containing Neavitt and Bozman, which lies between Harris Creek and Broad Creek in western Talbot County. The state highway was constructed from MD 33 to Bozman in the mid-1930s and extended to Neavitt in the late 1950s.
Route description
MD 579 begins at the beginning of state maintenance at the southern end of the village of Neavitt. Long Point Road continues south to its southern terminus, and another road continues south a short distance further to Long Point. MD 579 heads northwest as a two-lane undivided road through Neavitt, which sits on Balls Creek to the northeast. The state highway curves north after leaving Neavitt and passes Wells Point Lane, which leads to the Jean Ellen duPont Shehan Audubon Sanctuary. MD 579 continues north through a mix of farms and residences on large, waterfront lots, curving northeast around the head of Leadenham Creek and into the village of Bozman. Within Bozman, the state highway intersects Bush Neck Road, which leads to Bush Neck and the Cooper Point peninsula, which flank Grace Creek. MD 579 heads north out of Bozman, passing through the narrow neck of land between Harris Creek and Broad Creek before reaching the highway's northern terminus at MD 33 (St. Michaels Road) northwest of the town of St. Michaels.
History
MD 579 was constructed as a modern road from MD 33 south to just north of Bozman in 1935. The state highway was extended to its present terminus in Neavitt in 1957.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 579
579
Maryland Route 579
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{'title': 'Maryland Route 579', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20579', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Moisés Rojas-Alou Beltré (; ; born July 3, 1966) is a Dominican-American former outfielder in Major League Baseball who played for 17 seasons in the National League. In 1,942 career games, Alou had a batting average of .303 with 2,134 hits, 421 doubles, 332 home runs, and 1,287 runs batted in.
Alou is one of the few modern baseball players who batted without the use of batting gloves. Instead, Moisés Alou revealed that during the baseball season, he'd urinate on his hands to toughen them up.
Baseball career
Alou was more interested in playing basketball during his youth and did not play organized baseball until he attended Cañada College in Redwood City, California, at the age of 18. It was there that baseball scouts noticed his bat speed and speed on the base paths. In , Alou was the second overall pick in the MLB January Draft, chosen by the Pittsburgh Pirates.
Montreal Expos
In , he was traded to the Montreal Expos where he would later play under his father while he managed the Expos.
Alou suffered a severe ankle injury in that would rob him of his speed and force him to become strictly a corner outfielder. He recovered in , hitting .339 and had the game-winning hit in that year's All-Star Game. For the next two seasons, he would enjoy success at the plate in Montreal, although surgery to both shoulders prematurely ended his season.
Florida Marlins
Prior to the season, Alou signed as a free agent with the Florida Marlins, where he led the team with 23 home runs and 115 RBIs. The Marlins made the playoffs as a wild card team and defeated the San Francisco Giants in the National League Divisional Series. The Marlins then defeated the Atlanta Braves in the National League Championship Series before going to the World Series, which Florida won in seven games. Alou led the team by hitting .321 with 3 home runs and 9 RBI in the World Series (although, pitcher Liván Hernández, by virtue of his wins in Games 1 and 5, was named the Series Most Valuable Player instead).
Houston Astros
Before the season, the Marlins traded Alou to the Houston Astros. In his first season with the team, Alou hit a career-high 38 home runs and drove in 124 runs while leading the Astros to a (then) franchise-record 102 wins. However, he tore his ACL in a treadmill accident in the offseason and missed the entire season. Once recovered, he returned to the Astros lineup to hit .355 in and .331 in , while driving in at least 108 runs in each season. After the 2001 season, the Astros did not offer Alou a new contract due to budget restraints, making him a free agent.
Chicago Cubs
In December 2001, he signed a three-year, $27 million contract with the Chicago Cubs.
At the start of the 2002 season Alou again ended up on the disabled list, and once healthy, he hit .275 and 15 home runs. After the 2002 season, Alou hired a personal trainer and dedicated himself to returning to his old form. In the season, Alou batted over .300 for most of the season before a late-season slump dropped his season batting average to .280, with 22 home runs and 91 RBI. Alou went on to lead the team in batting average in its two series against the Atlanta Braves and Florida Marlins.
In Game 6 of the National League Championship Series against the Florida Marlins that year, Alou was involved in the Steve Bartman incident, in which Cubs fan Steve Bartman deflected a foul ball landing one row into the stands. Bartman's deflection prevented Alou, who reached into the stands, from attempting to catch the ball for an out that could have been the second out of the 8th Inning. However, the Marlins went on to score eight runs in the inning, in which the Cubs had been ahead 3–0. The Cubs, who had led the series 3–2, lost the game 8–3 and eventually lost the series in 7 games. Alou openly admitted later in interviews that while he was frustrated at the moment, he could not have made the catch anyway. Later, Alou denied making such a statement and said if he had, it was only to make Bartman feel better.
In , Alou set new career highs in home runs (39) and doubles (36), while driving in 106 runs. However, the Cubs missed the playoffs after losing seven of their last nine games. The Cubs refused to offer arbitration and let him go, citing numerous fights with umpires who, he claimed, had a vendetta against him.
San Francisco Giants and New York Mets
In October 2004, Alou announced that he had talked to his father, Felipe, about possibly playing for him and the Giants next season. In December 2004, he signed a one-year deal with the Giants worth $13.5 million, with a player option for a second year. Alou was expected to regularly play in right field for the first time since 2001, but because of injuries to left fielder Barry Bonds, he started most games in left field. Alou had stated that he would retire if the Giants won the World Series in . They did not, and Alou exercised his option to stay with San Francisco in the season, hitting 22 home runs and 74 RBI.
On November 20, 2006, the New York Mets signed Alou to a one-year contract worth $7.5 million with a club option for . After hitting .318 in his first month as the regular left fielder, Alou suffered a torn quadriceps muscle and was forced out until August. Upon his return, Alou led the Mets with a .345 batting average and had a 30-game hitting streak. The streak was the longest streak of the season, was the longest hitting streak by a player over age 40, and broke the Mets' overall and single-season hitting streak records. On October 31, 2007, the Mets exercised their option on Alou's contract for the 2008 season.
On March 5, 2008, Alou underwent hernia surgery and missed the start of the 2008 season. On July 9, Alou suffered a torn right hamstring playing in the outfield for AA Binghamton in Norwich, Connecticut. Mets general manager Omar Minaya stated in a press conference the following day that Alou would likely need surgery and miss the remainder of the 2008 season, which ended his career.
On March 5, 2009, Alou announced that he would retire after the World Baseball Classic.
Post playing career
In 2014, in his first year of Hall of Fame eligibility, Alou received six votes (1.1%) and was dropped from subsequent ballots.
Personal life
He is the youngest of three sons born to Felipe and his first wife Maria Beltre, who raised him in the Dominican Republic after his parents divorced when he was two.
His father Felipe, who managed Moises with the Expos from 1992 to 1996 and the Giants from 2005 to 2006, as well as uncles Matty and Jesús, and cousin Mel Rojas, all had long careers in Major League Baseball. In 2008, he was one of four active major leaguers (along with Prince Fielder, Ken Griffey Jr., and Daryle Ward) to hit 20 home runs in a season whose fathers had also hit 20 home runs in an MLB season.
His half-brother, Luis Rojas, was the manager of the New York Mets in 2020 and 2021.
See also
Alou family
Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
List of Dominican Americans
List of Houston Astros team records
List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
List of Major League Baseball career games played as a left fielder leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a left fielder leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
List of Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
References
External links
, or Retrosheet
1966 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
Moises
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American sportspeople of Dominican Republic descent
Augusta Pirates players
Baseball players from Atlanta
Binghamton Mets players
Brooklyn Cyclones players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cañada Colts baseball players
Chicago Cubs players
Daytona Cubs players
Florida Marlins players
Gulf Coast Mets players
Harrisburg Senators players
Houston Astros players
Indianapolis Indians players
Macon Pirates players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Montreal Expos players
National League All-Stars
New York Mets players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
St. Lucie Mets players
Salem Buccaneers players
San Francisco Giants players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Watertown Pirates players
World Baseball Classic players of the Dominican Republic
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
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{'title': 'Moisés Alou', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s%20Alou', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1774.
Events
February 22 – The English legal case of Donaldson v Beckett is decided in the House of Lords, denying the continued existence of a perpetual common law copyright and holding that copyright is a creation of statute and can be limited in its duration. This does permit authors to claim copyright on their own works.
September 14 – A new Stadsschouwburg (municipal theatre) in Amsterdam opens with the première of Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken's tragedy Jacob Simonszoon de Ryk.
September 29 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's semi-autobiographical epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (written January – March) is published anonymously in Leipzig, Germany; it is influential in the Sturm und Drang movement and Romanticism.
unknown dates
After the destruction of the Schloss Weimar by fire, Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, forms a commission for its reconstruction directed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
James Lackington begins in the London bookselling business.
Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider becomes secretary to Richard François Philippe Brunck.
The National and University Library of Slovenia in Ljubljana is established as the Lyceum Library, from the remains of the dissolved Jesuit library and several monastery libraries.
Alberto Fortis publishes Viaggio in Dalmazia ("Journey to Dalmatia") and starts Morlachism.
New books
Fiction
Jeremy Bentham – The White Bull
Henry Brooke – Juliet Grenville
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – The Sorrows of Young Werther
Charles Johnstone – The History of Arsaces
The Newgate Calendar
Christoph Martin Wieland – Die Abderiten, eine sehr wahrscheinliche Geschichte (The Abderites: A Very Probable Story)
Children
Johann Bernhard Basedow – Elementarwerk (first of four volumes)
Drama
Miles Peter Andrews – The Election
John Burgoyne – The Maid of the Oaks
George Colman the Elder – The Man of Business
Richard Cumberland – The Note of Hand
Charles Dibdin – The Waterman
Alexander Dow – Sethona
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Clavigo
Hugh Kelly – The Romance of an Hour
Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz – The Tutor (Der Hofmeister)
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos – El delincuente honrado
Poetry
James Beattie – The Minstrel, volume 2
William Dunkin – Poetical Works
Oliver Goldsmith – Retaliation
Richard Graves – The Progress of Gallantry
William Mason – An Heroic Postscript to the Public
Hannah More – The Inflexible Captive
Samuel Jackson Pratt (as Courtney Melmoth) – The Tears of A Genius, occasioned by the Death of Dr. Goldsmith
Henry James Pye – Farringdon Hill
Mary Scott – The Female Advocate
Candido Maria Trigueros – El poeta filósofo o Poesías filosóficas en verso pentámetro
William Whitehead – Plays and Poems, by William Whitehead, Esq. Poet Laureat
Non-fiction
Giacomo Casanova – Istoria delle turbolenze della Polonia
Mary Deverell – Sermons
Alberto Fortis – Viaggio in Dalmazia
Martin Gerbert – De cantu et musica sacra
Oliver Goldsmith
The Grecian History
An History of the Earth and Animated Nature
Henry Home – Sketches of the History of Man
John Hutchins (died 1773) – The History and Antiquities of Dorset
Thomas Jefferson – A Summary View of the Rights of British America
Samuel Johnson – The Patriot
Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz – The History of Louisiana, or of the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina (English translation of Histoire de la Louisiane (1758) in 1 vol.)
Joseph Priestley – Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air
William Richardson – A Philosophical Analysis and Illustration of Some of Shakespeare's Remarkable Characters
Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes – Discurso sobre el fomento de la industria popular
Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield – Letters to his Son
Sugita Genpaku – Kaitai Shinsho (解体新書, "New Text on Anatomy", Japanese translation of Ontleedkundige Tafelen)
Horace Walpole – A Description of Strawberry-Hill
Thomas Warton – The History of English Poetry, volume 1
John Wesley – Thoughts upon Slavery
Births
January 1 – Pietro Giordani, Italian translator, scholar and writer (died 1848)
February 24 – Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher (died 1827)
July 14 – Francis Lathom, Dutch-born English Gothic novelist and dramatist (died 1832)
August 12 – Robert Southey, English poet and Poet Laureate (died 1843)
Deaths
April 4 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish dramatist (born 1728/1730)
April 28 – Gottfried Lengnich, German/Polish historian (born 1689)
September 17 – Abraham Langford, English auctioneer and playwright (born 1711)
October 16 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (head injury, born 1750)
unknown date – Catherine Michelle de Maisonneuve, French editor and writer
References
Years of the 18th century in literature
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Richard Piakura (born 1 July 1976) is a Cook Island former high jumper, professional rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played representative level rugby league (RL) for the Cook Islands, and at club level for Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles, and representative level rugby union (RU) for the Cook Islands at rugby sevens.
Athletics career
Piakura represented the Cook Islands in the high jump, setting his personal best of 1.83m in Tereora in 1998. This is the Cook Islands record in high jump.
Rugby league career
Piakura played in the domestic Cook Islands rugby league competition in 2001.
Piakura played for the Eastern Tornadoes in the 2004 Bartercard Cup.
Representative career
Piakura made his début for the Cook Islands at the Pacific Challenge. He later played at the 1997 World Nines tournament.
Piakura won caps for Cook Islands in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.
He later represented the Cook Islands in test series against New Zealand Māori in 2003.
Rugby union career
Piakura represented the Cook Islands in rugby sevens at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.
References
External links
1976 births
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players of the Cook Islands
Cook Island high jumpers
Cook Island male athletes
Cook Island rugby league players
Cook Island rugby union players
Cook Islands international rugby union players
Cook Islands national rugby league team players
Eastern Tornadoes players
Living people
Male high jumpers
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby sevens players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Rugby sevens players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
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Daria Pavlovna Sergaeva (, born December 11, 2004, in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) is a Russian individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the Junior Rhythmic Gymnastics World champion of the ribbon apparatus (2019), and a three-time Russian Junior all-around medalist.
Personal life
She is the daughter of Tatiana Sergaeva, honored coach for Russia and coach of the Senior Group Team.
Career
Junior
Sergaeva began training rhythmic gymnastics at the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Olympic Reserve, she is coached by her grandmother Natalia Borisovna Tishina, who is an honored rhythmic gymnastics coach for the Russian federation.
Sergaeva is a fan favorite along with Lala Kramarenko for fans of Russian Rhythmic Gymnastics . Sergaeva is known by fans for her groovy style of dancing, upbeat choice of music, her charismatic personality and facial expressions that show in her performances. She is famous for her Ghost Busters 2018-19 ribbon routine that impressed fans over social media with her fluidity and personality in the routine.
In 2017 season, Sergaeva won bronze in the all-around (tied with Anna Sokolova) at the 2017 Russian Junior Championships. At the Junior Grand Prix Marbella, Sergaeva finished 5th in the all-around and won silver in Team (RUS Team 2). She then competed at the Junior Grand Prix Brno finishing 4th in the all-around. In October 12–14, Sergaeva won silver in the all-around at the "2017 Hope of Russia". On November 4–6, Sergaeva competed at the annual "Russian-Chinese Youth Games" where she won silver in all-around behind Lala Kramarenko.
In both 2018 & 2019, Sergaeva improved on her 2017 result by winning silver at the Russian Junior Championships behind Lala Kramarenko in the All-around
In July 2019, Sergaeva won the ribbon event gold medal for the 1st Junior World Championships in Moscow, Russia. Her iconic “Ghost Busters” routine put her in first place despite rolling her ankle during the routine.
Senior
In February 2020, Sergaeva debuted as a Senior at the International Tournament in Moscow, Russia and took part in the All Around scoring a total of (Hoop: 22.500, Ball: 20.300, Clubs: 21.350, Ribbon: 19.700) 83.850. In March, Sergaeva took part in the All Around Russian Championships (Nationals).
In 2021, Sergaeva won gold in the All Around for the International Rhythmic Gymnastics Tournament (IRGT) in Moscow, Russia (Hoop: 26.100, Ball: 25.300, Clubs: 25.250, Ribbon: 20.850) with a total of 97.500, she has improved significantly since last year. In March, Sergaeva took part in the All Around Russian Championships and scored 95.850, placing 8th.
Routine music information
Sergaeva is known for her upbeat choice of music. Most famously her 2018-19 ribbon routine- Ghost Busters.
Competitive highlights
References
External links
Dariia Sergaeva profile
Dariia Sergaeva vk fanpage
Russian rhythmic gymnasts
2004 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Nizhny Novgorod
Medalists at the Junior World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
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Mark Greenstreet (born 19 April 1960) is a British actor who first came to prominence in the 1985 BBC television serial Brat Farrar. First and foremost a stage actor, Greenstreet played many of the great leading roles from the works of Shakespeare, Chekhov, and Ibsen to Orton, Wilde, and Coward in the UK and around the world in the 1980s and 1990s.
His most high-profile screen role is probably the part of Mike Hardy in the BBC horseracing drama Trainer, which was shown from 1991 to 1992. In 1986, he auditioned for the part of James Bond in The Living Daylights. Fans of the science-fiction series Doctor Who may remember Greenstreet's performance as Ikona in the 1987 serial Time and the Rani.
He directed and co-wrote his first feature film Caught in the Act in 1995, wrote and directed the highly acclaimed short film The 13th Protocol in 2005, and wrote and directed the psychological thriller Silent Hours starring James Weber Brown, Dervla Kirwan, Indira Varma, and Hugh Bonneville through UK production company Gallery Pictures in 2018. Prior to its release, however, with the burgeoning worldwide audience demand for high-quality TV drama and on-demand box sets, the film's producers were approached to recut and release Silent Hours not as a film, but as a TV miniseries. Set in the naval city of Portsmouth in the run-up to Easter 2002, the gripping and darkly disturbing three 1-hour miniseries Silent Hours (Ep1: "The Silent Service", Ep2: "The Midnight Tide", Ep3: "Towards The Sea") is currently ready for worldwide release through French international distributor Fizz-e-Motion.
Personal life
Mark is the great-nephew of Hollywood actor Sydney Greenstreet.
External links
British male television actors
Living people
1960 births
British male stage actors
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Kjetil André Aamodt (born 2 September 1971) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway, a champion in the Olympics, World Championships, and World Cup. He is one of the most successful alpine ski racers from Norway.
Biography
Born in Oslo, Aamodt is the only alpine skier to win 8 Olympic medals, and has won 5 World Championship gold medals as well as 21 individual World Cup events. Described as an all-round alpine skier, Aamodt participated in all alpine skiing disciplines in the World Cup and World Championships, and is one of only five male alpine skiers to have won a World Cup race in all five disciplines.
Aamodt's combined career total of twenty World Championship and Olympic medals is an all-time best. He is the second-youngest male alpine skier to win an Olympic gold medal (age 20 in 1992; Toni Sailer was two months younger in 1956). Until 2014, he was also the oldest alpine skier to win an Olympic gold medal. For almost six years, Aamodt led the all-time Marathon World Cup ranking, with a total of 13,252 points earned from 1989 to 2006 – until 14 March 2012, when Austrian Benjamin Raich overtook him with a fifth place in the downhill at the 2012 World Cup final in Schladming to total 13,281 points, earned from 1998.
Another all-time best is his 231 World Cup top-ten results, 9 ahead of Benjamin Raich.
By winning the super-G race at the 2006 Olympics, Aamodt became the first male alpine skier to win four gold medals in the Olympics. (Toni Sailer and Jean-Claude Killy both swept the three alpine events at a single Olympics, and Alberto Tomba won three gold medals over two Olympics.)
Aamodt had 19 Olympic and World Championship medals stolen from him. The medals were taken in August 2003 by burglars who broke into a safe in his father's home. The five-time world champion and winner of four Olympic gold medals later revealed they were recovered by an anonymous helper over the internet.
Aamodt announced the conclusion of his career on live television on 6 January 2007, with hundreds of fellow athletes in attendance, at the Norwegian Sports Gala (Idrettsgallaen) where he had been selected as awardee of the year for 2006.
Aamodt now runs a ski race camp in Gaustablikk, Norway, and does public speaking.
Legacy
In February 2015 Aamodt (and Lasse Kjus) were selected as recipients of the Legends of Honor by the Vail Valley Foundation, and inducted into the International Ski Racing Hall of Fame.
World Cup results
Season standings
Season titles
1 overall, 1 super-G, 1 giant slalom, 1 slalom
^official season title in the combined disciplinewas not awarded until the 2007 season
Race victories
21 wins (1 downhill, 5 super-G, 6 giant slalom, 1 slalom, 8 combined)
64 podiums, 231 top tens (first skier of all-time in this ranking).
World Championships results
Olympic results
See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
References
External links
1971 births
Norwegian male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Norway
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Olympic silver medalists for Norway
Olympic bronze medalists for Norway
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
Alpine skiers from Oslo
Living people
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{'title': 'Kjetil André Aamodt', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjetil%20Andr%C3%A9%20Aamodt', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Jac Haudenschild (born April 7, 1958) is an American racing driver. Nicknamed "The Wild Child" for his daring driving style, he is most famous for driving winged sprint cars with the World of Outlaws.
Early life
Jac was born in Wooster, Ohio in 1958. He grew up watching his father John (and later his brother Ed) race modifieds and sprint cars.
Racing career
Haudenschild has accumulated over 300 wins in more than 40 years behind the wheel, including 72 with the World of Outlaws (11th all-time in that series) and six with the USAC Sprint Car series. His best points finish with the World of Outlaws was 2nd in 1995, finishing only 142 points behind Dave Blaney. He is one of only four drivers to have won both World of Outlaws and USAC races at Eldora Speedway.
1970s
He began racing sprint cars at the age of 15 in 1974 at tracks near his hometown of Wooster, Ohio. His first sprint car win came in his sophomore season in 1975 at Lakeville Speedway.
1980s
His first ever non-wing sprint car win came in 1981 at Lawrenceburg Speedway, driving for car owner Bob Hampshire. That same year, Haudenschild won the Grand Annual Sprintcar Classic, the largest sprint car race in Australia.
In 1982, Haudenschild won 30 A-main features with Bob Hampshire, and got his first opportunity to drive for a major, sponsored team in the Gambler house car owned by C. K. Spurlock and sponsored by Kenny Rogers. He went on to repeat as winner of the Grand Annual Sprintcar Classic that year.
Haudenschild nabbed his first major win in the United States in 1987 at the Kings Royal at Eldora Speedway.
1990s
Haudenschild spent much of the '90s driving for car owner Jack Elden, with whom he would achieve some of his biggest wins. In 1993, he joined Elden to drive the famous Pennzoil #22. That year, Haudenschild captured the inaugural $100,000-to-win Historical Big One race at Eldora Speedway. He would go on to win the Kings Royal two more times in the Elden #22 in 1994 and 1998, and followed that up with Gold Cup wins at Silver Dollar Speedway in 1998 and 1999, as well as the $50,000-to-win Front Row Challenge as Oskaloosa Speedway in 1999.
2000s
Haudenschild's richest win came in 2003 at the Mopar Million at Eldora Speedway. Driving for car owner Larry Woodward, Haudenschild beat 138 other non-wing sprint car drivers to take the $200,000-to-win payout. The race featured a million dollar purse and included ten heats and six features, beginning with an F-main.
2008 brought a third $50,000 Gold Cup win in a season where Haudenschild claimed his 50th World of Outlaws win as well as his first win in Canada at Castrol Raceway.
Since 2008, Haudenschild has driven for a number of car owners including Lon Carnahan, Dennis Roth, Paul Silva, Jamie Miller, Pete Grove, Gus Wasson, Richard Hoffman, and Tom and Sherry Leidig.
Awards & Accomplishments
National Sprint Car Hall of Fame, 2009 inductee
Kings Royal: 1987, 1994, 1998
Grand Annual Sprintcar Classic: 1981, 1982
Historical Big One: 1993
Gold Cup Race of Champions: 1998, 1999, 2008
Mopar Million: 2003
Personal life
Jac Haudenschild married Patty Sweeney, daughter of Max Sweeney, step-daughter of Bob Hogle, and granddaughter of Tommy Driscoll, in 1992. His son Sheldon is following the family tradition in racing sprint cars, and joined the World of Outlaws series full-time in 2017.
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
National Sprint Car Hall of Fame inductees
Racing drivers from Ohio
USAC Silver Crown Series drivers
World of Outlaws drivers
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, refers to a type of rain that falls hard, then gently, in fits and starts. In Japanese poetic tradition, it is particularly associated with the cold rains of autumn.
Murasame may refer to:
Fiction
MVF-M11C Murasame, a combat vehicle from Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny
Nazo no Murasame Jō, a 1986 video game for Nintendo's Famicom Disk System
tsure Murasame, one of two sisters in the Noh drama Matsukaze
Murasame Liger, a mecha from Zoids: Genesis
One Slice Kill: Murasame, a long katana from the Akame ga Kill! manga and anime
A demon known to turn into a deity-slaying katana in Hakkenden: Touhou Hakken Ibun
A cursed broom that brings upon a bad luck to the user, later turned into a shikigami by Machi in Nagasarete Airantou
Ships
, two classes of destroyers of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
, four destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Other
Murasame, a dōjin soft hobbyist group
See also
Masamune
Muramasa
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Arvind Bellad (born 3 August 1969) is an Indian politician, who is a Member of Legislative Assembly of Karnataka, representing Hubli-Dharwad West constituency since May 2013. Bellad is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Early life and education
Born on 3 August 1969, Bellad is the son of veteran RSS leader and former MLA Chandrakant Bellad and Leelavathi Bellad. He is the youngest among five children, he graduated from KE Boards High School and Karnataka Science College Dharwad completed his engineering from SDM College of Engineering, Dharwad. He pursued his PGDM in business management from INSEAD in France.
He is married to Smriti Bellad and has two children, Agastya and Pracchi.
Political career
Arvind Bellad entered politics in the year 2013. He contested from Hubli-Dharwad West constituency of Karnataka State Legislative Assembly from Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and won. He represented BJP in the state assembly twice from Dharwad district.
Some important activities of Bellad-
Started LKG and UKG in government schools. He noticed the dip in school attendance of Govt run schools. After discussing with parents of the children he started preschool as a pilot project in one school. This experiment was successful which led him to extend this idea to 62 govt schools. There was a rise in the student intake due to this.
Campaigned for setting up of an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at Dharwad along with some others. IIT has been set up at Dharwad due to these efforts.
Worked for developing and implementing clean energy in rural areas. Conducted the study, prepared a report and started implementing it.
Created a mobile phone app to listen to grievance of the people of his constituency.
References
External links
Karnataka Legislative Assembly
1969 births
Living people
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka
Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018
Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023
INSEAD alumni
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The Millennium Cross (, Mileniumski krst) is a 66-metre (217 ft) tall cross situated on the top of Vodno Mountain in the Republic of North Macedonia above the capital city of Skopje. Built in 2002, it is one of the tallest crosses worldwide. It was constructed to serve as a memorial for 2,000 years of Christianity in Macedonia and to honour biblical passages citing the evangelisation activities of St. Paul within the region. The monument has become a symbol associated with or representing Skopje. As a landmark, the cross has turned into a tourist destination with the best observation point to see the panorama of the capital city.
Design structure
The monument is based on a grid design, similar to the French Eiffel Tower and has the traditional shape of a Christian cross without other additions or elements. It is constructed on a twelve column platform symbolically representing the twelve apostles. Inside the cross there is an elevator to the top level for views of Skopje. From the south side of the city the towering Millennium Cross atop Vodno mountain dominates the panorama of Skopje. The monument is visible from almost all areas of the capital and its presence is felt by strolling urban residents or people entering the city as it draws focal attention. At night the cross can be seen as its covered in thousands of lights.
History
Planning and construction of Millennium Cross
Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and independence of Macedonia, different ethno-religious groups in the country competed with each other to leave their mark upon the urban landscape of Skopje, especially after the inter-ethnic conflict of 2001 As elections approached, Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski and his VMRO-DPMNE government raised the idea of constructing the Millennium Cross in his efforts to gain support. The Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC) endorsed the proposal and initiated the project. Construction of the cross in 2002 was an enterprise stemming from the pro-Orthodox policies of the MOC that had the backing of Prime Minister Georgievski. The Millennium Cross project was named by government officials as the Symbol of Christianity. The top part of a hill on Vodno Mountain was publicly owned land and selected as the site for the monument in an area of Skopje populated mainly by ethnic Macedonians and half a mile distance from a military base. In August 2002 a dedication ceremony was held for the Millennium Cross and 70,000 people were in attendance. Construction of the monument was completed in 2019.
The construction of the Millennium Cross was funded by the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Macedonian government and donations from Macedonians from all over the world. The cross was built on the highest point of the Vodno mountain on a place known since the time of the Ottoman Empire as "Krstovar", meaning "Place of the cross", as there was a smaller cross situated there. On 8 September 2018, the Independence Day of the Republic of North Macedonia, an elevator was installed inside the cross. In 2019, a restaurant and a souvenir shop were opened next to the cross. In 2011 the Millennium Cross ropeway was opened, and is three and a half kilometres long.
Millennium Cross Cable Car
The Millennium Cross Cable Car (, in Latin alphabet: Žičnica "Mileniumski krst") is a cableway constructed in 2011 that runs to the 66 metre-high Millennium Cross situated on the top of the Vodno Mountain in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
The cable car does not run on Mondays and the last Tuesday of the month.
Construction
The ropeway includes 28 regular gondolas for eight persons and two VIP gondolas for four people. The route is 1,750m long, with the ride lasting 6–8 minutes.
The ropeway construction was launched in May 2010 and cost 6.7 million euros, built by Austrian company Doppelmayr.
Public opinion and controversy
Following the 2001 conflict, the Millennium Cross for the VMRO-DPMNE government served as a political claim on Skopje in the form of a territorial marker "to serve as a reminder to whom the city belongs". The Millennium Cross has become a symbol highlighting the Macedonian presence in Skopje through differentiation along with political and religious distinction. For Macedonian nationalists of any political affiliation, the Millennium Cross is an important political and national symbol. The construction of the cross was also an assertion of a 1000-year Macedonian autocephaly aimed against the Serbian Orthodox Church that does not recognise an independent Macedonian Orthodox Church. The monument was constructed without any public consultation or taking into account sensitivities and differences, as the Millennium Cross promoted one religion. It was a prominent act of de-secularisation by the government as it placed itself in a role of promoting religion by installing a faith based symbol in an important public location.
The cross has come under criticism from non-governmental organisations regarding actions taken by the government that increased tensions among various religions in North Macedonia. Separate to the Macedonians, all other ethnic groups in North Macedonia view the cross as an impediment toward managing cultural diversity and as a monument of fundamentalism that is provocative to non-Christians. Albanians and other Muslim groups of North Macedonia mostly resent the monument and view it as a political declaration by Macedonians that the capital city only belongs to them. In North Macedonia, Catholics and Muslims perceive the monument as aimed against their communities. Debates over the monument in the context of multiculturalism and Muslim equality have deepened divisions among members of various faiths in North Macedonia.
See also
List of towers
References
Buildings and structures in Skopje
Mountain monuments and memorials
Monumental crosses
Monuments and memorials in North Macedonia
2000s establishments in the Republic of Macedonia
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{'title': 'Millennium Cross', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Cross', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Abortion in Venezuela is currently illegal except in some specific cases outlined in the Venezuelan Constitution, and the country has one of Latin America's most restrictive laws.
The punishment for a woman who has an abortion for any other reason is a prison sentence lasting anywhere between six months and two years. While the punishment for a doctor or any person who performs the procedure is between one and three years, harsher penalties may apply if the pregnant woman dies as a result of the procedure. There has been debate over this topic for several years.
The Latin American and the Caribbean region holds one of the highest rates of induced abortion in the world; it is calculated that for every 1,000 live births, there are just over 300 abortions, many of which are illegal and/or clandestine abortions. There is not a clear statistic for Venezuela-specific abortion rates, possibly due to a great majority of the abortions that occur going undocumented.
Terminology
Any surgical or medicinal method of termination of a pregnancy can be classified as an induced abortion.
A clandestine abortion is one that is not performed under proper medical care or safe conditions. Since abortion is illegal in Venezuela, a clandestine procedure is often the only choice that a woman has in terminating an unwanted pregnancy, unless she is faced with certain conditions.
Venezuela's policy on abortion follows the "indications model", meaning that it is permissible only when the pregnancy is a threat to the health of the pregnant woman, it is a result of rape, or the fetus cannot live outside of the womb.
Legislation
Venezuela approved a law in 1926 banning abortion that was left unmodified up to 2000, when a reform allowed the procedure if the woman's life was in danger. A clause of the Venezuelan Penal Code reduces the sentence "if the author of the abortion commits it to save his or his mother, wife or children's honour".
Article 340 of the Penal Code states that "a women who intentionally aborts, using means employed by herself or by a third party with their consent, shall be punished with prison for six months to two years. Article 433 offers an exception: "a person carrying out an abortion will not incur any penalty if it is an indispensable measure to save the life of the mother." Article 434 states that "the sentences established in the preceding articles shall be reduced in the proportion of one to two thirds and the imprisonment shall be converted into imprisonment, in the event that the perpetrator of the abortion has committed it to save his own honor or the honor of his wife, his mother, his descendant, his sister or his adopted daughter".
History
The economic crisis in Venezuela has served as another influence on policy Some groups are combating policies to fight for abortion rights. The crisis has also led to a decrease in access to contraceptives, and has caused many women to resort to sterilization and abortion as a family planning method.
Many anti-abortion non-governmental organizations in the country stopped offering support or disappeared after the detention in October 2020, Vannesa Rosales, an activist from Mérida state, after helping an underage rape victim to abort. Another four feminist organizations unrelated to reproductive rights stopped working after receiving threats.
Access to contraceptives
Along with healthcare, particularly affected are Venezuelans' access to contraceptives. According to a 2019 estimate, around 90% of Venezuelans did not have access to birth control methods. Since contraceptives are not considered an "essential medicine", they are at an even greater shortage than non-contraceptive medications. The few contraceptives available are subject to high inflation rates. For instance, a three-pack of condoms can cost several weeks' worth of minimum wage pay, and a box of birth control pills can cost almost a year's worth of pay at the same rate, making them virtually unaffordable for citizens.
As of 2021, informal vendors often have offered birth control pills and misoprostol (a drug that can be used to induce labor and cause a medical abortion) in online platforms such as Facebook Marketplace and MercadoLibre, Latin America's most popular online marketplace, as well as advertised in social media sites like Instagram and Twitter.
Misoprostol
Misoprostol is a drug that can be used to induce labor and cause a medical abortion, which is any abortion done via drug. Due to abortion's legal status, Venezuelans often obtain misoprostol through the black market, which is expensive and puts the mother at risk.
Misoprostol, though it is among the safer forms of clandestine abortion, can be dangerous if not taken under medical supervision. It may cause hemorrhaging and other adverse effects such as infection. If left untreated, it could lead to death. It is estimated that around 6,000 women die every year in Latin America alone because of unsafe abortions. Unsafe abortions, including those done via misoprostol, contribute significantly to maternal and overall female mortality in Venezuela.
Sterilization and abortion
For most, the high prices of contraceptives force them to resort to abstinence or sterilization. Though the sterilization procedure is expensive, some would rather pay over caring for children they cannot afford. This is done in lieu of later clandestine abortions. The Intercept reports that some of the women who opt for sterilization are as young as 14 years old.
Social activism
During Hugo Chávez's presidency, groups such as the Feminists in Free and Direct Action for Safe Abortions in Revolution were formed to advocate to end dangerous clandestine abortions. After Venezuela's National Constituent Assembly was formed in July 2017 and Argentina's Congress held a vote to legalise abortion, women's and LGBTI rights activists presented the Assembly with a series of proposals to legalise abortion and expand sexual and reproductive rights on 20 June 2018."
Other efforts to support the movement include the efforts of one group to use a telephone hotline to inform women on how to safely have an abortion. This hotline provides women with the ability to make an informed decision about proceeding with an abortion. It does not, however, change the legal status of abortion in Venezuela, nor does it provide women access to medical care.
Catholic Church
Abortion laws are debated by those with Catholic beliefs, as some Catholics hold that ‘artificial' forms of birth control (abortion, condoms, or birth control pills) do not align with the Catholic moral code, and "that abortion is a result of widespread immorality and ignorance." Protests against abortion-restrictive laws have raised concern for the Catholic community; in May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI held a meeting with President Hugo Chávez and raised concerns he may loosen abortion laws in Venezuela.
See also
Abortion by country
Abortion law
Crisis in Venezuela
References
Venezuela
Venezuela
Sexuality in Venezuela
Law of Venezuela
Healthcare in Venezuela
Politics of Venezuela
Women's rights in Venezuela
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{'title': 'Abortion in Venezuela', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion%20in%20Venezuela', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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4th Republic is a 2019 Nigerian political drama film directed by Ishaya Bako and written by Ishaya Bako, Emil Garuba and Zainab Omaki. It stars Kate Henshaw-Nuttal, Enyinna Nwigwe, Sani Muazu, Ihuoma Linda Ejiofor, Bimbo Manuel, Yakubu Muhammed, Sifon Oko, Jide Attah, and Preach Bassey Produced by Amateur Heads and Griot Studios, 4th Republic was funded by grants from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA) centered around a governorship aspirant, Mabel King (Kate Henshaw) in the aftermath of a violent and fraudulent election that results in the death of her campaign manager, Sikiru (Jide Attah). The film was screened in seven universities in Nigeria in collaboration with the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and Enough is Enough (EiE Nigeria) to curb electoral violence. It was also endorsed by the National Orientation Agency (NOA).
The movie made its debut on Netflix on June 13, 2020.
Cast
Kate Henshaw-Nuttal as Mabel King
Enyinna Nwigwe as ike
Sani Muazu as Governor Idris Sanni
Linda Ejiofor as Bukky Ajala
Bimbo Manuel as St. James
Yakubu Muhammed as Danladi
Sifon Oko as Lucky Ameh
Preach Bassey
Rekiya Ibrahim Atta
Emil Hirai-Garuba
Alfred Atungu
Production
4th Republic is a joint production between Amateur Heads and Griot Studios Ltd with Bem Pever, Ishaya Bako, Kemi ‘Lala’ Akindoju, and Ummi A. Yakubu serving as producers. It was written by Ishaya Bako, Emil Garuba and Zainab Omaki. The film explores the themes of Nigerian political system that chronicles the political and electoral system in the last two decades.
Release
4th Republic premiered at the IMAX, Filmhouse Cinemas in Lekki, Nigeria on April 7, 2019. It was released across cinemas in Nigeria on April 9, guests who attended the premiere include Sola Sobowale, Tope Oshin, Kehinde Bankole, Chigul, Waje, Lilian Afegbai, Denrele Edun, Japheth Omojuwa and Linda Osifo, among others.
External links
References
Nigerian comedy-drama films
2019 comedy-drama films
2019 films
2010s English-language films
English-language Nigerian films
Films about political movements
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{'title': '4th Republic', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th%20Republic', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Cloud Communications Alliance (CCA) comprises eight hosted IP voice and data communications companies. Launched in April 2010 and creating some stir in the industry, the CCA’s mission is to promote awareness of the new standard called cloud communications and drive its development through the pursuit of new technical standards, capabilities and applications. The CCA also delivers services as a group.
Founding members of the Cloud Communications Alliance are:
Alteva
Broadcore
Callis Communications
Consolidated Technologies Inc.
IPFone
SimpleSignal
Stage 2 Networks
Telesphere
Clark Peterson, CEO of Telesphere, is the first and current chairman of the CCA. Together, the regionally owned and operated companies represent more than $100 million in combined annual revenue and collectively serve more than 110,000 business customers in the United States.
Each member of the CCA owns and operates facilities-based, dedicated Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) IP infrastructure that jointly create a cloud-based nationwide, end-to-end high-definition voice/video network to deliver higher voice quality and more user features at a lower cost. This network routes calls from one user to another without touching the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
The CCA has a code of ethics to assure high standards in all dealings with CCA members. Code enforcement is handled by an ethics committee which can render sanctions, including suspension or expulsion from the CCA.
References
External links
Telecommunications companies of the United States
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{'title': 'Cloud Communications Alliance', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud%20Communications%20Alliance', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Keith Porteous Wood (born November 1947) is the president of the National Secular Society in the United Kingdom. From 1996 until November 2017 he held the paid position of general secretary which was later re-titled executive director.
In 2007, he received the Distinguished Service to Humanism Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union for his work in building up the National Secular Society and campaigning for secularism both nationally and internationally.
Biography
Before his appointment as National Secular Society general secretary in 1996, Wood had been director of finance for companies in the wholesale and retail food distribution, financial services and insurance sectors.
On his retirement in 2017, he stepped down from his position as the executive director and was elected president, replacing his life partner Terry Sanderson, who was president for eleven years before stepping down and being elected a vice president. They had been together for over two decades before the recognition of same-sex relationships by the state, and they entered into a civil partnership in 2006 although Sanderson hinted they were about to marry in his 2015 autobiography. They remained together until Sanderson's death in 2022.
Secularist and humanist activities
In 1996, Wood was appointed general secretary of the National Secular Society, following the retirement of Terry Mullins (who had held the post since 1979). Describing him as a "radical campaigner in a business suit", Peter Brearey, then editor of The Freethinker, welcomed Wood's appointment, noting his campaigning track record and background of "25 years in senior managerial and professional roles covering administration, accounting, legal and company secretarial issues."
In 2013, following criticisms from Lord Carey, that David Cameron was "feeding anxieties" about Christian persecution and "that the government seemed to be "aiding and abetting" aggressive secularisation," Wood declared that Carey had "no right to insist that his discriminatory and intolerant views should prevail over those of the public and Parliament".
As an international representative of the International Humanist and Ethical Union, he has criticised the activities of the Holy See within the United Nations system and accused the Vatican of not fulfilling its political obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Wood is strongly critical of the Vatican and the Roman Catholic Church over Catholic sex abuse cases, worldwide and corruption in the Vatican. He stated, "Child abuse is a major issue, along with corruption, that he [Pope Francis] needs to sort out. His legacy will be judged, I think, on his ability to deal with these immensely difficult problems."
See also
Atheism
Secularism
Freethought
References
Bibliography
Brearey, Peter (1996). "Radical campaigner in a business suit." The Freethinker, Vol. 116 (6), June, p. 7.
Writings by Keith Porteous Wood
Secularism at the end of the 20th century (1997). Leicester: Leicester Secular Society.
External links
National Secular Society
International Humanist and Ethical Union
Keith Porteous Wood's articles for New Humanist
English activists
British atheism activists
English humanists
Rationalists
English atheists
English LGBT people
Living people
1947 births
20th-century atheists
21st-century atheists
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{'title': 'Keith Porteous Wood', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Porteous%20Wood', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The proposed Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur rail line, on paper for almost three decades, once completed, would connect Dalli Rajhara to Jagdalpur, both towns being in Chhattisgarh state in India. It would also connect Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh, to Jagdalpur by rail via Durg. Jagdalpur, which is about 300 km from Raipur, is currently meaningfully connected to it only by road. There is though a roundabout rail route to reach Raipur from Jagdalpur via Koraput and Rayagada in Orissa; it is much longer (622 km compared to 300 km by road) and takes much longer time (about 16 hours as compared to 5–6 hr by road) to be of any utility. In view of this, almost all the transport, in relation to both people and goods, between Raipur and Jagdalpur, happens only by road.
There have been a series of efforts in the past three decades to have meaningful rail connectivity between Jagdalpur and Raipur, but none have succeeded so far. It would be evident from a cursory glance at the railway map of India that east central India, i.e., Jagdalpur and its surrounding areas, has only one railway line i.e. the Kothavalasa–Kirandul line but not any meaningful passenger connectivity through railways and certainly no usable rail connectivity with Raipur.
Project rationale
The proposed Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur rail line has several objectives: to haul iron ore from the proposed Rowghat mines needed for Bhilai Steel Plant of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) located in Bhilai city of Chhattisgarh state, provide efficient and economical means of transporting iron ore mined from NMDC's Bailadilla mines in Chhattisgarh, supporting the NMDC's upcoming Nagarnar Steel Plant near Jagdalpur for inward and outward traffic and finally to cater to the passenger and goods transport needs of those residing along and in the influence zone of the rail line till Jagdalpur, another city in Chhattisgarh state.
At present, Bhilai Steel Plant is getting iron ore from Dalli Rajhara where the reserve is reported to be fast depleting. The remaining reserve is estimated to last for not more than a few years. Further, Bhilai Steel Plant is in the process of expanding its crude steel capacity to 7 Mn tonnes per annum from the current 3.925 Mn tonnes per annum.
SAIL has engaged a Mines Developer and Operator (MDO) M/s ACB Mining Private Limited (Delhi) in September 2017 for development and operation of Rowghat mines on its behalf. ACB Mining, the MDO, shall develop Rowghat iron ore mines on behalf of SAIL/Bhilai Steel Plant for a period of 30 years and commercial production from mines shall begin from the year 2022.
The Rowghat mining project, therefore, is expected to substitute Dalli Rajhara mines as well as support the ongoing plant expansion project in so far as supply of iron ore to the plant is concerned.
In view of this, the proposed rail line has become critical for supporting the iron ore needs of Bhilai Steel Plant, NDMC's iron ore supply in Chhattisgarh and to support the Nagarnar Steel Plant.
History
The development of this rail line earlier was integral to and was linked to the development of the Rowghat Mines. Hence issues and hurdles affecting the Rowghat Mines have been directly impacting the fate of this rail line as well. More recently, other factors such as Nagarnar Steel Plant and NMDC's iron ore supply to Raipur and other parts of Chhattisgarh have also acted as catalysts for the project.
SAIL made its first application in 1983 for Rowghat mines and after 13 years in 1996, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) granted in principle environmental clearance.
A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) among Railway, Madhya Pradesh State Government (from which Chhattisgarh state was later formed on 1 November 2000), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was signed on 02.04.1998.
In 2004 the MoEF asked SAIL to submit fresh application for forestry and environment clearance. SAIL, after conducting studies by IBM, Central Mines and Research Institute, Zoological Survey of India, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute and others, submitted the application in 2006. After the government of Chhattisgarh forwarded SAIL's proposal for forestry clearance in May 2007 to the MoEF, the ministry referred it to the empowered committee of the Supreme Court in around June 2007.
A revised Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed between the Ministry of Railways and Government of Chhattisgarh, SAIL, NMDC on 11.12.2007 to implement the construction of Dalli Rajhara–Rowghat–Jagdalpur (235 km) broad gauge rail link project on cost-sharing basis.
The Supreme Court Committee gave its final consent for forestry clearance of Rowghat Mines during October 2008 for its F block. The Supreme Court ruling was forwarded to the MoEF for the final clearance.
The Mineral Resources Department of Chhattisgarh government finally in October 2009 granted mining lease for F Block of Rowghat Mines to SAIL for a period of 20 years after getting the due Environmental Clearance and Forestry Clearance from the MoEF.
Project phases
Currently a long Single track electrified Railway line exists from Marauda(Durg) to Dalli-Rajhara railway station. The proposed long rail line is planned to be implemented in two phases. In Phase 1, the line is proposed to link Dalli Rajhara to Rowghat Mines located in south about . In Phase 2, the line would be extended till Jagdalpur which is located south of Rowghat. The Total Distance from Durg to Jagdalpur will become . The proposed Dalli-Rajhara railway station - Jagdalpur railway line will make distance between Jagdalpur & Raipur to & just 6 hrs 30 mins travel time.
Stations in Phase 1
Starting from Dalli-Rajhara railway station, from Durg, the following completed & proposed stations are:-
Dalli Rajhara Existing railway station.
Salhaitola Completed.
Gudum (near Dondi) Completed.
Bhanupratappur Completed.
Keoti Completed.
Antagarh Completed.
Taroki In progress.
Rowghat In progress.
Stations in Phase 2
Starting from Jagdalpur, following are the proposed stations.
Jagdalpur - Existing railway station.
Kudkanar - Survey completed.
Bastar - Survey completed.
Sonarpal - Survey completed.
Bhanpuri - Survey completed.
Dhikonga - Survey completed.
Baniyagaon - Survey completed.
Kondagaon - Survey completed.
Jugani - Survey completed.
Chandganv - Survey completed.
Narayanpur - Survey completed.
Barnda - Survey completed.
Rowghat - In progress (part of Phase 1).
Project cost and its sharing
The Phase 1 cost of Rs 1,141 crore would be entirely financed by SAIL, while Rs 2,512 crore price tag of Phase 2 will be shared between Railways, SAIL, NMDC and Chhattisgarh government.
Challenges for the project
Opposition from Naxalites
Project, after facing many years of procedural and clearance related hurdles, is currently facing stiff resistance and opposition from Naxalites.
The Rowghat iron ore mining project had been facing resistance right from inception following threats from the Naxalites. The left extremist group have a strong influence in the Rowghat mines area and their opposition delayed start of the work.
Union Home minister of Government of India, during February 2015, had assured that centre would provide all necessary assistance and would deploy adequate security personnel following Naxalites open threat. Earlier, the rebels had set equipment on fire when the authorities tried to start the work on Rowghat project.
In February 2016, two troopers of Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) were injured after an improvised explosive device (IED) planted by Maoists went off in the project area. Notably, the passenger train from Dallirajhara to Gudma under the project was also flagged off by Railway Minister via video conferencing on the same day.
In May 2017, a Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) jawan was injured in an IED blast triggered by Maoists.
In November 2017, one of the project contractor's son was kidnapped and later shot dead by Naxals. According to police, the Maoists have been opposing the project since its inception, fearing that the construction of the rail route will speed up the development work in Bastar thereby uprooting them from the region.
Environment clearance
The environment and forestry clearance for undertaking mining in F Block of the Rowghat Mines took SAIL nearly 26 years to obtain as detailed in History section above. This has led to delay in launch of the rail line project as well.
Security cover for project
For the purpose of security cover to railway tracks, 2 Battalions (28th & 33rd) of Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) have been deployed in the Balod and Kanker district of Chhattisgarh since May and October 2014, respectively. The purpose of deployment is to guard and give protection for construction of Dalli Rajhara to Rowghat railway lines of 95 km. Since their deployment from May 2014 the 17-km long stretch of railway line has been laid from Dalli Rajhara to Gudum and has been successfully operationalised w.e.f 01/02/2016.
Current status
The 235-km-long railway line will be constructed in two phases. Work on the first phase of 95 km-long track from Dallirajhara to Rowghat is in progress, while for the construction of 140 km long second phase from Rowghat to Jagdalpur, survey work is currently being carried out and construction is slated to commence shortly.
At present, two of Indian Railways' subsidiaries—RVNL (Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd) and IRCON (Indian Railway Construction Organisation)—are engaged in implementing the project. The work on Phase 1 of 95 km from Dalli Rajhara to Rowghat is being executed by RVNL, while IRCON is working on Phase 2 from Rowghat to Jagdalpur.
Dalli Rajhara–Rowghat section
The 17 km line between Dalli Rajhara and Gudum under the Phase 1 has been completed and passenger trains are being operated between these two stations. Railways have recently extended the tracks to 17 kilometres up to Bhanupratappur from Gudum. A trial run was conducted by an engine on 31 December 2017. Statutory inspection of Gudum–Bhanupratapur section of the railway line was carried out on 15 March 2018 by the Indian Railways. On 14 April 2018, Prime Minister of India inaugurated the railway line between Gudum and Bhanupratapur along with flagging off a passenger train, bringing north Bastar region on India's railway map.
A trial run was conducted between Bhanupratappur and Keoti on 27 Mar 2019.
Laying of new railway tracks between Bhanupratappur and Keoti under Durg–Dallirajhara section of the Raipur division of South East Central Railway has been completed.
On 30 May 2019, the passenger trains from Raipur and Dalli Rajhara have been extended to Keoti railway station.
A trial run was conducted between Keoti and Antagarh railway station on August 2020.
As a part of the 235 km Dallirajhara-Rowghat-Jagdalpur railway project, Antagarh, which has a Nagar Panchayat, is now connected to state capital Raipur by a train service on 13th Aug 2022.
Jagdalpur–Rowghat
As a follow-up to the agreement amongst NMDC, IRCON, SAIL and CMDC signed on 20 January 2016, an SPV named Bastar Railway Private Limited (BRPL) was formed on 5 May 2016 for undertaking implementation of the railway line from Jagdalpur to Rowghat.
NDMC has the biggest shareholding in BRPL at 43 percent while SAIL, IRCON & Govt. of Chhattisgarh have shareholding of 21 percent, 26 percent and 10 percent respectively.
BRPL and IRCON have signed a project execution agreement in July 2017, under which IRCON will construct the railway line between Jagdalpur to Rawghat in Chhattisgarh. The railway line will have 13 new Railway stations and the estimated project cost of this Rail corridor is Rs 2,538 crore approximately.
Presently, Detailed Project Report (DPR) for this section of the rail line has already been sanctioned by the Railways Board.
Survey work is currently underway and the target was earlier set to complete survey work of Jagdalpur–Kondagaon–Narayanpur by the month of March 2016 and of Narayanpur–Rowghat section by the month of May 2016, but there have been delays reported. In a government review carried out in February 2018, it was reported that the survey work for Jagdalpur to Kondagaon railway track laying comprising length of 91.76 km had been completed for Jagdalpur–Rowghat Railway project. It was also reported that the survey work for Kondagaon to Rowghat for the 91.6 km to 140 km distance in under progress. The project team was directed by government to complete all the survey work for the project by March 15, 2018.
References
Rail transport in Chhattisgarh
Steel Authority of India
Proposed railway lines in India
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{'title': 'Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur line', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalli%20Rajhara%E2%80%93Jagdalpur%20line', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The New Russia Party (), or Novorossiya Party, is a political party operating in Ukraine, and in particular regions of Ukraine annexed by Russia The organization was founded by pro-Russian separatists, under the leadership of Pavel Gubarev, on 14 May 2014. The party is formally known as the Social-Political Movement "New Russia Party" (). It is not registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.
The party was banned from participating in the 2014 Donbas general elections because they "were not able to hold a founding conference". Members of the party took part in the election on the election lists of Free Donbas.
Objectives
According to the party, their aim is "the withdrawal of all south-eastern Ukrainian lands from the jurisdiction of the Kyiv authorities ... based on the principle of direct democracy ... creating a new, truly fair, scientifically and technologically advanced state."
History
Founding
The New Russia Party was founded on 13 May 2014 in Donetsk, Ukraine. Its creation was announced by Pavel Gubarev, then acting as "People's Governor" of Donetsk, who stated, "The new party will be led only by those people who in this difficult time showed themselves as true patriots of their Motherland and proved themselves as true fighters and defenders of their Fatherland."
The first congress was attended by pro-Russian separatist officials of the Donetsk People's Republic, Donbas Militia. Notable figures were involved, including: Donetsk People's Republic leader Pavel Gubarev (former member of the Neo-Nazi Russian National Unity and Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine), writer Alexander Prokhanov, fascist political scientist and Eurasia Party leader Aleksandr Dugin, and Valery Korovin. The congress announced the creation of a new self-declared confederate state called 'New Russia'. The state would, according to Dugin, have its capital city in Donetsk, Russian Orthodox Christianity as the state religion, and would nationalize major industries. According to Gubarev the state would also include (the major cities currently not under control of separatists) Kharkiv, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv and Zaporizhzhia.
Donbas elections
On 2 November 2014, internationally unrecognized elections were held in the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics. The New Russia Party was refused registration in the DPR because it had not held a founding conference. It subsequently stood candidates under the Free Donbas grouping, which received 31.6% of the vote.
Ekaterina Gubareva was set to head the election list of Free Donbas party for the People's Soviet of the Donetsk People's Republic of 11 November 2018 but on 29 September 2018 she was excluded from this list after she was hold in custody by unknown people. After this incident she left for Rostov-on-Don (in Russia).
Sanctions
As part of the sanctions imposed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, the party was placed on US sanctions lists on 19 December 2014. The United States Department of the Treasury stated that the party, which had been "created to unite all supporters for the establishment of an independent federal state of Novorossiya and to withdraw all southeastern lands in Ukraine from the authority of Kyiv", was "designated because it has engaged in actions or policies that threaten the peace, security, stability, sovereignty, or territorial integrity of Ukraine".
References
2014 establishments in Ukraine
Banned political parties in Ukraine
Banned secessionist parties
Novorossiya
Political parties established in 2014
Political parties in the Donetsk People's Republic
Russian nationalist parties
War in Donbas
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{'title': 'New Russia Party', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Russia%20Party', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Lieutenant-Colonel Guy Sutton Bocquet CIE VD FRSA (14 May 1882 – 18 January 1961) was Deputy Director of Railways in Mesopotamia during World War I, a senior officer in the East Bengal Railway Company between 1925 and 1936, and in command of the East Bengal Railway Battalion Auxiliary Force in India between 1925 and 1932. He was aide-de-camp to the Viceroy of India between 1928 and 1932.
Biography
Guy Sutton Bocquet was born on 14 May 1882, the third son of William Bocquet of Liverpool and his wife, Baroness Van Zuylen van Neveldt de Gaesbeck of Brussels. His brother was the composer, Roland Bocquet, and both boys were educated at Bedford Modern School.
Bocquet was apprenticed for two years with the London and North Western Railway before joining the Indian State Railways in 1901 as a Transport Officer. In 1912 he was recorded as being a Captain in the Eastern Bengal State Railway Volunteer Rifles having volunteered on 17 December 1907.
Bocquet served in World War I with the East Bengal Railway Battalion, was mentioned in despatches, attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and was made Deputy Director of Railways in Mesopotamia. In recognition of his war service, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1918.
After World War I Bocquet became a senior officer in the Eastern Bengal Railway and attained the rank of colonel commanding the East Bengal Railway Battalion Auxiliary Force between 1925 and 1932. He served as ADC to the Viceroy of India between 1928 and 1932 and was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal in 1935. He retired from the Indian Railways in 1936.
In 1910 Bocquet married Gwynneth (née Macredie), an American citizen from Slayton, Minnesota. He was fond of golf, tennis, and the fine arts, a member of the Bengal Club and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.
Bocquet died in Crowborough, England on 18 January 1961.
References
1882 births
1961 deaths
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Railway officers in British India
People educated at Bedford Modern School
British people in colonial India
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{'title': 'Guy Sutton Bocquet', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Sutton%20Bocquet', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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DCD2 Records, formerly known as Decaydance Records, is an independent record label owned by Patrick Stump and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and partners, based in New York City. It was founded as an imprint of Fueled by Ramen. The first band Wentz signed to the label was Panic! at the Disco. In 2014, the label relaunched as DCD2 Records, keeping the acts that were still signed to Decaydance before the relaunch. New Politics and Lolo were the first acts signed under the new name.
Artists
Current artists
Fall Out Boy
nothing,nowhere.
The Academy Is...
Games We Play
Former artists
Black Cards (Disbanded)
The Cab (On hiatus, with Republic Records)
Cassadee Pope (Active with Awake Music)
Charley Marley (Active without a record label)
Cobra Starship (Disbanded)
Cute Is What We Aim For (Unsigned)
Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows (Active, Velocity Records)
Doug
Gym Class Heroes (On hiatus)
Four Year Strong (Active with Pure Noise Records)
Hey Monday (Disbanded)
The Hush Sound (Active without a record label)
Lifetime (Active with No Idea Records)
L.I.F.T (Indefinite hiatus)
LOLO (Active with Crush/Atlantic Records)
MAX (Active with RED Music)
Millionaires (On indefinite hiatus)
New Politics (Active with RCA records)
October Fall (Disbanded)
Panic! at the Disco (Disbanded)
Travie McCoy (Active with Hopeless Records)
Tyga (Active with Last Kings/EMPIRE)
The Ready Set (Active with Hopeless Records)
Discography
See also
List of record labels
Fueled by Ramen
References
External links
American independent record labels
Record labels established in 2005
Alternative rock record labels
2005 establishments in the United States
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The 2011 Foxtel Cup was the inaugural season of the Australian rules football club knockout cup competition involving clubs from the various state league competitions from around Australia. The first year of the competition also included the AFL's newest expansion side Greater Western Sydney Giants.
Its purpose was to support and promote the second-tier Australian rules football competitions and to provide another way of developing the lower-tier AFL players. It was originally designed to be a one-off, but due to a significant amount of public interest the AFL said the competition would continue for at least the next five years.
The competition began on 26 March 2011 and ran through to August. Matches were played as curtain-raisers to AFL Saturday night games and were screened on Fox Sports in a late-afternoon slot between afternoon and night AFL matches. $40,000 of prize money was awarded to eventual winners, Williamstown Football Club.
The AFL originally invited the three highest ranked teams from the South Australian National Football League, the Victorian Football League and the West Australian Football League; the top two teams from the Queensland Australian Football League; and the top team from AFL Sydney and the Tasmanian Football League. The Northern Territory Football Club and Greater Western Sydney Giants received special invitations.
However, despite the SANFL on 9 December 2010 signing on to be part of the Cup competition, opposition to the proposal came from its top three clubs Central District, Norwood and Woodville-West Torrens. The three clubs were given until 14 December 2010 to reconsider with the SANFL willing to extend invitations to its next best teams from 2010 if its top three clubs refused to participate. After the top five SANFL clubs released a joint statement on 15 December 2010 declining the invitation to participate in the Cup competition, citing lack of prize money, sponsorship conflicts, salary cap implications, schedule concerns and removing the focus from their SANFL premiership ambitions, their places were taken up by fellow SANFL clubs West Adelaide, North Adelaide and Port Adelaide Magpies.
The AFL gave the Cup competition the go ahead on 17 December 2010 with the fixture released publicly. The official name of the tournament (Foxtel Cup), finalised fixture and participating teams were formalised on 9 February 2011 by the AFL.
Williamstown became the inaugural Foxtel Cup champions when they defeated Claremont by 21 points in the Grand Final at Patersons Stadium on 6 August 2011. Williamstown midfielder Ben Jolley won the Coles Medal as best afield for his game-high 30 possessions and eight clearances.
2011 season
Participating clubs
NEAFL Eastern Conference (2)
Ainslie
Greater Western Sydney
NEAFL Eastern Conference (3)
Labrador
Morningside
Northern Territory
SANFL (3)
North Adelaide
Port Adelaide Magpies
West Adelaide
Sydney AFL (1)
East Coast Eagles
TFL (1)
Clarence
VFL (3)
North Ballarat
Northern Bullants
Williamstown
WAFL (3)
Claremont
East Perth
Swan Districts
Club details
Stadiums
Fixtures
Bracket
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Grand final
References
External links
Official Foxtel Cup website
Official AFL Canberra website
AFL Northern Territory
AFL Queensland State Site
Official Sydney AFL Site
Tasmanian Football League Website
Foxtel Cup
Foxtel
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{'title': '2011 Foxtel Cup', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Foxtel%20Cup', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1990 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 6, 1990. Democrats won one Republican-held seat while Republicans won two Democratic-held seats.
Overview
Results
Final results from the Secretary of State of California:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 6
District 7
District 8
District 9
District 10
District 11
District 12
District 13
District 14
District 15
District 16
District 17
District 18
District 19
District 20
District 21
District 22
District 23
District 24
District 25
District 26
District 27
District 28
District 29
District 30
District 31
District 32
District 33
District 34
District 35
District 36
District 37
District 38
District 39
District 40
District 41
District 42
District 43
District 44
District 45
See also
102nd United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1990 United States House of Representatives elections
References
California Elections Page
External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions
California
1990
1990 California elections
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{'title': '1990 United States House of Representatives elections in California', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives%20elections%20in%20California', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Arce v. García, 434 F.3d 1254 (11th Cir. 2006), is a landmark Eleventh Circuit case brought by three Salvadoran plaintiffs under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). These claims were brought under the doctrine of command responsibility against two high-ranking Salvadoran military personnel who ordered and carried out grave human rights abuses over the course of the country’s twelve year civil war.
Facts
The plaintiffs in this case are Juan Romagoza Arce, Neris Amanda Gonzalez, and Carlos Mauricio, all of whom are Salvadoran citizens and victims of human rights violations at the beginning of El Salvador’s civil war. The defendants are José Guillermo García and Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova—El Salvador’s former Minister of Defense and Director General of the National Guard, respectively.
The facts of the case are as follows. Between 1979 and 1980, Arce, Gonzalez, and Mauricio were abducted, detained, and tortured by members of the National Guard of El Salvador for a period of ten to twenty-two days. At the time, Arce was a physician; Gonzalez was a lay worker with the Catholic church; Mauricio was a college professor. Following the civil war, García and Vides Casanova settled in Miami where they became U.S. permanent residents in 1989.
Gonzalez and Arce filed their complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida on May 11, 1999. They filed an amended complaint on February 17, 2000, which also included Mauricio. The amended complaint consisted of nine counts seeking both compensatory and punitive damages for the torture that the plaintiffs suffered as a result of the defendants’ military commands. More specifically, they invoked the federal court’s jurisdiction under the ATCA and TVPA. Following four weeks of trial, the jury found in favor of the plaintiffs on July 23, 2002, holding that the defendants were responsible for the plaintiffs’ torture under a theory of command responsibility. The plaintiffs were awarded a $54,600,000 verdict.
The defendants appealed a denied motion that they had filed after the jury returned its verdict. The defendants argued that the district court had abused its discretion in equitably tolling the statute of limitations. However, the appellate court found no error in the lower court’s denial of the defendants’ motion and upheld the jury’s verdict.
Subsequent immigration proceedings
Following the 2006 verdict against Vides Casanova and García, human rights organizations, victims, and other stakeholders advocated for the removal of both generals. Following a set of congressional hearings, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security initiated deportation proceedings against Vides Casanova in April 2011. Less than a year later on February 23, 2012, an immigration court ruled against Vides Casanova and ordered his removal from the United States given his involvement in various human rights abuses during the Salvadoran civil war. The decision was particularly noteworthy because it marked the first time that a high-ranking foreign military officer was deported from the United States for human rights violations.
In February 2013, immigration removal proceedings were initiated against García. A year later, an immigration judge held that García had actively, directly, and integrally participated in extrajudicial killings and torture throughout his tenure as El Salvador’s Minister of Defense. Relying on the immigration court’s prior ruling against Vides Casanova, García was ordered to be removed. In 2015 and 2016, both generals were deported to El Salvador.
Significance
The Arce v. García case is significant for several reasons. First, it represents the first case in which “civil plaintiffs proved liability under the doctrine of command responsibility in an adversarial setting under the federal rules of evidence and procedure.” In fact, only a few months prior to the jury verdict, a similar case had been brought in the same courtroom against the same two generals; however, the jury did not find the defendants liable under the same doctrine of command responsibility. The Arce v. García case demonstrated that challenges posed by the high standard for demonstrating command responsibility are not insurmountable.
Second, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals resolved two important questions regarding the issue of equitable tolling in claims brought under the Alien Tort Claims Act—a doctrine that permits the extension of statutes of limitations when extraordinary circumstances preclude a plaintiff from bringing suit during the applicable period.
Third, the plaintiffs were successful in collecting $300,000 from Vides Casanova, which marks one of the first times in U.S. history that a plaintiff in a human rights case has recovered any money from their abusers as ordered by the court.
References
External links
2006 in United States case law
Alien Tort Statute case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit cases
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{'title': 'Arce v. García', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arce%20v.%20Garc%C3%ADa', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Dreamland Margate is an amusement park and entertainment centre based on a traditional English seaside funfair located in Margate, Kent, England. The site of the park was first used for amusement rides in 1880, although the Dreamland name was not used until 1920 when the park's Grade II* listed Scenic Railway wooden rollercoaster was opened.
The number of amusements at the park increased during the 1960s and 1970s, and in 1981 the site was sold to the Dutch Bembom brothers, who renamed it "Bembom Brothers White Knuckle Theme Park". The name remained until it reverted to Dreamland in 1990.
In the early 2000s, the park began to enter into decline, and a number of rides were sold to other theme parks. The park's owner announced in 2003 that Dreamland would be closed and the site redeveloped, although the listing of the Scenic Railway meant it could not be moved. The site was sold to Margate Town Centre Regeneration Company in 2005, and this company proposed a residential redevelopment. A number of local residents then launched a campaign to restore and reopen Dreamland instead, although final closure was later in the same year. The site then fell into a state of disrepair as objections were raised to redevelopment plans, and was subject to a series of arson attacks including one which significantly damaged the Scenic Railway.
The public campaign to restore the park continued, and in September 2013, ownership passed to Thanet District Council after a compulsory purchase order was approved by a High Court judge. In 2014 it was confirmed that the park would be redeveloped. It re-opened in June 2015 as a "Re-imagined Dreamland". The operating company became insolvent in December 2015, but continued to operate under administration. A second refurbishment and relaunch took place in 2017, funded by the major creditor.
History
Origins
The Dreamland site was a salt marsh known as the Mere that was inundated at high tide until 1809 when a causeway and seawall were built. In 1846 a railway terminus was built on the present Arlington site for the South Eastern Railway, followed in 1864 by a further terminus, for the rival London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) on the site of what is now Dreamland Cinema. The LCDR (under its subsidiary the Kent Coast Railway) completed this terminus in 1866, but no public service was ever offered. The junction faced Ramsgate, so a local Margate-Broadstairs-Ramsgate train service was envisaged.
Dreamland's remote origins as an entertainment venue date from the same year, when London restaurateurs Spiers and Pond opened a restaurant and dance hall in the unused railway terminus on the Mere causeway. Not being very successful, this 'Hall by the Sea' was bought by the Reeve family of Margate in 1870 for £3,750, who also gradually acquired the low-lying land at the rear of the Hall.
In 1870, circus entrepreneur George Sanger went into partnership to run the 'Hall by the Sea' with Thomas Dalby Reeve, the then Mayor of Margate. After Reeve's death in 1875, Sanger became the sole proprietor of the Hall and the land behind it. This land behind the Hall, the former 'Mere', was turned into pleasure gardens with a mock ruined abbey, lake, statues and a menagerie – as well as sideshows and roundabouts. Animal cages and Gothic walls on the present Dreamland western and southern boundaries (now listed Grade II) date from this time. The main purpose of the menagerie was to act as a breeding and training centre for animals used in Sanger's travelling circus.
The first amusement rides were installed as early as 1880 when 'Sea on Land' machines were installed. Passengers sat in ‘boats’ that were made by a system of levers to pitch and roll as though at sea – a direct antecedent of the contemporary ‘flight simulator’ rides. In 1893 a large skating rink was built. Shortly after this, the park gained some notoriety as the venue for the murder of a sex-worker by the local circus strong man.
Sanger died in 1911 during a scuffle arising from the attempted murder of a friend (although Sanger himself may have been the intended target), and the park entered an uncertain period as part of the attraction was the charisma of the man himself. In the end, the site was purchased from his estate in 1919 for £40,000 by John Henry Iles, who had already set up theme parks all over the world, including at Cairo, Berlin, Petrograd (now St Petersburg) and Pittsburgh.
Inspired by Coney Island, which he had visited in 1906, Iles renamed the site 'Dreamland' and initiated work on the construction of the Scenic Railway rollercoaster in 1919, having purchased the European rights to the Scenic Railway design from inventor and patent holder LaMarcus Adna Thompson. The ride opened to the public in 1920 with great success, carrying half a million passengers in its first year. Iles also brought to the park other rides common to the time including a smaller roller coaster, the Joy Wheel, Miniature Railway, The Whip, and the River Caves.
Expansion
A ballroom was constructed on the site of the skating rink in 1920, and in 1923 Iles built his variety cinema on the site. (In 1926, he was also responsible for the building of Margate's lido on the seafront.) Between 1920 and 1935 he invested over £500,000 in the site, constantly adding new rides and facilities and culminating in the construction of the Dreamland cinema complex in 1934. Iles ceased to be a director in 1938 and the business was taken over by his son Eric.
Most of the Dreamland site was requisitioned by the Government during World War II, with the park reopening in June 1946. Eric Iles was manager. From 1947, it received investment from Butlins.
Three generations of the Iles family – John Henry, Eric, and John – controlled Dreamland from 1919 until its sale in 1968. The new owners, Associated Leisure, introduced many innovations to Dreamland, including squash courts and, in an echo of the Sanger era, an ice rink and zoo. Much of the planting of the pleasure gardens dating from the 1870s survived until the 1970s when the gardens were removed and the rides expanded. 1976 saw the debut of a revolutionary new ride, the 'Orbiter', unveiled by travelling showman and Dreamland lessee Henry Smith, a ride which went on to become highly successful in other amusement parks and travelling fairs around the world. Smith, himself a descendant of George Sanger, also had a Skid, Waltzer, Speedway, Tip Top, and another Orbiter up until the park's change of ownership in 1981. 1980 saw the opening of a 240-seater 148 ft high Big wheel.
Dreamland was purchased by the Dutch Bembom Brothers in 1981. They owned several other amusement parks in continental Europe and renamed the site Bembom Brothers White Knuckle Theme Park, bringing in a new headline attraction in the form of the Anton Schwarzkopf-designed 'Looping Star' roller coaster. The name change lasted until 1990, when it reverted to Dreamland. Other changes they made included ceasing evening hours and charging for admission, rather than per ride. They also introduced many new ‘high-tech’ rides that updated the park and made it, by the late 1980s, one of the top ten most visited tourist attractions in the United Kingdom.
Decline
In common with other traditional British seaside resorts, Margate's economic base depended on residential holidaymakers staying for several days, usually families holidaying for a week or more. This was supplemented by day-trippers on weekends and public holidays, when the resort could become very busy. With the rise of cheap package holidays abroad from the 1960s, however, the residential holiday trade progressively collapsed in the 1970s. This meant that footfall at entertainment venues in these resorts, such as Dreamland, declined sharply on summer weekdays while remaining relatively buoyant at weekends.
Day-tripper trade at Margate remained substantial, but the loss of holiday revenue meant that the town began to struggle to maintain its infrastructure. This, in turn, started to affect its attractiveness as a day destination. However, the investment by Bembom Brothers indicates that this was not regarded as an appreciable threat to Dreamland at the beginning of the 1980s.
More immediately serious was the opening of much larger amusement parks closer to London, on expansive sites and with ample vehicle parking. Thorpe Park opened in 1979, and Chessington World of Adventures in 1987. At this time, the fastest train journey from London to Margate was just under two hours, and Dreamland has never had any public on-site parking.
In 1996 the Bembom family sold the site to local entrepreneur Jimmy Godden, who had previously operated the Rotunda Amusement Park at Folkestone and Ramsgate Pleasure Park at Ramsgate. At this time, most of the rides they owned were relocated. The 'Looping Star (Great America)' went to an amusement park in Budapest together with the looping boat ride The Mary Rose. The Looping Star's sister ride made a brief appearance for two seasons at Margate (previously at Camelot Theme park) before leaving again for its current home, Loudon Castle theme park, where it is called the Twist 'n' Shout.
After his purchase of the park, Godden was able to secure European and regional grant aid to assist in an initial £3m redevelopment. However, during Godden's tenure many of the rides were sold off, including the big wheel which had dominated the Margate skyline for two decades but was dismantled and sold to a park in Mexico.
Closure
In 2003, Godden announced that Dreamland would close down and the land would be redeveloped. A vocal section of public opinion supported continued use of the Dreamland site as an amusement park, along with a government report in 2004.
After the closure announcement, Dreamland was sold to Margate Town Centre Regeneration Company (MTCR) in 2005 for £20m. A number of local residents then formed the 'Save Dreamland Campaign'. The campaign proposed to turn Dreamland into a heritage amusement park, consisting of a number of vintage rides and attractions from other British amusement parks. Some rides were obtained by Save Dreamland and placed in storage.
Although it was initially announced that Dreamland would close in November 2003, it operated during 2004 and 2005. Definitive closure to the public was in 2005 and all of the rides apart from the Scenic Railway were then removed from the site. The Scenic Railway had been granted Grade-II listed status in 2002, and so could not be moved or dismantled.
Part of the Scenic Railway was damaged by fire after an arson attack on 7 April 2008. About 25% of the structure, boarding station, storage sheds, and trains were destroyed and had to be removed as irreparable. The physical security of the site was upgraded, and the surviving structure surveyed. Some of the surviving machinery and chassis from the cars were salvaged and stored on site. Another suspected arson attack was carried out on the site on 28 May 2014, but this was confined to a disused building near the Scenic Railway.
On 25 April 2008 the Dreamland cinema's Listed building status increased from Grade II (buildings of special architectural or historic interest) to Grade II* (particularly significant buildings of more than local interest). The cinema, which featured a Compton theatre organ, was closed in 2007 following the opening of a new multiplex cinema at Westwood Cross. The buildings were placed under renovation and the Dreamland sign on the front tower has been refurbished with LED lighting and shines brightly at night.
The defunct cinema was sold by MTCR, by then renamed DreamlandLive Ltd. This was before the result of a court appeal by this company to stop Thanet District Council taking possession of the theme park under a compulsory purchase order, served in June 2011. The CPO was approved in August 2012.
Re-opening project
The success of the Save Dreamland Campaign in attracting public awareness led to the establishment of the Dreamland Trust, a registered charity, in 2007 to co-ordinate a re-opening project.
A total of £18m in public funding was subsequently awarded to the project, to restore, preserve and maintain the listed structures, which included the Scenic Railway, menagerie cages and some of the internal building spaces. This money was also used to purchase five heritage rides.
On 16 November 2009, the Dreamland Trust was awarded a grant of £3m by the Heritage Lottery Fund with further funding of £3.7m and £4m coming from the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport and Thanet District Council respectively, to restore the Scenic Railway and to develop the former Dreamland site as necessary for rejuvenation.
The Scenic Railway was regarded as being the focus of the rejuvenation of Dreamland as a heritage amusement park. Work began in September 2014, with a complete refurbishment of the track and new trains being built.
Some historic rides from other parks were donated to the Dreamland Trust and put in storage for restoration at a later date. The majority of unique old rides at Pleasureland Southport were donated, which included the 1940s Caterpillar ride, King Solomon's Mines wooden roller-coaster (formerly of Frontierland, Morecambe and later moved to Pleasureland Southport), workings from the Ghost Train and River Caves, the Hall of Mirrors, Mistral, Haunted swing and the Skyride (Chairlift ride). The Junior Whip which stood at Blackpool Pleasure Beach was also donated.
Wayne Hemingway, his wife Gerardine, and the 'HemingwayDesign' team were appointed as designers of the envisaged new Dreamland in 2012. This includes the creative vision for re-imagination and branding.
An additional £10m in private funding was invested in the re-opening of Dreamland by the commercial operators chosen to run it, Sands Heritage Ltd. These funds were used to introduce a collection of 17 additional rides to create the amusement park, as well as a Roller Disco & Diner, Amusement Arcade, Vintage Pin Ball Arcade, Dreamland Emporium and The Octopus's Garden. The running agreement between Sands Heritage and Thanet District Council involved the former taking out a 99-year lease of the freehold property owned by the council as a result of the CPO, while the council remained responsible for certain aspects of repair and maintenance including as regards the Scenic Railway. Part of the capital raised by Sands Heritage was a £600 000 short-term secured loan from Arrowgrass Master Fund, an investment company based in the Cayman Islands. This company also held 31% of the share capital of Sands Heritage.
Opening of Re-imagined Dreamland
The park re-opened on 19 June 2015, garnering much media coverage. BBC Radio Kent spent the opening day broadcasting live from Dreamland. Additional rides opened in July.
The entry fee to the park was £14.95.
The park's centrepiece, the Scenic Railway, was still in the process of being rebuilt by Thanet District Council. It opened to the public only on 17 October 2015, owing to delays in rebuilding the train carriages. Member and press previews took place on 16 October 2015. Sands Heritage put in a claim for lost revenue as a result of the delay, which was settled in November with a compensation payment by TDC to Sands Heritage after the delay to opening the Scenic Railway forced the company into administration.
Administration
On 8 December 2015, Sands Heritage were forced to apply to the High Court for a company voluntary arrangement (CVA) in relation to a debt of £2.9m owed to Arrowgrass. This amounted to the original £600 000 owed as a secured loan, plus unpaid compound interest and charges. At a meeting on 23 December 2015 the company's creditors agreed to accept the CVA, allowing the company more time to pay off its existing debts. Sands Heritage representatives at the meeting promised that the debt to Arrowgrass would be repaid over five years - as a secured debt, this took priority over other debts. The insolvency administrators appointed in the CVA were Duff & Phelps.
The financial failure was attributed primarily to the number of visitors in the summer season of 2015 being half of what was predicted for the capital structuring of the project. Media reports estimated the cash loss suffered by the company as being on the order of £5 million. The major contributing factor for visitor shortfall was the delay of the Scenic Railway project and lack of communication from the management team of Thanet District Council to Sands Heritage, leading to a premature opening when preparatory works were incomplete. This led to an almost immediate closure of seventeen days to complete these, and the Scenic Railway was to take longer. Also, there were problems with running repairs to rides, leading to breakdowns. Despite popular belief, the admission price cited as discouraging visitors was not the reason for Sand Heritage's cash flow problems; however, the management team and the administrators, Duff & Phelps, abolished it to drive footfall when it became apparent the Scenic Railway would not work for a second summer season.
In August 2016, the CEO of Dreamland, Eddie Kemsley, resigned. A creditors' meeting held in August 2016 revealed that creditors were owed £8.34m, with Sands Heritage having an overall balance sheet shortfall of £14m (£10m of which reflected the investment made by Sands Heritage themselves). An auditors' report to Thanet District Council in December that year revealed that several of these creditors were small local businesses with little hope of any repayment.
The administrators initially expressed their hope that Dreamland as a business could be sold as a going concern in March 2017, after the 2016 summer season. However, this was rendered improbable by their half-yearly report to creditors (December 2015 to June 2016) when they revealed that operating losses during the period were over £1m or about £41 000 per week. They warned that losses were continuing, factors cited being bad weather in early summer and the failure of the Scenic Railway in mid-June.
The Scenic Railway had been restored by Thanet District Council following the arson attack. Unfortunately the right knowledge and expertise had not been available when it was rebuilt, and so it failed a safety test in June 2017. The ride is powered by cable haulage, nowadays a rare form of traction worldwide, and the wrong sort of cables was specified. When TDC tried to rectify the matter after the failure, it found that the skills concerned were so specialist that they were rare worldwide and sourcing them was only successful after the summer season was over. The administrators indicated their intention to seek compensation for the failure.
Second relaunch
Arrowgrass covered the operating losses for the summer season of 2016 with a further loan of £1m, secured on the premises of 49–51 Marine Terrace. This was a former pub owned freehold by Sands Leisure (not part of the TDC lease), which had been called the Cinque Ports Arms before the later 20th century. An extension of the administration period was sought, and granted.
Then it was announced that the investment company had increased its lending to just under £10m, to allow for a re-vamp of the business. In February 2017 it was reported that a £25m private investment from Arrowgrass had been obtained.
The new loan was used to re-landscape the site and to add some new rides, with refurbishment of the Cinque Ports pub. The premises had been used as the ticket office for Dreamland and the administrative centre of Sands Leisure, but a bar was opened in it by the administrators in the 2016 season and it was due to be restored to a complete pub for the 2017 re-launch.
The improved park was announced as reopening on 28 April 2017; however this was later delayed to 26 May. The event attracted national media attention. The major new feature which was mentioned as adding to the viability of the business was a new music venue with a capacity of 15 000.
Private investigation by a Thanet District councillor revealed that all the fixed assets of Sands Leisure had loans secured on them for repayment to Arrowgrass. These included the fairground rides owned by the company, as well as the 99-year lease from TDC and other properties owned freehold by the company. If the figure of indebtedness of £25m quoted by the national media was correct, in May 2017 Arrowgrass had almost complete control of the value of the assets of Dreamland. According to the terms of the security given for the loans, if repayment conditions were breached then Arrowgrass could apply for Sands Leisure to be liquidated and could then claim the equity of the lease of the property in lieu.
In 2017, the park hosted 15,000 people at the Demon Dayz festival with Gorillaz. In October 2017 the park exited administration.
In 2019 the park reported experiencing its most successful year since reopening, with more than 700,000 visitors across the year, and announced a new programme of events for its 100th anniversary in 2020. In August 2019, the park unveiled a seven metre inflatable sculpture of Tina Turner's head, created by Cool Shit, in celebration of the 2019 Turner Prize exhibition being hosted in Margate.
Festivals
On 6 March 2017 Gorillaz announced the Demon Dayz festival to be held at Dreamland on 10 June 2017. Tickets sold out in 32 minutes, at about 15,000 tickets in an hour.
On 14 September 2018 the National Citizen Service hosted their graduation ceremony at Dreamland, at which 700 Kent and Sussex teens graduated from the employability programme. Each received a signed certificate from the Prime Minister.
In popular culture
Dreamland was the subject of a 1953 documentary film, O Dreamland. It was also visited by characters in the 1989 Christmas special of the BBC Television sitcom Only Fools and Horses titled "The Jolly Boys' Outing". Some of the rides seen in the sitcom were renamed and repainted at Loudoun Castle Theme Park in Scotland (now closed). The Mary Rose was renamed the Black Pearl and is now at Lightwater Valley in North Yorkshire. In an episode of British sitcom One Foot in the Grave titled "Dreamland", during a conversation with Victor, Margaret recalls the couple visiting Margate and Dreamland on their third anniversary.
The park was also the filming location for the 2007 film Exodus and featured prominently in the 2000 film Last Resort, about a young Russian immigrant seeking asylum in England.
Dreamland is frequently alluded to in Graham Swift's 1996 novel Last Orders, as well as the 2001 film adaptation.
The Romford-based band Five Star shot the majority of the video for their 1984 single "Crazy" at Dreamland.
On 29 June 2015, the music video for the song 'Blue' by Marina and the Diamonds was shot at Dreamland.
On 26 September 2017, the Sky Mobile iPhone 8 commercial with actor Tom Hardy was shot at Dreamland.
In February 2022, the Dreamland Cinema signage was changed while the building was used as a set in Sam Mendes 1980s period film Empire of Light.
In June 2022, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds performed at Dreamland.
References
External links
Campaign to save Dreamland
Amusement parks in England
Tourist attractions in Kent
1880 establishments in England
Margate
2003 disestablishments in England
Grade II listed buildings in Kent
Grade II* listed buildings in Kent
Amusement parks opened in 1880
Amusement parks closed in 2003
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{'title': 'Dreamland Margate', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamland%20Margate', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Calcium chloride (CaCl2) transformation is a laboratory technique in prokaryotic (bacterial) cell biology. The addition of calcium chloride to a cell suspension promotes the binding of plasmid DNA to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Positively charged calcium ions attract both the negatively charged DNA backbone and the negatively charged groups in the LPS inner core. The plasmid DNA can then pass into the cell upon heat shock, where chilled cells (+4 degrees Celsius) are heated to a higher temperature (+42 degrees Celsius) for a short time.
History of bacterial transformation
Frederick Griffith published the first report of bacteria's potential for transformation in 1928. Griffith observed that mice did not succumb to the "rough" type of pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae), referred to as nonvirulent, but did succumb to the "smooth" strain, which is referred to as virulent. The smooth strain's virulence could be suppressed with heat-killing. However, when the nonvirulent rough strain was combined with the heat-killed smooth strain, the rough strain managed to pick up the smooth phenotype and thus become virulent. Griffith's research indicated that the change was brought on by a nonliving, heat-stable substance generated from the smooth strain. Later on, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty identified this transformational substance as DNA in 1944.
Principle of calcium chloride transformation
Since DNA is a very hydrophilic molecule, it often cannot penetrate through the bacterial cell membrane. Therefore, it is necessary to make bacteria competent in order to internalize DNA. This may be accomplished by suspending bacteria in a solution with a high calcium concentration, which creates tiny holes in the bacterium's cells. Calcium suspension, along with the incubation of DNA together with competent cells on ice, followed by a brief heat shock, will directly lead extra-chromosomal DNA to forcedly enter the cell.
According to previous research, the LPS receptor molecules on the competent cell surface bind to a bare DNA molecule. This binding occurs in view of the fact that the negatively charged DNA molecules and LPS form coordination complexes with the divalent cations. Due to its size, DNA cannot pass through the cell membrane on its own to reach the cytoplasm. The cell membrane of CaCl2-treated cells is severely depolarized during the heat shock stage, and as a result, the drop in membrane potential reduces the negative nature of the cell's internal potential, allowing negatively charged DNA to flow into the interior of the cell. Afterwards, the membrane potential can be raised back to its initial value by subsequent cold shock.
Competent cells
Competent cells are bacterial cells with re-designed cell walls that make it easier for foreign DNA to get through. Without particular chemical or electrical treatments to make them capable, the majority of cell types cannot successfully take up DNA, for that reason, treatment with calcium ions is the typical procedure for modifying bacteria to be permeable to DNA. In bacteria, competence is closely regulated, and different bacterial species have different competence-related characteristics. Although they share some similarity, the competence proteins generated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are different.
Natural Competence
Natural competence sums up in three methods where bacteria can acquire DNA from their surroundings: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. As DNA is inserted into the cell during transformation, the recipient cells must be at certain physiological condition known as the competent state in order to take up transforming DNA. Once the DNA has entered the cell's cytoplasm, enzymes such as nuclease can break it down. In cases where the DNA is extremely similar to the cell's own genetic material, DNA-repairing-enzymes recombine it with the chromosome instead.
Artificial Competence
Evidently, a cell's genes do not include any information on artificial competence. This type of competence requires a laboratory process that creates conditions that do not often exist in nature so that cells can become permeable to DNA. Although the efficiency of transformation is often poor, this process is relatively simple and quick to be applied in bacterial genetic engineering. Mandel and Higa, who created an easy procedure based on soaking the cells in cold CaCl2, provided the basis for obtaining synthetic competent cells. Chemical transformation, such as calcium chloride transformation and electroporation are the most commonly used methods to transform bacterial cells, like E.coli cells, with plasmid DNA.
Method for calcium chloride transformation
Calcium chloride treatment is generally used for the transformation of E. coli and other bacteria. It enhances plasmid DNA incorporation by the bacterial cell, promoting genetic transformation. Plasmid DNA can attach to LPS by being added to the cell solution together with CaCl2. Thus, when heat shock is applied, the negatively charged DNA backbone and LPS combine, allowing plasmid DNA to enter the bacterial cell.
The process is summarized in the following steps according to The Undergraduate Journal of Experimental Microbiology and Immunology (UJEMI) protocol:
Prepare a bacterial culture in LB broth
Before starting the main procedure, use the required volume of the previously made culture to inoculate the required volume of fresh LB broth
Pellet the cells by centrifuging at 4°C at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes
Pour off the supernatant and resuspend cells in 20 mL ice-cold 0.1 M CaCl2, then leave immediately on ice for 20 minutes
Centrifuge as in step 3, a more diffused pellet will be obtained as an indication of competent cells
Resuspend in cold CaCl2 as in step 4
Pour off supernatant and resuspend cells in 5 mL ice-cold 0.1 M CaCl2 along with 15% glycerol to combine pellets
Transfer the suspensions to sterile thin glass tubes for effective heat shocks
Add the required mg amount of DNA in the suspension tubes, and immediately leave on ice
Place the tubes on a 42°C water bath for a 30 seconds and return immediately to ice for 2 minutes
Add 1 mL of LB or SOC medium
Transfer each tube to the required mL LB broth amount in a new flask
Incubate accordingly with shaking at 37°C at 200 rpm for 60 min, however, it is adviced to leave it for 90 minutes in order to allow bacteria to recover
Plate 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions of the incubated cultures on selective/ screening plates (e.g. Ampicillin and/or X-gal) onto LB plates to which the antibiotics to be used for selection have been added
Incubate overnight at 37°C
Finally, observe isolated colonies on the plates
References
External links
Animation of Calcium chloride (CaCl2) transformation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Ul9RVYG5CM&ab_channel=NewEnglandBiolabs
Cell biology
Molecular biology techniques
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{'title': 'Calcium chloride transformation', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20chloride%20transformation', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Maximilienne Chantal Ngo Mbe is a Cameroonian human-rights campaigner. She leads the Réseau des Défenseurs des Droits Humains en Afrique Centrale (REDHAC). She was given the International Women of Courage Award in 2021.
Life
She has led the Cameroon-based Network of Human Rights Defenders of Central Africa (Réseau de Défenseurs des Droits Humains de l’Afrique Centrale) (REDHAC) since 2010. She and her organisation are based in Douala in Cameroon. REDHAC covers eight countries of Central Africa namely the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe.
She is the treasurer of the African Democracy Network and she is on the board of the Pan African Human Rights Defenders Network. This network champions the protection of other Human Right Defenders.
She has worked as an Elections Observer and a Consultant to the African Union.
In 2013 she moved her children to live in France to protect them. She faces criticism for having "sold out to Westerners" and since 2017 she has been harassed on social media.
In February 2020 she called out the government's version of events following the Ngarbuh massacre when 22 civilians were killed by soldiers.
In 2021 she was one of fourteen women chosen to receive an International Women of Courage Award. The ceremony was virtual due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and it included an address by First Lady, Dr. Jill Biden. After the award ceremony all of the fourteen awardees would be able to take part in a virtual exchange as part an International Visitor Leadership Program.
Unusually another seven women were included in the awards who had died in Afghanistan.
References
Living people
Cameroonian activists
Recipients of the International Women of Courage Award
Year of birth missing (living people)
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{'title': 'Maximilienne Ngo Mbe', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilienne%20Ngo%20Mbe', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Jordon Thompson (born 8 April 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for National League North club Hereford.
Career
In March 2017, Thompson was rewarded with a professional contract at Coventry City. During the second year of his scholarship Thompson was part of the team that won the U18 PL2 South keeping 12 clean sheets in a row. As a reward for his fine form, Thompson broke into the first team squad for the League Two Playoff Final at Wembley Stadium.
He joined National League side Barrow in September 2017 on a one-month loan deal.
Thompson was recalled from Barrow and soon after made his professional debut in the EFL Trophy 2–1 win over West Bromwich Albion U21s on 7 November 2017.
On 31 January 2020, Thompson signed with Wrexham, on an initial 28-day loan from Coventry City. Thompson enjoyed a consistent run of games at the Racecourse which saw the club stay clear of the relegation spots before the season was curtailed.
In April 2021, Jordon joined National League side Solihull Moors on loan until 31 May 2021. Thompson was part of a defence which kept five clean sheets in eight games which saw the Moors narrowly miss out on the playoffs.
On 12 May 2021 it was announced that he would leave Coventry at the end of the season, following the expiry of his contract.
On 11 September 2021, Thompson signed a one year deal with Gloucester City. On the 11 March 2022, after a prolonged spell of good form at both centre back and right back, Thompson was awarded the club's player of the month award. He went on to make 28 league appearances for Gloucester City, scoring four goals.
After leaving Gloucester City, Thompson signed with National League North side Hereford on 24 September 2022 and made his debut that same day in a 3-0 league win at home to Blyth Spartans.
Career statistics
Honours
Coventry City
EFL League Two play-offs: 2018
References
1999 births
Living people
Footballers from Islington (district)
English footballers
Coventry City F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Boreham Wood F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Solihull Moors F.C. players
Gloucester City A.F.C. players
National League (English football) players
Association football defenders
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Rafael Edgardo Burgos (born June 3, 1988 in La Paz, El Salvador) is a Salvadoran professional footballer who plays as a forward for Independiente.
Club career
Burgos started his career at Alianza F.C., but moved to Segunda División club Santa Tecla F.C. to get some more playing time. In 2010, he returned to the highest level to play with UES. In 2011, he rejoined his old club Alianza F.C..
In 2012, he transferred to Deportivo Petapa scoring his first goal in a victory against Municipal on February 12, 2012. He scored another goal on March 3, 2012 against C.D. Suchitepéquez, and his last goal for the end of his 2011–12 season on May 4, 2012 against Juventud Retalteca. Even though he started late in Petapa's season he maed to score five goals in nine games.
On August 8, 2012, Burgos signed a loan deal with Baník Ostrava on loan from Austrian Bundesliga club SV Ried. On the 31st, he moved on loan to Kecskemét of Hungary after Baník did not reach an economic agreement with the player.
After spending a season with Kecskemét, he went on a second loan to Hungarian champions Győri ETO, where he appeared in nine league games, scoring one goal
In February 2015, he cancelled his contract with SV Ried, becoming a free agent
On March 17, 2015, Rafael "Tatarata" Burgos signed with Fredrikstad Fotballklubb (also known as Fredrikstad FK or FFK) which is a Norwegian football club from the town of Fredrikstad.
International career
Burgos received his first appearance with the El Salvador national football team in a game versus Panama, with the game ending in a loss of 1–0.
In his second cap with the El Salvador national football team, Burgos scored his first goal, on Costa Rican soil. A feat that did not happen since 1991 when Raúl Díaz Arce, in the first edition the UNCAF tournament, scored on Costa Rican soil.
Burgos was called up by José Luis Rugamas to train with the senior team in preparation for the 2011 Central American Cup in January 2010. Burgos scored the first goal for El Salvador for the year on January 14, 2011 in a 2–0 victory against Nicaragua.
On January 16, 2011, he scored two goals against Belize helping his team out with a 5–2 victory. On February 11, 2011, he scored another goal in a 2–3 loss in a friendly against Jamaica.
Burgos scored his first goals in the World Cup Qualifications on November 15, 2011 against Suriname. His two goals in that game and the two goals of Osael Romero scored lead to a 4–0 victory.
Burgos scored two goals against the "Oceania leader" New Zealand in a 2–2 draw.
International goals
Honours
Club
Champion
Primera División (1): Clausura 2011
Minnesota United
Champion
North American Supporters' Trophy (1): 2014
Individual
Copa Centroamericana Golden Boot (1): 2011
References
External links
Rafael Burgos at Soccerway
1988 births
Living people
People from La Paz Department (El Salvador)
Salvadoran footballers
Association football forwards
El Salvador international footballers
2011 Copa Centroamericana players
2013 Copa Centroamericana players
2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2014 Copa Centroamericana players
2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Alianza F.C. footballers
Santa Tecla F.C. footballers
SV Ried players
FC Baník Ostrava players
Kecskeméti TE players
Győri ETO FC players
Fredrikstad FK players
C.D. FAS footballers
C.D. Sonsonate footballers
Deportivo Petapa players
Universidad de San Carlos players
Minnesota United FC (2010–2016) players
C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo footballers
Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Norwegian First Division players
North American Soccer League players
Salvadoran expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Hungary
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Expatriate footballers in Guatemala
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Guatemala
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{'title': 'Rafael Burgos', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Burgos', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Sead Gorani (born 17 January 1977) is a Kosovar footballer who played in clubs from FR Yugoslavia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Kosovo. After retiring, he became in charge, along his father, of a football school Winner in his hometown Prizren.
Club career
Born in Prizren, Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia (modern Kosovo), Gorani started playing in local club Liria Prizren at age of 9, and he spent his entire youth career there. He then moved abroad and played one season as left-winger with Zeytinburnuspor, playing at time in the Turkish Süper Lig. At age of 18 he, returned to FR Yugoslavia, and signed with Montenegrin side FK Ibar Rožaje playing back then in the Second League of FR Yugoslavia.
In summer 1998, coming from FK Ibar, he moved to Serbian and Yugoslav capital Belgrade and joined FK Železnik. He played with Železnik in the 1999–2000 First League of FR Yugoslavia making four appearances and in the 2000–01 First League of FR Yugoslavia making one appearance.
After a spell with Bulgarian side PFC Naftex Burgas, he played with FK Pobeda in the 2003–04 Macedonian First Football League becoming Macedonian champion, and later, with Kosovar side KF Liria in the season 2005–06.
Personal life
Sead Gorani is son of former football player and coach Šukrija Gorani, and along his father, Sead has been in charge of football school Winner in Prizren since 2006. By 2011, Sead had been retired from his playing career three years earlier as result of a cirgury he had to be submitted to, and has been coaching the youth teams at Winner five years already. On 21 June 2013, representatives of KF Liria and three local football schools, one of them being Sead Gorani representing Winner, met with representatives of the Commission for Culture, Youth and Sports in order to improve the investments in football in the city of Prizren.
Honours
Pobeda
Macedonian First League: 2003–04
Liria
Kosovo Cup: 2007
References
1977 births
Living people
People from Prizren
Kosovan footballers
Association football midfielders
KF Liria players
Zeytinburnuspor footballers
FK Ibar Rožaje players
FK Železnik players
PFC Naftex Burgas players
FK Pobeda players
First League of Serbia and Montenegro players
Kosovan expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Expatriate footballers in North Macedonia
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in North Macedonia
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Víctor José Solarte (born 6 January 1986) is a Venezuelan track and field hurdler who competed in the 400 metres hurdles. His personal best was 50.53 seconds, set in 2009. He was a twenty four-time national champion.
Solarte competed at the 2003 World Youth Championships in Athletics and 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics, but has never represented his country at the senior World Championships in Athletics. His highest level global honour was a silver behind Raphael Fernandes at the 2011 Military World Games (his time there was 50.60 seconds, among his career best).
At the South American Championships in Athletics he was the hurdles runner-up to Tiago Bueno in 2005, and won further individual bronze medals at the 2011 and 2015 editions. He also won a 4 × 400 metres relay bronze with Venezuela in 2006. He was the 2005 hurdles champion at the South American Junior Championships in Athletics, having won the youth silver behind Diego Venâncio in 2002.
In other regional competitions, he has won minor medals at the ALBA Games and Bolivarian Games. He is a four-time participant (2008, 2010, 2012, 2016) and has been a finalist at the Central American and Caribbean Games and Championships. He represented Venezuela at the 2011 Pan American Games, failing to reach the final.
International competitions
References
External links
Living people
1986 births
Venezuelan male hurdlers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Venezuela
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Barney is a city in Richland County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 40 at the 2020 census. Barney was founded in 1899. It is part of the Wahpeton, ND–MN Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Barney is located at (46.267428, -97.000220).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 52 people, 24 households, and 14 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 28 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.1% White and 1.9% from two or more races.
There were 24 households, of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.71.
The median age in the city was 49 years. 15.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.2% were from 25 to 44; 40.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 69 people, 25 households, and 17 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 28 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.
There were 25 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.35.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 33.3% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.
As of 2000 the median income for a household was $36,875, and the median income for a family was $46,667. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,079. There were no families and 7.6% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 20.0% of those over 64.
References
Cities in North Dakota
Cities in Richland County, North Dakota
Populated places established in 1899
1899 establishments in North Dakota
Wahpeton micropolitan area
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{'title': 'Barney, North Dakota', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney%2C%20North%20Dakota', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Agathaumas (; "great wonder") is a dubious genus of a large ceratopsid dinosaur that lived in Wyoming during the Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian stage, 66 million years ago). The name comes from - 'much' and - 'wonder'. It is estimated to have been long and weighed , and was seen as the largest land animal known at the time of its discovery.
It was the first ceratopsian known to science from more than teeth, though relatively little is known about it. The original specimen consisted only of the animal's hip bones, hip vertebrae and ribs, and because these bones vary little between ceratopsid species, it is usually considered a nomen dubium. It is provisionally considered a synonym of Triceratops, but is difficult to compare to that genus because it is only known from postcranial remains.
History
The holotype remains of Agathaumas were first found in 1872 in southwestern Wyoming. They were discovered by Fielding Bradford Meek and Henry Martyn Bannister while they were looking for fossil shells in the Lance Formation near the Black Butte and Bitter Creek. Meek and Bannister were employed by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden's Geological Survey of the Territories and notified paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope of the find. Cope himself searched the ridge near Black Butte and re-discovered Meek's site, finding huge bones protruding from the rocks near a coal vein. The bones were preserved in sand and clay sediments, packed with fossil sticks and leaves, indicating a heavily forested habitat. Cope later (in 1873) described the skeleton as "the wreck of one of the princes among giants." Cope and his team eventually recovered complete hip bones, sacral vertebrae, and several ribs from the animal. Later in 1872, Cope published a description and name for the animal, Agathaumas sylvestris, or "marvelous forest-dweller," in reference to its great size and the environment revealed in the same rocks as its bones. The name Agathaumas has been cited as an example of Cope's excitement with this discovery, which he considered, at the time, as the largest known land animal that had ever lived. Several years later, with the discovery of the giant sauropod dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation, it became clear to him that British forms such as Cetiosaurus and Pelorosaurus were land animals.
Classification history
Cope originally did not know to what group Agathaumas belonged, though he noted that some of the remains were similar to the British reptile Cetiosaurus and very different from the corresponding elements of Hadrosaurus and Dryptosaurus (Laelaps). In 1882, Othniel Charles Marsh, Cope's rival in the Bone Wars, suggested that Agathaumas, along with Cionodon, another Cope taxon, was a Hadrosaurid. In 1883, with his description of the skull of Edmontosaurus (Diclonius), Cope also suggested that his taxa Agathaumas, Monoclonius, and Dysganus could be Hadrosaurids. Cope did not assign Agathaumas into the group now recognized as Ceratopsia until later in 1889, when Cope recognized that his genera Monoclonius and Polyonax were related due to Marsh's description of Triceratops fossils. Marsh had already named a group for the horned dinosaurs, Ceratopsidae, but Cope did not recognize this family name as he believed Ceratops could not be distinguished from other taxa; Cope erected a new name, Agathaumidae. Cope later named 2 more "Agathaumids", Manospondylus gigas and Claorhynchus trihedrus, based on fragmentary fossils in 1892, expanding his group to 5 genera.
After reassessment by John Bell Hatcher, Richard Swann Lull, and Nelda Wright in the 1900s and 1930s, all of the members of Agathaumidae were found to be dubious, and the family name Ceratopsidae was preferred over Agathaumidae. Agathaumas itself was found to be a dubious Ceratopsid by Hatcher and Lull, as well as by John Ostrom and Peter Wellnhofer who placed it as Triceratops sp.
Species
Type:
Agathaumas sylvestris Cope, 1872; 16 vertebrae from the tail, sacrum and back, a partial pelvis and several ribs
Species previously referred to Agathaumas:
A. flabellatus (Marsh, 1889) Burkhardt, 1892; alternative combination for Triceratops flabellatus; synonymous with Triceratops horridus.
A. milo Cope, 1874; included with Thespesius occidentalis by Cope, dubious at Hadrosauridae family level.
A. monoclonius (Breithaupt, 1994); nomen dubium included with Monoclonius sphenocerus
A. mortuarius (Cope, 1874) Hay, 1901; nomen dubium, alternative combination for Polyonax mortuarius; possible synonym of Triceratops horridus
A. prorsus (Marsh, 1890) Lydekker, 1893; alternative combination of Triceratops prorsus, unused since
A. sphenocerus (Cope, 1890) Ballou, 1897; nomen dubium included with Monoclonius sphenocerus
Unfortunately, due to the fragmentary nature of Agathaumas sylvestris’ holotype specimen, Agathaumas is a dubious taxon and cannot be referred beyond Ceratopsidae. based on stratigraphy it is likely a member of Triceratopsini.
Knight's restoration
In 1897, artist Charles R. Knight painted Agathaumas for Cope. Knight based the painting on the partial skull of the species Agathaumas sphenocerus, which preserved a large nasal horn, and Monoclonius recurvicornis, which preserved small horns over the eyes. A. sphenoceros was originally referred to the genus Monoclonius and later to Styracosaurus, while M. recurvicornis is a possibly a valid species but has yet to receive a new genus. The body was based on a more complete skeleton of the species Triceratops prorsus that had been described by O.C. Marsh. The body armor depicted in the illustration was likely based on the squamosals of Pachycephalosaurus for the larger spikes, and the smaller armor on the dermal scutes of Denversaurus collected in Lance, Wyoming by Marsh's crews in the 1890s. At the time, Monoclonius, Agathaumas, and Triceratops were all thought to be close relatives that differed mainly in the arrangement of the horns and the presence of openings in the frill. This painting was later used as basis for a model Agathaumas in the 1925 film The Lost World.
See also
Timeline of ceratopsian research
References
Chasmosaurines
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of North America
Fossil taxa described in 1872
Nomina dubia
Ornithischian genera
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
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A factorial prime is a prime number that is one less or one more than a factorial (all factorials greater than 1 are even).
The first 10 factorial primes (for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14) are :
2 (0! + 1 or 1! + 1), 3 (2! + 1), 5 (3! − 1), 7 (3! + 1), 23 (4! − 1), 719 (6! − 1), 5039 (7! − 1), 39916801 (11! + 1), 479001599 (12! − 1), 87178291199 (14! − 1), ...
n! − 1 is prime for :
n = 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 30, 32, 33, 38, 94, 166, 324, 379, 469, 546, 974, 1963, 3507, 3610, 6917, 21480, 34790, 94550, 103040, 147855, 208003, ... (resulting in 27 factorial primes)
n! + 1 is prime for :
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 11, 27, 37, 41, 73, 77, 116, 154, 320, 340, 399, 427, 872, 1477, 6380, 26951, 110059, 150209, 288465, 308084, 422429, ... (resulting in 24 factorial primes - the prime 2 is repeated)
No other factorial primes are known .
When both n! + 1 and n! − 1 are composite, there must be at least 2n + 1 consecutive composite numbers around n!, since besides n! ± 1 and n! itself, also, each number of form n! ± k is divisible by k for 2 ≤ k ≤ n. However, the necessary length of this gap is asymptotically smaller than the average composite run for integers of similar size (see prime gap).
See also
Primorial prime
External links
The Top Twenty: Factorial primes from the Prime Pages
Factorial Prime Search from PrimeGrid
References
Integer sequences
Classes of prime numbers
Factorial and binomial topics
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{'title': 'Factorial prime', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial%20prime', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Royal Marines recruit training is the longest basic modern infantry training programme of any Commonwealth, or North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) combat troops. The Royal Marines are the only part of the British Armed Forces where officers and other ranks are trained at the same location, the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines (CTCRM) at Lympstone, Devon. Much of the basic training is carried out on the rugged terrain of Dartmoor and Woodbury Common with a significant proportion taking place at night.
Selection
All potential recruits take a psychometric test and are interviewed at the Armed Forces Careers Office (AFCO) to assess their suitability. A series of physical assessments are conducted including a sight test and medical examination. Then the Pre Joining Fitness Test: two 1.5-mile runs (2.4 km) on a treadmill, the first to be completed within 12 minutes 30 seconds, the second within 10 minutes and 30 seconds, with 1 minute of rest in between.
Royal Marines recruits must be aged 16 to 32 (they must be in Recruit Training before their 33rd birthday). Due to the July 2016 lifting on the ban on women in Ground Close Combat roles, females are now permitted to join all British military infantry units, including the Royal Marines Commandos.
The final selection assessment for potential recruits is either the Potential Royal Marine Course (PRMC) for ratings candidates, or the Potential Officer Course (POC) and Admiralty Interview Board for officer candidates. PRMC and POC last three days and assess physical ability and intellectual capacity to undertake the recruit training. Potential Officers must be aged 18 to 25.
Training
Basic training
The first weeks of training are spent learning basic skills that will be used later. This includes much time spent on the parade ground and on the rifle ranges. The long history of the Royal Marines is also highlighted through a visit to the Royal Marines Museum in Southsea, Hampshire.
Physical training at this stage emphasizes all-round physical strength, endurance and flexibility in order to develop the muscles necessary to carry the heavy equipment a marine will use in an operational unit. Key milestones include a gym passout at week 9 (not carried out with fighting order), a battle swimming test, and learning to do a "regain" (i.e. climb back onto a rope suspended over a water tank). Most of these tests are completed wearing fighting order of 31 lb (14 kg) of Personal Load Carrying Equipment. Individual fieldcraft skills are also taught at this basic stage.
Young officer (YO) training begins with Phase 1 which teaches the officers how to be Royal Marines.
Training modules
Foundation – 3 weeks
Individual Skills – 7 weeks
Advanced Skills – 5 weeks
Operations Of War – 10 weeks
Commando Phase – 6 weeks
Kings Squad – 1 week
YO Training Modules
Phase 1: Initial Training
This 16-week training course will introduce the YO's to the core skills they need to be a Royal Marine, and assess their abilities in an intensive and progressive environment.
Phase 2: Tactics and Doctrine Training
For the next 12 weeks the training will switch focus to Section and Troop level tactical development. Using what the YO's have already learnt, they will spend time preparing, delivering and receiving orders. This phase will incorporate a mixture of academic study and advanced physical training.
Phase 3 – Defensive, Fibua, Special to Arms, and Commando Course Phase
This six-week phase will hone the YO's defensive skills, teaching the principles of transitional operations, and introduce the YO's to the tactics of Fighting In Built Up Areas (FIBUA).
Phase 4 – Advanced Military Management Training
This phase is designed to broaden the YO's experience and military knowledge. They will complete a two-week range qualification course, before further academic study at BRNC Dartmouth. Additional exercises will take place during a deployment to the United States.
Phase 5 – Unit Management, Exercise Planning and Final Exercise.
This phase will provide the YO's with the essential ability to administrate and manage their men. Topics that they will cover, include:
Military law
Report writing
Unit documentation
Strategic studies
A planning exercise in Normandy
Training exercises
Throughout basic training, recruits must undergo many exercises testing what they have learnt up to that point.
Early Knight – week 2
First Step – week 4
Quick Cover – week 5
Marshal Star – week 7
Hunters Moon – week 10
Baptist Walk – week 13
Baptist Run – week 14
First Base – week 16
Second Empire – week 18
Holdfast – week 20
Urban Warrior – week 21
Violent Entry – week 22
Field Firing exercise – weeks 26 & 27
Final exercise – weeks 29 & 30
Commando tests – week 31
YO Training exercises
Throughout YO training, Young Officers must undergo many exercises testing what they have learnt up to that point.
Phase 1
First Stop – This is designed to introduce them to life in the field, teaching them how to look after themselves and navigate by day and night
Tenderfoot – Here they will put the skills they have developed into practice, progressing to basic fieldcraft
Lost Tribe – This is a day and night navigation exercise on Dartmoor. They'll need to be able to cope with unfamiliar terrain and remain calm under pressure
Eye Opener – Another navigation exercise, this will also test their day and night navigation skills. It takes place over a longer period of time, so they will need stamina to be successful
Quickdraw I – This is a firing range exercise, which is designed to bring their marksmanship skills up to standard. At the end of the exercise, they will take the Annual Combat Marksmanship Test (ACMT)
Softly Softly – Here they will be introduced to low-level soldiering skills and basic operating procedures, at the same time as developing an understanding of the Estimate and Orders process
Phase 2
Quickdraw II – They will make the transition from the firing range to live field firing, starting with Close Quarter Battle (CQB), before progressing to team firing and manoeuvres
Long Night – Over the course of a week they will develop your tactical knowledge, and the ability to take the lead in different scenarios
Eagle Eye – they will be taught to establish and run surface and sub-surface observation points
Jagged Edge – This will teach them all about Troop level battle procedures and offensive operations
Dragon Storm – Drawing on everything they've learned about offensive operations, they will complete a test exercise
Quickdraw III – Tactical live firing training
Phase 3
Open Door – This exercise will focus on conducting FIBUA operations up to Troop level
Special To Arms Week – Here they will have an introduction to the specialist weapons and equipment that they'll use throughout their career
Endurance Course – they will need to complete this in less than 71 minutes
A 9-mile Speed March – they will need to complete this uphill route in less than 90 minutes
Tarzan Assault Course – This ropes and ladders course will need to be completed in less than 12 minutes
The 30 Miler – they will have 7 hours to complete this cross-terrain challenge, unlike recruits they must navigate it themselves
Phase 4
Stone Post – they will conduct a number of visits that focus on the Army's land capabilities. This will broaden their Service knowledge
Special To Arms Week – Here they will have an introduction to the specialist weapons and equipment that they'll use throughout their career
Deep Blue – Similar to Stone Post, this exercise will provide them with an insight into the capabilities of the Royal Navy
Virginia Tempest – This is a three-week deployment to the US, where they will forge closer links with the United States Marine Corps, and complete a number field exercises
Phase 5
Final Exercise consists of:
Wet Raider – Taking place on the West Coast of Scotland, this is where their amphibious training will conclude
Counter Insurgency – This is one of the most realistic experiences in training, replicating a full-scale riot
Final Nail – they will be integrated with trained marines and use VIKING vehicles
Otter's Run – Use of a series of hypothetical scenarios to hone their decision-making skills
The Commando course
The culmination of training is the Commando course. Following the Royal Marines taking on responsibility for the Commando role with the disbandment of the Army Commandos at the end of World War II, all Royal Marines, except those in the Royal Marines Band Service, complete the Commando course as part of their training (see below). Key aspects of the course include climbing and ropework techniques, patrolling and amphibious warfare operations.
This intense phase ends with a series of tests which have remained virtually unchanged since World War II. Again, these tests are done in full fighting order of 32 lb (14.5 kg) of equipment.
The Commando tests are taken on consecutive days and all four tests must be successfully completed within a seven-day period; they include;
A nine mile (14.5 km) speed march, carrying full fighting order, to be completed in 90 minutes; the pace is thus 10 minutes per mile (9.6 km/h or 6 mph).
The Endurance course is a six-mile (9.65 km) course which begins with a two-mile (3.22 km) run across rough moorland and woodland terrain at Woodbury Common near Lympstone, which includes tunnels, pipes, wading pools, and an underwater culvert. The course ends with a four-mile (6 km) run back to CTCRM. Followed by a marksmanship test, where the recruit must hit 6 out of 10 shots at a 25m target simulating 200 m. To be completed in 73 minutes (71 minutes for Royal Marine officers). Originally 72 minutes, these times were recently increased by one minute as the route of the course was altered.
The Tarzan Assault Course. This is an assault course combined with an aerial confidence test. It starts with a death slide (now known as the Commando Slide) and ends with a rope climb up a thirty-foot near-vertical wall. It must be completed with full fighting order in 13 minutes, 12 minutes for officers. The Potential Officers Course also includes confidence tests from the Tarzan Assault Course, although not with equipment.
The 30 miler. This is a 30-mile (48-km) march across upland Dartmoor, wearing full fighting order, and additional safety equipment carried by the recruit in a daysack. It must be completed in eight hours for recruits and seven hours for Royal Marine officers, who must also navigate the route themselves, rather than following a DS (a trained Royal Marine) with the rest of a syndicate and carry their own equipment.
After the march, any who failed any of the tests may attempt to retake them up until the seven-day window expires. If a recruit fails two or more of the tests, however, it is unlikely that a chance to re-attempt them will be offered.
Normally the seven- to eight-day schedule for the Commando Tests is as follows:
Saturday – Endurance Course
Sunday – Rest
Monday – Nine Mile Speed March
Tuesday – Tarzan Assault Course
Wednesday – 30 Miler
Thursday – Failed test re-runs
Friday – Failed test re-runs
Saturday – 30 Miler re-run if required
Completing the Commando course successfully entitles the recruit or officer to wear the green beret but does not mean that the Royal Marine has finished his training. That decision will be made by the troop or batch training team and will depend on the recruit's or young officer's overall performance. Furthermore, officer training consists of many more months. Training to be a Royal Marine takes 32 weeks. The last week is spent mainly on administration and preparing for the pass out parade. Recruits in their final week of training are known as the King's Squad and have their own section of the recruits' galley at Lympstone. After basic and commando training, a Royal Marine Commando will normally join a unit of 3 Commando Brigade. There are four Royal Marines Commando infantry units in the Brigade: 40 Commando located at Norton Manor Camp near Taunton in Somerset; 42 Commando at Bickleigh Barracks, near Plymouth, Devon; 43 Commando FPGRM at HMNB Clyde near Glasgow; and 45 Commando at RM Condor, Arbroath on the coast of Angus.
Non-Royal Marine volunteers for Commando training undertake the All Arms Commando Course. There is also a Reserve Commando Course run for members of the Royal Marines Reserve and Commando units of the Army Reserve.
YO Exams/Qualifications
Map reading exam
Signals exam
Military Law exam
Operations other than war exam
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence exam
Strategic studies exam
Part 1, Part 2 and end of course final exams
The Commando tests
Infantry range supervisor's qualification
Helicopter Underwater Escape Training
One-day Sea Survival Course
Information Technology Level 2
Defence Instructional Technique
Specialist training
Upon completion of training, Royal Marine recruits spend a period of time as a General Duties Rifleman. They are assigned to one of the three Commando battalions or a Fleet Standby Rifle Troop on board a Royal Navy ship for up to two years before being sent for specialist training.
Commandos may then go on to undertake specialist training in a variety of skills:
Recruit Specialisations
Aircrewman
Assault Engineer
Armoured Support Group (Viking)
Armourer
Clerk
Combat Intelligence
Communications Technician
Drill Instructor
Driver
Heavy Weapons – Air Defence
Heavy Weapons – Anti-Tank
Heavy Weapons – Mortars
Information Systems
Landing Craft Coxswain
Medical Assistant
Metalsmith
Military Police
Mountain Leader
Platoon Weapons Instructor
Physical Training Instructor (PTI)
Reconnaissance Operator
Signaller
Special Forces Communicator
Swimmer Canoeist
Stores Accountant
Telecommunications Technician (Tels Tech)
Vehicle Mechanic (VM)
Yeoman of Signals
Officer specialisations (recently decreased from 7 to 3)
Landing Craft Officer
Mountain Leader
Signals Officer
Training for these specialisations may be undertaken at CTCRM or in a tri-service training centre such as the Defence School of Transport at Leconfield, the Defence School of Electronic and Mechanical Engineering (DSEME) at MOD Lyneham, Wiltshire, Defence Helicopter Flying School (pilots/aircrew) or the Defence School of Policing and Guarding.
Some marines are trained in military parachuting to allow flexibility of insertion methods for all force elements. Marines complete this training at RAF Brize Norton but are not required to undergo Pre-Parachute Selection Course (P-Company) training due to the arduous nature of the commando course they have already completed.
See also
Royal Marines
P company
Special Boat Service#Recruitment, selection and training
References
Selection
Royal Marines training
Military selection in the United Kingdom
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{'title': 'Royal Marines selection and training', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Marines%20selection%20and%20training', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Richard Garriott's Tabula Rasa is a defunct MMORPG developed by Destination Games and published by NCsoft, designed in part by Richard Garriott. The game is a role-playing video game that blends certain shooter aspects into the combat system. It was officially released to retail on November 2, 2007, with customers that pre-ordered the game allowed access to the live servers from October 30, 2007. The development team released updates, called "Deployments," nearly every month following launch. The game required a monthly subscription.
Tabula Rasa is about humanity's last stand against a group of aliens called the Bane. The story takes place in the near future on two planets, Arieki and Foreas, which were in a state of constant conflict between the AFS (Allied Free Sentients) and the Bane. The term tabula rasa means "clean slate" in Latin, which refers to a fresh start, or starting over.
According to the developers, the game included the ability for players to influence the outcome of a war between the player characters and the NPCs.
Tabula Rasa became free to play on January 10, 2009, and closed on February 28, 2009.
Background
According to the fictional background story in Tabula Rasa, there once was an advanced alien species known as the Eloh. They freely shared their knowledge of how to convert between matter and energy with just the mind, called Logos, to other less advanced races. One of these less advanced races, the Thrax, used this power to wage war against the Eloh, a war which the Eloh won but at a great cost. This led to a great divide in the Eloh. One faction wanted to keep on spreading the knowledge as they had before. The other, called the Neph, sought to control the development of "lesser races" to ensure they, the Neph, would always be the superior species. This inner conflict led the Neph faction to leave the Eloh and seek other allies, among them the defeated Thrax; this species along with others joined to form the Bane, which is controlled by the Neph.
As one of their first acts, they attacked the Eloh world; the surviving Eloh fled and were scattered among the worlds they had previously visited. The Bane attacked Earth sometime in our near future. Humanity was hopelessly outmatched and the majority was completely wiped out. Luckily, the Eloh had left behind some of their technology that had the ability to make wormholes to other worlds. There, humans found other species doing the same thing they had, fighting against the Bane to survive. They banded together to form the Army of the Allied Free Sentients to fight against the Bane.
According to information from the game's manual, it's been roughly 5 years since Earth was attacked. It was eventually discovered that Earth had not been destroyed as once thought, but had instead become a massive staging ground for the Bane. From there they strengthened their forces and increased attacks upon the AFS.
Gameplay
Combat
The combat mixed in some aspects from shooters to add some real time action elements to the game. It still was not an outright shooter and featured sticky targeting and dice rolling based on character stats underneath. Stickiness could be adjusted to fit the preference of the player. Some weapons like the shotgun did not use the sticky targeting. In addition to a hit-miss system, Tabula Rasa adjusted the damage based on the situation. Real-time factors like weapon type, ammo type, stance, cover, and movement were taken into account. The enemies were reported to have AI that would try to take advantage of the terrain, their numbers, and would try to flank the players. The mix of system based combat and real-time movement and physics systems created a gameplay meant to encourage the player to think tactically}; e.g. to take cover behind a pillar to get some time to reload the weapon while the enemies were getting into position again.
Missions and storytelling
Missions will be given out by NPCs but will not be static. What missions are available and even the access to the NPCs themselves are subject to how the battlefield is going. Some may be specific to control points that the player will need to reclaim from the Bane to gain access again.
Missions are also to have multiple options to take. One example is destroying a dam to stop Bane forces that will also demolish a local village. A player can choose to just destroy or try to warn the village beforehand risking further advances by the Bane. Referred to as "ethical parables" they are to make up about 20% of all missions. The missions the player chooses to do and the choices made during them will change the way certain NPCs treat the player's character.
Some missions will deliver the player's character to private instanced spaces. One design goal of the game is to use instanced spaces to create in-depth storytelling, with puzzles, traps, and NPCs, that would be more difficult in shared spaces.
Some missions will be ethically challenging. The players will have to choose from different points of view and it can alter their future progress. "Ethical and moral dilemmas are something we definitely wanted to incorporate into the design of Tabula Rasa from the very start. The entire goal is to give you pause and allow you to think about the choices that they make in order to accomplish a mission."
Logos
Logos is a pictographic language left behind by the Eloh to be understood by other races. As players go through the game, they will gain Logos symbols to add to their Logos tablet, a blank slate, and begin to learn the language found throughout the game and gain special powers. Logos can be considered the equivalent of magic for Tabula Rasa, inasmuch as magic allows for incredible, otherwise unexplained acts; however, the logos are shown to be an extension of a scientific process developed by the Eloh. Players can improve these abilities and the upgraded versions can add new tactical uses. Some are universal while others are class specific. Some examples range from lightning bolt attacks, sprinting, reinforcements, and poison type powers. These are very hard to find, being hidden throughout Tabula Rasa.
Character creation
Tabula Rasa had a tree character class system. Everyone started out as first "tier" (branch) Recruit and as they progress they were able to branch out. The second "tier" included the Soldier and Specialist, which in turn had two subclasses of their own each. There were a total of 4 tiers.
Tabula Rasa also had a cloning function at each tier. It worked like a save function for characters at the branching point and allowed the player to try out the other branch without having to repeat the first several levels.
Introduced in patch 1.4.6 were the hybrid characters. These were humans who have had their DNA blended with either Thrax, Forean or Brann DNA to produce different stats and bonuses to the character. Only full humans were available at the beginning, with the hybrid DNA becoming available via quest chains during play which in turn unlocked the ability to create hybrids on that server at the creation screen, or via cloning.
Dynamic battlefield
AFS and Bane forces are in constant battle with NPC forces warring over control points and bases. Which side controls these areas greatly impacts the players. Losing one of these to the Bane means that the respawn hospital, waypoints, shops, NPCs access, and base defenses are lost and turned to the Bane's advantage. Players were able to help NPC assaults to take over bases or defend ones under attack. Control of these points was meant to change back and forth commonly even without player involvement, although the current implementation rarely let the Bane muster enough forces to invade a control point during peak player times. The Control Point System was one of the main gameplay features. Players that are fighting to defend or capture a CP (control point) got Prestige points which they could trade in for item-upgrades, experience boosters, a reset of either their attributes or their learned abilities or the purchase of superior or rare equipment at grey market vendors. Prestige could also be earned by defeating bosses, looting rare items, getting the max XP multiplier and by completing special missions. Later in the game, Control points became more and more important to the players, as they were necessary to be either in Bane or AFS hands to accept or complete certain missions and they become the centerpoint of most of the later maps.
Wargames (PvP)
PvP (Player versus player) in Tabula Rasa was voluntary. As it stands, there were two main modes of PvP combat.
Wargame duels, commonly known as duels. These were initiated by challenging a player by targeting and using the radial menu. The challenged player must then consent. The wargame is over when one player dies, or when the two players are too far from each other, or one leaves the zone. These impromptu duels could be held between two players, two squads (groups), or a player against a squad.
Wargame feuds, commonly known as clan wars. These could only be fought by clans who have chosen to be a PvP clan (done during clan creation). Only a clan's leader could initiate or cancel a clan feud, and the request must be accepted by the challenged clan's leader. A clan war lasts 7 real-time days, during which players can fight each other without requesting consent first. During the war, kills are tallied and displayed in the players' wargame trackers. The clan with the most kills at the end of the war wins the feud. Kills are only counted if the players are within 5 levels of each other, though players of any level can fight each other.
Wargame maps, Edmund Range was the only implemented map that featured large scale team PvP. Using two sets of local teleporters, players could choose between the blue team or the red team. The map could be accessed via the cellar area and was only accessible to players level 45 and above. The map consisted of several Control Points which each team had to capture. At the beginning of each match there were Epic Bane inside of the Control Points to prevent rushers capturing them all, giving a team an unfair advantage at the beginning. In later patches, "Personal Armour Units" were introduced which allowed players to fight in giant robots exclusively in Edmund Range. At the end of each match the losing team were teleported back to the main entrance and the winning team were teleported to the upper floor of the staging area. On the upper floor were unique armour sets vendors that were available to buy using prestige. Portable way points were disabled in the staging area to prevent players from cheating to the upper floor.
History
Development
In the works since May 2001, the game underwent a major revamp two years into the project. Conflicts between developers and the vague direction of the game were said to be the causes of this dramatic change. Twenty percent of the original team was replaced, and 75% of the code had to be redone. Some staff working on other NCsoft projects were transferred to the Tabula Rasa development team, including City of Heroes''' Community Coordinator April "CuppaJo" Burba. First re-shown at E3 2005, the game then transformed into the current science fiction setting and look. The game's budget was $25 million. Nearly 150 people worked on the game.
Beta test
NCsoft began offering invitations to sign up for a limited beta test of Tabula Rasa on January 5, 2007 which began running on May 2, 2007. Invitations were initially given out only as contest prizes, but beginning on August 8 several thousand additional invitations were distributed via the websites FilePlanet and Eurogamer. The non-disclosure agreement for the beta test was lifted on September 5, 2007 and the test ended on October 26, 2007 with a themed event in which players were invited to attempt to kill the character General British, played by game creator Richard Garriott.
Bonus items
Two pre-order bonus packs were available on NCsoft's PlayNC website, one for Europe and one for the United States. The European pack is sold for EUR4.99, the US pack for USD4.99 in addition to buying the full retail version of the game for $49.99. Other than currency and which pack goes with which retail version (the European preorder will only be valid with the European release of the game, similarly for the US version), the packs are functionally identical, containing:
A serial code for unlocking bonus in-game content and beta access (once pre-order customers are able to enter into the beta)
Exclusive Shell Bot or Pine-Ock non-combat pets, one per character
Two exclusive character emotes
Three day head-start on the live servers
For the retail release, a standard version and a collector's edition were released. Both contain the client and an account key with 30 days of included playtime, however the Collector's edition shipped with a number of bonus items including:
A full colour game manual containing concept art
A letter briefing from General British
A map pack displaying the various game regions
An AFS Challenge Coin and set of Tabula Rasa Dog Tags
Fold out "Black Ops" poster
"Making of" Tabula Rasa DVD
3 exclusive in-game items granted by the Collector's edition key only: The Boo Bot, a summonable non-combat pet; a set of 4 unique amour paints; and a unique character emote.
Release
Tabula Rasa was officially released to retail on November 2, 2007, with customers that pre-ordered the game allowed access to the live servers from October 30, 2007. The development team released updates, called "Deployments," nearly every month following launch.
Closing
On Nov 11th 2008, an open letter to the players of Tabula Rasa stated that Richard Garriott had left NCsoft to pursue other ventures.
The announcement that he was leaving NCAustin and Tabula Rasa was done in an open letter to the community, though he later claimed this letter was in fact written by NCsoft as a means of forcing him out. The announcement was made while Garriott was in quarantine after returning from his spaceflight in October, and the announcement claimed he was inspired by the space travel experience to pursue other interests.
On 21 November 2008, weeks after Richard's announcement, Tabula Rasa'''s development team also released an open letter indicating that the game would end public service on 28 February 2009, citing a lower than expected in-game population as the major factor for the decision. Developers also announced that any active paying player as of 10:00 AM Pacific Time on November 21, 2008 will be eligible for some rewards, including paid time on other NCsoft titles (any paying subscribers joining after that point are ineligible). On Dec 9th 2008, a letter was sent by NCsoft stating that all Tabula Rasa servers would be shut down on February 28, 2009, and that Tabula Rasa would be discontinued. The servers became free to play on January 10, 2009. On February 27, 2009, a message posted on the official website requested that players participate in a final assault, culminating with mutual destruction of AFS and Bane forces.
Litigation
Richard Garriott sued NCsoft for $24 million for damages relative to his termination from the parent company NCsoft. Garriott's allegation states that NC Soft terminated his employment, then fraudulently reported his termination as willful resignation in order to preserve the right to terminate Garriot's stock options unless he exercised them himself within 90 days of termination, forcing Garriott into a decision to purchase stock with which a loss was incurred worth dozens of millions in profit for Garriott. Additionally, the news of the termination was issued while Garriott was confined to quarantine from the space flight, which was originally intended to be a publicity move to further promote the game and increase revenue. In July 2010, an Austin District Court awarded Garriott US$28 million in his lawsuit against NCsoft, finding that the company did not appropriately handle his departure in 2008. NCsoft stated that it intended to appeal the decision. In October 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the judgment.
Reception
Publications started to release reviews mainly after 15 November 2007, 2 weeks after the game's launch, although over a dozen wrote previews based on betas and the 3-day head start for those who pre-ordered.
GameSpy gave the game 4 stars out of 5, outlining that the game's innovative combat system succeeded in redefining MMO combat, and regarded it as one of the most appealing features. Negatives were the obscure and often counterproductive crafting system, a lack of a central trading hub at the initial release and bugs involving general gameplay and reports of memory leaks.
Eurogamer gave the game 8 out of 10, praising the daring-to-be-different approach to combat and to the class/cloning system, allowing players the opportunity for experimenting easily with which career path they choose. On the negative side, the crafting system and lack of an auction house were singled out. Though technical problems were also mentioned, the review notes that a recent patch corrected many of the problems they experienced with the game in that regards.
References
External links
Tabula Rasa at NCsoft's main website
2007 video games
Inactive massively multiplayer online games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
NCSoft games
Persistent worlds
Role-playing video games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Products and services discontinued in 2009
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{'title': 'Tabula Rasa (video game)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula%20Rasa%20%28video%20game%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Fabriciana elisa, the Corsican fritillary, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Corsica and Sardinia. This is a mountain butterfly, found on grassy vegetation in clearings in deciduous woods.
Description in Seitz
The wingspan is 45–60 mm. A. elisa Godt. (= cyrene Bon., eliza Lang) (69b). The same size as clara, but distinctly a transition to aglaja. Rather variable, above fiery brown-red to light orange-yellow, the black markings rather small and at the distal margin almost obsolete. The hindwing beneath entirely dusted over with green, sometimes a small patch before the distal margin excepted; the silver-spots numerous but small, angular, sometimes reduced to heavy dots or comma-spots, the central ones having usually a dark edge. — The species is restricted to the mountains of Corsica and Sardinia, where it is locally abundant in June and July, for instance on the Monte Gennargentu near Lanusei.
Biology
Adults are on wing from July to August. The larvae feed on Viola species, including Viola tricolor, Viola biflora, Viola reichenbachiana and Viola corsica. They prefer plants growing under juniper bushes.
References
Butterflies described in 1823
Fabriciana
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Ted Adel is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Yukon in the 2016 election. He represented the electoral district of Copperbelt North as a member of the Yukon Liberal Party untl his defeat in the 2021 Yukon general election.
Adel worked for Canada Post and held executive positions within the Canadian Union of Postal Workers before retiring in 2007. He worked as a real estate agent and for the Yukon Liquor Corporation before entering territorial politics.
He has a bachelor of arts from Wilfrid Laurier University.
Adel first ran unsuccessfully in the rural riding of Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes for the Yukon Liberal Party in the 2011 Yukon election, losing to New Democrat Kevin Barr. Adel was elected on November 7, 2016 as MLA for the Whitehorse riding of Copperbelt North as part of the Liberal majority government, narrowly defeating Yukon Party president Pat McInroy. He served as a member of the Standing Committee on Public Accounts, the Standing Committee on Rules, Elections and Privileges, the Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments and the Standing Committee on Appointments to Major Government Boards and Committees.
Electoral record
2016 general election
|-
| Liberal
| Ted Adel
| align="right"| 566
| align="right"| 45.1%
| align="right"| +10.8%
| NDP
| André Bourcier
| align="right"| 161
| align="right"| 12.8%
| align="right"| -0.6%
|-
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 1256
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
|}
2011 general election
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| NDP
| Kevin Barr
| align="right"| 488
| align="right"| 46.8%
| align="right"| –
| Liberal
| Ted Adel
| align="right"| 111
| align="right"| 10.6%
| align="right"| –
|-
| First Nations Party
| Stanley James
| align="right"| 49
| align="right"| 4.7%
| align="right"| –
|-
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 1043
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
|}
References
Yukon Liberal Party MLAs
Living people
Politicians from Whitehorse
21st-century Canadian politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian Union of Postal Workers
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Murder Most Fab (2007) is the debut novel of comedian Julian Clary.
Synopsis
Still haunted by memories of his mentally ill mother and a doomed romance with a man called Timothy, rent boy Johnny Debonair moves on in the world when he breaks into the entertainment industry, eventually becoming 'Mr. Friday Night'. However, his path to fame is littered with corpses.
Told in the style of a final confession, the story follows Debonair as he finds himself drawn towards serial murder so he can maintain his hold on the spotlight.
Reviewed by Penguin Australia as "A darkly hilarious debut novel from one of Britain's best-loved entertainers" the tale is told through the protagonist's interactions with his mother, an eccentric country girl his best friend and business partner and a past lover.
Author
Julian Clary is a comedian, entertainer and novelist, who has toured across the world with his one-man shows. He became a household name in the late 1980s, and remains one of the country’s most popular (and least predictable) entertainers. Julian has appeared on numerous popular TV shows including Celebrity Big Brother (which he won), Strictly Come Dancing, This Morning, QI, Have I Got News For You and is a regular panellist on BBC Radio 4’s Just a Minute. He has starred in West End productions of Taboo and Cabaret, and appears in panto most years – he loves wearing silly clothes and lots of make up! Julian also narrates the Little Princess children’s television series. He lives in London with his husband.
Bibliographic Information
References
British crime novels
2007 British novels
2007 debut novels
Ebury Publishing books
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Arturo Montiel Rojas (born October 15, 1943) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was a governor of the State of México and a federal deputy.
Early life and education
Montiel is the son of Gregorio Montiel Monroy and Delia Rojas García. He received bachelor's degrees in public administration and accountancy from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1970. He married Maude Versini Lancry in 2002, a French journalist 31 years younger than he was. They divorced in September 2007.
Political career
As a politician, he was the mayor of Naucalpan and director of civil protection at the federal Ministry of the Interior. At the state level he was secretary of economic development and presided twice over the local branch of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
In 1999, during his gubernatorial campaign for the State of Mexico, he portrayed himself as a tough-on-crime candidate, using a series of radio spots in which he implied that criminals did not deserve human rights protection, saying "human rights are for humans, not for rats" ("rat" being common slang for "thief"). He won the election by simple majority and served from 1999 until 2005.
On August 4, 2005, he was elected as candidate of Unidad Democrática, a political group challenging former PRI leader Roberto Madrazo for the party's candidacy for the 2006 presidential election. However, in a press conference held on October 20, he announced that he would no longer seek his party's nomination because of accusations leveled against his family in the media, including his ownership of several luxury apartments and mansions in Mexico and France.
Among other businesses he granted construction of more than 5,000 homes in an ecologically preserved community in the municipality of Atizapán de Zaragoza, the Zona Esmeralda. These new communities, shopping malls and schools were constructed on what used to be green areas and forests.
In 2013, Forbes magazine named Montiel as one of the 10 most corrupt Mexican politicians.
Family
Enrique Peña Nieto, the 57th president of Mexico, is Montiel's nephew.
References
External links
Official site of Arturo Montiel (unavailable)
México State Government: Arturo Montiel (unavailable)
Website created by ex-wife Maude Versini detailing Montiel's kidnapping of her three children
1943 births
Living people
Governors of the State of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
People from Atlacomulco
Politicians from the State of Mexico
20th-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
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De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (English translation: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) of the Polish Renaissance. The book, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire, offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been widely accepted since ancient times.
History
Copernicus initially outlined his system in a short, untitled, anonymous manuscript that he distributed to several friends, referred to as the Commentariolus. A physician's library list dating to 1514 includes a manuscript whose description matches the Commentariolus, so Copernicus must have begun work on his new system by that time. Most historians believe that he wrote the Commentariolus after his return from Italy, possibly only after 1510. At this time, Copernicus anticipated that he could reconcile the motion of the Earth with the perceived motions of the planets easily, with fewer motions than were necessary in the Alfonsine Tables, the version of the Ptolemaic system current at the time. In particular, the heliocentric Copernican model made use of the Urdi Lemma developed in the 13th century by Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi, the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a non-Ptolemaic model of planetary motion.
Observations of Mercury by Bernhard Walther (1430–1504) of Nuremberg, a pupil of Regiomontanus, were made available to Copernicus by Johannes Schöner, 45 observations in total, 14 of them with longitude and latitude. Copernicus used three of them in De revolutionibus, giving only longitudes, and erroneously attributing them to Schöner. Copernicus' values differed slightly from the ones published by Schöner in 1544 in Observationes XXX annorum a I. Regiomontano et B. Walthero Norimbergae habitae, [4°, Norimb. 1544].
A manuscript of De revolutionibus in Copernicus' own hand has survived. After his death, it was given to his pupil, Rheticus, who for publication had only been given a copy without annotations. Via Heidelberg, it ended up in Prague, where it was rediscovered and studied in the 19th century. Close examination of the manuscript, including the different types of paper used, helped scholars construct an approximate timetable for its composition. Apparently Copernicus began by making a few astronomical observations to provide new data to perfect his models. He may have begun writing the book while still engaged in observations. By the 1530s a substantial part of the book was complete, but Copernicus hesitated to publish. In 1536, Cardinal Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote to Copernicus and urged him to publish his manuscript.
In 1539, Georg Joachim Rheticus, a young mathematician from Wittenberg, arrived in Frauenburg (Frombork) to study with him. Rheticus read Copernicus' manuscript and immediately wrote a non-technical summary of its main theories in the form of an open letter addressed to Schöner, his astrology teacher in Nürnberg; he published this letter as the Narratio Prima in Danzig in 1540. Rheticus' friend and mentor Achilles Gasser published a second edition of the Narratio in Basel in 1541. Due to its friendly reception, Copernicus finally agreed to publication of more of his main work—in 1542, a treatise on trigonometry, which was taken from the second book of the still unpublished De revolutionibus. Rheticus published it in Copernicus' name.
Under strong pressure from Rheticus, and having seen that the first general reception of his work had not been unfavorable, Copernicus finally agreed to give the book to his close friend, Bishop Tiedemann Giese, to be delivered to Rheticus in Wittenberg for printing by Johannes Petreius at Nürnberg (Nuremberg). It was published just before Copernicus' death, in 1543.
Copernicus kept a copy of his manuscript which, sometime after his death, was sent to Rheticus in the attempt to produce an authentic, unaltered version of the book. The plan failed but the copy was found during the 18th century and was published later. It is kept at the Jagiellonian University Library in Kraków, where it remains bearing the library number BJ 10 000.
Contents
From the first edition, Copernicus' book was prefixed with an anonymous preface which argues that the following is a calculus consistent with the observations, and cannot resolve philosophical truths. Only later was this revealed to be the unauthorized interjection by Lutheran preacher Andreas Osiander, who lived in Nuremberg when the first edition was printed there. This is followed by Copernicus' own preface, where he dedicates his work to Pope Paul III and appeals to the latter's skill as a mathematician to recognize the truth of Copernicus' hypothesis.
De revolutionibus is divided into six "books" (sections or parts), following closely the layout of Ptolemy's Almagest which it updated and replaced:
Book I chapters 1–11 are a general vision of the heliocentric theory, and a summarized exposition of his cosmology. The world (heavens) is spherical, as is the Earth, and the land and water make a single globe. The celestial bodies, including the Earth, have regular circular and everlasting movements. The Earth rotates on its axis and around the Sun. Answers to why the ancients thought the Earth was central. The order of the planets around the Sun and their periodicity. Chapters 12–14 give theorems for chord geometry as well as a table of chords.
Book II describes the principles of spherical astronomy as a basis for the arguments developed in the following books and gives a comprehensive catalogue of the fixed stars.
Book III describes his work on the precession of the equinoxes and treats the apparent movements of the Sun and related phenomena.
Book IV is a similar description of the Moon and its orbital movements.
Book V explains how to calculate the positions of the wandering stars based on the heliocentric model and gives tables for the five planets.
Book VI deals with the digression in latitude from the ecliptic of the five planets.
Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres. The outermost consisted of motionless, fixed stars, with the Sun motionless at the center. The known planets revolved about the Sun, each in its own sphere, in the order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The Moon, however, revolved in its sphere around the Earth. What appeared to be the daily revolution of the Sun and fixed stars around the Earth was actually the Earth's daily rotation on its own axis.
Copernicus adhered to one of the standard beliefs of his time, namely that the motions of celestial bodies must be composed of uniform circular motions. For this reason, he was unable to account for the observed apparent motion of the planets without retaining a complex system of epicycles similar to those of the Ptolemaic system.
Despite Copernicus' adherence to this aspect of ancient astronomy, his radical shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric cosmology was a serious blow to Aristotle's science—and helped usher in the Scientific Revolution.
Ad lectorem
Rheticus left Nürnberg to take up his post as professor in Leipzig. Andreas Osiander had taken over the task of supervising the printing and publication. In an effort to reduce the controversial impact of the book Osiander added his own unsigned letter Ad lectorem de hypothesibus huius operis (To the reader concerning the hypotheses of this work) printed in front of Copernicus' preface which was a dedicatory letter to Pope Paul III and which kept the title "Praefatio authoris" (to acknowledge that the unsigned letter was not by the book's author).
Osiander's letter stated that Copernicus' system was mathematics intended to aid computation and not an attempt to declare literal truth:
As even Osiander's defenders point out, the Ad lectorem "expresses views on the aim and nature of scientific theories at variance with Copernicus' claims for his own theory".
Many view Osiander's letter as a betrayal of science and Copernicus, and an attempt to pass his own thoughts off as those of the book's author. An example of this type of claim can be seen in the Catholic Encyclopedia, which states "Fortunately for him [the dying Copernicus], he could not see what Osiander had done. This reformer, knowing the attitude of Luther and Melanchthon against the heliocentric system ... without adding his own name, replaced the preface of Copernicus by another strongly contrasting in spirit with that of Copernicus."
While Osiander's motives behind the letter have been questioned by many, he has been defended by historian Bruce Wrightsman, who points out he was not an enemy of science. Osiander had many scientific connections including "Johannes Schoner, Rheticus's teacher, whom Osiander recommended for his post at the Nurnberg Gymnasium; Peter Apian of Ingolstadt University; Hieronymous Schreiber...Joachim Camerarius...Erasmus Reinhold...Joachim Rheticus...and finally, Hieronymous Cardan."
The historian Wrightsman put forward that Osiander did not sign the letter because he "was such a notorious [Protestant] reformer whose name was well-known and infamous among Catholics", so that signing would have likely caused negative scrutiny of the work of Copernicus (a loyal Catholic canon and scholar). Copernicus himself had communicated to Osiander his "own fears that his work would be scrutinized and criticized by the 'peripatetics and theologians'," and he had already been in trouble with his bishop, Johannes Dantiscus, on account of his former relationship with his mistress and friendship with Dantiscus's enemy and suspected heretic, Alexander Scultetus. It was also possible that Protestant Nurnberg could fall to the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and since "the books of hostile theologians could be burned...why not scientific works with the names of hated theologians affixed to them?" Wrightsman also holds that this is why Copernicus did not mention his top student, Rheticus (a Lutheran) in the book's dedication to the Pope.
Osiander's interest in astronomy was theological, hoping for "improving the chronology of historical events and thus providing more accurate apocalyptic interpretations of the Bible... [he shared in] the general awareness that the calendar was not in agreement with astronomical movement and therefore, needed to be corrected by devising better models on which to base calculations." In an era before the telescope, Osiander (like most of the era's mathematical astronomers) attempted to bridge the "fundamental incompatibility between Ptolemaic astronomy and Aristotlian physics, and the need to preserve both", by taking an 'instrumentalist' position. Only the handful of "Philosophical purists like the Averroists... demanded physical consistency and thus sought for realist models."
Copernicus was hampered by his insistence on preserving the idea that celestial bodies had to travel in perfect circles — he "was still attached to classical ideas of circular motion around deferents and epicycles, and spheres." This was particularly troubling concerning the Earth because he "attached the Earth's axis rigidly to a Sun-centered sphere. The unfortunate consequence was that the terrestrial rotation axis then maintained the same inclination with respect to the Sun as the sphere turned, eliminating the seasons." To explain the seasons, he had to propose a third motion, "an annual contrary conical sweep of the terrestrial axis". It was not until the Great Comet of 1577, which moved as if there were no spheres to crash through, that the idea was challenged. In 1609, Kepler fixed Copernicus' theory by stating that the planets orbit the sun not in circles, but ellipses. Only after Kepler's refinement of Copernicus' theory was the need for deferents and epicycles abolished.
In his work, Copernicus "used conventional, hypothetical devices like epicycles...as all astronomers had done since antiquity. ...hypothetical constructs solely designed to 'save the phenomena' and aid computation". Ptolemy's theory contained a hypothesis about the epicycle of Venus that was viewed as absurd if seen as anything other than a geometrical device (its brightness and distance should have varied greatly, but they don't). "In spite of this defect in Ptolemy's theory, Copernicus' hypothesis predicts approximately the same variations." Because of the use of similar terms and similar deficiencies, Osiander could see "little technical or physical truth-gain" between one system and the other. It was this attitude towards technical astronomy that had allowed it to "function since antiquity, despite its inconsistencies with the principles of physics and the philosophical objections of Averroists."
Writing Ad lectorem, Osiander was influenced by Pico della Mirandola's idea that humanity "orders [an intellectual] cosmos out of the chaos of opinions." From Pico's writings, Osiander "learned to extract and synthesize insights from many sources without becoming the slavish follower of any of them." The effect of Pico on Osiander was tempered by the influence of Nicholas of Cusa's and his idea of coincidentia oppositorum. Rather than having Pico's focus on human effort, Osiander followed Cusa's idea that understanding the Universe and its Creator only came from divine inspiration rather than intellectual organization. From these influences, Osiander held that in the area of philosophical speculation and scientific hypothesis there are "no heretics of the intellect", but when one gets past speculation into truth-claims the Bible is the ultimate measure. By holding Copernicianism was mathematical speculation, Osiander held that it would be silly to hold it up against the accounts of the Bible.
Pico's influence on Osiander did not escape Rheticus, who reacted strongly against the Ad lectorem. As historian Robert S. Westman puts it, "The more profound source of Rheticus's ire however, was Osiander's view of astronomy as a disciple fundamentally incapable of knowing anything with certainty. For Rheticus, this extreme position surely must have resonated uncomfortably with Pico della Mirandola's attack on the foundations of divinatory astrology."
In his Disputations, Pico had made a devastating attack on astrology. Because those who were making astrological predictions relied on astronomers to tell them where the planets were, they also became a target. Pico held that since astronomers who calculate planetary positions could not agree among themselves, how were they to be held as reliable? While Pico could bring into concordance writers like Aristotle, Plato, Plotinus, Averroes, Avicenna, and Aquinas, the lack of consensus he saw in astronomy was a proof to him of its fallibility alongside astrology. Pico pointed out that the astronomers' instruments were imprecise and any imperfection of even a degree made them worthless for astrology, people should not trust astrologists because they should not trust the numbers from astronomers. Pico pointed out that astronomers couldn't even tell where the Sun appeared in the order of the planets as they orbited the Earth (some put it close to the Moon, others among the planets). How, Pico asked, could astrologists possibly claim they could read what was going on when the astronomers they relied on could offer no precision on even basic questions?
As Westman points out, to Rheticus "it would seem that Osiander now offered new grounds for endorsing Pico's conclusions: not merely was the disagreement among astronomers grounds for mistrusting the sort of knowledge that they produced, but now Osiander proclaimed that astronomers might construct a world deduced from (possibly) false premises. Thus the conflict between Piconian skepticism and secure principles for the science of the stars was built right into the complex dedicatory apparatus of De Revolutionibus itself." According to the notes of Michael Maestlin, "Rheticus...became embroiled in a very bitter wrangle with the printer [over the Ad lectorem]. Rheticus...suspected Osiander had prefaced the work; if he knew this for certain, he declared, he would rough up the fellow so violently that in future he would mind his own business."
Objecting to the Ad lectorem, Tiedemann Giese urged the Nuremberg city council to issue a correction, but this was not done, and the matter was forgotten. Jan Broscius, a supporter of Copernicus, also despaired of the Ad lectorem, writing "Ptolemy's hypothesis is the earth rests. Copernicus' hypothesis is that the earth is in motion. Can either, therefore, be true? ... Indeed, Osiander deceives much with that preface of his ... Hence, someone may well ask: How is one to know which hypothesis is truer, the Ptolemaic or the Copernican?"
Petreius had sent a copy to Hieronymus Schreiber, an astronomer from Nürnberg who had substituted for Rheticus as professor of mathematics in Wittenberg while Rheticus was in Nürnberg supervising the printing. Schreiber, who died in 1547, left in his copy of the book a note about Osiander's authorship. Via Michael Mästlin, this copy came to Johannes Kepler, who discovered what Osiander had done and methodically demonstrated that Osiander had indeed added the foreword. The most knowledgeable astronomers of the time had realized that the foreword was Osiander's doing.
Owen Gingerich gives a slightly different version: Kepler knew of Osiander's authorship since he had read about it in one of Schreiber's annotations in his copy of De Revolutionibus; Maestlin learned of the fact from Kepler. Indeed, Maestlin perused Kepler's book, up to the point of leaving a few annotations in it. However, Maestlin already suspected Osiander, because he had bought his De revolutionibus from the widow of Philipp Apian; examining his books, he had found a note attributing the introduction to Osiander.
Johannes Praetorius (1537–1616), who learned of Osiander's authorship from Rheticus during a visit to him in Kraków, wrote Osiander's name in the margin of the foreword in his copy of De revolutionibus.
All three early editions of De revolutionibus included Osiander's foreword.
Reception
Even before the 1543 publication of De revolutionibus, rumors circulated
about its central theses. Martin Luther is quoted as saying in 1539:
People gave ear to an upstart astrologer who strove to show that the earth revolves, not the heavens or the firmament, the sun and the moon ... This fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy; but sacred Scripture tells us [Joshua 10:13] that Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the earth.
When the book was finally published, demand was low, with an initial print run of 400 failing to sell out. Copernicus had made the book extremely technical, unreadable to all but the most advanced astronomers of the day, allowing it to disseminate into their ranks before stirring great controversy. And, like Osiander, contemporary mathematicians and astronomers encouraged its audience to view it as a useful mathematical model without necessarily being true about causes, thereby somewhat shielding it from accusations of blasphemy.
Among some astronomers, the book "at once took its place as a worthy successor to the Almagest of Ptolemy, which had hitherto been the Alpha and Omega of astronomers". Erasmus Reinhold hailed the work in 1542 and by 1551 had developed the Prutenic Tables ("Prussian Tables"; ; ) using Copernicus' methods. The Prutenic Tables, published in 1551, were used as a basis for the calendar reform instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. They were also used by sailors and maritime explorers, whose 15th-century predecessors had used Regiomontanus' Table of the Stars. In England, Robert Recorde, John Dee, Thomas Digges and William Gilbert were among those who adopted his position; in Germany, Christian Wurstisen, Christoph Rothmann and Michael Mästlin, the teacher of Johannes Kepler; in Italy, Giambattista Benedetti and Giordano Bruno whilst Franciscus Patricius accepted the rotation of the Earth. In Spain, rules published in 1561 for the curriculum of the University of Salamanca gave students the choice between studying Ptolemy or Copernicus. One of those students, Diego de Zúñiga, published an acceptance of Copernican theory in 1584.
Very soon, nevertheless, Copernicus' theory was attacked with Scripture and with the common Aristotelian proofs. In 1549, Melanchthon, Luther's principal lieutenant, wrote against Copernicus, pointing to the theory's apparent conflict with Scripture and advocating that "severe measures" be taken to restrain the impiety of Copernicans.
The works of Copernicus and Zúñiga—the latter for asserting that De revolutionibus was compatible with Catholic faith—were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of March 5, 1616 (more than 70 years after Copernicus' publication):
This Holy Congregation has also learned about the spreading and acceptance by many of the false Pythagorean doctrine, altogether contrary to the Holy Scripture, that the earth moves and the sun is motionless, which is also taught by Nicholaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and by Diego de Zúñiga's In Job ... Therefore, in order that this opinion may not creep any further to the prejudice of Catholic truth, the Congregation has decided that the books by Nicolaus Copernicus [De revolutionibus] and Diego de Zúñiga [In Job] be suspended until corrected.
De revolutionibus was not formally banned but merely withdrawn from circulation, pending "corrections" that would clarify the theory's status as hypothesis. Nine sentences that represented the heliocentric system as certain were to be omitted or changed. After these corrections were prepared and formally approved in 1620 the reading of the book was permitted. But the book was never reprinted with the changes and was available in Catholic jurisdictions only to suitably qualified scholars, by special request. It remained on the Index until 1758, when Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58) removed the uncorrected book from his revised Index.
Census of copies
Arthur Koestler described De revolutionibus as "The Book That Nobody Read" saying the book "was and is an all-time worst seller", despite the fact that it was reprinted four times. Owen Gingerich, a writer on both Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler, disproved this after a 35-year project to examine every surviving copy of the first two editions. Gingerich showed that nearly all the leading mathematicians and astronomers of the time owned and read the book; however, his analysis of the marginalia shows that they almost all ignored the cosmology at the beginning of the book and were only interested in Copernicus' new equant-free models of planetary motion in the later chapters. Also, Nicolaus Reimers in 1587 translated the book into German.
Gingerich's efforts and conclusions are recounted in The Book Nobody Read, published in 2004 by Walker & Co. His census included 276 copies of the first edition (by comparison, there are 228 extant copies of the First Folio of Shakespeare) and 325 copies of the second. The research behind this book earned its author the Polish government's Order of Merit in 1981. Due largely to Gingerich's scholarship, De revolutionibus has been researched and catalogued better than any other first-edition historic text except for the original Gutenberg Bible.
One of the copies now resides at the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in the Miguel de Benavides Library. In January 2017, a second-edition copy was stolen as part of a heist of rare books from Heathrow Airport and remains unrecovered.
Editions
1543, Nuremberg, by Johannes Petreius a copy of this is held at University of Edinburgh, owned by an astronomer, who filled the pages with scholarly annotations, and subsequently owned by the Scottish economist Adam Smith.
1566, Basel, by Henricus Petrus
1617, Amsterdam, by Nicolaus Mulerius
1854, Warsaw, with Polish translation and the authentic preface by Copernicus.
1873, Thorn, German translation sponsored by the local Coppernicus Society, with all Copernicus' textual corrections given as footnotes.
Translations
English translations of De revolutionibus have included:
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, translated by C. G. Wallis, Annapolis, St John's College Bookstore, 1939. Republished in volume 16 of the Great Books of the Western World, Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952; in the series of the same name, published by the Franklin Library, Franklin Center, Philadelphia, 1985; in volume 15 of the second edition of the Great Books, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1990; and Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995, Great Minds Series – Science, .
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, translated with an introduction and notes by A. M. Duncan, Newton Abbot, David & Charles, ; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976, .
On the Revolutions; translation and commentary by Edward Rosen, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, . (Foundations of Natural History. Originally published in Warsaw, Poland, 1978.)
See also
List of most expensive books and manuscripts
Wittenberg interpretation of Copernicus
Notes
References
Gassendi, Pierre: The Life of Copernicus, biography (1654), with notes by Olivier Thill (2002), ()
Analyses the varieties of argument used by Copernicus.
Heilbron, J.L.: The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1999
Sobel, D, A More Perfect Heaven - How Copernicus Revolutionised the Cosmos, Bloomsbury 2011.
Swerdlow, N.M., O. Neugebauer: Mathematical astronomy in Copernicus' De revolutionibus. New York : Springer, 1984 (Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences ; 10)
Vermij, R.H.: The Calvinist Copernicans: The Reception of the New Astronomy in the Dutch Republic, 1575–1750 . Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002
Westman, R.S., ed.: The Copernican achievement. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1975
Zinner, E.: Entstehung und Ausbreitung der coppernicanischen Lehre. 2. Aufl. durchgesehen und erg. von Heribert M. Nobis und Felix Schmeidler. München : C.H. Beck, 1988
External links
Manuscript of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus, from Jagiellonian Library, Poland.
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, from Harvard University.
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, from Jagiellon University, Poland.
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, from Rare Book Room.
On the Revolutions, from WebExhibits. English translation of part of Book I.
On the Revolutions, Warsaw-Cracow 1978. Full English translation.
River Campus Libraries, Book of the Month December 2005: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
A facsimile of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543) from the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1566) From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
A facsimile of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543) with annotations by Michael Maestlin from Stadtbibliothek Schaffhausen (Schaffhausen City Library)
1543 books
1543 in science
History of astronomy
Astronomy books
16th-century Latin books
Memory of the World Register
Works by Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernican Revolution
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Wikipedia
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Titusville Historic District is a national historic district in Titusville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania.
The district includes 472 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas. It includes a mix of residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings with the majority built after the Drake Well was established in 1859. They are in a variety of popular architectural styles including Greek Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival.
Notable buildings include the William Barnsdell House (c. 1855), First National Bank, R.D. Fletcher's Store, Universalist Church (1865), The Corinthian Hall, Chase and Stewart Block, Kernochan and Company Building (c. 1900), Penn Movie Theater (1939), Pennsylvania Bank & Trust Co., Swedish Congregationalist Church, and the Emerson House. Located in the district and separately listed is the Titusville City Hall.
The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
References
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Greek Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Italianate architecture in Pennsylvania
Queen Anne architecture in Pennsylvania
Colonial Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
Titusville, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
1985 establishments in Pennsylvania
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Wikipedia
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Major-General Sir Percival Spearman Wilkinson (5 July 1865 – 4 November 1953) was a British Army officer who served as colonel of the Northumberland Fusiliers.
Military career
Wilkinson was commissioned into the 5th Regiment of Foot on 10 November 1883. He became Inspector General of the Royal West African Frontier Force in 1909. Promoted to major-general on 8 August 1912, he served as Commander of the 1st Secunderabad Infantry Brigade, part of the 9th (Secunderabad) Division, on internal security duties in India and then served as General Officer Commanding 50th (Northumbrian) Division on the Western Front from August 1915 until February 1918 during the First World War. He returned to command 50th (Northumbrian) Division as a peacetime formation in the UK in July 1919 before he retired on 4 July 1923. In retirement he was Chief Commissioner of St. John Ambulance.
He was colonel of the Northumberland Fusiliers from January 1915 to July 1935.
References
Sources
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1865 births
1953 deaths
British Army major generals
British Army generals of World War I
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers
Royal West African Frontier Force officers
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Military personnel from County Durham
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{'title': 'Percival Spearman Wilkinson', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival%20Spearman%20Wilkinson', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Wikipedia
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