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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Alexander Suvorov - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life\nToggle Early life subsection\n1.1Origins\n1.2Childhood\n2Early career\nToggle Early career subsection\n2.1First military experience\n2.21761\n2.3Freemasonry, Berlin\n3Wars against PolandLithuania\nToggle Wars against PolandLithuania subsection\n3.1Dissolution of the Bar Confederation (17681772)\n3.1.1Outbreak of war and setbacks\n3.1.2Retaliatory strike\n3.2Battles against Polish uprising (1794)\n3.2.1Turning victories\n3.2.2Triumph and tragedy in Praga\n3.2.3Culmination, impact of campaign\n4Wars with the Ottoman Empire\nToggle Wars with the Ottoman Empire subsection\n4.11st war against the Ottomans\n4.1.1Developments\n4.22nd war against the Ottomans\n4.2.1Beginning\n4.2.2The apex of military deeds\n5Cossack Rebellion (1774)\nToggle Cossack Rebellion (1774) subsection\n5.1In the footsteps of Pugachev\n6Kuban and Crimea\nToggle Kuban and Crimea subsection\n6.1Kuban\n6.2Crimea (Little Tartary)\n6.2.1Christian resettlement\n6.2.2Kherson\n6.2.3Tulchin\n7Finland (17911792)\n8Relations with Paul\n9Italian and Swiss expedition of 1799\nToggle Italian and Swiss expedition of 1799 subsection\n9.1Italian campaign\n9.1.1General coverage of events\n9.1.2Two resounding victories: Trebbia and Novi\n9.1.3Detailed assessment of all battles\n9.1.4Campaign environment\n9.2Swiss campaign\n9.2.1Defeat of the allied armies\n9.2.2Early achievements\n9.2.3Salvation and breakthrough\n9.2.4Consequences\n10On the road from Switzerland to Russia\nToggle On the road from Switzerland to Russia subsection\n10.1Suvorov, Nelson, Coburg, and Charles\n10.2St.Petersburg\n11Military record\n12Progeny and titles\nToggle Progeny and titles subsection\n12.1Honours\n12.2Progeny\n13Character\n14Assessment\nToggle Assessment subsection\n14.1Suvorov's art of war\n14.2Suvorov and Napoleon\n15Legacy\nToggle Legacy subsection\n15.1Miscellaneous art\n15.1.1Coins\n15.1.2Banknotes\n15.1.3Stamps\n15.2Ukraine\n16Literary references\n17See also\n18Notes and refs\nToggle Notes and refs subsection\n18.1Notes\n18.2References\n19Attribution\n20Further reading\n21External links\nToggle the table of contents\nAlexander Suvorov\n67 languages\nAsturianuAzrbaycanca ()CataletinaDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisGalegoHornjoserbsceHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaItalianoLatinaLatvieuLietuviLivvinkarjalaMagyarMalagasyNederlandsNorsk bokmlOzbekcha / PiemontisPolskiPortugusRomn ScotsSloveninaSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenska / tataraTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquote\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nRussian military commander (1729/301800)\n\"Suvorov\" redirects here. For other uses, see Suvorov (disambiguation) and Alexander Suvorov (disambiguation).\nIn this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Vasilyevich and the family name is Suvorov.\nGeneralissimo, PrinceAlexander SuvorovRymnikskyAlexander Suvorov by Charles de Steuben (1815)Native name Other name(s)Aleksandr Vasilevich Suvorov[1]Nickname(s)\nGeneral Forward\nSword of Russia\nGod of War\nBorn(1730-11-24)November 24, 1730Moscow, Moscow Governorate, Russian EmpireDiedMay 18, 1800(1800-05-18) (aged69)St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg Governorate, Russian EmpireBuriedAnnunciation Church, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, St.Petersburg 595515N 302317E / 59.92093N 30.38800E / 59.92093; 30.38800AllegianceRussian EmpireHoly Roman Empire Kingdom of SardiniaService/branchImperial Russian Army Imperial Austrian ArmyYearsof service17451800RankGeneralissimus(Russian Empire)Feldmarschall(Holy Roman Empire)Commands held11th Fanagoriysky Grenadier RegimentCoalition Forces in ItalyBattles/warsSee: Military recordAwardsSee: Progeny and titlesAlma materFirst Cadet CorpsSpouse(s)\nVarvara Suvorova[ru]\n (m.1774)ChildrenArkady SuvorovNatalya Zubova[ru]Signature\nCoat of arms of Count Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy\nCount Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy[2][a] (24 November[O.S. 13 November]1729 or 1730 18 May[O.S. 6 May]1800; Russian: -, romanized:Kniaz' Italiyskiy graf Aleksandr Vasil'yevi Suvorov-Rymnikskiy; IPA: [lksandr vsiljvt svorf]), was a Russian general and military theorist in the service of the Russian Empire.\nBorn in Moscow, he studied military history as a young boy and joined the Imperial Russian Army at the age of 17. Promoted to colonel in 1762 for his successes during the Seven Years' War, his victories during the War of the Bar Confederation included the capture of Krakw and victories at Orzechowo, Lanckorona, and Stoowicze. His reputation rose further when, in the Russo-Turkish War of 17681774, he captured Turtukaya twice and won a decisive victory at Kozludzha. After a period of little progress, he was promoted to general and led Russian forces in the Russo-Turkish War of 17871792, participating in the siege of Ochakov, as well as victories at Kinburn and Focani.\nSuvorov won a decisive victory at the Battle of Rymnik, and afterwards defeated the Ottomans in the storming of Izmail. His victories at Focani and Rymnik established him as the most brilliant general in Russia, if not in all of Europe.[3] In 1794, he put down the Polish uprising, defeating them at the battle of Praga and elsewhere. After Catherine the Great died in 1796, her successor Paul I often quarrelled with Suvorov. After a period of ill-favour, Suvorov was recalled to a field marshal position at the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars. He was given command of the Austro-Russian army, and after a series of victories, such as the battle of the Trebbia, he captured Milan and Turin, and nearly erased all of Napoleon's Italian conquests of 179697.[4][5] After an Austro-Russian army was defeated in Switzerland, Suvorov, ordered to reinforce them, was cut off by Andr Massna and later surrounded in the Swiss Alps. His successful extraction of the exhausted, ill-supplied, and heavily-outnumbered Russian army was rewarded by a promotion to Generalissimo. Massna himself would later confess that he would exchange all of his victories for Suvorov's passage of the Alps.[6] Suvorov died in 1800 of illness in Saint Petersburg. He was instrumental in expanding the Russian Empire, as his success ensured Russia's conquering of Kuban, Crimea, and New Russia.[7]\nOne of the foremost generals in all of military history, and considered the greatest military commander in Russian history, Suvorov has been compared to Napoleon in military generalship. Undefeated, he has been described as the best general Republican France ever fought,[8] and noted as \"one of those rare generals who were consistently successful despite suffering from considerable disadvantages.\"[9] Suvorov was also admired by his soldiers throughout his whole military life, and was respected for his honest service and truthfulness.[10]\nEarly life[edit]\nOrigins[edit]\nMain article: House of Suvorov\nAlexander Suvorov was born into a noble family originating from Novgorod at the Moscow mansion in Arbat, given as dowry from his maternal grandfather, Fedosey Manukov[ru]. His father, Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov[ru], was a general-in-chief and a senator in the Governing Senate, and was credited with translating Vauban's works into Russian.[11] His mother, Avdotya Fedoseyevna (ne Manukova), was the daughter of judge Fedosey Manukov, and was an ethnic Russian.[12] According to a family legend his paternal ancestor named Suvor[13] had emigrated from Karelia, at the time ruled by the Swedish Empire, with his family in 1622 and enlisted at the Russian service to serve Tsar Michael Feodorovich (his descendants became Suvorovs).[14][11] Suvorov himself narrated for the record the historical account of his family to his aide, colonel Anthing, telling particularly that his Swedish-born ancestor was of noble descent, having engaged under the Russian banner in the wars against the Tatars and Poles. These exploits were rewarded by Tsars with lands and peasants.[15] This version, however, was questioned recently by prominent Russian linguists, professors Nikolay Baskakov and Alexandra Superanskaya[ru], who pointed out that the word Suvorov more likely comes from the ancient Russian male name Suvor based on the adjective suvory, an equivalent of surovy, which means \"severe\" in Russian. Baskakov also pointed to the fact that the Suvorovs' family coat of arms lacks any Swedish symbols, implying its Russian origins.[16] Among the first of those who pointed to the Russian origin of the name were Empress Catherine II, who noted in a letter to Johann von Zimmerman in 1790: \"It is beyond doubt that the name of the Suvorovs has long been noble, is Russian from time immemorial and resides in Russia\", and Count Semyon Vorontsov in 1811, a person familiar with the Suvorovs.[17] Their views were supported by later historians: it was estimated that by 1699 there were at least 19 Russian landlord families of the same name in Russia, not counting their namesakes of lower status, and they all could not descend from a single foreigner who arrived only in 1622.[17] Moreover, genealogy studies indicated a Russian landowner named Suvor mentioned under the year 1498, whereas documents of the 16th century mention Vasily and Savely Suvorovs, with the last of them being a proven ancestor of General Alexander Suvorov.[17] The Swedish version of Suvorov's genealogy had been debunked in the Genealogical collection of Russian noble families by V. Rummel and V. Golubtsov (1887) tracing Suvorov's ancestors from the 17th-century Tver gentry.[18] In 1756 Alexander Suvorov's first cousin, Sergey Ivanovich Suvorov, in his statement of background (skazka) for his son said that he did not have any proof of nobility; he started his genealogy from his great-grandfather, Grigory Ivanovich Suvorov, who served as a dvorovy boyar scion at Kashin.[18]\nSuvorov speaking with General Gannibal.Spalding\nChildhood[edit]\nAs a boy, Suvorov was a sickly child and his father assumed he would work in civil service as an adult. However, he proved to be an excellent learner, avidly studying mathematics, literature, philosophy, and geography, learning to read French, German, Polish, and Italian, and with his father's vast library devoted himself to intense study of military history, strategy, tactics, and several military authors including Plutarch, Quintus Curtius, Cornelius Nepos, Julius Caesar, and Charles XII. This also helped him develop a good understanding of engineering, siege warfare, artillery, and fortification.[19] His father, however, insisted that he was unfit for military affairs. However, when Alexander was young, General Gannibal asked to speak to the child, and was so impressed with the boy that he persuaded the father to allow him to pursue the career of his choice.[11]\nEarly career[edit]\nMain articles: Seven Years' War, Third Silesian War, and Pomeranian War\nFirst military experience[edit]\nSuvorov entered the military in 1745 and served in the Semyonovsky Lifeguard Regiment for nine years.[20] During this period he continued his studies attending classes at Cadet Corps of Land Forces.[21] He spent most of his time in the barracks: the troops loved him, though everyone considered him eccentric.[22] Besides, he was sent with diplomatic dispatches to Dresden and Vienna; to carry out these assignments on March 16, 1752, he received a diplomatic courier passport, signed by the Chancellor Count Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin.[23] In 175658 Alexander next worked on the College of War; from 1758 he was engaged in forming reserve units, and was commandant of Memel.[24] Suvorov gained his first battle experience fighting against the Prussians during the Seven Years' and the Third Silesian wars (17561763).[b] His first skirmish occurred on 25 July 1759 under Crossen, when Suvorov with a cavalry squadron attacked and routed Prussian dragoons;he was serving in General-Major Mikhail Volkonsky's brigade.[25][26] The following month Suvorov participated in the complete victory over Frederick the Great at the battle of Kunersdorf,[27] after which the so-called Miracle of the House of Brandenburg happened.\nAt the time when Pyotr Semyonovich Saltykov, upon his Kunersdorf victory, remained unmoved and did not even send Cossacks to pursue the fleeing enemy, Suvorov said to William Fermor: \"if I were commander-in-chief, I would go to Berlin right now\". Fortunately for Frederick, he faced not Suvorov.[28]\n1761[edit]\nImperial Russian Army in the Seven Years' War. Knigsberg. Uniform:1. General of the Infantry (Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov);2. Musketeer of an infantry regiment;3. Staff officer of a dragoon regiment (Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov).Kirill S. Vasilyev\nThen, Alexander served under the command of General-Major Maxim Berg[ru]. Suvorov successfully defended his positions at Reichenbach, but contrary to his future rules did not pursue the retreating enemy, if the only surviving account of this action is accurate. At the skirmish of Schweidnitz, in a third assault, Suvorov managed to take the hill occupied by the hussar picket; in this clash 60 Cossacks opposed 100 hussars.[29] For another example, in the combat of Landsberg on 15 September 1761, his Cossack-hussar cavalry unit defeated 3 squadrons of the Prussian hussars.[30] On leaving the Friedberg Forest, he hit General Platen's side units and took many prisoners.[29] He also fought minor battles at Bunzelwitz, Birstein, Weisentine,[c] Kltsch, and seized the small fortified town of Golnau.[31] After repeatedly distinguishing himself in battle Suvorov will become a colonel in 1762, aged around 33.[32] Soon afterwards, following the capture of Golnau, he was given temporary command of the Tver Dragoon Regiment[ru] until the regimental commander recovered. Prussian observation detachments had spread far from Kolberg; Berg moved there in two columns, the left he led himself, and the right, which consisted of three Hussar, two Cossack, and Tver Dragoon regiments, he entrusted to Suvorov. In the village of Naugard[d] the Prussians positioned themselves with 2 battalions of infantry and a weak dragoon regiment. Forming his unit in two lines, Suvorov began the attack. He felled the dragoons, struck one of the battalions, killed many on the spot and took at least a hundred prisoners. At Stargard, Suvorov attacked the rearguard of Platen, during which Suvorov cut into the enemy cavalry and infantry, during which it was reported that \"many were taken and beaten from the enemy\".[33] Suvorov managed to avoid heavy losses.[31] All the battles described took place at the same time as the siege of Kolberg (1761) in Pomerania.\nFreemasonry, Berlin[edit]\nIt is stated that Suvorov visited Prussian Masonic lodge. But it is doubtful that he himself was ever a Freemason.[34][35] Just before his career in 1761, he took part in the raid on Berlin by Zakhar Chernyshev's forces (one year after the Kunersdorf). Suvorov took in a young boy, took care of him during the whole campaign, and on arrival at the quarters sent to the widow, the boy's mother, a letter reading:[36]\n\"Dear mother, your little son is safe with me. If you want to leave him with me, he will not lack anything and I will take care of him as if he were my own son. If you wish to keep him with you, you can take him from here or write me where to send him.\"\nWars against PolandLithuania[edit]\nDissolution of the Bar Confederation (17681772)[edit]\nMain article: Bar Confederation\nOutbreak of war and setbacks[edit]\nSuvorov next served in Poland during the Confederation of Bar. Leading a unit of the army of Ivan Ivanovich Weymarn[ru], he dispersed the Polish forces under Puaski at Orzechowo, captured Krakw (1768), overthrew the Poles of Moszyski near Nawodzice in the spring of 1770, before defeating Moszyski's Polish troops at Opatw in July.[37] The following year Alexander Suvorov won a small combat with Charles Dumouriez's army at Lanckorona, but he failed in the storming of the Lanckorona Castle, being injured here; and then on 20 May 1771, he unsuccessfully stormed the mountain near Tyniec Abbey, which included a strong redoubt enclosed by a palisade, trous de loup,[38] and strengthened with two guns.[39] The Russians under Suvorov and Lieutenant Colonel Shepelev captured the fortification twice, but were beaten back. Fearing to lose a lot of troops and time, Suvorov retreated.[38] It were among the few tactical setbacks in his career, however, these were not field engagements.\nSlightly earlier than at Tyniec, however, Suvorov had won small victories over the Confederates at Rachw and Kranik (27 & 28 February 1771), capturing an entire wagon train in the first of these clashes. By a \"happy coincidence\", Suvorov survived in it. After their failure at the Lanckorona Castle, the Suzdals[ru] restored their reputation in Suvorov's eyes, not only at Kranik but also in Rachw. He wrote to Weymarn:[40]\nThe infantry acted with great subordination, and I made my peace with them.\nSurrender of the Wawel Royal Castle. French officers pass their swords to Alexander V. Suvorov; author I. D. Schubert\nRetaliatory strike[edit]\nFollow-up clashes rectify Suvorov's situation: the battle of Lanckorona one day after an incident at Tyniec, where Dumouriez, the future hero of the French Republic, was severely defeated; the combat of Zamo on 22 May 1771;[41] the battle of Stoowicze; and the siege of the Wawel Castle (Krakw Castle), where the French and the szlachta, under the leadership of Brigadier Marquess Gabriel de Claude, made a sortie from the fortifications, and a force of Tyniec moved towards them the Poles and their French allies were \"defeated by brutal shooting and put to flight\",[42] paving the way for the first partition of Poland between Austria, Prussia and Russia.[43] Suvorov meanwhile reached the rank of major-general.[32]\nSuvorov near Praga; by Daniel Chodowiecki\nSuvorov entering Warsaw in 1794\nBattles against Polish uprising (1794)[edit]\nMain article: Kociuszko Uprising\nTurning victories[edit]\nMore than two years after the signing of the treaty of Iai (Jassy) with the Ottoman Empire, Suvorov was yet again transferred to Poland where he assumed the command of one of the corps and led the victorious battles of Dywin, Kobry, Krupczyce, and the battle of Brest where he vanquished the forces of the Polish commander Karol Sierakowski[pl]; afterwards, Suvorov won the battle at Kobyka. The cavalry attacks at Brest and Kobyka resemble of Suvorov's offence at Lanckorona 22 years earlier, which ended in the defeat of Dumouriez. The battle showed that there was stability in his tactical rules, and he did not act on momentary impulse.[44]\nSuvorov was praised and exalted, anecdotes were told about him, his letters were quoted. It became known that he wrote a letter to Platon Zubov, in which, congratulating Zubov \"with local victories,\" he proceeded: \"I recommend to your favour my brothers and children, squires of the Great Catherine, who is so illustrious thanks to them\". Suvorov sent to his daughter poems, where he described his working life:[45]\nThe heavens have given usTwenty-four hours.I do not indulge my fate,But sacrifice it to my Monarch,And to end [die] suddenly,I sleep and eat when at leisure.Hello, Natasha[ru] and her household.\nTriumph and tragedy in Praga[edit]\nOn November 4, 1794, Suvorov's forces stormed Warsaw, held by Jzef Zajczek's troops, and captured Praga, one of its boroughs (a suburb or the so-called faubourg). The massacre of 12,000[46][e] civilians in Praga broke the spirits of the defenders and soon put an end to the Kociuszko Uprising. During the event, Russian forces looted and burned the entire borough. This carnage was committed by the troops in revenge for the slaughter of the Russian garrison in Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising in April 1794, when up to 4,000 Russian soldiers died.[48] According to some sources[49] the massacre was the deed of Cossacks who were semi-independent and were not directly subordinate to Suvorov. Suvorov supposedly tried to stop the massacre and even went to the extent of ordering the destruction of the bridge to Warsaw over the Vistula River[50] with the purpose of preventing the spread of violence to Warsaw from its suburb. Other historians dispute this,[51] but most sources make no reference to Suvorov either deliberately encouraging or attempting to prevent the massacre.[52][53][54] \"I have shed rivers of blood,\" the troubled Suvorov confessed, \"and this horrifies me\".[19] A total of 11,000 to 13,000 Poles were taken prisoner (approximately 450 officers), including captured with weapons, unarmed and wounded. Of the men taken alive and wounded, more than 6,000 were sent home; up to 4,000 were sent to Kiev, from the regular army, without the scythemen, who were set at liberty with other non-military men.[46]\nMassacre of Praga, uncontrolled by Suvorov. It is considered a personal revenge of the enraged Russian soldiers for Warsaw Uprising events.Aleksander Orowski\nMany writers call the storming of Praga a simple slaughterhouse. As historian Alexander Petrushevsky notes, Suvorov's dispositions of the troops were characterised by remarkable thoroughness; such was that of Praga according to Petrushevsky. \"It is homogeneous with the Izmailian at its core and identical to it in many basic details. Both show a remarkable military calculation, which includes not only figures, but knowledge of the enemy's character, properties and general strength, a correct estimation of their own resources, moral and material, and a choice of means based on these data. But even more than the plan (the storming programme), what is striking is its execution, in which some features of the plan turned out to be additional steps to the Russian victory. Only troops who are perfectly trained and between whom and their leader there is complete harmony can act in this way\".[46]\nCulmination, impact of campaign[edit]\nDespite early successes on a battlefield, the organizer of the uprising, Tadeusz Kociuszko, was captured by the Don Cossack general Fyodor P. Denisov[ru] at the battle of Maciejowice, where Kociuszko was defeated at the hand of Baron Fersen's larger forces. Suvorov's and other Russians' victories led to the third partition of Poland. He sent a report to his sovereign consisting of only three words:[55]\n\"Hurrah, Warsaw's ours!\" (, !).\nCatherine replied in two words:[55]\n\"Hurrah, Field-Marshal!\" (rus. , ! that is, awarding him this rank).\nThe newly appointed field marshal remained in Poland until 1795, when he returned to Saint Petersburg. But his sovereign and friend Catherine died in 1796, and her son and successor Paul I dismissed the veteran in disgrace.[32]\nWars with the Ottoman Empire[edit]\n1st war against the Ottomans[edit]\nMain article: Russo-Turkish War of 17681774\nDevelopments[edit]\nBattle of Kozludzha (now Suvorovo in memory of Suvorov's victory).Johann Friedrich Anthing\nThe Russo-Turkish War of 17681774 saw his first successful campaigns against the Turks in 17731774, and particularly in the battle of Kozluda (1774); Suvorov laid the foundations of his reputation there.[32] During the same conflict, the Imperial Russian Navy triumphed over the Ottoman Navy at the battle of Cheshme, and Peter (Pyotr) Rumyantsev, likewise one of the most capable Russian commanders of the era as per statistician Gaston Bodart and historian K. Osipov[ru], routed the Ottomans at the battle of Kagul. Petrushevsky states the following: \"The battles of Larga, Chesma, and Kagul were balm for the Russian heart of Suvorov, but at the same time a vexation stirred up in him from the fact that he had not participated there. While in Poland, Suvorov's displeasure, inflated by his self-love and unsatisfied thirst for activity, was fed by news from the Turkish theatre of war. There was (or he thought there was) what he wanted, that \"comfort\" about which he wrote to Yakov Bulgakov in January 1771. Especially strong was to ignite in Suvorov is the desire to go to the main army after its glorious deeds of 1770\". It was then that he had already started pushing for a transfer from Poland to Turkey.[56]\nHis later earned victories against the Ottomans bolstered the morale of his soldiers who were usually outnumbered, such as the stormings of Turtukaya on 21 May28 June 1773 and the repelling of the assault on Hirsovo fortress with a subsequent counterattack on 14 September that year.[57] In Suvorov's first reconnaissance to Turtukaya the troops pulled up to the tract of Oltenia, not far from the Danube, waiting for dawn. Suvorov stayed at the outposts, wrapped himself in a cloak and went to bed not far from the Danube shore. It was not yet daybreak when he heard loud shouts: \"alla, alla\"; jumping to his feet, he saw several Turkish horsemen, who with raised sabres were rushing towards him. He had barely time to jump on his horse and gallop away. Carabiniers were immediately sent to assist the attacked Cossacks, and those first-mentioned attacked the Turks in the flank, while they, having struck down the Cossacks, carried on to the heights. The Turks were repulsed, throwing themselves to the ships and hurriedly departed from the shore; there were only 900 of them, of whom 85 were killed, more were sunk; several men were taken prisoners, including the chief of the detachment. According to the testimony of the prisoners Suvorov managed to find out how many men were in the Turtukaya stronghold,[58] and following its capture, even before sunrise, Suvorov wrote in pencil on a small piece of paper and sent to Lieutenant-General Count Ivan Saltykov, in whose division he served, the following short report: \"Your Excellency, we have won; thank God, thank you\". Suvorov also sent another report to the Commander-in-Chief Rumyantsev, consisting of couplets:[59][60]\nGlory to God, glory to you,Turtukaya is taken and I am there too.\nThe war ended with the treaty of Kk Kaynarca.\nSuvorov's astuteness in war was uncanny and he also proved a self-willed subordinate who acted upon his own initiative. Rumyantsev's putting Suvorov on trial for his arbitrary reconnaissance of Turtukaya belongs to the realm of pure fiction. Rumyantsev was not dissatisfied with Suvorov, but with Ivan Saltykov.[61] There was inactivity in Wallachia after Suvorov's initial capture of Turtukaya; Saltykov did not take advantage of the successful Turtukaya engagement despite the insistence of Rumyantsev; and Ottoman communications on the Danube became unimpeded. Lieutenant-General Mikhail Kamensky, with whose help Suvorov defeated the Turks at Kozludzha, not liking Suvorov, at the same time teased Ivan Saltykov with the mention of Alexander Vasilyevich. In one \"decent, but rather unpleasant\" letter to Saltykov, he amuses himself about the second Turtukaya victory of Suvorov and the inaction of Saltykov himself.[62] Plus, a little earlier several reconnaissances had been made from Saltykov's division and one of them very unsuccessful. Colonel Prince Repnin was taken prisoner with 3 staff officers, more than 200 Russians were killed and missing, 2 ships, and 2 cannons were recaptured.[61]\n2nd war against the Ottomans[edit]\nMain article: Russo-Turkish War of 17871792\nBeginning[edit]\nA wounded Suvorov saved by Grenadier Novikov at the Battle of Kinburn.From Generalissimo Prince Suvorov, composed by Alexander F. PetrushevskyM. M. Stasyulevich Press\nStruggle around the Kinburn Spit.Christian von Mechel\nFrom 1787 to 1791, under the overall command of Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, he again fought the Turks during the Russo-Turkish War of 17871792 and won many victories; he was wounded twice at the hard-won Kinburn engagement (1787) and saved only thanks to the intervention of the grenadier Stepan Novikov. Novikov heard the call of his chief, threw himself at the Turks; he stabbed one, shot another and turned to the third, but that one fled, and with him the rest. The retreating Russian grenadiers noticed Suvorov and shouted: \"Brothers, the general stayed in front\", rushed again upon the Ottomans. The fight resumed, and the bewildered Turkish soldiers began again to rapidly lose one trench after another.[63] Suvorov suffered greatly from grievous wounds and huge loss of blood; although he kept on his feet, he often fainted, and this went on for a month.[64]\nSuvorov was also soon involved in the costly siege of Ochakov (zi). Energetic and courageous as usual, Alexander Suvorov proposed to take the fortress by storm, but Potemkin was cautious. \"That's not how we beat the Poles and the Turks,\" Suvorov said in a close group of people; \"one look will not take the fortress. If you had listened to me, Ochakov would have been in our hands long ago\".[65] The siege that took place was supported by a blockade of the Black Sea flotilla of Charles Henri de Nassau-Siegen under John Paul Jones, a renowned fighter for American independence. After a fierce naval combat, the Russian rowing vessels surrounded the flagship and took it; only Kapudan- Derya Hasan Pasha managed to escape.[66] However, when great damage was done to the Ottoman fortress plus fleet, \"as if inviting\" the besiegers to storm, Potemkin still continued the siege, which Rumyantsev wryly called the siege of Troy, and Suvorov described in couplet that he was: Sitting on a stone so cold,Watching Ochakov as of old.[f] The mortality rate was extreme, from one cold 3040 people a day: the soldiers were stiff in their dugouts, suffering terrible want of essentials, and so were the horses. During Potemkin's visit to the camp, the soldiers took the courage to personally ask him to storm, but this did not work. At last there was a deafening murmur among the whole army. Only having reached such a hopeless situation Potemkin decided to storm, setting it for 17 December,[68][69] in which Suvorov did not participate due to a bullet wound that penetrated his neck and stopped at the back of his head. This happened during a successful Ottoman sortie from the fortress.[g][70]\nA.V. Suvorov by Joseph Kreutzinger\nThe apex of military deeds[edit]\nIn 1789, after the joint Russian and Habsburg victorious battle of Focani, he and the talented Austro-Bavarian general Josias of Coburg fought most decisive victories in their career. First at the battle of Rymnik, where, despite the vast inferiority in numbers (a RussianAustrian force of 25,000 against 100,000 Turks), Suvorov persuaded the Austrian commander to attack;[71] with the bold flanking maneuver of Suvorov and the resilience of the Austrians, together they routed the Ottoman army within a few hours, losing only 500 men in the process. Suvorov earned the nickname \"General Forward\" in the ranks of the Austrian corps for the latter victory; the word combination came to his attention and gave him sincere pleasure, as he later recalled this martial assessment of his person, smugly grinning.[72] Suvorov's 11th Fanagoriysky Grenadier Regiment was formed from soldiers who took part at Rymnik. Catherine the Great, in turn, made Suvorov a count with the name Rymniksky (or Rimniksky[73]) as a victory title in addition to his own name, and the Emperor Joseph II made him a count of the Holy Roman Empire.[32]\nThe second one came at the storming of Izmail in Bessarabia on 22 December 1790. On 20 December Suvorov convened a military council. Petrushevsky writes as follows: \"Suvorov had nothing to consult about, but by doing so, he acted on the basis of the law and used this means to communicate his decision to others, to make his view their view, his conviction their conviction.\" Petrushevsky further observes: \"This is very difficult for ordinary commanders who do not tower over their subordinates in anything other than their position; but easy for such as Suvorov. There is no need for ranting, or intricately woven evidence; it is the winning authority that persuades, the unbending will that fascinates\". Suvorov spoke a little in council and nevertheless brought everyone into raptures, he enthralled the very people who a few days ago considered the same assault unrealisable. The youngest of those present, Brigadier Platov, said the word assault, and the decision to assault was taken by all 13 persons without exception. The council determined:[74]\n\"approaching Izmail, according to the disposition to storm it without delay, in order to give the enemy no time for further strengthening, and therefore there is no need for reference to his lordship the commander-in-chief [Grigory Potemkin]. Serasker's request is to be refused. The siege must not be turned into a blockade. Retreat is reprehensible to Her Imperial Majesty's victorious troops. By virtue of chapter fourteen of the military regulations[ru].\"\nTurkish forces inside the fortress had the orders to stand their ground to the end and haughtily declined the Russian ultimatum. Despite the fact that Mehmed Pasha was a resolute and firm commander, and inflicted serious losses on the Russians, his army was destroyed. Their defeat was seen as a major catastrophe in the Ottoman Empire, and in Russian military history there has never been a similar instantaneous storming of a fortress in terms of numbers and casualties as that of Izmail, much less without a proper siege. An unofficial Russian national anthem in the late 18th and early 19th centuries \"Grom pobedy, razdavaysya!\" (\"Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!\"; by Gavrila Derzhavin and Jzef Kozowski) immortalized Suvorov's victory and 24 December is today commemorated as a Day of Military Honour in Russia. In this war Fyodor Ushakov also won many famous naval victories, as in the battle of Tendra, which deprived the Ottomans of Izmail's support from the Danube. Suvorov announced the capture of Ismail in 1791 to the Empress Catherine in a doggerel couplet.[75]\nThe war ended with the treaty of Jassy.\nThe capture of Izmail by Russian troops under the command of General-in-Chief A. V. Suvorov on 11 December 1791, Mikhail Ivanov\nCossack Rebellion (1774)[edit]\nFrom 1774 to 1797, Suvorov stayed and served in Russia itself, that is, in Transvolga or \"Zavolzhye\", in Astrakhan, Kremenchug, the Russian capital Saint Petersburg; in Crimea, or, more accurately, Little Tartary (Kuban which is in the North Caucasus, and Kherson); in the recently former Poland (Tulchin, Kobrin); and in the Vyborg Governorate, on the border with Swedish Finland.\nIn the footsteps of Pugachev[edit]\nMain article: Pugachev's Rebellion\nIn 1774, Suvorov was dispatched to suppress Pugachev's Rebellion, whose leader Yemelyan Pugachev claimed to be the assassinated Tsar Peter III. Count Pyotr Panin, appointed for operations against Pugachev, asked to appoint a general to assist him, who could replace him in case of illness or death. On the very day of the news' arrival of Pugachev's passage to the right bank of the Volga, Rumyantsev sent orders to send Suvorov to Moscow as soon as possible. Suvorov, who was in Moldavia, immediately rushed out at full speed, met in Moscow with his wife and father. On the order left by Panin, in one caftan and without luggage, raced to the village of Ukholovo, between Shatsk and Pereyaslavl Ryazansky. He arrived in Ukholovo on September 3 (NS), just at the time when Panin received notice of Alexander Vasilyevich's appointment. Panin gave him broad powers and ordered the military and civil authorities to execute all Suvorov's orders.[76]\nColonel Ivan Yakovlevich Simonov, commandant of Yaitsk, transfers Y. I. Pugachev to A. V. Suvorov on September 16, 1774. By Christian Gottlieb Geyser.\nAfter receiving instructions, Suvorov the same day set out on the road, in the direction of Arzamas and Penza to Saratov, with a small escort of 50 men. Panin reported to the Empress on the rapid performance of his new subordinate, which \"promised in the circumstances of the time a lot of good ahead and therefore worthy of attention\". Thanking him for such zeal and speed, the Empress granted him 2,000 chervonets to equip the crew. Reaching Saratov, Suvorov learned that tireless Ivan Mikhelson, who \"like a shadow\" followed everywhere after Pugachev and repeatedly defeated him, again defeated him badly. Strengthening his detachment here, Suvorov hurried to Tsaritsyn, but a lot of horses went to Pugachev, there was a lack of them, and Suvorov was forced to continue the journey by water. Defeated by Mikhelson, Pugachev slipped away; having somehow crossed the Volga with a small number of his loyalists, he disappeared into the vast steppe. Hasty arrival of Suvorov in Tsaritsyn drew the attention of the Empress, who announced her pleasure to Count Panin. But Suvorov was still essentially late. However, Suvorov did not stop it, he assigned to his detachment 2 squadrons, 2 Cossack sotnias, using horses captured by Mikhelson put on horseback 300 infantrymen, seized 2 light guns, and after spending less than a day on it all, crossed the Volga. Apparently, for reconnaissance on the rebels, he first moved upriver, came to a large village, which kept the Pugachev side, took 50 oxen, and then seeing that around the quiet, turned to the steppe. This vast steppe, which stretched for several hundred km., desolate, woodless, homeless, was a \"dead desert, where even without the enemy's weapons was threatened with death\". Suvorov had very little bread; he ordered to kill, salt and bake on fire some of the taken cattle and use the slices of meat for people instead of bread, as he did in the last campaign of the Seven Years' War. Thus secured for some time, Suvorov's detachment went deeper into the steppe. \"They followed the sun by day and the stars by night; there were no roads, they followed the traces and moved as fast as they could, not paying attention to any atmospheric changes, because there was no place to hide from them\". In different places Suvorov was overtaken and joined by several detachments, who went before him from Tsaritsyn; September 23 (NS), he came to the Maly Uzen River, divided his squad into four parts and went to the Bolshoy Uzen in different directions. Soon they stumbled on Pugachev's trail; they found out that Pugachev was here in the morning, that his men, seeing an unstoppable pursuit, lost faith in the success of their cause, revolted, tied Pugachev and took him to Yaitsk, to extradite the leader to save themselves. And indeed Pugachev was arrested, as it turned out later, at this time, some 53km (33mi) from Suvorov.[77] Suvorov arrived at the scene only in time to conduct the first interrogation of the rebel leader, but Suvorov missed the chance to defeat him in battle, who had been betrayed by his fellow Cossacks and was eventually beheaded in Moscow.[32]\nKuban and Crimea[edit]\nKuban[edit]\nMain article: Kuban Nogai Uprising\nSuppression of the Nogai rebellion.Johann F. Anthing\nAs a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 17681774, the Crimean Khanate became independent of the Ottomans, but in fact became a Russian protectorate (1774 to 1783). The Russian-imposed ahin Giray proved unpopular. The Kuban Nogais remained hostile to the Russian government.[78] From the end of January 1777, Suvorov set about building new fortifications at Kuban, despite the severe cold and predator raids, suggesting that the entire cordon should be shortened, and that it should be connected to the Azov-Mozdok fortified line[ru]. There were only about 12,000 men under Suvorov's command. He explored the region, more than 30 fortifications were built, and the order of service at the cordon was changed. Attacks from across the Kuban ceased; Tatars, guarded against the unrest of Turkish Zakuban[ru] emissaries and from the raids of predators, were pacified, and began to make sure that the Russians really had good intentions towards them. But the peace was short-lived, however. \"Intelligent Rumyantsev could not fail to appreciate the fruitful activities of Suvorov in Kuban\" and spoke of him with pleasure and praise.[79]\nBy 1781, the situation in the Crimean Khanate, especially in the North-West Caucasus, had \"heated up to the limit\". Dissatisfaction with the Khan and the withdrawal of Russian troops led to an uprising of the Kuban Nogais at the beginning of the year. By July 1782, the uprising had spread to Crimea. In SeptemberOctober 1782, Suvorov was engaged in \"restoring order\" on the territory of N.-W. Caucasus. The first insurrection was suppressed by the force of returning Russian troops directly by Alexander Suvorov and Anton de Balmen at the end of 1782 (Balmen put down a rebellion on the Crimean Peninsula territory). In 1783, Suvorov with complete surprise for the rebels crossed the Kuban River and in the battle of the Laba on 1 October (near Kermenchik tract) decisively quelled the second Nogai uprising, which, in turn, was triggered by Catherine's manifesto, declaring Crimea, Taman, and Kuban as Russian possessions.[78] At the Laba, Nogai losses amounted to 4,000.[80]\nSuvorov, Alexander Vasilyevich (Aleksandr Vasilyevitch); 1786; by Dmitry Levitsky\nCrimea (Little Tartary)[edit]\nChristian resettlement[edit]\nMain article: Emigration of Christians from the Crimea (1778)\nOn behalf of Empress Catherine II, Suvorov participated in an incident the forced resettlement of Christians from Crimea.[19] The possession of Crimea did not seem secure for Russia at that time. Russia had to extract all it could from Crimea, and this was achieved by resettling Christians, mainly of Greek and Armenian nationalities, from Crimea: they had industry, horticulture and agriculture, which constituted a significant part of the Crimean Khan's income. The fact that the Crimean Christians were burdened \"to the last degree\" by the Khan's extortions and, therefore, the tax exemption granted to them in the new place should have inclined them in favor of the measure conceived by the Russian government, was in favor of the feasibility of resettlement. Thus the matter was resolved and Suvorov was entrusted with its execution.[81] In the second half of September 1778 the resettlement ended. More than 31,000 souls were evicted; the Greeks were mostly settled between the rivers Berda[uk] and Kalmius, along the river Solyonaya[uk] and all the way to Azov; the Armenians near Rostov and generally on the Don. Rumyantsev reported to the Empress that \"the withdrawal of the Christians can be regarded as a conquest of a noble province\". 130,000 rubles were spent for transportation and food. Petrushevsky suggests that food itself cost very cheap, because Suvorov bought from the same Christians 50,000 quarters of bread, which, coming locally to the shops, cost half as much as delivered from Russia, what resulted in savings of 100,000 rubles. \"Suvorov's orders were distinguished by remarkable and calculated prudence, he had put his heart into this business\". More than half a year later, when the case was almost submitted to the archives, Suvorov still felt as if he had a moral obligation towards the settlers and wrote to Potemkin:[82]\n\"The Crimean settlers suffer many shortcomings in their present state; look upon them with a merciful eye, who have sacrificed so much to the throne; relish their bitter remembrance.\"\nAfter Suvorov organized the resettlement of Armenian migrants displaced from Crimea, Catherine gave them permission to establish a new city, named Nor Nakhichevan by the Armenians. In addition, Alexander Suvorov would later found the city of Tiraspol (1792), now the capital of Transnistria.\nIn 1778 Alexander as well prevented a Turkish landing on the Crimean Peninsula, thwarting another Russo-Turkish war.[19] In 1780 he became a lieutenant-general and in 1783 General of the Infantry, upon completion of his tour of duty in the Caucasus and Crimea.[32]\nKherson[edit]\nGoing to Kherson (1792), Suvorov received quite a detailed instruction. He was entrusted with command over the troops in the Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Taurida Oblast and the territory newly annexed from Ottoman Turkey, with the responsibility to manage the fortification works there. Black Sea Fleet was under the command of Vice-Admiral Nikolay Mordvinov, and a rowing fleet under the command of General-Major Osip Deribas, who was dependent on Suvorov only for troops in the fleet. Suvorov was ordered to inspect the troops to ascertain their condition and replenish what was missing, to survey the coast and borders, and submit his opinion on bringing them to safety from accidental attack; he was also allowed to change the disposition of the troops without giving any reason for neighbors to think that the Russians were anxious; finally, he was ordered to collect and submit notifications from abroad.[83]\nRussian commander Alexander V. Suvorov. Lithography, 1818. By Nikolai Utkin (the engraving after the pastel portrait of Alexander Suvorov by J.H. Schmidt, 1800)\nEngineering occupied the most prominent place in Suvorov's activities in the south, as well as in Finland. The plans signed by him were preserved: the project of the Phanagoria fortress, three projects of fortifications of the Kinburn Spit and the DnieperBug estuary, the plan of the Kinburn Fortress[ru], the main logistics center of Tiraspol, the fort of Hacdere (Ovidiopol) on the DnieperBug estuary, Khadjibey (Odessa) and Sevastopol (Akhtiar) fortifications. Some of these were built during his time there and have progressed considerably, others had only just begun; there were also fortifications remained in the project due to short time and lack of money. At Sevastopol four forts were started, including 2 casemated; in Khadjibey was placed a military harbor with a merchant pier, according to Franois Sainte de Wollant's plans, under the direct supervision of Deribas and supreme surveillance of Suvorov.[84]\nTulchin[edit]\nIn Tulchin he contributed to the training of troops (1796). On arriving in Tulchin, Suvorov first of all paid attention to the welfare of the soldiers. There were \"huge numbers\" dying, as in epidemic times, especially at work in the port of Odessa, where the annual percentage of deaths reached up to 1/4 of the entire staff of the troops, and one separate team died out almost entirely. The reason: \"many generals were suppliers to the troops\"; the builder of Odessa Deribas capitalised \"terribly\" on this. Against all the \"evils\" detected, Suvorov took immediate measures, akin to those of the previous ones, and watched their execution vigilantly. Barely two months have passed before the death rate in Odessa fell fourfold, and in some other places the percentage of deaths was closer to normal, and in August it was below normal.[85]\nFinland (17911792)[edit]\nA feast was held in Russia to commemorate glorious military exploits, especially the storming of Izmail. A few days before the feast, May 6 (NS), 1791, Suvorov received from Potemkin command of the Empress to go around Finland to the Swedish border, to design a border fortifications. Suvorov went willingly, \"just to get rid of his inactivity\"; the region was familiar to him, as 17 years ago he had already traveled around the Swedish border, and although the present task seemed more difficult, but with his usual energy and diligence, Suvorov completed it in less than 4 weeks.[86] The Empress treated with full approval of Suvorov's construction works.[87]\nSuvorov founded the fortress of Kymmenegrd\nDuring the harsh Finnish spring, he traveled in sledges in the wild backwoods of the RussianSwedish border, enduring hardships that \"a military man of high position does not know even in wartime\". Repeated the same old thing: Suvorov had already traveled in winter inclement weather, riding on a Cossack horse, without luggage, to Izmail.[86]\nSuvorov, besides building and repairing fortresses, had troops and a flotilla on his hands. The greater part of the rowing flotilla was in the skerries, the smaller on Lake Saimaa. At first the flotilla was commanded by Prince Nassau-Siegen, but in the summer of 1791, he absented himself from Catherine on the Rhine to offer his services to the French princes for the war against the Republicans. The flotilla was numbering upwards of 125 vessels of various names and sizes, with 850 guns; it was under the command of Counter-Admiral Marquess de Traversay and General-Major Hermann, subordinates to Suvorov. He was responsible for manning ships, for training people, for conducting naval exercises and maneuvers. Suvorov was never a nominal chief; he endeavoured to familiarise himself, as much as possible, with marine speciality. Some practical information he had acquired earlier, in the DnieperBug estuary, where a flotilla was also under his command, and continued in Finland to look into naval affairs. On his first trip here he took private lessons, about which he wrote to Military Secretary Turchaninov[ru]; later, according to some reports, he jokingly asked to test himself in naval knowledge and passed the exam \"quite satisfactorily\".[88]\nSuvorov lived in different places in Finland, depending on the need: in Vyborg, Kymmenegrd[fi], Ruotsinsalmi. In Kymmenegrd he left a memory of his concern for the Orthodox Church: he sent a church choir director from St.Petersburg to train local choristers, bought different church things for several hundred rubles. Here he formed a circle of acquaintances, free from service time spent fun; Suvorov often danced, and in a letter to Dmitry Khvostov bragged that once he \"contradanced for three hours straight\".[89]\nRelations with Paul[edit]\nAlexander Suvorov in disgrace\nSuvorov remained a close confidant of Catherine, but he had a negative relationship with her son and heir apparent Paul. He even his own regiment of Russian soldiers whom he dressed up in Prussian-style uniforms and paraded around. Suvorov was strongly opposed to these uniforms and had fought hard for Catherine to get rid of similar uniforms that were used by Russians up until 1784.[32]\nAn exiled Suvorov receiving orders to lead the Russian Army against Napoleon. By P. Isaakovich Geller[ru]\nWhen Catherine died of a stroke in 1796, Paul I was crowned Emperor and brought back these outdated uniforms.[19] It is considered that in the same year the Golden Age[ru] of Russian nobility and of the Russian Empire came to an end, along with Catherine the Great.[90] Suvorov was not happy with Paul's reforms and disregarded his orders to train new soldiers in this Prussian manner, which he considered cruel and useless.[19] Paul was infuriated and dismissed Suvorov, exiling him to his estate Konchanskoye[ru] near Borovichi and kept under surveillance. His correspondence with his wife, who had remained at Moscow for his marriage relations had not been happy, was also tampered with. It is recorded that on Sundays he tolled the bell for church and sang among the rustics in the village choir. On week days he worked among them in a smock-frock.[32]\nSuvorov's departure from the village of Konchanskoye for the 1799 campaign. Oil painting by Nikolay Shabunin[ru].Suvorov Memorial Museum\nItalian and Swiss expedition of 1799[edit]\nMain articles: French Revolutionary Wars and War of the Second Coalition\nItalian campaign[edit]\nMain article: Italian and Swiss expedition\nGeneral coverage of events[edit]\nSuvorov in Milan, April 1799; by Adolf Charlemagne\nIn February 1799, Paul I, worried about the victories of France in Europe during the French Revolutionary Wars and at the insistence of the coalition leaders, was forced to reinstate Suvorov as field marshal.[32] Alexander Suvorov was given command of the Austro-Russian army and sent to drive France's forces out of Italy. For subordination of the Austrian soldiers to a general of foreign service, it was deemed necessary to place him a step above the most senior Austrian generals of the army of Italy, also granting the field-marshal of the HRE.[91]\nSuvorov and Napoleon never met in battle because Napoleon was campaigning in Egypt and Syria at the time. However, in 1799, Suvorov erased practically all of the gains Napoleon had made for France in northern Italy during 1796 and 1797, defeating some of the republic's top generals: Moreau and Schrer at the Adda River (Lecco, Vaprio d'Adda, Cassano d'Adda, Verderio Superiore), again Moreau at San Giuliano (Spinetta Marengo[h]), MacDonald near the rivers of Tidone, Trebbia, Nure at the Trebbia battle, and Joubert along with Moreau at Novi;[19] but the Russians lost the battle of Bassignana. All the major battles (Adda, Trebbia, Novi) are of the most decisive nature.[92] Besides, the following Italian fortresses fell before Suvorov: Brescia (21 April); Peschiera del Garda, Tortona, Pizzighettone (April); Alessandria, Mantua (July). Suvorov captured Milan and Turin, as well as citadels of these cities, and became a hero to those who opposed the French Revolution. Allied forces also took the towns of Parma and Modena, the capitals of the Duchies of ParmaPiacenza and ModenaReggio respectively. The British drawn many caricatures dedicated to Suvorov's expedition.[i]\nThe French client states Cisalpine Republic and Piedmontese Republic collapsed in the face of Suvorov's onset. Admiral Ushakov, sent to the Mediterranean for support to Suvorov, in 1799 completed the five-month siege of Corfu (17981799) and put an end to the French occupation of the Ionian Islands in Greece. On receiving news of the capture of Corfu, Suvorov exclaimed:[93]\nOur Great Peter is alive! What he, after defeating the Swedish fleet near land in 1714, said, namely that nature has produced only one Russia: she has no rival, we see it now. Hooray! To the Russian fleet!.. I now say to myself: why wasn't I at least a midshipman at Corfu?\nTwo resounding victories: Trebbia and Novi[edit]\nSuvorov victorious at the Battle of the Trebbia. Painting by Alexander Kotzebue.Hermitage Museum\nThe heaviest battle in the career of Suvorov: at Novi, 15 August 1799. Painting by Alexander Kotzebue.Hermitage Museum\nThe sister republic in the south, the Parthenopean, also fell before the British Royal Navy, Ushakov's naval squadron, and the local rebels, since Jacques MacDonald at the head of the Army of Naples was forced to abandon southern Italy to meet Suvorov at the Trebbia, leaving only weak garrisons in the Neapolitan lands. MacDonald attacked Ott's small force, whereupon Suvorov quickly concentrated most of his army against MacDonald and threw his men into the fray immediately after a hard march. This confrontation near the Trebbia proved to be the toughest French defeat of Suvorov's Italian campaign: by the end of the retreat, MacDonald had barely 10,000 to 12,000[j] men left out of an army of 35,000.[95] The battle of Novi, on the other hand, is the most difficult victory in Suvorov's career, largely because the French had strong defensive positions and the Allies could not fully deploy their superior cavalry as a consequence;[96] however, the Russo-Austrian victory turned into a complete rout for the French army. Its troops lost 16,000 of their comrades-in-arms (in total) and were driven from Italy, save for a handful in the Maritime Alps and around Genoa.[97] But the Hofkriegsrat did not choose to take advantage, and sent Suvorov with his Austrian and Russian forces to Switzerland. Suvorov himself gained the title of \"Prince of the House of Savoy\" and the rank of grand marshal of the Piedmont troops from the King of Sardinia,[98] and after the Trebbian battle the title of \"Prince of Italy\" (or Knyaz Italiysky).[99]\nDetailed assessment of all battles[edit]\nLike Gustavus Adolphus, Turenne, Frederick II the Great, Alexander the Great, Hannibal, and Caesar, in military affairs Alexander Vasilyevich was not vulnerable at any point, rushing with speed to the most important places, and carefully observed the principle of force concentration all his life:[100] at San Giuliano Vecchio (1st Marengo), for example, his troops gathered more than double superiority,[101] and at Novi not so considerable, but at least reaching about 38 per cent, which was still offset by the French army's favourable position.[102] The combat of Lecco, fought as a diversionary maneuver, brought virtually no advantage to either side, but at the beginning, before the reinforcements, the Russian troops were far inferior in numbers. At the combat of Vaprio (part of Cassano), passing through a river obstacle, the Coalition eventually managed to concentrate four thousand more troops in practice than the French did, largely also at the expense of the Cossacks; although in the middle of the battle the French had a twofold preponderance in numbers. In the end there were about 11,000 Austrians and Cossacks versus 7,000 French; but French troops began to give up their footholds before the remaining Austrian battalions arrived. Notwithstanding all, the outcome of the combat at Vaprio d'Adda could have been the only outcome: the timely arrival of 3,000 from Srurier's division, 6,000 from Victor's division (2,000 he could have left at Cassano d'Adda on the way), would be 16,000 French, led by Moreau, against 11,000 of the enemy.[103] At Cassano d'Adda, Suvorov allocated about 13,000 Austrians against approximately 3,000 French from the divisions of Paul Grenier and Claude-Victor (along with reinforcements), who had taken up strong defences behind the stream; but it was the combat of Vaprio that was decisive and pivotal. At Verderio the Srurier detachment, cut off during the combat at Vaprio d'Adda, was surrounded and pinned down by the river. Thus, with roughly equal strength overall, having a minimum of 65,000 men at his disposal against the 58,000 available for active operations in the field[104] as part of the French Army of Italy, Suvorov was able to use every advantage he had in the theater to win a complete victory at the battle of Cassano.[105] The blame lies with Barthlemy Schrer: he scattered an even cordon along the whole river; on the more important stretch from Lecco to Cassano d'Adda, 42km (26mi), there were no more than 12,000; meanwhile Suvorov had 42,000 on the same stretch.[106]\nThe portrait of Suvorov in Austrian uniform, by Johann Heinrich Schmidt\nNear the Trebbia, in contrast to the above, MacDonald had one and a half superiority; this circumstance is explained by the fact that Kray, despite the order of Suvorov, did not send him reinforcements, based on the direct command of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II not to separate any forces before the surrender of Mantua. It was too late for the commander-in-chief to find out.[107] At the battle of the Trebbia on the first day at the Tidone River, the French had 19,000 men against his 1415,000,[108] and were thrown back. By the Trebbia River itself on the second day the forces were equal, and on the third day Suvorov, with some 22,000 men, beat MacDonald's force of 33,00035,000. Suvorov then rushed into a fighting pursuit, and at the Nure River, similar to Verderio, an entire Auvergne Regiment was captured after a short battle.[109]\nDespite the restraining influence of the Hofkriegsrat, Suvorov always held the initiative in his hands when dealing with the enemy. If the French sometimes tried to catch him (e.g., the movements of Moreau and MacDonald to join at Tortona), the Allies concentrated and dealt brutal blows like at the Trebbia. As for Novi, Joubert, advancing from Genoa to Tortona and expecting to catch the Allied Field Army scattered, unexpectedly met Suvorov and his \"strike fist\" behind Novi Ligure.[110] But perseverance in the battle of Novi came to the point that when the Russian attacks were unsuccessful, Suvorov got off his horse and, rolling on the ground, shouted: \"dig a grave for me, I will not survive this day\", and then resumed his attacks. Moreau spoke of Suvorov in this way:[111]\n\"What can you say of a general so resolute to a superhuman degree, and who would perish himself and let his army perish to the last man rather than retreat a single pace.\"\nCampaign environment[edit]\nAs a disadvantage to his decisiveness, Field Marshal Suvorov, famous for the storming of Izmail, did not want to storm the citadels of Italian cities, and preferred to resort, in accordance with the situation, to blockade and siege.[112] Nevertheless, during the Italian campaign of 1799 Suvorov's talent expressed itself fully and comprehensively. Nikolay Orlov describes: \"When assessing Suvorov's actions, one must always keep in mind the unfavourable situation for the commander, the environment in which he was:meaning mainly the inconvenience of commanding the Allied troops, originating from the difference in political aspirations of the Allied governments, and the binding influence of the Hofkriegsrat\".[113]\nThe Polish forces had a no small quantity of militias, and the Turks and Tartars were largely \"unstable hordes\". True, \"all these opponents were characterised by fanatical bravery, it was not easy for Suvorov to overcome them; the wars brought Suvorov practice, from which he took out extensive experience, his talent gradually developed and strengthened in this fight, the commander learned the essence, the spirit of war\".[114] In 1799, Suvorov's enemies were troops purely regular, crowned with the glory of victories over the German armies (considered themselves the best in Europe), and were led by some of the best generals of the time,[113] including Jean Victor Moreau, \"a man in the prime of life\" (35), who was generally respected in the army, distinguished by his theoretical knowledge of the art of war and combat experience, affability and high intelligence. \"He was not a high-minded genius, but the presence of mind and unwavering equanimity gave him the ability to come out with honour from the most critical circumstances. At any rate, after Bonaparte, he was the best French general of the time\" (the talented Lazare Hoche was no longer alive),[115] winning the famous victory at Hohenlinden a year later. The theater of war was not like those steppes, swamps and forests, among which the commander had hitherto fought.[113] In the war with the French Suvorov was not only commander-in-chief, independently acting in the theater of operations, but in addition he was in charge of the allied army a matter even more difficult for a commander,[113] and in the battles of Cassano and Novi the Austrians formed the bulk of the army, while at Cassano only irregular Cossack troops participated from the Russian side, including the encirclement of the French detachment at Verderio. It should also be noted that Suvorov, being fiery and irritable, was able to restrain himself in many cases.[111]\nSwiss campaign[edit]\nMain article: Suvorov's Swiss campaign\nRussian troops under Generalissimo Suvorov crossing the Alps in 1799 (by Vasily Surikov, 1899)\nDefeat of the allied armies[edit]\nAfter the victorious Italian theater, Suvorov planned to march on Paris, but instead was ordered to Switzerland to join up with the Russian forces already there and drive the French out. The Russian army under General Korsakov was defeated by Andr Massna at Zrich, and Friedrich von Hotze's Austrian army was defeated by Jean-de-Dieu Soult at the Linth River before Suvorov could reach and unite with them all. \"I have defeated myself Jelai and Lincken who are now pinned down in Glarus. Marshal Suvorov is surrounded on all sides. He will be the one forced to surrender!\"said Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor to Franz von Auffenberg and Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration.[116]\nSurrounded by Massna's 77,000 French troops,[117] Suvorov with a force of 18,000 Russian regulars and 5,000 Cossacks, exhausted and short of provisions, led a strategic withdrawal from the Alps while fighting off the French.[19]\nFieldmarshal Suvorov on the peak of the Gotthard Pass, by Adolf Charlemagne\nEarly achievements[edit]\nEarly on in the path, going to join with the not yet defeated Korsakov, he struggled against general Claude Lecourbe and overcame the St. Gotthard and Oberalp (that goes round Oberalpsee) mountain passes. Suvorov's troops beat the French out of Hospental (situated in the Urseren valley), followed by the so-called Teufelsbrcke, or \"Devil's Bridge\", located in the Schoellenen Gorge, and the Urnerloch rock tunnel. All these interventions were not without great losses for Suvorov; but in his main attack, where he concentrated some 6,700 against 6,000 Frenchmen, he suffered relatively the same casualties as his opponent.[118] However, Suvorov's troops were at their wits' end.\nFighting for the Devil's Bridge\nRussian troops of Andrey Grigoryevich Rosenberg crossed the Lukmanier Pass, Austrian troops of Franz Auffenberg overcame the Chrzli Pass, while Suvorov himself also later traversed more remote passes such as Chinzig and Pragel (Bragell), before climbing the 8,000-foot mountain Rossstock.[119] Marching over rocks had worn out the soldiers' inadequate footwear, of which many were now even deprived, uniforms were often in tatters, rifles and bayonets were rusting from the constant dampness, and the men were starving for lack of adequate supplies,they were exhausted, surrounded by impassable mountains in freezing cold, and, one way or another, faced a French army far superior in numbers and equipment. Cossack reconnaissance units instead of the Austrians of Lincken found the French there. France's forces, meanwhile, blocked off many important places for troop movements;[120] and on September 29 (18 OS), still uncertain but informed about the fate of Korsakov and Hotze (from the testimony of French prisoners), Suvorov assembled a council of war in the refectory of the Franciscan monastery of Saint Joseph, which decided to pave the way for the army toward Glarus. During the council the Russian commander showed himself extremely resolute not to surrender, blamed the Austrian allies for all the hardships they were forced to suffer, and proposed what appeared to him to be the only possible solution. Suvorov dictated the disposition: in the vanguard appointed to go Auffenberg, who came out on the 29th, and the next day the rest of the troops, except for Rosenberg's corps and Foerster's[ru] division, which remained in the rearguard and must hold the enemy coming out of Schwyz until all the packs had passed over the mountain Bragell. Rosenberg was ordered to hold firm,to repel the French with all his strength, but not to pursue him beyond Schwyz.[121] Alexander Suvorov's speech was written down from the words of Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration, made a huge impression on everyone who attended[122] (especially angry and menacing looked Derfelden and Bagration[121]):\nWe are surrounded by mountains surrounded by a strong enemy, proud of victory Since the Pruth expedition, under the Sovereign Emperor Peter the Great, Russian troops have never been in such a perilous position[122] To go back is dishonorable. I have never retreated. Advancing to Schwyz[k] is impossible: Massna commands more than 60,000 men and our troops do not reach 20,000. We are short of supplies, ammunition and artillery We cannot expect help from anyone. We are on the edge of the precipice! All we have left is to rely on Almighty God and the courage and spirit of sacrifice of my troops! We are Russians! God is with us![120]\nSalvation and breakthrough[edit]\nIn the Altkirch Barracks in Andermatt, a mural painted in 1917 by Hans Beat Wieland in the officers' canteen commemorates the arrival of the Suvorov troops at the St. Gotthard Hospice on September 24, 1799, during the War of the Second Coalition.Andermatt, Altkirch Barracks, UR\nCossacks over Klntalersee by Ludwig Hess.Zurich Central Library, Prints and Drawings Department and Photo Archive\nBattle of the Muotatal (Muttental), painting by Alexander von Kotzebue\nSuvorov crossing the Panix Pass, painting by Alexander von Kotzebue\nSuvorov Bidding Farewell to the Swiss People. Painting by Andrei Andreyevich Popov (1896).\nBetween 30 September and 1 October 1799, Suvorov's vanguard of 2,100 men, led by Bagration, was able to break through the Klntal valley,with Klntalersee inside,and reached the goal. It inflicted 1,000 killed or wounded, and another 1,000 captured to a French force of 6,500 men.[8] However, Bagration tried to push further than Glarus, failing to do so: he was finally stopped by Molitor's troops.\nWhen Molitor took up a position at Netstal, he held for a long time, in spite of Bagration's persistent attacks. Finally driven out of Netstal with the loss of a cannon, a banner and 300 prisoners, Molitor retreated to Nfels, on both banks of the river Linth. Here the French took a strong position, where they again repulsed Bagration long and hard. No matter how weakened Bagration's troops were by the previous battles and heavy march through the mountains, they had so far gained superior numbers over Molitor's detachment. Molitor had gone into full retreat, but the long-expected advance troops of Gazan soon came to his aid. The French now received an overwhelming strength and knocked them out of Nfels. Bagration in turn attacked Nfels and drove off the French, who then went on the attack again. Five or six times the village passed from hand to hand, and when last time it was occupied by the Russians, Bagration received orders from Suvorov to withdraw to Netstal, where at that time the rest of Derfelden's troops were already concentrated. It was evening when Bagration came out of Nfels; noticing this, Gazan moved all his forces to the attack and himself led the grenadiers to the bayonets; but this time the French were also repulsed, and Bagration's troops retreated quite calmly to Netstal.[123]\nMeanwhile, on the same days, the rearguard of 7,000 men[8][124] out of a total of 14,000, commanded by Andrey Rosenberg, who, according to plan, was assigned the task of deterrence, met with Massna's forces, which numbered up to 15,000 men[8] out of 24,000 in the Muotatal (Muota valley), formerly Muttental. Suvorov ordered to hold on there at all costs, and the rearguard, suffering 500[124] to 700[125] casualties, routed the French by inflicting them between 2,700[8] and 4,000[126] losses in two days. More than 1,000 prisoners alone were taken, including a general and 15 officers. Suvorov reported to Paul 6,500 French dead, wounded and prisoners of war in two days of fighting: 1,600 September 30 and 4,500 October 1.[127] While Suvorov was fighting the French, the short-lived Roman sister republic had also fallen before the troops of the restored Kingdom of Naples.\nDespite all the Russian successes on the battlefield, they were not going to win the campaign. Suvorov hoped to make the way for his exhausted, ill-supplied troops over the Swiss passes to the Upper (Alpine) Rhine and arrive at Vorarlberg, where the army, much shattered after a lot of crossing and fighting, almost destitute of horses and artillery, went into winter quarters.[32] When Suvorov battled his way through the snow-capped Alps his army was checked but never defeated. Suvorov refused to call it a retreat and commenced a trek through the deep snows of the Panixer (Ringenkopf) Pass and into the 9,000-foot mountains of the Bndner Oberland, by then deep in snow. Thousands of Russians slipped from the cliffs or succumbed to cold and hunger, eventually escaping encirclement and reached Chur on the Rhine, with the bulk of his army intact at 16,000 men.[128] After the troops reached Chur, they crossed another pass in the form of the St. Luzisteig, and hence left the territory of present-day Switzerland.[119]\nFor this marvel of strategic retreat, earning him the nickname of the Russian Hannibal, Suvorov became the fourth Generalissimo of Russia on 8 November 1799 (28 OS).[129] Historian Christopher Duffy, on the back cover of his book Eagles Over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799, called Suvorov's whole Italian and Swiss adventure a kind of Russian \"crusade\" against the forces of revolution.[130]\nConsequences[edit]\nRecently, beginning with his involuntary stay in the village of Konchanskoye, Suvorov often felt unwell; when he returned to duty, he seemed to have recovered, but by the end of the Italian campaign again began to grow weak. Before the Swiss campaign, his weakness was so great that he could hardly walk, his eyes began to hurt more often than before; making itself felt the old wounds, especially on his leg, so that not always could put on a boot. The Swiss campaign made him sicker; he began to complain of cold, which had never happened before; the cough, which had become attached to him some months before, did not leave him either, and the wind became particularly sensitive.[131] He was officially promised a military triumph in Russia, but Emperor Paul cancelled the ceremony and recalled the Russian armies from Europe, including the Batavian Republic after the unsuccessful Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland; and ultimately the French would regain all of their conquered possessions on the Italian Peninsula.\nOn the road from Switzerland to Russia[edit]\nThe return journey of Suvorov to Russia lasted more than three months.[132]\nSuvorov's name, which had grown during the Italian campaign, took on a double luster after the Swiss campaign, and when he retired from the theatre of war and entered Holy Roman Empire (Germany), he became the centre of attention. Travellers, diplomats and soldiers flocked to his destinations, especially on his longer stops in Lindau, Augsburg and Prague. \"A general reverence bordering on awe\", ladies sought out the honour of kissing his hand, and he did not particularly resist this. Everywhere he was welcomed and seen off, though he avoided it; every social gathering was eager to have him as its guest.[133]\nRussian society was proud of its hero and worshipped him enthusiastically. The Emperor Paul was a \"true\" representative of the national mood; he accompanied all his rescripts with expressions of the most gracious disposition to the Generalissimo, spoke of his unanimity with him, asked advice, and apologised for giving instructions himself. \"Forgive me, Prince Alexander Vasilievich,\" wrote the tsar, \"may the Lord God preserve you, and you preserve the Russian soldiers, of whom some were everywhere victorious because they were with you, and others were not victorious because they were not with you\". In other rescript it has told:\n\"excuse me, that I have taken it upon myself to give you advice; but as I only give it for preservation of my subjects, which have rendered me so much merit under your leadership, I am sure, that you with pleasure will accept it, knowing your affection to me.\"\nIn the third:\n\"I shall be pleased if you will come to me to advice and to love, after you have bring the Russian troops into our borders.\"\nThe fourth reads:\n\"It is not for me, my hero, to reward you, you are above my measures, but for me to feel it and appreciate it in my heart, giving you your due.\"\nThe Tsar had extended his courtesy to the point that, in reply to Suvorov's New Year greetings, he asked him to share them with his troops if he, the Tsar, was \"worthy of it\" and expressed his desire \"to be worthy of such an army\".[134]\nSuvorov, Nelson, Coburg, and Charles[edit]\nThe famous Admiral Lord Nelson, who, according to the Russian ambassador in London, was at that time together with Suvorov the \"idol\" of the English nation, also sent the Generalissimo an enthusiastic letter. \"There is no man in Europe,\" he wrote, \"who loves you as I do; all marvel, like Nelson, at your great exploits, but he loves you for your contempt of wealth\". Someone called Suvorov \"the land Nelson\"; Nelson was very flattered by this. Someone else said that there is a very great similarity in appearance between the Russian Generalissimo and the British Admiral. Rejoicing at this, Nelson added in a letter to Suvorov that although his, Nelson's, deeds can not equal with those of Suvorov, but he asked Suvorov not to deprive him of the dear name of a loving brother and sincere friend. Suvorov answered Nelson in the same way, and expressed his pleasure that their portraits certify the similarity existing between the originals, but in particular was proud of the fact that the two were alike in their way of thinking.[135]Martha Fomina' House, where Alexander V. Suvorov repeatedly stayed in 1791, 1798 and died in 1800: Kryukov channel, 23, Admiralteysky District.He also received a warm welcome from his old associate, the Prince of Coburg. The Grand Duke Constantine went to Coburg, through whom Suvorov conveyed a letter or bow to the Prince and via the same Grand Duke received a reply. The Prince called him the greatest hero of his time, thanked him for his memory, lamented the Russian army's removal to the fatherland and lamented the bitter fate of Germany. Suvorov replied to the Prince and said among other things that the entire reason for the failure lies in the differences of systems, and if the systems do not come together, there is no point in starting a new campaign.[135]\nFurthermore, a little earlier he had correspondence with Archduke Charles, which, however, was of a sharp nature.[136] Suvorov received greetings and congratulations even from strangers.[135]\nSt.Petersburg[edit]\nEarly in 1800, Suvorov returned to Saint Petersburg. Paul, for some reason, refused to give him an audience, and, worn out and ill, the old veteran died a few days afterwards on 18 May 1800, at Saint Petersburg.[32] The main reason for the newly emerged disfavor of Emperor Paul to Suvorov remains uncertain.[137] Suvorov was meant to receive the funeral honors of a Generalissimo, but was buried as an ordinary field marshal due to Paul's direct interference. Lord Whitworth, the British ambassador, and the poet Gavrila Derzhavin were the only persons of distinction present at the funeral. Suvorov lies buried in the Church of the Annunciation in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, the simple inscription on his grave stating, according to his own direction, \"Here lies Suvorov\".[32]\nMilitary record[edit]\nKey to opponent flags\nKingdom of Prussia (17011918)\nPolishLithuanian Commonwealth (15691795)\nKingdom of France (9871792)\nHoly Roman Empire (800/9621806)\nOttoman Empire (c. 12991922)\nCrimean Khanate (14411783)\nRegency of Algiers (15161830)\nCrimean Tatars\nFrench Republic (17921804)\nPolish Legions (17971815)\nHelvetic Republic (17981803)\nPiedmontese Republic (17981799)\nCisalpine Republic (17971802)\nKey to outcome\nIndicates a favorable outcome\nIndicates an unfavorable outcome\nIndicates an uncertain outcome\nSummary (incomplete)\n\nDate(s)\nClash(es)\nType(s)\nConflict(s)\nOpponent(s)\nLocation(s)\nOutcome(s)\n1.\n4 May 2 July 1758\nSiege of Olmtz[citation needed]\nSiege\nSeven Years' War\n?\nMargraviate of Moravia\n?\n2.\n25 July 1759\nCombat of Crossen\nOpen Battle\nSeven Years' War\nMargraviate of Brandenburg\nVictory\n3.\n12 August 1759\nBattle of Kunersdorf\nOpen Battle\nSeven Years' War\nMargraviate of Brandenburg\nDecisive victory\n4.\nOctober 1760\nRaid on Berlin\nRaid;Occupation\nSeven Years' War\nMargraviate of Brandenburg\nBerlin occupied for three days\n5.\n1761\nCombat of Reichenbach\nOpen Battle\nSeven Years' War\nAustrian Silesia\nVictory\n6.\n1761\nSkirmish of Schweidnitz\nOpen Battle\nSeven Years' War\nAustrian Silesia\nVictory\n7.\n15 September 1761\nCombat of Landsberg\nOpen Battle\nSeven Years' War\nMargraviate of Brandenburg\nVictory\n8.\n1761\nCombat of the Friedberg Forest\nOpen Battle\nSeven Years' War\nPrussia\nVictory\n9.\n11 October 1761\nStorming of Golnau[138]\nStorming Fortifications\nSeven Years' War\nPrussia\nVictory\n10.\n2021 November 1761\nAssault on Neugarten\nFIBUA\nSeven Years' War\nMargraviate of Brandenburg\nVictory[139]\n11.\n1761\nCombat of Stargard\nOpen Battle\nSeven Years' War\nProvince of Pomerania\nVictory\n12.\n24 August 16 December 1761\nThird Siege of Kolberg\nSiege\nSeven Years' War\nProvince of Pomerania\nVictory\n13.\n13 September 1769\nBattle of Orzechowo\nOpen Battle\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nBrest Litovsk Voivodeship\nDecisive victory\n14.\n1770\nCombat of Nawodzice\nOpen Battle\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nSandomierz Voivodeship\nVictory\n15.\nJuly 1770\nCombat of Opatw\nOpen Battle\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nSandomierz Voivodeship\nVictory\n16.\n20 February 1771\nLanckorona Combat of Lanckorona\nOpen Battle\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nKrakw Voivodeship\nVictory\n17.\n20 February 1771\nLanckorona Storming of the Lanckorona Castle\nStorming Fortifications\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nKrakw Voivodeship\nWithdrew[140]\n18.\n27 February 1771\nAssault on Rachw\nFIBUA\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nLublin Voivodeship\nVictory\n19.\n2728 February 1771\nCombat of Kranik\nOpen Battle\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nLublin Voivodeship\nVictory\n20.\n20 May 1771\nAction of the Tyniec Abbey\nStorming Fortifications\nWar of the Bar Confederation\n[141]\nKrakw Voivodeship\nWithdrew[142]\n21.\n21 May 1771\nLanckorona Battle of Lanckorona\nOpen Battle\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nKrakw Voivodeship\nDecisive victory\n22.\n22 May 1771\nCombat of Zamo\nOpen Battle\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nRuthenian Voivodeship\nVictory\n23.\n24 September 1771\nBattle of Stoowicze\nOpen Battle\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nNowogrdek Voivodeship\nDecisive victory\n24.\n24 January 26 April 1772\nSiege of the Krakw Castle\nSiege\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nKrakw Voivodeship\nVictory\n25.\n8 May 1773\nCombat of Oltenia\nOpen Battle\nSixth Russo-Turkish War\nWallachia\nVictory\n26.\n21 May 1773\nTurtukaya First Storming of Turtukaya\nOpen Battle;Storming Fortifications\nSixth Russo-Turkish War\nOttoman Bulgaria\nDecisive victory\n27.\n28 June 1773\nTurtukaya Second Storming of Turtukaya\nStorming Fortifications;Open Battle\nSixth Russo-Turkish War\nOttoman Bulgaria\nDecisive victory\n28.\n14 September 1773\nDefence of Hirsovo[143]\nStorming Fortifications;Open Battle\nSixth Russo-Turkish War\nDobruja\nVictory\n29.\n20 June 1774\nBattle of Kozludzha\nOpen Battle\nSixth Russo-Turkish War\nOttoman Bulgaria\nDecisive victory\n30.\n1 October 1783\nBattle of the Laba\nOpen Battle\nKuban Nogai uprising\nKuban\nDecisive victory\n31.\n1112 October 1787\nBattle of Kinburn\nStorming Fortifications;[144]Open Battle\nSeventh Russo-Turkish War\nSilistra Eyalet\nDecisive victory\n32.\nJuly 17 December 1788\nSiege of Ochakov\nSiege\nSeventh Russo-Turkish War\nSilistra Eyalet\nVictory\n33.\n1 August 1789\nBattle of Focani\nOpen Battle\nSeventh Russo-Turkish War\nMoldavia\nDecisive victory\n34.\n22 September 1789\nBattle of Rymnik\nOpen Battle\nSeventh Russo-Turkish War\nWallachia\nDecisive victory\n35.\n2122 December 1790\nStorming of Izmail\nStorming Fortifications\nSeventh Russo-Turkish War\nSilistra Eyalet\nDecisive victory\n36.\n15 September 1794\nCombat of Kobry\nOpen Battle\nPolish Revolution of 1794\nBrest Litovsk Voivodeship\nVictory\n37.\n17 September 1794\nBattle of Krupczyce\nOpen Battle\nPolish Revolution of 1794\nBrest Litovsk Voivodeship\nDecisive victory\n38.\n19 September 1794\nCombat of Dywin\nOpen Battle\nPolish Revolution of 1794\nBrest Litovsk Voivodeship\nVictory\n39.\n19 September 1794\nBattle of Terespol(Battle of Brest)\nOpen Battle\nPolish Revolution of 1794\nBrest Litovsk Voivodeship\nDecisive victory\n40.\n26 October 1794\nBattle of Kobyka\nOpen Battle\nPolish Revolution of 1794\nMasovian Voivodeship\nVictory\n41.\n24 November 1794\nStorming of Praga\nOpen Battle;Storming Fortifications\nPolish Revolution of 1794\nWarsaw\nDecisive victory\n42.\n21 April 1799\nCapture of Brescia\nSurrender\nItalian campaign\nCisalpine Republic\nVictory\n43.\n26 April 17992728 April 1799\nBattle of the Adda River Combat of Lecco Battle of Cassano\nOpen Battle;Storming Fortifications\nItalian campaign\nCisalpine Republic\nDecisive victory\n44.\n16 May 1799\nBattle of San Giuliano(First Battle of Marengo)\nOpen Battle\nItalian campaign\n[145]\nPiedmontese Republic\nVictory\n45.\ntill 20 June 1799\nSiege of Turin Citadel[146]\nSiege\nItalian campaign\nTurin\nVictory\n46.\n1720 June 1799\nBattle of the Trebbia Combat of the Tidone Combats of the Trebbia Combat of the Nure\nOpen Battle\nItalian campaign\nDuchy of Parma\nDecisive victory\n47.\n15 August 1799\nBattle of Novi\nOpen Battle;Storming Fortifications[147]\nItalian campaign\nPiedmont\nDecisive victory\n48.\n24 September 1799\nBattle of the Gotthard Pass\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nSaint-Gotthard Massif\nVictory\n49.\n24 September 1799\nCombat of Hospital[148] / Hospental[149]\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nCanton of Waldsttten\nVictory\n50.\n24 September 1799\nBattle of Oberalpsee[148] / the Oberalp Pass[150]\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nCanton of Waldsttten;Canton of Raetia\nVictory\n51.\n25 September 1799\nCombat of the Urnerloch[151]\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nCanton of Waldsttten\nVictory\n52.\n25 September 1799\nBattle of the Devil's Bridge\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nCanton of Waldsttten\nVictory\n53.\n30 September 1 October 1799\nBattle of the Klntal\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nCanton of Linth\nVictory\n54.\n30 September 1 October 1799\nBattle of the Muttental\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nCanton of Waldsttten\nDecisive victory\n56.\n1 October 1799\nBattle of Glarus[152]\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nCanton of Linth\nVictory\n55.\n1 October 1799\nCombat of Netstal\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nCanton of Linth\nVictory\n57.\n5 October 1799\nCombats of Schwanden[153]\nOpen Battle\nSwiss campaign\nCanton of Linth\nVictory\nProgeny and titles[edit]\nHonours[edit]\nMosaic Suvorov's Crossing the Alps in 1799 on the Suvorov Museum facade.By N. E. Maslennikov\nIn 1792, Suvorov founded Tiraspol, today the capital city of Transnistria. An equestrian statue of Suvorov stands in Suvorov Square, the central square of the city.\nSuvorov. The Science of Victory/Winning. Title page of the 2nd ed., 1809.\nSuvorov's full name, titles (according to Russian pronunciation) and ranks are the following: \"Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Prince of Italy, Count of the Rymnik, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince of Sardinia, Generalissimus of Russia's Ground and Naval Forces, Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian Armies, Grandee of the Spanish Crown\";[154] seriously wounded six times, he was the recipient of various honors, many of which are listed below.[155]\nMedals\nOrder of Saint Andrew, the Apostle First-Called (09.11.1787, for the victory at Kinburn) + the diamond insignia of this order (03.11.1789, for the victory at Focsani);\nOrder of Saint George, the Victory-bearer\nFirst Class (18.10.1789, for the victory at Rymnik),\nSecond Class (30.07.1773, for the victories at Turtukaya),\nThird Class (19.08.1771, for the victories during the war of the Bar Confederation in 1770 & 1771);\nOrder of Saint Vladimir First Class (28.07.1783, \"for the accession of various Zakuban[ru] peoples to the All-Russian Empire\");\nOrder of Saint Alexander Nevsky (20.12.1771, for the victory at Stoowicze) + the star of this order with diamonds \"from Her Imperial Majesty's own clothes\" (24.12.1780);\nOrder of Saint Anna First Class (30.09.1770, for the victory at Orzechowo);\nOrder of Saint John of Jerusalem and Grand Commander's Cross (13.02.1799);\nOrder of the Black Eagle (07.12.1794) & Order of the Red Eagle (07.12.1794) Prussia;\nSupreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation with Grand Cross (23.06.1799) & Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus with Grand Cross (23.06.1799) Sardinia;\nMilitary Order of Maria Theresa First Class and Grand Cross (12.10.1799) Austria;\nOrder of Saint Hubert (21.01.1800) Bavaria;\nRoyal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united (13.02.1800, from the exiled titular King Louis XVIII) France.\nWeapons\nGolden Weapon for Bravery with diamonds (29.07.1775, while celebrating peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1775);\nGolden Weapon for Bravery with diamonds and the inscription \"To the victor of the Vizier\" (26.09.1789, for the victory at Rymnik).\nOther honours\nGold snuff box with the portrait of Empress Catherine II (1778, for forcing the Ottoman squadron out of the Akhtiar harbour);\nGold coin (05.11.1784, for the joining Crimea and Taman to Russia in 1783);\nGold snuff box with the monogram of Empress Catherine II, decorated with diamonds (06.1787);\nDiamond feather to the tricorne with the letter \"K\", meaning Kinburn (26 [15] April 1789);\nGold snuff box with the monogram of the Austrian Emperor Joseph II, decorated with diamonds (13.08.1789, for the victory at Rymnik);\nDecision on the establishment of a medal in honour of A. V. Suvorov (25.03.1791, for the capture of Izmail; analogous medal was established on 02.03.1994);\nThe Senate was ordered to compile a letter of commendation with a list of Suvorov's exploits (25.03.1791);\nDiamond epaulettes and ring (02.09.1793, for strengthening the southern borders of Russia);\nCertificate of Appreciation (02.09.1793);\nAs a demonstration of the Emperor's confidence, the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree is entrusted to be conferred on the worthiest of Suvorov's choice (02.09.1793);\nDiamond bow to the hat (26.10.1794, for victories at Krupczyce and Brest);\nThree guns from among those captured from Polish insurgents (26.10.1794, for victories at Krupczyce and Brest);\nGold snuff box from the Warsaw magistrate with the inscription \"Warsaw to its deliverer, day 4 November 1794\" (15.11.1794, a gift, as only monarchs had the right to award);\nPortrait of the Austrian Emperor Francis II, decorated with diamonds (25.12.1794);\nThe Senate was ordered to compose a letter of commendation outlining the merits of A. V. Suvorov in the Polish Campaign (01.01.1795);\nRing with the portrait of Emperor Paul I (14.05.1799);\nPortrait of Emperor Paul I to wear on the chest (13.07.1799).\nOften found in the literature references to the awarding of Suvorov with the Polish Orders of the White Eagle and Saint Stanislaus, the Prussian Pour le Mrite, the Neapolitan Order of Saint Januarius and the Bavarian \"Order of the Golden Lion\" (perhaps referring to the Order of the Palatine Lion) do not correspond to reality.[155]\nProgeny[edit]\n27 (16 OS[156]) January 1774, Suvorov was married to Varvara Ivanovna Prozorovskaya[ru] of the Prozorovsky and Golitsyn noble families, and had a son Arkadi Suvorov and daughter Natalya Suvorova[ru] (in marriage Zubova), but his family life was not happy and he had an unpleasant relationship with his wife due to her infidelity. Suvorov's son, Arkadi Suvorov (17831811) served as a general officer in the Russian army during the Napoleonic and Ottoman wars of the early 19th century, and drowned in the same river Rymnik in 1811 that had brought his father so much fame. The drowning of his son in the river is supported by Aleksey Yermolov's memoirs,[157][self-published source?] as well as by the military historian Christopher Duffy.[158] His grandson Alexander Arkadievich (18041882) served as Governor General of Riga in 184861 and Saint Petersburg in 186166. Suvorov's daughter Natalya Alexandrovna (17751844) known under her name Suvorochka married Count Nikolay Zubov.\nVarvara Ivanovna, wife\nNatalya, daughter\nArkady, son\nAlexander, grandson\nCharacter[edit]\nSuvorov was one of the best-educated Russians of his time. He was well versed in mathematics, history and geography; spoke German, French, Italian, Polish, Turkish, Arabic and Finnish; he also had a thorough knowledge of philosophy, ancient and modern literature. His military erudition was impressive. He had studied all the important military works from Plutarch down to his own contemporaries, mastered the science of fortification and had also passed a naval qualifying examination.[159]\nContrary to the belief that Suvorov was short, academic Vladimir Medinsky stated that Suvorov measured at 177 cm, taller than the average soldier.[160]\nHis political views were centered around enlightened monarchy. However, Suvorov had no interest in pursuing politics and made his disdain for the court lifestyle and tendencies of aristocrats well known: he lacked diplomacy in his dispatches, and his sarcasm triggered enmity among some courtiers.[19] He joked with the men, calling common soldiers \"brother\" and shrewdly presented the results of detailed planning and careful strategy as the work of inspiration.[75]\nGraf Aleksandr Vasil'evich Suvorov-Rymnikskiy by Joseph Kreutzinger\nSuvorov by John Charles Robinson from a drawing by Taras Shevchenko\nAssessment[edit]\nSuvorov's art of war[edit]\nAlexander V. Suvorov,end of XIX century.\nSuvorov is widely considered to be the single greatest and most talented military commander in all of Russian history,[161][162][163][164][165] the most gifted commander of the eighteenth century,[166] and one of the greatest generals in world history.[167][168][169] Suvorov has also been described as the best general Republican France ever fought,[8] and the best Coalition general when he was active.[170] Undefeated in battle,[9] he led and won 63 battles without suffering a major defeat or setback.[19][171][172]\nSuvorov won despite being outnumbered in almost all of his battles,[171] defeating many of the best commanders of the time period, those being Andr Massna, tienne Macdonald, and Jean Victor Marie Moreau of France, and Koca Yusuf Pasha, Cenaze Hasan Pasha, and Aydoslu Mehmed Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. Notably, Suvorov defeated the French Revolutionary Army multiple times, which was regarded as the best in the world, and Massna, arguably the best French Revolutionary general, who had superior forces in terms of experience, morale, and numbers.[173]\nMoreau ultimately ranked Suvorov alongside Napoleon, while also describing Suvorov's victory at Trebbia as \"the height of the art of war\", while writer Eugen Binder von Krieglstein ranked Suvorov as one of the greatest commanders of all time, alongside Napoleon and Frederick the Great.[174] Renowned military officer and theorist Antoine-Henri Jomini called Suvorov \"the true genius of war\".[175] Naval officer John Paul Jones, referred to as the \"Father of the American Navy\", labeled Suvorov the \"greatest warrior\" and ranked him alongside Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Caesar, Gustavus Adolphus and Frederick the Great.[176] The British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore called Suvorov Russia's most brilliant general and ranked him as one of the modern military geniuses, along with Napoleon and Frederick the Great.[177]\nIn 1799, Napoleon himself warned the Directory that that they would not be able to stop Suvorov unless they found generals with \"special skill in fighting him\".[178] In 1807, Macdonald declared to the Russian ambassador at a reception with Napoleon and a crowd around that \"This crew would never have seen the Tuileries if you had had a second Suvorov\".[179]\nWhile on a campaign, he reportedly lived as a private soldier, sleeping on straw and contenting himself with the humblest fare.[180] Suvorov saw victory as dependent on the morale, training, and initiative of the front-line soldier. In battle he emphasized speed and mobility, accuracy of gunfire and the use of the bayonet, as well as detailed planning and careful strategy.[32] His motto: coup d'oeil (glazomer), speed (bystrota), impetus (natisk).[181] He abandoned traditional drills, and communicated with his troops in clear and understandable ways. Suvorov also took great care of his army's supplies and living conditions, reducing cases of illness among his soldiers dramatically, and earning their loyalty and affection.[32] A master of logistics, Suvorov ordered his officers, quartermasters and doctors to keep the welfare and fitness of the troops in the forefront of their attentions. He severely punished, often with courts-martial, any officers who senselessly or cruelly drilled their troops or who failed to maintain his high sanitary and health standards. Although a strict disciplinarian, he took extenuating circumstances into account. Once a soldier or officer had been punished or reprimanded, Suvorov would do his utmost to rehabilitate him.[19]\nSuvorov \"did not know retreat\", he constantly acted offensively and in accordance with the situation was looking for a fight, not evaded it, but he did not overuse the battles, the fight always turned out to be appropriate, necessary in the operation, and moreover decisive; if he got the chance to confront his enemy, he used it with all the energy.[110] Suvorov's guiding principle was to detect the weakest point of an enemy and focus an attack upon that area. He would send forth his units in small groups as they arrived on the battlefield to sustain momentum. Suvorov used aimed fire instead of repeated barrages from line infantry and applied light infantrymen as skirmishers and sharpshooters. He used a variety of army sizes and types of formations against different foes: squares against the Turks, lines against Poles, and columns against the French.[19]\nSuvorov believed that \"a military man must know the languages of the nations with whom he is fighting,\" so he developed a fluent command of French, German, Greek, Ottoman Turkish, Italian, Polish and Latin, as well as some knowledge of Arabic, Finnish and Persian. He also rejected a suggestion that the Russian army rid itself of its musicians, saying,\n\"music doubles, trebles the force of an army.\"[19]\nAlexander V. Suvorov by George Dawe, painted no later than 1830.\nAccording to D. S. Mirsky, Suvorov \"gave much attention to the form of his correspondence, and especially of his orders of the day. These latter are highly original, deliberately aiming at unexpected and striking effects. Their style is a succession of nervous staccato sentences, which produce the effect of blow and flashes. Suvorov's official reports often assume a memorable and striking form. His writings are as different from the common run of classical prose as his tactics were from those of Frederick or Marlborough\".[182]\nMikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov declared that he based his teaching on Suvorov's practice, which he held as representative of the fundamental truths of war and of the military qualities of the Russian nation.[183]\nSuvorov's maneuvering of the Alps led him to be called the \"Russian Hannibal\",[184] and was also referred to as the \"Russian Mars\" and \"God of War\".[185] The French king, Louis XVIII, compared Suvorov to Attila.[186]\nSuvorov and Napoleon[edit]\nSuvorov considered Hannibal, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Napoleon Bonaparte to be the greatest military commanders of all time. Suvorov is seen as having anticipated Napoleon's tactics, and is regarded as being on par with him in terms of military genius.[7][187][188][189] Like Napoleon, Suvorov believed that opportunities in battle are created by fortune but exploited by intelligence, experience and an intuitive vision. To Suvorov, mastery of the art and science of war was not, therefore, purely instinctive. Suvorov kept up with events in Europe by subscribing to foreign newspapers and journals.[19] He had written to one of his nephews in 1796:[190]\n\"That young Bonaparte, how he moves! He is a hero, a giant, a magician. He overcomes nature and he overcomes men. He turned the Alps[l] as if they did not exist; he has hidden their frightful rocks in his pocket, and tucked up his army up the right sleeve of his uniform. The enemy scarcely catches sight his soldiers before he throws his troops at them like a thunderbolt from Jupiter, spreading terror in all directions, and crushing the scattered bands of Austrians and Piedmontese. My God, how he moves! The first time he assumed command he cut to the heart of tactics like a sword slashing through the Gordian Knot. He disregards the odds against him, he attacks the enemy wherever they are to be found, and he defeats them in detail. He knows that shock is irresistibeand that says it all. His enemies will continue in their old routine, subject to the scribblers in the Cabinet, but as for him, he carries his council of war in his head. His operations are as free as the air he breathes My conclusion is this. That as long as General Bonaparte keeps his wits about him he will be victorious; he possesses the higher elements of the military art in a happy balance. But if, unfortunately for him, he throws himself into the whirlpool of politics, he will lose the coference of his thoughts and he will be lost.\"\nSuvorov with a Field-Marshal's baton (unknown author)Monument to Suvorov, A. V., in Moscow\nSuvorov held Napoleon in high regard, despite not living to see the Napoleonic Wars. However, Napoleon did not reciprocate Suvorov's esteem, assessing Suvorov as having \"the soul of a great commander, but not the brains. He was extremely strong willed, he was amazingly acrive and utterly fearlessbut he was as devoid of genius as he was ignorant of the art of war\".[190] Despite the two never facing each other, military historians often debate between Suvorov and Napoleon as to who was the superior commander.[19]\nLegacy[edit]\nThis section contains too many pictures for its overall length. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please improve this article by removing indiscriminate collections of images or adjusting images that are sandwiching text in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nSuvorov's tomb at Alexander Nevsky Lavra in Saint Petersburg\nSuvorov was buried in Saint Petersburg in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. His gravestone states simply: \"Here lies Suvorov\".\nWithin a year after his death, Paul I was murdered in his bedroom for his disastrous leadership by a band of dismissed officers and his son and successor Alexander I erected a statue to Suvorov's memory in the Field of Mars.\nMonument to Suvorov as youthful Mars, the Roman god of war, by Mikhail Kozlovsky in St.Petersburg (1801)\nSuvorov's revolutionary methods of waging war endure in his prodigious literary, documentary and epistolary output. He was famed for his military writings, the most well-known being The Science of Victory (The Science of Winning) and Suzdal Regulations, and lesser-known works such as Rules for the Kuban and Crimean Corps, Rules for the Conduct of Military Actions in the Mountains (written during his Swiss campaign), and Rules for the Medical Officers.[19] Suvorov was also noted for several of his sayings:[191]\n\"What is difficult in training will become easy in a battle.\"\n\"Perish yourself but rescue your comrade!\"\n\"Fight the enemy with the weapons he lacks.\"\n\"One minute can decide the outcome of the battle, one hour the outcome of the campaign, and one day the fate of the country.\"\n\"He who is afraid is half beaten.\"\n\"To me death is better than the defensive.\"\n\"A strong pursuit, give no time for the enemy to think, take advantage of victory, uproot him, cut off his escape route.\"\n\"When the enemy is driven back, we have failed, and when he is cut off, encircled and dispersed, we have succeeded.\"\nHe taught his soldiers to attack instantly and decisively:[19]\n\"Attack with the cold steel! Push hard with the bayonet!\"\nEquestrian statue of General Suvorov at Elm, Switzerland.\nThe Suvorov Museum\nMonument to Suvorov in the stanitsa of Leningradskaya, Krasnodar Krai\nMonument to Suvorov (Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast)\nBust of Suvorov in Kherson\nSuvorov Monument[de] in the Swiss Alps\nMemorial plaque to the passage of Suvorov's army in October 1799 at the Hotel Hofbalzers in Balzers; Liechtenstein. The plaque is a donation of Baron Eduard Alexandrowitsch von Falz-Fein and has been placed on 11 October 1985.\nCommander Suvorov Alexander Vasilyevich. Lithograph of 1828.Henri Grvedon[fr]\nEngraved portrait of Generalissimo Suvorov, made in 1870, on which the victory at Rymnik is symbolically depicted in the center of the engraving.Adolf I. Charlemagne\nA \"Suvorov school\" of generals who had apprenticed under him played a prominent role in the Russian military. Among them was future Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov who led the Russian imperial army against Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars, including the French invasion of Russia.[19] Suvorov, a follower of Peter I the Great and a pupil of Field Marshal Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, brought up a pleiad of remarkable commanders and military leaders, among whom the most outstanding were, except for Kutuzov, Generals of the Infantry P. I. Bagration, M. A. Miloradovich. On his ideas were brought up Field Marshal D. A. Milyutin, Generals of the Infantry M. I. Dragomirov, M. D. Skobelev, General of the Cavalry A. A. Brusilov, and other famous military figures.[24]\nThe Suvorov Museum opened in Saint Petersburg in 1900 to commemorate the centenary of the general's death.[192] Apart from in St.Petersburg, other Suvorov museums and monuments have feature in Focani, Ochakiv(-ov) [1907[m]], Sevastopol [1983], Tulchyn(-in) [1954], Kobryn(-in) [1949; 1950; 1964], Novaya Ladoga [1947], Kherson [1904], Tymanivka or Timanovka [1947; 1950], Simferopol [1984], Kaliningrad [1956], Konchanskoye-Suvorovskoye [1942], Rmnicu Srat or Rymnik,[n] Elm and Andermatt which are in the Swiss Alps, etc.\nDuring World War II, the Soviet Union revived the memory of many pre-1917 Russian heroes to raise patriotism. Suvorov was the Tsarist military figure most often referred to by Joseph Stalin, who also received (but did not personally use) the rank of Generalissimo that Suvorov had previously held. The Order of Suvorov was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 29 July 1942, and it is still awarded to senior army personnel for exceptional leadership in combat operations against superior enemy forces.[193]\nThe town of Suvorovo in Varna Province, Bulgaria, was named after Suvorov during the communist period, as was the Russian ship which discovered Suwarrow Island in the Pacific in 1814.\nVarious currency notes of the Transnistrian ruble depict Suvorov.[194][195]\nThere is a Suvorov Square in Tiraspol, Transnistria, named after Alexander Vasilyevich, and another in Saint Petersburg.\nHis prowess, military wisdom, and daring remain in high regard. Another of his many utterances are well known in the Russian military:\n\"Achieve victory not by numbers, but by knowing how.\"\n\"The bullet is a mad thing; only the bayonet knows what it is about.\"\n\"Train hard, fight easy. Train easy and you will have hard fighting.\"\n\"Train hard, fight easy\" became a Russian proverb.[19]\nAlexander Petrushevsky in third volume of his work Generalissimo Prince Suvorov quoted a small song of Russian soldiers about Alexander Suvorov, Pyotr Rumyantsev, and Grigory Potemkin:[196]\nCount Rumyantsev-generalLost a lot of strength.Thief Potemkin-generalWas never in his own regiment,He neglected all his strength:Some of it he drank, some of it he squandered,Some of it he lost at cards.And Suvorov-generalProved his strength,He loaded a small cannon,He took the king prisoner.\nIn Russia, there are 12 secondary-level military schools called Suvorov Military School that were established during the USSR. There is also a military school in Minsk named after Suvorov.[197]\nIn Soviet times, the 1941 film Suvorov was made (released in the US as General Suvorov).\nRussia's defence minister Sergei Shoigu has proposed that Suvorov be made a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church.[198]\nMiscellaneous art[edit]\nCoins[edit]\nBank of Russia coin Series: \"Outstanding Russian Military Commanders\"; A. V. Suvorov, 3 rubles reverse.\nBank of Russia coin Series: \"Outstanding Russian Military Commanders\"; A. V. Suvorov, 25 rubles reverse.\nBank of Russia coin Series: \"Outstanding Russian Military Commanders\"; Generalissimo A. V. Suvorov, 50 rubles reverse.\nBanknotes[edit]\nTransnistria5 Transnistrian rublesTransnistrian Republican Bank. 1994 series.\nTransnistria1,000 Transnistrian rublesTransnistrian Republican Bank. 1993 series.\nTransnistria100,000 Transnistrian rublesTransnistrian Republican Bank. 1994 series.\nTransnistria500,000 Transnistrian rublesTransnistrian Republican Bank. 1997 series.\nStamps[edit]\nUSSR stamp, 2 rubles; 150th anniversary of Suvorov's death; Suvorov in the Alps (artist Nikolay Mikhailovich Avvakumov[ru], 1941, Moscow, Pushkin Museum).\nCapture of Izmail. USSR. 10 kopecks. \"Death flees the saber and bayonet of the brave.\" (Alexander Suvorov).\nRussian Postage stamp. 200th anniversary of Suvorov's crossing of the Alps. Suvorov with a group of officers and soldiers of the Russian army.\nRussian postage stamp, 2005.\nThe Monument to Alexander Suvorov and his Swiss assistant Antonio Gamma by Dmitry Nikitovich Tugarinov[ru]. Bronze. The Gotthard Pass, Switzerland. 31 rubles.\nUSSR stamp, 1980. 250th anniversary of Suvorov's birth. 4 kopecks.\nAdditional Swiss memorials\nOn the Panixer Pass way near Elm GL: a memorial was inaugurated on 6 October 2012 at the Wichlen Shooting Range in Glarus Sd to commemorate the Russian soldiers who marched through here with General Alexander Suvorov during the Second Coalition War. The sculpture of a grenadier was placed on a rock, and a memorial plaque with an inscription is attached to the rock.\nMemorial stone, erected 1957, dedicated to the Russian soldiers of Suvorov's Italian campaign, who died in the hospital of the Weingarten Abbey 1799, and are buried here. Weingarten, Baden-Wrttemberg, Germany. Russian: -, lit.'This is the resting place of Suvorov's wonder-bogatyrs' German: Hier Ruhen Suworow-Helden, lit.'Suvorov's heroes rest here'\nUkraine[edit]\nDue to \"decommunization policies\" the street named after Suvorov in (Ukraine's capital) Kyiv was renamed after Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko in 2016. Suvorov is not related to communism, but his name was used by the Soviet Union for propaganda purposes.[199]\nIn September 2022, a street that was named after Suvorov in Dnipro (Ukraine) was renamed to honor Alan Shepard.[200]\nIn October 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian troops captured a monument to Suvorov in Kherson and took it with them as they fled the city.[201]\nIn December 2022, another street in Kyiv that was still named after Suvorov was renamed to Serhiy Kotenko Street.[202]\nIn January 2023, an image of Suvorov on a monument was removed in Odesa.[203]\nIn Kherson the Suvorivskyi Raion (urban district), named after General Suvorov, was renamed to Tsentralnyi (Central) Raion in October 2023.[204]\nLiterary references[edit]\nPoet Alexander Shishkov devoted an epitaph to Suvorov, while Gavrila Derzhavin mentioned him in Snigir (Bullfinch) and other poems, calling Suvorov \"an Alexander by military prowess, a stoic by valor\". Suvorov was mentioned by Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov and in the numerous works of other Russian poets of the 18th and 19th centuries, such as Ivan Dmitriev, Apollon Maykov, Dmitry Khvostov, Yermil Kostrov, Kondraty Ryleyev, Vasili Popugaev. Kostrov, the first translator of Homer into Russian, wrote an ode in honor of Suvorov and an epistolary on the capture of Izmail.[205] In 1795 poet and soldier Irinarkh Zavalishin[ru], who had fought under the command of Alexander Suvorov, wrote a heroic poem titled \"Suvoriada\", celebrating Suvorov's victories. Suvorov is one of the characters in the drama \"Antonio Gamba, Companion of Suvorov in the Alpine Mountains\" by Sergey Glinka which commemorates the Swiss expedition of 1799.[206][207] In British literature, Byron caricatured Suvorov in the seventh canto of Don Juan. In Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, old Prince Nicholas Bolkonski says: \"Suvorov couldn't manage them so what chance has Michael Kutuzov?\". Tolstoy also refers to Suvorov later on in the book. Suvorov is also mentioned by Capt. Rykw in Adam Mickiewicz's poem Pan Tadeusz.\nSee also[edit]\nSuvorov Military School\nSuvorov military canals\nSuwarrow\nSuvorov Museum, Saint Petersburg\nSuvorov Museum, Timanivka\nOrder of Suvorov\nMedal of Suvorov\nSuvorov (film)\nRussian battleship Knyaz Suvorov\nSoviet cruiser Aleksandr Suvorov\nRiver cruise ship Aleksandr Suvorov\nSuvorov's Swiss campaign\nNotes and refs[edit]\nNotes[edit]\n^ The Prince of Italy is the anglicised victory title of \"Knyaz Italiysky\". In Russian language, \"Italiysky\" comes from the Latin and Italian word \"Italia\" and is equivalent to the English \"Italic\".\n^ The term Third Silesian War is a narrow concept of the Seven Years' War: the place of action is limited to Europe. Swedish historiography also uses the term Pomeranian War, which is confined only in Pomerania.\n^ Weisentin?\n^ Neugarten? / Neigarten?\n^ Petrushevsky: \"According to a Polish source, 8,000 Poles in arms and 12,000 Praga residents killed.\"Or up to 20,000.[47] Only the killing of 20,000 Poles is indicated, without specifying civilians or Poles in arms.\n^ In Edith Bone's translation of Osipov's book, the meaning is slightly changed for rhyme in English. In the original (Petrushevsky and Longworth include this as well) it reads:\"I am sitting on a rockAnd at Ochakov I look.\"[67]\n^ The Russians lost 365 men in it, although Ottoman losses were greater.\n^ The place where, a year later, Bonaparte would score his famous victory.\n^ Examples of Suvorov caricatures\n\"General Swallow-all-o Feasting on a French Fricassee!!\"Library of Congress description: \"Print shows a gigantic Russian soldier, possibly a gross caricature of Field Marshal Aleksandr Vasil'evich Suvorov, eating the severed head of a French soldier, another oversized man, a chef, holds a platter containing several more heads; refers to the defeat of the French in Italy by Russian forces under the command of Suvorov\".\n\"General Swarrow, towing the French Directory into Russia!!\"Suvorov took the French Directory captive. On Suvorov's uniform, on the right sleeve, a round red-yellow patch with the inscription \"WARSAW\" (reference to the Praga massacre).\n\"Gen'l Swallow Destroying the French Army.\"Giant Suvorov in a pirate hat catches the fleeing French troops with a forks, devours them and tramples others. Just below Suvorov, a French soldier hides under a cannon.\nFor others, see the related Wikicommons section:\n^ or up to 13,000[94]\n^ When Suvorov was unaware of Korsakov's defeat, in the absence of news he preferred not to stop to let his exhausted army rest, which he directed instead, as early as the early hours of September 27, toward the Chinzig Chulm, counting on bypassing the French by reaching Schwyz from the village of Muotathal (Mutten).\n^ Tyrolean Alps, during his 17961797 campaign.\n^ Year when the monument was built.\n^ Battle of Rymnik Gallery\nReferences[edit]\n^ Duffy 1999, p.14.\n^ Polevoy 1897, p.13.\n^ Longworth 1966, p.164.\n^ Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, ed. (2006). The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History (PDF). ABC-CLIO. p.11. ISBN1-85109-651-5.\n^ Clodfelter 2017, p.107.\n^ Longworth 1966, p.288.\n^ a b Uzefovich, Alexis M. (1931). \"Alexander V. Suvorov, Generalissimo\". The Military Engineer. 23 (127): 6266. ISSN0026-3982. JSTOR44575916.\n^ a b c d e f Clodfelter 2017, p.108.\n^ a b Longworth 1966, p.11, 305.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.376.\n^ a b c Spalding (1888). \"Suvroff\". Illustrated Naval and Military Magazine. VII: 328340. Retrieved June 29, 2009.\n^ -, (2007-11-04). \"\" \"\". (6).\n^ Chamber's repository, 1857, v. 6, p. 3.\n^ Mandich, Donald R. Russian Heraldry and Nobility, 1992, p. 271\n^ Anthing 1813, p.6.\n^ \" . 8, 2005\". Nauka i Zhizn magazine. 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2018.\n^ a b c . (. . ). . . 3-, . .: 1955. . 35\n^ a b . . . . // . 13, 2003.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Isinger 1996.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, pp.4, 7.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.8.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.17.\n^ Kipnis 2021, pp.3840.\n^ a b Zolotaryov 2023.\n^ Alexeyev 2010.\n^ Mikhaylov 1973, pp.5354.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, p.11.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, pp.1112.\n^ a b Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.2930.\n^ \" \" [Combat of Landsberg]. Runivers. , 8601914 . (in Russian). Retrieved 9 June 2023.\n^ a b Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.3132.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Chisholm 1911.\n^ ., (2010). \"\"... \". \". (in Russian). ISSN0235-7089.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.27.\n^ , . \" \". www.hrono.ru. Retrieved 2024-04-24.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, p.12.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.87.\n^ a b Petrov 1874, p.222.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, pp.4849.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.9899.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.104105.\n^ \"24.01.1772 . \" [The Beginning of the Siege of the Krakw Castle]. Runivers. (in Russian). Retrieved 8 June 2023.\n^ Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey, eds. (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Books. p.457. ISBN978-0-618-12742-9. Retrieved 2006-09-10.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.2 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.96.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.2 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.7172.\n^ a b c Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.2 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.122123.\n^ Ledonne, 2003, p. 144 Google Print and Alexander, 1989, p. 317 Google Print (broken link)[permanent dead link]\n^ See Battle of Praga#Massacre\n^ (in Russian) Alexander Bushkov Russia that never existed, cites Adam Jerzy Czartoryski's memoirs that Suvorov was trying to prevent the massacre Archived September 27, 2007, at archive.today\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexandr Fomich (2005) [1884]. \"17. : ; 1794.\" [Polish war: Prague; 1794.]. [Generalissimo Prince Suvorov] (in Russian). . ISBN978-5-98447-010-0. Retrieved 9 October 2016.\n^ (in Polish) Janusz Tazbir, Polacy na Kremlu i inne historyje (Poles on Kreml and other stories), Iskry, 2005, ISBN978-83-207-1795-2, fragment online Archived March 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine\n^ Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. p.722. ISBN0060974680.[permanent dead link]\n^ Dixon, Simon (1999). The Modernisation of Russia, 16761825. Cambridge University Press. p.41. ISBN052137961X.[permanent dead link]\n^ John Leslie Howard, Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia, 14621874, Keep, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN978-0-19-822575-1, Google Print, p. 216\n^ a b Bantysh-Kamensky 1840, p.136.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.9091.\n^ Velichko et al. 1912, pp.323325.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.149.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.153.\n^ Osipov 1939, p.47.\n^ a b Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.154155.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.166.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.309.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.311.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.325.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.321.\n^ Longworth 1966, p.148.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.332.\n^ Osipov 1939, p.76.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.326327.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.351352.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.360.\n^ Longworth, Philip. \"Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Count Rimniksky\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 May. 2023. Accessed 26 June 2023.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.386.\n^ a b Goodwin 1998.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.188.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.188191.\n^ a b Gutakov 2007.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.201.\n^ Velichko et al. 1915, p.447.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, pp.116117.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, p.119.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, p.280.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.2 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.6.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, p.418.\n^ a b Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.406407.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.410.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.412.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.443.\n^ Onion, Amanda; Sullivan, Missy; Mullen, Matt; Zapata, Christian (September 21, 2017). \"Romanov Family\". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved June 22, 2023.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, p.519.\n^ Orlov 1892, p.322.\n^ Novikov 1948, p.153.\n^ Duffy 1999, p.114.\n^ Elchaninov, A. (2003). (in Russian). St. Petersburg: . p.412. ISBN5-89173-205-X.\n^ Semyonov, Boris (15 August 2019). \" . \" [Battle of Novi. Suvorov's most difficult victory]. . (in Russian). Russian Military Historical Society. Retrieved 9 June 2023.\n^ Bogolyubov 1939, p.118.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, p.627.\n^ See Battle of the Trebbia (1799)#Result\n^ Orlov 1892, pp.315, 331.\n^ See First Battle of Marengo (1799)\n^ See Battle of Novi (1799)\n^ Orlov 1892, pp.9293.\n^ Duffy 1999, p.40.\n^ See Battle of Cassano (1799)\n^ Orlov 1892, p.73.\n^ Orlov 1892, p.332.\n^ Milyutin 1852, p.254.\n^ See Battle of the Trebbia (1799)\n^ a b Orlov 1892, p.337.\n^ a b Orlov 1892, pp.322323.\n^ Orlov 1892, p.323.\n^ a b c d Orlov 1892, p.316.\n^ Orlov 1892, p.315.\n^ Orlov 1892, p.83.\n^ See Suvorov's Swiss campaign#The march to Glarus\n^ See Suvorov's Swiss campaign (infobox)\n^ See Battle of Gotthard Pass\n^ a b See Suvorov's Swiss campaign route (map)\n^ a b See Suvorov's Swiss campaign#The crossing of Chinzig\n^ a b Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.262.\n^ a b See ru: \n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.265266.\n^ a b Bodart 1908, p.344.\n^ Rostunov 1989, p.496.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.269270.\n^ See ru: \n^ Latimer, Jon (December 1999). \"War of the Second Coalition\". Military History: 6269.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, p.697.\n^ Duffy 1999.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.343.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.317318.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.318.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.319.\n^ a b c Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.320321.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.286.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.363.\n^ Anthing 1813, p.16.\n^ \". . \". az.lib.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-04-17.\n^ Longworth 1966, p.56.\n^ Petrushevsky 1900, p.48.\n^ \"Generalissimo Prince Suvorov\". az.lib.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-04-17.\n^ Pares 1926, p.309.\n^ Bodart 1908, p.263.\n^ See First Battle of Marengo (1799)#Forces\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.103134.\n^ Velichko et al. 1914, pp.2124.\n^ a b Bodart 1908, p.343.\n^ Duffy 1999, p.177.\n^ Duffy 1999, p.181.\n^ Duffy 1999, p.188.\n^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2003). Lion of the Russian Army: Life and Military Career of Prince General Peter Bagration. Florida State University. pp.162165.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . pp.276277.\n^ Osipov 1939, p.7.\n^ a b See ru:, #\n^ Polovtsov 1912, p.1.\n^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Alexey Yermolov's Memoirs. Lulu.com. p.211. ISBN978-1105258183.[self-published source]\n^ Duffy 1999, p.86.\n^ Osipov 1939, p.190.\n^ \" , 04.02.2021\". ria.ru (in Russian). 4 February 2021. Retrieved 2024-04-22.\n^ Bodart 1908, p.789.\n^ Paret, Peter; Craig, Gordan A.; Gilbert, Felix, eds. (1986). Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton University Press. pp.356357. ISBN0-691-09235-4.\n^ Millar, James R., ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Russian History. New York: Macmillan Reference. pp.928, 15031504. ISBN0-02-865693-8.\n^ \" \". tass.ru (in Russian). 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2024-04-20.\n^ , (2020). (in Russian). . pp.3, 52. ISBN978-5-4484-8601-2.\n^ Grant, R.G. (2011). Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders. DK Publishing. p.174. ISBN978-1-4053-3696-3.\n^ Osipov 1939, p.198.\n^ , (2008). 100 [100 Great Military Leaders] (in Russian). . pp.188193. ISBN978-5-9533-2594-3.\n^ , (2017-04-06). , (ed.). \" \". (in Russian). 2 (11).\n^ , (2012). . [Napoleon's Main Rival: The Great General Moreau] (in Russian). . p.45. ISBN978-5-9533-5877-4.\n^ a b , . ., ed. (2003). \" \". : 7 . [History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.] (in Russian). Vol.1: 1812 . . p.441. ISBN5-89173-205-X.\n^ , (2020). (in Russian). . pp.3, 6. ISBN978-5-4484-8601-2.\n^ , (2013). . [Suvorov: European Winner] (PDF) (in Russian). . pp.25. ISBN978-5-4444-2234-2.\n^ , . ., ed. (2003). \" \". : 7 . [History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.] (in Russian). Vol.1: 1812 . . pp.468469. ISBN5-89173-205-X.\n^ , .. (1999). , .. (ed.). : [Military thought in exile: Creativity of the Russian military emigration] (PDF) (in Russian). . p.325. ISBN5-85887-056-2.\n^ , (2013). . [Suvorov: European Winner] (PDF) (in Russian). . p.5. ISBN978-5-4444-2234-2.\n^ Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2000). The Life of Potemkin: The Prince of Princes. Phoenix Press. pp.382383, 491492. ISBN1-84212-438-2.\n^ Longworth 1966, p.311.\n^ Osipov 1939, p.152.\n^ Ross, Steven T.; Ross, P. Stewart Michael (2010). The A to Z of the Wars of the French Revolution (Volume 203 of The A to Z Guide Series). Rowman & Littlefield. p.159. ISBN978-0810876323.\n^ Duffy 1999, p.17.\n^ Mirsky, D.S. (1999). A History of Russian Literature. Northwestern University Press. pp.6061. ISBN978-0-8101-1679-5.\n^ Keegan, John; Wheatcroft, Andrew (2014). Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day. Routledge. p.79. ISBN978-0415260398.\n^ Grant, R.G. (2011). Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders. DK Publishing. p.175. ISBN978-1-4053-3696-3.\n^ \" : / / \". www.ng.ru. 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2024-04-24.\n^ Skripnik, Oleg (2017-01-06). \"Russia's military victories aren't just thanks to 'General Frost'\". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 2024-04-18.\n^ Osipov 1939, p.129, 153, 197.\n^ Longworth 1966, p.12, 311.\n^ ., (2016). \" \". (6): 211214. ISSN2073-0454.\n^ a b Duffy 1999, p.269.\n^ \"Alexander Suvorov Quotes\". A-Z Quotes. Retrieved 2024-04-26.\n^ Giangrande & Norwich 2003.\n^ \"Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 7, 1942\" (in Russian). Legal Library of the USSR. 1942-07-29. Retrieved 2012-03-26.\n^ Brezianu, Andrei; Spnu, Vlad (2010). The A to Z of Moldova. Scarecrow Press. p.109. ISBN978-1461672036.\n^ King, Charles (2009). Extreme Politics: Nationalism, Violence, and the End of Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press. p.120. ISBN978-0199708246.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.3 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.377.\n^ \"Minsk Suvorov Military School\". Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 18 Dec 2014.\n^ \"Russian defender of 18th-century Crimea proposed for sainthood\". Reuters. 24 May 2022.\n^ (in Ukrainian) Bandera Avenue in Kyiv to be the decision of the Court of Appeal, Ukrainska Pravda (22 April 2021)\n^ \"In the center of Dnipro, the street of Stepan Bandera appeared the mayor\". Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.\n^ \"Occupiers steal monuments to Suvorov and Ushakov when fleeing Kherson\". Ukrainska Pravda. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.\n^ Oleksandr Shumilin (8 December 2022). \"n Kyiv, 32 more streets were de-Russified, including Druzhby Narodiv Boulevard\". Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 8 December 2022.\n^ Oleksandr Shumilin (3 January 2023). \"In Odesa, the images of the Russian tsar and admiral were dismantled\". Istorychna Pravda (\"Historical Truth\") (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 January 2023.\n^ \"In Kherson, the city's Suvorovsky district was renamed Central\". Ukrinform (in Ukrainian). 18 October 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.\n^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol.1 (1sted.). Saint Petersburg: . . . p.444.\n^ . . . . . , 2013, ISBN978-5-699-62465-2\n^ . . . . . , -. . . 1951\nAttribution[edit]\nIn English:\nThis articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Suvrov, Alexander Vasilievich\". Encyclopdia Britannica. Vol.26 (11thed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.172173.\nGoodwin, J. (1998). Lords of the Horizons. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p.244. ISBN978-0-8050-6342-4.\nLongworth, Philip (1966). The Art of Victory: The Life and Achievements of Field-Marshal Suvorov, 1729-1800. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.\nLedonne, John P. (2003). The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 16501831 (Uitgawe and Reviseded.). New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN978-0-19-516100-7.\nAlexander, John T. (1989). Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN978-0-19-506162-8.\nDuffy, Christopher (1999). Eagles Over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799. Chicago, Illinois: The Emperor's Press. ISBN978-1883476182.\nPares, Bernard (1926). A History Of Russia. London: Jonathan Cape. Retrieved 23 June 2023.\nAnthing, Johann Friedrich (1813). History of the Campaigns of Count Alexander Suworow-Rymnikski. London: W. Green and T. Chaplin. Retrieved 23 June 2023.\nOsipov, K. (1939). Alexander Suvorov. Translated by Bone, Edith. London, New York, and Melbourne: Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. Retrieved 26 September 2023.\nPeter Paret, Gordon A. Craig, Felix Gilbert. \"Russian Military Thought: The Western Model and the Shadow of Suvorov\" in the Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton University Press, 1986, p.354.\nFuller, William C. Jr. \"Suvorov, Alexander\" in The Reader's Companion to Military History. Ed. by Robert Cowley & Geoffrey Parker. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1996. p.457.\nClodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 14922015 (4thed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN978-0-7864-7470-7.\nGiangrande, Cathy; Norwich, John Julius (2003). Saint Petersburg: Museums, Palaces, and Historic Collections. Bunker Hill Publishing, Inc. p.71. ISBN1593730004.\nLieut.-Colonel Spalding, Suvorof (London, 1890).\n\"Alexander Vasilyevitch Suvorov, a great Russian commander, was born\". Presidential Library. Retrieved 2023-11-06.\nIsinger, Russell (October 1996). \"Aleksandr Suvorov: Count of Rymniksky and Prince of Italy\". Military History.\nIn Russian:\nPolevoy, Nikolai (1897). , -, [History of the Prince Italiysky, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky, Generalissimo of the Russian Forces]. Moscow: . Retrieved 26 June 2023.\nPetrov, Andrey (1874). . 17691774 [Russia's war with Turkey and the Polish confederates]. Vol.III. St. Petersburg: . . . , 42. Retrieved 23 June 2023.\nNovikov, Nikolay Vasilyevich (1948). [Battle chronicle of the Russian navy]. Moscow: . Retrieved 29 June 2023.\nPetrushevsky, Alexander F. (1900). [Generalissimo Prince Suvorov]. Saint Petersburg: . . . Retrieved 14 June 2023.\nBogolyubov, Aleksandr Nikolayevich (1939). .. [A.V. Suvorov's art of leadership]. Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN978-5-4484-0277-7.\nRostunov, Ivan I. (1989). : [Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov: Life and military activity]. Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN5-203-00046-8.\nVelichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912). [Sytin Military Encyclopedia]. Vol.VIII: . Moscow: - . . . Retrieved 23 June 2023.\nVelichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1915). Sytin Military Encyclopedia. Vol.XIV: . Moscow: . - . . . Retrieved 17 July 2023.\nVelichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1914). Sytin Military Encyclopedia. Vol.XVII: . Moscow: . - . . . Retrieved 3 July 2023.\nOrlov, Nikolay Aleksandrovich (1892). 1799 [Analysis of Suvorov's military actions in Italy in 1799]. St. Petersburg: . . ISBN9785998994289.\nMilyutin, Dmitry (1852). I 1799 [The history of Russia's war with France during the reign of Emperor Paul I in 1799]. Vol.II. St. Petersburg: - . Retrieved 12 August 2023.\nPolovtsov, Alexander (1912). Russian Biographical Dictionary. Vol.20: . St. Petersburg: \" \". Retrieved 1 July 2023.\nMikhaylov, Oleg Nikolaevich (1973). [Suvorov]. Moscow: Young Guard.\nKipnis, Boris Grigoryevich (2021). . [Invincible. Life and battles of Aleksandr Suvorov]. St. Petersburg: \"\". ISBN9785446112845.\nBantysh-Kamensky, Dmitri (1840). -. 48 . [Biographies of Russian generalissimos and general-fieldmarshals. With 48 portraits Part two]. St. Petersburg: . . Retrieved 21 August 2023.\nZolotaryov, V. A. (2023). \" \". Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version. Retrieved 14 August 2023.\nGutakov, Vladimir (2007). \" . \" [Russian way to the south. Part 2]. . No.21. Retrieved 11 July 2023.\nAlexeyev, Alexander (2010). \" \" [Invincible military commander]. Science and Life. No.3. Moscow. Retrieved 21 August 2023.\nIn German:\nBodart, Gaston (1908). Militr-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (16181905). Vienna and Leipzig: C. W. Stern. Retrieved 7 July 2022.\nFurther reading[edit]\nAcerbi, Enrico (2019). The 1799 campaign in Italy. Vol.1, 2, 3, 4. Bergamo: Luca Cristini Editore. ISBN978-8893274517.\nBlease, Lyon (1920). Suvorof. London: Constable & Co Ltd. Retrieved November 6, 2023.\nClausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN978-0-7006-3025-7.\nClausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN978-0-7006-3034-9.\nMacready, Edward Nevil (1851). A sketch of Suwarow and his last campaign: with observations on Mr. Alison's opinion of the Archduke Charles as a military critic, and a few objections to certain military statements in Mr. Alison's History of Europe. London: Smith, Elder.\nDTIC ADA216366: Train Hard, Fight Easy: The Legacy of A. V. Suvorov and His \"Art of Victory\" by Dr. Bruce W. Menning\nLger Marie Philippe comte de Laverne, The life of Field Marshal Souvarof; with reflections upon the principal events, political and military, connected with the history of Russia, during part of the eighteenth century (trans. from the French, Baltimore, 1814)\nDuffy C. Russia's Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power 17001800. Routledge & Kegan Paul Books Ltd. 1985.\nJ.F. Anthing, Versuch einer Kriegsgeschichte des Grafen Suworow (Gotha, 17961799).\nG. von Fuchs, Suworows Korrespondenz, 1799 (Glogau, 1835).\nReding-Biberegg, Der Zug Suworows durch die Schweiz (Zrich, 1896).\nF. von Smitt, Suworows Leben und Heerzge (Vilna, 18331834) and Suworow and Polens Untergang (Leipzig, 1858).\nSouvorov en Italie by Gachot, Massna's biographer (Paris, 1903).\nThe standard Russian biographies of Polevoi (1853; Ger. trans., Mitau, 1853); Rybkin (Moscow, 1874), Vasiliev (Vilna, 1899), Meshcheryakov and Beskrovnyi (Moscow, 1946), and Osipov (Moscow, 1955).\nThe Russian examinations of his martial art, by Bogolyubov (Moscow, 1939) and Nikolsky (Moscow, 1949).\n\"1799 le baionette sagge\" by Marco Galandra and Marco Baratto (Pavia, 1999).\n\"Suvorov La Campagna Italo-Svizzera e la liberazione di Torino nel 1799\" by Maria Fedotova ed. Pintore (Torino, 2004).\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Alexander Suvorov.\nWikiquote has quotations related to Alexander Suvorov.\nAlexander V. Suvorov: Russian Field Marshal, 17291800\nSpeed, Assessment, and Hitting Power: Suvorov's Art of Victory\nState memorial museum of Alexander Suvorov\nSuvorov military museum in Saint Petersburg\nSuvorov's home and family\nSuvorov the one man who could have stopped Bonaparte\nAleksandr Suvorov: Count of Rymniksky and Prince of Italy\nAlexander Suvorov: The Science of Victory (Untranslated)\nvteFrench Revolution\nCauses\nTimeline\nAncien Rgime\nRevolution\nConstitutional monarchy\nRepublic\nDirectory\nConsulate\nGlossary\nJournals\nMuseum\nSignificant civil and political events by year1788\nDay of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)\nAssembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)\n1789\nWhat Is the Third Estate? 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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Unveiling monument toAlexander Suvorov President ofRussia President ofRussia Events Structure Videos andPhotos Documents Contacts Search Search this website Search President ofRussia Mobile version President'swebsitesections Events Structure Videos andPhotos Documents Contacts Search Search Forthe Media Subscribe Directory Version forPeople with Disabilities President'swebsiteresources President ofRussiaCurrent resource The Constitution ofRussia State Insignia Send a Letter Vladimir Putins Personal Website Official Internet Resourcesof the President of Russia Telegram Channel YouTube Channel Legalandtechnicalinformation About website Using website content Personal data of website users Contact website team All content on this site is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Presidential Executive Office2024 Events Unveiling monument toAlexander Suvorov Presidential Aide\nVladimir Medinsky, Presidential Plenipotentiary Envoy totheCentral Federal\nDistrict Igor Shchegolev andChief oftheGeneral Staff ofRussias Armed\nForces First Deputy Defence Minister General Valery Gerasimov attended anofficial ceremony unveiling amonument togeneralissimo Alexander Suvorov inthevillage ofKistysh intheVladimir Region. September 26, 2020 18:00 Vladimir Region Theevent marks themilitary\ncommanders 290th birth anniversary. Themonument was erected bytheRussian Military History Society atthegeneralissimos family estate inthevillage\nofKitysh. Peter theGreat presented theestate toSuvorovs grandfather forhis merits before theTsar andtheMotherland.Themonument was designed byarchitect Konstantin Fomin andsculptors Vladimir Blagoveshchensky andAndrei\nKorobtsov under thenational project Culture.Speaking attheofficial ceremony,\nVladimir Medinsky Medinsky VladimirAide to the President noted: Foreveryone who loves Russian military history,\nAlexander Suvorov is anexample ofawarrior, soldier, commander andRussian\npatriot. Russian soldiers selflessly entrusted their lives tohim because he\nshared food, blood andbattlefield risks with them. He was agenius. Suvorov\nlives andwill continue tolive intheheart ofevery soldier.Suvorov continued thecause ofAlexander Nevsky. The18th century military commander considered\nAlexander Nevsky tobe his heavenly patron, andSuvorov was also inspired byhis life, Igor Shchegolev Shchegolev IgorPresidential Plenipotentiary Envoy to the Central Federal District noted. Valery Gerasimov Gerasimov ValeryChief of the General Staff of Russias Armed Forces First Deputy Minister of Defence noted that Suvorov\ndefeated his enemies using unconventional methods ofwarfare. Suvorov wrote\nthesimplest treatise ontheart ofwar. Nothing is simpler than his work\ncalled TheScience ofVictory. Suvorovs heritage lives intheRussian Army, theChief oftheGeneral Staff noted. After theofficial ceremony, theguests visited thebuilding ofthefuture Suvorov Museum andwere shown aproject forestablishing\nanarchitectural-historical complex inthevillage ofKistysh. Inparticular,\nwork is underway there torebuild theChurch ofSt Basil, built with Suvorov\nfunds ontheir estates grounds. Geography Vladimir Region Topics Armed Forces Culture Regions Persons Gerasimov Valery Medinsky Vladimir Shchegolev Igor Publication status Published insection: Executive Office Publication date: September 26, 2020, 18:00 Direct link: en.kremlin.ru/d/64106 Text version NaN / VKLiveJournal Text Share Direct link http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/regions/VLA/events/64106 Share VK LiveJournal Send by email Print Send by email Message preview Official Website of the President ofRussia: Unveiling monument toAlexander Suvorov http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/regions/VLA/events/64106 Addressee email Send Last updated at September 29, 2020, 17:09 Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia Forthe Media Version forPeople with Disabilities Telegram Channel YouTube Channel State Insignia Send a Letter Vladimir Putins Personal Website Putin. 20 years Presidential Executive Office2024 BESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswy", "url": "http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/regions/VLA/events/64106" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Monument to Alexander Suvorov in St.Petersburg, Russia\nHOMEABOUT USSUPPORT USPARTNERSHIPCAREERSSITE MAPFAQ/HELPCONTACT USCALL US @ +7-812-925-8021\nAROUND THE CITY\nQuick Facts\nEssentials\nSights & Attractions\nSuburbs\nImperial Estates\nPeterhof\nTsarskoe Selo\nPavlovsk\nGatchina\nOranienbaum\nHistory\nForeign St. Petersburg\nDINING\nRestaurants & Bars\nACCOMMODATION\nAccommodation Guide\nSt. Petersburg Hotels\nServiced Apartments\nHostels\nBed and Breakfasts\nTRAVEL SERVICES\nPrivate & Group Transfers\nAirport Transfers\nConcierge Service\nRUSSIAN VISA\nRussian Visa Guide\nRequest Visa Support\nTOURS\nWalking Tours\nENTERTAINMENT\nRiver Entertainment\nTRANSPORT\nPublic Transportation\nTravel Cards\nSHOPPING\nEssential Shopping Selection\nBUSINESS\nBusiness Directory\nVISUAL RESOURCES\nPhoto Gallery\nVideo Gallery\n360 Panoramas\nVISIT MOSCOW\nMoscow Hotels\nMoscow.Info\nHomeSights & AttractionsMonuments and MemorialsMonuments to prominent peopleMonument to Alexander Suvorov\nMonument to Alexander Suvorov\nAt the center of Suvorovskaya Ploshchad, between the Field of Mars and the Neva River, stands this monument to Alexander Suvorov, the great Russian military commander. Under his command, the Russian army won a series of great victories in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1791, and in the Russo-Austrian campaign against Napoleon's forces in 1799, which included Suvorov's legendary crossing of the Alps.\nMonument to General Alexander Suvorov next to the Field of Mars\nImmediately after that incredible campaign, it was decided to erect a monument to Suvorov in the Russian capital. Unfortunately, he died before the statue was officially unveiled in 1801. In the romantic fashion of the era, Suvorov is represented as the Roman god of war, Mars. He stands holding a sword and shield, the shield guarding a three-sided altar on which have been placed the crowns of Naples and Sardinia and the papal tiara, representing the Italian lands Suvorov defended against Napoleon.\nGeneral Alexander Suvorov shown asRomanGodof War Mars\nThis monument was the first in St.Petersburg to be designed and built exclusively by Russian craftsmen. The sculptor was Mikhail Kozlovskiy, and he was assisted by the architect Andrey Voronikhin. The monument was originally erected on the bank of the River Moyka not far from the Mikhailovskiy Castle but in 1818 on the suggestion of Carlo Rossi was moved to the center of the newly created Suvorovskaya Ploshchad.\nMetro:Nevsky Prospekt/Gostiny Dvor\nGettingthere:Exit the metro onto the Griboedov Canal. Turn right up the Canal. Walk around the Church on the Spilled Blood and cross the Moyka River, then across the Field of Mars to the northern end. The monument is in the center of the square in front of you.\nWhat'snearby?\nNeva River,\nField of Mars,\nSummer Garden,\nMarble Palace,\nMillionnaya Ulitsa,\nDvortsovaya Naberezhnaya (Palace Embankment)\nAccommodation near the Monument to Alexander Suvorov\nHOTELS: Editors' picks\n3MostA Hotel\nSuperbly located small hotel offering superior accommodation and service\nSUPERIOR\nPushka Inn Hotel\nCanal-side small hotel near the Hermitage with a superb reputation\nSUPERIOR\nNevsky Hotel Moyka 5\nRiverside small hotel close to the Hermitage and other top visitor attractions\nSTANDARD\nDining near the Monument to Alexander Suvorov\nRESTAURANTS: Editors' picks\nPark Giuseppe\nItalian restaurant with great atmosphere and beautiful parkland setting\nItalian\nDa Albertone\nGood-quality, low-cost Italian cuisine and excellent, friendly service\nItalian\nBotanika\nFamily-friendly cafe serving a variety of international vegetarian dishes\nVegetarian\nOUR SERVICESACCOMMODATION RECOMMENDATIONSWe can help you make the right choice from hundreds of St. Petersburg hotels and hostels.CUSTOMIZED TOURSMaximize your time in St. Petersburg with tours expertly tailored to your interests.CHAUFFEUR SERVICEGet around in comfort with a chauffeured car or van to suit your budget and requirements.RESTAURANT BOOKINGSNavigate St. Petersburgs dining scene and find restaurants to remember.TICKET SERVICESNeed tickets for the Mariinsky, the Hermitage, a football game or any event? We can help.RUSSIAN TRAIN TICKETSGet our help and advice choosing services and options to plan a prefect train journey.MEETING AND CONFERENCE ASSISTANCELet our meeting and events experts help you organize a superb event in St. Petersburg.INTERPRETING SERVICESWe can find you a suitable interpreter for your negotiations, research or other needs.\n- From our partners -\nCopyright 2001-2024 ZAO \"SAINT-PETERSBURG.COM\". All rights reserved.\nPrivacy PolicyLegal NoticeDisclaimerCareersAdvertising with UsContact Us+7-812-925-8021", "url": "http://www.saint-petersburg.com/monuments/alexander-suvorov/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Count Rimniksky | Russian Military Strategist & Hero | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe Now\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nAleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Count Rimniksky\nTable of Contents\nIntroductionEarly life and careerVictories over the Turks.Italian campaign.\nReferences & Edit History\nQuick Facts & Related Topics\nImages\nFor Students\nAleksandr, Count Suvorov summary\nRead Next\n200th Anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo\n8 Deadliest Wars of the 21st Century\n9 Worst Generals in History\nDiscover\nPoker Hands Ranked\nWhy Do Some Cicadas Appear Only Every 17 Years?\n10 Best Hockey Players of All Time\nThe 10 Greatest Basketball Players of All Time\nWhy Is Missouri Called the Show Me State?\nWhats the Difference Between a Turtle and a Tortoise?\nTitanosaurs: 8 of the World's Biggest Dinosaurs\nContents\nHome\nWorld History\nMilitary Leaders\nAleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Count Rimniksky\nRussian military officer\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nWritten by\nPhilip Longworth\nProfessor of History, McGill University, Montreal. Author of The Art of Victory: The Life and Achievements of Generalissimo Suvorov and others.\nPhilip Longworth\nFact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLast Updated:\nMay 14, 2024\n\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nSuvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich, Graf Rimniksky, Knyaz Italiysky, Reichsgraf\nSee all media\nBorn:\nNovember 13 [November 24, New Style], 1729, Moscow\n(Showmore)\nDied:\nMay 6 [May 18, New Style], 1800, St. Petersburg, Russia (aged 70)\n(Showmore)\nRole In:\nFrench Revolutionary wars\nRusso-Turkish wars\n(Showmore)\nSee all related content \nAleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Count Rimniksky (born November 13 [November 24, New Style], 1729, Moscowdied May 6 [May 18, New Style], 1800, St. Petersburg, Russia) , Count Rimniksky was a Russian military commander notable for his achievements in the Russo-Turkish War of 178791 and in the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1789 he was created a Russian count and a count of the Holy Roman Empire; in 1799 he was created a Russian prince.\nEarly life and career\nBorn in Moscow of a noble family, Suvorov was educated at home, joined the Semyonovsky Guards regiment at the age of 15, and was commissioned a lieutenant of infantry in 1754. Having gained varied experience during the Seven Years War (175663), in 1763 he became colonel of the Suzdal Regiment, for which he wrote a comprehensive manual notable for its realistic emphasis on battle training at a time when the prevailing fashion was for parade-ground manoeuvres in the Prussian style.\nHis successes during the Russo-Polish conflict of 176872 earned him a reputation as a self-willed subordinate and a boldly unorthodox tacticiana reputation that was confirmed when, in 1773, he joined Count P.A. Rumyantsevs army fighting the Turks on the Danube. His two successful descents on Turtukai, his brilliant defense of Hirsov, and, above all, his successful direction of the Battle of Kozludji (1774) showed him to be an incomparable commander of the field, but after he helped to suppress the Russian peasant revolt led by Yemelyan Pugachov in the same year and subsequently served in Crimea, his career seemed to founder.\nA mission to Astrakhan to prepare an expedition into Persia proved abortive, and, even after he returned to a more active posting in the Caucasus in 1782, the establishment repeatedly passed him over. His marriage to Varvara Prozorovskaya, contracted 10 years before, broke down in 1784, Suvorov refusing to recognize her child, Arkady, as his son, though he remained devoted to his daughter, Natalya. Returning to St. Petersburg and the court, Suvorov felt consistently ill-at-easeconscious of his scrawny appearance, rough manners, and inability, as he put it, to endear myself to my superiors, to which he attributed the slow progress of his career. But in 1787, after almost 15 years, he was at last promoted to the rank of general.\nVictories over the Turks.\nIn the Russo-Turkish War of 178791, he successfully defended Russian territory on the north shore of the Black Sea from Turkish attack. His victory over the Turks at Kinburn (October 1787) restored him to the limelight, and, though his alleged rashness and drunkenness at the siege of Ochakov, in 1788, earned him official displeasure and exclusion from fighting commands, in 1789 he was sent to Moldavia (in present Romania) to conduct joint operations with Russias Austrian allies. The ensuing victories at Fokshany (now Fosani, Rom.) and his brilliant and bloody storming of the stronghold of Ismail (1790) confirmed his popularity in the army, but his sense of frustration was revived when he was transferred to Finland in 1791. Hostile rumours circulated against him at court, and, as younger, less deserving men overtook him in rank, his embitterment deepened, and he became noticeably more eccentric.\nThen, in 1794 he was recalled to crush the nationalist-revolutionary movement in Polandwhich he did with ruthless efficiency. The slaughter involved in his storming of the Warsaw suburb of Praga (which he justified as shortening the war and saving lives) shocked Western opinion, but it earned him a reward of 7,000 serfs and the promotion to field marshal he had long coveted.\nSpecial 67% offer for students! Finish the semester strong with Britannica.\nLearn More\nSubsequently appointed commander in chief of the southern army, Suvorov set about molding it according to principles he set out in his celebrated military treatise, Nauka pobezhdat (Science of Victory)remarkable for its clipped, colloquial style, its novel emphasis on speed and mobility, and the use of the bayonet and accuracy of fire. But on the accession of the emperor Paul I (reigned 17961801), the old Prussian parade-ground emphasis was reimposed, and, refusing to hide his opposition to it, Suvorov was dismissed.\nSuspected of treason, he was kept under close surveillance, but a thorough investigation produced no evidence against him, and the Emperor restored him to favour. But Suvorov continued to show his dislike of the way the army was being managed and soon retired again.\nItalian campaign.\nFiercely antirevolutionary, he responded with enthusiasm when he was recalled in February 1799 to command a Russo-Austrian army against the French in northern Italy. A series of rapid victories (AprilAugust 1799) resulted in his capturing Milan and almost completely expelling French forces from Italy. These successes made him a hero to those opposed to the French Revolution but also aroused Austrian misgivings about Russian ambitions in the west. Suvorov had wished to invade France but was ordered across the Alps to join a Russian force under Aleksandr Rimsky-Korsakov that was being threatened by the French in Switzerland.\nFighting his way across the mountains, he reached Altdorf, only to hear that Korsakov had already been defeated and that the Austrian divisions in Switzerland, intended to support him, had retired. Surrounded by the enemy, short of ammunition and supplies, and with the first snows of winter falling, Suvorov set out to extract his army from an apparently hopeless position. Though old and sick, he succeeded in arousing his starving and dispirited troops, broke out to reach Glarus, and, repulsing a pursuing French force, succeeded in escaping with three quarters of his men, achieving one of the most remarkable exploits in the annals of war.\nThough disillusioned with the Austrians, Suvorov still envisaged fighting another campaign, but in January 1800, having been promoted to the unprecedented rank of generalissimo, he was recalled. He arrived at St. Petersburg, exhausted and gravely ill, only to find that, on account of a petty misdemeanour, the heros welcome planned for him had been cancelled and he was excluded from the court. He died a few months later.\nPhilip Longworth\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).\nFeedback Type\nSelect a type (Required)\nFactual Correction\nSpelling/Grammar Correction\nLink Correction\nAdditional Information\nOther\nYour Feedback\nSubmit Feedback\nThank you for your feedback\nOur editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandr-Vasilyevich-Suvorov-Graf-Rimniksky\nExternal Websites\nRussia InfoCentre - Biography of Alexander Suvorov\nprint\nPrint\nPlease select which sections you would like to print:\nTable Of Contents\nIntroductionEarly life and careerVictories over the Turks.Italian campaign.\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nLongworth, Philip. \"Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Count Rimniksky\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 May. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandr-Vasilyevich-Suvorov-Graf-Rimniksky. Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandr-Vasilyevich-Suvorov-Graf-Rimniksky\nExternal Websites\nRussia InfoCentre - Biography of Alexander Suvorov", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandr-Vasilyevich-Suvorov-Graf-Rimniksky" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Alexander Suvorov | Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program at UMass Amherst\nJump to navigation\nUMass Collegiate M\nThe University of Massachusetts Amherst\nOpen UMass Global Links Menu\nVisit(link is external)\nApply(link is external)\nGive(link is external)\nSearch UMass.edu(link is external)\nMolecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program\nHomeAboutAdmissionsHow to ApplyPh.D. ProgramM.S. ProgramFinancial SupportThe CampusFrequently Asked QuestionsResearchResearch FacilitiesResearch ClustersBiological Chemistry & Molecular BiophysicsCellular & Developmental BiologyBiomedicineFacultyStudentsCurrent StudentsStudent ResourcesAlumniByron PrizeEventsSeminarsColloquiaDiversityRequirementsAcademic RequirementsMCB RequirementsDirectory\nCadena Fund\nAlexander Suvorov\nAssociate Professor, Environmental Health Sciences\nGraduate Program Direction, Environmental Heath Sciences\[email protected](link sends e-mail)\n2006, Doctor of Science, Russian Academy of Sciences\n1994, PhD, Russian Academy of Sciences\n1990, MSc, Moscow State Pedagogical University\nResearch Interests\nAccording to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, exposure to stressors during vulnerable windows of prenatal and early-life development may impact adult disease later in life. Although there is growing evidence of long term effects of xenobiotics on different health effects, and in particular on metabolic health, and social behavior, this field yet resides in its infancy. Most experimental studies focus on final health endpoints and mechanistic knowledge is scarce. Lack of mechanistic understanding makes it extremely challenging to prevent long-term health effects, predict possible effects of new xenobiotics, and identify nodal points of action, which might serve as therapeutic targets to treat environmentally-mediated disease. Thus our goal is to understand molecular and other mechanisms perturbation of which during early windows of plasticity by environmental stressors may result in long-lasting health effects and ultimately have significant impact on public health.\nLinks: Alexander Suvorov's faculty page(link is external)\nUpcoming Events\nThere are currently no upcoming seminars to display.\nThis site is maintained by Molecular & Cellular Biology, an interdisciplinary Graduate Program in the Life Sciences in the College of Natural Sciences(link is external).\nMCB 203 French Hall University of Massachusetts Amherst 230 Stockbridge Road Amherst, MA 01003-9316(413) 545-4408 e-mail:[email protected](link sends e-mail) MCB Directory\nNetId Login\nSeal of The University of Massachusetts Amherst - 1863\n2024 University of Massachusetts Amherst(link is external) SitePolicies(link is external) Accessibility(link is external)", "url": "https://gpls.cns.umass.edu/mcb/directory/alexander-suvorov" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Alexander Vasilyevitch Suvorov, a great Russian commander, was born | Presidential Library\n \nCollections\nCatalogue\nSearch\nTV Channel\n \nAdvanced search\nEn\nRu\nLog in\n\nEnter your e-mail address or username.\nEnter the password that accompanies your e-mail.\nLog in\nOr log in with...\nCreate new accountRequest new password\nYou are hereHome / On this day / Alexander Vasilyevitch Suvorov, a great Russian commander, was born\nAlexander Vasilyevitch Suvorov, a great Russian commander, was born\n24 November 1729\nOn November 13(24), 1729 (or 1730) was born Alexander Vasilyevitch Suvorov, an outstanding Russian commander, generalissimo, count Rymniksky (1789), prince Italiysky (1799).\nFather of the future commander was general in chief of the Russian army, the orderly of Peter I. Under his strict guidance Alexander Vasilyevitch studied artillery, fortification, war history, foreign languages. Having quite a poor health, Suvorov constantly conditioned his organism to the cold, led an ascetic life trying to imitate the ancient commanders.\nIn 1742, following the tradition of that time, Suvorov was enlisted in to the Life Guards Semenov regiment as a private soldier. At the age of 17 he began his active service as a corporal. From that moment his entire life was dedicated to the military service. Later Suvorov wrote about himself: I am just a military man and other talents are alien to me.\nHaving won many victories over the strong rivals Suvorov won the fame of an invincible man and enriched military practice with brilliant examples of successful actions. Over 50 years of his life Alexander Suvorov dedicated to the military service. He took part in seven wars never suffering a defeat and commanded during 60 battles. Alexander Vasilyevitch participated in the Seven years war. During the Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774and 1787-1791) he won the victory under Kozludza (1774), Kinburn (1787), Focani (1789),Rymnik (1789)and took by stormIsmail fortress (1790).\nIn 1799 Suvorov was at the head of the Italian march during which he defeated the French troops at the rivers of Adda and Trebbia and under Novi. After that he made his armies break from encirclement having made an unprecedentedpassage over the Swiss Alps. His famous Alpine campaign has made him a legend in the annals of military history. Defeating everywhere and through your whole life the enemies of the Fatherland, wrote Paul I to Suvorov, you lacked another kind of glory: to get the better of nature itself; but you managed to gain the upper hand over it as well. A long list of Suvorovs prominent victories was enriched by brilliant feats at Swiss mountain heights. Successful outcome of the whole campaign became the crowning glory during Suvorovs lifetime. In October (November) 1799he was awarded the highest military rank Generalissimo.\nBeing one of the best commanders of the acting army, Suvorov was often called for to solve the domestic policy conflicts in Russia and abroad. At the last stage of Emelian Pugachev rebellion, from August of 1774 Suvorov was at the head of the troops sent to suppress the revolt. In 1794 he suppressed the Polish revolt.\nSuvorov is the author of military theoretical works such as Regiment institution and The knowledge of winning. He created an original system of views on the way of fighting and battling and troops training. Suvorovs strategy was of an offensive character, he developed a tactic of columns and extended order. The knowledge of winning is the work that summarized the richest fighting experience of Suvorov accumulated during his long military carrier. It can be considered as a tactic manual for the officers and soldiers.\nThe essence of his innovations Alexander Vasilyevitch expressed in a laconic formula good eye, speed, charge. Suvorov achieved surprise owing to the fast movement and maneuvering of troops. One minute decides the outcome of the battle, - said the commander, - one hour decides the success of the campaign I am acting not by hours, but by minutes.\nAlexander Vasilyevitch Suvorov died on May 6 (18), 1800 and was buried atAlexander Nevsky lavrain St.-Petersburg.\nLit.:. // . 2004. 27;. . // . ., 1984; (1730-1800): [ ] // . 2003-2015. URL:http://www.adjudant.ru/suvorov/suvorov00.htm.\nBased on the Presidential Librarys materials:\nAlexander Suvorov(17301800): [digital collection]\n \nAbout the Library\nGeneral Information\nAcademic Council\nTyumen Region branch\nRegional and foreign network\nMedia\nEvents\nLive broadcasts\nNormative acts\nContact us\nResources\nCollections\nCatalogue of holdings\nRecent acquisitions\nAccess to resources\nElectronic Reading Room\nCenters of Remote Access\nProcessing of resources\nAcquisition policy\nMandatory Deposit Regulations\nDigitization Plan\nDigitization Center\nEducation and Science\nExcursions\nExhibitions\nMultimedia lessons\nVideo lectures\nConferences, round table meetings\nRussia in the Electronic World Olympiad\nGosudarika information and education project\nPublishing\nPublications\nPublishing and printing activities\nCATALOGUING METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT\nRegulatory documents and methodological materials\nMetadata standards in the cultural heritage sector\nSeminars\nAbout the website\nSystem requirements\nImportant information\n Presidential Library, 2024\nAll rights reserved.\nVersion for the visually impaired\n ", "url": "https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619751" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Alexander (Sasha) Suvorov : Models to Medicine Center : UMass Amherst\nSkip to main content\nUMass Collegiate M\nThe University of Massachusetts Amherst\nOpen UMass Global Links Menu\nVisit\nApply\nGive\nSearch UMass.edu\nInstitute for Applied Life Sciences\nModels to Medicine Center\nAbout\nResearch ThemesBiomaterials for Devices and Regenerative Medicine (BDRM)\nCellular Dynamics\nContraception, Reproduction Assistance Technologies and Embryology (CReATE)\nEngineered Models and Mechanisms in Cancer (EMC)\nInfection & Immunity\nMechanisms of Neural Function & Dysfunction\nMembranes in Biology & Medicine\nMicrobiome, Microbes & Infectious Diseases (MMID)\nPlant and Microbial Innovation\nProtein Homeostasis\nCore Facilities\nPeople\nBenefits\nNews\nEvents\nIALS Home\nSearch M2M\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nR\nS\nT\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\nPlease select the first letter of the last name you are looking for.\nAlexander (Sasha) Suvorov\nAssociate Professor\nResearch areas include environmental toxicology, bioinformatics, mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance and mechanisms of aging.\nCurrent Research\nWe try to dissect, how environmental factors and molecular mechanisms play together to determine epigenetic aging of tissues. Specifically, we focus on changes in metabolic profile and epigenetic program transferred to the next generation with sperm. To answer these questions we use broad range of method with a particular focus on high-throughput, sequencing based methods and bioinformatics analysis.\nLearn more at www.umass.edu/sphhs/person/faculty/alexander-suvorov\nAcademic Background\nBS Moscow State Pedagogical University, 1990\nPhD Ecology and Evolution Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994\nDrSci Ecology and Evolution Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2006\nPostdoctoral research, Sherbrooke University, 2007-2010;\nPostdoctoral Research, Boston University, 2010-2013\nSelected Publications\nSuvorov, A.; Salemme, V.; McGaunn, J.; Poluyanoff, A.; Teffera, M.; Amir, S. 2020.Unbiased Approach for the Identification of Molecular Mechanisms Sensitive to Chemical Exposures. Chemosphere, 262 (2021) 128362, 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128362.\nGomez M.V., Dutta M., Suvorov A., Shi X., Gu H., Eng A., Borenstein E., Mani S., Cui J.Y. 2020. Early life exposure to environmental contaminants (BDE-47, TBBPA, and BPS) produced persistent gut dysbiosis in adult male mice. Toxicological Sciences. Accepted.\nOluwayiose O.A., Wu H., Saddiki H., Whitcomb B.W., Balzer L.B., Brandon N., Suvorov A., Tayyab R., Sites C.K., Hill L., Marcho C., Pilsner R.J. Sperm DNA methylation mediates the association of male age on reproductive outcomes among couples undergoing infertility treatment. Scientific Reports. Resubmitted\nSuvorov A, Naumov V, Shtratnikova V, Logacheva M, Shershebnev A, Wu H, Gerasimov E, Zheludkevich A, Pilsner JR, Sergeyev O. 2020. Rat liver epigenome programing by perinatal exposure to 2,2',4'4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether. Epigenomics.12(3):235-249. doi: 10.2217/epi-2019-0315.\nQi W, Clark JM, Suvorov A, Park Y. 2019. Ivermectin decreases triglyceride accumulation by inhibiting adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Food Chem Toxicol. 131:110576. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110576.\nIntlekofer KA, Clements K, Woods H, Adams H, Suvorov A, Petersen SL. 2019. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha induction of gene expression in neural cells. PLoS One. 14(4):e0215389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215389.\nKhalil A, Cevik SE, Hung S, Kolla S, Roy MA, Suvorov A. 2018. Developmental Exposure to 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether Permanently Alters Blood-Liver Balance of Lipids in Male Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 9:548. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00548.\nPilsner JR, Shershebnev A, Medvedeva YA, Suvorov A, Wu H, Goltsov A, Loukianov E, Andreeva T, Gusev F, Manakhov A, Smigulina L, Logacheva M, Shtratnikova V, Kuznetsova I, Speranskiy-Podobed P, Burns JS, Williams PL, Korrick S, Lee MM, Rogaev E, Hauser R, Sergeyev O. 2018. Peripubertal serum dioxin concentrations and subsequent sperm methylome profiles of young Russian adults. Reprod Toxicol. 2018 Jun;78:40-49. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.03.007.\nAbrha A, Suvorov A. 2018. Transcriptomic Analysis of Gonadal Adipose Tissue in Male Mice Exposed Perinatally to 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47). Toxics. 6(2). doi: 10.3390/toxics6020021.\nSuvorov A, Shershebnev A, Wu H, Medvedeva Y, Sergeyev O, Pilsner JR. 2018. Perinatal exposure to low dose 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) alters sperm DNA methylation in adult rats. Reprod Toxicol. 75:136-143. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.10.009.\nHide Contact InfoDepartment of Public Health149A GoessmannNorth Pleasant StreetAmherst, MA 01003\n(413) [email protected]\nwww.umass.edu/sphhs/person/faculty/alexander-suvorov\nShow Research Themes\nContraception, Reproduction Assistance Technologies and Embryology (CReATE)\nLearn More\nGenetics, Genomics & Epigenetics\nLearn More\nInstitute for Applied Life SciencesN510 Life Science Laboratories240 Thatcher RoadAmherst, MA [email protected] | 413-545-1710UMass Amherst Centralized Core [email protected]\nMeet the IALS Administration Team\nDirections / Parking\nCore Facilities\nPositions Open\nJoin IALS\nSeal of The University of Massachusetts Amherst - 1863\n2024 University of Massachusetts Amherst SitePolicies Accessibility", "url": "https://www.umass.edu/m2m/people/alexander-sasha-suvorov" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Alexander Suvorov : School of Public Health & Health Sciences : UMass Amherst\nSkip to main content\nUMass Collegiate M\nThe University of Massachusetts Amherst\nOpen UMass Global Links Menu\nVisit\nApply\nGive\nSearch UMass.edu\nSchool of Public Health & Health Sciences\nMain navigation\nAcademics\nToggle submenu for Academics\nAcademic programs\nBiostatistics Community Health Education Environmental Health Sciences Epidemiology Health Policy and Management Kinesiology Nutrition Professional Programs Public Health Sciences Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences\nGraduate Admissions UMass Admissions Financial aid and scholarships Faculty directory Courses\nResearch\nToggle submenu for Research\nCenter for Community Health Equity Research Center for Language, Speech, and Hearing Center for Program Evaluation Institute for Global Health\nResearch news and highlights Research areas Research centers and institutes Research Administration Office (RAO)\nCampus & Outreach\nToggle submenu for Campus & Outreach\nAcademic Dean & Office of Academic Success Office of Career Planning Office of Public Health Practice and Outreach Support SPHHS\nAbout\nToggle submenu for About\nAccreditation Diversity, Equity and Inclusion News Events Directory\nResources for current students Resources for faculty & staff Visit us Contact us Senior Recognition Ceremony\nBreadcrumb\nHome\nAbout\nDirectory\nImage\nAlexander Suvorov\nAssociate Professor of Environmental Health Sciences\nGraduate Program Director, Environmental Health Sciences\nDevelopmental toxicology, epigenetics, chromatin structure, endocrine disruptors, animal models\nContact details\nContact\nEmail:\[email protected]\nPhone:\n(413) 545-3487\nLocation\nGoessmann Building\n240B Goessmann\n686 North Pleasant Street\nAmherst, MA 01003\nUnited States\n240B Goessmann\nAbout\nEnvironmental endocrine disruptors are a specific class of xenobiotics molecules that have the ability to interfere with endogenous hormonal signaling by a diverse array of molecular mechanisms. Exposure to these substances during critical periods of prenatal or neonatal life may cause permanent reprogramming of target tissues, likely epigenetic in nature, which often do not present immediate phenotypes but can ultimately lead to adulthood onset diseases.\nOur main research interests are in the study of toxicity of environmental endocrine disruptors in mammal models using a variety of approaches, including traditional methods of toxicology as well as state-of-the-art genomic (RNA-seq) and epigenetic methods (ChIP-seq, DHS-seq) that capitalize on recent advances in high throughput sequencing. In particular, we focus on long-term reprogramming of metabolic and neurobehavioral functions by developmental exposures to endocrine disruptors.\nResearch Lab Website:\nhttp://blogs.umass.edu/asuvorov/\nRelated programs\nEnvironmental Health Sciences\nPublic Health Sciences\nRelated departments\nEnvironmental Health Sciences\nEducation\nPostdoctoral Research, Sherbrooke University, 2007-2010\nPostdoctoral Research, Boston University, 2010-2013\nDrSci, Ecology and Evolution Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2006\nPhD, Ecology and Evolution Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994\nB.S., Moscow State Pedagogical University, 1990\nKey Publications\nSuvorov A,2022. Modalities of Aging in Organisms with Different Strategies of Resource Allocation.Aging Research Reviews, 82, 101770.\nAshapkin V,Suvorov A, Pilsner JR, Krawetz SA, Sergeyev O. 2023. Age-associated epigenetic changes in mammalian sperm: implications for offspring health and development.Human Reproduction Update,29(1):24-44.\nSuvorov A, 2021. Population numbers and reproductive health.Endocrinology, 2021, Vol. 162, No. 11, 110.\nPilsner JR, Wu H, Shershebnev A, Medvedeva Y, Parker M,Suvorov A, 2021. Aging-induced changes in sperm DNA methylation are modified by low dose of perinatal flame retardant.Epigenomics,13(4):285-297.\nSuvorov A, Salemme V, McGaunn J, Poluyanoff A, Teffera M, Amir S, 2021. Unbiased Approach for the Identification of Molecular Mechanisms Sensitive to Chemical Exposures.Chemosphere, 262, 128362, 1-16.\nSite footer\nSchool of Public Health & Health Sciences\nFind us on Twitter\nFind us on Facebook\nFind us on YouTube\nFind us on LinkedIn\nFind us on Instagram\nAddressArnold House\n715 North Pleasant Street\nAmherst, MA 01003\nUnited States\nAcademics\nExplore our programs Undergraduate Graduate Certificate Post Baccalaureate\nResearch\nResearch News Research Areas Research Centers & Institutes\nThe School\nAbout SPHHS News Events Directory Visit Contact\nInfo for...\nCurrent students Faculty & staff\nGlobal footer\n2024 University of Massachusetts Amherst\nSite policies\nPrivacy\nNon-discrimination notice\nAccessibility\nTerms of use", "url": "https://www.umass.edu/public-health-sciences/about/directory/alexander-suvorov" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Russian Rulers History Podcast: Alexander Suvorov on Apple Podcasts\nExitAppleStoreMaciPadiPhoneWatchAirPodsTV & HomeEntertainmentAccessoriesSupport\n0+\nApple Podcasts Preview\n14 min\nPLAY\nAlexander Suvorov\nRussian Rulers History Podcast\nHistory\nSend us a Text Message.Yes, I'm back to retell Russian history. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hadhramout Modern Hospital - Al Mukalla, Yemen | Call Emergency Hospital & Ambulance Service\nHome\nFind a Doctor\nFree AI Doctor\nAsk Free Doctor Online\nMedical Q&A\nBook Lab Tests\nEmergency Services\nHospitals\nCareers\nAll Services\nPharmacies\nMedical Blogs\nFree Health Check\nReal Consultation\nInstant Consultation\nPartners\nAbout us\nContact us\nLogin / Signup\nLogin / Signup\n\n Ask Doctor Online\nHave a Medical Question? \nGet Expert Advice for Free! \nAsk Now! \nHome\nEmergency\nHadhramout Modern Hospital\nHadhramout Modern Hospital\nTrauma Care Center\nAl Mukalla, Yemen\nOverview\nLocations\nOverview\nHadhramout Modern Hospital has gained a prominent reputation for its outstanding Trauma services in Al Mukalla, Yemen. Esteemed for its superior medical care, this hospital stands as a trusted institution within the region. Patients from diverse backgrounds seek its specialized Trauma services due to the medical center's consistent delivery of exceptional healthcare outcomes. With a committed team of medical experts and cutting-edge facilities, Hadhramout Modern Hospital remains a symbol of optimism and recovery for those requiring critical care.\nPhone Number\nCall Now\nMap Location\nGet Directions\nLocation\nIntegrated telehealth platform offering medical appointments Ensuring patient satisfaction is our utmost concern.\nGet Our App\nFor Patients\nFind a Doctor\nAsk Free Doctor Online\nEmergency Services\nMedical Q&A\nMedical Blogs\nLogin\nSignup\nFor Doctors\nRegister\nLogin\nAll Services\nOnline Doctor Consultation\nAsk Free Doctor Online\nLab Testing\nFree AI Doctor\nFree Health Check\nMedical Q&A\nAccident and Emergency\nMedical Blogs\nContact Us\n14225 Falcon Head Blvd, Building E, Suite 218,Austin, TX 78738.\n+1 (415) 251-2044\[email protected]\n 2018-2024, Dr.Galen Pte Ltd, All Rights Reserved.\nTerms and Conditions\nPolicy\nmaps.google.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://drgalen.org/emergency-service/hadhramout-modern-hospital-1306" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mukalla: Inauguration of free camp for urology surgery and endoscopies - Yemen | ReliefWeb\nSkip to main content\nHelp\nLog in\nReliefWeb\nSearch\nContent Search\nWhat are you looking for?\nSearch|t\nMenu\nUpdates\nCountries\nDisasters\nOrganizations\nTopics\nJobs\nTraining\nInforming humanitarians worldwide 24/7 a service provided byUN OCHA\nYemen\n+ 1 more\nMukalla: Inauguration of free camp for urology surgery and endoscopies\nFormat\nNews and Press Release\nSource\nHuman Access\nPosted\n12 Jun 2023\nOriginally published\n12 Jun 2023\nOrigin\nView original\nWith funding from the Abdullah Al-Mutawa Charity Fund and supervised by Al-Najat Charity Association in the State of Kuwait, HUMAN ACCESS launched a free camp for urology surgery and binoculars in Hadhramaut Governorate for needy patients in Hajar district, in cooperation with Hadhramaut Modern Hospital in Mukalla as part of a health plan to save the poor who are unable to receive treatment.\nThe inauguration took place under the auspices of the Minister of Public Health & Population, Dr. Qasem Muhammad Bahih, and the Governor of Hadhramaut Governorate, Mabkhout Mubarak bin Madi, in coordination with the Public Health & Population office in Hadhramaut Coast, and in the presence of the director general of Hajar district, Omar Salem Badebian, and the director general of the Health Office in the district, Dr. Abdullah Bahindi.\nIn her remarks at the inauguration, Dr. Faiza Al-Amoudi, deputy director general of the Public Health Office in Hadhramaut Coast, commended HUMAN ACCESS for alleviating the suffering of patients, especially in remote areas, emphasizing that such pioneering humanitarian projects are essential to assisting patients in need and relieving them of great hardship.\nReport details\nPrimary country\nYemen\nOther country\nKuwait\nSource\nHuman Access for Partnership and Development\nFormat\nNews and Press Release\nThemes\nContributionsHealth\nLanguage\nEnglish\nShare\nShare this on Facebook\nShare this on Twitter\nPost this on LinkedIn\nRelated Content\nYemen\nWFP Yemen Situation Report #4, April 2024\nFormat\nSituation Report\nSource\nWFP\nPosted\n23 May 2024\nOriginally published\n30 Apr 2024\nYemen\n+ 1 more\nUK ramps up aid funding to help feed more than 850,000 people in Yemen\nFormat\nNews and Press Release\nSource\nGovt. UK\nPosted\n15 May 2024\nOriginally published\n15 May 2024\nYemen\nYemen: Humanitarian Response Snapshot (March 2024) [EN/AR]\nFormat\nInfographic\nSource\nOCHA\nPosted\n14 May 2024\nOriginally published\n14 May 2024\nYemen\nMr. Martin Griffiths, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs & Emergency Relief Coordinator - Briefing to the Security Council on the humanitarian situation in Yemen, 13 May 2024\nFormat\nNews and Press Release\nSource\nOCHA\nPosted\n13 May 2024\nOriginally published\n13 May 2024\nBlog\nLabs\nAbout Us\nTerms\nContact\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nInstagram\nTelegram\nOCHA Services\nRelated Platforms\nHumanitarian Action\nCentral Emergency Response Fund\nOther OCHA Services\nFinancial Tracking Service\nHumanitarian Data Exchange\nHumanitarian ID\nReliefWeb Response\nInter-Agency Standing Committee\nOCHA website\nReliefWeb\nVirtual OSOCC\nMore OCHA Services\nOpens in a new window\nService provided by\nUnited Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\nUN OCHA\nUnited Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\nOCHA coordinates the global emergency response to save lives and protect people in humanitarian crises. We advocate for effective and principled humanitarian action by all, for all.\nReliefWeb's Terms & Conditions.\n 2024 all rights reserved.", "url": "https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/mukalla-inauguration-free-camp-urology-surgery-and-endoscopies" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "List of hospitals in Yemen - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Notable hospitals\n2References\nToggle the table of contents\nList of hospitals in Yemen\nAdd languages\nAdd links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nMap all coordinates in \"List of hospitals in Yemen\" using OpenStreetMap\nDownload coordinates as:\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)\nThe following is a list of hospitals in Yemen.[1][2] Notable[3] hospitals are listed, including name, address, city and references. Links to articles in Wikipedia are included when they exist.\nNotable hospitals[edit]\nList of Hospitals in Yemen\nName\nAddressCoordinates\nCity\nReferences\nQueen Elizabet II Hospital (Aljomhouria)\nKhur Maksar\nAden\n[4]\nFriendship Hospital (Assdaqa)\nShiek Othman\nAden\n[5]\nAden General Hospital\nSira St, Crater,\nAden\n[6]\nBuraihi International Hospital\nCaltex, Mansoura\nAden\n[7]\nBasuhaib Military Hospital\nTawahi124707N 445852E / 12.785258N 44.981146E / 12.785258; 44.981146 (Basuhaib Military Hospital)\nAden\n[8]\nAl-Jomhouri Hospital\nAl Mahweet\nSana'a\n[1][2]\nAl Sabeen Maternal Hospital\n151948N 441225E / 15.33000N 44.20694E / 15.33000; 44.20694 (Al Sabeen Maternal Hospital)\nSana'a\n[9]\nSaber Hospital, Al Manssora\nP.O. Box 14055125115N 445926E / 12.854043N 44.990602E / 12.854043; 44.990602 (Saber Hospital)\nAden\n[1]\nAl-Salaam Hospital\nJamal St.144711N 425720E / 14.786462N 42.955554E / 14.786462; 42.955554 (Al-Salaam Hospital)\nHodeidah\n[1]\nAl-Thawrah\nHodeidah\n[1]\nAl-Salaam Saudi Hospital\n165632N 434605E / 16.942227N 43.768067E / 16.942227; 43.768067 (Al Salaam Saudi Hospital)\nSa'dah\n[1]\nAl-Thawra Hospital\nAl-Khoulan St., near Bab Al Yemen\nSana'a\n[1][10]\nAl-Thawra General Hospital\nTaiz\n[1][11]\nMarib General Hospital (Army Hospital)\n152737N 451811E / 15.460262N 45.303133E / 15.460262; 45.303133 (Marib General Hospital)\nMa'rib\n[1]\nHadhramout Modern Hospital\n143257N 490733E / 14.549121N 49.125728E / 14.549121; 49.125728 (Hadhramout Modern Hospital)\nShargh Algwiza Street, Algwizi, Mukalla\n[1]\nIbn Sina Hospital\nZubairi Street152029N 441008E / 15.341253N 44.168901E / 15.341253; 44.168901 (Ibn Sina Hospital)\nSana'a\n[1]\nYemen German Hospital (Modern German Hospital)\nTaiz road15198N 441159E / 15.31889N 44.19972E / 15.31889; 44.19972 (Yemen German Hospital)\nTaiz\n[1]\nRevolution Hospital\n15213N 441315E / 15.35083N 44.22083E / 15.35083; 44.22083 (Revolution Hospital)\nSanaa\nYemen-Sweden Children's Hospital\nTaiz\n[1][11]\nYemen German Hospital\nHadda Road Near 60-Meter Road151908N 441157E / 15.318920N 44.199225E / 15.318920; 44.199225 (Yemen German Hospital (Hadda Rd))\nSana'a\n[1]\nYemen International Hospital\n133540N 440213E / 13.594374N 44.036985E / 13.594374; 44.036985 (Yemen International Hospital)\nTaiz\n[12]\nKuwait University Hospital\n152143N 441134E / 15.361835N 44.192754E / 15.361835; 44.192754 (Kuwait University Hospital)\nSana'a\n[13]\nPsychiatric Hospital\n125248N 445909E / 12.880114N 44.985892E / 12.880114; 44.985892 (Psychiatric Hospital)\nAden\n[14]\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n \"List of Hospitals in Yemen\". UAE Medical Insurance. Retrieved April 20, 2020.\n^ a b \"Yemen Facts and Figures\" (PDF). International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved April 20, 2020.\n^ See Wikipedia:WikiProject Hospitals/Tutorials#Notability for a description criteria for a notable hospital.\n^ \" \". (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-31.\n^ \" \". (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-31.\n^ \" \" (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-31.\n^ \" \". (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-31.\n^ \" \". (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-31.\n^ The Lancet. Little, Brown. 2002. p.1889. Retrieved 11 July 2011.\n^ \"Nuclear Medicine at Al=Thawra Hospital\" (PDF). IAEA. 2009. Retrieved September 22, 2020.\n^ a b \"Yemen Health Facilities Face Indiscriminate Attacks in Taiz City\". Relief Web. March 20, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.\n^ \"Yemen International Hospital Taiz\". YIH Taiz. Retrieved September 23, 2020.\n^ Michael, Maggie (May 15, 2020). \"Coronavirus spreads in Yemen with health system in shambles\". Associated Press. In the first week of May, a surge of patients entered the Kuwait Hospital, the sole fully operating COVID-19 treatment center in the capital, said four officials.\n^ Maan A. Bari Qasem Saleh and Ahmed Mohamed Makki. Mental health in Yemen, Obstacles and challenges (PDF). Cambridge University Press.\nvteList of hospitals in Asia Sovereign states\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor (Timor-Leste)\nEgypt\nGeorgia\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nQatar\nRussia\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nStates withlimited recognition\nAbkhazia\nNorthern Cyprus\nPalestine\nSouth Ossetia\nTaiwan\nDependencies andother territories\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory\nChristmas Island\nCocos (Keeling) Islands\nHong Kong\nMacau\nCategory\nAsia portal\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hospitals_in_Yemen&oldid=1157924645\"\nCategories: Lists of hospitals by countryHospitals in YemenLists of buildings and structures in YemenLists of hospitals in AsiaHidden categories: CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataLists of coordinatesGeographic coordinate listsArticles with Geo\nThis page was last edited on 31 May 2023, at 20:51(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Yemen" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "A Comparative Study for Measuring Serum Ferritin Levels with Three Different Laboratory Methods: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay versus Cobas e411 and Cobas Integra 400 Methods - PubMed\nThis site needs JavaScript to work properly. 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more resources\nTitle & authors\nAbstract\nConflict of interest statement\nFigures\nSimilar articles\nCited by\nReferences\nRelated information\nLinkOut - more resources\nDiagnostics (Basel)\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2022 Jan 27;12(2):320.\ndoi: 10.3390/diagnostics12020320.\nA Comparative Study for Measuring Serum Ferritin Levels with Three Different Laboratory Methods: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay versus Cobas e411 and Cobas Integra 400 Methods\nLotfi S Bin Dahman\n1\n,Khalid M Sumaily\n2\n,Essa M Sabi\n2\n,Mohammed A Hassan\n3\n,Abeer M Bin Thalab\n4\n,Asrar S Sayad\n5\n,Saleh M Bin Kolaib\n6\n,Fatima M Alhadhrmi\n6\nAffiliations\nExpand\nAffiliations\n1 Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\n2 Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.\n3 Department of Medical Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\n4 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\n5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\n6 BSc Candidate of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\nPMID:\n35204412\nPMCID:\nPMC8870818\nDOI:\n10.3390/diagnostics12020320\nItem in Clipboard\nA Comparative Study for Measuring Serum Ferritin Levels with Three Different Laboratory Methods: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay versus Cobas e411 and Cobas Integra 400 Methods\nLotfi S Bin Dahmanet al.\nDiagnostics (Basel).\n2022.\nShow details\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nDiagnostics (Basel)\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2022 Jan 27;12(2):320.\ndoi: 10.3390/diagnostics12020320.\nAuthors\nLotfi S Bin Dahman\n1\n,Khalid M Sumaily\n2\n,Essa M Sabi\n2\n,Mohammed A Hassan\n3\n,Abeer M Bin Thalab\n4\n,Asrar S Sayad\n5\n,Saleh M Bin Kolaib\n6\n,Fatima M Alhadhrmi\n6\nAffiliations\n1 Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\n2 Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.\n3 Department of Medical Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\n4 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\n5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\n6 BSc Candidate of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50511, Yemen.\nPMID:\n35204412\nPMCID:\nPMC8870818\nDOI:\n10.3390/diagnostics12020320\nItem in Clipboard\nFull text links\nCiteDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nAbstract\nDifferent laboratory methods are used to measure serum ferritin levels as a marker of iron status in the general population. This study aimed to compare serum ferritin levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) versus immunochemiluminescence (Cobas e411) and immunoturbidimetric (Cobas Integra 400) methods in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, and whether they can be used interchangeably. A comparative cross-sectional study enrolled one hundred and six adult Yemeni patients (33 males and 73 females) aged 18-55 years, recruited from the dermatology and cosmetic center of Hadhramout Modern Hospital, Mukalla, Yemen. Serum ferritin levels were measured using ELISA, Cobas e411, and Cobas Integra 400 methods. For method comparison, a paired-sample t-test was used. For the consistency between the three methods, they were analyzed with regression and Pearson correlation coefficient. For determining accuracy, a receiver operating curve (ROC) was used. Bias error between the methods was determined through a Bland-Altman plot analysis. Our results did not show any significant statistical difference between ELISA and Cobas e411 (52.55 7.4 g/L vs. 52.58 7.5 g/L, p = 0.967), while there were significantly higher values from Cobas Integra 400 results than Cobas e411 (56.31 7.8 g/L vs. 52.58 7.5 g/L, p < 0.001) and ELISA (52.55 7.4 g/L vs. 56.31 7.8 g/L, p < 0.001). According to the correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis, a strong association between ELISA with Cobas e411 (r = 0.993, p < 0.001) and Cobas Integra 400 results (r = 0.994, p < 0.001) were revealed. For determining accuracy, Cobas e411 and Cobas Integra 400 results showed higher sensitivity (92.0%; 90.0%) and specificity (97.7%; 99.9%) respectively. Additionally, the Bland-Altman plot analysis showed a high agreement between the ELISA and Cobas e411 methods (bias: -0.035). In contrast, there was a low agreement between the ELISA and Cobas Integra 400 methods (bias: -3.75). Similarly, the agreement between Cobas e411 and Cobas Integra 400 methods was low (bias: -3.72). Serum ferritin levels were measured by Cobas e411, and Cobas Integra 400 methods were strongly correlated with the ELISA results, with higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. However, further investigations with larger samples are required for improved accuracy and more precise results, and to determine whether they can be used interchangeably.\nKeywords:\nenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ferritin; immunochemiluminescence; immunoturbidimetric.\nPubMed Disclaimer\nConflict of interest statement\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\nFigures\nFigure 1\n( a ) Association between\nFigure 1\n( a ) Association between ELISA and Cobas e411 methods using linear regression\nFigure 1\n(a) Association between ELISA and Cobas e411 methods using linear regression analysis; (b) association between ELISA and Cobas Integra 400 methods using linear regression analysis; (c) association between Cobas e411 and Cobas e411 methods using linear regression analysis.\nFigure 1\n( a ) Association between\nFigure 1\n( a ) Association between ELISA and Cobas e411 methods using linear regression\nFigure 1\n(a) Association between ELISA and Cobas e411 methods using linear regression analysis; (b) association between ELISA and Cobas Integra 400 methods using linear regression analysis; (c) association between Cobas e411 and Cobas e411 methods using linear regression analysis.\nFigure 2\n( a ) Association between\nFigure 2\n( a ) Association between ELISA and Cobas e411 methods using BlandAltman plot\nFigure 2\n(a) Association between ELISA and Cobas e411 methods using BlandAltman plot analysis; (b) association between ELISA and Cobas Integra 400 methods using BlandAltman plot analysis; (c) association between Cobas e411 and Cobas e411 methods using BlandAltman plot analysis.\nFigure 2\n( a ) Association between\nFigure 2\n( a ) Association between ELISA and Cobas e411 methods using BlandAltman plot\nFigure 2\n(a) Association between ELISA and Cobas e411 methods using BlandAltman plot analysis; (b) association between ELISA and Cobas Integra 400 methods using BlandAltman plot analysis; (c) association between Cobas e411 and Cobas e411 methods using BlandAltman plot analysis.\nSee this image and copyright information in PMC\nSimilar articles\nMeasuring plasma ferritin levels with two different methods: A comparison of Roche Cobas e601 versus Roche Cobas c501 (integrated modular system Roche Cobas 6000).\nAyan D, Soylemez S.\nAyan D, et al.\nJ Med Biochem. 2020 Jan 10;39(1):13-18. doi: 10.2478/jomb-2018-0048.\nJ Med Biochem. 2020.\nPMID: 32549772\nFree PMC article.\n[Comparative study of the serum measurement of PTH on Roche Cobas e411 versus the Abbott Architect ci8200].\nBensalah M, Bouayadi O, Rahmani N, Lyagoubi A, Lamrabat S, Choukri M.\nBensalah M, et al.\nAnn Biol Clin (Paris). 2018 Jan 1;76(1):61-67. doi: 10.1684/abc.2017.1309.\nAnn Biol Clin (Paris). 2018.\nPMID: 29243659\nFrench.\nComparison of Selected Clinical Chemistry Assay Results by two Analyzers: Cobas 6000 (c501) and Cobas Integra 400 Plus.\nBikila D, Lejisa T, Tolcha Y, Bashea C, Meles M, Getahun T, Ashebir G, Habtu W, Challa F.\nBikila D, et al.\nClin Lab. 2022 May 1;68(5). doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2021.210734.\nClin Lab. 2022.\nPMID: 35536075\nPerformance of the Roche Total Mycophenolic Acid assay on the Cobas Integra 400, Cobas 6000 and comparison to LC-MS/MS in liver transplant patients.\nDecavele AS, Favoreel N, Heyden FV, Verstraete AG.\nDecavele AS, et al.\nClin Chem Lab Med. 2011 Jul;49(7):1159-65. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2011.194. Epub 2011 Jun 13.\nClin Chem Lab Med. 2011.\nPMID: 21663568\nClinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of use of therapeutic monitoring of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) inhibitors [LISA-TRACKER enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, TNF--Blocker ELISA kits and Promonitor ELISA kits] versus standard care in patients with Crohn's disease: systematic reviews and economic modelling.\nFreeman K, Connock M, Auguste P, Taylor-Phillips S, Mistry H, Shyangdan D, Court R, Arasaradnam R, Sutcliffe P, Clarke A.\nFreeman K, et al.\nHealth Technol Assess. 2016 Nov;20(83):1-288. doi: 10.3310/hta20830.\nHealth Technol Assess. 2016.\nPMID: 27845027\nFree PMC article.\nReview.\nSee all similar articles\nCited by\nComparison of two ferritin assay platforms to assess their level of agreement in measuring serum and plasma ferritin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease.\nMajoni SW, Nelson J, Graham J, Abeyaratne A, Fernandes DK, Cherian S, Rathnayake G, Ashford J, Hocking L, Cain H, McFarlane R, Lawton PD, Barzi F, Taylor S, Cass A.\nMajoni SW, et al.\nBMC Nephrol. 2023 Jun 30;24(1):198. doi: 10.1186/s12882-023-03255-6.\nBMC Nephrol. 2023.\nPMID: 37391713\nFree PMC article.\nReferences\nHarrison P.M., Arosio P. The ferritins: Molecular properties, iron storage function and cellular regulation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Bioenerg. 1996;1275:161203. doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(96)00022-9.\n-\nDOI\n-\nPubMed\nWang W., Knovich M., Coffman L., Torti F., Torti S. Serum ferritin: Past, present and future. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj. 2010;1800:760769. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.03.011.\n-\nDOI\n-\nPMC\n-\nPubMed\nGrant F.K., Suchdev P.S., Flores-Ayala R., Cole C.R., Ramakrishnan U., Ruth L.J., Martorell R. Correcting for inflammation changes estimates of iron deficiency among rural Kenyan preschool children. J. Nutr. 2012;142:105111. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.146316.\n-\nDOI\n-\nPMC\n-\nPubMed\nKnowles J., Thurnham D.I., Phengdy B., Houamboun K., Philavong K., Keomoungkhone I., Keovilay K. Impact of inflammation on the biomarkers of iron status in a cross-sectional survey of Lao women and children. Br. J. Nutr. 2013;110:22852297. doi: 10.1017/S000711451300158X.\n-\nDOI\n-\nPubMed\nJonker F.A., van Hensbroek M.B., Leenstra T., Vet R.J., Brabin B.J., Maseko N., Gushu M.B., Emana M., Kraaijenhagen R., Tjalsma H., et al. Conventional and novel peripheral blood iron markers compared against bone marrow in Malawian children. J. Clin. Pathol. 2014;67:717723. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202291.\n-\nDOI\n-\nPubMed\nShow all 29 references\nRelated information\nPMC images\nLinkOut - more resources\nFull Text Sources\nEurope PubMed Central\nMDPI\nPubMed Central\nFull text links\n[x]\nMDPI\nFree PMC article\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nSend To\nClipboard\nEmail\nSave\nMy Bibliography\nCollections\nCitation Manager\n[x]\nNCBI Literature Resources\nMeSH\nPMC\nBookshelf\nDisclaimer\nThe PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.\nFollow NCBI\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nGitHub\nConnect with NLM\nTwitter\nSM-Facebook\nSM-Youtube\nNational Library of Medicine\n8600 Rockville Pike\nBethesda, MD 20894\nWeb Policies\nFOIA\nHHS Vulnerability Disclosure\nHelp\nAccessibility\nCareers\nNLM\nNIH\nHHS\nUSA.gov", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35204412/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Saudi Engineers Conduct Needs Assessment in 4 Yemeni Governorates: Al-Jawf, Hadhramaut, Hajjah and Marib | \nSkip to main content\nBeta Version\nSearch\n\nSearch\nEN\nMain navigation\nShow Main navigation\nHide Main navigation\nHome\nAbout SDRPY\nIntroduction\nVision & Mission\nGeneral Supervisor\nStrategy\nMilestones\nReports & Indicators\nPeriodic Reports\nDevelopmental Reports\nEconomic Reports\nEconomic Indicators\nProjects & Programs\nAbout Our Projects\nDevelopment Program Sector\nEnergy\nHealth\nEducation\nAgriculture\nTransportation\nWater\nEnhancing and Strengthening Government Capabilities\nPartnerships\nMedia Center\nPublications\nPeriodical Newsletters\nNews\nBlog\nHuman interest stories\nStories\nVideos\nTestimonials\nDatabanks\nPhotos\nVideos\nE-Services\nEmployment Services\nVendors Portal\nContact Us\nHome\nNews\nSaudi Engineers Conduct Needs Assessment in 4 Yemeni Governorates: Al-Jawf, Hadhramaut, Hajjah and Marib\nSaudi Engineers Conduct Needs Assessment in 4 Yemeni Governorates: Al-Jawf, Hadhramaut, Hajjah and Marib\n12 Dec\nRIYADH | 25 March 2019 On Monday, engineers from the Saudi Development and Reconstruction Program for Yemen (SDRPY) concluded a week-long field study in four Yemeni provinces: Al-Jawf, Hadhramaut, Marib and Hajjah. The aim of the fact-finding mission was to assess the development needs of Yemeni communities to inform future programming. The engineers worked closely with Yemeni officials on the ground to jointly establish development priorities. In the past 8 months, Saudi healthcare and transportation sector initiatives have been implemented in all four of these provinces.\nIn Hajjah Governorate, SDRPY engineers assessed the capacity of local roads and coast guard facilities in Midi district. The Yemeni government has been an important ally in strengthening maritime security and combating the smuggling of both licit and illicit goods, including arms. The needs assessments in Hajjah were not limited to the mainland but extended to the adjoining Red Sea islands of Fasht and Buklan, where education, electricity and water needs were examined. On Fasht, a plan to rehabilitate and re-equip the health center with modern medical devices was outlined with local authorities. Since its founding in 1996, the Kingdom has fully funded the operations of the Saudi hospital in Hajjah, even throughout the period of Houthi militia rule from 2014 onward.\nIn Al-Jawf Governorate, SDRPY engineers and a body of local officials, under Deputy Governor Sinan Al-Iraqi, established development priorities in the agriculture, education, electricity and health sectors. The needs assessment was holistic in nature: while examining agricultural potential and suitable types of seed and fertilizer, the team also examined the potential for digging new wells, restoring old wells, improving water distribution networks and providing public lighting along main roads in the capital Al-Hazm and the Al-Rayyan Highway. A preliminary study of the requirements for rehabilitating provincial health centers was also conducted. In November 2018, SDRPY completed the re-equipment and renovation of Al-Jawf General Hospital in Al-Hazm, which serves some 18,000 patients per month.\nIn Marib Governorate, where a SDRPY project to build a new international airport is now fully under way, SDRPY engineers conferred with Governor Sultan Al-Arada on development needs and toured both Marib and Kara General Hospitals, inspecting their transformation from local to regional health centers. Since the Iran-backed Houthi takeover of much of western Yemen in 2014, Maribs population has increased from a mere 40,000 to 1.5 million people. This influx of primarily refugees and IDPs has doubled the hospitals caseload several times over.\nThe health sector is vital to our province, and even more important now, said Gov. Al-Arada. Maribs residents welcome plans for new projects to improve healthcare, as we do for all sectors fundamental to a dignified standard of living.\nIn Hadhramaut Governorate, SDRPY engineers, resident expert teams and local authorities in the Wadi Hadhramaut valley, including a deputy governor, held extensive discussions on electricity, health, roads, water, agriculture and education at Seiyun University and a local technical institute. In August 2018, SDRPY implemented a health sector project to supply Seiyun General Hospital with state-of-the-art medical equipment, raising the standard of services to the level currently available in the Kingdom.\nAll of the projects are carried out in consultation with local authorities, said Mohammed bin Saeed Al Jaber, SDRPY Supervisor and Saudi Ambassador to Yemen. The joint nature of this needs assessment provides good evidence of that.\nSubscribe to our mailing list\nEmail\nFind Our Social Media Links\n Main Menu\nfeatured_menu_main_en\nShow featured_menu_main_en\nHide featured_menu_main_en\nHome\nAbout SDRPY\nNews\nContact Us\n Other Links\nfooter_menu_en\nShow footer_menu_en\nHide footer_menu_en\nThe privacy policy\nWFO\n Useful Links\nRelated Menu en\nShow Related Menu en\nHide Related Menu en\nOil Derivatives Platform\nFTS\nCopyrights to The Saudi Development and reconstruction program for Yemen 2022 \nShareThis Copy and Paste", "url": "https://sdrpy.gov.sa/en/node/3647" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Transient urocolpos due to vesicovaginal reflux in a 37-year-old woman: a case report - PubMed\nThis site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!\nClipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.\nSkip to main page content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 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more resources\nTitle & authors\nAbstract\nConflict of interest statement\nFigures\nSimilar articles\nCited by\nReferences\nPublication types\nMeSH terms\nRelated information\nLinkOut - more resources\nCase Reports\nPan Afr Med J\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2022 Sep 21:43:37.\ndoi: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.37.36668.\neCollection 2022.\nTransient urocolpos due to vesicovaginal reflux in a 37-year-old woman: a case report\nMuneer Fazea\n1\n2\n,Ramzi Alnajmani\n3\n,Mansour Alhameli\n2\n4\n,Faisal Ahmed\n5\n,Abdullah Al-Naggar\n6\n,Abdulfattah Altam\n7\n,Waleed Aljbri\n8\n,Qasem Alyhari\n9\n,Amal Bafagih\n2\n,Mohamed Badheeb\n10\nAffiliations\nExpand\nAffiliations\n1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Sciences, Ibb, Yemen.\n2 Department of Radiology, Al-Maamoon Diagnostic Center, Sanaa, Yemen.\n3 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, 21 September University, Sana'a, Yemen.\n4 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicines, Sanaa University of Medical Science, Sanaa, Yemen.\n5 Urology Research Center, Al-Thora General Hospital, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Sciences, Ibb, Yemen.\n6 Department of Anesthesiology, Al-Thora Modern Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Sanaa University of Medical Sciences, Sanaa, Yemen.\n7 Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, 21 September University, Sana'a, Yemen.\n8 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, 21 September University, Sana'a, Yemen.\n9 Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Sciences, Ibb, Yemen.\n10 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadhramaut University, Hadhramaut, Yemen.\nPMID:\n36505014\nPMCID:\nPMC9716961\nDOI:\n10.11604/pamj.2022.43.37.36668\nItem in Clipboard\nCase Reports\nTransient urocolpos due to vesicovaginal reflux in a 37-year-old woman: a case report\nMuneer Fazeaet al.\nPan Afr Med J.\n2022.\nShow details\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nPan Afr Med J\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2022 Sep 21:43:37.\ndoi: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.37.36668.\neCollection 2022.\nAuthors\nMuneer Fazea\n1\n2\n,Ramzi Alnajmani\n3\n,Mansour Alhameli\n2\n4\n,Faisal Ahmed\n5\n,Abdullah Al-Naggar\n6\n,Abdulfattah Altam\n7\n,Waleed Aljbri\n8\n,Qasem Alyhari\n9\n,Amal Bafagih\n2\n,Mohamed Badheeb\n10\nAffiliations\n1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Sciences, Ibb, Yemen.\n2 Department of Radiology, Al-Maamoon Diagnostic Center, Sanaa, Yemen.\n3 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, 21 September University, Sana'a, Yemen.\n4 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicines, Sanaa University of Medical Science, Sanaa, Yemen.\n5 Urology Research Center, Al-Thora General Hospital, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Sciences, Ibb, Yemen.\n6 Department of Anesthesiology, Al-Thora Modern Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Sanaa University of Medical Sciences, Sanaa, Yemen.\n7 Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, 21 September University, Sana'a, Yemen.\n8 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, 21 September University, Sana'a, Yemen.\n9 Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Sciences, Ibb, Yemen.\n10 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadhramaut University, Hadhramaut, Yemen.\nPMID:\n36505014\nPMCID:\nPMC9716961\nDOI:\n10.11604/pamj.2022.43.37.36668\nItem in Clipboard\nFull text links\nCiteDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nAbstract\nUrocolpos is a urine collection in the vagina, possibly due to vesicovaginal reflux (VVR) or a fistula. Urocolpos is a rare phenomenon in adults, and it is commonly underrecognized by radiologists. The occurrence of urocolpos due to VVR after a Caesarean section in adult females is a rare phenomenon; failure to recognize it may lead to misdiagnosis as vesicovaginal fistula and often leads to unnecessary medical interventions. We report a 37-year-old female who complained of abdominal pain and intermittent daytime urinary incontinence for six months, starting after a Caesarean section for her third baby. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a large fluid-filled vagina on a full bladder without anatomical abnormality. A post-voiding scan showed a complete resolution. In conclusion, urocolpos is an underrecognized entity that rarely coexists with VVR. Post-voiding resolution and vaginal contrast reflux are important findings that can aid radiologists in identifying such cases.\nKeywords:\nUrocolpos; case report; computed tomography scan; incontinence; vesicovaginal reflux.\nCopyright: Muneer Fazea et al.\nPubMed Disclaimer\nConflict of interest statement\nThe authors declare no competing interests.\nFigures\nFigure 1\ncomputed tomography scan showing a\nFigure 1\ncomputed tomography scan showing a contrast-filled urinary bladder and vagina with no definite\nFigure 1\ncomputed tomography scan showing a contrast-filled urinary bladder and vagina with no definite vesicovaginal fistula (arrow); A) axial view; B) sagittal view; (B: bladder, V: vagina)\nFigure 2\npost-void computed tomography scan showing\nFigure 2\npost-void computed tomography scan showing emptying of the urinary bladder with complete disappearance\nFigure 2\npost-void computed tomography scan showing emptying of the urinary bladder with complete disappearance of the cystic lesion; A) axial view; B) sagittal view; (B: bladder, V: vagina)\nSee this image and copyright information in PMC\nSimilar articles\nVesicovaginal reflux presenting as transient urocolpos-A diagnostic dilemma.\nReddy S, Saad A, Mohan M, Mulla J.\nReddy S, et al.\nRadiol Case Rep. 2023 Feb 20;18(4):1637-1640. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.01.062. eCollection 2023 Apr.\nRadiol Case Rep. 2023.\nPMID: 36876036\nFree PMC article.\n[Vesicovaginal Reflux and Urocolpos].\nFernndez-Ibieta M, Martnez-Castao I, Guirao-Piera MJ, Vicente-Caldern C, Piero-Fernndez J, Zambudio-Carmona G, Garca-Lpez A, Ruiz-Jimnez JI.\nFernndez-Ibieta M, et al.\nArch Esp Urol. 2015 Jun;68(5):502-5.\nArch Esp Urol. 2015.\nPMID: 26102054\nSpanish.\nNonobstructive hydrocolpos due to vesicovaginal reflux: expanding the differential diagnosis.\nBalani A, Alwala S, Kumar DA, Karnawat A, Marda SS, Zanke RB.\nBalani A, et al.\nJpn J Radiol. 2015 May;33(5):287-90. doi: 10.1007/s11604-015-0406-5. Epub 2015 Feb 28.\nJpn J Radiol. 2015.\nPMID: 25724423\n[Vesicovaginal fistula due to a vaginal foreign body: a case report].\nHanai T, Miyatake R, Kato Y, Iguchi M.\nHanai T, et al.\nHinyokika Kiyo. 2000 Feb;46(2):141-3.\nHinyokika Kiyo. 2000.\nPMID: 10769807\nReview.\nJapanese.\n[Vesicouterine fistula after caesarean section].\nKarapanos L, Porres D, Salem J, Akbarov I, Heidenreich A, Zugor V.\nKarapanos L, et al.\nAktuelle Urol. 2018 Feb;49(1):92-95. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-121936. Epub 2018 Feb 1.\nAktuelle Urol. 2018.\nPMID: 29390222\nReview.\nGerman.\nSee all similar articles\nCited by\nVesicovaginal reflux presenting as transient urocolpos-A diagnostic dilemma.\nReddy S, Saad A, Mohan M, Mulla J.\nReddy S, et al.\nRadiol Case Rep. 2023 Feb 20;18(4):1637-1640. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.01.062. eCollection 2023 Apr.\nRadiol Case Rep. 2023.\nPMID: 36876036\nFree PMC article.\nReferences\nFernndez-Ibieta M, Martnez-Castao I, Guirao-Piera MJ, Vicente-Caldern C, Piero-Fernndez J, Zambudio-Carmona G, et al. [Vesicovaginal Reflux and Urocolpos] Arch Esp Urol. 2015 Jun;68(5):5025.\n-\nPubMed\nWarade M, Majid Y, Dayananda L, Gupta K. Vesicovaginal reflux: A case report. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2009 Jul-Sep;19(3):2357.\n-\nPMC\n-\nPubMed\nMotavasseli D, Charlanes A, Chesnel C, Menoux D, Charoenwong F, Le Breton F, et al. Urethro-vaginal reflux during micturition: An underestimated cause of urinary incontinence in adult women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2019 Sep;38(7):19537.\n-\nPubMed\nBalani A, Alwala S, Kumar DA, Karnawat A, Marda SS, Zanke RB. Nonobstructive hydrocolpos due to vesicovaginal reflux: expanding the differential diagnosis. Jpn J Radiol. 2015;33(5):28790.\n-\nPubMed\nHermieu JF, Comite d'Urologie et de Pelvi-perineologie de la Femme Association Frannaise dU Recommendations for the urodynamic examination in the investigation of non-neurological female urinary incontinence. Prog Urol. 2007;17(6 Suppl 2):126484.\n-\nPubMed\nShow all 11 references\nPublication types\nCase Reports\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nMeSH terms\nAdult\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nCesarean Section\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nFemale\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nHumans\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nInfant\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPelvis\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPregnancy\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nUrinary Bladder*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nVagina\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nVesicovaginal Fistula*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nRelated information\nMedGen\nLinkOut - more resources\nFull Text Sources\nEurope PubMed Central\nPan African Medical Journal\nPubMed Central\nFull text links\n[x]\nPan African Medical Journal\nFree PMC article\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nSend To\nClipboard\nEmail\nSave\nMy Bibliography\nCollections\nCitation Manager\n[x]\nNCBI Literature Resources\nMeSH\nPMC\nBookshelf\nDisclaimer\nThe PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower | The White House\nSkip to content\nThe White House\nThe White House\nThe White House\nHome\nAdministration\nPriorities\nThe Record\nBriefing Room\nEspaol\nInstagramOpens in a new window\nFacebookOpens in a new window\nXOpens in a new window\nYouTubeOpens in a new window\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nMenu\nClose\nTo search this site, enter a search term\nSearch\nMobile Menu Overlay\nAdministration\nShow submenu for Administration\nPresident Joe Biden\nVice President Kamala Harris\nFirst Lady Dr. Jill Biden\nSecond Gentleman Douglas Emhoff\nThe Cabinet\nExecutive Offices\nShow submenu for Executive Offices\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nDomestic Policy Council\nGender Policy Council\nNational Economic Council\nNational Security Council\nNational Space Council\nOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs\nOffice of Management and Budget\nOffice of the National Cyber Director\nOffice of National Drug Control Policy\nOffice of Public Engagement\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nOffice of the United States Trade Representative\nClimate Policy Office\nPresidential Personnel Office\nPriorities\nBriefing Room\nThe White House\nShow submenu for The White House\nPresidents\nFirst Families\nThe Grounds\nOur Government\nGet Involved\nShow submenu for Get Involved\nWrite or Call The White House\nJoin Us\nWhite House Fellows\nWhite House Internship Program\nThe Record\nDisclosures\nEspaol\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nInstagramOpens in a new window\nFacebookOpens in a new window\nXOpens in a new window\nYouTubeOpens in a new window\nThe White House\n1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW\nWashington, DC 20500\nTo search this site, enter a search term\nSearch\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nThe 34th President of the United States\nHome\nAbout The White House\nPresidents\nNavigate this Section\nSelect\nGeorge Washington\nJohn Adams\nThomas Jefferson\nJames Madison\nJames Monroe\nJohn Quincy Adams\nAndrew Jackson\nMartin Van Buren\nWilliam Henry Harrison\nJohn Tyler\nJames K. Polk\nZachary Taylor\nMillard Fillmore\nFranklin Pierce\nJames Buchanan\nAbraham Lincoln\nAndrew Johnson\nUlysses S. Grant\nRutherford B. Hayes\nJames Garfield\nChester A. Arthur\nGrover Cleveland\nBenjamin Harrison\nGrover Cleveland\nWilliam McKinley\nTheodore Roosevelt\nWilliam Howard Taft\nWoodrow Wilson\nWarren G. Harding\nCalvin Coolidge\nHerbert Hoover\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\nHarry S. Truman\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nJohn F. Kennedy\nLyndon B. Johnson\nRichard M. Nixon\nGerald R. Ford\nJames Carter\nRonald Reagan\nGeorge H. W. Bush\nWilliam J. Clinton\nGeorge W. Bush\nBarack Obama\nDonald J. Trump\nJoseph R. 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Biden Jr.\nThe biography for President Eisenhower and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association.\nBringing to the Presidency his prestige as commanding general of the victorious forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower obtained a truce in Korea and worked incessantly during his two terms (1953-1961) to ease the tensions of the Cold War.\nBringing to the Presidency his prestige as commanding general of the victorious forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower obtained a truce in Korea and worked incessantly during his two terms to ease the tensions of the Cold War. He pursued the moderate policies of Modern Republicanism, pointing out as he left office, America is today the strongest, most influential, and most productive nation in the world.\nBorn in Texas in 1890, brought up in Abilene, Kansas, Eisenhower was the third of seven sons. He excelled in sports in high school, and received an appointment to West Point. Stationed in Texas as a second lieutenant, he met Mamie Geneva Doud, whom he married in 1916.\nIn his early Army career, he excelled in staff assignments, serving under Generals John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur, and Walter Krueger. After Pearl Harbor, General George C. Marshall called him to Washington for a war plans assignment. He commanded the Allied Forces landing in North Africa in November 1942; on D-Day, 1944, he was Supreme Commander of the troops invading France.\nAfter the war, he became President of Columbia University, then took leave to assume supreme command over the new NATO forces being assembled in 1951. Republican emissaries to his headquarters near Paris persuaded him to run for President in 1952.\nI like Ike was an irresistible slogan; Eisenhower won a sweeping victory.\nNegotiating from military strength, he tried to reduce the strains of the Cold War. In 1953, the signing of a truce brought an armed peace along the border of South Korea. The death of Stalin the same year caused shifts in relations with Russia.\nNew Russian leaders consented to a peace treaty neutralizing Austria. Meanwhile, both Russia and the United States had developed hydrogen bombs. With the threat of such destructive force hanging over the world, Eisenhower, with the leaders of the British, French, and Russian governments, met at Geneva in July 1955.\nThe President proposed that the United States and Russia exchange blueprints of each others military establishments and provide within our countries facilities for aerial photography to the other country. The Russians greeted the proposal with silence, but were so cordial throughout the meetings that tensions relaxed.\nSuddenly, in September 1955, Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in Denver, Colorado. After seven weeks he left the hospital, and in February 1956 doctors reported his recovery. In November he was elected for his second term.\nIn domestic policy the President pursued a middle course, continuing most of the New Deal and Fair Deal programs, emphasizing a balanced budget. As desegregation of schools began, he sent troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to assure compliance with the orders of a Federal court; he also ordered the complete desegregation of the Armed Forces. There must be no second class citizens in this country, he wrote.\nEisenhower concentrated on maintaining world peace. He watched with pleasure the development of his atoms for peace programthe loan of American uranium to have not nations for peaceful purposes.\nBefore he left office in January 1961, for his farm in Gettysburg, he urged the necessity of maintaining an adequate military strength, but cautioned that vast, long-continued military expenditures could breed potential dangers to our way of life. He concluded with a prayer for peace in the goodness of time. Both themes remained timely and urgent when he died, after a long illness, on March 28, 1969.\nFor more information about President Eisenhower, please visit Dwight D. Eisenhower Library and Museum\nLearn more about Dwight D. Eisenhowers spouse, Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower.\nStay Connected\nSign Up\nEmail Address* Required\nZIP Code\nPlease leave blank.\nWe'll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better.\nOpt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden.\nShare\nShare this page on Facebook\nShare this page on X\nhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/dwight-d-eisenhower/?utm_source=link\nHome\nThe Administration\nExecutive Offices\nPriorities\nThe Record\nBriefing Room\nThe White House\nDisclosures\nGet Involved\nEspaol\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nInstagramOpens in a new window\nFacebookOpens in a new window\nXOpens in a new window\nYouTubeOpens in a new window\nThe White House\n1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW\nWashington, DC 20500\nWH.gov\nScroll to Top\nScroll to Top\nTop", "url": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/dwight-d-eisenhower/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Family background\n2Early life and education\n3Personal life\n4World War I (19141918)\n5Between the Wars (19181939)\nToggle Between the Wars (19181939) subsection\n5.1In service of generals\n5.2Philippine tenure (19351939)\n6World War II (19391945)\nToggle World War II (19391945) subsection\n6.1Operations Torch and Avalanche\n6.2Supreme Allied commander and Operation Overlord\n6.3Liberation of France and victory in Europe\n7After World War II (19451953)\nToggle After World War II (19451953) subsection\n7.1Military Governor of the American-occupied zone of Germany\n7.2Army Chief of Staff\n7.31948 presidential election\n7.4President at Columbia University and NATO Supreme Commander\n7.5Presidential campaign of 1952\n7.6Election of 1956\n8Presidency (19531961)\nToggle Presidency (19531961) subsection\n8.1Interstate Highway System\n8.2Foreign policy\n8.2.1Space Race\n8.2.2Korean War, Free China and Red China\n8.2.3Southeast Asia\n8.2.4Legitimation of Francoist Spain\n8.2.5Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine\n8.2.61960 U-2 incident\n8.3Civil rights\n8.4Relations with Congress\n8.5Judicial appointments\n8.5.1Supreme Court\n8.6States admitted to the Union\n8.7Health issues\n8.8End of presidency\n9Post-presidency (19611969)\nToggle Post-presidency (19611969) subsection\n9.1Death\n10Legacy and memory\nToggle Legacy and memory subsection\n10.1Tributes and memorials\n11Honors\nToggle Honors subsection\n11.1Awards and decorations\n11.2Freedom of the City\n11.3Honorary degrees\n12Promotions\n13See also\n14Notes\n15References\nToggle References subsection\n15.1Citations\n15.2Print sources\n15.2.1General biographies\n15.2.2Military career\n15.2.3Civilian career\n15.2.4General history\n15.2.5Primary sources\n16External links\nToggle the table of contents\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n142 languages\nAfrikaansAlemannischngliscAragonsAsturianuAymar aruAzrbaycancaBasa Bali / Bn-lm-g ()Bikol CentralBislamaBosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaCorsuCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisFryskGaeilgeGaelgGidhligGalego/Hak-k-ngHawaiiHrvatskiIdoIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaslenskaItalianoJawaKapampanganKernowekIkinyarwandaKiswahiliKurdLatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLigureLimburgsLinglaLingua Franca NovaLombardMagyarMalagasyBahasa Melayu / Mng-dng-ngNederlandsNordfriiskNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskOccitanOzbekcha / PiemontisPlattdtschPolskiPortugusQrmtatarcaRipoarischRomnRumantschRuna Simi SarduScotsShqipSicilianuSimple EnglishSloveninaSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalog / tataraTrkeVnetoTing VitVolapkWinarayYorbZazakiZeuwsemaitkaToli\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquoteWikisource\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nPresident of the United States from 1953 to 1961\n\"Dwight David Eisenhower\" and \"Eisenhower\" redirect here. For his grandson, see David Eisenhower. For other uses, see Eisenhower (disambiguation).\nDwight D. EisenhowerOfficial portrait, 195934th President of the United StatesIn officeJanuary 20, 1953 January 20, 1961Vice PresidentRichard NixonPreceded byHarry S. TrumanSucceeded byJohn F. Kennedy1st Supreme Allied Commander EuropeIn officeApril 2, 1951 May 30, 1952PresidentHarry S. TrumanDeputyBernard MontgomeryPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byMatthew Ridgway16th Chief of Staff of the ArmyIn officeNovember 19, 1945 February 6, 1948PresidentHarry S. TrumanDeputyJ. Lawton CollinsPreceded byGeorge C. MarshallSucceeded byOmar Bradley1st Military Governor of the American-occupied zone of GermanyIn officeMay 8, 1945 November 10, 1945PresidentHarry S. TrumanPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byGeorge S. Patton (acting)13th President of Columbia UniversityIn officeJune 7, 1948 January 19, 1953Preceded byFrank D. Fackenthal (acting)Succeeded byGrayson L. Kirk\nPersonal detailsBornDavid Dwight Eisenhower(1890-10-14)October 14, 1890Denison, Texas, USDiedMarch 28, 1969(1969-03-28) (aged78)Washington, D.C., USResting placeDwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood HomePolitical partyRepublican (from 1952)Spouse\nMamie Doud (m.1916)ChildrenDoudJohnRelativesEisenhower familyEducationUnited States Military Academy (BS)OccupationMilitary officerpoliticianSignatureNickname\"Ike\"[1]Military serviceAllegianceUnited StatesBranch/serviceUnited States ArmyYearsof service\n19151953\n19611969[2]\nRankGeneral of the ArmyBattles/warsSee battles\nBorder War\nPancho Villa Expedition\nWorld War I\nWorld War II\nNorth African campaign\nOperation Torch\nBattle of Port Lyautey\nTunisian campaign\nBattle of Kasserine Pass\nItalian campaign\nOperation Husky\nAllied invasion of Italy\nOperation Avalanche\nOperation Overlord\nNormandy landings\nBattle of the Falaise Pocket\nLiberation of Paris\nOperation Dragoon\nSiegfried Line campaign\nOperation Market Garden\nOperation Queen\nBattle of the Bulge\nWestern Allied invasion of Germany\nBattle of Remagen\nOccupation of Germany\nKorean War\nAwards\nArmy Distinguished Service Medal (5)\nNavy Distinguished Service Medal\nLegion of Merit\n(see Awards and decorations)\nDwight D. Eisenhower's voice\nEisenhower on military enforcement of school integration in Little RockRecorded September 24, 1957\nDwight David Eisenhower (/aznha.r/ EYE-zn-how-r; born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe and achieved the five-star rank as General of the Army. Eisenhower planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of World War II: Operation Torch in the North Africa campaign in 19421943 and the invasion of Normandy in 1944.\nEisenhower was born in Denison, Texas, and raised in Abilene, Kansas. His family had a strong religious background, and his mother became a Jehovah's Witness. Eisenhower, however, belonged to no organized church until 1952. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, with whom he had two sons. During World War I, he was denied a request to serve in Europe and instead commanded a unit that trained tank crews. Following the war, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. In 1941, after the United States entered World War II, Eisenhower oversaw the invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany. After the war ended in Europe, he served as military governor of the American-occupied zone of Germany (1945), Army Chief of Staff (19451948), president of Columbia University (19481953), and as the first supreme commander of NATO (19511952).\nIn 1952, Eisenhower entered the presidential race as a Republican to block the isolationist foreign policies of Senator Robert A. Taft, who opposed NATO. Eisenhower won that year's election and the 1956 election in landslides, both times defeating Adlai Stevenson II. Eisenhower's main goals in office were to contain the spread of communism and reduce federal deficits. In 1953, he considered using nuclear weapons to end the Korean War and may have threatened China with nuclear attack if an armistice was not reached quickly. China did agree and an armistice resulted, which remains in effect. His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized \"inexpensive\" nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions. He continued Harry S. Truman's policy of recognizing Taiwan as the legitimate government of China, and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution. His administration provided major aid to help the French fight off Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War. After the French left, he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. He supported regime-changing military coups in Iran and Guatemala orchestrated by his own administration. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, a summit meeting with the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was cancelled when a US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. Eisenhower approved the Bay of Pigs Invasion, which was left to John F. Kennedy to carry out.\nOn the domestic front, Eisenhower governed as a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege. He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders which integrated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. His administration undertook the development and construction of the Interstate Highway System, which remains the largest construction of roadways in American history. In 1957, following the Soviet launch of Sputnik, Eisenhower led the American response which included the creation of NASA and the establishment of a stronger, science-based education via the National Defense Education Act. The Soviet Union began to reinforce their own space program, escalating the Space Race. His two terms saw unprecedented economic prosperity except for a minor recession in 1958. In his farewell address, he expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, which he dubbed \"the militaryindustrial complex\". Historical evaluations of his presidency place him among the upper tier of American presidents.\nFamily background\nFurther information: Family of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nThe Eisenhauer (German for \"iron hewer\" or \"iron miner\") family migrated from the German village of Karlsbrunn to the Province of Pennsylvania in 1741.[3] Accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized.[4]\nDavid Jacob Eisenhower, Eisenhower's father, was a college-educated engineer, despite his own father's urging to stay on the family farm. Eisenhower's mother, Ida Elizabeth (Stover) Eisenhower, of predominantly German Protestant ancestry, moved to Kansas from Virginia. She married David on September 23, 1885, in Lecompton, Kansas, on the campus of their alma mater, Lane University.[5]\nDavid owned a general store in Hope, Kansas, but the business failed due to economic conditions and the family became impoverished. The Eisenhowers lived in Texas from 1889 until 1892, and later returned to Kansas, with $24 (equivalent to $814 in 2023) to their name. David worked as a railroad mechanic and then at a creamery.[5] By 1898, the parents made a decent living and provided a suitable home for their large family.[6]\nEarly life and education\nThe Eisenhower family home in Abilene, Kansas\nEisenhower was born David Dwight Eisenhower in Denison, Texas, on October 14, 1890, the third of seven sons born to Ida and David.[7] His mother soon reversed his two forenames after his birth to avoid the confusion of having two Davids in the family.[8] He was named Dwight after the evangelist Dwight L. Moody.[9] All of the boys were nicknamed \"Ike\", such as \"Big Ike\" (Edgar) and \"Little Ike\" (Dwight); the nickname was intended as an abbreviation of their last name.[10] By World War II, only Dwight was still called \"Ike\".[3]\nIn 1892, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, which Eisenhower considered his hometown.[3] As a child, he was involved in an accident that cost his younger brother Earl an eye, for which he was remorseful for the remainder of his life.[11] Eisenhower developed a keen and enduring interest in exploring the outdoors. He learned about hunting and fishing, cooking, and card playing from a man named Bob Davis who camped on the Smoky Hill River.[12][13][14] While his mother was against war, it was her collection of history books that first sparked Eisenhower's interest in military history; he became a voracious reader on the subject. Other favorite subjects early in his education were arithmetic and spelling.[15]\nEisenhower's parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading. Chores were regularly assigned and rotated among all the children, and misbehavior was met with unequivocal discipline, usually from David.[16] His mother, previously a member (with David) of the River Brethren (Brethren in Christ Church) sect of the Mennonites,[17] joined the International Bible Students Association, later known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Dwight never joined.[18] His later decision to attend West Point saddened his mother, who felt that warfare was \"rather wicked\", but she did not overrule his decision.[19] Speaking of himself in 1948, Eisenhower said he was \"one of the most deeply religious men I know\" though unattached to any \"sect or organization\". He was baptized in the Presbyterian Church in 1953.[17]\nEisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated in 1909.[20] As a freshman, he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin, which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening. The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it, and surprisingly recovered, though he had to repeat his freshman year.[21] He and brother Edgar both wanted to attend college, though they lacked the funds. They made a pact to take alternate years at college while the other worked to earn the tuitions.[22]\nEdgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery.[23] When Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight consented. At that time, a friend Edward \"Swede\" Hazlett was applying to the Naval Academy and urged Dwight to apply, since no tuition was required. Eisenhower requested consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his Senator, Joseph L. Bristow. Though Eisenhower was among the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was beyond the age limit for the Naval Academy.[24] He accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911.[24]\nAt West Point, Eisenhower relished the emphasis on traditions and on sports, but was less enthusiastic about the hazing, though he willingly accepted it as a plebe. He was also a regular violator of the more detailed regulations and finished school with a less than stellar discipline rating. Academically, Eisenhower's best subject by far was English. Otherwise, his performance was average, though he thoroughly enjoyed the typical emphasis of engineering on science and mathematics.[25]\nIn athletics, Eisenhower later said that \"not making the baseball team at West Point was one of the greatest disappointments of my life, maybe my greatest\".[26] He made the varsity football team[27][28] and was a starter at halfback in 1912, when he tried to tackle the legendary Jim Thorpe of the Carlisle Indians.[29] Eisenhower suffered a torn knee while being tackled in the next game, which was the last he played; he reinjured his knee on horseback and in the boxing ring,[3][12][30] so he turned to fencing and gymnastics.[3]\nWest Point yearbook photo, 1915\nEisenhower later served as junior varsity football coach and cheerleader, which caught the attention of General Frederick Funston.[31] He graduated from West Point in the middle of the class of 1915,[32] which became known as \"the class the stars fell on\", because 59 members eventually became general officers. After graduation in 1915, Second Lieutenant Eisenhower requested an assignment in the Philippines, which was denied; because of the ongoing Mexican Revolution, he was posted to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, under the command of General Funston. In 1916, while stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Funston convinced him to become the football coach for Peacock Military Academy;[31] he later became the coach at St. Louis College, now St. Mary's University,[33] and was an honorary member of the Sigma Beta Chi fraternity there.[34]\nPersonal life\nMain article: Family of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nWhile Eisenhower was stationed in Texas, he met Mamie Doud of Boone, Iowa.[3] They were immediately taken with each other. He proposed to her on Valentine's Day in 1916.[35] A November wedding date in Denver was moved up to July 1 due to the impending American entry into World War I; Funston approved 10 days of leave for their wedding.[36] The Eisenhowers moved many times during their first 35 years of marriage.[37]\nThe Eisenhowers had two sons. In late 1917 while he was in charge of training at Fort Oglethorpe in Georgia, his wife Mamie had their first son, Doud Dwight \"Icky\" Eisenhower, who died of scarlet fever at the age of three.[38] Eisenhower was mostly reluctant to discuss his death.[39] Their second son, John Eisenhower, was born in Denver, Colorado.[40] John served in the United States Army, retired as a brigadier general, became an author and served as Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. He married Barbara Jean Thompson and had four children: David, Barbara Ann, Susan Elaine and Mary Jean. David, after whom Camp David is named,[41] married Richard Nixon's daughter Julie in 1968.\nMamie Eisenhower, painted in 1953 by Thomas E. Stephens\nEisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life, and he joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948.[42] He played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in his passion for the game, to the point of golfing during winter; he ordered his golf balls painted black so he could see them better against snow. He had a basic golf facility installed at Camp David, and he became close friends with the Augusta National Chairman Clifford Roberts, inviting Roberts to stay at the White House on numerous occasions.[43] Roberts, an investment broker, also handled the Eisenhower family's investments.[44]\nHe began oil painting while at Columbia University, after watching Thomas E. Stephens paint Mamie's portrait. Eisenhower painted about 260 oils during the last 20 years of his life. The images were mostly landscapes but also portraits of subjects such as Mamie, their grandchildren, General Montgomery, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln.[45] Wendy Beckett stated that Eisenhower's paintings, \"simple and earnest\", caused her to \"wonder at the hidden depths of this reticent president\". A conservative in both art and politics, Eisenhower in a 1962 speech denounced modern art as \"a piece of canvas that looks like a broken-down Tin Lizzie, loaded with paint, has been driven over it\".[39]\nAngels in the Outfield was Eisenhower's favorite movie.[46] His favorite reading material for relaxation was the Western novels of Zane Grey.[47] With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at cards. He learned poker, which he called his \"favorite indoor sport\", in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded West Point classmates' poker losses for payment after graduation and later stopped playing because his opponents resented having to pay him. A friend reported that after learning to play contract bridge at West Point, Eisenhower played the game six nights a week for five months.[48] Eisenhower continued to play bridge throughout his military career. While stationed in the Philippines, he played regularly with President Manuel Quezon, earning him the nickname the \"Bridge Wizard of Manila\".[49] An unwritten qualification for an officer's appointment to Eisenhower's staff during World War II was the ability to play bridge. He played even during the stressful weeks leading up to the D-Day landings. His favorite partner was General Alfred Gruenther, considered the best player in the US Army; he appointed Gruenther his second-in-command at NATO partly because of his skill at bridge. Saturday night bridge games at the White House were a feature of his presidency. He was a strong player, though not an expert by modern standards. The great bridge player and popularizer Ely Culbertson described his game as classic and sound with \"flashes of brilliance\" and said that \"you can always judge a man's character by the way he plays cards. Eisenhower is a calm and collected player and never whines at his losses. He is brilliant in victory but never commits the bridge player's worst crime of gloating when he wins.\" Bridge expert Oswald Jacoby frequently participated in the White House games and said, \"The President plays better bridge than golf. He tries to break 90 at golf. At bridge, you would say he plays in the 70s.\"[50]\nWorld War I (19141918)\nSee also: Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nEisenhower served initially in logistics and then the infantry at various camps in Texas and Georgia until 1918. When the US entered World War I, he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was denied and assigned to Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas.[51] In February 1918, he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers. His unit was later ordered to France, but, to his chagrin, he received orders for the new tank corps, where he was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel in the National Army.[52] He commanded a unit that trained tank crews at Camp Colt his first command. Though Eisenhower and his tank crews never saw combat, he displayed excellent organizational skills as well as an ability to accurately assess junior officers' strengths and make optimal placements of personnel.[53]\nHis spirits were raised when the unit under his command received orders overseas to France. This time his wishes were thwarted when the armistice was signed a week before his departure date.[54] Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite receiving the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at home.[55] In World War II, rivals who had combat service in the Great War (led by Gen. Bernard Montgomery) sought to denigrate Eisenhower for his previous lack of combat duty, despite his stateside experience establishing a camp for thousands of troops and developing a full combat training schedule.[56]\nBetween the Wars (19181939)\nIn service of generals\nEisenhower (far right) with friends William Stuhler, Major Brett, and Paul V. Robinson in 1919, four years after graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point\nAfter the war, Eisenhower reverted to his regular rank of captain and a few days later was promoted to major, a rank he held for 16 years.[57] The major was assigned in 1919 to a transcontinental Army convoy to test vehicles and dramatize the need for improved roads. Indeed, the convoy averaged only 5 miles per hour (8.0km/h) from Washington, D.C. to San Francisco; later the improvement of highways became a signature issue for Eisenhower as president.[58]\nHe assumed duties again at Camp Meade, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922. His schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank. His new expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with George S. Patton, Sereno E. Brett, and other senior tank leaders. Their leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors, who considered the new approach too radical and preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry. Eisenhower was even threatened with court-martial for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment, and he relented.[59][60]\nFrom 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Carl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that \"Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew.\" Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, \"[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met.\"[61] On Conner's recommendation, in 19251926 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers.[62][63]\nDuring the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower, then a journalist at the Agriculture Department, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe.[64] He then was assigned to the Army War College and graduated in 1928. After a one-year assignment in France, Eisenhower served as executive officer to General George V. Moseley, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to February 1933.[65] Major Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).[66][67]\nHis primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression.[68] He then was posted as chief military aide to General Douglas MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct.[69][70]\nPhilippine tenure (19351939)\nIn 1935, he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government in developing their army. MacArthur allowed Eisenhower to handpick an officer whom he thought would contribute to the mission. Hence he chose James Ord, a classmate of his at West Point. Having been brought up in Mexico, which inculcated into him the Spanish culture which influenced both Mexico and the Philippines, Ord was deemed the right pick for the job. Eisenhower had strong philosophical disagreements with MacArthur regarding the role of the Philippine Army and the leadership qualities that an American army officer should exhibit and develop in his subordinates. The antipathy between Eisenhower and MacArthur lasted the rest of their lives.[71]\nHistorians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, George Marshall, and Bernard Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur and that a positive relationship endured.[72] While in Manila, Mamie suffered a life-threatening stomach ailment but recovered fully. Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly with the Philippine Army Air Corps at the Zablan Airfield in Camp Murphy under Capt. Jesus Villamor, making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937, and obtained his private pilot's license in 1939 at Fort Lewis.[73][74][75] Also around this time, he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government, namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur, to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned, now named Quezon City, but he declined the offer.[76]\nWorld War II (19391945)\nEisenhower returned to the United States in December 1939 and was assigned as commanding officer of the 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment at Fort Lewis, Washington, later becoming the regimental executive officer. In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as chief of staff of the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce. In June 1941, he was appointed chief of staff to General Walter Krueger, Commander of the Third Army, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. After successfully participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers, he was promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1941.[77][78]\nAfter the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division (WPD), General Leonard T. Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Next, he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division (which replaced WPD) under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who spotted talent and promoted accordingly.[79]\nAt the end of May 1942, Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England, Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney.[80] He returned to Washington on June 3 with a pessimistic assessment, stating he had an \"uneasy feeling\" about Chaney and his staff. On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA), based in London and with a house on Coombe, Kingston upon Thames,[81] and took over command of ETOUSA from Chaney.[82] He was promoted to lieutenant general on July 7.\nOperations Torch and Avalanche\nEisenhower as a major general, 1942\nIn November 1942, Eisenhower was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters Allied (Expeditionary) Force Headquarters (A(E)FHQ). The word \"expeditionary\" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons.[failed verification] The campaign in North Africa was designated Operation Torch and was planned in the underground headquarters within the Rock of Gibraltar. Eisenhower was the first non-British person to command Gibraltar in 200 years.[83]\nFrench cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign and Eisenhower encountered a \"preposterous situation\"[according to whom?] with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to Franois Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa, despite Darlan's previous high offices in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces. The Allied leaders were \"thunderstruck\"[according to whom?] by this from a political standpoint, though none had offered Eisenhower guidance with the problem in planning the operation. Eisenhower was severely criticized[by whom?] for the move. Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle, a French antifascist monarchist.[84] Eisenhower later appointed as High Commissioner General Henri Giraud, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief.[85]\nOperation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills; during the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He also was initially indecisive in his removal of Lloyd Fredendall, commanding II Corps. He became more adroit in such matters in later campaigns.[86] In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Eighth Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign.\nAfter the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower oversaw the invasion of Sicily. Once Mussolini, the Italian leader, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche. But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, who both insisted on unconditional surrender in exchange for helping the Italians, the Germans pursued an aggressive buildup of forces in the country. The Germans made the already tough battle more difficult by adding 19 divisions and initially outnumbering the Allied forces 2 to 1.[87]\nSupreme Allied commander and Operation Overlord\nGeneral Eisenhower reads his order of the day for June 5, 1944, the day before D-Day.\nIn December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower not Marshall would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945.[88] He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany.[89]\nEisenhower speaks with men of the 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR), part of the 101st \"Screaming Eagles\" Airborne Division, on June 5, 1944, the day before the D-Day invasion. The officer Eisenhower is speaking to is First Lieutenant Wallace Strobel.\nEisenhower, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous operations, and their skills had all strengthened in preparation for the next most difficult campaign against the Germansa beach landing assault. His first struggles, however, were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with De Gaulle to use French resistance forces in covert operations against the Germans in advance of Operation Overlord.[90] Admiral Ernest J. King fought with Eisenhower over King's refusal to provide additional landing craft from the Pacific.[91] Eisenhower also insisted that the British give him exclusive command over all strategic air forces to facilitate Overlord, to the point of threatening to resign unless Churchill relented, which he did.[92] Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter's concern with civilian casualties; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were justified, and Eisenhower prevailed.[93] He also had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S. Patton, by severely reprimanding him when Patton earlier had slapped a subordinate, and then when Patton gave a speech in which he made improper comments about postwar policy.[94]\nThe D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, were costly but successful. Two months later (August 15), the invasion of Southern France took place, and control of forces in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. Many thought that victory in Europe would come by summer's end, but the Germans did not capitulate for almost a year. From then until the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower, through SHAEF, commanded all Allied forces, and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all US forces on the Western Front north of the Alps. He was ever mindful of the inevitable loss of life and suffering that would be experienced by the troops under his command and their families. This prompted him to make a point of visiting every division involved in the invasion.[95] Eisenhower's sense of responsibility was underscored by his draft of a statement to be issued if the invasion failed. It has been called one of the great speeches of history:\nOur landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt, it is mine alone.[96]\nLiberation of France and victory in Europe\nEisenhower with Allied commanders following the signing of the German Instrument of Surrender at Reims\nEvery ground commander seeks the battle of annihilation; so far as conditions permit, he tries to duplicate in modern war the classic example of Cannae.Eisenhower[97]\nOnce the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north, while Generals Bradley (12th US Army Group) and Devers (Sixth US Army Group) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively). Eisenhower worked tirelessly to address the demands of the rival commanders to optimize Allied forces, often by giving them tactical latitude; many historians conclude this delayed the Allied victory in Europe. However, due to Eisenhower's persistence, the pivotal supply port at Antwerp was successfully, albeit belatedly, opened in late 1944.[98]\nIn recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He dealt with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, his Russian counterpart, and they became good friends.[99]\nIn December 1944, the Germans launched a surprise counteroffensive, the Battle of the Bulge, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Army Air Force to engage.[100] German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the Eastern Front with the Red Army and the Western Front with the Western Allies. The British wanted to capture Berlin, but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British backed down but then wanted Eisenhower to move into Czechoslovakia for political reasons. Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow. The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon. The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very bloody large-scale battle, and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945.[101]\nIn 1945, Eisenhower anticipated that someday an attempt would be made to recharacterize Nazi crimes as propaganda (Holocaust denial) and took steps against it by demanding extensive photo and film documentation of Nazi death camps.[102]\nAfter World War II (19451953)\nMilitary Governor of the American-occupied zone of Germany\nGeneral Eisenhower served as military governor of the American zone (highlighted) in Allied-occupied Germany from May through November 1945.\nFollowing the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed military governor of the American-occupied zone of Germany, located primarily in Southern Germany, and headquartered in Frankfurt am Main. Upon discovery of the Nazi concentration camps, he ordered camera crews to document evidence for use in the Nuremberg Trials. He reclassified German prisoners of war (POWs) in US custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention. Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067 but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization.[103][104][105] In response to the devastation in Germany, including food shortages and an influx of refugees, he arranged distribution of American food and medical equipment.[106] His actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis.[107][108]\nArmy Chief of Staff\nIn November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was the rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, which was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, \"First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon.\"[109] Initially, Eisenhower hoped for cooperation with the Soviets.[110] He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Bolesaw Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city.[111] However, by mid-1947, as eastwest tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.[110]\n1948 presidential election\nIn June 1943, a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become president after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics, Merlo J. Pusey wrote that \"figuratively speaking, [Eisenhower] kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office\". As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job \"from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe\", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions. In 1945, Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired, the president would help the general win the 1948 election,[112] and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination.[113]\nAs the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was \"not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office\"; \"life-long professional soldiers\", he wrote, \"in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason, [should] abstain from seeking high political office\".[112] Eisenhower maintained no political party affiliation during this time. Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president as Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the probable winner and would presumably serve two terms, meaning that Eisenhower, at age 66 in 1956, would be too old to run.[114]\nPresident at Columbia University and NATO Supreme Commander\nEisenhower lighting the Columbia University Yule Log, 1949\nEisenhower posing in front of Alma Mater at Columbia in 1953\nAs president of Columbia, Eisenhower presents an honorary degree to Jawaharlal Nehru.\nIn 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City, where he was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa.[115] The choice was subsequently characterized as not having been a good fit for either party.[116] During that year, Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published.[117] It was a major financial success.[118] Eisenhower sought the advice of Augusta National's Roberts about the tax implications of this,[118] and in due course Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by what author David Pietrusza calls \"a ruling without precedent\" by the Department of the Treasury. It held that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he had to pay only capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.[119]\nEisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's \"vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature\".[120] His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served his \"the political education\", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university.[121] Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. \"Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings,\" one Aid to Europe member claimed.[122]\nEisenhower accepted the presidency of the university to expand his ability to promote \"the American form of democracy\" through education.[123] He was clear on this point to the trustees on the search committee. He informed them that his main purpose was \"to promote the basic concepts of education in a democracy\".[123] As a result, he was \"almost incessantly\" devoted to the idea of the American Assembly, a concept he developed into an institution by the end of 1950.[120]\nWithin months of becoming university president, Eisenhower was requested to advise Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services.[124] About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington.[125] Two months later he fell ill with what was diagnosed as acute gastroenteritis, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club.[126] He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state.[127] Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during summer and fall 1950, building financial support for it, including from Columbia Associates, a recently created alumni and benefactor organization for which he had helped recruit members.[128]\nEisenhower was unknowingly building resentment and a reputation among the Columbia University faculty and staff as an absentee president who was using the university for his own interests. As a career military man, he naturally had little in common with the academics.[129] The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fundraising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen.[citation needed]\nHe did have some successes at Columbia. Puzzled as to why no American university had undertaken the \"continuous study of the causes, conduct and consequences of war\",[130] Eisenhower undertook the creation of the Institute of War and Peace Studies, a research facility to \"study war as a tragic social phenomenon\".[131] Eisenhower was able to use his network of wealthy friends and acquaintances to secure initial funding for it.[132] Under its founding director, international relations scholar William T. R. Fox, the institute began in 1951 and became a pioneer in international security studies, one that would be emulated by other institutes in the United States and Britain later in the decade.[130] The Institute of War and Peace Studies thus become one of the projects which Eisenhower considered his \"unique contribution\" to Columbia.[131] As the president of Columbia, Eisenhower gave voice to his opinions about the supremacy and difficulties of American democracy. His tenure marked his transformation from military to civilian leadership. His biographer Travis Beal Jacobs also suggested that the alienation of the Columbia faculty contributed to sharp intellectual criticism of him for many years.[133]\nThe trustees of Columbia University declined to accept Eisenhower's offer to resign in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe.[134] Eisenhower retired from active service as an army general on June 3, 1952,[135] and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. Meanwhile, Eisenhower had become the Republican Party nominee for president of the United States, a contest that he won on November 4. Eisenhower tendered his resignation as university president on November 15, 1952, effective January 19, 1953, the day before his inauguration.[136]\nAt home, Eisenhower was more effective in making the case for NATO in Congress than the Truman administration had been. By the middle of 1951, with American and European support, NATO was a genuine military power. Nevertheless, Eisenhower thought that NATO would become a truly European alliance, with the American and Canadian commitments ending after about ten years.[137]\nPresidential campaign of 1952\nMain article: 1952 United States presidential election\nSee also: Draft Eisenhower movement\nEisenhower button from the 1952 campaign\nPresident Truman sensed a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, and he again pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat in 1951. But Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democrats and declared himself to be a Republican.[138] A \"Draft Eisenhower\" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty to offer himself as a candidate and that there was a mandate from the public for him to be their president. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and others succeeded in convincing him, and he resigned his command at NATO in June 1952 to campaign full-time.[139]\n\"I Like Ike\" televised campaign ad, 1952\nEisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas. His campaign was noted for the simple slogan \"I Like Ike\". It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at the Yalta Conference and to Truman's policies in Korea and Chinamatters in which he had once participated.[140][141] In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right-wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard Nixon as the vice-president on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose. Nixon also provided a strong anti-communist reputation, as well as youth to counter Eisenhower's more advanced age.[142]\n1952 electoral vote results\nEisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South in the general election, against the advice of his campaign team, refusing to surrender the region to the Democrats. The campaign strategy was dubbed \"K1C2\" and was intended to focus on attacking the Truman administration on three failures: the Korean War, Communism, and corruption.[143]\nTwo controversies tested him and his staff, but they did not damage the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance.[144] Eisenhower condemned \"wickedness in government\", an allusion to gay government employees who were conflated with communism during McCarthyism.[145]\nEisenhower defeated Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson II in a landslide, with an electoral margin of 442 to 89, marking the first Republican return to the White House in 20 years.[141] He also brought a Republican majority in the House, by eight votes, and in the Senate, evenly divided with Vice President Nixon providing Republicans the majority.[146]\nEisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and he was the oldest president-elect at age 62 since James Buchanan in 1856.[147] He was the third commanding general of the Army to serve as president, after George Washington and Ulysses S. Grant, and the last not to have held political office prior to becoming president until Donald Trump entered office in January 2017.[148]\nElection of 1956\nMain article: 1956 United States presidential election\n1956 electoral vote results\nIn the United States presidential election of 1956, Eisenhower, the popular incumbent, was re-elected. The election was a re-match of 1952, as his opponent in 1956 was Stevenson, a former Illinois governor, whom Eisenhower had defeated four years earlier. Compared to the 1952 election, Eisenhower gained Kentucky, Louisiana, and West Virginia from Stevenson, while losing Missouri. His voters were less likely to bring up his leadership record. Instead what stood out this time \"was the response to personal qualities to his sincerity, his integrity and sense of duty, his virtue as a family man, his religious devotion, and his sheer likeableness.\"[149]\nPresidency (19531961)\nMain article: Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nFor a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency.\nTruman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations due to a complete estrangement between them as a result of campaigning.[150] Eisenhower selected Joseph M. Dodge as his budget director, then asked Herbert Brownell Jr. and Lucius D. Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, as well as Oveta Culp Hobby. His cabinet consisted of several corporate executives and one labor leader, and one journalist dubbed it \"eight millionaires and a plumber\".[151] The cabinet was known for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.[152]\nBefore his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor where they set goals for his first term: balance the budget, end the Korean War, defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and end price and wage controls.[153] He also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.[154]\nFebruary 1959 White House portrait\nEisenhower made greater use of press conferences than any previous president, holding almost 200 over his two terms. He saw the benefit of maintaining a good relationship with the press, and he saw value in them as a means of direct communication with the American people.[155]\nThroughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism.[156] He described himself as a \"progressive conservative\"[157] and used terms such as \"progressive moderate\" and \"dynamic conservatism\" to describe his approach.[158] He continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into the new Cabinet-level agency of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented racial integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.[159]\nIn a private letter, Eisenhower wrote:\nShould any party attempt to abolish social security and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group of course, that believes you can do these things [...] Their number is negligible and they are stupid.[160]\nWhen the 1954 Congressional elections approached, it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses. Eisenhower was among those who blamed the Old Guard for the losses, and he took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. He then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: \"I have just one purpose... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore.\"[161]\nEisenhower initially planned on serving only one term, but he remained flexible in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. He was recovering from a heart attack late in September 1955 when he met with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group concluded that a second term was well advised, and he announced that he would run again in February 1956.[162][163] Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about having Nixon as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat who rejected his offer, so Eisenhower resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party, which chose Nixon nearly unanimously.[164] In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6 percent of the popular vote. His campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.[165]\nEisenhower made full use of his valet, chauffeur, and secretarial support; he rarely drove or even dialed a phone number. He was an avid fisherman, golfer, painter, and bridge player.[166] On August 26, 1959, he was aboard the maiden flight of Air Force One, which replaced the Columbine as the presidential aircraft.[167]\nInterstate Highway System\nMain article: Interstate Highway System\nRemarks in Cadillac Square, Detroit\nPresident Eisenhower delivered remarks about the need for a new highway program at Cadillac Square in Detroit on October 29, 1954Text of speech excerpt\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\nEisenhower championed and signed the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956.[168] He justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War.\nEisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by his involvement in the Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of Army vehicles coast to coast.[169][170] His subsequent experience with the German autobahn convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. The system could also be used as a runway for airplanes, which would be beneficial to war efforts. Franklin D. Roosevelt put this system into place with the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944. He thought that an interstate highway system would be beneficial for military operations and would support continued economic growth.[171] The legislation initially stalled in Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and Eisenhower signed the law in June 1956.[172]\nForeign policy\nEisenhower with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser during Nasser's visit to United Nations in New York, September 1960.\nEisenhower with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.\nEisenhower visits the Republic of China and its President Chiang Kai-shek in Taipei.\nThis section is an excerpt from Foreign policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration.[edit]\nThe United States foreign policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, from 1953 to 1961, focused on the Cold War with the Soviet Union and its satellites. The United States built up a stockpile of nuclear weapons and nuclear delivery systems to deter military threats and save money while cutting back on expensive Army combat units. A major uprising broke out in Hungary in 1956; the Eisenhower administration did not become directly involved, but condemned the military invasion by the Soviet Union. Eisenhower sought to reach a nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviet Union, but following the 1960 U-2 incident the Kremlin canceled a scheduled summit in Paris.\nAs he promised, Eisenhower quickly ended the fighting in Korea, leaving it divided North and South. The U.S. has kept major forces there ever since to deter North Korea. In 1954, he played a key role in the Senate's defeat of the Bricker Amendment, which would have limited the president's treaty making power and ability to enter into executive agreements with foreign leaders. The Eisenhower administration used propaganda and covert action extensively, and the Central Intelligence Agency supported two military coups: the 1953 Iranian coup d'tat and the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'tat. The administration did not approve the partition of Vietnam at the 1954 Geneva Conference, and directed economic and military aid and advice to South Vietnam. Washington led the establishment of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization as an alliance of anti-Communist states in Southeast Asia. It ended two crises with China over Taiwan.\nIn 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, sparking the Suez Crisis, in which a coalition of France, Britain, and Israel took control of the canal. Concerned about the economic and political impacts of the invasion, Eisenhower had warned the three against any such action. When they invaded anyway he used heavy financial and diplomatic pressures to force a withdrawal. In the aftermath of the crisis, Eisenhower announced the Eisenhower Doctrine, under which any country in the Middle East could request American economic assistance or aid from American military forces.\nThe Cuban Revolution broke out during Eisenhower's second term, resulting in the replacement of pro-U.S. military dictator Fulgencio Batista with Fidel Castro. In response to the revolution, the Eisenhower administration broke ties with Cuba and Eisenhower approved a CIA operation to carry out a campaign of terrorist attacks and sabotage, kill civilians, and cause economic damage. The CIA also trained and commanded pilots to bomb civilian airfields. The CIA began preparations for an invasion of Cuba by Cuban expatriates, ultimately resulting in the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion after Eisenhower left office.\nSpace Race\nFurther information: Space Race\nIn the 1970s the reverse of the Eisenhower dollar celebrated America's Moon landings, which began 11 years after NASA was created during Eisenhower's presidency\nEisenhower and the CIA had known since at least January 1957, nine months before Sputnik, that Russia had the capability to launch a small payload into orbit and was likely to do so within a year.[173]\nEisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. The Eisenhower administration determined to adopt a non-aggressive policy that would allow \"space-crafts of any state to overfly all states, a region free of military posturing and launch Earth satellites to explore space\".[174] His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory,[175] but Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev declined Eisenhower's proposal at the Geneva conference in July 1955.[176] In response to Sputnik being launched in October 1957, Eisenhower created NASA as a civilian space agency in October 1958, signed a landmark science education law, and improved relations with American scientists.[177]\nFear spread through the United States that the Soviet Union would invade and spread communism, so Eisenhower wanted to not only create a surveillance satellite to detect any threats but ballistic missiles that would protect the United States. In strategic terms, it was Eisenhower who devised the American basic strategy of nuclear deterrence based upon the triad of strategic bombers, land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).[178]\nNASA planners projected that human spaceflight would pull the United States ahead in the Space Race; however, in 1960, an Ad Hoc Panel on Man-in-Space concluded that \"man-in-space can not be justified\" and was too costly.[179] Eisenhower later resented the space program and its gargantuan price taghe was quoted as saying, \"Anyone who would spend $40 billion in a race to the moon for national prestige is nuts.\"[180]\nKorean War, Free China and Red China\nIn late 1952, Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese People's Volunteer Army began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he considered using nuclear weapons if an armistice was not reached. Whether China was informed of the potential for nuclear force is unknown.[181] His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese communists.[182] The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against Red China.[183] With the death of Stalin in March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese communist hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.[184]\nEisenhower in Korea with General Chung Il-kwon, and Baik Seon-yup, 1952\nIn July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today. The armistice, which concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Stephen E. Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.[184]\nA point of emphasis in Eisenhower's campaign had been his endorsement of a policy of liberation from communism as opposed to a policy of containment. This remained his preference despite the armistice with Korea.[185] Throughout his terms Eisenhower took a hard-line attitude toward China, as demanded by conservative Republicans, with the goal of driving a wedge between China and the Soviet Union.[186]\nEisenhower continued Truman's policy of recognizing the Republic of China (Taiwan) as the legitimate government of China, not the Peking (Beijing) regime. There were localized flare-ups when the People's Liberation Army began shelling the islands of Quemoy and Matsu in September 1954. Eisenhower received recommendations embracing every variation of response; he thought it essential to have every possible option available to him as the crisis unfolded.[187]\nThe Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty with the Republic of China was signed in December 1954. He requested and secured from Congress their \"Free China Resolution\" in January 1955, which gave Eisenhower unprecedented power in advance to use military force at any level in defense of Free China and the Pescadores. The Resolution bolstered the morale of the Chinese nationalists and signaled to Beijing that the US was committed to holding the line.[187]\nDuring the First Taiwan Strait crisis, Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear weapons against PRC military targets in Fujian.[188]:89 These threats prompted Mao Zedong to launch China's nuclear weapons program.[188]:8990 He authorized a series of bomb tests labeled Operation Teapot. Nevertheless, he left the Chinese communists guessing as to the exact nature of his nuclear response. This allowed Eisenhower to accomplish all of his objectivesthe end of this communist encroachment, the retention of the Islands by the Chinese nationalists and continued peace.[189] Defense of the Republic of China from an invasion remains a core American policy.[190]\nChina invited some American reporters to China in 1956, having previously ousted American reporters after the PRC's founding.[191]:115116 Eisenhower upheld the U.S. ban on travel to China.[191]:116 U.S. newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post criticized the Eisenhower's administration decision as antithetical to the free press.[191]:116\nSoutheast Asia\nFurther information: United States in the Vietnam War\nEarly in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. O'Daniel to Vietnam to assess the French forces there.[192] Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that \"this war would absorb our troops by divisions.\"[193]\nEisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet allied participation and congressional approval.[194] When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urging from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.[195]\nEisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the UK, France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened the Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the US would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam.[196] Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the US out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had put the US back into the conflict.[197]\nIn late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to \"Free Vietnam\", effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign.[198] In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.[199]\nIn the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of US military advisors in South Vietnam to 900.[200] This was due to North Vietnam's support of \"uprisings\" in the south and concern the nation would fall.[196] In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States. Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.[201]\nAfter the election of November 1960, Eisenhower, in a briefing with John F. Kennedy, pointed out the communist threat in Southeast Asia as requiring prioritization in the next administration. Eisenhower told Kennedy he considered Laos \"the cork in the bottle\" with regard to the regional threat.[202]\nLegitimation of Francoist Spain\nMain article: Pact of Madrid\nSpanish dictator Francisco Franco and Eisenhower in Madrid in 1959\nThe Pact of Madrid, signed on September 23, 1953, by Francoist Spain and the United States, was a significant effort to break international isolation of Spain, together with the Concordat of 1953. This development came at a time when other victorious Allies and much of the rest of the world remained hostile[a] to a fascist regime sympathetic to the cause of the former Axis powers and established with Nazi assistance. This accord took the form of three separate executive agreements that pledged the United States to furnish economic and military aid to Spain.\nMiddle East and Eisenhower doctrine\nEisenhower with the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1959)\nEven before he was inaugurated Eisenhower accepted a request from the British government to restore the Shah of Iran (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) to power. He therefore authorized the CIA to overthrow Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.[204] This resulted in increased strategic control over Iranian oil by US and British companies.[205]\nIn November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt.[206] Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, published in 1965.[207]\nAfter the Suez Crisis, the United States became the protector of unstable friendly governments in the Middle East via the \"Eisenhower Doctrine\".[208] Designed by Secretary of State Dulles, it held the US would be \"prepared to use armed force... [to counter] aggression from any country controlled by international communism\". Further, the US would provide economic and military aid and, if necessary, use military force to stop the spread of communism in the Middle East.[209]\nEisenhower applied the doctrine in 19571958 by dispensing economic aid to Jordan, and by encouraging Syria's neighbors to consider military operations against it. More dramatically, in July 1958, he sent 15,000 Marines and soldiers to Lebanon as part of Operation Blue Bat, a non-combat peacekeeping mission to stabilize the pro-Western government and to prevent a radical revolution.[210] The Marines departed three months later. Washington considered the military intervention successful since it brought about regional stability, weakened Soviet influence, and intimidated the Egyptian and Syrian governments, whose anti-West political position had hardened after the Suez Crisis.[210]\nMost Arab countries were skeptical about the \"Eisenhower doctrine\" because they considered \"Zionist imperialism\" the real danger. However, they did take the opportunity to obtain free money and weapons. Egypt and Syria, supported by the Soviet Union, openly opposed the initiative. However, Egypt received American aid until the Six-Day War in 1967.[211]\nAs the Cold War deepened, Dulles sought to isolate the Soviet Union by building regional alliances against it. Critics sometimes called it \"pacto-mania\".[212]\n1960 U-2 incident\nA U-2 reconnaissance aircraft in flight\nThis section is an excerpt from 1960 U-2 incident.[edit]\nOn 1 May 1960, a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Defence Forces while conducting photographic aerial reconnaissance deep inside Soviet territory. Flown by American pilot Francis Gary Powers, the aircraft had taken off from Peshawar, Pakistan, and crashed near Sverdlovsk (present-day Yekaterinburg), after being hit by a surface-to-air missile. Powers parachuted to the ground and was captured.\nInitially, American authorities acknowledged the incident as the loss of a civilian weather research aircraft operated by NASA, but were forced to admit the mission's true purpose a few days later after the Soviet government produced the captured pilot and parts of the U-2's surveillance equipment, including photographs of Soviet military bases.\nThe incident occurred during the tenures of American president Dwight D. Eisenhower and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, around two weeks before the scheduled opening of an eastwest summit in Paris, France. Khrushchev and Eisenhower had met face-to-face at Camp David in Maryland in September 1959, and the seeming thaw in U.S.-Soviet relations had raised hopes globally for a peaceful resolution to the Cold War. The U-2 incident shattered the amiable \"Spirit of Camp David\" that had prevailed for eight months, prompting the cancellation of the summit in Paris and embarrassing the U.S. on the international stage. The Pakistani government issued a formal apology to the Soviet Union for its role in the mission.\nFollowing his capture, Powers was convicted of espionage and sentenced to three years of imprisonment plus seven years of hard labour; he was released two years later, in February 1962, in a prisoner exchange for Soviet intelligence officer Rudolf Abel.\nCivil rights\nWhile President Truman's 1948 Executive Order 9981 had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying \"I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces\".[213] When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating \"Wherever Federal Funds are expended..., I do not see how any American can justify... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds\".[214] When Robert B. Anderson, Eisenhower's first Secretary of the Navy, argued that the US Navy must recognize the \"customs and usages prevailing in certain geographic areas of our country which the Navy had no part in creating,\" Eisenhower overruled him: \"We have not taken and we shall not take a single backward step. There must be no second class citizens in this country.\"[215]\nThe administration declared racial discrimination a national security issue, as Communists around the world used the racial discrimination and history of violence in the US as a point of propaganda attack.[216]\nEisenhower told Washington, D.C. officials to make the city a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public-school children.[217][218] He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.[219]\nIn 1957 Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, marking the first time since the Reconstruction Era the federal government had used federal troops in the South to enforce the Constitution.[220] Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing \"The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock\".[221]\nEisenhower's administration contributed to the McCarthyist Lavender Scare[222] with Eisenhower issuing Executive Order 10450 in 1953.[223] During Eisenhower's presidency thousands of lesbian and gay applicants were barred from federal employment and over 5,000 federal employees were fired under suspicions of being homosexual.[224][225] From 1947 to 1961 the number of firings based on sexual orientation were far greater than those for membership in the Communist Party,[224] and government officials intentionally campaigned to make \"homosexual\" synonymous with \"Communist traitor\" such that LGBT people were treated as a national security threat.[226]\nRelations with Congress\nOfficial White House portrait of Eisenhower, c.1960\nEisenhower had a Republican Congress for only his first two years in office; in the Senate, Republicans held the majority by a one-vote margin. Despite being Eisenhower's political opponent for the 1952 Republican presidential nomination, Senator Majority Leader Robert A. Taft assisted Eisenhower a great deal by promoting the President's proposals among the \"Old Guard\" Republican Senators. Taft's death in July 1953six months into Eisenhower's presidencyaffected Eisenhower both personally and professionally. The President noted he had lost \"a dear friend\" with Taft's passing. Eisenhower disliked Taft's successor as Majority Leader, Senator William Knowland, and the relationship between the two men led to tension between the Senate and the White House.[227]\nThis prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from the involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners.[228] In late 1953, McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists.[229]\nAmong Eisenhower's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witchhunt, which might interfere with the AEC's work on hydrogen bombs and other weapons programs.[230][231] In December 1953, Eisenhower learned that nuclear scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer had been accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union.[232] Although Eisenhower never really believed these allegations,[233] in January 1954 he ordered that \"a blank wall\" be placed between Oppenheimer and all defense-related activities.[234] The Oppenheimer security hearing later that year resulted in the physicist losing his security clearance.[235] The matter was controversial at the time and remained so in later years, with Oppenheimer achieving a certain martyrdom.[231] The case would reflect poorly on Eisenhower, but the president had never examined it in any detail and had instead relied excessively upon the advice of his subordinates, especially that of AEC chairman Lewis Strauss.[236] Eisenhower later suffered a major political defeat when his nomination of Strauss to be Secretary of Commerce was defeated in the Senate in 1959, in part due to Strauss's role in the Oppenheimer matter.[237]\nIn May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: \"It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed.\" This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Eisenhower's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters and contributed to his ultimate downfall.[238]\nIn early 1954, the Old Guard put forward a constitutional amendment, called the Bricker Amendment, which would curtail international agreements by the Chief Executive, such as the Yalta Agreements. Eisenhower opposed the measure.[239] The Old Guard agreed with Eisenhower on the development and ownership of nuclear reactors by private enterprises, which the Democrats opposed. The President succeeded in getting legislation creating a system of licensure for nuclear plants by the AEC.[240]\nThe Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election.[241] Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later US president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower \"never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance.\"[242]\nSpeaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, \"often the reverse of what he has desired\" because Members of Congress, \"resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking.\"[242]\nJudicial appointments\nSupreme Court\nMain articles: Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates and Dwight D. Eisenhower judicial appointments\nEisenhower appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:\nEarl Warren, 1953 (Chief Justice)\nJohn Marshall Harlan II, 1954\nWilliam J. Brennan, 1956\nCharles Evans Whittaker, 1957\nPotter Stewart, 1958\nWhittaker was unsuited for the role and retired in 1962, after Eisenhower's presidency had ended. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism.[243] In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren \"represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court\".[244]\nStates admitted to the Union\nTwo states were admitted to the Union during Eisenhower's presidency.\nAlaska January 3, 1959 (49th state)\nHawaii August 21, 1959 (50th state)\nHealth issues\nEisenhower began chain smoking cigarettes at West Point, often three or four packs a day. He joked that he \"gave [himself] an order\" to stop cold turkey in 1949. However, Evan Thomas says the true story was more complex. At first, he removed cigarettes and ashtrays, but that did not work. He told a friend:\nI decided to make a game of the whole business and try to achieve a feeling of some superiority... So I stuffed cigarettes in every pocket, put them around my office on the desk... [and] made it a practice to offer a cigarette to anyone who came in... while mentally reminding myself as I sat down, \"I do not have to do what that poor fellow is doing.\"[245]\nHe was the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office, but people around him deliberately misled the public about his health. On September 24, 1955, while vacationing in Colorado, he had a serious heart attack. While convalescing at Building 500[246] Howard McCrum Snyder, his personal physician, misdiagnosed the symptoms as indigestion, and failed to call in help that was urgently needed. Snyder later falsified his own records to cover his blunder and to allow Eisenhower to imply that he was healthy enough to do his job.[247][248][249]\nThe heart attack required six weeks' hospitalization, during which time Nixon, Dulles, and Sherman Adams assumed administrative duties and provided communication with the president.[250] He was treated by Paul Dudley White, a cardiologist with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the president's progress. His physician recommended a second presidential term as essential to his recovery.[251]\nAs a consequence of his heart attack Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm, which caused a mild stroke during a cabinet meeting on November 25, 1957, when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to move his right hand or to speak. The president also suffered from Crohn's disease,[252][253] which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956.[254] To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his small intestine.[255] His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover at his farm.[256] He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his diet, but he still drank alcohol. During a visit to England, he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at prime ministerial manor house Chequers on the next day his physician, General Howard Snyder, recalled that Eisenhower \"drank several gin-and-tonics, and one or two gins on the rocks... three or four wines with the dinner\".[257]\nEisenhower's health during the last three years of his second term in office was relatively good. After leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks.[258] A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs.[2] On December 12, 1966, his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones.[258] After Eisenhower's death in 1969, an autopsy revealed an undiagnosed adrenal pheochromocytoma,[259] a benign adrenalin-secreting tumor that may have made him more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower had seven heart attacks from 1955 until his death.[258]\nEnd of presidency\nThe 22nd Amendment to the US Constitution, which set a two-term limit on the presidency, was ratified in 1951. Eisenhower was the first president constitutionally prevented from serving a third term.\nEisenhower was also the first outgoing president to come under the protection of the Former Presidents Act. Under the act, Eisenhower was entitled to a lifetime pension, state-provided staff and a Secret Service security detail.[260]\nIn the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed Nixon over Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, \"I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy.\"[141] He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, \"If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember.\" Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was, at 70, the oldest president to date, was succeeded by 43-year-old Kennedy, the youngest elected president.[141]\nIt was originally intended for Eisenhower to have a more active role in the campaign as he wanted to respond to attacks Kennedy made on his administration. However, First Lady Mamie Eisenhower expressed concern to Second Lady Pat Nixon about the strain campaigning would put on his heart, and wanted the president to withdraw, without letting him know of her intervention. Vice President Nixon himself was informed by White House physician Major General Howard Snyder that he could not approve a heavy campaign schedule for the president, whose health problems had been exacerbated by Kennedy's attacks. Nixon then convinced Eisenhower not to go ahead with the expanded campaign schedule and limit himself to the original schedule. Nixon reflected that if Eisenhower had carried out his expanded campaign schedule, he might have had a decisive impact on the outcome of the election, especially in states that Kennedy won with razor-thin margins. Mamie did not tell Dwight why Nixon changed his mind on Dwight's campaigning until years later.[261]\nEisenhower sharing a light moment with President-elect John F. Kennedy during their meeting in the Oval Office at White House\nEisenhower's farewell address, January 17, 1961\nOn January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office.[262] In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the armed forces. He described the Cold War: \"We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method...\" and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals. He continued with a warning that \"we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the militaryindustrial complex.\"[262] Eisenhower elaborated, \"we recognize the imperative need for this development... the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist... Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.\"[262]\nBecause of legal issues related to holding a military rank while in a civilian office, Eisenhower had resigned his permanent commission as General of the Army before assuming the presidency. Upon completion of his presidential term, his commission was reactivated by Congress.[2][263]\nPost-presidency (19611969)\nPresident Lyndon Johnson with Eisenhower aboard Air Force One in October 1965\nEisenhower's funeral service\nGraves of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Doud Dwight \"Icky\" Eisenhower and Mamie Eisenhower in Abilene, Kansas\nFollowing the presidency, Eisenhower moved to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 70 miles (110km) from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania.[264][265] They also maintained a retirement home in Palm Desert, California.[266]\nAfter leaving office, Eisenhower did not completely retreat from political life. He flew to San Antonio, where he had been stationed years earlier, to support John W. Goode, the unsuccessful Republican candidate against the Democrat Henry B. Gonzalez for Texas's 20th congressional district seat.[267] He addressed the 1964 Republican National Convention, in San Francisco, and appeared with party nominee Barry Goldwater in a campaign commercial.[268] That endorsement came somewhat reluctantly, because Goldwater had in the late 1950s criticized Eisenhower's administration as \"a dime-store New Deal\".[269] On January 20, 1969, the day Nixon was inaugurated as President, Eisenhower issued a statement praising his former vice president and calling it a \"day for rejoicing\".[270]\nDeath\nAt 12:25p.m. on March 28, 1969, Eisenhower died from congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., at age 78.[271] The following day, his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours.[272] He was then transported to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda on March 30 and 31.[273] A state funeral was conducted at the Washington National Cathedral on March 31.[274] The president and First Lady, Richard and Pat Nixon, attended, as did former president Lyndon Johnson. Also among the 2,000 guests that were invited were the UN Secretary-General U Thant and 191 foreign delegates from 78 countries, including 10 foreign heads of state and government. Guests included President Charles de Gaulle of France, who was in the United States for the first time since the state funeral of John F. Kennedy,[275] Chancellor Kurt-Georg Kiesinger of West Germany, King Baudouin of Belgium and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran.[274]\nThe service included the singing of Faure's \"The Palms\", and the playing of the hymn \"Onward, Christian Soldiers\".[276]\nThat evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a special funeral train for its journey from the capital to his hometown of Abilene, Kansas. First incorporated into President Abraham Lincoln's funeral in 1865, a funeral train would not be part of a US state funeral again until 2018.[277] Eisenhower is buried inside the Place of Meditation, the chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Center in Abilene. As requested, he was buried in a Government Issue casket, wearing his World War II uniform, decorated with Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Buried alongside Eisenhower are his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921, and wife Mamie, who died in 1979.[272]\nPresident Richard Nixon eulogized Eisenhower in 1969, saying:\nSome men are considered great because they lead great armies or they lead powerful nations. For eight years now, Dwight Eisenhower has neither commanded an army nor led a nation; and yet he remained through his final days the world's most admired and respected man, truly the first citizen of the world.[278]\nLegacy and memory\nA statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower by Jim Brothers stands in the rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.\nEisenhower's reputation declined in the immediate years after he left office. During his presidency, he was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president. This was in stark contrast to his vigorous young successor, John F. Kennedy, who was 26 years his junior. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment,[279][280] for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.[281] In particular, Eisenhower was criticized for failing to defend George C. Marshall from attacks by Joseph McCarthy, though he privately deplored McCarthy's tactics.[282]\nFollowing the access of Eisenhower's private papers, his reputation changed amongst presidential historians.[283][284][285] Historian John Lewis Gaddis has summarized a more recent turnaround in evaluations by historians:\nHistorians long ago abandoned the view that Eisenhower's was a failed presidency. He did, after all, end the Korean War without getting into any others. He stabilized, and did not escalate, the SovietAmerican rivalry. He strengthened European alliances while withdrawing support from European colonialism. He rescued the Republican Party from isolationism and McCarthyism. He maintained prosperity, balanced the budget, promoted technological innovation, facilitated (if reluctantly) the civil rights movement and warned, in the most memorable farewell address since Washington's, of a \"militaryindustrial complex\" that could endanger the nation's liberties. Not until Reagan would another president leave office with so strong a sense of having accomplished what he set out to do.[286]\nPresident John F. Kennedy meets with General Eisenhower at Camp David, April 22, 1961, three days after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.\nAlthough conservatism in politics was strong during the 1950s, and Eisenhower generally espoused conservative sentiments, his administration concerned itself mostly with foreign affairs and pursued a hands-off domestic policy. Eisenhower looked to moderation and cooperation as a means of governance, which he dubbed \"The Middle Way\".[287][288]\nAlthough he sought to slow or contain the New Deal and other federal programs, he did not attempt to repeal them outright. In doing so, Eisenhower was popular among the liberal wing of the Republican Party.[287] Conservative critics of his administration thought that he did not do enough to advance the goals of the right; according to Hans Morgenthau, \"Eisenhower's victories were but accidents without consequence in the history of the Republican party.\"[289]\nSince the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or \"gatekeeper\", sometimes described as the president's private secretary, sometimes with no official title.[290] Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has appointed staff to this position.\nAs president, Eisenhower also initiated the \"up or out\" policy that still prevails in the US military. Officers who are passed over for promotion twice are then usually honorably but quickly discharged to make way for younger and more able officers.\nOn December 20, 1944, Eisenhower was appointed to the rank of General of the Army, placing him in the company of George Marshall, Henry \"Hap\" Arnold, and Douglas MacArthur, the only four men to achieve the rank in World War II. Along with Omar Bradley, they were the only five men to achieve the rank since the August 5, 1888, death of Philip Sheridan, and the only five men to hold the rank of five-star general. The rank was created by an Act of Congress on a temporary basis, when Public Law 78-482 was passed on December 14, 1944,[291] as a temporary rank, subject to reversion to permanent rank six months after the end of the war. The temporary rank was declared permanent on March 23, 1946, by Public Law 333 of the 79th Congress, which also awarded full pay and allowances in the grade to those on the retired list.[292][293] It was created to give the most senior American commanders parity of rank with their British counterparts holding the ranks of field marshal and admiral of the fleet.\nFrank Gasparro's obverse design (left) and reverse design (right) of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation award during Eisenhower's official visit to the State of Hawaii from June 20 to 25, 1960\nEisenhower founded People to People International in 1956, believing that citizen interaction would promote cultural interaction and world peace. The program includes a student ambassador component, which sends American youth on educational trips to other countries.[294]\nDuring his second term as president, Eisenhower awarded a series of specially designed US Mint presidential appreciation medals. Eisenhower presented the medal to individuals as an expression of his appreciation.[295] The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the United States Mint, through the Philadelphia Mint. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Prior to the end of his second term as president, 1,451 medals were turned in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed.[295] The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.[295]\nTributes and memorials\nMain article: List of memorials to Dwight D. Eisenhower\nThe Eisenhower dollar was the official dollar coin from 1971 to 1978.\nThe Interstate Highway System is officially known as the \"Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\". It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn system in Germany.[171] Commemorative signs reading \"Eisenhower Interstate System\" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and now are displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago, the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver, and Interstate 80 in California.[296]\nDwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy is a senior war college of the Department of Defense's National Defense University in Washington, DC. Eisenhower graduated from this school when it was known as the Army Industrial College.\nEisenhower was honored on the Eisenhower dollar, minted from 1971 to 1978. His centenary was honored on the Eisenhower commemorative dollar issued in 1990.\nIn 1969 four major record companies ABC Records, MGM Records, Buddha Records and Caedmon Audio released tribute albums in Eisenhower's honor.[297]\nIn 1999, the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, to create an enduring national memorial in Washington, D.C. In 2009 the commission chose the architect Frank Gehry to design the memorial.[298][299] The groundbreaking ceremony of the memorial was held on November 3, 2017, and was dedicated on September 17, 2020.[300][301] It stands on a 4-acre (1.6ha) site near the National Mall on Maryland Avenue, across the street from the National Air and Space Museum.[302]\nIn December 1999 he was listed on Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th century. In 2009 he was named to the World Golf Hall of Fame in the Lifetime Achievement category for his contributions to the sport.[303] In 1973, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.[304] On 27 October 2023, Fort Gordon was redesignated Fort Eisenhower.[b][306][307]\nHonors\nAwards and decorations\nThe star of the Soviet Order of Victory awarded to Eisenhower[308]\nThe coat of arms granted to Eisenhower upon his incorporation as a knight of the Danish Order of the Elephant in 1950.[309] The anvil represents the fact that his name is derived from the German for \"iron hewer\", making these an example of canting arms.\nUS military decorations[310]\nArmy Distinguished Service Medal w/ 4 oak leaf clusters\nNavy Distinguished Service Medal\nLegion of Merit\nUS service medals[310]\nMexican Border Service Medal\nWorld War I Victory Medal\nAmerican Defense Service Medal\nEuropeanAfricanMiddle Eastern Campaign Medal w/ 7 campaign stars\nWorld War II Victory Medal\nArmy of Occupation Medal w/ \"Germany\" clasp\nNational Defense Service Medal w/ 1 service star\nInternational and foreign awards[311]\nOrder of the Liberator San Martin, Grand Cross (Argentina)\nGrand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash (Austria)[312]\nOrder of Leopold, Grand Cordon (Belgium) 1945\nCroix de guerre w/ palm (Belgium)\nOrder of the Southern Cross, Grand Cross (Brazil)\nOrder of Military Merit (Brazil), Grand Cross\nOrder of Aeronautical Merit, Grand Cross (Brazil)\nWar Medal (Brazil)\nCampaign Medal (Brazil)\nOrder of Merit, Grand Cross (Chile)\nOrder of the Cloud and Banner, with Special Grand Cordon, (China)\nMilitary Order of the White Lion, Grand Cross (Czechoslovakia)\nWar Cross 19391945 (Czechoslovakia)\nOrder of the Elephant, Knight (Denmark) December 15, 1945\nOrder of Abdon Caldern, First Class (Ecuador)\nOrder of Ismail, Grand Cordon (Egypt)\nOrder of Solomon, Knight Grand Cross with Cordon (Ethiopia)\nOrder of the Queen of Sheba, Member (Ethiopia)\nLegion of Honour, Grand Cross (France) 1943\nOrder of Liberation, Companion (France)\nMilitary Medal (France)[313]\nCroix de guerre w/ palm (France)\nRoyal Order of George I, Knight Grand Cross with Swords (Greece)\nOrder of the Redeemer, Knight Grand Cross (Greece)\nCross of Military Merit, First Class (Guatemala)\nNational Order of Honour and Merit, Grand Cross with Gold Badge (Haiti)\nOrder of the Holy Sepulchre, Knight Grand Cross (Holy See)\nMilitary Order of Italy, Knight Grand Cross (Italy)\nOrder of the Chrysanthemum, Collar (Japan)\nOrder of the Oak Crown, Grand Cross (Luxembourg)\nMilitary Medal (Luxembourg)\nOrder pro merito Melitensi, KGC (Sovereign Military Order of Malta)\nOrder of the Aztec Eagle, Collar (Mexico) 1945\nMedal of Military Merit (Mexico)\nMedal of Civic Merit (Mexico)\nOrder of Muhammad, (Morocco)\nOrder of Ouissam Alaouite, Grand Cross (Morocco)\nOrder of the Netherlands Lion, Knight Grand Cross (Netherlands) October 6, 1945\nRoyal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, Grand Cross (Norway)\nOrder of Nishan-e-Pakistan, First Class (Pakistan) December 7, 1957\nOrder of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Grand Officer (Panama)\nOrden Vasco Nez de Balboa, Grand Cross (Panama)\nOrder of Sikatuna, Grand Collar (Philippines)\nLegion of Honor (Philippines), Chief Commander (Philippines)\nDistinguished Service Star, (Philippines)\nOrder of Polonia Restituta, Grand Cross (Poland)\nOrder of Virtuti Militari, First Class (Poland)\nCross of Grunwald, First Class (Poland)\nOrder of the Royal House of Chakri, Knight (Thailand)\nOrder of Glory, Grand Cordon (Tunisia)\nOrder of the Bath, Knight Grand Cross (United Kingdom)\nMilitary Division 1945\nCivil Division 1957\nOrder of Merit (United Kingdom)\nMember Military Division June 12, 1945\nAfrica Star, with 8th Army clasp (United Kingdom)\nWar Medal 19391945 (United Kingdom)\nOrder of Victory, Star (USSR)\nOrder of Suvorov, First Class (USSR)\nThe Royal Yugoslav Commemorative War Cross (Yugoslavia)\nFreedom of the City\nEisenhower received the Freedom honor from several locations, including:\nFreedom of the City of London on June 12, 1945[314][315]\nFreedom of the City of Belfast on August 24, 1945[316]\nFreedom of the City of Edinburgh in 1946[317]\nFreedom of the Burgh of Maybole in October 1946[318]\nHonorary degrees\nEisenhower received many honorary degrees from universities and colleges around the world. These included:\nLocation\nDate\nSchool\nDegree\nGave commencement address\nNorthern Ireland\nAugust 24, 1945\nQueen's University Belfast\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[316][319]\nEngland\n1945\nUniversity of Oxford\nDoctor of Civil Law (DCL)[320]\nMassachusetts\n1946\nHarvard University\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[321]\nPennsylvania\n1946\nGettysburg College\nDoctorate[322]\nOntario\n1946\nUniversity of Toronto\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[323]\nPennsylvania\n1947\nUniversity of Pennsylvania\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[324]\nConnecticut\n1948\nYale University\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[325]\nNew York\n1950\nHofstra University\nDoctorate[326]\nNew Hampshire\nJune 14, 1953\nDartmouth College\nDoctorate\nYes[327]\nWashington, D.C.\nNovember 19, 1953\nCatholic University of America\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[328]\nVirginia\n1953\nCollege of William and Mary\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)\nIllinois\n1954\nNorthwestern University\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[329]\nMaryland\nJune 7, 1954\nWashington College\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[330]\nYes\nMaryland\n1958\nJohns Hopkins University\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[331]\nIndia\nDecember 17, 1959\nUniversity of Delhi\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[332]\nIndiana\nJune 5, 1960\nUniversity of Notre Dame\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[333]\nNew York\nJune 20, 1964\nBard College\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[334]\nIowa\n1965\nGrinnell College\nDoctor of Laws (LL.D)[335]\nOhio\nOctober 5, 1965\nOhio University\nDoctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[336]\nYes\nPromotions\nNo insignia\nCadet, United States Military Academy: June 14, 1911\nNo pin insignia in 1915\nSecond Lieutenant, Regular Army: June 12, 1915\nFirst Lieutenant, Regular Army: July 1, 1916\nCaptain, Regular Army: May 15, 1917\nMajor, National Army: June 17, 1918\nLieutenant Colonel, National Army: October 20, 1918\nCaptain, Regular Army: June 30, 1920(Reverted to permanent rank.)\nMajor, Regular Army: July 2, 1920\nCaptain, Regular Army: November 4, 1922(Discharged as major and appointed as captain due to reduction of Army.)\nMajor, Regular Army: August 26, 1924\nLieutenant Colonel, Regular Army: July 1, 1936\nColonel, Army of the United States: March 6, 1941\nBrigadier General, Army of the United States: September 29, 1941(temporary)\nMajor General, Army of the United States: March 27, 1942(temporary)\nLieutenant General, Army of the United States: July 7, 1942(temporary)\nGeneral, Army of the United States: February 11, 1943(temporary)\nBrigadier General, Regular Army: August 30, 1943\nMajor General, Regular Army: August 30, 1943\nGeneral of the Army, Army of the United States: December 20, 1944\nGeneral of the Army, Regular Army: April 11, 1946\nSee also\n\"And I don't care what it is\", phrase by Eisenhower, 1952, on religion\nAtoms for Peace, a speech to the UN General Assembly in December 1953\nCommittee on Scientists and Engineers\nEisenhower baseball controversy\nEisenhower method for time management\nEisenhower National Historic Site\nEisenhower Presidential Center\nIke: Countdown to D-Day a 2004 American television film about the decisions Eisenhower made as Supreme Commander that led to the successful D-Day invasion of World War II\nPeople to People Student Ambassador Program\nKay Summersby\nGeneral:\nHistorical rankings of presidents of the United States\nHistory of the United States (19451964)\nList of presidents of the United States by previous experience\nNotes\n^ For the 1946 United Nations condemnation[203] of the Francoist regime, see \"Spanish Question\"\n^ Redesignation to Fort Eisenhower was on 27 October 2023.[305]\nReferences\nCitations\n^ \"The Eisenhowers\". Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2021.\n^ a b c \"Post-presidential years\". The Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2012.\n^ a b c d e f Barnett, Lincoln (November 9, 1942). \"General \"Ike\" Eisenhower\". Life. p.112. Retrieved May 31, 2011.\n^ Korda, Michael (2007). \"Ike: An American Hero\". Harper Collins. p.63. ISBN9780061744969. Retrieved July 22, 2012.\n^ a b Ambrose 1983, pp.1618\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.19\n^ D'Este, Carlo (2003). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Macmillan. pp.2122. ISBN0805056874. Retrieved September 13, 2016.\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.18\n^ Eisenhower, Dwight David \"Ike\"., biography on World War II graves website\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.22\n^ D'Este, Carlo (2003). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Macmillan. p.31. ISBN0805056874. Retrieved June 12, 2020.\n^ a b Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1967). At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends, Garden City, New York, Doubleday & Company, Inc.\n^ D'Este, Carlo (2002). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life, p. 25.\n^ \"Getting on the Right TRRACC\" (PDF). Lesson Plans: The Molding of a Leader. Eisenhower National Historic Site. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ...Ike spent his weekends at Davis's camp on the Smoky Hill River.\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.32\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.25\n^ a b \"Faith Staked Down\" Archived August 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Time, February 9, 1953.\n^ Bergman, Jerry. \"Steeped in Religion: President Eisenhower and the Influence of the Jehovah's Witnesses\", Kansas History (Autumn 1998).\n^ D'Este, Carlo (2002). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life, p. 58.\n^ \"Public School Products\". Time. September 14, 1959.\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.36\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.37\n^ \"Eisenhower: Soldier of Peace\". Time. April 4, 1969. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.\n^ a b \"Biography: Dwight David Eisenhower\". Eisenhower Foundation. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.4448\n^ \"President Dwight D. Eisenhower Baseball Related Quotations\". Baseball Almanac. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.\n^ \"Eisenhower BOQ 1915\". Fort Sam Houston. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2012.\n^ \"Lt Eisenhower and Football Team\". Fort Sam Houston. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2012.\n^ Botelho, Greg (July 15, 1912). \"Roller-coaster life of Indian icon, sports' first star\". CNN. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2008.\n^ \"Ike and the Team\". Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.\n^ a b O'Connell, Robert L. (2022). Team America (1sted.). HarperCollins. pp.117119. ISBN9780062883322.\n^ \"Dwight David Eisenhower\". Internet Public Library. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.56\n^ \"We Remember\". Sigma Beta Chi. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.\n^ Weingroff, Richard F. (MarchApril 2003). \"The Man Who Changed America, Part I\". fhwa.dot.gov. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.\n^ O'Connell, Robert L. (2022). Team America (1sted.). HarperCollins. p.122. ISBN9780062883322.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.5960\n^ Berger-Knorr, Lawrence. The Pennsylvania Relations of Dwight D. Eisenhower. p.8.\n^ a b Beckett, Wendy. \"President Eisenhower: Painter\" (PDF). White House History (21): 3040. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2012.\n^ Weil, Martin; Langer, Emily (December 21, 2013). \"John S.D. Eisenhower dies; historian and president's son was 91\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.\n^ \"Camp David\". Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017. Ike re-named it 'Camp David' in honor of his grandson David Eisenhower\n^ Owen 1999, pp.165167\n^ Owen 1999, p.169\n^ Owen 1999, pp.172173\n^ Dodson, Marcida (November 17, 1990). \"New Exhibit Offers a Look at Eisenhower the Artist\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2012.\n^ Erickson, Hal (2013). \"Angels in the Outfield (1951): Review Summary\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2013.\n^ Schaeper, Thomas J. (2010). Rhodes Scholars, Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite. Berghahn Books. p.210. ISBN978-1845457211.\n^ Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House. pp.3132, 38. ISBN978-0679644293.\n^ \"Manuel L. Quezon: 15 Mesmerizing Facts About Philippines' 2nd President\". FilipiKnow. June 3, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2020.\n^ Walker, Karen (June 2009). \"D-Day Memories of the Bridge Player in Chief\". ACBL District 8. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.6162\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.62\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.63\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.65\n^ \"Dwight David Eisenhower\". MilitaryTimes.com. Sightline Media Group. Retrieved January 30, 2021.\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.68\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.14\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.69\n^ Sixsmith, E. K. G. (1973). Eisenhower, His Life and Campaigns. Conshohocken, PA Combined Publishing. p.6.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.7073\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.7376\n^ Bender, Mark C. (1990). \"Watershed at Leavenworth\". U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.\n^ American President: An Online Reference Resource, Dwight David Eisenhower (18901969), \"Life Before the Presidency\", Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.\n^ Trout, Steven (2010). On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 19191941. pp.xvxxxii.\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.82\n^ \"General of the Army Dwight David Eisenhower\". Army Historical Foundation. January 22, 2015. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016.\n^ \"Dwight David Eisenhower, The Centennial\". U.S. Army Center of Military History. 1990. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016.\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.88\n^ Wukovits, John F. (2006). Eisenhower. Palgrave Macmillan. p.43. ISBN978-0-230-61394-2. Retrieved June 15, 2011.\n^ D'Este, Carlo (2002). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Henry Holt & Co. p.223. ISBN0-8050-5687-4. Retrieved June 15, 2011.\n^ Irish, Kerry. \"Dwight Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines: There Must Be a Day of Reckoning\", Journal of Military History, April 2010, Vol. 74, Issue 2, pp. 439473.\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.94\n^ Villamor, Jesus; Snyder, Gerald (1968). They Never Surrendered. Vera-Reyes, Inc.\n^ \"Dwight D. Eisenhower Pre-Presidential Papers, 191652\" (PDF). Eisenhower Presidential Library. 1997. p.74. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017. references to Eisenhower's pilot's license\n^ Komons, Nick (August 1989). \"unknown title\". Air Progress: 62.\n^ Merrit, Jsus V. (1962). Our presidents: profiles in history. p.77.\n^ Korda (2007), pp239243\n^ \"The Eisenhowers: The General\". Dwightdeisenhower.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010.\n^ Ambrose 1983\n^ \"Major General James E. Chaney\". U.S. Air Force. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2017. From January 1942 to June 1942, he was the commanding general, U.S. Army Forces in the British Isles.\n^ Eisenhower lived in 'Telegraph Cottage', Warren Road, Coombe, from 1942 to 1944. In 1995, a plaque commemorating this was placed there by the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. It can be seen at the north end of Warren Road.\n^ Huston, John W. (2002). Maj. Gen. John W. Huston, USAF (ed.). American Airpower Comes of Age: General Henry H. \"Hap\" Arnold's World War II Diaries. Air University Press. pp.288, 312. ISBN1585660930.\n^ Gallagher, Wes (December 1942). \"Eisenhower Commanded Gibraltar\". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2013.\n^ Atkinson, An Army at Dawn, pp. 251252.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.204210\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.230233\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.254255\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.275276\n^ Hitchcock, W (2018). The Age of Eisenhower. Simon & Schuster. pp.2123. ISBN978-1439175668.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.280281\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.284\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.286288\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.289\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.250, 298\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.278\n^ William Safire, Lend me your ears: great speeches in history (2004), p. 1143\n^ Grant 2001.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.340354\n^ Jean Edward Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace (2012) p. 451.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.375380\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.395406\n^ Hobbs 1999, p.223\n^ Zink, Harold (1947). American Military Government in Germany, pp. 3986\n^ Goedde, Petra. \"From Villains to Victims: Fraternization and the Feminization of Germany, 19451947\", Diplomatic History, Winter 1999, Vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 119\n^ Tent, James F. (1982), Mission on the Rhine: Reeducation and Denazification in American-Occupied Germany\n^ Zink, Harold (1957). The United States in Germany, 19441955\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.421425\n^ Goedde, Petra (2002). GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender and Foreign Relations, 19451949\n^ Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, with Rhodes citing a 1963 profile called \"Ike on Ike, in Newsweek November 11, 1963\n^ a b Ambrose 1983, pp.432452\n^ \"Dwight Eisenhower in Poland\". Polish Radio. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016.\n^ a b Pusey, Merlo J. (1956). Eisenhower, the President. Macmillan. pp.16. Archived from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2013.\n^ \"Truman Wrote of '48 Offer to Eisenhower Archived June 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine\" The New York Times, July 11, 2003.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.455460\n^ \" U.S. Presidents\" (PDF). Phi Beta Kappa. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2017.\n^ Ambrose 1983, ch. 24\n^ Crusade in Europe, Doubleday; 1st edition (1948), 559 pages, ISBN1125300914\n^ a b Owen 1999, pp.171172\n^ Pietrusza, David, 1948: Harry Truman's Victory and the Year That Transformed America, Union Square Publishing, 2011, p. 201\n^ a b Jacobs 1993, p.20\n^ Cook 1981, ch. 3\n^ Cook 1981, p.79\n^ a b Jacobs 1993, p.18\n^ Jacobs 2001, pp.140141\n^ Jacobs 2001, pp.145146\n^ Jacobs 2001, pp.162164\n^ Jacobs 2001, pp.168169, 175\n^ Jacobs 2001, pp.152, 238242, 245249\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.479483\n^ a b Young & Schilling 2019, p.ix\n^ a b Jacobs 2001, pp.235236\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.484485\n^ Jacobs 1993, pp.17ff\n^ Jacobs 2001, pp.251254\n^ Jacobs 2001, p.279\n^ Jacobs 2001, p.299\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.502511\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.512\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.524528\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.530\n^ a b c d Gibbs, Nancy (November 10, 2008). \"When New President Meets Old, It's Not Always Pretty\". Time. Archived from the original on November 11, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.541546\n^ Herbert H. Hyman, and Paul B. Sheatsley, \"The political appeal of President Eisenhower.\" Public Opinion Quarterly 17.4 (1953): 443-460 online.\n^ Ambrose 1983, pp.556567\n^ Johnson, David K. (March 22, 2023). The Lavender Scare. The University of Chicago Press. p.121. ISBN978-0226825724.\n^ Ambrose 1983, p.571\n^ Frum 2000, p.7\n^ Crockett, Zachary (January 23, 2017). \"Donald Trump is the only US president ever with no political or military experience\". vox.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2019.\n^ Campbell, Angus; Converse, Philip L.; Miller, Warren E.; Stokes, Donald E. (1960). The American Voter. University of Chicago Press. p.56. ISBN978-0226092546.\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.14\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.24\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.2025\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.32\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.43\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.52\n^ Black, Allida; Hopkins, June; etal., eds. (2003). \"Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt: Dwight Eisenhower\". Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Archived from the original on January 5, 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2011.\n^ Eisenhower, David; Julie Nixon Eisenhower (October 11, 2011). Going Home To Glory: A Memoir of Life with Dwight D. Eisenhower, 19611969. Simon and Schuster. p.126. ISBN978-1439190913.\n^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1959). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower. Best Books on. p.270. ISBN978-1623768300.\n^ Miller, James A. (November 21, 2007). \"An inside look at Eisenhower's civil rights record\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012.\n^ Mayer, Michael S. (2009). The Eisenhower Years. Facts On File. p.xii. ISBN978-0-8160-5387-2.\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.220\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.285288\n^ Jean Edward Smith (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House. pp.674683. ISBN978-0679644293. Retrieved June 27, 2015.\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.321325\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.297\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.25\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.537\n^ \"The cracks are showing\". The Economist. June 26, 2008. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2008.\n^ \"The Last Week The Road to War\". USS Washington (BB-56). Archived from the original on March 23, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2008.\n^ \"About the Author\". USS Washington (BB-56). Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.\n^ a b \"Interstate Highway System\". Eisenhower Presidential Center. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2012.\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.301, 326\n^ John M. Logsdon, \"Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program\" (NASA; 1995)\n^ Logsdon, John M., and Lear, Linda J. Exploring the Unknown:Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program/ Washington D.C.\n^ W. D. Kay, Defining NASA The Historical Debate Over the Agency's Mission, 2005.\n^ Parmet, Herbert S. Eisenhower and the American Crusades (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972)\n^ Yankek Mieczkowski, Eisenhower's Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige (Cornell University Press; 2013)\n^ Peter J. Roman, Eisenhower and the Missile Gap (1996)\n^ The Presidents's Science Advisory Committee, \"Report of the Ad Hoc Panel on Man-in-Space\" December 16, 1960. NASA Historical Collection\n^ Greg Ward, \"A Rough Guide History of the USA\" (Penguin Group: London, 2003)\n^ Jackson, Michael Gordon (2005). \"Beyond Brinkmanship: Eisenhower, Nuclear War Fighting, and Korea, 19531968\". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 35 (1): 5275. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00235.x. ISSN0360-4918. JSTOR27552659.\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.51\n^ Jones, Matthew (2008). \"Targeting China: U.S. Nuclear Planning and 'Massive Retaliation' in East Asia, 19531955\". Journal of Cold War Studies. 10 (4): 3765. doi:10.1162/jcws.2008.10.4.37. S2CID57564482.\n^ a b Ambrose 1984, pp.106107\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.173\n^ Zhai, Qiang (2000). \"Crisis and Confrontations: Chinese-American Relations during the Eisenhower Administration\". Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 9 (3/4): 221249. doi:10.1163/187656100793645921.\n^ a b Ambrose 1984, p.231\n^ a b Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN978-1-350-23394-2.\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.245, 246\n^ Accinelli, Robert (1990). \"Eisenhower, Congress, and the 195455 offshore island crisis\". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 20 (2): 329348. JSTOR27550618.\n^ a b c Minami, Kazushi (2024). People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN9781501774157.\n^ Dunnigan, James and Nofi, Albert (1999), Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War. St. Martins Press, p. 85.\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.175\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.175157\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.185\n^ a b Dunnigan, James and Nofi, Albert (1999), Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War, p. 257\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.204209\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.215\n^ Anderson, David L. (1991). Trapped by Success: The Eisenhower Administration and Vietnam, 19531961. Columbia U.P. ISBN978-0231515337.\n^ \"Vietnam War\". Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016.\n^ Karnow, Stanley. (1991), Vietnam, A History, p. 230.\n^ Reeves, Richard (1993), President Kennedy: Profile of Power, p. 75.\n^ \"Resolution 39 (I) of the UN General Assembly on the Spanish question\".\n^ Eisenhower gave verbal approval to Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and to Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles to proceed with the coup; Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. 2: The President p. 111; Ambrose (1990), Eisenhower: Soldier and President, New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 333.\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.129\n^ Kingseed, Cole (1995), Eisenhower and the Suez Crisis of 1956, ch. 6\n^ Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace: 19561961 (1965) p. 99\n^ Lahav, Pnina. \"The Suez Crisis of 1956 and Its Aftermath: A Comparative Study of Constitutions, Use of Force, Diplomacy and International Relations\". Boston University Law Review. 95.\n^ Isaac Alteras, Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.Israeli Relations, 19531960 (1993), p. 296.\n^ a b Little, Douglas (1996). \"His finest hour? Eisenhower, Lebanon, and the 1958 Middle East Crisis\". Diplomatic History. 20 (1): 2754. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00251.x.\n^ Hahn, Peter L. (2006). \"Securing the Middle East: The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957\". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36 (1): 3847. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00285.x.\n^ Navari, Cornelia (2000). Internationalism and the State in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p.316. ISBN978-0415097475.\n^ State of the Union Address, February 2, 1953, Public Papers, 1953 pp. 3031.\n^ \"Eisenhower Press Conference, March 19, 1953\". The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012.\n^ Byrnes to DDE, August 27, 1953, Eisenhower Library\"\n^ Dudziak, Mary L. (2002), Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy\n^ Eisenhower 1963, p.230\n^ Parmet 1972, pp.438439\n^ Mayer, Michael S. (1989). \"The Eisenhower Administration and the Civil Rights Act of 1957\". Congress & the Presidency. 16 (2): 137154. doi:10.1080/07343468909507929.\n^ Nichol, David (2007). A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution. Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-1416541509.\n^ to DDE, September 25, 1957, Eisenhower Library\n^ \"An interview with David K. Johnson author of The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government\". press.uchicago.edu. The University of Chicago. 2004. Archived from the original on December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.\n^ Adkins, Judith (August 15, 2016). \"'These People Are Frightened to Death' Congressional Investigations and the Lavender Scare\". archives.gov. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018. Most significantly, the 1950 congressional investigations and the Hoey committee's final report helped institutionalize discrimination by laying the groundwork for President Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1953 Executive Order #10450, 'Security Requirements for Government Employment.' That order explicitly added sexuality to the criteria used to determine suitability for federal employment.\n^ a b Sears, Brad; Hunter, Nan D.; Mallory, Christy (September 2009). Documenting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in State Employment (PDF). The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at the University of California Los Angeles School of Law. pp.53. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018. From 1947 to 1961, more than 5,000 allegedly homosexual federal civil servants lost their jobs in the purges for no reason other than sexual orientation, and thousands of applicants were also rejected for federal employment for the same reason. During this period, more than 1,000 men and women were fired for suspected homosexuality from the State Department alonea far greater number than were dismissed for their membership in the Communist party.\n^ Adkins, Judith (August 15, 2016). \"'These People Are Frightened to Death' Congressional Investigations and the Lavender Scare\". archives.gov. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018. Historians estimate that somewhere between 5,000 and tens of thousands of gay workers lost their jobs during the Lavender Scare.\n^ Sears, Brad; Hunter, Nan D.; Mallory, Christy (September 2009). Documenting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in State Employment (PDF). The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at the University of California Los Angeles School of Law. pp.53. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018. Johnson has demonstrated that during this era government officials intentionally engaged in campaigns to associate homosexuality with Communism: 'homosexual' and 'pervert' became synonyms for 'Communist' and 'traitor.'\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.118119\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.5662\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.140\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.167\n^ a b Young & Schilling 2019, p.132\n^ Bundy 1988, pp.305306\n^ Bundy 1988, p.305\n^ Young & Schilling 2019, p.128\n^ Bundy 1988, pp.310311\n^ Bundy 1988, pp.316317\n^ Young & Schilling 2019, pp.147, 150\n^ Ambrose 1984, pp.188189\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.154\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.157\n^ Ambrose 1984, p.219\n^ a b Joseph W. Martin as told to Donavan, Robert J. (1960), My First Fifty Years in Politics, New York: McGraw Hill, p. 227\n^ Newton, Eisenhower (2011) pp. 356357\n^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (October 9, 1953). \"Personal and confidential To Milton Stover Eisenhower\". Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower. Eisenhower Memorial. doc. 460. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2012.\n^ Thomas, Evan (2012). Ike's Bluff: President Eisenhower's Secret Battle to Save the World. Little, Brown. p.175. ISBN978-0316217279. Retrieved April 28, 2017.\n^ Newton, Eisenhower pp. 196199.\n^ Clarence G. Lasby, Eisenhower's Heart Attack: How Ike Beat Heart Disease and Held on to the Presidency (1997) pp. 57113.\n^ Robert P. Hudson, \"Eisenhower's Heart Attack: How Ike Beat Heart Disease and Held on to the Presidency (review)\" Bulletin of the History of Medicine 72#1 (1998) pp. 161162 online Archived April 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine.\n^ R.H. 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Retrieved December 22, 2016.\n^ Leviero, Anthony (June 9, 1956). \"President Undergoes Surgery on Intestine Block at 2:59 A.M.: Doctors Pronounce It Success: Condition Is Good: Operation Lasts Hour and 53 Minutes13 Attend Him\". The New York Times. p.1. Retrieved December 22, 2016. President Eisenhower was operated on at 2:59 A.M. today for relief of an intestinal obstruction. At 4:55 A.M., the operation was pronounced a success by the surgeons.... The President's condition was diagnosed as ileitis. This is an inflamation of the ileumthe lowest portion of the small intestine, where it joins the large intestine.... The President first felt ill shortly after midnight yesterday. He had attended a dinner of the White House News Photographers Association Thursday night and had returned to the White House at 11. Mrs. Eisenhower called Maj. Gen. Howard McC. Snyder, the President's personal physician, at 12:45 A.M. yesterday, telling him the President had some discomfort in his stomach. He recommended a slight dose of milk of magnesia. At 1:20 Mrs. Eisenhower called again, saying the President was still complaining of not feeling well. This time she asked Dr. Snyder to come to the White House from his home about a mile away on Connecticut Avenue. He arrived at 2 A.M. and has not left the President's side since.\n^ Knighton, William Jr. (June 10, 1956). \"Eisenhower Out Of Danger; Will Be Able To Resume Duties And Seek Reelection: Doctors See Prospect of Full Return to Job in Four to Six Weeks: Operation Performed to Prevent Gangrene of Bowel: Signing of Official Papers Viewed as Likely by Tomorrow or Tuesday\". The Baltimore Sun. p.1. Retrieved December 22, 2016.\n^ \"Out of Hospital Visit Postponed\". The New York Times. July 1, 1956. p.E2. Retrieved December 22, 2016.\n^ Williams, Charles Harold Macmillan (2009) p. 345\n^ a b c \"President Dwight Eisenhower: Health & Medical History\". doctorzebra.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2020.\n^ \"Oxford Degrees for War Leaders\". British Path. 1945.\n^ \"Honorary Degrees\". Harvard University. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n^ \"Honorary degree recipients\". Gettysburg College. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n^ \"Honorary Degree Recipients, 18502021\" (PDF). University of Toronto. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2020.\n^ \"Chronological Listing of Honorary Degree Recipients\" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2019.\n^ \"Honorary Degrees Since 1702\". Office of the Secretary and Vice President for University Life, Yale University.\n^ \"About: Honorary Degrees\". Hofstra University.\n^ \"President Eisenhower's Commencement Address\". Dartmouth College. November 28, 2018.\n^ \"Honorary Degrees Conferred by The Catholic University of America\" (PDF). Catholic University of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 22, 2020.\n^ \"Honorary Degree Recipients\". Office of the Provost, Northwestern University.\n^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (June 7, 1954). Remarks at Washington College on Receiving an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree (Speech). Washington College, Maryland: Washington College. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2022.\n^ \"Honorary Degrees Awarded\". Johns Hopkins University.\n^ \"India Likes Ike\". British Path. 1959.\n^ \"Honorary Degree Recipients, 18442019\" (PDF). University of Notre Dame. November 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n^ \"Eisenhower Given Honorary Degree at Bard College\". The New York Times. June 21, 1964.\n^ \"Past Honorary Degrees\". Grinnell College.\n^ \"U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower with commemorative plaque at Ohio University Memorial Auditorium\". Ohio University Libraries. October 5, 1965.\nPrint sources\nMain article: Bibliography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nGeneral biographies\nAmbrose, Stephen (1983). Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect (18931952). Vol.I. Simon & Schuster.\nAmbrose, Stephen (1984). Eisenhower: The President (19521969). Vol.II. Simon & Schuster.\nBoyle, Peter G. (2005). Eisenhower. Pearson/Longman. ISBN0582287200.\nD'Este, Carlo (2002). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Macmillan. ISBN0805056866.\nKrieg, Joann P. ed. (1987). Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier, President, Statesman. 24 essays by scholars. ISBN0313259550\nNewton, Jim (2011). Eisenhower: The White House Years. Doubleday. ISBN978-0-385-52353-0., popular history.\nParmet, Herbert S. (1972). Eisenhower and the American Crusades. OCLC482017.\nSmith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House. ISBN978-1400066933.\nWicker, Tom (2002). Dwight D. Eisenhower. Times Books. ISBN0805069070., popular history\nMilitary career\nAmbrose, Stephen E. (January 17, 2012). The Supreme Commander. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN9780307946638.\nAmbrose, Stephen E. (July 15, 1999). The Victors: Eisenhower and His Boys the Men of World War II. Simon & Schuster. ISBN9780684864549.\nEisenhower, David (1986). Eisenhower at War 19431945, Random House. ISBN0394412370. A detailed study by his grandson.\nEisenhower, John S. D. (2003). General Ike, Free Press. ISBN0743244745, by his son.\nHatch, Alden. General Eisenhower (1944) online, early popular biography.\nHobbs, Joseph Patrick (1999). Dear General: Eisenhower's Wartime Letters to Marshall. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN0801862191.\nIrish, Kerry E. \"Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan\", The Journal of Military History 70.1 (2006) 3161 online in Project Muse.\nJordan, Jonathan W. (2011). Brothers Rivals Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership that Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe. NAL/Caliber. ISBN978-0451232120.\nJordan, Jonathan W. (2015). American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II. NAL/Caliber. ISBN978-0451414571.\nPogue, Forrest C. (1954). The Supreme Command. Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army. OCLC1247005.\nWeigley, Russell (1981). Eisenhower's Lieutenants: the Campaign of France and Germany, 19441945. Indiana University Press. ISBN0253133335.\nSixsmith, Major General E. K. G. (1973). Eisenhower as Military Commander. B. C. T. Batsford Limited. ISBN978-0713412123.\nCivilian career\nBowie, Robert R.; Immerman, Richard H. (February 12, 1998). Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199879083.\nChernus, Ira (2008). Apocalypse Management: Eisenhower and the Discourse of National Insecurity. Stanford University Press. ISBN978-0804758079.\nCook, Blanche Wiesen (1981). The Declassified Eisenhower: A Divided Legacy. Doubleday.\nDamms, Richard V. (2002). The Eisenhower Presidency, 19531961\nDavid Paul T., ed. (1954). Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952. 5 vols., Johns Hopkins Press. OCLC519846\nDivine, Robert A. (1981). Eisenhower and the Cold War.\nGellman, Irwin F. (2015). The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 19521961. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0300181050\nGreenstein, Fred I. (1991). The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. Basic Books. ISBN0465029485\nHarris, Douglas B. \"Dwight Eisenhower and the New Deal: The Politics of Preemption\", Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997.\nHarris, Seymour E. (1962). The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy. OCLC174566\nJacobs, Travis Beal (1993). \"Eisenhower, the American Assembly, and the 1952 Elections\". In Warshaw, Shirley Anne (ed.). Reexamining the Eisenhower presidency. Greenwood Press. pp.1732. ISBN0313287929.\nJacobs, Travis Beal (2001). Eisenhower at Columbia. Transaction Publishers. ISBN0-7658-0036-5.\nMason, Robert. \"War Hero in the White House: Dwight Eisenhower and the Politics of Peace, Prosperity, and Party.\" in Profiles in Power (Brill, 2020) pp.112128.\nMedhurst, Martin J. (1993). Dwight D. Eisenhower: Strategic Communicator. Greenwood Press. ISBN0313261407\nMayer, Michael S. (2009). The Eisenhower Years Facts on File. ISBN0816053871\nNewton, Jim. (2011) Eisenhower: The White House Years ISBN978-0385523530\nPach, Chester J., and Richardson, Elmo (1991). Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. University Press of Kansas. ISBN0700604367\nPickett, William B. (2000). Eisenhower Decides to Run: Presidential Politics and Cold War Strategy. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN1-56-663787-2.\nPickett, William B. (1995). Dwight David Eisenhower and American Power. Harlan Davidson. ISBN0-88-295918-2.\nWatry, David M. (2014). Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill and Eden in the Cold War. Louisiana State University Press.\nGeneral history\nBundy, McGeorge (1988). Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years. Random House. ISBN0-394-52278-8.\nFrum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The 70s The Decade That Brought You Modern Life For Better Or Worse. Basic Books. ISBN0-465-04196-5.\nGrant, Rebecca (June 1, 2001). \"Deep Strife\". Air & Space Forces Magazine.\nOwen, David (1999). The Making of the Masters: Clifford Roberts, Augusta National, and Golf's Most Prestigious Tournament. Simon and Schuster. ISBN0684857294.\nYoung, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2019). Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb. Cornell University Press. ISBN978-1-5017-4516-4.\nPrimary sources\nBoyle, Peter G., ed. (1990). The ChurchillEisenhower Correspondence, 19531955. University of North Carolina Press.\nBoyle, Peter G., ed. (2005). The EdenEisenhower correspondence, 19551957. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN0807829358\nButcher, Harry C. (1946). My Three Years With Eisenhower The Personal Diary of Captain Harry C. Butcher, USNR, candid memoir by a top aide. online\nEisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe, his war memoirs.\nEisenhower, Dwight D. (1963). Mandate for Change, 19531956.\nEisenhower, Dwight D. (1965). The White House Years: Waging Peace 19561961, Doubleday and Co.\nEisenhower Papers 21-volume scholarly edition; complete for 19401961.\nSummersby, Kay (1948). Eisenhower Was My Boss, Prentice Hall; (1949) Dell paperback.\nExternal links\nDwight D. Eisenhower at Wikipedia's sister projects\nMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from Wikisource\nWhite House biography\nEisenhower Presidential Library and Museum\nEisenhower National Historic Site\nEisenhower Foundation\nMajor speeches of Dwight Eisenhower\nDwight David Eisenhower collected news and commentary at The New York Times\nDwight D. Eisenhower: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress\nExtensive essays on Dwight Eisenhower and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs\n\"Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower\", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, October 25, 1999\nWorks by Dwight David Eisenhower at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Dwight D. Eisenhower at Internet Archive\nAppearances on C-SPAN\nvteDwight D. Eisenhower\n34th President of the United States (19531961)\nSupreme Allied Commander Europe (19511952)\nChief of Staff of the Army (19451948)\nCommander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (19431945)\nMilitarycareer\nMilitary career\n1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy\nLouisiana Maneuvers\nOperation Torch\nEuropean Theater of Operations\nAllied invasion of Sicily\nJune 6, 1944, order of the day\nPeople of Western Europe speech\nNormandy landings\nOperation Veritable\nBerlin Declaration\nMilitary Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany\nDisarmed Enemy Forces\nEuropean Advisory Commission\nSupreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952\nPresidency(timeline)\nTransition\n1953 inauguration\n1957 inauguration\nState of the Union Address\n1953\n1955\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\nCabinet\nJudicial appointments\nSupreme Court\nFarewell address\n\"Militaryindustrial complex\"\nKennedy transition\nExecutive Orders\nPresidential Proclamations\nForeign policy\nEisenhower Doctrine\nKorean War\n1953; Korean Armistice Agreement\n1953 Iranian coup d'tat\n\"Chance for Peace\" speech (1953)\nCold War\nDomino theory\nKhrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization\nNew Look policy\n1955 Geneva Summit\n1960 U-2 incident\nAtomic Energy Act of 1954\nAtoms for Peace\nRestricted Data\nAgricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954\nFood for Peace\nSuez Crisis (1956)\nDARPA (1958)\nEURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958\nNational Aeronautics and Space Act\n1958; NASA\nOperation 40 (1960)\nDomestic policy\nExecutive Order 10479 (1953)\nOuter Continental Shelf Act (1953)\nRefugee Relief Act (1953)\nSubmerged Lands Act (1953)\nU.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1953)\nAgricultural Act of 1954\nNational Wool Act of 1954\nSpecial Milk Program\nExcise Tax Reduction Act of 1954\nInternal Revenue Code of 1954\nWatershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954\nSmall Watershed Program\nAir Pollution Control Act of 1955\nAgricultural Act of 1956\nSoil Bank Act\nSoil Bank Program\nFederal Voting Assistance Program (1955)\nBank Holding Company Act (1956)\nFederal-Aid Highway Act of 1956\nInterstate Highway System\nHighway Trust Fund\nFish and Wildlife Act (1956)\nPeople to People Student Ambassador Program (1956)\nPresident's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (1956)\nCivil Rights Act of 1957\nU.S. Commission on Civil Rights\nU.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division\nFederal Plant Pest Act of 1957\nLittle Rock Nine intervention (1957)\nPriceAnderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act (1957)\nAlaska Statehood Act (1958)\nHumane Slaughter Act (1958)\nNational Defense Education Act\n1958; Federal Perkins Loan\nStudent loans in the United States\nHawaii Admission Act (1959)\nMultiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960\nCivil Rights Act of 1960\nSikes Act (1960)\nBooks\nCrusade in Europe (1948)\nElections\nDraft Eisenhower movement\nRepublican Party presidential primaries (1948\n1952\n1956)\nRepublican National Convention (1952\n1956)\nUnited States Presidential election (1952\n1956)\nLegacy\nBibliography\nBirthplace\nEisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite\nBoyhood home\nEisenhower National Historic Site\nDwight D. Eisenhower Memorial\nEisenhower Executive Office Building\nWichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport\nEisenhower Fellowships\nEisenhower Institute\nEisenhower Monument\nEisenhower dollar\ncommemorative\nU.S. Postage stamps\nDwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center\nEisenhower Medical Center\nEisenhower Trophy\nEisenhower Golf Club\nEisenhower Theater\nStatue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol)\nFort Eisenhower\nMount Eisenhower\nPlaces named for Eisenhower\nOther tributes and memorials\nPopularculture\nEisenhower jacket\nEisenhower Tree\nCrusade in Europe (1949 television series)\nBackstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries)\nIke (1979 miniseries)\nIke: Countdown to D-Day (2004 film)\nPressure (2014 play)\nFamily\nMary \"Mamie\" Geneva Doud Eisenhower (wife)\nJohn Eisenhower (son)\nDavid Eisenhower (grandson)\nAnne Eisenhower (granddaughter)\nSusan Eisenhower (granddaughter)\nMary Jean Eisenhower (granddaughter)\nJennie Eisenhower (great-granddaughter)\nIda Stover Eisenhower (mother)\nArthur Eisenhower (brother)\nEdgar N. Eisenhower (brother)\nRoy Eisenhower (brother)\nEarl D. Eisenhower (brother)\nMilton S. Eisenhower (brother)\nRelated\nEisenhower baseball controversy\nCamp David\n\"And I don't care what it is\"\nAtoms for Peace Award\nIntroduction to Outer Space\nEddie Slovik\nKay Summersby\n Harry S. Truman\nJohn F. Kennedy \nCategory\nOffices and distinctions\nMilitary offices\nPrecededbyJames Chaney\nCommanding General of the United States Army Europe 19421943\nSucceededbyFrank Maxwell Andrews\nPrecededbyJacob L. Devers\nCommanding General of the United States Army Europe 19441945\nSucceededbyJoseph T. McNarney\nNew office\nGovernor of the American Zone of Occupied Germany 1945\nSucceededbyGeorge S. PattonActing\nPrecededbyGeorge Marshall\nChief of Staff of the United States Army 19451948\nSucceededbyOmar Bradley\nNew office\nSupreme Allied Commander Europe 19511952\nSucceededbyMatthew Ridgway\nAcademic offices\nPrecededbyFrank D. FackenthalActing\nPresident of Columbia University 19481953\nSucceededbyGrayson L. Kirk\nParty political offices\nPrecededbyThomas E. Dewey\nRepublican nominee for President of the United States 1952, 1956\nSucceededbyRichard Nixon\nPolitical offices\nPrecededbyHarry S. Truman\nPresident of the United States 19531961\nSucceededbyJohn F. Kennedy\nHonorary titles\nPrecededbyHerbert Hoover\nPeople who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda 1969\nSucceededbyEverett Dirksen\nArticles related to Dwight D. Eisenhower\nvteSt. Mary's Rattlers head football coaches\nDwight D. Eisenhower (1916)\nHomer Baker (1923)\nJ. Kraus (1924)\nMose Sims (1925)\nTom O'Donnell (1926)\nTim Griesenbeck (1927)\nJim Hendricks (1928)\nBarlow Irvin (19291930)\nNo team (19321934)\nFrank Bridges (19351939)\nMose Sims (1940)\nLloyd Russell (1941)\nvteLeaders of the United States ArmySenior Officer / Commanding General\nWashington\nKnox\nDoughty\nHarmar\nSt. Clair\nWayne\nHamilton\nWilkinson\nDearborn\nJ. Brown\nMacomb\nW. Scott\nMcClellan\nHalleck\nGrant\nSherman\nSheridan\nSchofield\nMiles\nChiefs of Staff\nYoung\nChaffee\nBates\nBell\nWood\nWotherspoon\nH. Scott\nBliss\nMarch\nPershing\nHines\nSummerall\nMacArthur\nCraig\nMarshall\nEisenhower\nBradley\nCollins\nRidgway\nTaylor\nLemnitzer\nDecker\nWheeler\nJohnson\nWestmoreland\nB. Palmer\nAbrams\nWeyand\nRogers\nMeyer\nWickham\nVuono\nSullivan\nReimer\nShinseki\nSchoomaker\nCasey\nDempsey\nOdierno\nMilley\nMcConville\nGeorge\nVice Chiefs of Staff\nCollins\nHaislip\nHull\nBolte\nW. Palmer\nLemnitzer\nDecker\nEddleman\nHamlett\nAbrams\nHaines\nB. Palmer\nHaig\nWeyand\nKerwin\nKroesen\nVessey\nWickham\nThurman\nA. Brown\nRisCassi\nSullivan\nReimer\nPeay\nTilelli\nGriffith\nCrouch\nShinseki\nKeane\nCasey\nCody\nChiarelli\nAustin\nCampbell\nAllyn\nMcConville\nMartin\nGeorge\nMingus\nCommanders of United States European Command and Supreme Allied Commanders, Europe\nEisenhower*\nRidgway\nGruenther\nNorstad\nLemnitzer\nGoodpaster\nHaig\nRogers\nGalvin\nShalikashvili\nJoulwan\nClark\nRalston\nJones\nCraddock\nStavridis\nBreedlove\nScaparrotti\n* only Supreme Allied Commander\nvteRepublican Party\nHistory\nNational Union Party\nThird Party System\nFourth Party System\nFifth Party System\nSixth Party System\nPresidentialtickets,nationalconventions,andpresidentialprimaries\n1856 (Philadelphia): Frmont/Dayton\n1860 (Chicago): Lincoln/Hamlin\n1864 (Baltimore): Lincoln/Johnson\n1868 (Chicago): Grant/Colfax\n1872 (Philadelphia): Grant/Wilson\n1876 (Cincinnati): Hayes/Wheeler\n1880 (Chicago): Garfield/Arthur\n1884 (Chicago): Blaine/Logan\n1888 (Chicago): Harrison/Morton\n1892 (Minneapolis): Harrison/Reid\n1896 (Saint Louis): McKinley/Hobart\n1900 (Philadelphia): McKinley/Roosevelt\n1904 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Fairbanks\n1908 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman\n1912 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman/Butler\nprimaries\n1916 (Chicago): Hughes/Fairbanks\nprimaries\n1920 (Chicago): Harding/Coolidge\nprimaries\n1924 (Cleveland): Coolidge/Dawes\nprimaries\n1928 (Kansas City): Hoover/Curtis\nprimaries\n1932 (Chicago): Hoover/Curtis\nprimaries\n1936 (Cleveland): Landon/Knox\nprimaries\n1940 (Philadelphia): Willkie/McNary\nprimaries\n1944 (Chicago): Dewey/Bricker\nprimaries\n1948 (Philadelphia): Dewey/Warren\nprimaries\n1952 (Chicago): Eisenhower/Nixon\nprimaries\n1956 (San Francisco): Eisenhower/Nixon\nprimaries\n1960 (Chicago): Nixon/Lodge\nprimaries\n1964 (San Francisco): Goldwater/Miller\nprimaries\n1968 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew\nprimaries\n1972 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew\nprimaries\n1976 (Kansas City): Ford/Dole\nprimaries\n1980 (Detroit): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush\nprimaries\n1984 (Dallas): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush\nprimaries\n1988 (New Orleans): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle\nprimaries\n1992 (Houston): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle\nprimaries\n1996 (San Diego): Dole/Kemp\nprimaries\n2000 (Philadelphia): G. W. Bush/Cheney\nprimaries\n2004 (New York): G. W. Bush/Cheney\nprimaries\n2008 (St. Paul): McCain/Palin\nprimaries\n2012 (Tampa): Romney/Ryan\nprimaries\n2016 (Cleveland): Trump/Pence\nprimaries\n2020 (Charlotte/other locations): Trump/Pence\nprimaries\n2024 (Milwaukee): Trump (presumptive)/TBA\nprimaries\n2028 (Houston)\nPresidentialadministrations\nLincoln (18611865)\nJohnson (18651868)\nGrant (18691877)\nHayes (18771881)\nGarfield (1881)\nArthur (18811885)\nHarrison (18891893)\nMcKinley (18971901)\nRoosevelt (19011909)\nTaft (19091913)\nHarding (19211923)\nCoolidge (19231929)\nHoover (19291933)\nEisenhower (19531961)\nNixon (19691974)\nFord (19741977)\nReagan (19811989)\nG. H. W. Bush (19891993)\nG. W. Bush (20012009)\nTrump (20172021)\nU.S. SenateleadersandConferencechairs\nJ. P. Hale (18591862)\nAnthony (18621884)\nSherman (18841885)\nEdmunds (18851891)\nSherman (18911897)\nAllison (18971908)\nE. Hale (19081911)\nCullom (19111913)\nGallinger (19131918)\nLodge (19181924)\nCurtis (19241929)\nWatson (19291933)\nMcNary (19331940)\nAustin (19401941)\nMcNary (19411944)\nWhite (19441949)\nWherry (19491952)\nBridges (19521953)\nTaft (1953)\nKnowland (19531959)\nDirksen (19591969)\nScott (19691977)\nBaker (19771979)\nStevens (19791980)\nBaker (19801985)\nDole (19851996)\nLott (19962003)\nFrist (20032007)\nMcConnell (2007)\nU.S. Houseleaders,Speakers,andConferencechairs\nPennington (18601861)\nGrow (18611863)\nColfax (18631869)\nPomeroy (1869)\nBlaine (18691875)\nMcCrary (18751877)\nHale (18771879)\nFrye (18791881)\nKeifer (18811883)\nCannon (18831889)\nReed (18891891)\nT. J. Henderson (18911895)\nReed (18951899)\nD. B. Henderson (18991903)\nCannon (19031911)\nMann (19111919)\nGillett (19191925)\nLongworth (19251931)\nSnell (19311939)\nMartin (19391959)\nHalleck (19591965)\nFord (19651973)\nRhodes (19731981)\nMichel (19811995)\nGingrich (19951999)\nHastert (19992007)\nBoehner (20072015)\nRyan (20152019)\nMcCarthy (20192023)\nJohnson (2023)\nRNCChairs\nMorgan\nRaymond\nWard\nClaflin\nMorgan\nChandler\nCameron\nJewell\nSabin\nJones\nQuay\nClarkson\nCampbell\nCarter\nHanna\nPayne\nCortelyou\nNew\nHitchcock\nHill\nRosewater\nHilles\nWilcox\nHays\nAdams\nButler\nWork\nHuston\nFess\nSanders\nFletcher\nHamilton\nMartin\nWalsh\nSpangler\nBrownell\nReece\nScott\nGabrielson\nSummerfield\nRoberts\nHall\nAlcorn\nT. Morton\nMiller\nBurch\nBliss\nR. Morton\nDole\nBush\nSmith\nBrock\nRichards\nLaxalt/Fahrenkopf\nFahrenkopf\nAtwater\nYeutter\nBond\nBarbour\nNicholson\nGilmore\nRacicot\nGillespie\nMehlman\nMartnez/Duncan\nDuncan\nSteele\nPriebus\nMcDaniel\nWhatley\nChair elections\n2009\n2011\n2013\n2015\n2017\n2019\n2021\n2023\n2024\nParties bystate andterritoryState\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nTerritory\nAmerican Samoa\nDistrict of Columbia\nGuam\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico\nVirgin Islands\nAffiliated organizationsCongress\nHouse Conference\nLegislative Digest\nSteering and Policy Committees\nSenate Conference\nPolicy Committee\nFactions\nFreedom Caucus\nProblem Solvers Caucus\nRepublican Governance Group\nRepublican Study Committee\nFundraisinggroups\nNational Republican Congressional Committee\nNational Republican Redistricting Trust\nNational Republican Senatorial Committee\nRepublican Attorneys General Association\nRepublican Governors Association\nSectionalgroups\nCollege Republicans\nChairmen\nCongressional Hispanic Conference\nLog Cabin Republicans\nRepublican Jewish Coalition\nRepublican National Hispanic Assembly\nRepublicans Abroad\nTeen Age Republicans\nYoung Republicans\nRepublicans Overseas\nHigh School Republican National Federation\nFactionalgroups\nRepublican Main Street Partnership\nRepublican Majority for Choice\nRepublican Liberty Caucus\nRepublican National Coalition for Life\nConservAmerica\nLiberty Caucus\nRipon Society\nThe Wish List\nRelated\nPrimaries\nDebates\nBibliography\nInternational Democrat Union\nTimeline of modern American conservatism\nTrumpism\nvtePresidents of the United StatesPresidents andpresidencies\nGeorge Washington (17891797)\nJohn Adams (17971801)\nThomas Jefferson (18011809)\nJames Madison (18091817)\nJames Monroe (18171825)\nJohn Quincy Adams (18251829)\nAndrew Jackson (18291837)\nMartin Van Buren (18371841)\nWilliam Henry Harrison (1841)\nJohn Tyler (18411845)\nJames K. Polk (18451849)\nZachary Taylor (18491850)\nMillard Fillmore (18501853)\nFranklin Pierce (18531857)\nJames Buchanan (18571861)\nAbraham Lincoln (18611865)\nAndrew Johnson (18651869)\nUlysses S. Grant (18691877)\nRutherford B. Hayes (18771881)\nJames A. Garfield (1881)\nChester A. Arthur (18811885)\nGrover Cleveland (18851889)\nBenjamin Harrison (18891893)\nGrover Cleveland (18931897)\nWilliam McKinley (18971901)\nTheodore Roosevelt (19011909)\nWilliam Howard Taft (19091913)\nWoodrow Wilson (19131921)\nWarren G. Harding (19211923)\nCalvin Coolidge (19231929)\nHerbert Hoover (19291933)\nFranklin D. Roosevelt (19331945)\nHarry S. Truman (19451953)\nDwight D. Eisenhower (19531961)\nJohn F. Kennedy (19611963)\nLyndon B. Johnson (19631969)\nRichard Nixon (19691974)\nGerald Ford (19741977)\nJimmy Carter (19771981)\nRonald Reagan (19811989)\nGeorge H. W. Bush (19891993)\nBill Clinton (19932001)\nGeorge W. Bush (20012009)\nBarack Obama (20092017)\nDonald Trump (20172021)\nJoe Biden (2021present)\nPresidencytimelines\nWashington\nMcKinley\nT. Roosevelt\nTaft\nWilson\nHarding\nCoolidge\nHoover\nF. D. Roosevelt\nTruman\nEisenhower\nKennedy\nL. B. Johnson\nNixon\nFord\nCarter\nReagan\nG. H. W. Bush\nClinton\nG. W. Bush\nObama\nTrump\nBiden\nCategory\nList\nvteCabinet of President Dwight D. Eisenhower (19531961)CabinetVice President\nRichard Nixon (19531961)\nSecretary of State\nJohn Foster Dulles (19531959)\nChristian Herter (19591961)\nSecretary of the Treasury\nGeorge M. Humphrey (19531957)\nRobert B. Anderson (19571961)\nSecretary of Defense\nCharles Erwin Wilson (19531957)\nNeil H. McElroy (19571959)\nThomas S. Gates Jr. (19591961)\nAttorney General\nHerbert Brownell Jr. (19531957)\nWilliam P. Rogers (19571961)\nPostmaster General\nArthur Summerfield (19531961)\nSecretary of the Interior\nDouglas McKay (19531956)\nFred A. Seaton (19561961)\nSecretary of Agriculture\nEzra Taft Benson (19531961)\nSecretary of Commerce\nSinclair Weeks (19531958)\nFrederick H. Mueller (19591961)\nSecretary of Labor\nMartin Patrick Durkin (1953)\nJames P. Mitchell (19531961)\nSecretary of Health, Education, and Welfare\nOveta Culp Hobby (19531955)\nMarion B. Folsom (19551958)\nArthur Flemming (19581961)\nCabinet-levelDirector of the Bureau of the Budget\nJoseph Dodge (19531954)\nRowland Hughes (19541956)\nPercival Brundage (19561958)\nMaurice Stans (19581961)\nAmbassador to the United Nations\nHenry Cabot Lodge Jr. (19531960)\nJames Jeremiah Wadsworth (19601961)\nDirector of the Mutual Security Agency\nHarold Stassen (1953)\nDirector of the Office of Defense Mobilization\nArthur Flemming (19531957)\nGordon Gray (19571958)\nAdministrator of the Federal Civil Defense Administration\nVal Peterson (19531957)\nLeo Hoegh (19571958)\nDirector of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization\nLeo Hoegh (19581961)\nChair of the Atomic Energy Commission\nJohn A. McCone (19581961)\nWhite House Chief of Staff\nSherman Adams (19531958)\nWilton Persons (19581961)\nWhite House Deputy Chief of Staff\nWilton Persons (19531958)\nGerald D. Morgan (19581961)\nWhite House Cabinet Secretary\nMaxwell M. Rabb (19541958)\nRobert Keith Gray (19581961)\nvtePresidents of Columbia University\nS. Johnson (17541763)\nCooper (17631775)\nB. Moore (17751776)*\nClinton (17841787)*\nW. Johnson (17871800)\nWharton (1801)\nB. Moore (18011810)\nHarris (18111829)\nDuer (18291842)\nN. Moore (18421849)\nKing (18491863)\nBarnard (18641888)\nDrisler (18881889)*\nLow (18901901)\nVan Amringe (1899)*\nButler (19021945)\nFackenthal (19451948)*\nEisenhower (19481953)\nKirk (19531968)\nCordier (19691970)\nMcGill (19701980)\nSovern (19801993)\nRupp (19932002)\nBollinger (20022023)\nShafik (2023)\n* indicates interim president or chancellor\nvte( 1948) 1952 United States presidential election ( 1956)Republican Party\nConvention\nPrimaries\nCandidates\nNominee: Dwight D. Eisenhower\nVP nominee: Richard Nixon\nOther candidates: Riley A. Bender\nGeorge T. Mickelson\nHarold Stassen\nRobert Taft\nEarl Warren\nDemocratic Party\nConvention\nPrimaries\nCandidates\nNominee: Adlai Stevenson II\nVP nominee: John Sparkman\nOther candidates: Alben W. Barkley\nPaul A. Dever\nW. Averell Harriman\nHubert Humphrey\nEstes Kefauver\nRobert S. Kerr\nRichard Russell Jr.\nThird-party and independent candidatesProhibition Party\nNominee: Stuart Hamblen\nVP nominee: Enoch A. Holtwick\nProgressive Party\nNominee: Vincent Hallinan\nVP nominee: Charlotta Bass\nSocialist Labor Party\nNominee: Eric Hass\nSocialist Party\nNominee: Darlington Hoopes\nVP nominee: Samuel H. Friedman\nSocialist Workers Party\nNominee: Farrell Dobbs\nVP nominee: Myra Tanner Weiss\nIndependents and other candidates\nEdward Longstreet Bodin\nHenry B. Krajewski\nHomer Aubrey Tomlinson\nOther 1952 elections: House\nSenate\nvte( 1952) 1956 United States presidential election ( 1960)Republican Party\nConvention\nPrimaries\nCandidates\nIncumbent nominee: Dwight D. Eisenhower\nIncumbent VP nominee: Richard Nixon\nDemocratic Party\nConvention\nPrimaries\nCandidates\nNominee: Adlai Stevenson II\nVP nominee: Estes Kefauver\nOther candidates: John S. Battle\nHappy Chandler\nJames C. Davis\nW. Averell Harriman\nLyndon B. Johnson\nFrank Lausche\nGeorge Bell Timmerman Jr.\nThird-party and independent candidatesAmerican Vegetarian Party\nNominee: Herbert M. Shelton\nVP nominee: Symon Gould\nProhibition Party\nNominee: Enoch A. Holtwick\nVP nominee: Herbert C. Holdridge\nSocialist Labor Party\nNominee: Eric Hass\nVP nominee: Georgia Cozzini\nSocialist Party\nNominee: Darlington Hoopes\nVP nominee: Samuel H. Friedman\nSocialist Workers Party\nNominee: Farrell Dobbs\nVP nominee: Myra Tanner Weiss\nIndependents and other candidates\nT. Coleman Andrews\nGerald L. K. Smith\nOther 1956 elections: House\nSenate\nvteTheodore Roosevelt Award winners\n1967: Eisenhower\n1968: Saltonstall\n1969: White\n1970: Hovde\n1971: Kraft Jr.\n1972: Holland\n1973: Omar Bradley\n1974: Owens\n1975: Ford\n1976: Hamilton\n1977: Tom Bradley\n1978: Zornow\n1979: Chandler\n1980: Cooley\n1981: Linkletter\n1982: Cosby\n1983: Palmer\n1984: Lawrence\n1985: Fleming\n1986: Bush\n1987: Zable\n1988: Not presented\n1989: Ebert\n1990: Reagan\n1991: Gibson\n1992: Kemp\n1993: Alexander\n1994: Johnson\n1995: Mathias\n1996: Wooden\n1997: Payne\n1998: Dole\n1999: Richardson\n2000: Staubach\n2001: Cohen\n2002: Shriver\n2003: de Varona\n2004: Page\n2005: Ride\n2006: Kraft\n2007: Tagliabue\n2008: Glenn\n2009: Albright\n2010: Mitchell\n2011: Dunwoody\n2012: Allen\n2013: Dungy\n2014: Mills\n2015: Jackson\n2016: Ueberroth\n2017: Brooke-Marciniak\n2018: Wilmore\n2019: Caslen\n2020: Delaney\n2021: McLendon\n2022: Boudreaux\n2023: Shields\nvteNational Football Foundation Gold Medal winners\n1958: Dwight D. Eisenhower\n1959: Douglas MacArthur\n1960: Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg\n1961: John F. Kennedy\n1962: Byron \"Whizzer\" White\n1963: Roger Blough\n1964: Donold B. Lourie\n1965: Juan T. Trippe\n1966: Earl H. \"Red\" Blaik\n1967: Frederick L. Hovde\n1968: Chester J. LaRoche\n1969: Richard Nixon\n1970: Thomas J. Hamilton\n1971: Ronald Reagan\n1972: Gerald Ford\n1973: John Wayne\n1974: Gerald B. Zornow\n1975: David Packard\n1976: Edgar B. Speer\n1977: Louis H. Wilson\n1978: Vincent dePaul Draddy\n1979: William P. Lawrence\n1980: Walter J. Zable\n1981: Justin W. Dart\n1982: Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA) - All Honored Jim Brown, Willie Davis, Jack Kemp, Ron Kramer, Jim Swink\n1983: Jack Kemp\n1984: John F. McGillicuddy\n1985: William I. Spencer\n1986: William H. Morton\n1987: Charles R. Meyer\n1988: Clinton E. Frank\n1989: Paul Brown\n1990: Thomas H. Moorer\n1991: George H. W. Bush\n1992: Donald R. Keough\n1993: Norman Schwarzkopf\n1994: Thomas S. Murphy\n1995: Harold Alfond\n1996: Gene Corrigan\n1997: Jackie Robinson\n1998: John H. McConnell\n1999: Keith Jackson\n2000: Fred M. Kirby II\n2001: Billy Joe \"Red\" McCombs\n2002: George Steinbrenner\n2003: Tommy Franks\n2004: William V. Campbell\n2005: Jon F. Hanson\n2006: Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden\n2007: Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach\n2008: John Glenn\n2009: Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman\n2010: Bill Cosby\n2011: Robert Gates\n2012: Roscoe Brown\n2013: National Football League & Roger Goodell\n2014: Tom Catena & George Weiss\n2015: Condoleezza Rice\n2016: Archie Manning\n2017: None awarded\n2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman\n2019: Mark Harmon\nvteTime Persons of the Year19271950\nCharles Lindbergh (1927)\nWalter Chrysler (1928)\nOwen D. Young (1929)\nMohandas Gandhi (1930)\nPierre Laval (1931)\nFranklin D. Roosevelt (1932)\nHugh S. Johnson (1933)\nFranklin D. Roosevelt (1934)\nHaile Selassie (1935)\nWallis Simpson (1936)\nChiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)\nAdolf Hitler (1938)\nJoseph Stalin (1939)\nWinston Churchill (1940)\nFranklin D. Roosevelt (1941)\nJoseph Stalin (1942)\nGeorge Marshall (1943)\nDwight D. Eisenhower (1944)\nHarry S. Truman (1945)\nJames F. Byrnes (1946)\nGeorge Marshall (1947)\nHarry S. Truman (1948)\nWinston Churchill (1949)\nThe American Fighting-Man (1950)\n19511975\nMohammed Mosaddeq (1951)\nElizabeth II (1952)\nKonrad Adenauer (1953)\nJohn Foster Dulles (1954)\nHarlow Curtice (1955)\nHungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)\nNikita Khrushchev (1957)\nCharles de Gaulle (1958)\nDwight D. Eisenhower (1959)\nU.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segr / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)\nJohn F. Kennedy (1961)\nPope John XXIII (1962)\nMartin Luther King Jr. (1963)\nLyndon B. Johnson (1964)\nWilliam Westmoreland (1965)\nThe Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)\nLyndon B. Johnson (1967)\nThe Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)\nThe Middle Americans (1969)\nWilly Brandt (1970)\nRichard Nixon (1971)\nHenry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)\nJohn Sirica (1973)\nKing Faisal (1974)\nAmerican Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)\n19762000\nJimmy Carter (1976)\nAnwar Sadat (1977)\nDeng Xiaoping (1978)\nAyatollah Khomeini (1979)\nRonald Reagan (1980)\nLech Wasa (1981)\nThe Computer (1982)\nRonald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)\nPeter Ueberroth (1984)\nDeng Xiaoping (1985)\nCorazon Aquino (1986)\nMikhail Gorbachev (1987)\nThe Endangered Earth (1988)\nMikhail Gorbachev (1989)\nGeorge H. W. Bush (1990)\nTed Turner (1991)\nBill Clinton (1992)\nThe Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)\nPope John Paul II (1994)\nNewt Gingrich (1995)\nDavid Ho (1996)\nAndrew Grove (1997)\nBill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)\nJeff Bezos (1999)\nGeorge W. Bush (2000)\n2001present\nRudolph Giuliani (2001)\nThe Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)\nThe American Soldier (2003)\nGeorge W. Bush (2004)\nThe Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)\nYou (2006)\nVladimir Putin (2007)\nBarack Obama (2008)\nBen Bernanke (2009)\nMark Zuckerberg (2010)\nThe Protester (2011)\nBarack Obama (2012)\nPope Francis (2013)\nEbola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)\nAngela Merkel (2015)\nDonald Trump (2016)\nThe Silence Breakers (2017)\nThe Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)\nGreta Thunberg (2019)\nJoe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)\nElon Musk (2021)\nVolodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)\nTaylor Swift (2023)\nvtePhilippine Legion of Honor recipientsChief Commander(Punong Komandante)\nEmilio Aguinaldo\nHassanal Bolkiah\nChiang Kai-shek\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nLeonardo Espina\nFrancisco Franco\nJos P. Laurel\nDouglas MacArthur\nFerdinand Marcos\nImelda Marcos\nSergio Osmea\nJesse Robredo\nChino Roces\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\nJaime Sin\nAchmad Sukarno\nLorenzo Taada\nMaxwell D. Taylor\nClaudio Teehankee\nGrand Commander(Marangal na Komandante)\nGilbert Teodoro\nEmilio Yap\nFernando Zobel de Ayala\nJaime Zobel de Ayala\nJaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala\nNapoleon G. Rama\nGrand Officer(Marangal na Pinuno)\nTeodoro Locsin Jr.\nCommander (Komandante)\nBenigno Aquino Jr.\nEulogio Balao\nSotero Cabahug\nAlfredo Montelibano Sr.\nOfficer (Pinuno)\nBenigno Aquino Jr.\nManny Pacquiao\nLegionnaire(Lehiyonaryo)\nEscuadrn 201\nTeodoro Locsin Sr.\nGeronima Pecson\nEdith Nourse Rogers\nRichard Sakakida\nvteOrder of Sikatuna recipientsGrand Collar (Raja)\nJuan Carlos I\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nBhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand\nChuan Leekpai\nSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono\nAkihito, Emperor of Japan\nShinz Abe\nGrand Cross (Datu)\nRobert Gerard Brinks\nDaniel Inouye\nAftab Ahmad Khan\nGraeme Matheson\nJerril Santos\nGeorge Yeo\nSadako Ogata\nvteIndividuals lain in state, in honor and in repose in the United StatesState funerals in the United StatesLain in stateUS Capitol rotunda\nClay (1852)\nLincoln (1865, funeral)\nStevens (1868)\nSumner (1874)\nWilson (1875)\nGarfield (1881)\nLogan (1886)\nMcKinley (1901)\nL'Enfant (1909)\nDewey (1917)\nUnknown Soldier for World War I (1921)\nHarding (1923)\nW. H. Taft (1930)\nPershing (1948)\nR. A. Taft (1953)\nUnknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)\nKennedy (1963, funeral)\nMacArthur (1964)\nH. Hoover (1964)\nEisenhower (1969)\nDirksen (1969)\nJ. E. Hoover (1972)\nJohnson (1973)\nHumphrey (1978)\nBlassie / Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)\nPepper (1989)\nReagan (2004, funeral)\nFord (200607, funeral)\nInouye (2012)\nMcCain (2018)\nBush (2018, funeral)\nLewis (2020)\nDole (2021)\nReid (2022)\nNational Statuary Hall\nCummings (2019)\nGinsburg (2020, funeral)\nYoung (2022)\nHouse Chamber\nHooper (1875)\nHerbert C. Hoover Building\nBrown (1996)\nOld Senate Chamber\nChase (1873)\nLain in honorUS Capitol rotunda\nChestnut and Gibson (1998)\nParks (2005)\nGraham (2018)\nSicknick (2021)\nEvans (2021)\nWilliams (2022)\nLain in reposeEast Room\nHarrison (1841)\nTaylor (1850)\nLincoln (1865, funeral)\nMcKinley (1901)\nHarding (1923)\nRoosevelt (1945)\nKennedy (1963, funeral)\nGreat Hall of theUS Supreme Court\nWarren (1974)\nMarshall (1993)\nBurger (1995)\nBrennan (1997)\nBlackmun (1999)\nRehnquist (2005)\nScalia (2016)\nStevens (2019)\nGinsburg (2020, funeral)\nO'Connor (2023)\nSenate Chamber\nByrd (2010)\nLautenberg (2013)\nBold: Presidents and chief justices\nPortals: Biography 1950s Kansas Texas Politics United States Law\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nChile\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nFinland\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nGreece\nKorea\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\n2\nPortugal\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nRKD Artists\nTe Papa (New Zealand)\nULAN\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nEncyclopedia of Modern Ukraine\nNARA\nSNAC\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwight_D._Eisenhower&oldid=1225537068\"\nCategories: Dwight D. Eisenhower1890 births1969 deaths20th-century Presbyterians20th-century presidents of the United StatesAmerican anti-communistsAmerican anti-fascistsAmerican five-star officersAmerican football halfbacksAmerican people of Pennsylvania Dutch descentAmerican people of the Korean WarAmerican PresbyteriansArmy Black Knights football playersBurials in KansasCandidates in the 1952 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 1956 United States presidential electionCarnegie Endowment for International PeaceCompanions of the LiberationDwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumniDwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource StrategyEisenhower familyGraduates of the United States Military Academy Class of 1915Grand Cross of the Legion of HonourGrand Crosses of the Order of George I with SwordsGrand Crosses of the Order of Polonia RestitutaGrand Crosses of the Order of the Liberator General San MartinGrand Crosses of the Order of the White LionGrand Crosses of the Virtuti MilitariHonorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the BathHonorary members of the Order of MeritKansas RepublicansKnights Grand Cross of the Military Order of SavoyKnights of the Holy SepulchreMilitary personnel from KansasMilitary personnel from PennsylvaniaMilitary personnel from TexasNATO Supreme Allied CommandersNew York (state) RepublicansPennsylvania RepublicansPeople from Abilene, KansasPeople from Denison, TexasPeople from Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaPeople of the Cold WarPeople of the Congo CrisisPeople with Crohn's diseasePresidents of Columbia UniversityPresidents of the United StatesRecipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 19391945 (France)Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross 19391945Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)Recipients of the Distinguished Service StarRecipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of AustriaRecipients of the Legion of MeritRecipients of the National Order of Merit (Malta)Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service MedalRecipients of the Order of Military Merit (Brazil)Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st classRecipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st classRecipients of the Order of VictoryRepublican Party (United States) presidential nomineesRepublican Party presidents of the United StatesResidents of Thatched House LodgeMembers of the Sons of the American RevolutionSt. Mary's Rattlers football coachesTime Person of the YearUnited States Army Chiefs of StaffUnited States Army Command and General Staff College alumniUnited States Army generals of World War IIUnited States Army generalsUnited States Army personnel of World War IUnited States Army War College alumniUnited States Military Academy alumniUnited States military governorsWorld Golf Hall of Fame inducteesWriters from KansasWriters from PennsylvaniaWriters from TexasPlayers of American football from KansasCoaches of American football from KansasUnited States Army Infantry Branch personnelCentrism in the United StatesRecipients of orders, decorations, and medals of EthiopiaDeaths from congestive heart failure20th-century American farmersProgressive conservatismHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksArticles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalismUse American English from July 2020All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from September 2023Articles with hAudio microformatsAll articles with failed verificationArticles with failed verification from July 2016All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrasesArticles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2019All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from July 2023Articles with excerptsArticles containing French-language textPages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatchArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with Internet Archive linksPeople appearing on C-SPANArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNC identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with ICCU identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with KANTO identifiersArticles with KBR identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with Libris identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with NLG identifiersArticles with NLK identifiersArticles with NSK identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with PortugalA identifiersArticles with VcBA identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with RKDartists identifiersArticles with TePapa identifiersArticles with ULAN identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with EMU identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 25 May 2024, at 02:14(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower | Biography, Cold War, Presidency, & Facts | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe Now\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction & Top QuestionsEarly careerSupreme commanderFirst term as presidentSecond termCabinet of Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower\nQuotes\nReferences & Edit History\nQuick Facts & Related Topics\nImages & Videos\nFor Students\nPop Quiz: 17 Things to Know About World War II\nDwight D. Eisenhower summary\nQuizzes\nWorld War II Quiz\nU.S. Presidents and Their Years in Office Quiz\nAll-American History Quiz\nU.S. Presidents Facts\nU.S. Presidential Nicknames\nRelated Questions\nWhat was Dwight D. Eisenhowers family like?\nWhere was Dwight D. Eisenhower educated?\nHow did Dwight D. Eisenhower become famous?\nWhen was Dwight D. Eisenhower president?\nShould the United States maintain the embargo initiated by Dwight D. Eisenhower against Cuba?\nRead Next\nAll 119 References in We Didnt Start the Fire, Explained\n10 Infographics that Explain the Normandy Invasion During World War II\nFacts and Statistics about the Normandy Invasion\n9 U.S. Presidents with the Most Vetoes\nHow the Normandy Invasion Happened: Infographic Overview\nDiscover\nSecret Service Code Names of 11 U.S. Presidents\nWhy Was Nazi Germany Called the Third Reich?\nWhy Do Some Cicadas Appear Only Every 17 Years?\nThe 10 Greatest Basketball Players of All Time\n10 Best Hockey Players of All Time\nWhats the Difference Between Llamas and Alpacas?\nWhats the Difference Between a Turtle and a Tortoise?\nContents\nHome\nPolitics, Law & Government\nWorld Leaders\nPresidents & Heads of States\nDwight D. Eisenhower\npresident of United States\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nAlso known as: David Dwight Eisenhhower, Dwight David Eisenhower\nWritten by\nThomas C. Reeves\nProfessor of History, University of Wisconsin, Parkside. Author of Freedom and the Foundation: The Fund for the Republic in the Era of McCarthyism and others.\nThomas C. Reeves\nFact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLast Updated:\nApr 26, 2024\n\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nSee all media\nIn full:\nDwight David Eisenhower\n(Showmore)\nBorn:\nOctober 14, 1890, Denison, Texas, U.S.\n(Showmore)\nDied:\nMarch 28, 1969, Washington, D.C. (aged 78)\n(Showmore)\nTitle / Office:\npresidency of the United States of America (1953-1961), United States\n(Showmore)\nPolitical Affiliation:\nRepublican Party\n(Showmore)\nNotable Works:\nAtoms for Peace speech\nCrusade in Europe\n(Showmore)\nSee all related content \nTop Questions\nWhat was Dwight D. Eisenhowers family like? Dwight Eisenhowers parents, David Jacob and Ida Elizabeth (Stover) Eisenhower, moved their family from Denison, Texas, to Abilene, Kansas, where their forebears had settled in a Mennonite colony. David worked in a creamery, the family was poor, and young Dwight and his brothers were introduced to hard work and a strong religious tradition. Where was Dwight D. Eisenhower educated? Eisenhower was more interested in sports than in his studies at Abilene (Kansas) High School. He matriculated at the U.S. Military Academy, where he ranked 61st academically out of 164 graduates. He ranked first in a class of 275 at the armys Command and General Staff School and then graduated from the Army War College. How did Dwight D. Eisenhower become famous? Eisenhower became famous for his military leadership during World War II.After planning the invasions of North Africa, Sicily, and mainland Italy, he became supreme commander of Allied forces in western Europe (1943) and planned the Normandy Invasion (1944) and the conduct of the war in western Europe until the German surrender (1945). When was Dwight D. Eisenhower president? The 34th U.S. president, Eisenhower served two terms, from 1953 to 1961. His tenure came at the end of fighting in the Korean War but during the Cold War. A period of general economic growth and prosperity, it was the age of the housing, television, and baby booms but also the era of McCarthyism. What were Dwight D. Eisenhowers beliefs? Eisenhower urged economy and honesty in government. His basically conservative views on domestic affairs were reflected in his administrations modern Republicanism, a program that called for reduced taxes, balanced budgets, a decrease in government control over the economy, and the return of certain federal responsibilities to the states. Should the United States maintain the embargo initiated by Dwight D. Eisenhower against Cuba? Whether the U.S. should maintain its embargo initiated by Dwight D. Eisenhower against Cuba is hotly debated. Some say Cuba has not met the conditions required to lift it, and the US will look weak for lifting the sanctions. Others say the 50-year policy has failed to achieve its goals, and Cuba does not pose a threat to the United States. For more on the Cuba embargo debate, visit ProCon.org. Study the life and career of World War II general and former U.S. president Dwight D. EisenhowerAn overview of Dwight D. Eisenhower.(more)See all videos for this articlekey events in Dwight D. Eisenhower's lifeKey events in the life of Dwight D. Eisenhower.(more)Dwight D. Eisenhower (born October 14, 1890, Denison, Texas, U.S.died March 28, 1969, Washington, D.C.) was the 34th president of the United States (195361), who had been supreme commander of the Allied forces in western Europe during World War II.Early careerDenison, Texas; Eisenhower, Dwight D.Birthplace of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Denison, Texas.(more)Eisenhower, Dwight D.: parents and brothersDwight D. Eisenhower (left) with his parents and brothers.(more)Eisenhower, Dwight D.: Boy ScoutsDwight D. Eisenhower (second from left) on a Boy Scout camping trip along the Smoky Hill River, Kansas.(more)Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower as a young boy.(more)Abilene, Kansas: home of Dwight D. EisenhowerThe boyhood home of Dwight D. Eisenhower in Abilene, Kansas.(more)Eisenhower was the third of seven sons of David Jacob and Ida Elizabeth (Stover) Eisenhower. In the spring of 1891 the Eisenhowers left Denison, Texas, and returned to Abilene, Kansas, where their forebears had settled as part of a Mennonite colony. David worked in a creamery; the family was poor; and Dwight and his brothers were introduced to hard work and a strong religious tradition at an early age.Dwight D. Eisenhower playing football in KansasA young Dwight D. Eisenhower (front row, second from right) during backyard football practice, Abilene, Kansas.(more)Dwight D. Eisenhower as a U.S. Military Academy graduateDwight D. Eisenhower as a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York, 1915.(more)Ike, as Dwight was called, was a fun-loving youth who enjoyed sports but took only a moderate interest in his studies. The latter was perhaps a sign of one of his later characteristics: a dislike for the company of scholars. Dwight graduated from Abilene High School in 1909, worked for more than a year to support a brothers college education, and then entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, a decision that left his mother, a pacifist, in tears. He excelled in gridiron football but injured a knee in his second year at the academy and was forced to stop playing. In the remarkable class of 1915which was to produce 59 generalshe ranked 61st academically and 125th in discipline out of the total of 164 graduates.Eisenhower, MamieMamie Eisenhower(more)Eisenhower, Dwight D.; Eisenhower, MamieWedding portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower and Mamie Eisenhower, 1916.(more)After being commissioned a second lieutenant, he was sent to San Antonio, Texas, where he met Mamie Geneva Doud (Mamie Eisenhower), daughter of a successful Denver meat packer. They were married in 1916 and had two sons: Doud Dwight, born in 1917, who died of scarlet fever in 1921, and John Sheldon Doud, born in 1922.\nBritannica Quiz\nPop Quiz: 17 Things to Know About World War II\nEisenhower family portraitMajor Dwight D. Eisenhower (standing, third from left) with his five brothers and his parents, c. 1935.(more)During World War I Eisenhower commanded a tank training centre, was promoted to captain, and received the Distinguished Service Medal. The war ended just before he was to be sent overseas. From 1922 to 1924 he was assigned to the Panama Canal Zone, and there he came under the inspiring influence of his commander, Brig. Gen. Fox Conner. With Conners assistance, Eisenhower was selected to attend the armys Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Then a major, he graduated first in a class of 275 in 1926 and two years later graduated from the Army War College. He then served in France (where he wrote a guidebook of World War I battlefields) and in Washington, D.C., before becoming an aide to Army Chief of Staff Gen. Douglas MacArthur in 1933. Two years later he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines to assist in the reorganization of the commonwealths army, and while there he was awarded the Distinguished Service Star of the Philippines and promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He returned to the United States shortly after Germanys invasion of Poland initiated the European phase of World War II, and in March 1941 he became a full colonel. Three months later he was made chief of staff of the Third Army, and he soon won the attention of Army Chief of Staff Gen. George C. Marshall for his role in planning war games involving almost 500,000 troops. Supreme commander Dwight D. EisenhowerBrig. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1941.(more)When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, Marshall appointed Eisenhower to the armys war plans division in Washington, D.C., where he prepared strategy for an Allied invasion of Europe. Eisenhower had been made a brigadier general in September 1941 and was promoted to major general in March 1942; he was also named head of the operations division of the War Department. In June Marshall selected him over 366 senior officers to be commander of U.S. troops in Europe. Eisenhowers rapid advancement, after a long army career spent in relative obscurity, was due not only to his knowledge of military strategy and talent for organization but also to his ability to persuade, mediate, and get along with others. Men from a wide variety of backgrounds, impressed by his friendliness, humility, and persistent optimism, liked and trusted him. A phrase that later became one of the most famous campaign slogans in American history seemed to reflect the impression of everyone who met him: I like Ike!\nSpecial 67% offer for students! Finish the semester strong with Britannica.\nLearn More\nSee how Allied commanders Eisenhower and Montgomery trapped Rommel to end Axis North Africa campaignsAn Anglo-American force landing in Morocco and Algeria in November 1942. By the following June it had linked with British forces in Tunisia and driven the Germans from North Africa. From The Second World War: Allied Victory (1963), a documentary by Encyclopdia Britannica Educational Corporation.(more)See all videos for this articleEisenhower was promoted to lieutenant general in July 1942 and named to head Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa. This first major Allied offensive of the war was launched on November 8, 1942, and successfully completed in May 1943. Eisenhowers decision to work during the campaign with the French admiral Franois Darlan, who had collaborated with the Germans, aroused a storm of protest from the Allies, but his action was defended by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A full general since that February, Eisenhower then directed the amphibious assault of Sicily and the Italian mainland, which resulted in the fall of Rome on June 4, 1944. Learn about the Normandy Invasion planned by Dwight Eisenhower to give Allied powers a foothold in FranceOn D-Day, June 6, 1944, an Allied force led by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the greatest amphibious invasion of all time against German defenses on the coast of Normandy, France. From The Second World War: Allied Victory (1963), a documentary by Encyclopdia Britannica Educational Corporation.(more)See all videos for this articleDwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, and George Patton(Left to right) Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, and George Patton at Bastogne, Belgium, February 1945.(more)During the fighting in Italy, Eisenhower participated in plans to cross the English Channel for an invasion of France. On December 24, 1943, he was appointed supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, and the next month he was in London making preparations for the massive thrust into Europe. On June 6, 1944, he gambled on a break in bad weather and gave the order to launch the Normandy Invasion, the largest amphibious attack in history. On D-Day more than 156,000 troops landed in Normandy. Invading Allied forces eventually numbered 1,000,000 and began to fight their way into the heart of France. On August 25 Paris was liberated. After winning the Battle of the Bulgea fierce German counterattack in the Ardennes in Decemberthe Allies crossed the Rhine on March 7, 1945. Germany surrendered on May 7, ending the war in Europe. Although Eisenhower was criticized, then and later, for allowing the Russians to capture the enemy capital of Berlin, he and others defended his actions on several grounds (the Russians were closer, had more troops, and had been promised Berlin at the Yalta Conference of February 1945). In the meantime, in December 1944, Eisenhower had been made a five-star general. (Read Sir John Keegans Britannica entry on the Normandy Invasion.) Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. EisenhowerU.S. President Harry S. Truman awarding General Dwight D. Eisenhower his fifth Distinguished Service Medal as Mamie Eisenhower looks on.(more)Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bernard Montgomery, and Omar BradleyGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, and General Omar Bradley at the National Airport, Washington, D.C., September 12, 1946.(more)Eisenhower was given a heros welcome upon returning to the United States for a visit in June 1945, but in November his intended retirement was delayed when Pres. Harry S. Truman named him to replace Marshall as chief of staff. For more than two years Eisenhower directed demobilization of the wartime army and worked to unify the armed services under a centralized command. In May 1948 he left active duty as the most popular and respected soldier in the United States and became president of Columbia University in New York City. His book Crusade in Europe, published that fall, made him a wealthy man.\nEisenhower, Dwight D.Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower visiting Omaha Beach, Normandy, June 1951.(more)Dwight D. Eisenhower, NATO supreme commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower, supreme commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, in a radio address from Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe at Marly-le-Roi, France, April 2, 1952.(more)Eisenhowers brief career as an academic administrator was not especially successful. His technical education and military experience prepared him poorly for the post. In the fall of 1950 President Truman asked him to become supreme commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and in early 1951 he flew to Paris to assume his new position. For the next 15 months he devoted himself to the task of creating a united military organization in western Europe to be a defense against the possibility of communist aggression.\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).\nFeedback Type\nSelect a type (Required)\nFactual Correction\nSpelling/Grammar Correction\nLink Correction\nAdditional Information\nOther\nYour Feedback\nSubmit Feedback\nThank you for your feedback\nOur editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Dwight-D-Eisenhower\nExternal Websites\nKansapedia - Kansas Historical Society - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nHistoryNet - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nWhite House Historical Association - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nUnited States Army - Dwight D. Eisenhower and the birth of the Interstate Highway System\nTexas State Historical Association - The Handbook of Texas - Biography of Dwight David Eisenhower\nMiller Center - Dwight D. Eisenhower\nWorld Golf Hall of Fame - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nSpartacus Educational - Biography of Dwight David Eisenhower\nThe White House - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nDwight D. Eisenhower - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)\nDwight D. Eisenhower - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)\nprint\nPrint\nPlease select which sections you would like to print:\nTable Of Contents\nIntroduction & Top QuestionsEarly careerSupreme commanderFirst term as presidentSecond termCabinet of Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nReeves, Thomas C.. \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dwight-D-Eisenhower. Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Dwight-D-Eisenhower\nExternal Websites\nKansapedia - Kansas Historical Society - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nHistoryNet - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nWhite House Historical Association - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nUnited States Army - Dwight D. Eisenhower and the birth of the Interstate Highway System\nTexas State Historical Association - The Handbook of Texas - Biography of Dwight David Eisenhower\nMiller Center - Dwight D. Eisenhower\nWorld Golf Hall of Fame - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nSpartacus Educational - Biography of Dwight David Eisenhower\nThe White House - Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nDwight D. Eisenhower - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)\nDwight D. Eisenhower - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dwight-D-Eisenhower" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower - Facts, Presidency & AccomplishmentsSkip to contentShowsThis Day In HistoryScheduleTopicsStoriesHistory ClassicsLive TVYour ProfileYour ProfileHistoryFind History on Facebook (Opens in a new window)Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window)Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window)Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window)Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window)Email UpdatesLive TVHistory ClassicsShowsThis Day In HistoryScheduleTopicsStoriesVideosHistory PodcastsHistory VaultHomeTopicsU.S. PresidentsDwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. EisenhowerBy: History.com EditorsUpdated: June 7, 2019 | Original: October 27, 2009copy page linkPrint PageGetty Images / Bert Hardy / StringerTable of ContentsEisenhowers Early Life and Military Career Eisenhower in World War II Ikes Road to the White House Eisenhowers Domestic Policy Eisenhowers Foreign Policy Dwight D. Eisenhower: Legacy and Post-Presidential Life As supreme commander of Allied forces in Western Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower led the massive invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe that began on D-Day (June 6, 1944). In 1952, leading Republicans convinced Eisenhower (then in command of NATO forces in Europe) to run for president; he won a convincing victory over Democrat Adlai Stevenson and would serve two terms in the White House (1953-1961).During his presidency, Eisenhower managed Cold War-era tensions with the Soviet Union under the looming threat of nuclear weapons, ended the war in Korea in 1953 and authorized a number of covert anti-communist operations by the CIA around the world. On the home front, where America was enjoying a period of relative prosperity, Eisenhower strengthened Social Security, created the massive new Interstate Highway System and maneuvered behind the scenes to discredit the rabid anti-Communist Senator Joseph McCarthy. Though popular throughout his administration, he faltered in the protection of civil rights for African Americans by failing to fully enforce the Supreme Courts mandate for the desegregation of schools in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).Dwight EisenhowerEisenhowers Early Life and Military Career Born in Denison, Texas, on October 14, 1890, Dwight David Eisenhower grew up in Abilene, Kansas, as the third of seven sons in a poor family. To the distress of his mother, a devout Mennonite and pacifist, young Ike (as he was known) won an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, and graduated in the middle of his class in 1915. While stationed as a second lieutenant in San Antonio, Texas, Eisenhower met Mamie Geneva Doud. The couple married in 1916 and had two sons, Doud Dwight (who died of scarlet fever as a small child) and John.Did you know? At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, General Eisenhower was among those who opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He argued that Japan was on the verge of surrender already and that being the first to use such a fearsome new weapon would damage U.S. prestige in the international community just as it had reached its highest point.World War I ended just before Eisenhower was scheduled to go to Europe, frustrating the young officer, but he soon managed to gain an appointment to the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Graduating first in his class of 245, he served as a military aide to General John J. Pershing, commander of U.S. forces during World War I, and later to General Douglas MacArthur, U.S. Army chief of staff. During his seven years serving under MacArthur, Eisenhower was stationed in the Philippines from 1935 to 1939.Eisenhower in World War II Eisenhower returned soon after Nazi Germanys invasion of Poland sparked the outbreak of World War II in Europe. In September 1941, he received his first generals star with a promotion to brigadier general. After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor that December, U.S. Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall called Eisenhower to Washington, D.C. to work as a planning officer. Beginning in November 1942, Eisenhower headed Operation Torch, the successful Allied invasion of North Africa. He then directed the amphibious invasion of Sicily and the Italian mainland in 1943 that led to the fall of Rome in June 1944.Made a full general in early 1943, Eisenhower was appointed supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in December of that year and given the responsibility of spearheading the planned Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. On D-Day (June 6, 1944), more than 150,000 Allied forces crossed the English Channel and stormed the beaches of Normandy; the invasion led to the liberation of Paris on August 25 and turned the tide of the war in Europe decisively in the Allied direction. Having risen from lieutenant colonel in the Philippines to supreme commander of the victorious forces in Europe in only five years, Eisenhower returned home to a heros welcome in 1945 to serve as chief of staff of the U.S. Army.Ikes Road to the White House In 1948, Eisenhower left active duty and became president of New York Citys Columbia University. His brief return to civilian life ended in 1950, however, when President Harry S. Truman asked him to take command of the new North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces in Europe. In that position, Eisenhower worked to create a unified military organization that would combat potential communist aggression around the globe.In 1952, with Trumans popularity sagging during the ongoing war in Korea, leading Republicans approached Eisenhower and persuaded him to make a run for president. After mixed results in primary elections against the Republican front-runner, Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, Eisenhower resigned his commission in the Army and returned from his NATO base in Paris in June 1952.At the partys national convention that July, he won the Republican nomination on the first ballot. Under the slogan I Like Ike and with Senator Richard M. Nixon of California as his running mate, Eisenhower then defeated Adlai Stevenson to become the 34th president of the United States. (Eisenhower would beat Stevenson again four years later in a landslide to win reelection, despite health concerns after suffering a heart attack in 1955.)Inauguration of Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhowers Domestic Policy As a moderate Republican, Eisenhower was able to achieve numerous legislative victories despite a Democratic majority in Congress during six of his eight years in office. In addition to continuing most of the New Deal and Fair Deal programs of his predecessors (Franklin Roosevelt and Truman, respectively), he strengthened the Social Security program, increased the minimum wage and created the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. In 1956, Eisenhower created the Interstate Highway System, the single largest public works program in U.S. history, which would construct 41,000 miles of roads across the country.During Eisenhowers first term, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthys anti-Communist crusade violated the civil liberties of many citizens, culminating in a series of sensational televised hearings in the spring of 1954. To preserve party unity, Eisenhower refrained from publicly criticizing McCarthy, though he privately disliked the senator and worked behind the scenes to diminish McCarthys influence and eventually discredit him. Eisenhower was even more hesitant, however, in the realm of civil rights for African Americans.In 1954, in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that school segregation was unconstitutional. Eisenhower believed that desegregation should proceed slowly, and was reluctant to use his presidential authority to back up the enforcement of the Courts verdict, though he did send federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 to enforce integration of a high school there. Eisenhower did sign civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 providing federal protection for black voters; it was the first such legislation passed in the United States since Reconstruction.Eisenhowers Foreign Policy Soon after taking office, Eisenhower signed an armistice ending the Korean War. Aside from sending combat troops into Lebanon in 1958, he would send no other armed forces into active duty throughout his presidency, though he did not hesitate to authorize defense spending. He also authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to undertake covert operations against communism around the world, two of which toppled the governments of Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954. In 1954, Eisenhower decided against authorizing an airstrike to rescue French troops from defeat at Dien Bien Phu, avoiding a war in Indochina, though his support for the anti-communist government in South Vietnam would sow the seeds of future U.S. participation in the Vietnam War.Eisenhower sought to improve Cold War-era relations with the Soviet Union, especially after the death of Josef Stalin in 1953. In July 1955, when Eisenhower met with British, French and Russian leaders in Geneva, Switzerland, he proposed an open skies policy, in which the United States and Soviet Union would conduct air inspections of each others military programs; the U.S.S.R. rejected the proposal, though it won international approval. Under the rising threat of Soviet nuclear weapons technology, Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles did succeed in strengthening NATO and in creating the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to combat communist expansion in that region.Dwight D. Eisenhower: Legacy and Post-Presidential Life Though U.S.-Soviet relations remained relatively cordial throughout his presidency, including a summit meeting with Premier Nikita Krushchev in 1959, the Soviet shooting of a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane in May 1960 dashed Eisenhowers hopes for a treaty before he left office. In his farewell address of January 1961, Eisenhower spoke of the dangers inherent in what he called the military-industrial complex.Due to the combination of national defense needs with advances in technology, he warned, a partnership between the military establishment and big business threatened to exert an undue influence on the course of the American government. His warnings would go unheeded, however, amid the ongoing tensions of the Cold War era.While weathering criticism from both left and right, Eisenhower enjoyed high approval ratings throughout his administration. After leaving office in January 1961, he retired to his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He worked largely on his memoirs and would publish several books over the following years. He died on March 28, 1969, after a long illness.HISTORY Vault: U.S. PresidentsStream U.S. Presidents documentaries and your favorite HISTORY series, commercial-freeWATCH NOWBy: History.com EditorsHISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata.\nCitation InformationArticle TitleDwight D. EisenhowerAuthorHistory.com EditorsWebsite NameHISTORYURLhttps://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/dwight-d-eisenhowerDate AccessedMay 29, 2024PublisherA&E Television NetworksLast UpdatedJune 7, 2019Original Published DateOctober 27, 2009Fact CheckWe strive for accuracy and fairness. 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Eisenhower\nWe must be willing, individually and as a Nation, to accept whatever sacrifices may be required of us. A people that values its privileges above its principles soon loses both.\nInaugural Address\nOverview\nBorn in Texas and raised in Kansas, Dwight D. Eisenhower was one of America's greatest military commanders and the thirty-fourth President of the United States. Inspired by the example of a friend who was going to the U.S. Naval Academy, Eisenhower won an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Although his mother had religious convictions that made her a pacifist, she did not try to stop Eisenhower from becoming a military officer.\nLife In Depth Essays\nLife in Brief\nLife Before the Presidency\nCampaigns and Elections\nDomestic Affairs\nForeign Affairs\nLife After the Presidency\nFamily Life\nThe American Franchise\nImpact and Legacy\nFast Facts\nFull Name\nDwight David Eisenhower\nBirth Date\nOctober 14, 1890\nDeath Date\nMarch 28, 1969\nBirth Place\nDenison, Texas\nEducation\nU.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York (graduated 1915)\nReligion\nPresbyterian\nCareer\nSoldier\nPolitical Party\nRepublican\nNickname\nIke\nMarriage\nJuly 1, 1916, to Mary Mamie Geneva Doud (18961979)\nChildren\nDoud Dwight (19171921); John Sheldon Doud (19222013)\nInauguration Date\nJanuary 20, 1953\nDate Ended\nJanuary 20, 1961\nPresident Number\n34\nBurial Place\nAbilene, Kansas\nAssociate Professor of History\nChester J. Pach, Jr.\nOhio University\nProfessor Pach is an associate professor of history at Ohio University and former director of the Contemporary History Institute.\nProfessor Pach's writings include\nPresidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (co-authored by Elmo Richardson)\nArming the Free World: The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Pro\nThe Johnson Years\nChicago StyleMiller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Dwight D. Eisenhower. Accessed May 29, 2024. https://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower.\nFeatured Insights\nThe Space Race\nLearn more about the Space Race between the Americans and the Soviets\nThe Age of Eisenhower\nResources to accompany Will Hitchcock's original and penetrating new book about President Dwight D. Eisenhower\nIke and his world\nTwo scholars of Eisenhower discuss a legendary president\nBrown v. Board of Education\nThe \"separate is inherently unequal\" ruling forces President Eisenhower to address civil rights\nSpeeches\nView His Speeches\nJanuary 20, 1953: First Inaugural Address\naudio icon\ntranscript icon\nJanuary 5, 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine\naudio icon\ntranscript icon\nJanuary 17, 1961: Farewell Address\naudio icon\ntranscript icon\nSecret White House Tapes\nView all Secret White House Tapes\nMeeting with John Foster DullesDecember 20, 1949\naudio icon\nMeeting with C. W. BayerFebruary 28, 1950\naudio icon\nMeeting with Edwin ClarkJune 13, 1950\naudio icon\nFeatured Publications\nThe Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader\nThe Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Liberation of Europe\nDueling Visions: U.S. Strategy toward Eastern Europe under Eisenhower\nCambridge History of the Cold War\nUniversity of Virginia\nMiller Center\nMain navigation\nThe Presidency\nIssues & Policy\nExperts\nEvents\nDonate\nFooter\nAbout\nContact Us\nMiller Center Governing Council\nMiller Center Foundation\nPrivacy Policy\nNotice of Non-Discrimination and Equal Opportunity\nDownload millercenter.org Data\nHelp inform the discussion\nSupport the Miller Center\nFacebook\nTwitter\nYouTube\nJoin our email list\n Copyright 2024. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia\nUniversity of Virginia\n\nSubscribe to our email list\nGet notified about upcoming events and Miller Center news\nSubscribe", "url": "https://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower - White House Historical Association\nSkip to Main Content\nPrimary Navigation\nExplore\nExplore\nDo you want to learn more about the vibrant history of the White House? Browse our site through curated collections or content type.\nCollections\nLearn About the History of the White House by Subject\nGalleries\nBrowse Images From White House History\nAudio\nListen to History\nVideos\nWatch Past Programs & Educational Videos\nQuestions & Answers\nHave you ever wondered....\nPresidents & First Ladies\nBiographies & Portraits\nPodcasts\nThe White House 1600 Sessions\nTopics\nPopular Topics\nHave a topic youd like to know more about? 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Rubenstein National Center for White House History\nGoverning Board of Directors\nCurrent Staff\nMedia Inquiries\nCareer Opportunities\nContact Us\nSecondary Navigation\nShop\nDonate\nSearch\nMenu\nWhat can we help you find?\nSearch\nWHHA\n- start typing and then listen for common searches like yours.\nSearch\nClose Search\nMain Content\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nBringing to the presidency his vast experience as commanding general of the victorious forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight Eisenhower oversaw the growth of postwar prosperity. In a rare boast he said, The United States never lost a soldier or a foot of ground in my administration.... By God, it didnt just happenIll tell you that! Born in Texas on October 14, 1890, brought up in Abilene, Kansas, Eisenhower was the third of seven sons. He excelled in sports in high school, and received an appointment to West Point. Stationed in Texas as a second lieutenant, he met Mamie Geneva Doud, whom he married in 1916. They had two sons, Doud Dwight, who died at two, and John. In Eisenhowers early army career, he excelled in staff assignments, serving under Generals John J. Pershing and Douglas MacArthur. After Pearl Harbor, General George C. Marshall called him to Washington to work on war plans. He commanded the Allied Forces landing in North Africa in November 1942; on D-Day, 1944, he was supreme commander of the troops invading France. After the war, he became president of Columbia University, then took leave to assume supreme command over the new NATO forces being assembled in 1951. Republican emissaries to his headquarters near Paris persuaded him to run for president in 1952. I like Ike was an irresistible slogan; Eisenhower won a sweeping victory over Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson. Negotiating from military strength, he tried to reduce the strains of the cold war. In 1953, the signing of a truce brought an armed peace along the border of South Korea. The death of Stalin the same year caused shifts in relations with the Soviet Union. In Geneva in 1955, Eisenhower met with the leaders of the British, French, and Soviet governments. The president proposed that the United States and Soviet Union exchange blueprints of each others military establishments and provide within our countries facilities for aerial photography to the other country. But the Soviets vetoed his Open Skies proposal.In September 1955, Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in Denver, Colorado. After seven weeks he left the hospital, and in February 1956 doctors told him he was well enough to seek a second term, which he won by another landslide over Stevenson. In domestic policy the president pursued a middle modern Republican course, continuing most of the New Deal and Fair Deal programs and seeking a balanced budget. As desegregation of schools began, he sent troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to assure compliance with the orders of the Supreme Court but resisted pleas from civil rights champions to welcome publicly the courts Brown v. Board of Education decision. During his last two years in office, Eisenhower tried to make a chip in the granite of the cold war. He welcomed Nikita Khrushchev to Camp David and planned to meet the Soviet leader at a four-power Paris summit the following spring to seek ways to reduce their antagonism. But just before the meeting, the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane over their territory, which scuttled the summit and reinflamed cold war passions on both sides.In his Farewell Address, Eisenhower surprised many Americans by warning them to guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex, which he found a potential danger to American liberties. Disappointed by his failure to turn over the presidency to a Republican successor, he and Mamie retired to their farm beside the Gettysburg battleeld. After years of cardiac illness, he died in Washington, D.C., on March 28, 1969.\nRelated Information\nFirst Lady\nMamie Eisenhower\nPortrait Painting\nby James Anthony Wills\nShare\nFind us on...\nShare on Facebook\nShare on Twitter\nShare on Pinterest\nRelated\nRelated\nNext\nAmericas Irish Roots\nYou Might Also Like\nGrid view\nList view\nList view\nImage archives\nPodcast\nAmericas Irish Roots\nFeaturing Geraldine Byrne Nason, Ambassador of Ireland to the United States\nPodcast\nWashington National Cathedral & the White House\nFeaturing Very Reverend Randolph Hollerith and Reverend Canon Jan Naylor Cope\nCollection\nThe Nixon White House 1969 - 1974\nOn January 20, 1969, Richard Nixon was inaugurated as the thirty-seventh president of the United States. During his time in the White House (196974), President Nixon sought to unite a divided nation after the social, political, and cultural turbulence of the 1960s. Before becoming president, Nixon served in the U.S. Navy, the U.S. House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, and as\nCollection\nPresidential and First Lady Portraits\nSince 1965, the White House Historical Association has been proud to fund the official portraits of our presidents and first ladies, a long-standing tradition of the White House Collection. Recent presidents and first ladies typically select their respective artists before leaving the White House and approve the portraits before their formal presentation to the public and induction into the collection. The\nCollection\nThe 2022 White House Christmas Ornament\nEvery year since 1981, the White House Historical Association has had the privilege of designing the Official White House Christmas Ornament. These unique collectibles honoring individual presidents or specific White House anniversaries have become part of the holiday tradition for millions of American families. In this collection, explore the history behind our 2022 design and learn more about President Richard Nixon.\nBuy the\nPodcast\nWhite House Builder James Hobans Irish Roots\nFeaturing Laurie Grace, Chairman of the James Hoban Society of Ireland; Brother Christy OCarroll, Congregation of Christian Brothers; Ciarn OConnor, State Architect of Ireland; Merlo Kelly, Senior Architect, Lotts Architecture & Urbanism; Brian OConnell, Director and Founder of OConnell Mahon Architects and a contributor to the book James Hoban: Designer and Builder of the White House\nCollection\nWeddings and the White House\nFrom First Lady Dolley Madison's sister Lucy Payne Washington's wedding in 1812 to the nuptials of President Joseph Biden and First Lady Jill Biden's granddaughter Naomi Biden on the South Lawn in November 2022, the White House has long been the site of wedding ceremonies and receptions. In over two hundred years, there have been nineteen documented weddings and four receptions hosted\nCollection\nThe Ford White House 1974 - 1977\nGerald Rudolph Ford Jr., the nations only unelected president and vice president, served thirteen terms in Congress before rising to national attention in 1973, when President Richard Nixon nominated him as vice president. Less than a year later, Ford became president, following President Nixon's resignation from office. The Fords made and celebrated history during their time in the White House, fr\nPodcast\nDinner with the President\nFeaturing Alex Prudhomme, bestselling author and great-nephew of cooking legend Julia Child\nPodcast\nBecoming FDR: The Personal Crisis That Made a President\nFeaturing Jonathan Darman, author of Becoming FDR: The Personal Crisis That Made a President\"\nPodcast\n250 Years of American Political Leadership\nFeaturing Iain Dale, award-winning British author and radio and podcast host\nCollection\nThe 2023 White House Christmas Ornament\nEvery year since 1981, the White House Historical Association has had the privilege of designing the Official White House Christmas Ornament. These unique collectibles honoring individual presidents or specific White House anniversaries have become part of the holiday tradition for millions of American families. In this collection, explore the history behind our 2023 design and learn more about President Gerald R. 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Eisenhower Elementary\nHomeExpand menu item Our SchoolOur SchoolContact UsExpand menu item General InformationGeneral InformationSchool ProfileCA School DashboardSchool Accountability Report CardsOur LibraryPrincipal's MessagePolicies & ProceduresAcademicsCounselingPrograms & ActivitiesExpand menu item ParentsParentsChild Nutrition ServicesBell SchedulesEnrollment & RegistrationHealth & School NursingParentCenterPeachjar FlyersPTASchool MessengerExpand menu item News & EventsNews & EventsExpand menu item NewsNewsArrival & Dismissal ProceduresEvent CalendarStaff Directory\nSkip navigationMore Options Select a School\nDistrict\nElementary\nK-8 Academy\nIntermediate\nHigh\nSpecialty\nDISTRICTElementaryAcademy of InnovationBen Franklin ElementaryClara Barton ElementaryCorona Ranch ElementaryCoronita ElementaryDr. Bernice Todd ElementaryDwight D. 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Eisenhower ElementaryFacebook PageSend EmailinstagramPeachjar FlyersTwitter FeedYoutube Channel\n{1}\n##LOC[OK]##\nMENU\nHomeOur School\nContact UsGeneral Information\nSchool ProfileCA School DashboardSchool Accountability Report Cards\nOur LibraryPrincipal's MessagePolicies & Procedures\nAcademicsCounselingPrograms & ActivitiesParents\nChild Nutrition ServicesBell SchedulesEnrollment & RegistrationHealth & School NursingParentCenterPeachjar FlyersPTASchool Messenger\nNews & Events\nNews\nArrival & Dismissal Procedures\nEvent Calendar\nStaff Directory\nMENUHomeOur SchoolOur SchoolContact UsGeneral InformationGeneral InformationSchool ProfileCA School DashboardSchool Accountability Report CardsOur LibraryPrincipal's MessagePolicies & ProceduresAcademicsCounselingPrograms & ActivitiesParentsParentsChild Nutrition ServicesBell SchedulesEnrollment & RegistrationHealth & School NursingParentCenterPeachjar FlyersPTASchool MessengerNews & EventsNews & EventsNewsNewsArrival & Dismissal ProceduresEvent CalendarStaff Directory\nWhat's Happening\nArrival & Dismissal Procedures05/05/2026\nTo our Eisenhower parents and community members, please take a look at our updated arrival and dismissal procedures to help alleviate traffic conditions and ensure student safety.Read More About Arrival & Dismissal Procedures\nclear\neSTEM Student Takes Third at International Science & Engineering Fair05/22/2024\nAngelina Yang, a senior from Eleanor Roosevelt High School's eSTEM Academy, has made CNUSD proud by securing third place at the International Science & Engineering Fair.Read More About eSTEM Student Takes Third at International Science & Engineering Fair\nclear\nAppreciating Classified Employees 202405/22/2024\nFor this year's Classified School Employee Week, CNUSD partnered with California School Employees Association (CSEA) to facilitate job shadow opportunities for our district administration to truly see what our classified employees do every single day. 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Eisenhower Elementary3355 Mountain Gate Dr, Corona, CA 92882Phone 951-739-5960 | Fax 951-739-5968Nondiscrimination StatementThe Corona Norco Unified School District is committed to equal opportunity for all individuals in education and in employment and does not discriminate on the basis of actual or perceived ancestry, age, color, physical or mental disability, medical condition, gender, gender identity, gender expression, nationality, national origin, immigration status, race or ethnicity, ethnic group identification, religion, sex, sexual orientation, marital or parental status, pregnancy, or genetic identification, or association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics. The Board prohibits, at any district school or school activity, unlawful discrimination, harassment (including sexual harassment), intimidation, and bullying of any student based on the protected characteristics named above.Copies of CNUSDs policies including Uniform Complaint Procedures, Sexual Harassment, Nondiscrimination, Title IX Rights and Protection and Statewide Resources are available\nHERE and upon request.\nFor any concerns or questions regarding discrimination, equity, Title II, CCR Title 5 or Title IX, please contact: Dr. RoseMarie Hickman, Coordinator, Human Resources, Corona-Norco Unified School District, 2820 Clark Avenue Norco, CA 92860, (951) 736-5000\nContact Dr. Hickman For any allegations under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, please contact: Dr. Milisav Ilic, Administrative Director, Student Services, Corona-Norco Unified School District, 2820 Clark Avenue Norco, CA 92860, (951) 736-5111\nContact Dr. IlicPupils have the right to a free public education, regardless of immigration status or religious beliefs. More information about these rights is available from the California Attorney General,\nKnow Your Rights. Learn more about Title IX and Sex Discrimination/Harassment.Website by SchoolMessenger Presence. 2024 SchoolMessenger Corporation. All rights reserved.LoginGuest", "url": "https://eisenhower.cnusd.k12.ca.us/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "USS Dwight D. Eisenhower Departs On Deployment > U.S. Fleet Forces Command > News Stories\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nOfficial websites use .mil A .mil website belongs to an official U.S. Department of Defense organization in the United States.\nSecure .mil websites use HTTPS A lock (lock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .mil website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.\nSkip to main content (Press Enter).\nAbout Us\nMission\nHistory\nCommand Logo\nLeadership\nCommander\nDeputy Commander\nFleet Master Chief\nChief of Staff\nBiographies\nOrganization\nHeadquarters\nCivilian Human Resources\nFOIA Reading Room\nFleet Installations and Environment\nDeployment Health Assessments\nEqual Employment Opportunity\nOffice of the Inspector General\nCareers\nEngineers and Architects\nCybersecurity Roles\nSkilled Trades\nPhysical Sciences\nOperational Forces\nCommander, Naval Air Force Atlantic (AIRLANT)\nCommander, Naval Surface Force Atlantic (SURFLANT)\nCommander, Submarine Force Atlantic (SUBLANT)\nNavy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC)\nNavy Munitions Command Atlantic (NMCLANT)\nOperational Support\nBoard of Inspection and Survey (INSURV)\nMilitary Sealift Command (MSC)\nNaval Information Forces (NAVIFOR)\nNaval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (METOC)\nNavy Warfare Development Command (NWDC)\nExercises\nHurricane Exercise/Citadel Gale\nLarge-Scale Exercise\nCitadel Shield Solid Curtain\nCommunity Outreach\nU.S. Fleet Forces Band\nU.S. Navy Marksmanship Team\nU.S. Navy Stewards of the Sea\nFleet Outreach\nPress Room\nMedia Contact\nNews Stories\nPress Releases\nSpeeches\nPhoto Gallery\nVideo Gallery\nPublic Use of Limitations\nContact Us\nReporting Aboard\nPress Room News Stories\nNews Stories\nU.S. Fleet Forces Command (USFFC)\nUSS Dwight D. Eisenhower Departs On Deployment\nby Carrier Strike Group 2 Public Affairs\n14 October 2023\nNORFOLK, Va. - Aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (IKE), departed on a scheduled deployment, Oct. 14.\nThe strike group is scheduled to deploy to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility where it will engage with allies and partners in support of maritime statecraft, which encompasses naval diplomacy and national efforts to build comprehensive U.S. and allied maritime power.\nNORFOLK, Va. - The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (Ike) deploys from Naval Station Norfolk, Oct. 14, 2023. The Ike Carrier Strike Group will conduct a regularly scheduled deployment to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility in support of enhanced vigilance activities and operations with NATO Allies and partners. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Anderson W. Branch)\n231014-N-KK394-1115\nNORFOLK, Va. - The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (Ike) deploys from Naval Station Norfolk, Oct. 14, 2023. The Ike Carrier Strike Group will conduct a regularly scheduled deployment to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility in support of enhanced vigilance activities and operations with NATO Allies and partners. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Anderson W. Branch)\nSHARE IMAGE:\nDownload Image\nImage Details\nPhoto By: Petty Officer 2nd Class Anderson Branch\nVIRIN: 231014-N-KK394-1115\nEach entity that comprises IKECSG has worked exceptionally hard over the last several months, and we are ready to bring maritime power in support of any tasking, said Rear Adm. Marc Miguez, commander, Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 2, IKECSG. Our presence will undoubtedly strengthen relationships with our allies and partners, as we share the goal to deter aggression, and if required, deliver overwhelming combat power.\nThe flagship Dwight D. Eisenhower will join guided-missile cruiser USS Philippine Sea (CG 58) and guided-missile destroyer USS Gravely (DDG 107), who departed Naval Station Norfolk, and guided-missile destroyer USS Mason (DDG 87), who departed Naval Station Mayport, Oct. 13.\nNORFOLK, Va. - The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (Ike) deploys from Naval Station Norfolk, Oct. 14, 2023. The Ike Carrier Strike Group will conduct a regularly scheduled deployment to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility in support of enhanced vigilance activites and operations with NATO Allies and partners. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Anderson W. Branch)\n231014-N-KK394-1077\nNORFOLK, Va. - The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (Ike) deploys from Naval Station Norfolk, Oct. 14, 2023. The Ike Carrier Strike Group will conduct a regularly scheduled deployment to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility in support of enhanced vigilance activites and operations with NATO Allies and partners. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Anderson W. Branch)\nSHARE IMAGE:\nDownload Image\nImage Details\nPhoto By: Petty Officer 2nd Class Anderson Branch\nVIRIN: 231014-N-KK394-1077\nThe IKECSG is an integrated combat weapons system that delivers superior combat capability to deter, and if necessary, defeat Americas adversaries in support of national security. It is comprised of more than 5,000 Sailors of CSG-2 staff, commanded by Miguez; flagship Dwight D. Eisenhower, commanded by Capt. Christopher Hill; Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 3 squadrons, commanded by Capt. Mitch McCallister; Destroyer Squadron (DESRON) 22 staff and units, commanded by Capt. David Wroe; guided-missile cruiser USS Philippine Sea (CG 58), commanded by Capt. Michelle Nakamura; and the Information Warfare Commander, Capt. Mitchell Finke.\nPresident Eisenhower once said, never send a battalion to take a hill if a regiment is available. As the flagship of the strike group, the Mighty IKE is ready to provide overwhelming air power to deter aggression and promote world peace, said Hill. We trained rigorously for this deployment, and we are excited to celebrate the Navys 248th birthday by sending the best damn ship in the Navy to sea.\nNORFOLK, Va. - The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (Ike) prepares to deploy from Naval Station Norfolk, Oct. 14, 2023. The Ike Carrier Strike Group will conduct a regularly scheduled deployment to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility in support of enhanced vigilance activities and operations with NATO Allies and partners. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Anderson W. Branch)\n231014-N-KK394-1028\nNORFOLK, Va. - The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (Ike) prepares to deploy from Naval Station Norfolk, Oct. 14, 2023. The Ike Carrier Strike Group will conduct a regularly scheduled deployment to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility in support of enhanced vigilance activities and operations with NATO Allies and partners. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Anderson W. Branch)\nSHARE IMAGE:\nDownload Image\nImage Details\nPhoto By: Petty Officer 2nd Class Anderson Branch\nVIRIN: 231014-N-KK394-1028\nThe strike groups deployment coincides with the Navys birthday weekend, marking 248 years of power, presence, and protection. The aircraft carriers deployment coincides with President Eisenhowers birthday on Oct. 14 and is days ahead of the aircraft carriers 46th year of commissioned naval service on Oct. 18. IKECSGs deployment embodies the Navys historical and long-standing commitment to being forward deployed, highly trained, and dedicated to defending American interests at sea, on land, and in the sky.\nThe Italian Navy Carlo Bergamini-class frigate ITS Virginio Fasan (F 591) will integrate with IKECSG during the deployment. IKECSG practiced interchangeability and transfer of authority with Fasan during CSG-4-led composite training unit exercise (COMPTUEX) in July.\nSquadrons of CVW-3 include the Gunslingers of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 105, the Fighting Swordsmen of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 32, the Rampagers of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 83, the Wildcats of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 131, the Screwtops of Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron (VAW) 123, the Zappers of Electronic Attack Squadron (VAQ) 130, the Dusty Dogs of Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 7, the Swamp Foxes of Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron (HSM) 74 and the Rawhides of Fleet Logistics Support Squadron (VRC) 40.\nShips of DESRON 22 include guided-missile destroyers Mason and Gravely.\nFor more information about Dwight D. Eisenhower Carrier Strike Group, head to Facebook (/CSGTWO & /TheCVN69); Instagram (@CarrierStrikeGroupTwo & @TheCVN69); LinkedIn (Carrier-Strike-Group-TWO).\nU.S. Navy photos are available at: NORFOLK, Va. - The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (Ike) deploys from Naval Station Norfolk, Oct. 14, 2023. The Ike Carrier Strike Group will conduct a regularly scheduled deployment to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility in support of enhanced vigilance activities and operations with NATO Allies and partners. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Anderson W. Branch) and NORFOLK, Va. - Rear Adm. Marc Miguez, commander, Carrier Strike Group (CCSG) 2 addresses local media as the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) (Ike) prepares to deploy from Naval Station Norfolk, Oct. 13, 2023. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dermatobia hominis - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Remedies\n2See also\n3References\n4External links\nToggle the table of contents\nDermatobia hominis\n19 languages\nCatalCebuanoDeutschEestiEmilin e rumagnlEspaolFranaisGalegoslenskaItalianoMagyarPortugusSuomiSvenskaWinaray\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nSpecies of fly\nDermatobia hominis\nAdult female human botfly\nScientific classification\nDomain:\nEukaryota\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\nPhylum:\nArthropoda\nClass:\nInsecta\nOrder:\nDiptera\nFamily:\nOestridae\nSubfamily:\nCuterebrinae\nGenus:\nDermatobia\nSpecies:\nD.hominis\nBinomial name\nDermatobia hominis(Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781)\nSynonyms\nOestrus hominis (Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781)\nThe human botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Greek , skin + , life, and Latin hominis, of a human), is a species of botfly whose larvae parasitise humans (in addition to a wide range of other animals, including other primates[1]). It is also known as the torsalo or American warble fly,[1] though the warble fly is in the genus Hypoderma and not Dermatobia, and is a parasite on cattle and deer instead of humans.\nDermatobia fly eggs have been shown to be vectored by over 40 species of mosquitoes and muscoid flies, as well as one species of tick;[2] the female captures the mosquito and attaches its eggs to its body, then releases it. Either the eggs hatch while the mosquito is feeding and the larvae use the mosquito bite area as the entry point, or the eggs simply drop off the muscoid fly when it lands on the skin. The larvae develop inside the subcutaneous layers, and after about eight weeks, they drop out to pupate for at least a week, typically in the soil. The adults are large flies lacking mouthparts (as is true of other oestrid flies).\nThis species is native to the Americas from southeastern Mexico (beginning in central Veracruz) to northern Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay,[1] though it is not abundant enough (nor harmful enough) to ever attain true pest status. Normally the greatest risk they pose to humans is increasing the chances of infection. Since the fly larvae can survive the entire eight-week development only if the wound does not become infected, patients rarely experience infections unless they kill the larva without removing it completely.\nExtracted human botfly larva: The arrow points to the larva's mouthparts.\nRemedies[edit]\nThe easiest and most effective way to remove botfly larvae is to apply petroleum jelly over the location, which prevents air from reaching the larva, suffocating it. It can then be removed with tweezers safely after a day. White glue mixed with pyrethrin or other safe insecticides and applied to the spot of swelling on the scalp will kill the larvae within hours, as they must keep an air hole open, so will chew through the dried glue to do this, consuming the insecticide in the process.[citation needed]\nVenom extractor syringes can remove larvae with ease at any stage of growth.[3] A larva has also been successfully removed by first applying several coats of nail polish to the area of the larva's entrance, weakening it by partial asphyxiation.[4] Covering the location with adhesive tape would also result in partial asphyxiation and weakening of the larva, but is not recommended because the larva's breathing tube is fragile and would be broken during the removal of the tape, leaving most of the larva behind.[4]\nOral use of ivermectin, an antiparasitic avermectin medicine, has proven to be an effective and noninvasive treatment that leads to the spontaneous emigration of the larva.[5] This is especially important for cases where the larva is located in inaccessible places such as inside the inner canthus of the eye.\nMap of human botfly region\nSee also[edit]\nBotfly\nCordylobia anthropophaga\nHuman parasite\nList of parasites of humans\nMyiasis\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c \"Human Bot Fly Myiasis\" (PDF). U.S. Army Public Health Command (provisional), formerly U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. January 2010. Retrieved 2014-08-14.\n^ Piper, Ross (2007). \"Human Botfly\". Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.192194. ISBN978-0-313-33922-6. OCLC191846476. Retrieved 2009-02-13.\n^ Boggild, Andrea K.; Keystone, Jay S.; Kain, Kevin C. (August 2002). \"Furuncular myiasis: a simple and rapid method for extraction of intact Dermatobia hominis\". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 35 (3): 336338. doi:10.1086/341493. PMID12115102.\n^ a b Bhandari, Ramanath; Janos, David P.; Sinnis, Photini (March 2007). \"Furuncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in a returning traveler\". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 76 (3): 5989. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.598. PMC1853312. PMID17360891.\n^ Wakamatsu, Tais Hitomi; Pierre-Filho, P. T. P. (October 2005). \"Ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by Dermatobia hominis: a successful treatment with oral ivermectin\". Eye. 20 (9): 108890. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702120. PMID16244643.\nExternal links[edit]\nCase Report: Insect Bite Reveals Botfly Myiasis in an Older Woman\nhuman bot fly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site\nSampson, Christian E.; Maguire, James; Eriksson, Elof (February 2001). \"Botfly Myiasis: Case Report and Brief Review\". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 46 (2): 1502. doi:10.1097/00000637-200102000-00011. PMID11216610.\nSchwartz, Eli; Gur, Hanan (March 2002). \"Dermatobia hominis myiasis: an emerging disease among travelers to the Amazon basin of Bolivia\". Journal of Travel Medicine. 9 (2): 979. doi:10.2310/7060.2002.21503. PMID12044278.\nPassos MR, Barreto NA, Varella RQ, Rodrigues GH, Lewis DA (June 2004). \"Penile myiasis: a case report\". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 80 (3): 1834. doi:10.1136/sti.2003.008235. PMC1744837. PMID15169999.\nDenion E, Dalens PH, Couppi P, etal. (October 2004). \"External ophthalmomyiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis. A retrospective study of nine cases and a review of the literature\". Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 82 (5): 57684. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2004.00315.x. PMID15453857. Archived from the original on 2012-12-16. Retrieved 2008-10-09.\nvteArthropods and ectoparasite-borne diseases and infestationsInsectaLouse\nBody louse (pediculosis corporis) / Head louse (head lice infestation)\nCrab louse (phthiriasis)\nHemiptera\nBed bug (cimicosis)\nFly\nDermatobia hominis / Cordylobia anthropophaga / Cochliomyia hominivorax (myiasis)\nMosquito (mosquito-borne disease)\nFlea\nTunga penetrans (tungiasis)\nCrustaceaPentastomida\nLinguatula serrata (linguatulosis)\nPorocephalus crotali / Armillifer armillatus (porocephaliasis)\nFor ticks and mites, see Template:Tick-borne diseases and infestations\nTaxon identifiersDermatobia hominis\nWikidata: Q941965\nBioLib: 222977\nBOLD: 27764\nCoL: 34WV4\nEoL: 754996\nEPPO: DEMTHO\nGBIF: 1587436\niNaturalist: 346227\nNBN: NBNSYS0100027603\nNCBI: 115427\nOpen Tree of Life: 358235\nAuthority control databases: National\nIsrael\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermatobia_hominis&oldid=1180291223\"\nCategories: Insects of South AmericaArthropods of ColombiaOestridaeParasitic fliesParasitic arthropods of humansParasites of primatesParasitic arthropods of mammalsTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus the YoungerInsects described in 1781Hidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataArticles with 'species' microformatsAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from November 2021Articles with J9U identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 15 October 2023, at 18:18(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatobia_hominis" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "human bot fly - Dermatobia hominis Linnaeus, Jr.)\nEntomology & Nematology |\nFDACS/DPI |\nEDIS\nLink\nLink\nLink\ncommon name: human bot fly, torsalo (Central America), moyocuil (Mxico), berne (Brasil), mucha (Colombia), mirunta (Per), and ura (Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay)\nscientific name: Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus, Jr.) (Insecta: Diptera: Oestridae)\nIntroduction - Distribution - Description - Life Cycle - Hosts - Symptoms and Treatment - Management - Selected References\nIntroduction (Back to Top)\nThe human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr., 1781), is a large, densely haired fly that looks like a bumblebee (Kahn 1999). The human bot fly is native to Central and South America. The fly is not known to transmit disease-causing pathogens, but the larvae of Dermatobia hominis will infest the skin of mammals and live out the larval stage in the subcutaneous layer, causing painful pustules that secrete fluids. The infestation of any fly larvae inside the body is known as myiasis.\nCases of human Dermatobia hominis myiasis reported from non-indigenous people are diagnosed when travelers bring the parasite back with them from Central and South America. Haruki et al. (2005) reported 33 cases of Dermatobia hominis in Japan from 1974-2005 as a result of overseas travel to Central and South America. One third of the reported cases occurred during the last six years of the study. Six different studies have documented seven reported cases of Dermatobia hominis myiasis in the United States since 1999 (Lawson et al. 2005, Liebert et al. 2004, Maier et al. 2004, Marty et al. 2005, Millikan 1999, Sampson et al. 2002). All the patients with confirmed Dermatobia hominis myiasis had recently been to Central or South America.\nDistribution (Back to Top)\nDermatobia hominis is indigenous from Mexico in the north to Paraguay and northeast Argentina in the south.\nFigure 1. The geographical distribution of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus f.). Drawing by C. Roxanne Connelly, University of Florida.\nDescription (Back to Top)\nAdult: The adult bot fly is 12 to 18 mm long with a wide array of colors (Kahn 1999, Sampson et al. 2001). The face is yellow with a metallic blue abdomen and orange legs and each body segment is covered with hairs which give the fly a bumblebee appearance (Khan 1999).\nFigure 2. Lateral view of an adult human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida.\nFigure 3. Frontal view of an adult human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida.\nFigure 4. Dorsal view of an adult human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida.\nEgg: The egg of the bot fly is creamy colored and oval in shape, and is attached to different species of blood-feeding insects captured by the female bot fly. The eggs, usually attached to the ventral side of the body, hatch when the insect carrying the eggs begins to blood feed on a warm-blooded host.\nLarva: The larva, or white maggot, goes through three instars once in the mammalian host. Each instar develops a distinctive shape. The first instar is worm-like with a bulbous end. The second instar larva has a bottle-neck shape. The third instar is cylinder shaped. Each instar possesses backward projecting spines that encircle the thorax.\nFigure 5. Left to right 1st, 2nd, early 3rd, and late 3rd instar larva of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by Francisco M. Marty, M.D. and Kristen R. Whiteside, B.S., Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.\nFigure 6. Third instar larva of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.), lateral view. Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida.\nFigure 7. Third instar larva of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.), frontal view. Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida.\nFigure 8. Backward projecting spines on larva of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by C. Roxanne Connelly, University of Florida.\nPupa: The puparium may exhibit the prominent anterior spiracles of the third instar larva.\nFigure 9. Pupa of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by Marcelo de Campos Pereira, University of So Paulo.\nLife Cycle (Back to Top)\nEggs: Female Dermatobia hominis adults deposit their mature eggs on a blood-feeding arthropod, usually a mosquito or a tick, that is captured by the bot fly in flight. This behavior is known as phoresy (Safdar et al. 2003). As the vector takes a blood meal, the bot fly eggs react to the change in temperature and hatch.\nLarvae: The larvae enter the skin through the bite wound or hair follicles, where it then burrows into the skin. The larvae breathe through two posterior spiracles which lie flush with the skin of the host. A study by Pereira et al. (2001) showed that in rats, it took two days for the larvae to reach the subcutaneous tissue. After the seventh day of infestation, the larvae molt to the second instars, and then to third instar after eighteen days. After approximately thirty days, the third instar larvae, which can grow to be relatively large (Fig. 7), crawl out of the host to pupate in the soil. In general, the life of the larvae inside the host is five to 12 weeks (Acha and Szyfres 1994). The larva feed on tissue exudates (Haruki et al. 2005 and Kahn 1999).\nFigure 10. Posterior spiracles of the larva of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by C. Roxanne Connelly, University of Florida.\nFigure 11. Side view of posterior spiracles of the larva of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by C. Roxanne Connelly, University of Florida.\nFigure 12. Third instar larva of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by C. Roxanne Connelly, University of Florida.\nPupae: Pupation takes place in the ground and the pupae do not feed. Adults will emerge after two to three weeks.\nAdults: Bot flies emerge from the pupal cases, and their extremely sensitive antennae (making up for poor vision) allow the males and females to find each other quickly (Fernandes et al. 2004). During the adult stage, Dermatobia hominis does not feed.\nHosts (Back to Top)\nThe most common hosts for the human bot fly are cattle and dogs. However, they are found in many warm-blooded animals including buffalo, cattle, cats, dogs, humans, monkeys, pigs, rabbits, and sheep.\nSymptoms and Treatment (Back to Top)\nDermatobia hominis larvae cause a raised lesion in the skin that becomes hard and sometimes painful. In some cases the patients can feel the larvae moving when they shower or cover the wound (Haruki et al. 2005, Sampson et al. 2001). The host reacts with elevated white cell counts and a high amount of macrophages can be found around the wound. For this reason, the lesion often secretes pus.\nFigure 13. Raised lesion on the skin caused by the presence of a larva of the human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.). Photograph by Francisco M. Marty, M.D. and Kristen R. Whiteside, B.S., Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.\nThere are several treatment options for treatment of Dermatobia hominis myiasis. The most conventional way of removing the larvae is with a simple surgical procedure that includes local anesthesia. Using a scalpel to cut a slit to enlarge the wound, the larvae can be taken out.\nDermatobia hominis survives in its host by breathing through spiracles that are flush with the skin. In order to coax the larva out, the spiracles need to be covered. They can be covered with bacon, petroleum jelly, beeswax, or any other thick substance that prevents the larvae from breathing. The larvae will come up out of the lesion to breathe allowing it to be removed with forceps.\nIn some cases the larva maybe popped out by applying pressure around the wound. Tamir et al. (2003b) cited a technique that used two wooden spatulas to apply pressure to pop the larva out. There may be some difficulty with this method due to the spines that anchor the larvae in the wound.\nSeveral authors (Diaz et al. 2006, Kahn 1999, Safdar et al. 2003, Tamir et al. 2003b) have cited the use of lidocaine injections underneath the cyst. This creates pressure that pushes the larva out.\nAfter any of these procedures, antibiotics are given to prevent infection. The wound should heal in one to two weeks with little or no scarring.\nManagement (Back to Top)\nDue to the increase in travelers to Central and South America, it is important to carefully monitor and control the vector population. Additionally, travelers to these regions need to take preventive measures, including applying insect repellent and wearing protective clothing (Diaz et al. 2006; Maier and Honigsmann 2004).\nSelected References (Back to Top)\nAcha P, Szyfres B. 1994. Zoonoses and communicable disease common to man and animals. 2nd Edition. Scientific Publication No. 503. Pan American Health Organization. WHO, Washington, D.C. 963 pp.\nCornet MM, Florent A, Lefebvre C, Wertheimer CP, Bangs M, Bouvet A. 2003. Tracheopulmonary myiasis caused by a mature third-instar Cuterebra larva: case report and review. Journal Clinical Microbiology 41: 5810-5812.\nDiaz JH. 2006. The epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of ectoparasitic diseases in travelers. Journal of Travel Medicine 13: 1195-1982.\nFernandes FF, Linardi PM, Chiarini-Garcia H. 2002. Morphology of the antenna of Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae) based on scanning electron microscope. Journal of Medical Entomology 39: 36-43.\nFernandes FF, Chiarini-Garcia H, Linardi PM. 2004. Scanning electron microscopy studies of sensilla and other structures of adult Dermatobia hominis (L. Jr., 1781) (Diptera:Cuterebridae). Journal of Medical Entomology 41: 552-560.\nHaruki K, Hayashi T, Kobayashi M, Katagiri T, Sakurai Y, Kitajima T. 2005. Myiasis with Dermatobia hominis in a traveler returning from Costa Rica: Review of 33 cases imported from South America to Japan. Journal of Travel Medicine 12: 285-288.\nKahn DG. 1999. Myiasis secondary to Dermatobia hominis (Human Botfly) presenting as a long-standing breast mass. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 123: 829-831.\nLawson RD, Rizzo M. 2005. Digital infestation with the human bot fly. Journal of Hand Surgery 30B: 490-491.\nLang T, Smith DS. 2003. Wiggling subcutaneous lumps. Clinical Infectious Diseases 37: 2087-2088.\nLiebert PS, Madden RC. 2004. Human botfly larva in a child's scalp. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 39: 629-630.\nMaier H, Honigsmann H. 2004. Furuncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis, the human bot fly. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 50: S26-S30.\nMatera G, Liberto MC, Larussa F, Barreca GS, Foca A. 2001. Human myiasis: An unusual imported infestation in Calabria, Italy. Journal of Travel Medicine 8: 103-104.\nMarinho CR, Barbosa LS, Granthon de Azevedo AC, de Carvalho Querizo MM, Valgode MA, Aguiar Coelho AM. 2003. Hemilucilia segmentaria (Fabricius, 1805) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as new biological vector of eggs of Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr., 1781) (Diptera: Oestridae) in Reserva Biologica do Tingua, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Memrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98: 937-938.\nMarty FM, Whiteside KR. 2005. Myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis (Human Botfly). New England Journal of Medicine 23: 352.\nMillikan LE. 1999. Myiasis. Clinical Dermatology 17: 191-195.\nPereira MCT, Leite VHR, Leite ACR. 2001. Experimental skin lesions from larvae of the bot fly Dermatobia hominis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 15: 22-27.\nRossi MA, Zucoloto S. 1973. Fatal cerebral myiasis caused by the tropical warble fly, Dermatobia hominis. American Journal of Tropical Medical Hygiene 22: 267-269.\nSafdar N, Young DK, Andes D. 2003. Autochthonous furuncular myiasis in the United States: Case report and literature review. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36: e73-80.\nSaliba EK, Oumeish YO, Oumeish I. 2002. Epidemiology of common parasitic infections of the skin in infants and children. Clinical Dermatology 20: 36-43.\nSampson C E, MaGuire J, Eriksson E. 2001. Botfly myiasis: case report and brief review. Annals of Plastic Surgery 46: 150-152.\nSchwartz E, Gur H. 2002. Dermatobia hominis myiasis: An emerging disease among travelers to the Amazon Basin of Bolivia. Journal of Travel Medicine 9: 97-99.\nTamir J, Haik J, Orenstein A, Schwartz E. 2003a. Dermatobia hominis myiasis among travelers returning from South America. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 48: 630-632.\nTamir J , Haik J, Schwartz E. 2003b. Myiasis with Lund's fly (Cordylobia rodhaini) in travelers. Journal of Travel Medicine 10: 293-295.\nVillarino M A, Garcia O, Fussell W, Preston K , Wagner GG. 2003. An initial survey of the cattle grub Dermatobia hominis (L. Jr.) in Nicaragua. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 61: 333-338.\nAuthors: Stephanie K. Hill and C. Roxanne Connelly, University of Florida\nPhotographs: Lyle J. Buss and C. Roxanne Connelly, University of Florida; Francisco M. Marty, M.D. and Kristen R. Whiteside, B.S., Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; and Marcelo de Campos Pereira, University of So Paulo\nDrawing: C. Roxanne Connelly, University of Florida Web Design: Kay Weigel\nPublication Number: EENY-440\nPublication Date: July 2008. Reviewed: October 2014. Reviewed: April 2018.\nCopyright University of Florida ~ An Equal Opportunity Institution\nFeatured Creatures Editor and Coordinator: Dr. Elena Rhodes, University of Florida", "url": "https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/human_bot_fly.htm" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "CDC - DPDx - Myiasis\nSkip directly to site content\nSkip directly to search\nEspaol |\nOther Languages\nAn official website of the United States government Here's how you know\nOfficial websites use .gov\nA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\nSecure .gov websites use HTTPS\nA lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern\nSearch\nSearch Menu\nNavigation Menu\nSubmit\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern\nParasites A-Z IndexDPDx Case StudiesDiagnostic Procedures\nBACK\nDiagnostic Procedures\nBlood Specimens\nBACK\nBlood Specimens\nBACK\nDiagnostic ProceduresBlood Specimens\nSafety\nSpecimen Collection\nSpecimen Processing\nShipment\nStaining\nMicroscopic examination\nMolecular diagnosis\nExtraction of DNA from blood specimens\nDetection of parasite antigens\nIsolation of organisms\nSpecial tests\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern Home\nStool Specimens\nBACK\nStool Specimens\nBACK\nDiagnostic ProceduresStool Specimens\nSafety\nSpecimen Collection\nSpecimen Processing\nShipment\nStaining\nMicroscopic examination\nDetection of parasite antigens\nMolecular diagnosis\nExtraction of Parasite DNA from Fecal Specimens\nMorphologic comparison of intestinal parasites\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern Home\nSerum/Plasma Specimens\nBACK\nSerum/Plasma Specimens\nBACK\nDiagnostic ProceduresSerum/Plasma Specimens\nSafety\nSpecimen Requirements\nSpecimen Submission\nDetection of Antibodies\nAntibody Detection Test\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern Home\nOther Specimens\nBACK\nOther Specimens\nBACK\nDiagnostic ProceduresOther Specimens\nShipment\nTissue\nTissue specimens for free-living amebae(FLA)\nIsolation of Leishmania organisms\nSputum\nAspirates\nSputum, induced sputum, and bronchoalveolar avage (BAL)\nVaginal swabs for diagnosis\nProcedure for demonstration of pinworm eggs\nUrine\nWhole Organisms\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern Home\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern Home\nDiagnostic AssistanceTrainingContact UsAbout Our DivisionDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern Home\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern\nDPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern Home\nMyiasisMyiasis\nPrint\nplus\nRelated Pages\n[Cochliomyia hominovorax] [Dermatobia hominis] [Cuterebra spp.] [Oestrus ovis] [Cordylobia anthropophaga]\n[Lucilia spp.] [Phormia regina]\nParasite BiologyImage GalleryLaboratory DiagnosisTreatment Information\nCausal Agent\nMyiasis is infection with the larval stage (maggots) of various flies. Flies in several genera may cause myiasis in humans. Dermatobia hominis is the primary human bot fly. Cochliomyia hominovorax is the primary screwworm fly in the New World and Chrysomya bezziana is the Old World screwworm. Cordylobia anthropophaga is known as the tumbu fly.Flies in the genera Cuterebra, Oestrus and Wohlfahrtia are animal parasites that also occasionally infect humans.\nAdults of Dermatobia hominis are free-living flies . Adults capture blood-sucking arthropods (such as mosquitoes) and lay eggs on their bodies, using a glue-like substance for adherence . Bot fly larvae develop within the eggs, but remain on the vector until it takes a blood meal from a mammalian or avian host. Newly-emerged bot fly larvae then penetrate the hosts tissue . The larvae feed in a subdermal cavity for 5-10 weeks, breathing through a hole in the hosts skin. Mature larvae drop to the ground and pupate in the environment. Larvae tend to leave their host during the night and early morning, probably to avoid desiccation. After approximately one month, the adults emerge to mate and repeat the cycle. Other genera of myiasis-causing flies (including Cochliomyia, Cuterebra, and Wohlfahrtia) have a more direct life cycle, where the adult flies lay their eggs directly in, or in the vicinity of, wounds on the host . In Cochliomyia and Wohlfahrtia infestations, larvae feed in the host for about a week, and may migrate from the subdermis to other tissues in the body, often causing extreme damage in the process.\nGeographic Distribution\nDermatobia hominis and C. hominovorax are Neotropical species, ranging from Mexico into South America. The Congo floor maggot (Auchmeromyia luteola) and Cordylobia anthropophaga are distributed in Africa south of the Sahara. Wohlfahrtia magnifica occurs in the Mediterranean basin, Near East, and Central and Eastern Europe; W. vigil occurs in northern United States and Canada. Cuterebra species are found in the New World. Oestrus ovis is found throughout the world in areas where sheep are tended.\nClinical Presentation\nInfestations with D. hominis are often characterized by cutaneous swellings on the body or scalp that may produce discharges and be painful. Death is rare, but there have been instances of cerebral myiasis in children where larvae enter the brain. Infestations with C. hominovorax, which causes wound myiasis, can be more serious, as this species may travel through living tissue in the body and not stay subdermal like most of the other species of flies that cause myiasis. Death has occurred with severe infestations of C. hominovorax. Secondary bacterial infections may also occur. Oestrus ovis has been known to cause a condition called ophthalmomyiasis, which is infection of the eye with fly larvae. Flies in the genera Phormia and Phaenicia cause facultative myiasis, where adult flies lay their eggs in pre-existing, festering wounds and do not invade healthy, living tissue.\nCochliomyia hominovorax.\nCochliomyia hominovorax is the primary screwworm fly in the New World. Larvae are obligate parasites of living flesh in humans and other mammals. Human cases are not common but may be seen in regions where livestock is tended. Female flies oviposit on or near pre-existing wounds or on mucous membranes just inside the nose or mouth. Larvae feed subdermally and may cause extensive tissue damage. Human deaths have occurred from tissue destruction. Human cases have been drastically reduced in the United States and Mexico by a sterile male release program. Females mate only once, so mating with a sterile male ensures the next generation will not happen.\nFigure A: Larva of C. hominovorax removed from the forehead of a patient who traveled to the Amazon region of South America.\nFigure B: Close-up of the anterior end of a larva, showing the mandibles.\nFigure C: Close-up of the anterior end of a larva, showing the mandibles and one of the anterior spiracles.\nFigure D: Higher magnification of an anterior spiracle.\nFigure E: Close-up of the posterior end of a larva, showing the posterior spiracles. Note the spiracles have three slits and a weak ecdysial scar.\nFigure F: The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of C. hominovorax dissected from the head of a larva, showing the mandible structure.\nDermatobia hominis.\nDermatobia hominis is known as the human bot fly, although bot flies in other genera may also infect humans. Adults are large, approximately 15 mm in length. Adults catch a female mosquito and lay their eggs on her body. The first instar larvae remain on the mosquito until it takes a blood meal from a human host. The larvae then leave the mosquito and penetrate the human hosts skin. Larvae feed inside a subdermal cavity for 5-10 weeks. When mature, they burrow out of the skin, drop to the ground and pupate. After about a month, adults emerge and continue the cycle. Dermatobia hominis occurs in Mexico and Central and South America and may infect a variety of mammals.\nFigure A: Four larvae of D. hominis, removed from a human host.\nFigure B: Close-up of the anterior end of one of the larvae from Figure A, showing the mandibles.\nFigure C: Close-up of the posterior end of one of the larvae from Figure A.\nFigure D: Anterior end of a larva of D. hominis. Image from a specimen courtesy of the Idaho State Health Department.\nCuterebra spp.\nMembers of the genus Cuterebra are primarily parasites of rodents and lagomorphs. Human infection is rare but has been reported.\nFigure A: Anterior end of a larva of a bot fly in the genus, Cuterebra.\nFigure B: Posterior end of the larva in Figure A.\nOestrus ovis.\nOestrus ovis is the nose bot fly of sheep. Human infections are rare, but may be found in sheep-raising regions of the world.\nFigure A: First instar larva of Oestrus ovis, taken from the conjunctiva of patient in New Zealand. Image courtesy of Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.\nFigure B: Close-up of the anterior end of the larva in Figure A, showing the cephalopharyngeal skeleton and mandibles.\nO_ovis_posterior_NZ.jpg\nFigure D: First instar larva of O. ovis, collected from the eye of a patient in India presenting with conjunctivitis. Image courtesy of the L V Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, India.\nCordylobia anthropophaga.\nCordylobia anthropophaga is also known as the tumbu fly. The member of the family Calliphoridae is distributed in tropical Africa. The larvae cause a furuncular type of myiasis when burrowing in the hosts subcutaneous tissue. Full-grown larvae are usually 13-15 mm in length. The posterior spiracles open through three sinuous slits.\nFigure A: Third instar larva of C. anthropophaga, collected from a lesion on the wrist of a patient who traveled to Nigeria. Image courtesy of the University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA.\nFigure B: Close-up of the anterior end of the specimen in Figure A.\nFigure C: Higher-magnification of the specimen in Figure B, showing a close-up of the mandibles.\nFigure D: Posterior spiracles of the specimen in Figures A-C.\nPhormia regina.\nPhormia regina is an agent of facultative myiasis, whereby adult flies lay eggs in pre-existing, festering wounds. Unlike other agents of myiasis, they do not invade healthy, living tissue. This species is another member of the Calliphoridae and is common throughout the northern hemisphere.\nFigure A: Third instar larva of P. regina, collected in the wound of a patient.\nFigure B: Close-up of the posterior spiracles of the specimen in Figure A.\nLucilia spp.\nMembers of the genus Lucilia are also agents of facultative myiasis in humans, whereby adult flies lay eggs in pre-existing, festering wounds. Unlike other agents of myiasis, they do not invade healthy, living tissue. Larvae are characterized by a complete peritreme, three straight slits in each posterior spiracle, and mandibles without an accessory sclerite.\nFigure A: Mouthparts of Lucilia sp., removed from a surgical wound of a patient. Image courtesy of the Washington State Public Health Laboratories.\nFigure B: Posterior end of the specimen in Figure A.\nFigure C: Posterior spiracles of the specimen in Figure A. Notice the three, straight slits and a complete peritreme that is not very thick.\nFigure D: Posterior spiracles of the specimen in Figure A. Notice the three, straight slits and a complete peritreme that is not very thick.\nMyiasis in tissue specimens.\nFly larvae in tissue specimens (myiasis) stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).\nFigure A: Cross-sections of a bot fly larva (unidentified) taken from the right ear of a patient who traveled to Belize. This image shows a cross-section of the body wall.\nFigure B: Cross-sections of a bot fly larva (unidentified) taken from the right ear of a patient who traveled to Belize. This image shows remnants of the trachea (T).\nFigure C: Cross-sections of a bot fly larva (unidentified) taken from the right ear of a patient who traveled to Belize. This image shows three cuticular spines.\nFigure D: Cross-sections of a bot fly larva (unidentified) taken from the right ear of a patient who traveled to Belize. This image shows a close-up of one of the spines.\nFigure E: Cross-section of the larva of the tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga) in a skin biopsy from a patient who traveled to western Africa.\nFigure F: Higher-magnification of the image in Figure E, showing a close-up of the cuticular spines.\nAdults of flies that cause myiasis in humans.\nAdults of flies known to cause myiasis in humans.\nFigure A: Adult of Dermatobia hominis, the human bot fly. Image taken from a specimen courtesy of the Georgia Museum of Natural History, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.\nFigure B: Adult of Cochliomyia hominovorax, the primary screwworm fly in the New World. Image taken from a specimen courtesy of the Georgia Museum of Natural History, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.\nFigure C: Adult of Cuterebra sp. Cuterebra spp. are primarily parasites of rodents and lagomorphs, although human infections are rare. Images taken from specimens courtesy of the Georgia Museum of Natural History, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.\nFigure D: Adult of Cuterebra sp. Cuterebra spp. are primarily parasites of rodents and lagomorphs, although human infections are rare. Images taken from specimens courtesy of the Georgia Museum of Natural History, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.\nDiagnostic Findings\nThe diagnosis of myiasis is made by the finding of fly larvae in tissue. Identification to the genus or species level involves comparing certain morphological structures on the larvae, including the anterior and posterior spiracles, mouthparts and cephalopharyngeal skeleton, and cuticular spines. Travel history can also be helpful for genus or species-level identification.\nTreatment Information\nTreatment information for myiasis can be found at: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/myiasis/health_professionals/index.html\nDPDx is an educational resource designed for health professionals and laboratory scientists. For an overview including prevention, control, and treatment visit www.cdc.gov/parasites/.\nLast Reviewed: December 14, 2017 Source: \tGlobal Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nSyndicate\nhomeDPDx Home\nParasites A-Z Index\nDPDx Case Studies\nDiagnostic Proceduresplus icon\nBlood Specimensplus icon\nSafety\nSpecimen Collection\nSpecimen Processing\nShipment\nStaining\nMicroscopic examination\nMolecular diagnosis\nExtraction of DNA from blood specimens\nDetection of parasite antigens\nIsolation of organisms\nSpecial tests\nStool Specimensplus icon\nSafety\nSpecimen Collection\nSpecimen Processing\nShipment\nStaining\nMicroscopic examination\nDetection of parasite antigens\nMolecular diagnosis\nExtraction of Parasite DNA from Fecal Specimens\nMorphologic comparison of intestinal parasites\nSerum/Plasma Specimensplus icon\nSafety\nSpecimen Requirements\nSpecimen Submission\nDetection of Antibodies\nAntibody Detection Test\nOther Specimensplus icon\nShipment\nTissue\nTissue specimens for free-living amebae(FLA)\nIsolation of Leishmania organisms\nSputum\nAspirates\nSputum, induced sputum, and bronchoalveolar avage (BAL)\nVaginal swabs for diagnosis\nProcedure for demonstration of pinworm eggs\nUrine\nWhole Organisms\nDiagnostic Assistance\nTraining\nContact Us\nAbout Our Division\nSocial_govd\ngovD\nGet Email Updates\nTo receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: Email Address What's this? 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Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!\nClipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.\nSkip to main page content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 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[email protected].\nPMID:\n32797356\nDOI:\n10.1007/s40257-020-00522-2\nItem in Clipboard\nReview\nThe Botfly, A Tropical Menace: A Distinctive Myiasis Caused by Dermatobia hominis\nSara D Ragiet al.\nAm J Clin Dermatol.\n2021 Jan.\nShow details\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nAm J Clin Dermatol\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2021 Jan;22(1):81-88.\ndoi: 10.1007/s40257-020-00522-2.\nAuthors\nSara D Ragi\n1\n,Rajendra Kapila\n1\n,Robert A Schwartz\n2\nAffiliations\n1 Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.\n2 Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. [email protected].\nPMID:\n32797356\nDOI:\n10.1007/s40257-020-00522-2\nItem in Clipboard\nFull text links\nCiteDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nAbstract\nDermatobia hominis, also known as the human botfly, is native to tropical and subtropical Central and South America and seen in travelers from endemic to temperate regions including the United States and Europe. Cutaneous infestation botfly myiasis involves the development of D. hominis larvae in the skin and is common in tropical locations. The distinct appearance of a cutaneous D. hominis infestation facilitates early diagnosis and intervention where cases are common. However, the identification of D. hominis in temperate regions may prove challenging due to its rarity. D. hominis may be misdiagnosed as folliculitis, an epidermal cyst, or an embedded foreign object with secondary impetigo. One should have a heightened suspicion in someone returning from a vacation in an endemic area, such as Belize. Here we describe the presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment and encourage enhanced preventative measures among tourists when visiting tropical and subtropical regions. Additionally, we propose a novel classification system for assessing the various stages of infestation and suggest that patients reporting travel to Latin America and experiencing pain disproportionate to an insect bite should lead physicians to consider myiasis caused by D. hominis.\nPubMed Disclaimer\nSimilar articles\nCase report: cutaneous myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis, the human botfly.\nGarvin KW, Singh V.\nGarvin KW, et al.\nTravel Med Infect Dis. 2007 May;5(3):199-201. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.005. Epub 2006 Nov 7.\nTravel Med Infect Dis. 2007.\nPMID: 17448950\nCutaneous myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis.\nHohenstein EJ, Buechner SA.\nHohenstein EJ, et al.\nDermatology. 2004;208(3):268-70. doi: 10.1159/000077317.\nDermatology. 2004.\nPMID: 15118386\n[Update on Dermatobia hominis: South American furuncular myiasis].\nClyti E, Pages F, Pradinaud R.\nClyti E, et al.\nMed Trop (Mars). 2008 Feb;68(1):7-10.\nMed Trop (Mars). 2008.\nPMID: 18478762\nReview.\nFrench.\nPoint-of-care ultrasound utilized for foreign body in a toe: A case report of botflylarvae.\nMori MT, Paulson CL, Greenberg MR, Roth KR.\nMori MT, et al.\nJ Emerg Med. 2022 Jun;62(6):e105-e107. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.02.008. Epub 2022 May 11.\nJ Emerg Med. 2022.\nPMID: 35562247\nFuruncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis, the human botfly.\nMaier H, Hnigsmann H.\nMaier H, et al.\nJ Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Feb;50(2 Suppl):S26-30. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(03)01488-9.\nJ Am Acad Dermatol. 2004.\nPMID: 14726861\nReview.\nSee all similar articles\nCited by\nSmall hole in the skin with an unexpected image inultrasound.\nDenofre ATAS, Silva ACB, Stecca CM, Magalhes RF, Buffo TH.\nDenofre ATAS, et al.\nJAAD Case Rep. 2023 Sep 24;41:113-115. doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.09.010. eCollection 2023 Nov.\nJAAD Case Rep. 2023.\nPMID: 37920703\nFree PMC article.\nNo abstract available.\nBotfly myiasis after travel to Bolivia.\nChattopadhyay A, Wang JF, Wei ML.\nChattopadhyay A, et al.\nSkin Health Dis. 2023 Jun 28;3(5):e253. doi: 10.1002/ski2.253. eCollection 2023 Oct.\nSkin Health Dis. 2023.\nPMID: 37799363\nFree PMC article.\n[Overview of infectious and non-infectious diseases in French Guiana in 2022].\nEpelboin L, Abboud P, Abdelmoumen K, About F, Adenis A, Blaise T, Blaizot R, Bonifay T, Bourne-Watrin M, Boutrou M, Carles G, Carlier PY, Carod JF, Carvalho L, Couppi P, De Toffol B, Delon F, Demar M, Destoop J, Douine M, Droz JP, Elenga N, Enfissi A, Franck YK, Fremery A, Gaillet M, Kallel H, Kpangon AA, Lavergne A, Le Turnier P, Maisonobe L, Michaud C, Mutricy R, Nacher M, Naldjinan-Kodbaye R, Oberlis M, Odonne G, Osei L, Pujo J, Rabier S, Roman-Laverdure B, Rousseau C, Rousset D, Sabbah N, Sainte-Rose V, Schaub R, Sylla K, Tareau MA, Tertre V, Thorey C, Vialette V, Walter G, Zappa M, Djossou F, Vignier N.\nEpelboin L, et al.\nMed Trop Sante Int. 2023 Feb 17;3(1):mtsi.v3i1.2023.308. doi: 10.48327/mtsi.v3i1.2023.308. eCollection 2023 Mar 31.\nMed Trop Sante Int. 2023.\nPMID: 37389381\nFree PMC article.\nReview.\nFrench.\nMyiasis in a Neglected Elderly: Urgent Action Needed in South America.\nEspinosa H, Salgado OJ, Espinosa-Martin L, Salazar-Torres K.\nEspinosa H, et al.\nInt Med Case Rep J. 2022 Dec 14;15:719-724. doi: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S386843. eCollection 2022.\nInt Med Case Rep J. 2022.\nPMID: 36540621\nFree PMC article.\nReferences\nCaumes E, Carrire J, Guermonprez G, Bricaire F, Danis M, Gentilini M. Dermatoses associated with travel to tropical countries: a prospective study of the diagnosis and management of 269 patients presenting to a tropical disease unit. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:5428.\n-\nPubMed\nNoutsis C, Millikan LE. Myiasis. Dermatol Clin. 1994;12:72936.\n-\nPubMed\nMcGarry JW. Tropical myiases: neglected and well traveled. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:6724.\n-\nPubMed\nFrancesconi F, Lupi O. Myiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;25:79105.\nCaumes E, et al. Dermatoses associated with travel to tropical countriesa prospective study of the diagnosis and management of 269 patients presenting to a tropical disease unit. 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Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.\nFollow NCBI\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nGitHub\nConnect with NLM\nTwitter\nSM-Facebook\nSM-Youtube\nNational Library of Medicine\n8600 Rockville Pike\nBethesda, MD 20894\nWeb Policies\nFOIA\nHHS Vulnerability Disclosure\nHelp\nAccessibility\nCareers\nNLM\nNIH\nHHS\nUSA.gov", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32797356/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dermatobia hominis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics\nSkip to Main content\nScienceDirectJournals & BooksSearchRegisterSign inDermatobia hominisDermatobia hominis (the human botfly) uses a bloodsucking insect as a vector to deposit its eggs on a warm-blooded host.From: Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Sixth Edition), 2009Add to MendeleySet alertAbout this pageFeatured on this pageFeatured on this pageDefinitionChapters and ArticlesRelated TermsRecommended PublicationsContentsDefinitionChapters and ArticlesRelated TermsRecommended PublicationsChapters and ArticlesYou might find these chapters and articles relevant to this topic.Arthropods, Tongue Worms, Leeches, and Arthropod-borne DiseasesJerome Goddard, in Tropical Infectious Diseases (Third Edition), 2011Species Involved in Obligate MyiasisThe human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis, is a parasite of humans, cattle, swine, cats, dogs, horses, sheep, and other mammals and a few birds in Mexico and Central and South America. The larvae feed under the skin, causing often episodically painful, swollen, draining cutaneous lesions with a typical air-pore. Although this parasite does not occur in the United States, numerous cases are seen by US physicians as a result of people returning from cruises or vacations to endemic areas (see Chapter 132).10The adult bot fly (about 15mm long) resembles a large bluish blow fly. It has a yellowish or brown head and legs. Adult bot flies catch various bloodsucking flies (often a mosquito) and attach eggs to their sides. The carrier flies subsequently feed on a human, cow, or other host at which time the newly hatched bot fly larvae penetrate the host skin. The larvae vary in appearance depending upon stage of development (Figs 124.4 and 124.5), usually do not move laterally within the skin, and may feed for 410 weeks. When mature, larvae exit the lesion, drop to the soil, and pupate. Treatment involves direct removal of the maggots (by excision or otherwise) and antibiotics to prevent or control secondary infection.Screwworm flies are also obligate parasites of living flesh, feeding for the entire larval period inside a host. Natural hosts include domestic and wild mammals, as well as humans. Human infestations have resulted from the flies ovipositing on or near a wound, or sometimes inside the nostril while a person sleeps in the daytime. Upon hatching, the larvae begin feeding, causing extensive tissue destruction. There is an Old World species, Chrysomyia bezziana, a species of tropical Africa and Asia, and a New World species, Cochliomyia hominivorax, which at one time was distributed from the southern United States to southern Brazil (Fig. 124.6).Fortunately, due to a sterile male release program, the New World species no longer occurs in the United States. Treatment of screwworm myiasis involves removal of the larvae. Surgery may be required if larvae cannot be removed via natural orifices. Since eggs are laid in batches, there could be tens or even hundreds of maggots in a wound.The tumbu fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga, is a major cause of cutaneous myiasis in tropical Africa. The larvae burrow into subcutaneous tissues creating a boil-like lesion with a serous exudate. Children are most commonly affected, with lesions occurring on areas of the body covered with clothing since the flies oviposit on soiled clothing. The adult fly has a yellow-brown body and is about 612mm long. Full-grown larvae are 1315mm long. The larvae exit their furuncular lesions after about 810 days. Treatment involves direct removal of the maggots, surgically if necessary, and treatment to prevent or control secondary infection. Wohlfahrtia magnifica, one of the sarcophagid flies, is an obligate parasite in the wounds and natural orifices of mammals, including humans. It occurs over the warmer parts of Europe, Asia, northern Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean region. Wohlfahrtia behavior is similar to that of a screwworm fly, in that it oviposits actually depositing larvae instead of eggs on tiny skin lesions such as scratches, tick bites, and such on mucous membranes. The developing larvae feed for 57 days, exit the host, fall to the ground, and pupate. Wohlfahrtia flies look similar to flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), but instead of a checkerboard pattern on the abdomen they have round spots. W. magnifica occurs over the warmer parts of Europe, Asia, northern Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean region.W. magnifica infestations are difficult to treat because of the (usually) numerous aggressively feeding larvae within the nose or existing wounds. Irrigation or possible surgical exploration to remove the larvae is needed.Read moreView chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702039355001245Human Lice, Bed Bugs, Sand Fleas, Myiasis, and LeechesKosta Y. Mumcuoglu, in Manson's Tropical Diseases Twenty-Fourth Edition, 2024Cutaneous Myiasis (Including Dermal, Sub-dermal, Furuncular, Facial, Creeping, Wound, and Traumatic Myiasis)The flies that produce furuncular myiasis include Dermatobia hominis (Figure 64.25), Cordylobia anthropophaga (Figure 64.26), Wohlfahrtia vigil, and Cuterebra sp. Flies that cause wound myiasis include screwworm flies such as Cochliomyia hominivorax, Chrysomya bezziana, Wohlfahrtia magnifica, Lucilia sericata (Figure 64.27), Sarcophaga sp., and many more.In humans, the skin lesion starts as a painful red papule that gradually enlarges and develops into a furuncle. At first, the host may experience only intermittent, slight itching, but pain develops and increases in frequency and intensity as the lesions develop into a furuncle. Typically, the centre of the lesion has an opening, through which the larva breathes and discharges its waste products. Such lesions are generally located on the backs of arms, around the waist, on the lower back, or on the buttocks.In humans, Gasterophilus, Cuterebra, Cordylobia, and Hypoderma species can also produce creeping myiasis, when the path of the larvae beneath the skin can be observed. The larvae cannot develop further and produce tunnels in the epidermis where they may wander for considerable distances.47,48View chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702079597000646Ectoparasites, Cutaneous Parasites, and Cnidarian EnvenomationSidney N. Klaus, in The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual (Fourth Edition), 2008EtiologyCentral and South America's furuncular myiasis is caused by the human botfly, Dermatobia hominis. This fly catches other biting insects in midair and attaches its eggs to their bodies. When the biting insects feed, the eggs hatch and the larvae enter through the puncture wound. The larvae develop in the dermis, breathing through an opening (pore) in the skin. After about 30 days, they leave the host.Rare cases of North American furuncular myiasis have been associated with endemic botflies (Cuterebra species).African furuncular myiasis is due to the tumbu fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga. In this form of the disease, the larvae develop from eggs that have been laid on the ground or on laundry, and larvae penetrate into the skin once in contact with the host. Larvae mature and vacate the host after 67 days.View chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416026136100333Dermoscopy Findings in Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesC. Scharf, in The Microbiology of Skin, Soft Tissue, Bone and Joint Infections, 20174.2 MyiasisMyiasis is an infestation of the skin caused by of the skin by the fly larva Dermatobia hominis. It is clinically characterized by the appearance of a painful inflammatory nodule with a central orifice which does not respond to the use of topical or systemic antibiotics. The injury is unique, most of the time; however, the infestation by several larvae can cause multiple injuries, which does not always make myiasis the most suspected diagnosis.25,26Dermoscopy can be extremely useful for diagnosis. Using a nonpolarized light dermoscopy in need of contact with the skin, you can view the larva through the hole formed in the nodule. The rear portion of the larva, which is visible, has a yellowish color and small black spicules. The frequent movements that it performs are important to monitor viability, and thus perform their removal. After being occluded for 24 hours, if the larvae does not display any movements after a few minutes, this means that it is dead and can be easily removed (Fig. 6).25,2729Sign in to download full-size imageFig. 6. Myiasis: Dermoscopy shows the posterior aspect of the larva. In the center, two bird's feet-like structures (white arrow) correspond to the breathing spiracles. At the periphery of the creamy-white larva, black dots are seen resembling a thorn crown (black arrow). Dermoscopic images were taken with a Sony Cybershot W55 digital camera connected to a DermLite handheld II Hybrid m dermoscope, 3Gen, LLC, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States; magnification 10.(Courtesy of Abraham LS, Azulay-Abulafia L, Aguiar DP, Torres F, Argenziano G. Dermoscopy features for the diagnosis of furuncular myiasis. An Bras Dermatol 2011;86(1):1602.)View chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128110799000185INFECTIONS WITH SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMSJan E. Drutz, in Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Sixth Edition), 2009PATHOGENESISThe pathogenesis of human myiasis differs with the degree of parasitic adaptation of each fly. Dermatobia hominis (the human botfly) uses a bloodsucking insect as a vector to deposit its eggs on a warm-blooded host. The larvae emerge from the eggs and then penetrate the host's skin, frequently using the puncture site of the carrier insect. The larvae develop within the dermal layer of skin, which leads to a boil-like swelling. During this period, the human host develops clinical symptoms. D. hominis and Cochliomyia hominivorax, the primary screwworm, are examples causing obligate myiasis.40 C. hominivorax can be responsible for aural or nasal myiasis.The genus Sarcophaga (flesh flies) is capable of causing facultative myiasis. The adult fly is attracted to wounds or ulcers containing purulent and necrotic material. The adult fly deposits eggs in the open wound, where the larvae hatch.Maggots seldom are found in the human intestinal or urinary tract.50 Accidental myiasis can occur when humans ingest eggs or larvae and the larvae remain in the intestinal tract. Genitourinary myiasis is thought to occur by the deposition of eggs around the external urethral orifice. The larvae then may migrate into and up the urethra. Such situations should be called pseudomyiasis62 because the maggots are not living parasitically.View chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416040446502466Skin InfectionsCarlos Nicolas Prieto-Granada, ... Martin C. MihmJr., in Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease, 2010MyiasisThe infestation of human tissue by fly larvae of the Diptera order is known as myiasis. Most of the cases are produced by Dermatobia hominis or Cordylobia anthropophaga.979 D. hominis, the so-called human botfly, is prevalent in Central and South America,979,980 whereas the tumbu fly (C. anthropophaga) is found in certain parts of West and Central Africa.981 Several other genera of flies can produce myiasis, including Parasarcophaga,982 Gasterophilus,983 and Hypoderma,984 among others. These, however, have a more limited geographic distribution. Rarely, larvae of flies from the Cuterebra species infest humans.980,985,986 The domestic fly, Musca domestica, can rarely infest extremely neglected and debilitated persons.987,988The eggs are usually deposited directly by the flies in areas where there is damaged skin. However, ova can be transmitted and deposited by other insects, such as mosquitoes, as is the case with D. hominis. In the case of C. anthropophaga, larvae hatch on the ground or on clothing and then invade the host's skin.981 The larvae infest the skin for a variable period, usually from about 2 weeks to 3 months, depending on the species. After that, larvae exit the host to continue their life cycle as pupae.Myiasis infestations tend to occur during the summer and usually involve exposed surfaces, such as the feet and forearms. Other common sites are the face, scalp, neck, shoulders, and chest.981,989 The lower body is affected in fewer than 15% of the cases.981 Rare cases of penile infestation have been reported.990,991 The early lesions often adopt a furuncle-like aspect or manifest as a single erythematous papule, usually with a punctum-like orifice where the larvae obtain oxygen.985,989 The eruption can be migratory or nonmigratory. Migratory myiasis is usually related to Gasterophilus spp. (horse botfly) or Hypoderma spp. (cattle grub).986,989 More evolved lesions manifest as ulcers or plaques with draining sinuses and fistulas. Pulsating pain can be present in large and superinfected lesions.The developing larva is usually lodged in a cavity located in the dermis or subcutaneous fat.985,992 Around the larva, there is a prominent host response; this is a heavy, mixed inflammatory response with lymphocytes, histiocytes, foreign-body giant cells, plasma cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils, as well as extensive fibrosis.992,993 A sinus tract connecting the cavity to the exterior can be found. Fragmented larva parts, showing chitinous material with widely spaced spines and internal organs, can be seen inside the cavity. One can identify spinous processes emanating from the chitinous cuticle that attach the larva to the host's tissues.981,985,989 The various species can be distinguished, especially during early development, by the location of their respiratory spiracles.985View chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416034292000195Nonbacterial Microbiology of the Head, Neck, and Orofacial RegionLydia Aoun Barakat, Maricar Malinis, in Head, Neck, and Orofacial Infections, 2016MyiasisMyiasis is an infestation by the larvae of dipterous flies. Myiasis is induced by flies of the superfamily Oestridae. The most common species of botflies are Dermatobia hominis and the New World screw-worm Cochliomyia hominivorax. The disease most commonly occurs in tropical areas like Mexico, South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.Eggs are laid in the soil or on sand floors. When the larvae hatch at night, they seek a blood meal from sleeping human hosts (Figure 3-31).45 The bite may be slightly painful and can cause local edema. Cutaneous myiasis is the most common, but nasopharyngeal myiasis has been reported and describes infestation of the nose, mouth, sinuses, and ear (Figure 3-32). The treatment consists of removal of the larvae manually or surgically.View chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032328945000003XNeurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease Part IIIErich Schmutzhard, Raimund Helbok, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2014MyiasisLarvae of flies invading various parts of the human body may cause a disease called myiasis. Usually the larvae of tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthroprophaga) or botfly (Dermatobia hominis) are the most important causes of cutaneous or subcutaneous myiasis, rarely ophthalmomyiasis and, even rarer, secondary infection in the periorbital tissue, including meninges. The same applies to infestation with screwworms (genus Callitroga) and related species which usually affect sheep, cats, dogs, etc., in rare cases also malnourished humans. These larvae lead to purulent rhinitis, even sinusitis, osteomyelitis, and finally potentially fatal meningitis.The sheep botfly (Oestrus ovis, rarely also Wohlfahrtia species) may cause ophthalmomyiasis externa or interna which, per se, can lead in malnourished patients to periorbital invasion, secondary infection, and even meningitis and brain abscess (Jelinek et al., 1995; Robbins and Khachemoune, 2010).Similarly, a chronic otitis may be the ground for myiasis leading to exacerbation of the external otitis leading to otitis media and even mastoiditis and progression into the intracranial space, causing meningitis, epidural or subdural empyema, or even brain abscess (Sampson et al., 2001; Messahel et al., 2010).Radical extirpation/removal of all maggots may prevent further spread of secondary infections (Clyti et al., 2008).View chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702040887000961Cutaneous Diseases of TravelersJames E. Fitzpatrick MD, ... W. Lamar Kyle MD, in Urgent Care Dermatology: Symptom-Based Diagnosis, 2018MyiasisICD10 Code B87.9PARASITIC ETIOLOGYWhere and HowMyiasis is a disease caused by the parasitic infestation of the human body with fly larvae. There are different forms of myiasis, but the two types we will concern ourselves herein with are caused by Dermatobia hominis (the human bot fly) and Cordylobia anthropophaga (the tumbu fly). Bot fly myiasis is seen throughout Central and South America; the fly larva is placed on the skin by mosquitoes in a complex life cycle interplay. Tumbu fly myiasis is seen in Africa (Fig. 36.2); it is caused by clothing and linens hung outdoors, where flies lay eggs on the fabric and that are later in contact with skin.Clinical PresentationMyiasis is caused by fly larva burrowing into the skin and maturing there, leading to an expansive nodule. In myiasis, affected persons often complain of a cyst or bump that is associated with a moving sensation. The lesion may grow over weeks or months but, eventually, to complete the life cycle, matured larva must exit the skin to become mature insects. Because the organism must respire, often the nodule is seen to have a central punctum, or breathing hole.DiagnosisThe diagnosis of myiasis is usually established by a travel history of outdoor exposure at the destination of interest and a clinical situation of a nodule or dermal abscess, often with a central punctum and with the sensation of movement.Prevention and TreatmentPrevention of bot fly myiasis includes avoiding biting insects in an outdoor environment and the use of bed netting when sleeping outdoors. Prevention of tumbu fly myiasis includes ironing clothing and sheets hung outdoors. Although there are regional treatments for myiasis used by persons in an endemic area, such as bacon fat poultices, excision is the treatment of choice for imported cases of myiasis seen in the United States.View chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323485531000367Infestations and Other Invertebrate-Related MaladiesIn Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases, 2015PresentationCutaneous myiasis and wound myiasis are the most common formsFuruncular myiasis occurs after penetration of larva into skinPapule or nodule with a central punctum, which causes pruritus and painNumber of larvae within lesion varies with offending speciesDermatobia hominis, Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cuterebra species, Wohlfahrtia vigil, and Wohlfahrtia magnificaMigratory myiasis occurs when a dipteran maggot migrates through burrows in skin, producing migratory creeping patternLarvae of Gasterophilus (horse botfly) and Hypoderma (cattle botfly) cause this pattern in humansWound myiasis occurs when fly larvae infest open wounds of hostCochliomyia hominivorax, Chrysomya bezziana, and W. magnifica are the most common flies for wound myiasisCavitary myiasis corresponds to infection of body cavitiesOrbital myiasis, or ophthalmomyiasis profunde, is infection of any anatomic structure of eyeOther uncommon forms include ENT myiasis, urogenital myiasis, intestinal myiasis, cerebral myiasis, tracheopulmonary myiasis, and umbilical cord myiasisView chapterExplore bookRead full chapterURL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032337677850108XRelated terms:TungiasisDermatosisTherapeutic ProcedureParasite (Microbiology)Human TissueWhite PetrolatumPolyploidyEstrusOphthalmomyiasisMyiasisView all TopicsRecommended publicationsInfo iconTravel Medicine and Infectious DiseaseJournalActa TropicaJournalJournal of the American Academy of DermatologyJournalParasitology InternationalJournalBrowse books and journalsAbout ScienceDirectRemote accessShopping cartAdvertiseContact and supportTerms and conditionsPrivacy policyCookies are used by this site. 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We suggest you upgrade to a modern browser.\nGet data\nOccurrences\nGBIF API\nSpecies\nDatasets\nOccurrence snapshots\nHosted portals\nTrends\nHow-to\nShare data\nQuick-start guide\nDataset classes\nData hosting\nStandards\nBecome a publisher\nData quality\nData papers\nUse data\nFeatured data use\nCitation guidelines\nGBIF citations\nCitation widget\nTools\nPublishing\nIPT\nData validator\nGeoPick\nNew data model \nGRSciColl\nSuggest a dataset\nData access and use\nHosted portals\nScientific collections\nData processing\nDerived datasets\nrgbif\npygbif\nMAXENT\nTools catalogue\nGBIF labs\nSpecies matching\nName parser\nSequence ID\nRelative observation trends\nGBIF data blog\nCommunity\nNetwork\nParticipant network\nNodes\nPublishers\nNetwork contacts\nCommunity forum\nalliance for biodiversity knowledge\nVolunteers\nMentors\nAmbassadors\nTranslators\nCitizen scientists\nActivities\nCapacity enhancement\nProgrammes & projects\nTraining and learning resources\nData Use Club\nLiving Atlases\nAbout\nInside GBIF\nWhat is GBIF?\nBecome a member\nGovernance\nStrategic framework\nWork Programme\nFunders\nPartnerships\nRelease notes\nContacts\nNews & outreach\nNews\nNewsletters and lists\nEvents\nAwards\nScience Review\nData use\nUser profile\nDermatobia hominis (Linnaeus, 1781)\nDataset\nGBIF Backbone Taxonomy\nRank\nSPECIES\nPublished in\nPallas, P. S. (1781). Mittheilungen uber Oestrus hominis. Neue nordische Beytr. Phys. Geogr. Erde Y. Volk.\nClassification\nkingdom\nAnimalia\nphylum\nArthropoda\nclass\nInsecta\norder\nDiptera\nfamily\nOestridae\ngenus\nDermatobia\nspecies\nDermatobia hominis\nName\nSynonyms\nCuterebra cyaniventris Macquart, 1844\nCuterebra noxialis Goudot, 1845\nOestrus hominis Linnaeus, 1781\nOestrus humanus Howship, 1833\nHomonyms\nDermatobia hominis (Linnaeus, 1781)\nCommon names\nhuman botfly in language.\nWhat is GBIF?\nAPI\nFAQ\nNewsletter\nPrivacy\nTerms and agreements\nCitation\nCode of Conduct\nAcknowledgements\nContact\nGBIF Secretariat Universitetsparken 15\nDK-2100 Copenhagen \nDenmark\nGBIF is a Global Core Biodata Resource\nKeyboard Shortcuts:?Show / hide this help menualt + fSite search", "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/1587436" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Furuncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in a domestic cat case report - PMC\nBack to Top\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before\nsharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal\ngovernment site.\nThe site is secure.\nThe https:// ensures that you are connecting to the\nofficial website and that any information you provide is encrypted\nand transmitted securely.\nLog in\nShow account info\nClose\nAccount\nLogged in as:\nusername\nDashboard\nPublications\nAccount settings\nLog out\nAccess keys\nNCBI Homepage\nMyNCBI Homepage\nMain Content\nMain Navigation\nPreview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024.\nLearn More or\nTry it out now.\nSearch PMC Full-Text Archive\nSearch in PMC\nAdvanced Search\nUser Guide\nJournal List\nBraz J Vet Med\nv.44; 2022\nPMC9549961\nOther Formats\nPDF (609K)\nActions\nCite\nCollections\nAdd to Collections\nCreate a new collection\nAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nShare\nPermalink\nCopy\nRESOURCES\nSimilar articles\nCited by other articles\nLinks to NCBI Databases\nJournal List\nBraz J Vet Med\nv.44; 2022\nPMC9549961\nAs a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with,\nthe contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health.\nLearn more:\nPMC Disclaimer\n|\nPMC Copyright Notice\nBraz J Vet Med. 2022; 44: e003922. Published online 2022 Oct 6. doi:10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm003922PMCID: PMC9549961PMID: 36225553Language: English | PortugueseFuruncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in a domestic cat case reportMiase furuncular causada por Dermatobia hominis em gato domstico relato de casoLusa Xavier Christ,\n1\n,* Debora de Souza Pozzatto,\n1\nRafaella Tortoriello Barbosa Sampaio,\n2\nBruna Sampaio Martins Land Manier,\n3\nYasmin da Mota de Magalhes,\n4\nand Julio Israel Fernandes\n5\nLusa Xavier Christ\n1\nVeterinarian, Resident. Programa de Residncia em Medicina Veterinria - Dermatologia de Animais de Companhia (PRMV), Instituto de Veterinria (IV), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\nFind articles by Lusa Xavier ChristDebora de Souza Pozzatto\n1\nVeterinarian, Resident. Programa de Residncia em Medicina Veterinria - Dermatologia de Animais de Companhia (PRMV), Instituto de Veterinria (IV), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\nFind articles by Debora de Souza PozzattoRafaella Tortoriello Barbosa Sampaio\n2\nVeterinarian, MSc. Programa de Ps-Graduao em Cincias Veterinrias (PPGCV), Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia Veterinria (DMCV), IV, UFRRJ. Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\nFind articles by Rafaella Tortoriello Barbosa SampaioBruna Sampaio Martins Land Manier\n3\nVeterinarian, MSc. Programa de Ps-Graduao em Medicina Veterinria (PPGMV), DMCV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\nFind articles by Bruna Sampaio Martins Land ManierYasmin da Mota de Magalhes\n4\nUndergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, IV, UFRRJ. Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\nFind articles by Yasmin da Mota de MagalhesJulio Israel Fernandes\n5\nVeterinarian, DSc. DMCV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\nFind articles by Julio Israel FernandesAuthor information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer\n1\nVeterinarian, Resident. Programa de Residncia em Medicina Veterinria - Dermatologia de Animais de Companhia (PRMV), Instituto de Veterinria (IV), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\n2\nVeterinarian, MSc. Programa de Ps-Graduao em Cincias Veterinrias (PPGCV), Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia Veterinria (DMCV), IV, UFRRJ. Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\n3\nVeterinarian, MSc. Programa de Ps-Graduao em Medicina Veterinria (PPGMV), DMCV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\n4\nUndergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, IV, UFRRJ. Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\n5\nVeterinarian, DSc. DMCV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropdica, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.\n*\nCorrespondence Lusa Xavier Christ Programa de Residncia em Medicina Veterinria, Instituto de Veterinria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro UFRRJ Rodovia BR 465, Km 7, Campus Universitrio, Zona Rural CEP 23897-000 - Seropdica, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: moc.liamg@tsirhcxasiul\nConflict of interests: LXC, JIF, RTBS, DP, YMM and BSMLM No conflict of interest.Contributed by Authors contributions: LXC, JIF, RTBS, DSP, YMM and BSMLM - Writing, Review and Editing manuscript.Received 2022 Sep 8; Accepted 2022 Sep 22.Copyright Christ et al.Copyright Christ et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.Go to:AbstractDermatobiosis is defined as a parasitosis caused by the larval stage of the human botfly Dermatobia hominis, often observed in large animals but considered unusual in pet animals. The aim of the report is to describe a naturally infested cat treated in a reference dermatology service with clinical presentation similar to neoplasia or abscess. A six-year-old spayed male Brazilian Shorthair cat with outdoor access, from the countryside of Rio de Janeiro state, was treated for two nodules, one located in the sacral region and one in the tail. The patient was restrained, and digital compression of the lesions resulted in expulsion of D. hominis larvae, accompanied by a purulent secretion. The removal of larvae and use of antiseptic at the site resolved the furuncular myiasis. It is possible to assume that the parasitism reported here resulted from the animals living arrangement, in a rural area with cattle parasitized by D. hominis. We conclude that parasitism by D. hominis should be present on the list of differential diagnoses of cats with nodules and that mechanical removal associated with the use of antiseptics is resolutive.Keywords: cat, dermatology, ectoparasiteGo to:ResumoA dermatobiose definida como uma parasitose causada pelo estgio larval da mosca humana Dermatobia hominis, frequentemente observada em animais de grande porte, mas considerada incomum em animais de companhia. O objetivo do relato descrever um gato naturalmente infestado atendido em um servio de referncia em dermatologia com quadro clnico semelhante a neoplasia ou abscesso. Um gato brasileiro de pelo curto, macho, castrado, de seis anos, com acesso ao ar livre, procedente do interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi tratado de dois ndulos, um localizado na regio sacral e outro na cauda. O paciente foi contido e a compresso digital das leses resultou na expulso das larvas de D. hominis, acompanhada de secreo purulenta. A retirada das larvas e o uso de antissptico no local resolveram a miase furuncular. possvel supor que o parasitismo aqui relatado resultou do arranjo de vida do animal, em rea rural com gado parasitado por D. hominis. Conclumos que o parasitismo por D. hominis deve estar presente na lista de diagnsticos diferenciais de gatos com ndulos e que a remoo mecnica associada ao uso de antisspticos resolutiva.Palavras-chave: gato, dermatologia, ectoparasitoGo to:IntroductionDermatobia hominis is a dipteran belonging to the Cuterebridae family. It is a neotropical species that inhabits areas of forests and woods surrounding river valleys and plains. Its distribution occurs from Argentina to southern Mexico, including all Brazilian territory (Taylor et al., 2017).Dermatobiosis generates discomfort, pain and can lead to secondary infections in various domestic and wild animals, as well as humans. The bovine species is the most affected by this furuncular myiasis, but pets can occasionally be affected, mainly those living in forest areas and in the presence of parasitized cattle (Bowman et al., 2002; Campos et al., 2021).The female blue-metallic botfly, after copulation, deposits eggs in mosquitos and zoophilic flies, which carry the eggs in their abdomens until they hatch, giving rise to first-stage larvae (Amarante, 2014). The increase in temperature from the host body determines the hatching of these larvae, which penetrate the skin and migrate to the subcutaneous tissue, causing furuncular myiasis (Taylor et al., 2017).The primary lesion is equivalent to an inflammatory papule or boil, comprising a central orifice with the presence of exudate (Clyti et al., 2008). The diagnosis is exclusively clinical and is performed by inspection and palpation of skin lesions, from which serous, hemorrhagic-serous or even purulent exudate can emerge (Clyti et al., 2008; Guimares et al., 1982).The treatment is performed by mechanical removal through digital compression. However, more recent studies have considered pharmacological treatment with the use of antiparasitic formulations also to be effective. The use of fluralaner for the expulsion of larvae in domestic cats (Campos et al., 2021) and the use of sarolaner on dogs have been reported (Andriotti et al., 2021).The aim of this report is to describe the occurrence of this parasitism in a domestic cat (Felis catus), since the existence of few cases described in the literature emphasizing the clinical presentation can hamper differential diagnosis.Go to:Case reportA six-year-old spayed male Brazilian Shorthair cat weighing 4.7 kg was brought on July 14, 2022 to the Veterinary Dermatology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (HVPA-UFRRJ). The owners reported as main complaint the presence of nodules at the base of the tail and on the tail, with evolution of approximately 20 days. The initial aspect described was an increase in volume at the site of the lesions. The owners further reported that the animal did not present generalized itching, instead only scratching in the places where there were nodules.The feline in question had not been treated with any medication, including antiparasitics, and had normal appetite and water intake. Its diet was based on dry feed; moist food sachets were rarely provided. Regarding hygiene, the owners stated they did not have the practice of bathing the animal.The animal lives in a house in a rural area with a backyard with access to the street. The presence of three more cats and one dog was reported, in addition to the nearby presence of livestock such as cattle and horses. Moreover, it was reported that one of the other cats suffered from the same type of lesion, which healed without requiring any type of treatment.The owners reported that the animal is active, receptive and docile. When asked about the presence of ectoparasites, they reported observing ticks in the area and the presence of fleas on the animal. Moxidectin plus imidacloprid had been applied six months previously, with no follow-up.On physical examination, areas of focal hypotrichosis were observed in the region of the left thoracic limb and left flank. At the base of the tail, in the lumbar region, a nodular lesion approximately 0.5 cm in diameter was observed, containing a central orifice (Figure 1A). On the tail, the same type of lesion was observed, but it was approximately 1 cm in diameter.Open in a separate windowFigure 1Pet cat treated at the dermatology service of the Veterinary Hospital of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro naturally infested by Dermatobia hominis. (A) Purulent secretion at the base of the tail; (B) Maggot collected from the cat by digital compression, where the larger larva with darker coloration was dead at the time of removal; (C) Ulcerated nodular lesion in the tail; (D) Ulcerated nodular lesion located at the base of the tail. Source: Personal archive. The animal was restrained with the aid of a towel, respecting cat-friendly management, and sedation was not necessary. Digital compression was performed, which first expelled a dead larva of D. hominis from the tail, and a second larva, still alive, from the base of the tail (Figure 1B).In the latter case, after expulsion, a purulent content was drained. The wounds were sanitized with 0.2% aqueous chlorhexidine solution. The use of topical isoxazolin was recommended, along with sanitizing lesions with 1% chlorhexidine until total healing (Figure 1C and and1D).1D). The animal returned for review after seven days, presenting total healing of the wounds.Go to:DiscussionThe literature consulted contains reports of furuncular myiasis in several species such as cattle (Fernandes et al., 2008; Oliveira-Sequeira et al., 1996), dogs (Deak et al., 2020; Ribeiro et al., 2001), wild animals (May-Junior et al., 2021; Soares et al., 2021; Verocai et al., 2009) and even in humans (Freitas et al., 2018; Pinos et al., 2014). The present study shows dermatobiosis in a domestic cat, only reported before in Brazil and Venezuela (Campos et al., 2021; Marcial et al., 2003; Verocai et al., 2010).The feline species is rarely described as a host of D. hominis, because of its self-grooming behavior (Pezzi et al., 2019). However, when that behavior is not happening properly because of physical problems, cats can be affected by the dermatobiosis (Pezzi et al., 2019; Verocai et al., 2010). In this case, de patient had no other clinical changes other than the skin lesions, and the owners reported it was at its normal behavior, so it is possible that the dermatobiosis happened because of higher exposition due to living close to cattle parasitized by D. hominis.When reported in this host, the furuncular myiasis happened in different sites, including interdigital (Silva Junior et al., 1998), in the ventral cervical region (Verocai et al., 2010), dorsal cervical, pelvic and thoracic limbs (Teixeira et al., 2016), tail and base of the tail (Campos et al., 2021). In the cat described here, the parasitosis was found in the region of the tail and its base, as described previously by Campos et al. (2021). But due to the scarcity of reports in felines, it would be premature to indicate any developmental predilection for a particular body region.The nodule caused by the presence of D. hominis can generate pain, inflammation, restlessness, irritation and itching, in addition to tissue destruction, necrosis (Marcial et al., 2003) and drainage of a hemorrhagic-serous exudate (Mendes de Almeida et al., 2007). In agreement with descriptions in the literature, the cat reported here presented swollen abscesses that drained a secretion causing discomfort, shown by local pruritus. It is important to highlight that the initial condition mimicked other skin diseases, such as folliculitis, mycobacteriosis, sporotrichosis and neoplastic diseases, which can induce veterinarians to misdiagnose the cause, as reported by Deak et al. (2020).The diagnosis of furuncular myiasis is based on the presence of fistulas and larvae (Wall & Shearer, 2001). However, the diagnosis can be difficult in the first days of the myiasis due to the small size of the larvae, so they can only be observed when reaching three to four millimeters, with traumatic action (Marcial et al., 2003). In the case described here, due to the considerable larval size, the diagnosis was easy through inspection and palpation of the nodules. We stress that the diagnosis in this late case, after evolution of approximately 20 days, may have been associated with the behavior of the animal, which sometimes spends long periods outside the owners home.The residual wound present after larval removal continues to drain a secretion, which may predispose development of bacterial infections and secondary myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Mendes de Almeida et al., 2007). In the reported animal, after the procedure, asepsis was performed and the use of antiseptic was prescribed to avoid aggravation of the condition due to infections and/or parasitosis secondary to the primary disease. The adoption of this management should prevent the occurrence of secondary myiasis.Treatment in canines is described as mechanical removal of the larva, i.e., by digital pressure or surgical removal (Orfanou et al., 2011). The literature contains a report of treatment of two felines with sedation and removal of larvae by compression (Teixeira et al., 2016), while a second report indicates efficacy of treatment based on topical fluralaner, which can promote spontaneous expulsion of the larva (Campos et al., 2021). In this case, the animal tolerated the expulsion of larvae by digital compression, with no need for sedation or prior association of drugs with larvicidal effect.Go to:ConclusionsWe conclude that although the parasitism by D. hominis in felines is uncommon, it should be among the differential diagnoses in animals from rural areas, especially with livestock breeding such as cattle, which are often parasitized. The mechanical removal of larvae with topical wound management via application of antiseptics was an effective treatment in this report.Go to:AcknowledgementsTo Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for funding this study. This study was financed in part by Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior-Brasil (CAPES).To Thomaz Ricco LamazGo to:FootnotesHow to cite: Christ, L. X., Pozzatto, D. S., Sampaio, R. T. B., Manier, B. S. M. L., Magalhes, Y. M., & Fernandes, J. I. (2022). Furuncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in a domestic cat case report. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44, e003922. https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm003922\nEthics statement: All procediments were consented by the animal ownerFinancial support: LXC, JIF, RTBS, DP, YMM and BSMLM None.Availability of complementary results:\nhttp://zenodo.org\nThe work was carried out at Setor de Dermatologia de Animais de Companhia do Hospital Veterinrio do Instituto de Veterinria da Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio De Janeiro, Seropdica, RJ, Brazil.Go to:ReferencesAmarante A. F. T. In: Os parasitas de ovinos. Ragozo A. M. A., Silva B. F., editors. So Paulo: Editora UNESP; 2014. Miases. pp. 207251. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]Andriotti P. A., Souza C. P., Oliveira P. C., Melo R. C., Verocai G. G., Fernandes J. I. 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Veterinary Dermatology. 2021;32(5):438e117. doi:10.1111/vde.12998. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Amarante A. F. T. In: Os parasitas de ovinos. Ragozo A. M. A., Silva B. F., editors. So Paulo: Editora UNESP; 2014. Miases. pp. 207251. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Clyti E., Pages F., Pradinaud R. Le point sur Dermatobia hominis: Myiase furonculeuse d'Amrique du Sud. Medecine Tropicale: Revue du Corps de Sante Colonial. 2008;68(1):710. Update on Dermatobia hominis: South American furuncular myiasis. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Guimares J. H., Papavero N., Prado A. P. As miases na regio neotropical (identificao, biologia, bibliografia) Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 1982;1(4):239416. doi:10.1590/S0101-81751982000400001. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Andriotti P. A., Souza C. P., Oliveira P. C., Melo R. C., Verocai G. G., Fernandes J. I. Effectiveness of sarolaner in the clinical management of furuncular myiasis in dogs naturally infested with Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae) Parasites & Vectors. 2021;14(1):401404. doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04910-3. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Fernandes N. L. M., Thomaz-Soccol V., Pinto S. B., Oliveira C. A. L. Dinmica populacional e distribuio corporal das larvas de Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr., 1781) em bovinos da raa nelore. Archives of Veterinary Science. 2008;13(2):8592. doi:10.5380/avs.v13i2.12889. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Oliveira-Sequeira T. C. G., Sequeira J. L., Schmitt F. L., De Lello E. Histological and immunological reaction of cattle skin to first-instar larvae of Dermatobia hominis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1996;10(4):323330. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00752.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Deak G., Ionic A. M., Ndan-Cozma G., Mihalca A. D. Dermatobia hominis in a dog imported from Brazil to Romania. Parasites & Vectors. 2020;13(1):386390. doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04264-2. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Ribeiro B. C. C., Sanavria A., Moraes M. C., Reis T. P., Souza F. S. Ocorrncia de miases por Dermatobia hominis (Cuterebridae) em ces procedentes da rea rural do Estado do Rio de Janeiro em dezembro de 2000. Anais da XI Jornada de Iniciao Cientfica da UFRRJ. 2001;11(2):141144. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]May-Junior J. A., Fagundes-Moreira R., Souza V. B., Almeida B. A., Haberfeld M. B., Sartorelo L. R., Ranpim L. E., Fragoso C. E., Soares J. F. Dermatobiosis in Panthera onca: First description and multinomial logistic regression to estimate and predict parasitism in captured wild animals. Revista brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2021;30(1):e023820. doi:10.1590/S1984-29612021003. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Soares M. M. M., Barros L. M., Blla D. A. S., Almeida M. Q., Souza D. C., Araujo J. S., Sacheto M. C., Silva D. A. T., Fonseca R. Furuncular Myiasis by Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Oestridae) in Wild Jaguars in the Amazon Rainforest. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2021;58(4):19361940. doi:10.1093/jme/tjab057. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Verocai G. G., Fernandes J. I., Ribeiro F. A., Melo R. M. P. S., Correia T. R., Scott F. B. Furuncular myiasis caused by the human bot-fly Dermatobia hominis in the domestic rabbit: Case report. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 2009;18(2):153155. doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2008.11.004. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Freitas D. M., Aranovich F., Olijnyk J. N., Lemos R. Genital myiasis associated with genital piercing: Case report. Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 2018;136(6):594596. doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0138290517. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Pinos V. H., Ortiz-Prado E., Bermeo C., Len J., Armijos L., Almeida E. A unique case of facial burn superinfected with Dermatobia hominis larvae resulting in a bilateral enucleation of the eyes. Tropical Doctor. 2014;44(4):235237. doi:10.1177/0049475514531257. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Marcial T., Roman E. M., Pivat I. V. Estudio restrospectivo de doscientos casos de miiasis presentados en el Hospital de Pequeos Animales \"Dr. Daniel Cabello Mariani\" Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Central de Venezuela durante los aos 1996 a 1999. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. 2003;44(1):8795. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Verocai G. G., Fernandes J. I., Correia T. R., Souza C. P., Melo R. M., Scott F. B. Furuncular myiasis caused by the human bot-fly Dermatobia hominis in a domestic cat from Brazil. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2010;12(6):491493. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2009.12.019. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Pezzi M., Bonacci T., Leis M., Mamolini E., Marchetti M. G., Krmar S., Chicca M., Del Zingaro C. N. F., Faucheux M. J., Scapoli C. Myiasis in domestic cats: A global review. Parasites & Vectors. 2019;12(1):372. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3618-1. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]Teixeira B. C. L., Laureano-Sampaio L. A., Novais R. R., Azevedo S. C. S. Miase furuncular causada por Dermatobia hominis em dois gatos domsticos. Revista de Educao Continuada em Medicina Veterinria e Zootecnia do CRMV-SP. 2016;13(3):49. 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OkTreating infestations of the human botfly, Dermatobia hominisPDF [38 KB]PDF [38 KB]SaveAdd To Online LibraryPowered ByMendeleyAdd To My Reading ListExport CitationCreate Citation Alert\nShare\nShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInMendeleySina WeiboEmail\nmoreReprintsRequestTopTreating infestations of the human botfly, Dermatobia hominisStephen M SmithStephen M Smith\nContact\nAffiliationsDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaSearch for articles by this author Published:May, 2015DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70146-5Treating infestations of the human botfly, Dermatobia hominisPrevious ArticleChikungunya, the emerging migratory rheumatismNext ArticleHIV rumbles on in the south of the USAReferencesArticle infoLinked Articles\nMyiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis is common in residents and visitors to the tropical regions of the Americas.1Sancho E Dermatobia, the Neotropical warblefly.Parasitol Today. 1998; 4: 242-246Summary\nFull Text PDF\nScopus (36)\nGoogle Scholar In a review of tropical myiases, John McGarry2McGarry JW Tropical myiases: neglected and well travelled.Lancet Infect Dis. 2014; 14: 672-674Summary\nFull Text\nFull Text PDF\nPubMed\nScopus (11)\nGoogle Scholar discussed D hominis and stated: The slowly growing, often painful boil-like furuncular lesion that results contains a deeply embedded maggot, which requires surgical removal.In some instances, surgical removal of the larvae is necessaryeg, very large late-third-instar larvae that are otherwise difficult to expel, ocular involvement,3Minakova E Doniger SJ Botfly larva masquerading as periorbital cellulitis: identification by point-of-care ultrasonography.Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014; 30: 437-439Crossref\nPubMed\nScopus (8)\nGoogle Scholar or scalp infestations in very young children in which a risk of a potentially fatal cerebral myiasis exists.However, in almost all cases, surgery is not necessary. In Belize, where I have extensive experience in this area (including my own D hominis infestations), most cases in residents and in researchers and experienced ecotravelers, are handled by the individuals themselves. They simply suffocate the larva by the application of occlusive substances4Platt SG Schmidhauser CA Meerman JC Local treatment of human botfly myiasis in Belize.Econ Bot. 1997; 51: 88-89Google Scholar (eg, nail polish, petroleum jelly, bacon fat, or plant extracts) to the opening in the skin through which the larva breathes; 2448 h after application, the larva deflates, collapsing the retrorse spines. The larva can then be expelled by applying pressure around the cavity to extract it.Alternatively, individuals can use a snake-venom extractor to remove the moribund larva.5West JK Simple and effective field extraction of human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, using a venom extractor.Wilderness Environ Med. 2013; 24: 17-22Summary\nFull Text\nFull Text PDF\nPubMed\nScopus (10)\nGoogle Scholar The earlier an infestation is treated, the easier and safer the removalan argument in favour of much better travel counselling of tourists travelling to endemic areas.I summarise with a plea to medical professionals in the developed world to abandon publication of a case report of every instance of D hominis encountered. The medical literature is filled with repetitive case reports that add nothing to the treatment protocols or to the knowledge of the biology of the insect. A case report of D hominis warrants publication only if a new treatment option is discussed or if previously unknown features of the biology of the insect have been uncovered.I declare no competing interests.References1.Sancho E Dermatobia, the Neotropical warblefly.Parasitol Today. 1998; 4: 242-246View\nin Article\nScopus (36)\nSummary\nFull Text PDF\nGoogle Scholar2.McGarry JW Tropical myiases: neglected and well travelled.Lancet Infect Dis. 2014; 14: 672-674View\nin Article\nScopus (11)\nPubMed\nSummary\nFull Text\nFull Text PDF\nGoogle Scholar3.Minakova E Doniger SJ Botfly larva masquerading as periorbital cellulitis: identification by point-of-care ultrasonography.Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014; 30: 437-439View\nin Article\nScopus (8)\nPubMed\nCrossref\nGoogle Scholar4.Platt SG Schmidhauser CA Meerman JC Local treatment of human botfly myiasis in Belize.Econ Bot. 1997; 51: 88-89View\nin Article\nGoogle Scholar5.West JK Simple and effective field extraction of human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, using a venom extractor.Wilderness Environ Med. 2013; 24: 17-22View\nin Article\nScopus (10)\nPubMed\nSummary\nFull Text\nFull Text PDF\nGoogle ScholarArticle infoPublication historyPublished: May 2015IdentificationDOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70146-5Copyright 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.ScienceDirectAccess this article on ScienceDirectHide CaptionDownloadSee figure in articleToggle ThumbstripView Large ImageDownload Hi-res image Download .PPT\nLinked ArticlesTropical myiases: neglected and well travelledSeveral hundred thousand football fans from 31 countries are in Brazil this summer for the FIFA World Cup, the world's largest single event sporting competition. The risk of mosquito-borne diseases and other infectious diseases are highlighted by health advisory agencies such as the National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) in the UK and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the USA, but there is very little information about the threat of obligatory zoonotic myiasisthe invasion of living tissue by fly larvae.\nFull-Text\nPDF\nHide CaptionDownloadSee figure in ArticleToggle ThumbstripDownload Hi-res image Download .PPTView Abstract\nLancet Journals\nThe Lancet\nThe Lancet Child & Adolescent Health\nThe Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology\nThe Lancet Digital Health\nThe Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology\nThe Lancet Global Health\nThe Lancet Haematology\nThe Lancet Healthy Longevity\nThe Lancet HIV\nThe Lancet Infectious Diseases\nThe Lancet Microbe\nThe Lancet Neurology\nThe Lancet Oncology\nThe Lancet Planetary Health\nThe Lancet Psychiatry\nThe Lancet Public Health\nThe Lancet Regional Health Americas\nThe Lancet Regional Health Europe\nThe Lancet Regional Health Southeast Asia\nThe Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific\nThe Lancet Respiratory Medicine\nThe Lancet Rheumatology\neBioMedicine\neClinicalMedicine\nCLINICAL INITIATIVES\nThe Lancet Clinic\nCommissions\nSeries\nPicture Quiz\nGLOBAL HEALTH INITIATIVES\nGlobal Health Hub\nCommissions\nSeries\nGlobal Burden of Disease\nClimate Countdown\nMULTIMEDIA\nInfographics\nPodcasts\nVideos\nInformation\nAbout us\nFor authors\nFor advertisers\nFor press\nStatement on offensive historical content\nOpen access\nPublishing excellence\nCommunity guidelines\nPeer review\nPreprints\nAccess\nAccess our content\nPersonal subscriptions\nExisting print subscribers\nRequest institutional access\nResearch4Life\nConnect\nLancet Alerts\nLancet Webinars\nContact us\nCustomer service\nOur global team\nConferences\nThe content on this site is intended for science and health care professionals.\nWe use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 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If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.Cookie Details ListBack ButtonCookie List Search IconFilter IconClear checkbox label labelApply CancelConsent Leg.Interest checkbox label label checkbox label label checkbox label label Confirm my choices", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(15)70146-5/fulltext" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Molecular identification of Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Oestridae): a neglected agent causing myiasis in Mexico - PMC\nBack to Top\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 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Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with,\nthe contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health.\nLearn more:\nPMC Disclaimer\n|\nPMC Copyright Notice\nRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2020; 62: e47. Published online 2020 Jul 13. doi:10.1590/S1678-9946202062047PMCID: PMC7359739PMID: 32667394Molecular identification of Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Oestridae): a neglected agent causing myiasis in MexicoYokomi N. Lozano-Sardaneta,\n1\nSokani Snchez-Montes,\n1\n,\n2\nEdith Fernndez-Figueroa,\n1\n,\n3\nClaudia Rangel-Escareo,\n3\n,\n4\nand Ingeborg Becker\n1\nYokomi N. Lozano-Sardaneta\n1Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Facultad de Medicina, Divisin de Investigacin, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Ciudad de Mxico, MxicoFind articles by Yokomi N. Lozano-SardanetaSokani Snchez-Montes\n1Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Facultad de Medicina, Divisin de Investigacin, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Ciudad de Mxico, Mxico\n2Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas y Agropecuarias, Veracruz, MxicoFind articles by Sokani Snchez-MontesEdith Fernndez-Figueroa\n1Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Facultad de Medicina, Divisin de Investigacin, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Ciudad de Mxico, Mxico\n3National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Department of Population Genomics, Computational and Integrative Genomics, Ciudad de Mxico, MxicoFind articles by Edith Fernndez-FigueroaClaudia Rangel-Escareo\n3National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Department of Population Genomics, Computational and Integrative Genomics, Ciudad de Mxico, Mxico\n4Tecnologico de Monterrey, Basic Sciences, Queretaro, MxicoFind articles by Claudia Rangel-EscareoIngeborg Becker\n1Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Facultad de Medicina, Divisin de Investigacin, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Ciudad de Mxico, MxicoFind articles by Ingeborg BeckerAuthor information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer\n1Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Facultad de Medicina, Divisin de Investigacin, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Ciudad de Mxico, Mxico\n2Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas y Agropecuarias, Veracruz, Mxico\n3National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Department of Population Genomics, Computational and Integrative Genomics, Ciudad de Mxico, Mxico\n4Tecnologico de Monterrey, Basic Sciences, Queretaro, MxicoCorrespondence to: Yokomi N. Lozano-Sardaneta, Hospital General de Mxico, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, 06726 CDMX, Mxico Tel: +52 55 5623 2674, E-mail:xm.manu.saicneic@atenadras_iesinContributed by AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONSYNLS performed the PCR, analyses of sequences, writing and reviewing; SSM and IB were responsible for the clinical attention to patients; EFF and CRE performed the purification of amplicons, and sequencing assays; SSM, EFF, CRE and IB contributed with critical comments. All the authors participated during the discussion and writing of the manuscript and approved its final version.\nCONFLICT OF INTERESTS\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Received 2020 Apr 7; Accepted 2020 Jun 17.PMC Copyright notice This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Go to:ABSTRACTMyiasis represents a group of neglected tropical diseases caused by the infestation of vertebrate tissues by dipterous larvae. We herein report an imported case of foruncular myasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in Mexico City. The species was confirmed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction analysis.KEYWORDS: Myiasis, Bot fly, Colmoyote, Cuterebrinae, Cytochrome oxidase I ( cox 1), Dermatobia hominisGo to:INTRODUCTIONMyiasis (Greek [myia] = fly) is defined as the infestation of tissues of terrestrial vertebrates species by several dipterous larvae of the genus Chrysomya, Cochliomyia, Cordylobia, Cuterebra , Dermatobia, Lucilia, Oestrus and Sarcophaga\n1\n,\n2\n. Due to its host dependency, these larvae are divided into obligatory parasites that grow in live tissue or in dead tissue, and the facultative parasites that grow on decomposing organic matter\n3\n\n5\n. Myiasis can be present in several parts of the host body\n6\n, and the clinical manifestations include a broad range of signs depending on the infestation site\n1\n,\n4\n,\n7\n.In the Americas, the most common species causing myiasis is the human bot fly Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus, 1781), that produces a furuncular myiasis which can penetrate the host's skin and develop in the subcutaneous tissue during most of its lifetime\n2\n,\n3\n,\n7\n,\n8\n. This dipteran exhibits a wide distribution ranging from Mexico to Northern Argentina\n3\n,\n4\n,\n6\n,\n7\n.In Mexico, autochthonous cases have been documented in endemic areas in the States of Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Yucatan where it is known as colmoyote or moyocuitl. Furthermore, imported cases have been reported in Mexico City\n5\n\n7\n,\n9\n.In the last years, human cases increased in non-endemic areas as a consequence of enhanced ecotourism, during which infestations are common\n7\n. Fortunately, the treatment of myiasis is curative, yet the prognosis depends on the degree of damage inflicted upon the tissue\n10\n.A major problem in non-endemic areas is the, misidentification of D. hominis, since it is especially difficult to diagnose and therefore to treat\n7\n,\n9\n. In this study, we report the molecular identification of an imported case of foruncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in Mexico City.Go to:CASE DESCRIPTIONOn February 02, 2019, a 53 year-old female resident of Mexico City was referred to the Centro de Medicina Tropical, due to a painful mass in the scalp above the right ear. During the medical appointment, she referred having made several trips to the Southeastern States of Chiapas and Campeche (on January 2019), during the previous four weeks. She reported activities in the wilderness, particularly overnight in a jungle region in the State of Chiapas ( Figure 1 ). She referred having been bitten by multiple insects, particularly mosquitoes, during her stay in Chiapas. Two weeks after returning to Mexico City, she detected an indurated mass in the scalp above the right ear, which increased in size in the following days. Additionally, she reported a localized pain and a sensation of fluctuation in the affected area. At the time of the consultation, the patient brought a maggot inside a bottle with ethanol that had been manually removed hours earlier. The maggot was cylindrical shaped with a little spine over its body of light brown colour, the size was of 12 mm length per 5 mm wide, approximately. The lesion showed no evidence of bacterial infection but was disinfected anyway. The patient was asked to return a week later for the clinical follow up, and as she had a normal healing process, she was dismissed.Open in a separate windowFigure 1Map of the Mexican territory, highlighting the jungle region with a red star in the State of Chiapas.Molecular identificationFor the molecular identification of the extracted maggot, firstly it was cleaned with chlorine 10% during 30 s and thereafter washed with nuclease free water. The genomic DNA was extracted using 500 L of a 10% solution of the resin Chelex-100 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, US)\n11\n. For the DNA barcoding of the specimen, we amplified a fragment of around 700 bp from the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I ( cox 1) gene, using the primers LCO1490 (5-GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3) and HCO2198 (5 TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3)\n12\n. The reactions were conducted under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 94 C for 10 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 C for 30 s, 50 C for 30 s, and 72 C for 45 s and a final extension at 72 C for 5 min. The reaction mixture was prepared in a final volume of 25 L, with 12.5 L of the 2 X GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA), 100 ng of each oligonucleotide, 6.5 L of nuclease-free water and 200-500 ng of DNA template. We only included ultrapure water instead of DNA in the template control. The amplification products were analysed by electrophoresis in 2% agarose gels stained with Smartglow (Benchmark Scientific, Sayreville, USA) ( Figure 2A ).Open in a separate windowFigure 2Molecular identification of Dermatobia irritans: A) cox 1. PCR product of the bot fly line 3 (4 L), Nuclease-free water as the negative control (line 2). L=Ladder 100 pb; B) Neighbor-joining tree with Cytochrome Oxidase I ( cox1 ) sequences of the fly species causing myasis. Numbers on the branches indicate the bootstrap values and the blue diamond is the sequence obtained in this study.The PCR product was purified using the Agencourt AMPure XP kit (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA), and the amplicons were sequenced using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). The sample was purified by the BigDye XTerminator prior to loading on the ABI 3730xL DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). Sequencing was carried out at the Sequencing Unit of the Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica.The electropherograms were visualized and edited in Chromas (version 2.6.6, Technelysium, South Brisbane, Australia). The generated sequence was compared with those available at the NCBI data base using the BLASTn (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)\n13\nas a preliminary confirmation of the identity of the specimen. The DNA sequences were aligned using the ClustalW (MEGA, version 6.0, University Park, PA, USA). Genetic pairwise distances ( p -distances) were estimated using the Maximum Composite Likelihood substitution model and a Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree was built using the MEGA software (version 6.0, University Park, PA, USA). The obtained sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession N {\"type\":\"entrez-nucleotide\",\"attrs\":{\"text\":\"MT159662\",\"term_id\":\"1819719842\",\"term_text\":\"MT159662\"}}MT159662.The NJ analysis showed that the sequences of Dermatobia hominis from the present study clustered with a high bootstrap value of 100% with other sequences of the same species from Brazil ({\"type\":\"entrez-nucleotide\",\"attrs\":{\"text\":\"AY463155.1\",\"term_id\":\"38324537\",\"term_text\":\"AY463155.1\"}}AY463155.1; {\"type\":\"entrez-nucleotide\",\"attrs\":{\"text\":\"JQ246701.1\",\"term_id\":\"408716430\",\"term_text\":\"JQ246701.1\"}}JQ246701.1) and Bolivia ({\"type\":\"entrez-nucleotide\",\"attrs\":{\"text\":\"MG968179.1\",\"term_id\":\"1388164332\",\"term_text\":\"MG968179.1\"}}MG968179.1). The analysed sequences of Dermatobia showed genetic differences, especially, when comparing the sequences obtained in this study of 0.011-0.010% with the South American specimens, while the genetic distance between the South American specimens was 0.000 to 0.002%, probably due their geographical locations ( Figure 2B ).Go to:DISCUSSIONIn the last years, human cases of cutaneous myiasis have become more frequent, and are considered one of the most common dermatological conditions in tropical areas. This has become an increasing problem for travellers after visiting endemic regions in Central and South America\n1\n,\n7\n. In general, myiasis studies are mainly focused on the morphological taxonomic identification of the larvae, yet few molecular studies have been conducted for the identification and assess the genetic variation of Dermatobia hominis. The use of the molecular taxonomic marker such as cox 1 gene has proven to be useful for a rapid and efficient identification of this bot fly\n1\n,\n9\n. In this study, we registered an imported case of myiasis in Mexico City from a patient infected in Chiapas, a coastal State which has been historically recognized as an endemic area of the parasite\n7\n. Even though there is a previous study on the use the cox 1 gene for the identification of this species in Mexico, the amplified segment of the earlier study does not correspond to the same region that we amplified, and this is the reason not to include those sequences in the present analysis\n7\n. It is interesting that the obtained sequences were not identical to the sequences of South America ( Figure 2B ). This is in accordance with previous studies, in which Mexican D. hominis species were shown to differ from the specimens of other countries. The differences are likely to be related to the geographic area in which they were isolated\n9\n,\n14\n. It is therefore, warranted to carry out more studies to identify the genetic diversity of D. hominis species in endemic areas for human myiasis in Mexico. This would enable to evaluate critical elements for its prevention, such as the degree of mobilization of the parasite population from other endemic regions of Central America, and its degree of expansion in the Mexican territory.Go to:ACKNOWLEDGMENTSTo MSc. Pablo Colunga-Salas for his help to make the map. We thank Julio Csar Canseco Mendez for his assistance in sequencing by the Sanger's method. This work was supported by grants CONACyT 221405 and PAPIIT IN211418. Yokomi Nisei Lozano Sardaneta is a doctoral student from Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomdicas, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM) and received a fellowship 444617 from CONACYT.Go to:Footnotes\nETHICAL GUIDELINES\nThe current report was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Medical Faculty of the Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM, FMED/CI/JMO/129/2017). The patient read, accepted, and signed the informed consent form for the publication of the case.Go to:REFERENCES1. Villalobos G, Vega-Memije ME, Maravilla P, Martinez-Hernandez F. Myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis: countries with increased risk for travelers going to neotropic areas. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55:10601068. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]2. Azeredo-Espin AM, Lessinger AC. Genetic approaches for studying myiasis-causing flies: molecular markers and mitochondrial genomics. Genetica. 2006;126:111131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]3. Lane RP, Lovellf CR, Griffiths WA, Sonnex TS. 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Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2004;55:139144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]12. Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1994;3:294299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]13. National Center for Biotechnology Information BLAST. [cited 2020 Jun 28]. Available from: https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch.14. Bitarello BD, Torres TT, Lyra ML, Azeredo-Espin AM. Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the human botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Oestridae) Mol Ecol Resour. 2009;9:409441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]ABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONCASE DESCRIPTIONDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSFootnotesREFERENCESArticles from Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de So Paulo are provided here courtesy of Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo1. Villalobos G, Vega-Memije ME, Maravilla P, Martinez-Hernandez F. Myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis: countries with increased risk for travelers going to neotropic areas. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55:10601068. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]2. Azeredo-Espin AM, Lessinger AC. Genetic approaches for studying myiasis-causing flies: molecular markers and mitochondrial genomics. Genetica. 2006;126:111131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]3. Lane RP, Lovellf CR, Griffiths WA, Sonnex TS. Human cutaneous myiasis: a review and report of three cases due to Dermatobia hominis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1987;12:4045. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]5. Contreras-Ruiz J, Arenas-Guzmn R, Vega-Memije ME, Castillo-Daz M. Miasis furunculoide por Dermatobia hominis: un caso importado de Costa Rica al Distrito Federal. Gac Med Mex. 2004;140:8183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]6. Carrasco IR. Miasis: un problema de salud poco estudiado en Mxico. Rev Enferm Infecc Pediatr. 2009;22:122125. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]4. Gordon PM, Hepburn NC, Williams AE, Bunney MH. Cutaneous myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis: a report of six cases. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132:811814. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]7. Martnez-Hernndez F, Vega-Memije ME, Villalobos G, Perez-Rojas D, Asz-Sigall D, Rivas N, et al. Myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in Mexico: morphological and molecular identification using the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2019;61:e45. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]8. Thomas DB., Jr. Incidence of screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and torsalo (Diptera: Cuterebridae) myiasis on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. J Med Entomol. 1987;24:498502. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]9. Toussaint-Caire S, Woroszylski-Yoselevitz A, Vega-Memije ME, Villalobos G, Rivas N, Alejandre-Aguilar R, et al. Imported and autochthonous cases of myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis: taxonomic identification using the Internal Transcribed Spacer region. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99:940944. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]10. Pia-Torns AA, Salvador-Fernndez CL, Lindao-Camacho R, Gonzlez-Longoria-Boada LB, Vintimilla-Burgos NP, Almarales MS. Miasis cutnea masiva que simula invasin cerebral: presentacin de caso y revisin de la literatura. Medicas UIS. 2016;29:145153. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]11. Garca-Gonzlez LA, Rodrigo-Tapia JP, Snchez-Lazo P, Ramos S, Surez-Nieto C. Extraccin de ADN con resina chelex en el anlisis de la amplificacin oncognica en carcinomas de cabeza y cuello. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2004;55:139144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]12. Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1994;3:294299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]13. National Center for Biotechnology Information BLAST. [cited 2020 Jun 28]. Available from: https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch. [Ref list]\nOther Formats\nPDF (1.0M)\nActions\nCite\nCollections\nAdd to Collections\nCreate a new collection\nAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nShare\nPermalink\nCopy\nRESOURCES\nSimilar articles\nCited by other articles\nLinks to NCBI Databases\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nFollow NCBI\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nGitHub\nConnect with NLM\nSM-Twitter\nSM-Facebook\nSM-Youtube\nNational Library of Medicine\n8600 Rockville Pike\nBethesda, MD 20894\nWeb Policies\nFOIA\nHHS Vulnerability Disclosure\nHelp\nAccessibility\nCareers\nNLM\nNIH\nHHS\nUSA.gov\nExternal link. Please review our privacy policy.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7359739/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Etosha National Park - Namibia Skip to contentfacebookinstagram Search for: HOME ACCOMMODATION Inside The ParkDolomiteHalaliNamutoniOkaukuejoOlifantsrusOnkoshiOutside The ParkEmanya LodgeEpacha LodgeEtosha Safari Lodge & CampEtosha VillageMokuti Etosha LodgeMushara CollectionOngava CollectionOnguma CollectionToshari LodgeETOSHA PAN GALLERY MAP TRAVEL Etosha Trip PlanningMalariaPARK INFO BirdlifeEtosha PanWaterholesHistorySeasons & WeatherGate Times & FeesRules and RegulationsWildlifeNewsENQUIRE Go to...HOMEACCOMMODATIONInside The ParkDolomiteHalaliNamutoniOkaukuejoOlifantsrusOnkoshiOutside The ParkEmanya LodgeEpacha LodgeEtosha Safari Lodge & CampEtosha VillageMokuti Etosha LodgeMushara CollectionOngava CollectionOnguma CollectionToshari LodgeETOSHA PANGALLERYMAPTRAVELEtosha Trip PlanningMalariaPARK INFOBirdlifeEtosha PanWaterholesHistorySeasons & WeatherGate Times & FeesRules and RegulationsWildlifeNewsENQUIREWELCOME TOEtosha National Park Etosha National Parkis unique in Africa. The parks main characteristic is a salt pan so large it can be seen from space. Yet there is abundant wildlife that congregates around the waterholes, giving you almost guaranteed game sightings. At the same time Etosha National Park is one of the most accessible game reserves in Namibia and Southern Africa.The park is malaria free, accessible in a regular sedan car and the rest camps provide a range of accommodation as well as restaurants, viewing decks, shops and petrol stations.Luxurious camps in Etoshas remote areas have now added top end accommodation to the parks offerings.Etosha AccommodationThe various accommodation optionsin Etosha National Park are well equipped with restaurants, shops, curios, swimming pools and petrol stations. The three main camps (Okaukuejo,HalaliandNamutoni) offer various types of accommodation from camping to chalets overlooking floodlit waterholes. Situated deeper in the park are the more exclusive camps (DolomiteandOnkoshi) that provide a safari experience for discerningtravelers.About EtoshaBefore you decide to visit Etosha National Park, it is always a good idea to learn more about its many intricacies and what to expect. Below we have information on the park that will guide and inform you, leaving you well informed before your trip to this beautiful place.WildlifeThe abundance of game in Etosha National Park is somewhat unexpected, showcasing some of the most common and rarest wildlife species. The areas with thicker vegetation are home to elephant (some of the largest in Africa due to the vitamins and nutrients found in the ground), the endangered black rhino and even leopard. Lions are camouflaged in the pale- golden colour of the grasslands, while giraffes rise- high above most of the dry vegetation.Birders will love the rainy season in Etosha.After good rains the salt pan fills with water attracting a cloud of flamingos. More than340 bird specieshave been counted in Etosha National Park. Among the migratory species, the European bee-eater is possibly the most popular sighting. The game reserve is also home to the worlds largest bird, the ostrich, and the heaviest flying bird, the kori bustard.Please note that Etosha National Park is immensely popular, henceadvanced bookings are recommended.SeasonsDuring winter theEtosha Panis bone dry. This endless white expanse is an unlikely venue for awildlife sanctuary. The park is a wasteland of white dust which comes from the clay in the pan. Bushes along the road turn white as vehicles throw up dust and visitors who leave the park usually have a dusty aura around them! This is also the time when most of the visitors come to the park as the climate is mild and the wildlife concentrates itself at the waterholes. Yet the surrounding areas overflow with springbok and zebra.The summer in the park is vastly different with heavy rains turning a dry dusty Etosha National Park into a lush green oasis. This time of year means life in the park for new born animals as well as birdlife. Many European migratory birds come south to enjoy the new life that has been washed into the vegetation. Driving during the rainy season can get a lot trickier as roads can be flooded and having an equipped vehicle will make the journey a lot more enjoyable. It is also advised to do a lot more driving to view the wildlife as animals tend to keep clear of the once active waterholes that posed such dangers during the dry season.Western Part is OpenGalton gate was exclusively used for Dolomite visitors. It is now open to all visitors to use. The area and vegetation is very different to the south- eastern and eastern part of the park. One can find the Hartmanns Mountain Zebra.In this area and with a more undulating landscape, it makes for a very different wildlife experience. White dust and clay which makes up the Etosha Pan turns to a reddish brown soil during this time which may lead you to believe you have entered an entirely new park when you visit.The route from Okaukuejo to Dolomite is a roughly 175kms with 15 waterholes evenly spaced out on route. These waterholes have been open for several years now and have recently been revamped, ensuring that the wildlife becomes more prolific in these areas. You can also access Dolomite from the Galton Gate which is located in the western border of park.Photographic OpportunitiesMany keen photographers visit the park looking to enhance their skills and photo- library. In winter, the waterholes offer a unique opportunity to sit and wait for your subjects to come to you. The waterholes that surround the camps ensure that you are never left without something to photograph. The landscapes and the vast Etosha pan are always highlights for any photographer. Taking pictures of animal silhouettes crossing the vast pan is a picture that takes patience and a bit of luck, but the outcome is often something very unique to Etosha National Park.Landscape & VegetationNamibia is a very diverse country with an array of habitats and vegetation. It is also one of the few countries where animals still roam freely mostly unrestricted by human influence. The country has a great mix of desert, semi- desert and savannahs. As you travel further north in Namibia towards Etosha National Park, you will find a place that offers visitors a complete contrast of wide open grasslands, a massive pan that covers 4731km and large camel thorn trees mixed with Mopani trees. This diverse vegetation accounts for the abundance of wildlife that thrives in the park.NAVIGATEEtosha National ParkAccommodationMapSitemapPrivacy PolicyContactINSIDE ETOSHADolomite CampHalali CampNamutoni CampOkaukuejo CampOlifantsrus CampOnkoshi CampWHY ETOSHA?Accessible by all vehiclesExcellent game viewingEtosha has a 5 000km salt panFloodlit waterholes at nightTERMS & CONDITIONSView Booking Terms & Conditions Covid-19 Cancellation Policy 2024 Etoshanationalpark.org| All Rights Reserved | Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy This website uses cookies to optimise your online user experience. Some of the cookies we use are essential for the site to work. By continuing to use our site you agree to us using cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy. OK Go to Top", "url": "https://www.etoshanationalpark.org/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Etosha Nationalpark - Visit this popular wildlife park in Namibia\n*/", "url": "https://etoshanationalpark.co.za/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Etosha National Park - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\nToggle History subsection\n1.1European settlers\n1.2German South-West Africa\n1.3Boundary\n1.4Etosha Ecological Institute\n2Geography\nToggle Geography subsection\n2.1Etosha Pan\n2.2Dolomite Hills\n2.3Climate\n3Vegetation types\n4Fauna\nToggle Fauna subsection\n4.1History\n4.2Mammals\n4.3Birds\n5See also\n6References\n7Further reading\n8External links\nToggle the table of contents\nEtosha National Park\n40 languages\nAfrikaansBasa BalietinaDanskDeutschEspaolEsperantoFranaisGalegoHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaItalianoKiswahiliLietuviMagyarNederlandsNorsk bokmlPolskiPortugusRomnSloveninaSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikivoyage\nCoordinates: 185643S 155352E / 18.94528S 15.89778E / -18.94528; 15.89778\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nNational park of Namibia\nEtosha National ParkIUCN category II (national park)Animals at the Nebrownii waterholeMap of show location in NamibiaLocationNamibiaCoordinates185643S 155352E / 18.94528S 15.89778E / -18.94528; 15.89778Area22,270km2 (8,600sqmi)EstablishedMarch 22, 1907Visitors200000 (in2010)GoverningbodyMinistry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia\nEtosha National Park is a national park in northwestern Namibia and one of the largest national parks in Africa.[1] It was proclaimed a game reserve in March 1907 in Ordinance 88 by the Governor of German South West Africa, Friedrich von Lindequist. It was designated as Wildschutzgebiet in 1958, and was awarded the status of national park in 1967, by an act of parliament of the Republic of South Africa.[2] It spans an area of 22,270km2 (8,600sqmi) and was named after the large Etosha pan which is almost entirely within the park. With an area of 4,760km2 (1,840sqmi), the Etosha pan covers 23% of the total area of the national park.[3] The area is home to hundreds of species of mammals, birds and reptiles, including several threatened and endangered species such as the black rhinoceros. Sixty-one black rhinoceros were killed during poaching in Namibia during 2022, 46 of which were killed in Etosha.[4]\nThe park is located in the Kunene region[citation needed] and shares boundaries with the regions of Oshana, Oshikoto and Otjozondjupa.\nHistory[edit]\nSee also: Origins of names of places in Etosha National Park\nCharles John (Karl Johan) Andersson\nAreas north of the Etosha pan were inhabited by Ovambo people, while various Otjiherero-speaking groups lived immediately outside the current park boundaries. The areas inside the park close to the Etosha pan were inhabited by Khoisan-speaking Hai//om people.\nExplorers Charles John Andersson and Francis Galton are the first Europeans to record the existence of the Etosha pan on 29 May 1851, although it was already widely known by locals.[2] These European explorers were traveling with Ovambo copper ore traders when they arrived at Omutjamatunda (now known as Namutoni). They passed through, and discovered the Etosha pan when they traveled north upon leaving Namutoni. The name Etosha (spelled Etotha in early literature) comes from the Oshindonga word meaning \"Great White Place\" referring to the Etosha pan. The Hai//om called the pan Khubus which means \"totally bare, white place with lots of dust\". [citation needed] The pan is also known as Chums, which refers to the noise made by a person's feet when walking on the clay of the pan.\nAt this time the Hai//om people recognized the authority of the Ovambo chief at Ondonga but the Hereros did not.[5] The Hai||om were forcibly removed from the park in 1954, ending their hunter-gatherer lifestyle to become landless farm laborers.[6] The Hai||om have had a recognized Traditional Authority since 2004 which helps facilitate communications between the community and the government. The government of Namibia acknowledges the park to be the home of Hai||om people and started to carry out plans to resettle displaced families on farms adjacent to the national park. Since 2007 the Government has acquired six farms directly south of the Gobaub depression in Etosha National Park. A number of families have settled on these farms under the leadership of Chief David Khamuxab, Paramount Chief of the Hai||om.\nEuropean settlers[edit]\nIn 1885, entrepreneur William Worthington Jordan bought a huge tract of land from Ovambo chief Kambonde. The land spanned nearly 170 kilometres (110mi) from Okaukuejo in the west to Fischer's Pan in the east. The price for the land was 300 sterling, paid for by 25 firearms, one salted horse and a cask of brandy.[5] Dorstland Trekkers first travelled through the park between 1876 and 1879 on their way to Angola. The trekkers returned in 1885 and settled on 2,500-hectare (6,200-acre) farms given to them at no charge by Jordan. The trekkers named the area Upingtonia after the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. The settlement had to be abandoned in 1886 after clashes with the Hai||om[5] and defeat by Chief Nehale Mpingana.[7]\nGerman South-West Africa[edit]\nSee also: German South-West Africa\nThe German Reich ordered troops to occupy Okaukuejo, Namutoni and Sesfontein in 1886 in order to kill migrating wildlife to stop the spread of rinderpest to cattle. A fort was built by the German cavalry in 1889 at the site of the Namutoni spring. On 28 January 1904, 500 men under Nehale Mpingana attacked Imperial Germany's Schutztruppe at Fort Namutoni and completely destroyed it, driving out the colonial forces and taking over their horses and cattle.[7] The fort was rebuilt and troops were stationed once again when the area was declared a game reserve in 1907; Lieutenant Adolf Fischer of Fort Namutoni then became its first \"game warden\".\nBoundary[edit]\nChanging park boundaries 1907-1970\nThe present-day Etosha National Park has had many major and minor boundary changes since its inception in 1907. The major boundary changes since 1907 were because of Ordinance 18 of 1958 and Ordinance 21 of 1970.[2]\nWhen the Etosha area was proclaimed as \"Game Reserve 2\" by Ordinance 88 of 1907, the park stretched from the mouths of the Kunene River and Hoarusib River on the Skeleton Coast to Namutoni in the east. The original area was estimated to be 99,526 square kilometres (38,427sqmi), an estimate that has been corrected to about 80,000 square kilometres (31,000sqmi).[2] Ordinance 18 of 1958 changed the western park boundaries to exclude the area between the Kunene river and the Hoarusib river and instead include the area between Hoanib river and Ugab river, thus reducing the park's area to 55,000 square kilometres (21,000sqmi). The Odendaal Commission's (1963) decision resulted in the demarcation of the present-day park boundary in 1970.\nEtosha Ecological Institute[edit]\nMain article: Etosha Ecological Institute\nThe Etosha Ecological Institute was formally opened on 1 April 1974 by Adolf Brinkmann of the South-West African Administration.[2] The institute is responsible for all management-related research in the park. Classification of vegetation, population and ecological studies on wildebeest, elephants and lions, and studies on anthrax were among the first major topics to be investigated.[2] The EEI has collaborations with researchers from universities in Namibia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, South Africa, Australia, Norway and Israel.\nGeography[edit]\nThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nEtosha Pan[edit]\nMain article: Etosha pan\nEtosha Pan lookout near SalvadoraThe salt pan during drought, broken up but still with animal tracks\nThe salt pans are the most noticeable geological features in the national park. The main depression covers an area of about 5,000 square kilometres (1,900sqmi), and is roughly 130km (81mi) long and as wide as 50km (31mi) in some places. The hypersaline conditions of the pan limit the species that can permanently inhabit the pan itself; occurrences of extremophile micro-organisms are present, which can tolerate the hypersaline conditions.[8] The salt pan is usually dry, but fills with water briefly in summer, when it attracts pelicans and flamingos in particular. In the dry season, winds blowing across the salt pan pick up saline dust and carry it across the country and out over the southern Atlantic. This salt enrichment provides minerals to the soil downwind of the pan on which some wildlife depends, though the salinity also creates challenges to farming activities. The Etosha Pan was one of several sites throughout southern Africa in the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000). Using satellites, aircraft, and ground-based data from sites such as Etosha, partners in this program collected a wide variety of data on aerosols, land cover, and other characteristics of the land and atmosphere to study and understand the interactions between people and the natural environment.\nDolomite Hills[edit]\nThe dolomite hills on the southern border of the park near the Andersson entrance gate are called Ondundozonananandana, meaning the place where young boy herding cattle went to never return, probably implying a high density of predators like leopards in the hills, giving the mountains its English name of Leopard Hills.[2] The Halali area is also home to dolomite hills within the park, with one hill inside the camp and the nearby Twee Koppies outside. Western Etosha is also dominated by dolomite hills and is the only place in the park that has mountain zebra.\nClimate[edit]\nThe Etosha National Park has a savanna desert climate. The annual mean average temperature is 24C (75F). In winter, the mean nighttime lows are around 10C (50F), while in summer temperatures often hover around 40C (104F). As it is a desert, there is a large variation between day and night. Rain almost never falls in the winter.\nClimate data for Etosha Safari Lodge, Namibia (20102017 averages)\nMonth\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\nYear\nRecord high C (F)\n41.2(106.2)\n40.2(104.4)\n38.3(100.9)\n36.9(98.4)\n34.1(93.4)\n31.9(89.4)\n32.3(90.1)\n36.3(97.3)\n39.2(102.6)\n40.9(105.6)\n40.1(104.2)\n41.2(106.2)\n41.2(106.2)\nMean daily maximum C (F)\n34.3(93.7)\n33.5(92.3)\n31.7(89.1)\n31.0(87.8)\n29.5(85.1)\n27.4(81.3)\n27.2(81.0)\n30.9(87.6)\n35.0(95.0)\n37.2(99.0)\n35.5(95.9)\n34.4(93.9)\n32.3(90.1)\nDaily mean C (F)\n25.5(77.9)\n25.7(78.3)\n24.0(75.2)\n23.2(73.8)\n21.4(70.5)\n18.6(65.5)\n18.0(64.4)\n21.3(70.3)\n25.3(77.5)\n27.5(81.5)\n26.6(79.9)\n26.0(78.8)\n23.6(74.5)\nMean daily minimum C (F)\n18.4(65.1)\n19.5(67.1)\n18.0(64.4)\n16.5(61.7)\n13.9(57.0)\n10.3(50.5)\n9.6(49.3)\n12.1(53.8)\n15.8(60.4)\n18.0(64.4)\n18.3(64.9)\n18.8(65.8)\n15.8(60.4)\nRecord low C (F)\n10.2(50.4)\n14.3(57.7)\n10.2(50.4)\n9.8(49.6)\n8.3(46.9)\n0.2(31.6)\n2.6(36.7)\n1.6(34.9)\n2.8(37.0)\n11.2(52.2)\n10.9(51.6)\n11.6(52.9)\n0.2(31.6)\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n129.5(5.10)\n74.9(2.95)\n78.2(3.08)\n28.8(1.13)\n0(0)\n0(0)\n0(0)\n0(0)\n0.2(0.01)\n2.1(0.08)\n25.2(0.99)\n79(3.1)\n418(16.5)\nSource: [9]\nVegetation types[edit]\nThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nSee also: Angolan mopane woodlands and Zambezian and mopane woodlands\nIn most places in the park, the pans are devoid of vegetation with the exception of halophytic Sporobolus salsus, a protein-rich grass that is eaten by grazers like blue wildebeest and springbok. The areas around the Etosha pan also have other halophytic vegetation including grasses like Sporobolus spicatus and Odyssea paucinervis, as well as shrubs like Suaeda articulata. Most of the park is savanna woodlands except for areas close to the pan. Mopane is the most common tree, estimated to make up around 80% of all trees in the park.[10] The sandveld in the north-eastern corner of Etosha is dominated by acacia and Terminalia trees. Tamboti trees characterize the woodlands south of the sandveld. Dwarf shrub savanna occurs in areas close to the pan and is home to several small shrubs including a halophytic succulent Salsola etoshensis. Thorn bush savanna occurs close to the pan on limestone and alkaline soils and is dominated by acacia species such as Acacia nebrownii, Acacia luederitzii, Acacia melliferra, Acacia hebeclada and Acacia tortilis. Grasslands in the park are mainly around the Etosha pan where the soil is sandy. Depending on the soil and the effects of the pan, grasslands could be dominated by one of the Eragrostis, Sporobolus, Monelytrum, Odyssea or Enneapogon species.\nFauna[edit]\nThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nElephants at the Jakkalswater Waterhole in Etosha Nationalpark.\nThe park has about 114 mammal species, 340 bird species, 110 reptile species, 16 amphibian species and 1 species of fish (up to 49 species of fish during floods).[11] Etosha National Park is also the single-most important custodian of the black rhino in the world. In 2022, 46 white and black rhinos were poached.[12]\nHistory[edit]\nBy 1881, large game mammals like elephants, rhinoceroses and lions had been nearly exterminated in the region.[2] The proclamation of the game reserve helped some of the animals recover, but some species like buffalo and wild dogs have been extinct since the middle of the 20th century. A writer from Otjiwarongo was appointed game warden in 1951, and he considered the grasslands to be severely overgrazed. A bone meal plant was constructed near Rietfontein, and culling of zebras and wildebeests began in 1952. Official records indicate 293 zebras and 122 wildebeest were processed at the plant, but conservationists claimed thousands had been culled and successfully forced the plant's closure during the same year. The drought that began in the year 1980 resulted in the largest capture and culling operation in the history of the park.[2] 2235 mountain zebras and 450 plains zebras were captured, culled or sold. 525 elephants were culled and processed at a temporary abattoir near Olifantsrus.\nSince 2005, the protected area is considered part of a Lion Conservation Unit.[13]\nMammals[edit]\nCommonly seen mammals in the park, past and present, are listed in the table below:\nMammal\nStatus\nAdditional Information\nAfrican bush elephant\ncommon\nEtosha's elephants belong to the group of elephants in northwestern Namibia and southern Angola. They are the tallest elephants in Africa, but mineral deficiencies mean that they have very short tusks.[14]\nSouthern white rhinoceros\nvery rare\nReintroduced recently after a long absence[15]\nSouth-western black rhinoceros\nrare\nOdendaal Commission's plan in 1963 severely reduced the habitat of the rhinoceros as most of their preferred habitat fell outside the park.[16] Relocation programs have existed since then to increase the population of rhinos within the protected boundaries of the park.\nCape buffalo\nextinct\nThe last known record of buffalo in the park is from an observation of a young bull killed by lions on the Andoni plains in the 1950s.\nAngolan giraffe\ncommon\nA 2009 genetic study on this subspecies suggests that the northern Namib Desert and Etosha National Park populations form a separate subspecies.[17]\nLion\ncommon\nLeopard\ncommon\nCheetah\nuncommon\nServal\nrare\nCaracal\ncommon\nSouthern African wildcat\ncommon\nBlack-footed cat\nvery rare\nBlack-backed jackal\nvery common\nBat-eared fox\ncommon\nCape fox\ncommon\nCape wild dog\nextinct\nBrown hyena\ncommon\nSpotted hyena\ncommon\nAardwolf\ncommon\nMeerkat\ncommon\nBanded mongoose\ncommon\nYellow mongoose\ncommon\nSlender mongoose\ncommon\nDwarf mongoose\nuncommon\nCommon genet\ncommon\nCommon warthog\ncommon\nScrub hare\ncommon\nSpringhare\ncommon\nAfrican ground squirrel\nvery common\nHoney badger\ncommon\nAardvark\ncommon\nCape porcupine\ncommon\nGround pangolin (Manis temminckii)\nuncommon\nPlains zebra\nvery common\nMountain zebra\nlocally common\nSeen only in western Etosha\nSpringbok\nvery common\nBlack-faced impala\ncommon\nGemsbok\ncommon\nCommon duiker\nuncommon\nDamara dik-dik\ncommon\nSteenbok\ncommon\nRed hartebeest\ncommon\nBlue wildebeest\ncommon\nCommon eland\nuncommon\nGreater kudu\ncommon\nBirds[edit]\nThis overview is only an indication of the diversity of birds in the park and is not a complete list.\nSouth African ostrich\nVultures\nLappet-faced vulture\nWhite-backed vulture\nEagles\nMartial eagle\nTawny eagle\nBateleur\nBooted eagle\nCircaetus eagles\nVerreaux's eagle\nSecretarybird\nOther hawks\nAfrican harrier-hawk\nPale chanting goshawk\nShikra\nKites\nYellow-billed kite\nBlack-winged kite\nFalcons\nLanner falcon\nGreater kestrel\nLesser kestrel\nPygmy falcon\nRed-necked falcon\nPeregrine falcon[18]\nRed-footed falcon\nAmur falcon\nOwls\nGiant eagle owl\nBarn owl\nAfrican scops owl\nStorks\nAbdim's stork\nMarabou stork\nWhite stork\nBlue crane\nWhite pelican\nFlamingos\nLesser flamingo\nGreater flamingo\nWaterfowl\nRed-billed teal\nEgyptian goose\nKnob-billed duck\nCape teal\nGalliformes\nHelmeted guineafowl\nRed-billed spurfowl\nCoursers and pratincoles\nTemminck's courser\nDouble-banded courser\nThree-banded courser\nBlack-winged pratincole\nWaders\nSpotted thick-knee\nThree-banded plover\nCrowned lapwing\nBlacksmith lapwing\nRollers\nLilac-breasted roller\nPurple roller\nHoopoe\nHornbills\nMonteiro's hornbill\nSouthern yellow-billed hornbill\nAfrican grey hornbill\nCrows\nPied crow\nCape crow\nSandgrouse\nNamaqua sandgrouse\nDouble-banded sandgrouse\nPigeons and doves\nNamaqua dove\nEmerald-spotted wood dove\nAfrican collared dove\nLaughing dove\nOther passerines\nRed-billed quelea\nSouthern masked weaver\nLesser masked weaver\nSociable weaver\nCape sparrow\nCape starling\nHerero chat\nBustards\nKori bustard\nNorthern black korhaan\nRppell's korhaan\nRed-crested korhaan\nShrikes and Bushshrikes\nRed-backed Shrike\nLesser Grey Shrike\nSouthern white-crowned shrike[18]\nMagpie Shrike\nCrimson-breasted Shrike\nGrey-headed Bushshrike\nGorgeous Bushshrike\nOrange-breasted Bushshrike\nWaxbills\nViolet-eared Waxbill[18]\nBlack-faced Waxbill\nBlue Waxbill\nOrange-breasted Waxbill\nCommon Waxbill\nBulbuls\nAfrican Red-eyed Bulbul[18]\nDark-capped Bulbul\nLarks\nDusky Lark\nSabota Lark\nRufous-naped Lark\nMonotonous Lark\nEastern Clapper Lark\nSpike-heeled Lark\nRed-capped Lark\nFlappet Lark\nFawn-coloured Lark\nHerons\nGrey heron\nCattle egret\nSee also[edit]\nOkonjima\nReferences[edit]\n^ Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourisim. \"Etosha National Park\". Retrieved 23 September 2021.\n^ a b c d e f g h i Berry, H. H. (1997). \"Historical review of the Etosha Region and its subsequent administration as a National Park\". Madoqua. 20 (1): 312. S2CID131055181.\n^ Lindeque, M.; Archibald, T. J. (1991). \"Seasonal wetlands in Owambo and the Etosha National Park\". Madoqua. 17 (2): 129133. S2CID130968297.\n^ \"Rhino poaching surges 93 percent in Namibia\". Al Jazeera. 31 January 2023.\n^ a b c Trmpelmann, G.P.J. 1948. Die Boer in Suid-wes Afrika.\n^ Born in Etosha. Ute Dieckmann (2009)\n^ a b \"Namibia Heroes and Heroines\". Namibia 1-on-1. Retrieved 28 January 2012.\n^ C. Michael Hogan. 2010\n^ \"Monthly reports / Etosha Safari (Reference period 20102018)\". Etosha: Namibia Weather Network. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.\n^ Trees and shrubs of the Etosha National Park and in northern and central Namibia; Cornelia Berry and Blythe Loutit\n^ Cunningham, P. L.; Jankowitz, W. \"A Review of Fauna and Flora Associated with Coastal and Inland Saline Flats from Namibia with Special Reference to the Etosha Pan\". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n^ \"Poaching in Namibia almost doubles in 2022\". Save The Rhino. 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2023-04-27.\n^ IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). Conservation Strategy for the Lion Panthera leo in Eastern and Southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN.\n^ Etosha Ecological Institute, Okaukuejo.\n^ Etosha Park Profile Archived January 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine\n^ On the clover trail. Eugne Joubert. 1996\n^ Brenneman, R. A.; Louis, E. E. Jr; Fennessy, J. (2009). \"Genetic structure of two populations of the Namibian giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis\". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (4): 72028. Bibcode:2009AfJEc..47..720B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01078.x.\n^ a b c d \"The photographs of Etosha National Park, October 2017\". Independent Travellers. independent-travellers.com. Retrieved February 22, 2018.\nFurther reading[edit]\nChadwick, Douglas H. (March 1983). \"Etosha: Namibia's Kingdom of Animals\". National Geographic. Vol.163, no.3. pp.344385. ISSN0027-9358. OCLC643483454.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Etosha National Park.\nWikivoyage has a travel guide for Etosha National Park.\nEtosha on PBS\nEtosha Travel Guide\nEtosha Travel Information Archived 2020-10-31 at the Wayback Machine\nvteNational Parks of NamibiaTransfrontier parks\nAi-Ais/Richtersveld (with South Africa)\nIona Skeleton Coast (with Angola)\nKavangoZambezi (with Angola, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe)\nNational parks\nBwabwata\nDorob\nEtosha\nKhaudom\nMangetti\nMudumu\nNamib-Naukluft\nNkasa Rupara\nSkeleton Coast\nTsau Khaeb Sperrgebiet\nWaterberg\nNational conservation areas\nBrandberg\nCape Cross\nCaprivi\nDaan Viljoen\nEhirovipuka\nGamsberg\nHardap\nKaokoland\nMahango\nNamibRand\nNaukluft\nOmaruru\nPopa\nConcession areas\nPalmwag\nAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nCzech Republic\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etosha_National_Park&oldid=1225414962\"\nCategories: IUCN Category IIEtosha National ParkNational parks of Namibia1907 establishments in German South West Africa1958 establishments in South West Africa1958 establishments in South Africa1967 establishments in South West Africa1967 establishments in South AfricaProtected areas established in 1907Protected areas established in 1958Protected areas established in 1967Hidden categories: CS1 errors: missing periodicalWebarchive template wayback linksArticles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataCoordinates on WikidataAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from March 2019Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020Articles needing additional references from February 2019All articles needing additional referencesCommons link from WikidataArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with NKC identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 24 May 2024, at 09:17(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Etosha Wildlife Skip to contentfacebookinstagram Search for: HOME ACCOMMODATION Inside The ParkDolomiteHalaliNamutoniOkaukuejoOlifantsrusOnkoshiOutside The ParkEmanya LodgeEpacha LodgeEtosha Safari Lodge & CampEtosha VillageMokuti Etosha LodgeMushara CollectionOngava CollectionOnguma CollectionToshari LodgeETOSHA PAN GALLERY MAP TRAVEL Etosha Trip PlanningMalariaPARK INFO BirdlifeEtosha PanWaterholesHistorySeasons & WeatherGate Times & FeesRules and RegulationsWildlifeNewsENQUIRE Go to...HOMEACCOMMODATIONInside The ParkDolomiteHalaliNamutoniOkaukuejoOlifantsrusOnkoshiOutside The ParkEmanya LodgeEpacha LodgeEtosha Safari Lodge & CampEtosha VillageMokuti Etosha LodgeMushara CollectionOngava CollectionOnguma CollectionToshari LodgeETOSHA PANGALLERYMAPTRAVELEtosha Trip PlanningMalariaPARK INFOBirdlifeEtosha PanWaterholesHistorySeasons & WeatherGate Times & FeesRules and RegulationsWildlifeNewsENQUIREWILDLIFE INEtosha National ParkIt is hardly a secret that Etoshas best game viewing is at the many waterholes scattered throughout the park. Especially during the dry winters most species rely on these permanent water sources. The larger waterholes see large treks of zebra and springbok mingle with Oryx and bathing elephants. Some of the camps even offer floodlit waterholes, where you can spot rhino, elephant and lion drinking from the same waterhole.Etosha National Park is home to four of the Big 5. Elephants and lions are common in the park, while the elusive leopard hides in the densely vegetated areas. However, one of the best reasons to visit Etosha is its healthy population of black rhinoceros. This archaic beast is endangered and the waterholes are probably among the best places in the world to see this precious animal.Other rare and endangered species include the black-faced impala, which can be seen around Dolomite Camp and the fleet footed cheetah. The plains are covered by large herds of springbok and zebra. The backdrop of the vast Etosha Panmakes game viewing in Etosha a unique experience.The large mammals in Etosha National Park include lion, leopard, elephant, rhino, giraffe, wildebeest, cheetah, hyena, mountain and plains zebra, springbok, kudu, gemsbok and eland. Among the smaller species you will find jackal, bat-eared fox, warthog, honey badger and ground squirrel. The park is home to 114 species of mammals.Enquire NowAccommodation Inside EtoshaDolomite CampHalali CampNamutoni CampOkaukuejo CampOlifantsrus CampOnkoshi CampEtosha National ParkNAVIGATEEtosha National ParkAccommodationMapSitemapPrivacy PolicyContactINSIDE ETOSHADolomite CampHalali CampNamutoni CampOkaukuejo CampOlifantsrus CampOnkoshi CampWHY ETOSHA?Accessible by all vehiclesExcellent game viewingEtosha has a 5 000km salt panFloodlit waterholes at nightTERMS & CONDITIONSView Booking Terms & Conditions Covid-19 Cancellation Policy 2024 Etoshanationalpark.org| All Rights Reserved | Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy This website uses cookies to optimise your online user experience. Some of the cookies we use are essential for the site to work. By continuing to use our site you agree to us using cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy. OK Go to Top", "url": "https://www.etoshanationalpark.org/wildlife" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "World of Change: Managing Fire in Etosha National Park\nAtmosphere\nHeat\nHuman Presence\nLand\nLife\nNatural\nEvents\nAll\nDrought\nDust and Haze\nEarthquakes\nFires\nFloods\nLandslides\nMan-made\nSea and Lake Ice\nSevere Storms\nTemperature Extremes\nUnique Imagery\nVolcanoes\nWater Color\nRemote Sensing\nSnow & Ice\nWater\nCollections\nABCs from Space\nAir Quality\nAmazon Deforestation\nApplied Sciences\nAstronaut Photography\nBackgrounders\nBlue Marble\nEarth at Night\nEarth from Afar\nFall Colors\nFood and Agriculture\nInternational Parks and UNESCO Sites\nRenewable and Alternative Energy\nSea Level Rise\nU.S. National Parks\nWorld of Change\nMay 29: The Earth Observatory is currently experiencing system issues.\nEO Explorer\nTopics\nSearch\nImages\nGlobal Maps\nArticles\nBlogs\nEO Explorer\nplay\nprev\nnext\n8.3333333333333% Complete\nJune 5, 2012\nJune 16, 2012\nJune 5, 2012\nJPEG\nAll\nFires used to be routine in the grasslands and woodlands surrounding Etosha Pan, an old, salt-encrusted lake bottom in northwestern Namibia. The region is best known for Etosha National Park, a wildlife preserve that is home to substantial populations of rhinos, elephants, lions, and other large mammals.\nBefore human intervention, all of Etosha National Parks savannas and mopane woodlands would burn about once per decade. Fires would usually come after a wet spell had produced a surge of vegetation growth. As plants dried up in this arid regionnormal rainfall is 250 to 500 millimeters (1020 inches) per yearit became ideal tinder for bush fires triggered by lightning storms.\nBut in the decades after the parks establishment in 1907, managers tended to extinguish wildfires quickly because they believed them to be harmful to savanna ecosystems. As recently as the 1970s, manmade fires were expressly forbidden and teams of firefighters fought lightning-triggered fires aggressively.\nOver the years, fire management at Etosha National Park evolved. With evidence piling up that savannas needed occasional fire to keep the ecosystem healthy, park managers started using it as a tool in 1981. However, there were no firm guidelines on how to use prescribed fires or cope with accidental fires. In September 2011, for instance, a destructive wildfire was ignited by a nearby charcoal kiln. The flames raged through the park, charring 370,000 hectares (910,000 acres) of vegetation and killing at least 30 rhinos, 50 giraffes, and 7 elephants.\nSince then, park managers have redoubled their efforts to establish a preventative burning plan to minimize the likelihood of such devastating fires. Lightning-ignited blazes are allowed to burn more frequently, and park managers continue to experiment with prescribed burns that create a patchwork of natural fire breaks. These managed burns also prevent the buildup of excess fuel, meaning future wildfires should be less severe.\nThe Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASAs Terra satellite observed a managed burn in June 2012, in an area just north of the 2011 fire. The managed fire was set on June 5, west of Etosha Pan. As shown in the images, it spread gradually north and west. But on June 9th and 10th, winds picked up considerably and park managers lost control of the fire. As it rapidly spread westward, Namibian authorities decided it had grown so large that they should fight it. Within a week, the fire was extinguished.\nDespite temporarily losing control of the fire, the parks managers achieved much of what they had hoped. Most of the areas were not as not severely burned as in previous blazes, and a patchwork of burn scars and fire breaks were created. And unlike the catastrophic 2011 fire, not one game animal died in the 2012 blaze.\nStill, for a park that is continuing to refine its burning strategy, there were lessons to be learned from June 2012. Ignition points need to be chosen with care and in areas where the grading of the internal firebreaks have been completed, Etosha National Park conservation scientist Marthin Kasaona noted in a report. He also recommended that fires caused by lightning or other sources should be allowed to burn and not contained unless human life or infrastructure is threatened.\nNASA Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using MODIS data from the Level 1 and Atmospheres Active Distribution System (LAADS). Caption by Adam Voiland.\nReferences\nDu Plessis, W.P. (1997, August 1) Refinements to the burning strategy in the Etosha National Park. Koedoe African Protected Area Conservation and Science, 40 (1).\nAfrica Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (2012, July 19) Patch-Mosaic burn in Etosha National Park. Accessed March 12, 2013.\nNamibian Sun (2011, October 14) Etosha fires fanned by exceptional conditions. Accessed March 12, 2013.\nStander, P.E. et al. (1993) Proposed burning strategy for a semi-arid African savanna. South African Journal of Science, 31 (4) 282-289.\nThe Namibian (2011, October 10) Etosha licks its wounds. Accessed March 12, 2013.\nvan Wilgen, B.W. (2009, September/October).The evolution of fire management practices in savanna protected areas in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 105 (9-10).\nWorld of Change: Managing Fire in Etosha National Park\nWorld Of Change\nSnowpack in the Sierra Nevada\nGlobal Temperatures\nWater Level in Lake Powell\nAntarctic Sea Ice\nArctic Sea Ice\nYellow River Delta\nCoastline Change\nSprawling Shanghai\nAntarctic Ozone Hole\nColumbia Glacier, Alaska\nBurn Recovery in Yellowstone\nShrinking Aral Sea\nPadma River\nGrowing Deltas in Atchafalaya Bay\nRecovery at Mt. St. Helens\nAthabasca Oil Sands\nIce Loss in Glacier National Park\nMountaintop Mining, West Virginia\nDevelopment of Orlando, Florida\nAmazon Deforestation\nFire in Etosha National Park\nGreen Seasons of Maine\nDrought Cycles in Australia\nSevere Storms\nSeasons of the Indus River\nUrbanization of Dubai\nSeasons of Lake Tahoe\nSolar Activity\nLarsen-B Ice Shelf\nMesopotamia Marshes\nEl Nio, La Nia, and Rainfall\nGlobal Biosphere\nHeat\nLand\nHuman Presence\nRemote Sensing\nSubscribe\nto our newsletters\nFeeds\nContact\nAbout\nImage Use Policy\nPrivacy Policy\nAccessibility\nWebmaster Paul Przyborski\nNASA Official Robert Levy\nThe Earth Observatory is part of the EOS Project Science Office at NASA Goddard Space\nFlight Center", "url": "https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/Etosha" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Etosha National Park: Elephant Bullies and Noisy Rhinos - Just Travelling Through\nSkip to content\nHomeAboutAll Blog PostsDestinations\nSpain Argentina Chile Botswana Namibia South Africa\nBackpackingOn the RoadContact\nMenu\nClose\nHome\nAbout\nAll Blog Posts\nDestinations\nSpain\nArgentina\nChile\nBotswana\nNamibia\nSouth Africa\nBackpacking\nOn the Road\nContact\nTravelling the world one place at a time\nBlog\nEtosha National Park: Elephant Bullies and Noisy Rhinos\nPost author:Stuart Fahy\nPost published:February 23, 2019\nPost category:Africa / Namibia\nPost comments:0 Comments\nAs part of my week-long tour around the best of Namibia I visited Etosha National Park. This was my first African safari experience and the clear highlight of the week. I had two nights there with Benjamin, my guide, arriving mid afternoon at Namutoni on the east side for our first camp.\nI was subjected to yet more of the familiar disorganisation and changing of plans from the tour agency, to the point where even Benjamin was confused and annoyed. Eventually everything was sorted, including the promised game drives, which the agency had tried to back down on. We set up our tents before heading out for a drive in the trusty VW Viva.\nFortunately the locals were on hand to assist with any car maintenance\nDespite the benefits of using a 44 around Etosha the only problem we had in the Viva was on that first afternoon when there was a worrying squeaking sound as we drove along. Fortunately it was just a stone stuck against the brake disc and it soon stopped so nobody had to get out and risk getting attacked by lions.\nAlthough that would at least have guaranteed seeing lions. The one thing I desperately wanted to see in Africa was a wild lion. To the point where my main pre-trip preparation consisted of Googling Best place to see lions in Africa. Unfortunately lions are lazy and do nothing 90% of the day.\nWe did spot several other animals on that first drive though. From the exciting moment of my first impala, to a giraffe, then a herd of zebra, a kudu and finally an elephant catching an early evening drink at the local watering hole.\nElephants, giraffe and more gather for an early evening drink\nMy first professional game drive was booked for that evening, which ideally would enable me to spot more animals due to the lower temperatures. However an evening game drive also comes with the hindrance of being, well, evening.\nAs if to highlight this we were driven to a spot where a lion had been seen earlier in the afternoon with a fresh kill. As I squinted into the blackness I was reliably informed there was a female lion with its cub about 300m in front of us. Apparently. All I could make out was a blurry shape. We did see lots of other cool animals though. From hyenas to wildebeest, zebras, various antelope, giraffes and elephants. All with the help of an infrared beam so as not to startle the animals.\nThe next morning we were up relatively early to make our way to the next camp at Halali in the centre of the park. We took our time getting there, taking random detours to various watering holes and spotting various animals in their wild habitat on the way.\nA rampaging (and noisy) white rhino\nEtosha is on a large open plain. One detour led us to the lookout where the view of the flat, dusty salt pan disappeared over the horizon, like it was the edge of the world. During the rainy season it becomes an enormous lake but at that time there was nothing but one lonely ostrich. Upon reaching Halali we were treated to the same disorganisation before once again going out exploring.\nBenjamin at the edge of the world\nFun fact: elephants are bullies. They are also surprisingly silent when they walk. But mainly they are bullies. Theres a clear hierarchy over who gets to drink first at watering holes and anyone who queue jumps gets sent straight to the back. But even when there are only a few of them, I saw two rhinoceros (who are conversely very noisy by the way) too afraid to drink until every last elephant had gone.\nIt also didnt help their case when on our drive in the VW we were chased by a herd of them for no reason. The lead elephant was going the other direction until he was joined by the others and, with his buddies backing him up, gained the confidence to charge us.\nThe night time viewing at the Camp Halali watering hole offers some breathtaking sights\nOn the final morning I woke up for my 6am game drive. After about an hour in the early morning cold the most amazing thing happened. Not just one but two! Two male lions sat looking out over their kingdom. It was amazing! Being this close to any animal in its natural habitat is incredible, but to see lions like that was simply astonishing.\nOne of the most incredible things I have ever been lucky enough to see\nThat was the highlight of not only my week tour but also everything I did in Namibia. Etosha has such a dense population of animals you can see so many different creatures. This was my first safari experience and one I am keen to repeat in the near future.\nShare this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)\nTags: Backpacking, Camping, etosha, Travelling, wildlife\nRead more articles\nPrevious PostNamibia Part 2: R Kelly and a VW Viva Next Post3 Nights in Kasane: Hungry, Hungry Hippos\nYou Might Also Like\nCamping With The Elephants\nOctober 23, 2020\nPanthera Africa: Volunteer with animals in South Africa\nApril 5, 2020\nYou havent quite reached your destination Part 1\nApril 21, 2020\nLeave a ReplyCancel reply\nRecent Posts\nThree of the biggest threats to national parks explained\nThree hiking routes in Benidorm that are perfect for families\nHow to get the most out of Brno in one day\nHow To Do A Skiing Trip For The First Time\nGoing on a road trip? 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It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.\nSAVE & ACCEPT", "url": "https://justtravellingthrough.com/elephant-bullies-and-noisy-rhinos/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Etosha National Park (Official GANP Park Page)\nToggle navigation\nAfrica\nNorthern\nAlgeria\nEgypt\nMorocco\nEastern\nEthiopia\nKenya\nRwanda\nTanzania\nUganda\nCentral\nCameroon\nDemocratic Republic of Congo\nWestern\nGhana\nSouthern\nBotswana\nMadagascar\nNamibia\nSouth Africa\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nAsia\nEastern\nChina\nJapan\nSouth Korea\nSouth Eastern\nCambodia\nIndonesia\nMalaysia\nPhilippines\nThailand\nVietnam\nSouthern\nBhutan\nIndia\nNepal\nSri Lanka\nMiddle Eastern\nIsrael\nTurkey\nEurope\nEastern\nPoland\nRomania\nRussia\nNorthern\nFinland\nIreland\nNorway\nSweden\nUnited Kingdom\nSouthern\nAlbania\nCroatia\nGreece\nItaly\nSpain\nWestern\nAustria\nFrance\nGermany\nNetherlands\nNorth America\nCanada\nAlberta\nBritish Columbia\nOntario\nCaribbean\nBahamas\nDominica\nDominican Republic\nCentral\nCosta Rica\nPanama\nUnited States\nAlaska\nArizona\nCalifornia\nColorado\nUtah\nSouth America\nNorthwestern\nColombia\nEcuador\nGuyana\nPeru\nVenezuela\nMainland\nArgentina\nBolivia\nBrazil\nChile\nOceania\nAustralia\nNew South Wales\nNorthern Territory\nQueensland\nSouth Australia\nTasmania\nVictoria\nWestern Australia\nOceanic Islands\nFiji Islands\nNew Zealand\nEtosha National Park\nNamibia Africa\nQuick Navigation\nToggle navigation\nPhotos Highlights Activities Trails Protection\nEtosha National Park is located in the Kunene region of Namibia. The name, Etosha, translates locally to Great White Place. The name of the park is derived from the Etosha pan which accounts for 23-25% of the national park area.\nThe pan extends 1,840 square miles (4,760 sq km) with the entire Etosha National Park accounting for 8,600 square miles (22,270 sq km). Originally a lake, the pan rarely has water unless the rains are heavy. When these rains occur, it attracts a significant number of wading birds with flamingos being one of the favorites.\nThe Etosha region is comprised of saline desert, savanna woodlands, savanna, and grasslands. The pans are mostly void of pants apart from some of the grasses. Moving away from the pans, Mopane trees account for approximately 80% of the forests in the national park. The majority of the park is arid and sparse with plant life making it easy to see wildlife.\nThe salt pans and abundance of salt splattered into the desert landscapes attracts animals who are in search of nutrients. The wildlife takes advantage of frequent visits to lick the salt concentrated places. This is one of the largest populations of large game species in all of Africa. The wildlife and unique arid landscapes create an unforgettable wilderness experience.\nThe national park is home to numerous species of mammals, reptiles as well as an abundance of birds. A safari through the pans and woodlands is what brings most travelers to the area. This arid region of the country makes any watering holes prime places to visit for chances of seeing wildlife. Etosha has added floodlights on several of the commonly visited watering holes to make game viewing a night easier.\nPhotos\nPrevious\nNext\nEtosha National Park Photo Gallery\nHighlights\nEtosha National Park is home to the tallest elephants in Africa, however, deficiencies in nutrients have them displaying shorter tusks. Black and white rhinoceroses are spectacular sightings as well as leopard and lion. The buffalo is extinct from the area making it the only one of the Big 5 absent from the park.\nWildlife is the highlight of Etosha with over 110 mammal species found within the park along with an abundance and wide variety of birds to be seen by travelers. Cheetah, caracal, hyena, fox, and jackal are some of the other common predators that accompany the lions and leopards. This is considered the premier wildlife viewing destination in the whole country.\nSome of the wildlife favorites that can be found within the national park include kudu, giraffe, wild dog, zebra, impala, gemsbok, hartebeest, and eland. The floodlit watering holes make for enjoyable evening game viewing. This is a unique facet of the park and a highlight for many.\nThings To Do:\nVisitors headed to Namibia almost always add Etosha to list of destinations to experience because of the abundant wildlife.\nGame Drive\nGame Drive\nA safari game drive is the heart of the activities in the national park. This is also the best way to increase your chances of seeing more wildlife.\nEtosha National Park Trails\nThere are no trails in the park. However, walking or hiking in the park is permissible as a guided walking safari. After receiving a safety briefing, a guide will escort you through a hike in what may be the very tracks the animals take themselves. You should be safe, but remember this is wilderness and the animals are wild. Make sure you always listen to instructions and follow them accordingly. A walking safari often leaves people with a more personal and unforgettable experience with nature.\nPark Protection\nEtosha National Park was created to protect the Etosha Pan and other salt pans, savanna woodlands, and grasslands that collectively serve as the habitat for an abundance of wildlife. The national park protection was essential to keep hunters and poachers from eradicating these species from existence.\nBecause of the investment by the Namibian government, Etosha is recognized as the premier wildlife viewing destination in the country. It is imperative that global visitors and citizens of Namibia do everything we can to help ensure that these species continue to thrive.\nQuick Navigation\nPhotos Highlights Activities Trails Protection\nEtosha Highlights\nAfricas tallest elephants\nBoth black and white rhinoceroses\nNight game viewing / lighted watering holes\nPark Map\nSources\nBritannica, Etosha National Park,https://www.britannica.com/place/Etosha-National-Park, retrieved June 2020.\nEtosha National Park, https://www.etoshanationalpark.org/, retrieved July 2019.\nEtosha National Park, park information site,https://etoshanationalpark.co.za/, retrieved June 2020.\nNamibian,Etosha,http://www.namibian.org/travel/namibia/etosha.htm, retrieved July 2019.\nAnd Beyond, The Essence of the Walking Safari, AndBeyond, retrieved June 2020.\nDISCOVER - EXPLORE - LEARN - PROTECT\nThe Global Alliance is here to help you discover, explore and learn more about the National Parks around the world with a hope that you will help protect their beauty and natural resources.\nContinents\nAfrica\nAsia\nEurope\nNorth America\nSouth America\nOceania\nGANP\nAbout the GANP\nContact Us\nPark Promotion *\nPark Resources *\nLogin\nFor the Parks\nIn the News\nConservation Efforts\nCopyright 2019-2024 Global Alliance of National Parks. All Rights Reserved.\nPrivacy Policy Terms & Conditions Disclaimers Version: v1.3.2-23-g10fe6f4c9\nwww.google.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://national-parks.org/namibia/etosha" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "A Guide to Namibia Self Drive Safari in Etosha National Park - The Puzzle of Sandra's Life\nHome\nTravel\nTravel Tips\nDestinations\nAustralia\nDenmark\nFrance\nIndonesia\nNamibia\nNew Zealand\nPortugal\nSlovenia\nPolynesia\nSri Lanka\nSweden\nThe Netherlands\nUnited Kingdom\nFood\nRecipes\nRestaurant Reviews\nTravel Food Guides\nPhotography\nTravel Photography Tips\nInteriors\nInterior Design Tips\nInspiration\nMakeovers\nRenovation Diaries\nAbout\nHome\nTravel\nTravel Tips\nDestinations\nAustralia\nDenmark\nFrance\nIndonesia\nNamibia\nNew Zealand\nPolynesia\nPortugal\nSlovenia\nSri Lanka\nSweden\nThe Netherlands\nUnited Kingdom\nFood\nRecipes\nRestaurant Reviews\nTravel Food Guides\nPhotography\nTravel Photography Tips\nInteriors\nInspiration\nInterior Design Tips\nMakeovers\nRenovation Diaries\nAbout\nEnglish\nSlovenina\nTop\nNamibia\nA Guide to Namibia Self Drive Safari in Etosha National Park\nTravel, Bucket List Travel Adventures, Namibia\nKenya, Tanzania and South Africa may be the most popular African safari locations for first-timers, but a Namibia self drive safari in Etosha National Park isnt anything less magnificent! Namibia alone is a destination you HAVE to put on your radar. Breathtaking red sand dunes of the Namib Desert in Sossusvlei, dramatic landscapes of Spitzkoppe and Fish River Canyon, as well as the rich culture of the semi-nomadic Himba people are reasons enough to visit, but when you throw safari into the mix as well, you get yourself a trip of a lifetime! I certainly had one.\nThe best place to see The Lion Kings cast in real life is the famous Etosha national park, a wildlife reserve spread over 22,270 square kilometres, with a massive salt pan in the middle. This unique backdrop and the ability to explore the place independently make it especially perfect for wildlife photography. In the four days I spent there I managed to see (and snap) everything from giraffes, zebras, warthogs and elephants to lions, hyenas, endangered black rhinos and even a leopard! Not to mention the blue wildebeest, springbok, oryx, kudu They were everywhere and so close to the road you could almost touch them! For all the details you need to know to plan your own Namibia self drive safari in Etosha, check out my ultimate guide below.\nTHE BEST TIME TO GO ON SAFARI IN NAMIBIA\nNamibia has a wet season during its summer, between November and May, and a dry season during the winter, from June to October. Technically speaking, an optimal visit for a safari is at the end of the dry season, in September and October. This is when the animals are forced to gather around Etoshas waterholes due to the lack of water elsewhere, so its the easiest to spot them. Almost every waterhole in Etosha has a designated viewing point big enough for several cars to stop and observe the wildlife, making the conditions absolutely perfect! You just have to sit back in your vehicle and await their arrival with a camera in your hands, of course.\nThe lack of bushy, lush vegetation in the dry season also makes it easier to spot the wildlife out and about, however, that doesnt mean youll be completely out of luck if youre heading over some other time. I went in the off season, so to speak, at the beginning of May, and the land was completely dry. Probably due to severe droughts Namibia has been facing over the last few years. While they arent great for the population or the nature by any means, I guess they do extend the safari season\nWhile muddy roads are a massive drawback of the wet season safari, the rainy months do come with some rewards too. You have thousands of flamingos and white pelicans making an appearance on the Etosha Pan, plus theres fewer crowds, which makes finding accommodation much easier. If youre planning a trip during peak times (dry season), beware the costs are higher and last-minute accommodation is extremely difficult to find. Its recommended to make reservations about a year ahead! Yes, a year.\nGETTING TO ETOSHA NATIONAL PARK\nEtosha National Park is just a 4-hour drive away from Windhoek, the capital of Namibia with an international airport youll most likely be flying into. The road leading up is one of the best in the country (a.k.a. one of the few paved), so the drives pretty straightforward, but theres one thing to note if youre coming from another direction vet check points.\nTheyre basically car inspections set up to prevent the foot-and-mouth disease, which can affect the local cattle. Raw meat and animal products are prohibited to be taken in and out of certain areas, so make sure to plan your pre-safari shopping accordingly and have your car fridge ready for inspection. Check out THIS, THIS and THIS website for detailed information.\nYou can enter Etosha National Park via four different gates, the most popular being the Andersons Gate in the south of the park ideal if youre coming from Windhoek, Swakopmund or Damaraland and heading to camp Okaukuejo or Halali. If youre coming in from the east and heading to Namutoni Camp, Von Lindequist Gate is a better option. Nehale Iya Mpingana Gate is a bit further up north, while the Galton Gate on the west is open for the Dolomite Camp residents only, I believe.\nUpon entering youll also have to pay your entrance to the park (its not included in accommodation, which you pay for separately). Theres a fee of 80 NAD (5.60 USD) per person per day, and a fee of 10 NAD (0.70 USD) per vehicle with 10 seats or less per day. Also, note you can only enter and exit the park between sunrise and sunset, and theres some waiting time before you get let through, depending on the queue.\nWHERE TO STAY IN ETOSHA?\nFor the best safari experience, definitely choose accommodation located inside the park. Mornings and evenings are when the animals are way more active, so youll want to start driving around as early as possible, which you wont be able to do unless youre staying in one of the camps inside. Theres 6 to choose from. The Dolomite Camp and the Onkoshi Camp are more exclusive, with luxury tents/chalets, but far away from the public self-drive routes for game viewing, so if you want to drive around yourself, theyre the two to avoid.\nThe three best options are Okaukuejo Camp in the west, Namutoni Camp in the east, and Halali Camp, which is located halfway between the two. They all offer a wide range of accommodation (camping sites, chalets and double rooms), and have all the facilities you may need a petrol station, a restaurant, a pool with a bar nearby, and a shop with souvenirs, drinks, snacks and (mainly canned) food. If youre camping and want to prepare your own meals rather than eat at a restaurant, you can, but make sure to head to a supermarket in a city nearby before you enter the park.\nOne of the best features all three camps have in common as well is a floodlit waterhole with a sit-down viewing area. Its the perfect way to observe the wildlife without even having to leave the camp. I stayed at Halali and swang by its waterhole every night after the camps closing time. The elephants threw a show for us every single evening!\nSpeaking of Halali Camp, I camped there all four days and truly believe its the best option. Its next to some of the most popular waterholes, smack in the middle of the park, making it easy to explore the east and the west without having to drive 3 hours one way. Not to mention the Halali restaurant had the best buffet food in my opinion, plus has the cheapest accommodation options out of the three! One night in a room or a chalet will cost you:\n999-1998 NAD (70-140 USD) per person in Halali; 1332-1943 NAD (93-136 USD) per person in Namutoni; 1332-4163 NAD (93-292 USD) per person in Okaukuejo.\nThe newest addition to the park is Olifantsrus Camp, which offers a camping-only experience for 389 NAD (27 USD) per person per night. Its located west of Okaukuejo and has more basic amenities such as a kiosk selling drinks and light meals, a communal kitchen and ablutions blocks. No petrol station in this one, unfortunately!\nThroughout the day all camps (apart from the Dolomite and the Onkoshi camps) are open to the visitors of the national park, so you can stop for a toilet break or a warm lunch mid-safari. Oh, and the camp waterholes are accessible too!\nP.S. Okaukuejo Camp is the administrative centre of Etosha, so youll might have to stop there on your way in/out.\nHOW MANY DAYS DO YOU NEED FOR ETOSHA SAFARI?\nDifferent people have different needs, but Id say three to four days for a safari in Etosha National Park is perfect. It gives you enough time to check out all the busiest waterholes, some even twice, three times. Of course, you can stay longer, but by the end of day four, the people I travelled with and I were all absolutely exhausted. Driving around and stopping to observe the wildlife doesnt sound hard on paper, but when youre doing it all day long, day after day after day, while trying to stay concentrated to spot harder to find animals at all times, you eventually need a break.\nTIPS FOR DRIVING IN ETOSHA\nEtosha has bumpy, gravel roads you need to stick to at all time (no off-road driving is allowed), and while a 44 like a double cab Toyota Hilux isnt officially required, I would certainly recommend it for your self drive safari. Especially for the rainy season! Not only will it prevent you from getting stuck in a ditch, but youll also need it for the rest of your Namibia adventures regardless. Plus, sitting up higher is a huge bonus for the safari!\nSpeaking of gravel roads, youll probably have to deal with a flat tyre sooner or later. Make sure you always have a spare one with you and get the damaged one fixed as soon as possible at your nearest petrol station. If you dont know how to change a tyre yet, you should definitely learn before you go to Namibia.\nYou arent allowed to exit the car at any point on a safari in Etosha, so if or should I say when you get a flat tyre, make your way to the closest campsite or at least a designated fenced-off picnic/toilet spot to change it. Well, unless its impossible like in our case. One of our tyres literally exploded in the middle of nowhere, so we had to crawl out of the car and change it then and there. With a leopard nearby and lions around the corner. Fun times!\nThe speed limit throughout the park is 60 km/h, though youll want to drive even slower to be able to spot the animals. Also, keep in mind the distances are vast. When you throw all the spontaneous stops into the mix, you can quickly lose track of time and find yourself further away from where youd like to be. Once the sunset starts approaching, make sure you dont drive too far away from your camp, as you HAVE to be back before the gates close at sunset. Otherwise youll get fined (and possibly eaten by wild animals, haha). Speed limits, directions and mileages between the camps and the waterholes are indicated on painted cement blocks along the roads.\nAs far as the fuel goes, Ive already mentioned theres petrol stations in all three main camps. As are toilets, restaurants and basic convenience stores.\nOTHER THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND FOR NAMIBIA SELF DRIVE SAFARI\nSince youll be spending a lot of time in your car without a shop nearby, keep plenty of water and some snacks in the front seats of your car.Dont feed or disturb the wildlife. When you reach a waterhole or stop in the middle of the road to observe the animals (thats allowed), turn the engine off and keep quiet.Dont pick any plants.Flying a drone is not allowed.No littering is allowed obviously. You cant drive around at night, but you can join an organised night safari tour. Ask about it in the camp youre staying at. Camps also do morning and evening safari tours in case you dont want to drive around yourself. but I didnt join any of them, so I sadly cant report whether theyre worth it or not. Etosha National Park is completely malaria free during the dry season, however most international health organisations do advise taking prophylaxis if youre coming over in wetter months. Theres a very slim chance youll catch malaria, though. I decided not to take any and had zero health problems.Dont forget to bring a telephoto lens for your camera. The 18-300mm one I had was great! I never needed a larger zoom, as the animals were always close by. Your safari kit should also include plenty of memory cards, camera batteries and possibly a set of binoculars. Check out my packing list for Namibia over HERE to see what else to pack for your Namibian adventure. Wi-fi is available for purchase in camps, but I havent had much luck with it. The speed was so slow it wouldnt even load social media.Patience is key. Dont drive away if a waterhole you approach is empty. Wait for a bit, and youll most likely be pleasantly surprised quick enough. For the best lion sightings, head over to the Okondeka waterhole. Youre welcome. \nMy video from Etosha National Park safari!\nPin this article to Pinterest to save it for later!\n3\n3\nSandra\nJanuary 17, 2020\nRelated Posts\nNew Zealand North Island Itinerary: 9-11 Day Road Trip of Your Dreams\nOctober 1, 2022\nSandra\nPomona Tourist Farm: A Relaxing Weekend Getaway in Rogaka Slatina\nApril 24, 2022\nSandra\nKranjska Gora Alpine Bubbles: A Unique Dining Experience in Slovenia\nJanuary 9, 2022\nSandra\nComments:\nMigo\nApril 28, 2022\nThanks for sharing. this is very informative.\nreply...\nEd\nMay 23, 2023\nExcellent and very well written. Just the information I was looking. Kindly, how did you make reservations for the camp accommodation. You state one year before. Appreciate if you can provide any guidance . Thanks for everything.\nreply...\nSandra\nMay 24, 2023\nHello! So glad you find it helpful! All camp accommodation can be booked online. The camps either have their own website or can be booked via the national parks websites. Some are also on booking.com.\nreply...\npost a comment cancel reply\nSave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.\n\nAbout the author\nHi, I'm Sandra! Im a content creator fuelled by travel, photography, concerts, trips to Ikea and delicious food from all over the world. Stay around for detailed travel guides, delicious recipes, photography tips and even an interior design idea or two!\nFollow me\nLatest posts\nNew Zealand North Island Itinerary: 9-11 Day Road Trip of Your Dreams\nOctober 1, 2022\nPomona Tourist Farm: A Relaxing Weekend Getaway in Rogaka Slatina\nApril 24, 2022\nDandelion Salad Recipe: Traditional Slovenian Food\nApril 14, 2022\nKranjska Gora Alpine Bubbles: A Unique Dining Experience in Slovenia\nJanuary 9, 2022\nFamily Recipe: The Best Christmas Cookies Youll Ever Try\nDecember 18, 2021\nCurrent Location\nFollow me\nINSTAGRAM\nFaceboook\nTwitter\nPinterest\nYouTube\nNewsletter\nWhat do you want to hear about?TravelHome DecorTravel PhotographyFoodSubscribeBuilt with ConvertKit", "url": "https://www.thepuzzleofsandraslife.com/namibia-etosha-self-drive-safari/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Etosha National Park | Wildlife, Animals & Conservation | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nEtosha National Park\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction\nReferences & Edit History\nRelated Topics\nImages & Videos\nQuizzes\nNational Parks and Landmarks Quiz\nRelated Questions\nWhat is a national park?\nWhat was the first national park?\nRead Next\n7 Wonders of America\n7 Quizzes That Will Help You Prepare for Your Next Trip\nDiscover\n9 of the Worlds Deadliest Snakes\nFlags That Look Alike\nHow Fast Is the Worlds Fastest Human?\nTitanosaurs: 8 of the World's Biggest Dinosaurs\nThe 10 Greatest Basketball Players of All Time\nEstimated Battle Casualties During the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944\nPoker Hands Ranked\nContents\nHome\nGeography & Travel\nNature Reserves & National Parks\nEtosha National Park\nnational park, Namibia\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nWritten and fact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nNamibiaPhysical features of Namibia.(more)Etosha National Park, national reserve, northern Namibia. Covering some 8,598 square miles (22,269 square km), it centres on the Etosha Pan, a vast expanse of salt with lone salt springs, used by animals as salt licks. It has one of the largest populations of big-game species in the world, including lions, elephants, rhinoceroses, elands, zebras, and springbok. Abundant birdlife includes flamingos, vultures, hawks, eagles, ostriches, guinea fowl, and geese.\nEtosha PanEtosha Pan, Etosha National Park, Namibia.(more)The eastern portion of Etosha National Park has a tree-savanna type of vegetation (abounding in tambouti [a deciduous tree that is locally used for furniture and cabinetwork], wild fig, and date palms); moringa trees are typical of the more arid thorn-shrub savanna of the western part of the park. The German colonial fort of Namutoni (originally built in 1901, destroyed in 1904, and reconstructed between 1905 and 1907), at the eastern end of the pan, resembles a fort of the French Foreign Legion. It has been restored for use as a tourist camp for the park.\nBritannica Quiz\nNational Parks and Landmarks Quiz\nThis article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna.\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/place/Etosha-National-Park\nExternal Websites\nPBS Online - Etosha, Africa's Untamed Wilderness\nWorld Wildlife Fund - Southwestern Africa: Northern Namibia\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nBritannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \"Etosha National Park\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Dec. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/place/Etosha-National-Park. Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/place/Etosha-National-Park\nExternal Websites\nPBS Online - Etosha, Africa's Untamed Wilderness\nWorld Wildlife Fund - Southwestern Africa: Northern Namibia", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/place/Etosha-National-Park" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Etosha National Park Travel Guide, Map & More!\nMenu\nSafaris & Tours\nBotswana\n(320)\nCongo (DRC)\n(34)\nEthiopia\n(117)\nKenya\n(2,020)\nMadagascar\n(36)\nMalawi\n(20)\nMozambique\n(18)\nNamibia\n(152)\nRwanda\n(372)\nSouth Africa\n(882)\nTanzania\n(4,332)\nUganda\n(1,418)\nZambia\n(132)\nZimbabwe\n(211)\nAll Safaris & Tours\n(9,735)\nCountries & Parks\nTour Operators\n0\nList\nSearch\nOpen\nClose\nSearch\nHome\nSafaris & Tours\nAll Safaris\n(9,735)\nBotswana\n(320)\nCongo (DRC)\n(34)\nEthiopia\n(117)\nKenya\n(2,020)\nMadagascar\n(36)\nMalawi\n(20)\nMozambique\n(18)\nNamibia\n(152)\nRwanda\n(372)\nSouth Africa\n(882)\nTanzania\n(4,332)\nUganda\n(1,418)\nZambia\n(132)\nZimbabwe\n(211)\nCountries & Parks\nNamibia Parks\nEtosha NP\nOverview\nReviews\nWildlife\nBirds\nBest Time To Visit\nWeather & Climate\nGetting There\nMalaria & Safety\nTour Operators\nAbout Us\nBlog\nContact\nYou are here:\nHome\nCountries & Parks\nNamibia Parks\nEtosha National Park\nAll Namibia Parks\nAll Etosha Pages\nEtosha Safaris\nEtosha National Park\nOverview\nNamibia Parks\n4.4/5 \n145 Reviews\n99 Etosha Safaris\nEtosha NP\nOverview\nReviews\nWildlife Birds Best Time To Visit Weather & Climate Getting There Malaria & Safety\nEtosha Safaris\nOverview Etosha NP\nExpert\nBy Anthony Ham\nAnthony is a renowned Africa expert and author of many Lonely Planet guidebooks, including the 'Botswana & Namibia' guide.\nAnthony is a renowned Africa expert and author of the 'Botswana & Namibia' Lonely Planet guide.\nAnthony is the author of the 'Botswana & Namibia' Lonely Planet guide.\nEtosha is Namibias most popular park for wildlife watching and is characterized by the vast, saline Etosha Pan. During the Dry season the waterholes around the pan become crowded with large concentrations of animals. Four of the Big Five are present, with only buffalo absent. Etoshas floodlit waterholes provide a rare opportunity for nighttime wildlife-viewing.\nView Photos (25)\nOpen Map\nBest Time To Go\nJuly to September (Animals come to water)\nHigh Season\nJuly to November (The park gets crowded)\nSize\n22,935km / 8,855mi\nAltitude\n1,061-1,451m / 3,481-4,760ft\n+23\nPhotos\nPros & Cons\nExceptional wildlife viewing during the Dry season\nFloodlit waterholes for night-time viewing\nEasy self-drive destination\nSeveral accommodation options catering to different budgets\nWildlife viewing is more difficult during the Wet season\nRest camps catering to self-drive visitors make it less exclusive\nVery hot climate\nEtosha NP Safari Reviews\nExpert Rating\n4.1/5\n\n17\nReviews\nWildlife\nScenery\nBush Vibe\nBirding\nUser Rating\n4.7/5\n\n128\nReviews\nWildlife\nScenery\nBush Vibe\nBirding\nWildlife\nWildlife viewing is outstanding in the Dry season (May to October) when animals congregate around the waterholes. Elephants are abundant. Big herds of blue wildebeest, zebra, springbok and gemsbok are often seen drinking together; black rhinos are also commonly seen after dark. Giraffe and eland might join as well. Big cats are spotted at dawn and dusk and black-backed jackal is very common. There are, however, no buffalos, hippos, crocodiles or monkeys.\nMore about Etoshas wildlife\nScenery\nTranslated as 'Great White Place', Etosha takes its name from the enormous Etosha Pan a large silvery-white salt pan that acquires a thin layer of salted water after heavy rains. The water becomes deep enough for the pan to act as a breeding ground for greater and lesser flamingo. It is the artificial waterholes and natural springs, among the grassy plains and mopane woodland that attract most of the wildlife.\nWeather & Climate\nThe semi-desert landscape of Etosha is almost bereft of rainfall during the Dry season (May to October). Temperatures can go as low as 7C/45F in the early morning for most of this season. Only in September and October does the weather start to get hot. Etoshas Wet season (November to April) is hot, with nighttime temperatures of around 16C/61F.\nMore about the weather and climate\nBest Time To Visit\nAnimals congregate around Etoshas centerpiece pan and waterholes in the Dry season (May to October). The plentiful wildlife and generally good weather means the park gets quite crowded at this time. However, while wildlife viewing is more challenging in the wetter months, youll get away from the crowds and the scenery is lush.\nMore about the best time to visit\nWant To Visit Etosha NP?\n99 Etosha Safaris\nEtosha\nSafaris & Tours\nEtosha Camping Safaris\nEtosha Budget Safaris\nEtosha Luxury Safaris\nTour Operators for Etosha\nEtosha NP Safari Reviews\nExpert Rating\n4.1/5\n\n17\nReviews\nWildlife\nScenery\nBush Vibe\nBirding\nUser Rating\n4.7/5\n\n128\nReviews\nWildlife\nScenery\nBush Vibe\nBirding\nMost Helpful Expert Review\nExpert\nPhilip Briggs\n\nSouth Africa\nZA\nPhilip is an acclaimed travel writer and author of many guidebooks, including the Bradt guides to Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya and South Africa.\nA photographers favourite\n4/5\nThe centrepiece of this immense park is Etosha Pan, a 5,000 sq km flat dustbowl, denuded of vegetation, than transforms into a vast shallow lake during the rainy season. The park is at its best, however, in the dry season, when the pan...\nFull Review\nAll 17 Expert Reviews\nLatest User Review\nGeoff Vickerstaff\n\nSouth Africa\nZA\nReviewed: May 25, 2024\n4/5\nVery different from the Kruger Park but that was not a bad thing. Generally facilities were good.\nFull Review\nAll 128 User Reviews\nWrite a Review\nSafari Tours to Etosha NP\n14-Day Namibia Flying Safari\n$19,047\nto $27,997 pp (USD)\nNamibia:\nPrivate tourLuxuryLodge & Tented Camp\nYou Visit: Windhoek (Start), N/a'an ku s (Wildlife Sanctuary), Kulala WR, Skeleton Coast NP, Kaokoland, Etosha NP, Windhoek (End)\nWayfairer Travel\n4.9/5149 Reviews\n3-Day Etosha Guided Camping Safari Experience\n$669\npp (USD)\nNamibia:\nShared tour (max 6 people per vehicle)BudgetCamping\nYou Visit: Windhoek (Start), Etosha NP, Windhoek (End)\nPeople Tours And Safari\n5.0/532 Reviews\n13-Day Dunes, Desert and Wildlife Self-Drive Safari\n$4,750\nto $5,064 pp (USD)\nNamibia:\nSelf-driveMid-rangeLodge & Hotel\nYou Visit: Windhoek (Start), Namib-Naukluft NP (Namib Desert), Skeleton Coast NP, Damaraland, Etosha NP, Okonjima NR, Windhoek (End)\nSecret Namibia\n5.0/520 Reviews\nAll 99 Etosha Safaris\nSafariBookings ExpertsOur 26 award-winning experts contribute to our detailed travel guides and have written more than 1,000 expert reviews.\nExpert\nCharlotte Beauvoisin\nUganda\nUG\n14 Reviews\nCharlotte lives in Uganda and is a writer, blogger, volunteer and promoter of birding, conservation and responsible tourism. She writes for Fodors, Horizon Guides and Bradt, and runs an award-winning blog.\n\nFull Bio & Reviews\nAll 26 Experts\nExpert\nTim Bewer\nUS\n21 Reviews\nTim is a travel writer who has covered 10 African countries for Lonely Planet's Africa, East Africa and West Africa guidebooks.\n\nFull Bio & Reviews\nAll 26 Experts\nExpert\nPhilip Briggs\nSouth Africa\nZA\n161 Reviews\nPhilip is an acclaimed travel writer and author of many guidebooks, including the Bradt guides to Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya and South Africa.\n\nFull Bio & Reviews\nAll 26 Experts\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nCookie Settings\nAfrican Safari Cost\nAbout Us\nContact Us\nPartner Options\nBlog\nCOVID-19 Travel Info\nUSD $\nAbout SafariBookings\nSafariBookings is the largest online marketplace for African safari tours. Easily compare offers from top-rated tour operators. Make decisions like a pro by using our 105,009 reviews and 222 destination guides. More About Us\nCOVID-19 Travel Info\nAbout Us\nPartner Options\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nCookie Settings\nBlog\nAfrican Safari Cost\nContact Us\nChange Currency\nUSD $\nOur Statistics\n18 safari countries\n204 parks and reserves\n9,748 tour packages\n3,152 tour operators\n103,695 user reviews\n1,314 expert reviews\n26 Africa experts\nSafaris by Park\nKruger Safaris\nMasai Mara Safaris\nSerengeti Safaris\nOkavango Safaris\nPilanesberg Safaris\nAmboseli Safaris\nNgorongoro Safaris\nKilimanjaro Treks\nSafaris by Country\nBotswana\nSafaris\nDR Congo\nTours\nEthiopia\nTours\nKenya\nSafaris\nMadagascar\nTours\nMalawi\nSafaris\nMozambique\nTours\nNamibia\nSafaris\nRwanda\nTours\nSouth Africa\nSafaris\nTanzania\nSafaris\nUganda\nTours\nZambia\nSafaris\nZimbabwe\nSafaris\nSafaris by Type\nLuxury Safaris\nBudget Safaris\nGorilla Trekking\nChimp Trekking\nFamily Safaris\nPrivate Safaris\nGroup Safaris\nHoneymoons\nPhoto Safaris\nOverland Tours\nCamping Safaris\nFly-in Safaris\nWalking Safaris\nBirding Safaris\nSelf-drive Safaris\nCanoe Safaris\nGeneral\nCOVID-19 Travel Info\nAbout Us\nPartner Options\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nCookie Settings\nBlog\nAfrican Safari Cost\nContact Us\nChange Currency\nUSD $\nAs Featured In\nCopyright 2024 SafariBookings. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://www.safaribookings.com/etosha" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Google Cloud Monitoring data source | Grafana documentation\nProducts\nOpen source\nSolutions\nLearn\nDocs\nCompany\nDownloads\nContact us\nSign in\nCreate free account\nContact us\nProducts\nAllProductsCore LGTM StackLogspowered by Grafana LokiGrafanafor visualizationTracespowered by Grafana TempoMetricspowered by Grafana Mimir and Prometheusextend observabilityPerformance & load testingpowered by Grafana k6Continuous profilingpowered by Grafana PyroscopePluginsConnect Grafana to data sources, apps, and moreend-to-end solutionsApplication ObservabilityMonitor application performanceFrontend ObservabilityGain real user monitoring insightsIncident Response & Managementwith Grafana Alerting, Grafana Incident, Grafana OnCall, and Grafana SLOSynthetic MonitoringPowered by Grafana k6Deploy The StackGrafana CloudFully managedGrafana EnterpriseSelf-managedPricingHint: It starts at FREE\nOpen Source\nAllOpen SourceGrafana LokiMulti-tenant log aggregation systemGrafanaQuery, visualize, and alert on dataGrafana TempoHigh-scale distributed tracing backendGrafana MimirScalable and performant metrics backendGrafana OnCallOn-call managementGrafana PyroscopeScalable continuous profiling backendGrafana BeylaeBPF auto-instrumentationGrafana FaroFrontend application observability web SDKGrafana AlloyOpenTelemetry Collector distribution with Prometheus pipelinesGrafana k6Load testing for engineering teamsPrometheusMonitor Kubernetes and cloud nativeOpenTelemetryInstrument and collect telemetry dataGraphiteScalable monitoring for time series dataCommunity resourcesDashboard templatesTry out and share prebuilt visualizationsPrometheus exportersGet your metrics into Prometheus quickly Solutions\nAllend-to-end solutionsOpinionated solutions that help you get there easier and fasterKubernetes MonitoringGet K8s health, performance, and cost monitoring from cluster to containerApplication ObservabilityMonitor application performanceFrontend ObservabilityGain real user monitoring insightsIncident Response & ManagementDetect and respond to incidents with a simplified workflowmonitor infrastructureOut-of-the-box KPIs, dashboards, and alerts for observabilityLinuxWindowsDockerPostgresMySQLAWSKafkaJenkinsRabbitMQMongoDBvisualize any dataInstantly connect all your data sources to GrafanaMongoDBAppDynamicsOracleGitLabJiraSalesforceSplunkDatadogNew RelicSnowflake\nLearn\nAllLearnStay up to dateObservabilityCONAnnual flagship observability conferenceNewObservabilityCON on the RoadObservability roadshow seriesStory of Grafana10 years of GrafanaObservability Survey 2024Key findings and resultsNewBlogNews, releases, cool stories, and moreEventsUpcoming in-person and virtual eventsSuccess storiesBy use case, product, and industryTechnical learningDocumentationAll the docsWebinars and videosDemos, webinars, and feature toursTutorialsStep-by-step guidesWorkshopsFree, in-person or onlineWriters' ToolkitContribute to technical 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positionsCheck out the open source projects we support\nDownloadsSign inCore LGTM Stack\nLogspowered by Grafana Loki\nGrafanafor visualization\nTracespowered by Grafana Tempo\nMetricspowered by Grafana Mimir and Prometheusextend observabilityPerformance & load testingpowered by Grafana k6Continuous profilingpowered by Grafana PyroscopePluginsConnect Grafana to data sources, apps, and moreend-to-end solutionsApplication ObservabilityMonitor application performanceFrontend ObservabilityGain real user monitoring insightsIncident Response & Managementwith Grafana Alerting, Grafana Incident, Grafana OnCall, and Grafana SLOSynthetic MonitoringPowered by Grafana k6Deploy The StackGrafana CloudFully managedGrafana EnterpriseSelf-managedPricingHint: It starts at FREEGrafana CloudFree forever plan(Surprise: its actually useful)Grafana, of course14 day retention10k series Prometheus metrics500 VUh k6 testing50 GB logs, traces, and profiles50k frontend sessionsand more cool stuffCreate free accountNo credit card needed, ever.\nGrafana LokiMulti-tenant log aggregation system\nGrafanaQuery, visualize, and alert on data\nGrafana TempoHigh-scale distributed tracing backend\nGrafana MimirScalable and performant metrics backend\nGrafana OnCallOn-call management\nGrafana PyroscopeScalable continuous profiling backend\nGrafana BeylaeBPF auto-instrumentation\nGrafana FaroFrontend application observability web SDK\nGrafana AlloyOpenTelemetry Collector distribution with Prometheus pipelines\nGrafana k6Load testing for engineering teams\nPrometheusMonitor Kubernetes and cloud native\nOpenTelemetryInstrument and collect telemetry data\nGraphiteScalable monitoring for time series dataCommunity resourcesDashboard templatesTry out and share prebuilt visualizationsPrometheus exportersGet your metrics into Prometheus quicklyend-to-end solutionsOpinionated solutions that help you get there easier and faster\nKubernetes MonitoringGet K8s health, performance, and cost monitoring from cluster to container\nApplication ObservabilityMonitor application performance\nFrontend ObservabilityGain real user monitoring insights\nIncident Response & ManagementDetect and respond to incidents with a simplified workflowmonitor infrastructureOut-of-the-box KPIs, dashboards, and alerts for observability\nLinux\nWindows\nDocker\nPostgres\nMySQL\nAWS\nKafka\nJenkins\nRabbitMQ\nMongoDBvisualize any dataInstantly connect all your data sources to Grafana\nMongoDB\nAppDynamics\nOracle\nGitLab\nJira\nSalesforce\nSplunk\nDatadog\nNew Relic\nSnowflakeAll monitoring and visualization solutionsStay up to dateObservabilityCONAnnual flagship observability conferenceNewObservabilityCON on the RoadObservability roadshow seriesStory of Grafana10 years of GrafanaObservability Survey 2024Key findings and resultsNewBlogNews, releases, cool stories, and moreEventsUpcoming in-person and virtual eventsSuccess storiesBy use case, product, and industryTechnical learningDocumentationAll the docsWebinars and videosDemos, webinars, and feature toursTutorialsStep-by-step guidesWorkshopsFree, in-person or onlineWriters' ToolkitContribute to technical documentation provided by Grafana LabsPlugin developmentVisit the Grafana developer portal for tools and resources for extending Grafana with plugins.newJoin the communityCommunityJoin the Grafana communitynewCommunity forumsAsk the community for helpCommunity SlackReal-time engagementGrafana ChampionsContribute to the communitynewCommunity organizersHost local meetupsnewFeaturedGetting started with the Grafana LGTM StackWell demo how to get started using the LGTM Stack: Loki for logs, Grafana for visualization, Tempo for traces, and Mimir for metrics.Watch now \nGrafana Cloud\nGrafana\nGrafana Alloy\nGrafana Loki\nGrafana Mimir\nGrafana Tempo\nGrafana Pyroscope\nGrafana OnCall\nApplication Observability\nGrafana Faro\nGrafana Beyla\nGrafana k6\nPrometheus\nGrafana Enterprise\nGrafana Enterprise Logs\nGrafana Enterprise Traces\nGrafana Enterprise 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GrafanaJira data sourceLooker data source plugin for GrafanaMongoDB data sourceNew Relic data source for GrafanaSqlyze data source for GrafanaOracle data source for GrafanaPagerDuty data source for GrafanaSalesforce data source for GrafanaGrafana datasource for SAP HANAServiceNow data source for GrafanaSnowflake data source for GrafanaSplunk data sourceSplunk Infrastructure Monitoring data source for GrafanaSumo Logic data source for GrafanaWavefront data source for GrafanaCSV data source for GrafanaJSON API data source for GrafanaInfinity data source plugin for GrafanaGrafana k6 appGrafana mimir-distributed Helm chart documentationGrafana tempo-distributed Helm chart documentationViewing: v11.0 (latest)\nFind another versionGrafana documentation\nWhat's newWhat's new in Grafana v11.0What's new in Grafana v10.4What's new in Grafana v10.3What's new in Grafana v10.2What's new in Grafana v10.1What's new in Grafana v10.0What's new in Grafana v9.5What's new in Grafana v9.4What's new in Grafana v9.3What's new in Grafana v9.2\nBreaking changesBreaking changes in Grafana v11.0Breaking changes in Grafana v10.3Breaking changes in Grafana v10.0\nUpgrade GrafanaUpgrade to v11.0Upgrade to v10.4Upgrade to v10.3Upgrade to v10.2Upgrade to v10.1Upgrade to v10.0Upgrade to v9.5Upgrade to v9.4Upgrade to v9.3Upgrade to v9.2Upgrade to v9.1Upgrade to v9.0Upgrade to v8.5Upgrade to v8.4Upgrade to v8.3Upgrade to v8.2Upgrade to v8.1Upgrade to v8.0\nAbout GrafanaGrafana EnterpriseGrafana Cloud\nIntroductionWhat is Prometheus?Dashboard overviewIntroduction to time seriesTime series dimensionsHistograms and heatmapsExemplarsGlossary\nGet started with Grafana Open SourceBuild your first dashboardGet started with Grafana and PrometheusGet started with Grafana and InfluxDBGet started with Grafana and MS SQL Server\nSet up\nInstall GrafanaDebian or UbuntuRHEL or FedoraSUSE or openSUSEGrafana Docker imageGrafana on KubernetesGrafana on Helm ChartsmacOSWindows\nConfigure GrafanaConfigure Grafana EnterpriseConfigure feature togglesConfigure tracingConfigure custom brandingSettings updates at runtimeConfigure data source proxyStart GrafanaSign in to Grafana\nConfigure securityPlan your IAM integration strategy\nConfigure authenticationBasic authLDAPEnhanced LDAPSAMLSAML user interfaceGeneric OAuth2Azure AD OAuth2GitHub OAuth2GitLab OAuth2Google OAuth2Grafana Cloud OAuth2Keycloak OAuth2Okta OIDCAuth proxyJWT\nConfigure database encryptionEncrypt database secrets using Google Cloud KMSEncrypt database secrets using Hashicorp VaultEncrypt database secrets using AWS KMSEncrypt database secrets using Azure Key VaultIntegrate Grafana with Hashicorp VaultAudit a Grafana instanceExport logs of usage insightsConfigure secret scanningConfigure Team SyncConfigure request securityConfigure security hardeningSet up Grafana monitoringSet up HASet up HTTPS\nSet up image renderingMonitor the image rendererTroubleshootingSet up Grafana LiveConfigure a Docker image\nAdministrationBack up 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PyroscopeConfigure PyroscopeHow profiling and tracing work togetherQuery profile dataPostgreSQL\nPrometheusConfigure PrometheusQuery editorTemplate variables\nTempoConfigure TempoBest practices\nQuery tracing dataSearch tracesWrite TraceQL queriesUpload JSON trace fileService Graph and Service Graph viewSpan filtersLink to a trace IDTestDataZipkin\nDashboardsUse dashboards\nBuild dashboardsCreate a dashboardImport dashboardsModify dashboard settingsDashboard URL variablesManage library panelsManage version historyManage dashboard linksAnnotate visualizationsJSON modelBest practicesManage dashboardsPublic dashboardsManage playlistsReportingSharing\nVariablesAdd variablesInspect variablesVariable syntaxAssess dashboard usageTroubleshoot dashboards\nPanels and visualizations\nVisualizationsTime seriesAlert listAnnotations listBar chartBar gaugeCandlestickCanvasDashboard listDatagridFlame graphGaugeGeomapHeatmapHistogramLogsNewsNode graphPie chartStatState timelineStatus historyTableTextTracesTrendXY chartPanel overviewPanel editorThe panel inspect view\nQuery and transform dataWrite expression queriesShare query resultsTransform dataTroubleshoot queriesCalculation typesConfigure panel optionsConfigure standard optionsConfigure a legendConfigure tooltipsConfigure data linksConfigure value mappingsConfigure thresholdsConfigure field overridesSearch\nExploreQuery managementLogs in ExploreTracing in ExploreExplore MetricsCorrelations Editor in ExploreInspector in Explore\nAlerting\nIntroduction\nAlert rulesQueries and conditionsLabels and annotationsNamespaces, folders, and groupsAlert rule evaluationState and health of alert rules\nNotificationsAlertmanagerContact pointsNotification policiesNotification templates\nSet upAdd an external AlertmanagerConfigure alert state history\nProvision Alerting resourcesUse configuration files to provisionUse Terraform to provisionExport alerting resourcesUse the HTTP API to manage alerting resourcesConfigure high availabilityPerformance considerations and limitations\nConfigure alert rulesConfigure Grafana-managed alert rulesConfigure data source-managed alert rulesCreate recording rulesTemplate labels and annotations\nConfigure notifications\nConfigure contact pointsWebhook notifierEmailGrafana OnCallSlackTelegramPagerDutyConfigure notification policies\nConfigure notification messagesUsing Go's templating languageCreate notification templatesUse notification templatesReferenceUse images in notificationsConfigure silencesConfigure mute timings\nDetect and respondView alert rulesView the state and health of alert rulesView and filter by alert groupsView notification errorsDeclare incidents from firing alertsMonitor\nTroubleshootingSend panel to supportSend a support bundle to support\nDevelopers\nHTTP APIAPI Tutorial: Create Service Account tokens and dashboards for an organizationAdmin HTTP APIAlerting Provisioning HTTP APIAnnotations HTTP APIAuthentication HTTP APICorrelations HTTP APIcURL examplesDashboard HTTP APIDashboard Permissions HTTP APIDashboard Versions HTTP APIData source HTTP APIDatasource Permissions HTTP APIFolder HTTP APIFolder Permissions HTTP APIFolder/Dashboard Search HTTP APIHTTP Preferences APIHTTP Snapshot APILibrary Element HTTP APILicensing HTTP APIOrganization HTTP APIOther HTTP APIPlaylist HTTP APIPublic Dashboard HTTP APIQuery and Resource Caching HTTP APIQuery History HTTP APIRBAC HTTP APIReporting APIService account HTTP APIShort URL HTTP APISSO Settings APITeam HTTP APITeam Sync HTTP APIUser HTTP APIContribute to GrafanaContributor License Agreement (CLA)\nAngular support deprecationPlugins using AngularJSGrafana CLIRelease notesCopyright noticeScroll for moreDocumentationGrafana documentationData sourcesGoogle Cloud MonitoringGrafana Cloud\nEnterprise\nOpen sourceGoogle Cloud Monitoring data sourceGrafana ships with built-in support for Google Cloud Monitoring.\nThis topic describes queries, templates, variables, and other configuration specific to the Google Cloud Monitoring data source.NoteBefore Grafana v7.1, Google Cloud Monitoring was referred to as Google Stackdriver.For instructions on how to add a data source to Grafana, refer to the administration documentation.\nOnly users with the organization administrator role can add data sources.Once youve added the Google Cloud Monitoring data source, you can configure it so that your Grafana instances users can create queries in its query editor and apply annotations when they build dashboards and use Explore.Configure the data sourceTo configure basic settings for the data source, complete the following steps:Click Connections in the left-side menu.Under Your connections, click Data sources.Enter Google Cloud Monitoring in the search bar.Click Google Cloud Monitoring.The Settings tab of the data source is displayed.Set the data sources basic configuration options:Expand tableNameDescriptionNameSets the name you use to refer to the data source in panels and queries.DefaultSets whether the data source is pre-selected for new panels.Configure Google authenticationBefore you can request data from Google Cloud Monitoring, you must configure authentication.\nAll requests to Google APIs are performed on the server-side by the Grafana backend.For authentication options and configuration details, refer to Google authentication.When configuring Google authentication, note these additional Google Cloud Monitoring-specific steps:Configure a GCP Service AccountWhen you create a Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Service Account and key file, the Service Account must have the Monitoring Viewer role (Role > Select a role > Monitoring > Monitoring Viewer):Choose roleGrant the GCE Default Service Account scopeIf Grafana is running on a Google Compute Engine (GCE) virtual machine, then when you Configure a GCE Default Service Account, you must also grant that Service Account access to the Cloud Monitoring API scope.Enable necessary Google Cloud Platform APIsBefore you can request data from Google Cloud Monitoring, you must first enable necessary APIs on the Google end.Open the Monitoring and Cloud Resource Manager API pages:Monitoring APICloud Resource Manager APIOn each page, click the Enable button.Enable GCP APIsProvision the data sourceYou can define and configure the data source in YAML files as part of Grafanas provisioning system.\nFor more information about provisioning, and for available configuration options, refer to Provisioning Grafana.Provisioning examplesUsing the JWT (Service Account key file) authentication type:yaml\nCopyapiVersion: 1\ndatasources:\n- name: Google Cloud Monitoring\ntype: stackdriver\naccess: proxy\njsonData:\ntokenUri: https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token\nclientEmail: [email protected]\nauthenticationType: jwt\ndefaultProject: my-project-name\nsecureJsonData:\nprivateKey: |\n-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nPOSEvQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKcwggSjAgEAAoIBAQCb1u1Srw8ICYHS\n...\nyA+23427282348234=\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----Using the JWT (Service Account private key path) authentication type:yaml\nCopyapiVersion: 1\ndatasources:\n- name: Google Cloud Monitoring\ntype: stackdriver\naccess: proxy\njsonData:\ntokenUri: https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token\nclientEmail: [email protected]\nauthenticationType: jwt\ndefaultProject: my-project-name\nprivateKeyPath: /etc/secrets/gce.pemUsing GCE Default Service Account authentication:yaml\nCopyapiVersion: 1\ndatasources:\n- name: Google Cloud Monitoring\ntype: stackdriver\naccess: proxy\njsonData:\nauthenticationType: gceImport pre-configured dashboardsThe Google Cloud Monitoring data source ships with pre-configured dashboards for some of the most popular GCP services.\nThese curated dashboards are based on similar dashboards in the GCP dashboard samples repository.Curated dashboards for Google Cloud MonitoringTo import curated dashboards:Navigate to the data sources configuration page.Select the Dashboards tab.This displays the curated selection of importable dashboards.Select Import for the dashboard to import.The dashboards include a template variable populated with the projects accessible by the configured Service Account each time you load the dashboard.\nAfter Grafana loads the dashboard, you can select a project from the dropdown list.To customize an imported dashboard:To customize one of these dashboards, we recommend that you save it under a different name.\nIf you dont, upgrading Grafana can overwrite the customized dashboard with the new version.Query the data sourceThe Google Cloud Monitoring query editor helps you build two types of queries: Metric and Service Level Objective (SLO).For details, refer to the query editor documentation.Use template variablesInstead of hard-coding details such as server, application, and sensor names in metric queries, you can use variables.\nGrafana lists these variables in dropdown select boxes at the top of the dashboard to help you change the data displayed in your dashboard.\nGrafana refers to such variables as template variables.For details, see the template variables documentation.Was this page helpful?\nSuggest an edit\nContribute to docs\nReport a problem\nCommunity\nSupportRelated documentation\nDocsLoading...\nDocsLoading...\nDocsLoading...Related resources from Grafana LabsAdditional helpful documentation, links, and articles:\nVideoGetting started with the Grafana LGTM StackIn this webinar, well demo how to get started using the LGTM Stack: Loki for logs, Grafana for visualization, Tempo for traces, and Mimir for metrics.\nVideoGetting started with Grafana dashboard designIn this webinar, you'll learn how to design stylish and easily accessible Grafana dashboards that tell a story.\nVideoBuilding advanced Grafana dashboardsIn this webinar, well demo how to build and format Grafana dashboards.On this pageConfigure the data 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Learn more.Got it!", "url": "https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/datasources/google-cloud-monitoring/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "google-cloud-monitoring PyPI\nSkip to main content\nSwitch to mobile version\nWarning\nSome features may not work without JavaScript. Please try enabling it if you encounter problems.\nSearch PyPI\nSearch\nHelp\nSponsors\nLog in\nRegister\nMenu\nHelp\nSponsors\nLog in\nRegister\nSearch PyPI\nSearch\ngoogle-cloud-monitoring 2.21.0\npip install google-cloud-monitoring\nCopy PIP instructions\nLatest version\nReleased: Apr 17, 2024\nGoogle Cloud Monitoring API client library\nNavigation\nProject description\nRelease history\nDownload files\nVerified details\nThese details have been verified by PyPI\nMaintainers\ngcloudpypi\ngoogle_opensource\nUnverified details\nThese details have not been verified by PyPI\nProject links\nHomepage\nGitHub Statistics\nStars:\nForks:\nOpen issues:\nOpen PRs:\nView statistics for this project via Libraries.io, or by using our public dataset on Google BigQuery\nMeta\nLicense: Apache Software License (Apache 2.0)\nAuthor: Google LLC\nRequires: Python >=3.7\nClassifiers\nDevelopment Status\n5 - Production/Stable\nIntended Audience\nDevelopers\nLicense\nOSI Approved :: Apache Software License\nOperating System\nOS Independent\nProgramming Language\nPython\nPython :: 3\nPython :: 3.7\nPython :: 3.8\nPython :: 3.9\nPython :: 3.10\nPython :: 3.11\nPython :: 3.12\nTopic\nInternet\nProject description\nProject details\nRelease history\nDownload files\nProject description\nStackdriver Monitoring: collects metrics, events, and metadata from Google Cloud, Amazon Web Services (AWS), hosted uptime probes, and application instrumentation. Using the BindPlane service, you can also collect this data from over 150 common application components, on-premise systems, and hybrid cloud systems. Stackdriver ingests that data and generates insights via dashboards, charts, and alerts. BindPlane is included with your Google Cloud project at no additional cost.\nClient Library Documentation\nProduct Documentation\nQuick Start\nIn order to use this library, you first need to go through the following steps:\nSelect or create a Cloud Platform project.\nEnable billing for your project.\nEnable the Stackdriver Monitoring.\nSetup Authentication.\nInstallation\nInstall this library in a virtual environment using venv. venv is a tool that\ncreates isolated Python environments. These isolated environments can have separate\nversions of Python packages, which allows you to isolate one projects dependencies\nfrom the dependencies of other projects.\nWith venv, its possible to install this library without needing system\ninstall permissions, and without clashing with the installed system\ndependencies.\nCode samples and snippets\nCode samples and snippets live in the samples/ folder.\nSupported Python Versions\nOur client libraries are compatible with all current active and maintenance versions of\nPython.\nPython >= 3.7\nUnsupported Python Versions\nPython <= 3.6\nIf you are using an end-of-life\nversion of Python, we recommend that you update as soon as possible to an actively supported version.\nMac/Linux\npython3 -m venv <your-env>\nsource <your-env>/bin/activate\npip install google-cloud-monitoring\nWindows\npy -m venv <your-env>\n.\\<your-env>\\Scripts\\activate\npip install google-cloud-monitoring\nNext Steps\nRead the Client Library Documentation for Stackdriver Monitoring\nto see other available methods on the client.\nRead the Stackdriver Monitoring Product documentation to learn\nmore about the product and see How-to Guides.\nView this README to see the full list of Cloud\nAPIs that we cover.\nProject details\nVerified details\nThese details have been verified by PyPI\nMaintainers\ngcloudpypi\ngoogle_opensource\nUnverified details\nThese details have not been verified by PyPI\nProject links\nHomepage\nGitHub Statistics\nStars:\nForks:\nOpen issues:\nOpen PRs:\nView statistics for this project via Libraries.io, or by using our public dataset on Google BigQuery\nMeta\nLicense: Apache Software License (Apache 2.0)\nAuthor: Google LLC\nRequires: Python >=3.7\nClassifiers\nDevelopment Status\n5 - Production/Stable\nIntended Audience\nDevelopers\nLicense\nOSI Approved :: Apache Software License\nOperating System\nOS Independent\nProgramming Language\nPython\nPython :: 3\nPython :: 3.7\nPython :: 3.8\nPython :: 3.9\nPython :: 3.10\nPython :: 3.11\nPython :: 3.12\nTopic\nInternet\nRelease history\nRelease notifications |\nRSS feed\nThis version\n2.21.0\nApr 17, 2024\n2.20.0\nApr 16, 2024\n2.19.4\nApr 15, 2024\n2.19.3\nMar 5, 2024\n2.19.2\nFeb 22, 2024\n2.19.1\nFeb 7, 2024\n2.19.0\nFeb 1, 2024\n2.18.0\nDec 12, 2023\n2.17.0\nDec 7, 2023\n2.17.0rc0\npre-release\nDec 4, 2023\n2.16.0\nOct 9, 2023\n2.15.1\nJul 5, 2023\n2.15.0\nMay 25, 2023\n2.14.2\nMar 27, 2023\n2.14.1\nJan 23, 2023\n2.14.0\nJan 10, 2023\n2.13.0\nJan 9, 2023\n2.12.0\nDec 15, 2022\n2.11.3\nOct 10, 2022\n2.11.2\nOct 4, 2022\n2.11.1\nAug 16, 2022\n2.11.0\nAug 8, 2022\n2.10.1\nJul 14, 2022\n2.10.0\nJul 7, 2022\n2.9.2\nJun 9, 2022\n2.9.1\nMar 7, 2022\n2.9.0\nFeb 28, 2022\n2.8.0\nNov 16, 2021\n2.7.0\nNov 9, 2021\n2.6.0\nOct 7, 2021\n2.5.1\nSep 27, 2021\n2.5.0\nAug 30, 2021\n2.4.2\nJul 28, 2021\n2.4.1\nJul 21, 2021\n2.4.0\nJul 1, 2021\n2.3.0\nJun 18, 2021\n2.2.1\nMar 29, 2021\n2.2.0\nMar 25, 2021\n2.1.0\nMar 12, 2021\n2.0.1\nFeb 18, 2021\n2.0.0\nOct 6, 2020\n1.1.2\nJun 9, 2022\n1.1.1\nApr 4, 2022\n1.1.0\nAug 20, 2020\n1.0.0\nJun 3, 2020\n0.36.2\nJun 9, 2022\n0.36.1\nMay 19, 2022\n0.36.0\nMay 13, 2020\n0.35.0\nApr 21, 2020\n0.34.0\nNov 21, 2019\n0.33.0\nAug 15, 2019\n0.32.0\nJul 30, 2019\n0.31.1\nDec 19, 2018\n0.31.0\nNov 30, 2018\n0.30.1\nJul 13, 2018\n0.30.0\nJun 25, 2018\n0.29.0\nApr 24, 2018\n0.28.1\nFeb 28, 2018\n0.28.0\nOct 31, 2017\n0.27.0\nAug 24, 2017\n0.26.0\nAug 5, 2017\n0.25.0\nJun 26, 2017\n0.24.0\nMar 31, 2017\n0.23.0\nFeb 24, 2017\n0.22.0\nDec 10, 2016\n0.21.0\nNov 14, 2016\n0.20.0\nSep 29, 2016\n0.0.1\nSep 19, 2016\nDownload files\nDownload the file for your platform. 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Click Accept to agree to our website's cookie use as described in our Privacy Policy. Click Preferences to customize your cookie settings.\nAccept\nReject\nPreferences\nBrowse\nGoogle Cloud Google Workspace AppSheet Looker & Looker Studio Google Cloud Security\nGoogle Cloud Home Cloud Forums Cloud Hub AI/ML Gemini Code Assist Anthos Apigee Databases Data Analytics Developer Tools Google Cloud's operations suite Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Infrastructure: Compute, Storage, Networking Integration Services Serverless Groups Cloud FinOps and Cost Optimization Community Learning & Certification Hub Learning Forums Cloud Certified Group Cloud Learning Logs Articles & Information News & Announcements Community Blogs Cloud Product Articles Community Resources Account Info & Registration Using the Community Community Feedback Cloud Events\nAll communityThis categoryThis boardKnowledge baseUsers\ncancel\nTurn on suggestions\nAuto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type.\nShowing results for\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nLog in to ask a question\nGoogle Cloud\nCloud Forums\nGoogle Cloud's operations suite\nRe: Can't add new Slack channels to notification c...\nLog in to ask a question\nTopic Options\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\nSolved\nCan't add new Slack channels to notification channels on Alerting\nPosted on\n02-08-2024 12:38 AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\ntimogoosen\nBronze 4\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nI'm trying to add a new Slack notification channel so I can change the slack channel that I'm using to send an alert to. When I try add a channel it asks me to authorize slack, which I do and then it redirects to Google Cloud's Alerting section and then it gets stuck.I've tried in both Brave and Firefox and I still can't add a new slack channel.Here is where you go to manage your notification channels and then I click on add new for Slack(I already have a few configured but I want to add a new one):Here it redirects to SlackThen it just gets stuck here:\nSolved!\nGo to Solution.\nSolved\n0\n3\n1,114\nTopic Labels\nLabels:\nCloud Logging\nCloud Monitoring\nJump to Solution\n0\nLikes\nReply\n1 ACCEPTED SOLUTION\nPosted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nDamianS\nGold 1\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nHello@timogoosen,Welcome to the Google Cloud Community. I've checked this at newly created workspace. At the first time I've got white page. I've tried once more and I was able to add integration. Maybe you are choosing wrong workspace ? Additionally, did you've tried to add this channel via CLI?To add a Slack notification channel via CLI, you can use the following command:gcloud alpha monitoring channels create slack --project=PROJECT_ID --display-name=CHANNEL_NAME --slack-webhook-url=SLACK_WEBHOOK_URLWhere:PROJECT_ID is your project ID.CHANNEL_NAME is the name of your channel.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL is the URL of your Slack webhook.https://api.slack.com/messaging/webhooksFor example, to add a Slack channel named \"My Channel\" with the webhook URL \"https://hooks.slack.com/services/T00000000/B00000000/XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX\", you would use the following command:gcloud alpha monitoring channels create slack --project=webaap-wordpress-load --display-name=My Channel --slack-webhook-url=https://hooks.slack.com/services/T00000000/B00000000/XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXOnce you have created the channel, you can verify that it was created by running the following command:gcloud alpha monitoring channels list --project=PROJECT_IDcheers,DamianS\nView solution in original post\nJump to Solution\n1\nLike\nReply\nView All Topics In this Discussion Space\nPrevious Topic\nNext Topic\n3 REPLIES 3\nPosted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nDamianS\nGold 1\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nHello@timogoosen,Welcome to the Google Cloud Community. I've checked this at newly created workspace. At the first time I've got white page. I've tried once more and I was able to add integration. Maybe you are choosing wrong workspace ? Additionally, did you've tried to add this channel via CLI?To add a Slack notification channel via CLI, you can use the following command:gcloud alpha monitoring channels create slack --project=PROJECT_ID --display-name=CHANNEL_NAME --slack-webhook-url=SLACK_WEBHOOK_URLWhere:PROJECT_ID is your project ID.CHANNEL_NAME is the name of your channel.SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL is the URL of your Slack webhook.https://api.slack.com/messaging/webhooksFor example, to add a Slack channel named \"My Channel\" with the webhook URL \"https://hooks.slack.com/services/T00000000/B00000000/XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX\", you would use the following command:gcloud alpha monitoring channels create slack --project=webaap-wordpress-load --display-name=My Channel --slack-webhook-url=https://hooks.slack.com/services/T00000000/B00000000/XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXOnce you have created the channel, you can verify that it was created by running the following command:gcloud alpha monitoring channels list --project=PROJECT_IDcheers,DamianS\nJump to Solution\n1\nLike\nReply\nPosted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\ntimogoosen\nBronze 4\nIn response to DamianS\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nThanks I tried again, but going directly to manage \"notification channels\" now it works.Seems if you try do it from an existing alert and you try manage notifications from an existing alert then it won't work even if you try again.Thanks for your help.If anyone at google sees this please fix it. Your welcome to reach out to me if you want more details to replicate the issue exactly.\nJump to Solution\n2\nLikes\nReply\nPosted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nadrianhadmin\nBronze 1\nIn response to timogoosen\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nI can confirm this is still an issue, and that the solution above works.Attempting to add a new slack channel to notification channels directly from the Create Alerting Policy flow will fail at a white screen after authorizing slack. The browser console has a stack of 404 errors.Adding a new slack channel to notification channels after navigating specifically to the Notification Channels page works.\nJump to Solution\n1\nLike\nReply\nPost Reply\nPreview\nExit Preview\nnever-displayed\nAdditional options\nAssociated Products\nYou do not have permission to remove this product association.\nTop Labels in this Space\nCloud Error Reporting\n222\nCloud Logging\n133\nCloud Monitoring\n165\nCloud Profiler\n37\nCloud Trace\n35\nManaged Service for Prometheus\n21\nTop Solution Authors\nUser\nCount\nbenggy\n2\nDamianS\n1\nthanh-le-qode\n1\nmith\n1\nView all\n 2024 Google. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Service\nCommunity Guidelines", "url": "https://www.googlecloudcommunity.com/gc/Google-Cloud-s-operations-suite/Can-t-add-new-Slack-channels-to-notification-channels-on/m-p/708275" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Solved: Re: Dynatrace vs Google Cloud Monitoring? - Dynatrace Community\nBrowse\nDynatrace Community\nDynatrace Ask Open Q&A Alerting Automations Container platforms Cloud platforms Dashboarding DQL Real User Monitoring Synthetic Monitoring Learn Start with Dynatrace Dynatrace tips Troubleshooting Videos Events and webinars Upgrade to SaaS Extend Dynatrace API Extensions Custom Solutions Spotlight Dynatrace Managed Dynatrace Managed Q&A Developer Developer Q&A Forum Developer Blog Community Community user groups Community news Community challenges Community user guide Ask Moderators DynaMights About the DynaMights Hall of fame\nFAQCommunity sign in\ncancel\nTurn on suggestions\nAuto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type.\nShowing results for\nShowonly\n|\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nDynatrace Community\nDynatrace\nAsk\nCloud platforms\nRe: Dynatrace vs Google Cloud Monitoring?\nOptions\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nPin this Topic for Current User\nPrinter Friendly Page\nDynatrace vs Google Cloud Monitoring?\nGo to solution\njeff_rowell\nHelper\nOptions\nMark as New\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\n27 Sep 2021\n08:02 PM\n- last edited on\n28 Sep 2021\n09:13 AM\nby\nMaciejNeumann\nIs there any documentation that clearly explains why a customer would choose to deploy Dynatrace on GCP rather than making use of native Google Cloud Monitoring? I.e., what are the limitations or difficulties in using Google Cloud Monitoring that would justify deploying Dynatrace? I'm aware of the main selling points of Dynatrace, such as AI drivel anomaly detection, service auto-discover, access to PurePath data etc., but it is not clear to me whether these capabilities address major \"gaps\" in what would be provided by Google Cloud Monitoring.\nSolved!\nGo to Solution.\nLabels:\nLabels:\ndynatrace managed\ngoogle cloud platform\n0\nKudos\nReply\nAll forum topics\nPrevious Topic\nNext Topic\n1 REPLY 1\nGo to solution\ngilgi\nDynaMight Champion\nOptions\nMark as New\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\n30 Sep 2021\n09:39 AM\nHi Jeff,You've mentioned the key things yourself. Google doesn't do application monitoring automatically, doesn't create a runtime dynamic topology/dependency map that is used for root cause analysis, doesn't build dynamic baselines, doesn't collect Real User Experience, etc.With Google Cloud you'll mostly have to spend a lot of manual labor to try and get a small percentage of what Dynatrace would give you OOTB.\n2\nKudos\nReply\nPost Reply\nAsk a question\nFeatured Posts\n28 May 202421 May 202421 May 2024", "url": "https://community.dynatrace.com/t5/Cloud-platforms/Dynatrace-vs-Google-Cloud-Monitoring/m-p/173146" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Re: Monitoring API Requests Billing Costs - Google Cloud Community\nThis website uses Cookies. Click Accept to agree to our website's cookie use as described in our Privacy Policy. Click Preferences to customize your cookie settings.\nAccept\nReject\nPreferences\nBrowse\nGoogle Cloud Google Workspace AppSheet Looker & Looker Studio Google Cloud Security\nGoogle Cloud Home Cloud Forums Cloud Hub AI/ML Gemini Code Assist Anthos Apigee Databases Data Analytics Developer Tools Google Cloud's operations suite Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Infrastructure: Compute, Storage, Networking Integration Services Serverless Groups Cloud FinOps and Cost Optimization Community Learning & Certification Hub Learning Forums Cloud Certified Group Cloud Learning Logs Articles & Information News & Announcements Community Blogs Cloud Product Articles Community Resources Account Info & Registration Using the Community Community Feedback Cloud Events\nAll communityThis categoryThis boardKnowledge baseUsers\ncancel\nTurn on suggestions\nAuto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type.\nShowing results for\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nLog in to ask a question\nGoogle Cloud\nCloud Forums\nInfrastructure: Compute, Storage, Networking\nRe: Monitoring API Requests Billing Costs\nLog in to ask a question\nTopic Options\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\nSolved\nMonitoring API Requests Billing Costs\nPosted on\n08-18-2021 02:41 PM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nayyappa99\nBronze 1\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nWe are getting charged from past month for Monitoring API Requests (Stackdriver Monitoring) for nearly $0.5 per day. I have 4 environments so its coming to $2/day.We are currently in beta phase and have hardly any traffic.I tried disabling the Stack Driver Monitoring API but its saying my vpcaccess api and 3 more api's get disabled if I do so.I see around 1M requests are being sent from \"google.monitoring.v3.MetricService.ListTimeSeries\" method. This i was able to check in metrics section of Cloud Monitoring Api.Anyways I can disable or find out from where thisListTimeSeries is getting called?\n0\n2\n656\nTopic Labels\nLabels:\nInfrastructure General\nNetworking\n0\nLikes\nReply\nView All Topics In this Discussion Space\nPrevious Topic\nNext Topic\n2 REPLIES 2\nPosted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nlearn2skills\nBronze 3\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nHi,Refer to the below URL,Disabling Stackdriver Monitoring and Logshttps://cloud.google.com/migrate/compute-engine/docs/4.9/how-to/monitoring/disabling-stackdriver\n0\nLikes\nReply\nPosted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nayyappa99\nBronze 1\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nWe were able to solve this by disabling \"New Relic\" integration as it seems to have connections to stack driver logs.\n0\nLikes\nReply\nPost Reply\nPreview\nExit Preview\nnever-displayed\nAdditional options\nAssociated Products\nYou do not have permission to remove this product association.\nTop Labels in this Space\nAccelerators\n16\nActifio\n8\nApigee X\n1\nApplication Migration\n37\nBackup and DR\n36\nBatch\n117\nBigLake\n2\nCloud CDN\n41\nCloud DNS\n105\nCloud Interconnect\n41\nCloud Load Balancing\n181\nCloud SQL for SQL Server\n1\nCloud Storage\n407\nCloud VPN\n71\nCompute Engine\n817\nData Applications\n23\nData Transfer\n74\nFilestore\n38\nGeo Expansion\n2\nGoogle Cloud VMware Engine (GCVE)\n75\nGraphics Processing Units (GPUs)\n35\nHigh Performance Computing (HPC)\n22\nInfrastructure General\n303\nload balancer\n1\nMicrosoft on GCP\n19\nNetwork Intelligence Center\n11\nNetwork Planner\n28\nNetworking\n312\nPersistent Disk\n54\nSAP on GCP\n11\nService Directory\n12\nSpectrum Access System (SAS)\n71\nURL Maps\n1\nVM Manager\n44\nWorkload Manager\n6\n\nPrevious\nNext\n\nTop Solution Authors\nUser\nCount\nDamianS\n5\nagi83\n2\nTravisL\n1\nMaxImbrox\n1\nLovedCloud\n1\nView all\n 2024 Google. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Service\nCommunity Guidelines", "url": "https://www.googlecloudcommunity.com/gc/Infrastructure-Compute-Storage/Monitoring-API-Requests-Billing-Costs/m-p/174136" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "@google-cloud/monitoring - npm\nskip to:contentpackage searchsign inProTeamsPricingDocumentationnpmSearchSign UpSign In @google-cloud/monitoring4.1.0PublicPublished 8 days ago ReadmeCode Beta1 Dependency37 Dependents51 Versions\nStackdriver Monitoring: Node.js Client\nStackdriver Monitoring API client for Node.js\nA comprehensive list of changes in each version may be found in\nthe CHANGELOG.\nStackdriver Monitoring Node.js Client API Reference\nStackdriver Monitoring Documentation\ngithub.com/googleapis/google-cloud-node/packages/google-cloud-monitoring\nRead more about the client libraries for Cloud APIs, including the older\nGoogle APIs Client Libraries, in Client Libraries Explained.\nTable of contents:\nQuickstart\nBefore you begin\nInstalling the client library\nUsing the client library\nSamples\nVersioning\nContributing\nLicense\nQuickstart\nBefore you begin\nSelect or create a Cloud Platform project.\nEnable billing for your project.\nEnable the Stackdriver Monitoring API.\nSet up authentication with a service account so you can access the\nAPI from your local workstation.\nInstalling the client library\nnpm install @google-cloud/monitoring\nUsing the client library\n// Imports the Google Cloud client library\nconst monitoring = require('@google-cloud/monitoring');\nasync function quickstart() {\n// Creates a client\nconst client = new monitoring.MetricServiceClient();\n// TODO(developer): Uncomment and set the following variables\n// const projectId = \"PROJECT_ID\"\n// Prepares an individual data point\nconst dataPoint = {\ninterval: {\nendTime: {\nseconds: Date.now() / 1000,\n},\n},\nvalue: {\n// The amount of sales\ndoubleValue: 123.45,\n},\n};\n// Prepares the time series request\nconst request = {\nname: client.projectPath(projectId),\ntimeSeries: [\n{\n// Ties the data point to a custom metric\nmetric: {\ntype: 'custom.googleapis.com/stores/daily_sales',\nlabels: {\nstore_id: 'Pittsburgh',\n},\n},\nresource: {\ntype: 'global',\nlabels: {\nproject_id: projectId,\n},\n},\npoints: [dataPoint],\n},\n],\n};\n// Writes time series data\nconst [result] = await client.createTimeSeries(request);\nconsole.log('Done writing time series data.', result);\n}\nquickstart();\nSamples\nSamples are in the samples/ directory. Each sample's README.md has instructions for running its sample.\nSample\nSource Code\nTry it\nQuickstart\nsource code\nThe Stackdriver Monitoring Node.js Client API Reference documentation\nalso contains samples.\nSupported Node.js Versions\nOur client libraries follow the Node.js release schedule.\nLibraries are compatible with all current active and maintenance versions of\nNode.js.\nIf you are using an end-of-life version of Node.js, we recommend that you update\nas soon as possible to an actively supported LTS version.\nGoogle's client libraries support legacy versions of Node.js runtimes on a\nbest-efforts basis with the following warnings:\nLegacy versions are not tested in continuous integration.\nSome security patches and features cannot be backported.\nDependencies cannot be kept up-to-date.\nClient libraries targeting some end-of-life versions of Node.js are available, and\ncan be installed through npm dist-tags.\nThe dist-tags follow the naming convention legacy-(version).\nFor example, npm install @google-cloud/monitoring@legacy-8 installs client libraries\nfor versions compatible with Node.js 8.\nVersioning\nThis library follows Semantic Versioning.\nThis library is considered to be stable. The code surface will not change in backwards-incompatible ways\nunless absolutely necessary (e.g. because of critical security issues) or with\nan extensive deprecation period. Issues and requests against stable libraries\nare addressed with the highest priority.\nMore Information: Google Cloud Platform Launch Stages\nContributing\nContributions welcome! See the Contributing Guide.\nPlease note that this README.md, the samples/README.md,\nand a variety of configuration files in this repository (including .nycrc and tsconfig.json)\nare generated from a central template. To edit one of these files, make an edit\nto its templates in\ndirectory.\nLicense\nApache Version 2.0\nSee LICENSE\nReadmeKeywordsgoogle apis clientgoogle api clientgoogle apisgoogle apigooglegoogle cloud platformgoogle cloudcloudgoogle monitoringmonitoringStackdriver Monitoring APIPackage SidebarInstallnpm i @google-cloud/monitoringRepositoryGitgithub.com/googleapis/google-cloud-nodeHomepagegithub.com/googleapis/google-cloud-node/tree/main/packages/google-cloud-monitoringDownloadsWeekly Downloads89,183Version4.1.0LicenseApache-2.0Unpacked Size5.88 MBTotal Files50Last publish8 days agoCollaboratorsTry on RunKitReport malware FooterSupportHelpAdvisoriesStatusContact npmCompanyAboutBlogPressTerms & PoliciesPoliciesTerms of UseCode of ConductPrivacy", "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/@google-cloud/monitoring" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Solved: promQL monitoring queries via API - Google Cloud Community\nThis website uses Cookies. Click Accept to agree to our website's cookie use as described in our Privacy Policy. Click Preferences to customize your cookie settings.\nAccept\nReject\nPreferences\nBrowse\nGoogle Cloud Google Workspace AppSheet Looker & Looker Studio Google Cloud Security\nGoogle Cloud Home Cloud Forums Cloud Hub AI/ML Gemini Code Assist Anthos Apigee Databases Data Analytics Developer Tools Google Cloud's operations suite Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Infrastructure: Compute, Storage, Networking Integration Services Serverless Groups Cloud FinOps and Cost Optimization Community Learning & Certification Hub Learning Forums Cloud Certified Group Cloud Learning Logs Articles & Information News & Announcements Community Blogs Cloud Product Articles Community Resources Account Info & Registration Using the Community Community Feedback Cloud Events\nAll communityThis categoryThis boardKnowledge baseUsers\ncancel\nTurn on suggestions\nAuto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type.\nShowing results for\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nLog in to ask a question\nGoogle Cloud\nCloud Forums\nGoogle Cloud's operations suite\npromQL monitoring queries via API\nLog in to ask a question\nTopic Options\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\nSolved\npromQL monitoring queries via API\nPosted on\n05-09-2023 11:14 AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nasimpson\nBronze 1\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nDoes anyone know how to use promQL instead of MQL for queries via the https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/api/ref_v3/rest/v3/projects.timeSeries/query API?\nSolved!\nGo to Solution.\nSolved\n0\n2\n28.3K\nTopic Labels\nLabels:\nCloud Monitoring\nJump to Solution\n0\nLikes\nReply\n1 ACCEPTED SOLUTION\nPosted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nkylebenson\nStaff\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nHey@asimpson, the Prometheus APIs to query are actually here and are exposed by Managed Prometheus:https://cloud.google.com/stackdriver/docs/managed-prometheus/query#http-api-details\nView solution in original post\nJump to Solution\n1\nLike\nReply\nView All Topics In this Discussion Space\nPrevious Topic\nNext Topic\n2 REPLIES 2\nPosted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nkylebenson\nStaff\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nHey@asimpson, the Prometheus APIs to query are actually here and are exposed by Managed Prometheus:https://cloud.google.com/stackdriver/docs/managed-prometheus/query#http-api-details\nJump to Solution\n1\nLike\nReply\nPosted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nShare this topic\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nCopy URL\nasimpson\nBronze 1\nIn response to kylebenson\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nReply posted on\n--/--/---- --:-- AM\nPost Options\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\nAh thank you!\nJump to Solution\n0\nLikes\nReply\nPost Reply\nPreview\nExit Preview\nnever-displayed\nAdditional options\nAssociated Products\nYou do not have permission to remove this product association.\nTop Labels in this Space\nCloud Error Reporting\n222\nCloud Logging\n133\nCloud Monitoring\n165\nCloud Profiler\n37\nCloud Trace\n35\nManaged Service for Prometheus\n21\nTop Solution Authors\nUser\nCount\nbenggy\n2\nDamianS\n1\nthanh-le-qode\n1\nmith\n1\nView all\n 2024 Google. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Service\nCommunity Guidelines", "url": "https://www.googlecloudcommunity.com/gc/Google-Cloud-s-operations-suite/promQL-monitoring-queries-via-API/td-p/551712/jump-to/first-unread-message" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kool Moe Dee - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life and education\n2Career\nToggle Career subsection\n2.1Feud with LL Cool J\n2.2Behind The Rhyme talk show\n3Discography\n4Awards and nominations\n5Appeared on\n6References\n7External links\nToggle the table of contents\nKool Moe Dee\n12 languages\nDeutschEspaolFranaisItalianoPolskiPortugusSuomiSvenska\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican rapper\nThis biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources:\"Kool Moe Dee\"news newspapers books scholar JSTOR (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nKool Moe DeeBirth nameMohandas Dewese[1]Also known asMoel DewesBorn (1962-08-08) August 8, 1962 (age61)[2][3]New York City, New York, U.S.[1]GenresHip hopOccupation(s)Rappersongwriterrecord produceractorInstrumentsVocalsYears active1978presentLabelsJiveBMG RecordsM.A.R.SMusical artist\nMohandas Dewese[1] (born August 8, 1962),[2][4] better known by his stage name Kool Moe Dee, is an American rapper, songwriter and actor.[5] Considered one of the forerunners of the new jack swing sound in hip hop, he gained fame in the 1980s as a member of one of the pioneering groups in hip hop music, the Treacherous Three, and for his later solo career. During his career he released a total of seven studio albums (five of them solo), with 1994's Interlude being the last to date.\nHis fast and aggressive rap style[6] influenced following rap figures such as Big Daddy Kane, Beastie Boys, KRS-One, Rakim, Will Smith, N.W.A, Tupac Shakur, Nas, Jay-Z, among others.[7] Among his most famous songs are \"Go See the Doctor\", \"Wild Wild West\" and \"How Ya Like Me Now\".[8]\nKool Moe Dee was ranked No.33 on About.com's list of the 50 Greatest MCs of Our Time (19872007).[9]\nEarly life and education[edit]\nBorn Mohandas Dewese in Harlem, Kool Moe Dee attended the State University of New York at Old Westbury, where he received a degree in communications in 1985.[8]\nCareer[edit]\nOne of Kool Moe Dee's first feats was being part of the first major rap battle in history. He lyrically attacked Busy Bee after one of his performances in 1981. He was extremely mad at Busy Bee, for talking smack about other MC's, claiming that none of them could beat him in a contest. Moe Dee used some of his rhymes from \"The New Rap Language\" and \"Whip It\". He also used a little bit of Busy Bee's style during the battle. In 1985, the Treacherous Three disbanded. In 1986, he went solo, releasing a self-titled album that ranked 83 on Billboard. After meeting a young up and coming artist at Sugar Hill records by the name of Lavaba Mallison, who would later become his manager, Kool Moe Dee left Sugar Hill records to join Lavaba Mallison, Robert \"Gusto\" Wells, Greg Marius and up and coming producer Teddy Riley at the newly founded ROOFTOP records. He co-operated with the young producers Teddy Riley and Lavaba Mallison which contributed to the new jack swing movement that would gain popularity in the years to follow.\nKool Moe Dee released his second album, How Ya Like Me Now which was his most successful album commercially, achieving platinum status. He then went on to release his third album, Knowledge Is King in 1989, which went gold. In 1990, he performed on Quincy Jones' album Back on the Block along with fellow rappers Melle Mel, Big Daddy Kane and Ice-T. The album gained considerable critical and financial success and won the 1991 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. In 1991, the release of his album Funke, Funke Wisdom signaled Kool Moe Dee's decline. Moe Dee himself has stated that this was his worst album.[10] He induced his release from Jive Records in 1992. After a two-year lay off, he released his greatest hits album which regained some of his former success and acclaim. In 1994, his album Interlude was released and failed to gain Moe Dee much of his former success of the mid-1980s. In 1993, he re-united with his fellow ex members of the Treacherous Three to release the album Old School Flava on Ichiban. His last commercial release was the single \"Love Love/What You Wanna Do\" which was released on Spoiled Brat Entertainment Inc. Moe Dee appeared in the MTV box office bomb Crossroads as a bartender.\nFeud with LL Cool J[edit]\nKool Moe Dee conducted a long-running rivalry with fellow New York rapper LL Cool J.[8] Along with other rappers such as MC Shan, Kool Moe Dee claimed that LL had stolen their rap styles. He also felt that LL was disrespecting rap pioneers such as Melle Mel and Grandmaster Caz by proclaiming that he was \"rap's new grandmaster\" without paying due respect to those who came before him. He challenged LL on his platinum selling album How Ya Like Me Now on the single of the same name.[8] He also took a shot at LL by appearing on the album cover with a jeep in the background with the wheel crushing one of LL's trademark red Kangol hats.[11]\nBehind The Rhyme talk show[edit]\nIn 2017[citation needed] he launched as executive producer and host of Behind The Rhyme,[12] a digital talk show series featuring an interview with a hip-hop legend or current star. The premiere episode was released in June 2020,[citation needed] featuring Chuck D, front man of Public Enemy and supergroup Prophets of Rage. The show is executive produced by industry veterans Ann Carli and Devin DeHaven, who also directs the series.[13]\nDiscography[edit]\nMain article: Kool Moe Dee discography\nKool Moe Dee (1986)\nHow Ya Like Me Now (1987)\nKnowledge Is King (1989)\nFunke, Funke Wisdom (1991)[8]\nInterlude (1994)\nAwards and nominations[edit]\nGrammy Awards\nYear\nNominated work\nAward\nResult\n1988\n\"Wild Wild West\"\nBest Rap Performance\nNominated\n1991\n\"Back on the Block\" (with Quincy Jones)\nBest Rap Performance by a Duo or Group\nWon\nAppeared on[edit]\nThe Isley Brothers \"Come Together\" on the album Spend the Night (Warner Bros 1988)\nQuincy Jones w/ Melle Mel & Big Daddy Kane & Ice-T \"Back On the Block\" from the album Back on the Block (Qwest Records 1989)\nQuincy Jones w/ Ice T, Big Daddy Kane \"Jazz Corner of the World\" from the album Back on the Block (Qwest Records 1989)\nStop the Violence Movement \"Self Destruction\" (Jive/ RCA Records 1989)\nHEAL w/ various artists Civilization Vs. Technology (Elektra 1991)\nZebrahead \"Good Time\" from the album Zebrahead Soundtrack (Ruffhouse 1992)\nCB4 w/ Daddy-O & Hi-C \"Rapper's Delight\" CB4 Soundtrack (MCA 1993)\nRegina Belle \"Tango In Paris\" from the album Passion (Columbia 1993)\nBabydol \"I Want You Back\" (Miracle 1993)\nAnimaniacs Hip-Opera Christmas (Rhino 1997)\nPanther Movie - 1995\nThe Spinners \"I'll Be Around\" from the album At Their Best (Intersound 1999)\n\"I Go To Work\" from the album Bad Boy Bill's Vocal Mix\" (Jive 1999)\nWill Smith w/ Dru Hill \"Wild Wild West\" from the album Willenium (Columbia 1999)\nPablo \"Next Level\" (Howlin 2003)\nPat Boone \"Backbone\" from the album R&B Duet Hits (Goldenlane Records 2006)\nNas w/ various artists \"Where Are They Now (80's Remix)\" (Ill Will Records 2007)\nIce-T \"Darc Fight Club\" EP also features \"Revolution\" 2009\nMacklemore & Ryan Lewis \"Downtown\" with Eric Nally, Melle Mel, and Grandmaster Caz 2015\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c \"Kool Moe Dee\". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-11-29.\n^ a b John Bush. \"Kool Moe Dee\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2019-11-29.\n^ Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn; Fonseca, Anthony J. (1 December 2018). Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p.380. ISBN9780313357596. Retrieved 23 June 2021 via Google Books.\n^ Covington, S. R. (29 April 2008). Sensual Astrology for the African American Woman: Everything You Need to Know about Your Man Through His Sun Sign. Kensington Books. p.123. ISBN9781601621177. Retrieved 23 June 2021 via Google Books.\n^ \"Kool Moe, Dee\". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-01-10.\n^ \"Kool Moe Dee Did the Impossible\". medium.com. July 3, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021.\n^ \"Kool Moe, Dee (related)\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-01-11.\n^ a b c d e Colin Larkin, ed. (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Dance Music (Firsted.). Virgin Books. p.188. ISBN0-7535-0252-6.\n^ \"50 Greatest MCs of Our Time (19872007)\". Rap.about.com. February 15, 1999. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2020.\n^ Kool Dee, Chuck D, Ernie Panniccioli, Kool Mo Dee, Chuck D (November 20, 2003). There's a God on the Mic. The True 50 Greatest MCs. Da Capo Press. ISBN9781560255338.\n^ Patrick Goldstein, \"Kool Moe Grades Rappers: Give Him A+,\" Los Angeles Times, November 29, 1987.\n^ \"Behind The Rhyme with Kool Mo Dee\". Behind The Rhyme with Kool Mo Dee. Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2017-06-12.\n^ \"Chuck D Tells Kool Moe Dee That Spike Lee Did For Public Enemy What Radio Wouldn't (Video)\". Ambrosiaforheads.com. 9 June 2017.\nExternal links[edit]\nBehind The Rhyme TV\nKool Moe Dee at IMDb\nLyrics transcriptions from OHHLA.com\n\"Kool Moe Dee (aka: Dr Media) Leads Industry Therapy\", NYU Stern video\nvteKool Moe Dee\nDiscography\nStudio albums\nKool Moe Dee (1986)\nHow Ya Like Me Now (1987)\nKnowledge Is King (1989)\nFunke, Funke Wisdom (1991)\nInterlude (1994)\nCompilation albums\nGreatest Hits (1993)\nThe Jive Collection Volume 2: Kool Moe Dee (1995)\nSingles\n\"Go See the Doctor\"\n\"How Ya Like Me Now\"\n\"Wild Wild West\"\n\"Wild Wild West\"\n\"Downtown\"\nBooks\nThere's a God on the Mic\nRelated\nTreacherous Three\nvteTreacherous Three\nKool Moe Dee\nSpecial K\nLA Sunshine\nDJ Easy Lee\nSpoonie Gee\nStudio albums\nThe Treacherous Three\nOld School Flava\nCompilations\nTurn It Up\nRelated articles\nWild Style\nBeat Street\nSugar Hill Records\nAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nFinland\nUnited States\nArtists\nGrammy Awards\nMusicBrainz\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kool_Moe_Dee&oldid=1219291103\"\nCategories: 1962 birthsLiving peopleAfrican-American male rappersAmerican male rappersRappers from ManhattanPeople from HarlemJive Records artistsGrammy Award winners for rap musicEast Coast hip hop musiciansAfrican-American songwritersSongwriters from New York (state)Treacherous Three members21st-century American rappers21st-century American male musicians21st-century African-American musicians20th-century African-American peopleAmerican male songwritersHidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataBLP articles lacking sources from September 2015All BLP articles lacking sourcesShort description is different from WikidataArticles with hCardsPages using infobox musical artist with associated actsAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from January 2021Articles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with KANTO identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with Grammy identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 16 April 2024, at 21:25(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_Moe_Dee" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese's Biography\nSkip to main content\nSearch Results\nFacebook icon\nTwitter icon\nYouTube logo\nLinkedin icon\nInstagram icon\nTHE DIGITAL REPOSITORY FOR THE BLACK EXPERIENCE\nSign Up\nLog in\nDonate\nMobile menu icon\nClose mobile navigation icon\nTHE DIGITAL REPOSITORY FOR THE BLACK EXPERIENCE\nSearch Results\nHome\nExplore\ncaret down icon\nMaker Directory\nBrowse Categories\nVisual Archive\nDigital Library\nNewsletter Archive\nThe HistoryMakers Digital Archive\nThe ScienceMakers Digital Archive\nEducation\ncaret down icon\nOverview\nK-12\nHigher Education\nPublic Libraries\nGet Involved\ncaret down icon\nMemberships\nVolunteer\nNominate a HistoryMaker\nBecome a Bureau\nMedia\ncaret down icon\nMedia Kit\nPress\nLicensing\nPrograms\ncaret down icon\nPBS-TV Programs\nPublic Programs\n20@2020 Events\nSpecial Collections\nAbout\ncaret down icon\nAbout Us\nOur People\nFAQ\nContact\nShop\nLog In\nDonate\nFacebook icon\nTwitter icon\nYouTube logo\nLinkedin icon\nInstagram icon\nBack to Directory\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese\nMaker interview details\nSee in Digital Archive\nInterviews\nDecember 12, 2005\nDecember 6, 2005\nProfession\nCategory:\nMusicMakers\nOccupation(s):\nHip Hop Artist\nBirthplace\nBorn: August 8, 1963\nBirth Location: New York, New York\nFavorites\nFavorite Color: Purple, White\nFavorite Food: Seafood\nFavorite Time of Year: Summer\nFavorite Vacation Spot: Amsterdam\nFavorite Quote\n\"It is what it is.\"\nSee maker connections\nBiography\nDigital Archive\nBiography\nHip Hop Pioneer Kool Moe Dee was born Mohandas DeWese on August 8, 1963, in New York City. His early music career began at Norman Thomas High School in the late 1970s. Having grown up in Manhattan, DeWese was an early favorite at block parties in Harlem performing with high school buddies L.A. Sunshine and Special K plus DJ Easy as the Treacherous Three. After receiving his high school diploma, he attended the State University of New York at Old Westbury and graduated with his B.A. degree in communications.\nIn 1978, The Treacherous Three was officially formed. An introduction to Bobby Robinson by Spoonie G led to the Treacherous Three's debut on wax in 1980 with The New Language of Rap. The single was released on Robinsons Enjoy Records. In 1981, two more singles followed, Body Rock and Feel the Heart before the groups contract was sold to Sugar Hill Records. The Treacherous Three split up in the mid-1980s after recording several singles for Sugar Hill Records.\nFor his solo debut, DeWese enlisted an unknown producer, seventeen-year-old Teddy Riley. Go See the Doctor followed and became an underground hit. By 1986, Kool Moe Dee was signed to Jive Records, and his self-titled debut album appeared that same year. In 1987, with an album entitled, How Ya Like Me Now, DeWese went platinum and was followed in 1989 by the gold certified Knowledge Is King, for which he became the first rapper to perform at the Grammy Awards ceremonies. Also in 1989, DeWese worked on several important projects including the single \"Self-Destruction,\" and Quincy Jones' all-star Back on the Block album, which united Hip Hop stars with their musical forebears. After moving to Los Angeles, DeWese appeared in several movies including Panther in 1995 and Crossroads in 2002.\nInterview Description (Finding Aids)\nA2005_253_EAD.pdf\nA2005_253_EAC.pdf\nPreviews from the Digital Archive\n00:00 / 00:00 Speaker volume icon Mohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his childhood peer group Show video transcript What are your earliest memories of growing up in Harlem [New York, New York]?The earliest memories growing up in Harlem to me was the sense of community. I didn't--you didn't--I didn't know we were poor. You know, it takes a minute for that stuff to start, you know. You know, you don't really have anything, but as a child, you don't really need much. Dinner was there, it was fine. You could go outside and run. We're meeting new friends, you know, you're the new kid on the block. So, you have to go through that whole figuring out. You know, you walk in the park and see if you're going to get picked on. I mean, all of that stuff was natural. And like I said, because I was a thinking child, so to speak, I was like, okay, so how do you--you just got to do it, you got to just jump in. So, I would just jump in. \"I got next.\" You know, it's who's the new guy saying he's got next, or whatever. So, I had heart, so to speak. And then, in the back of my father's [William DeWese] head, I attached that don't be a punk to so many things.What things did you attach it to?If I don't ask to get in this game, I'm being a punk. If I don't speak to the teacher about what I--I'm being a punk. So, don't be a punk meant always have the heart to represent yourself and speak your mind. So, at any point that I'm not saying what I need to say, I'm being a punk. So, you know, I can't come in the park--oh, damn, I'm intimidated. These guys are a little bigger, uh, oh. That's being a punk. All right. And I would just start up. It was so--it's why every fight that I had when I was younger was usually with somebody bigger and older. Now this is my filter, because I'm starting--like I said, we talked a little earlier, and I'll break that down, too, about the ego. My ego, which I didn't even know what that was at the time, understood early, what embarrassment was. I would have not been able to take losing a fight to somebody my size, so I strategically only fought people older and bigger. So, therefore, if I ever lost, I had a built-in reason--he's bigger, he's older, he's stronger. I was supposed to lose. However, the other side is, if I win this fight, I've actually conquered the giant, and this is going to be the one that's for self-esteem, which I didn't know what self-esteem was at the time. But this is my young thought process. So, going through that in childhood, it's almost like the peer group of friends, which was kind of strange. They used to call us, we were the middle guys. We weren't the nerds, quote unquote nerds, you know, the Poindexters. And you know it wasn't computers at that time, but it's so funny how the black community tries to, at that time especially, associate intelligence with nerd, and ignorance with cool, and I really hated that, too. I was like, okay, I'm as smart as the guys in the front of the class, and I'm as cool as the guys in the back of the class. But what really makes those guys in the back of the class cool? Okay, well they don't do their homework and they're not that smart, so to speak. But then, it might be circumstantial. Maybe the work is not hard, but he's hungry. You know, I started figuring that stuff out, again, at seven and eight, nine, definitely by ten. And for me, it was like, but I don't want to hang with the quote, unquote nerd guys because I'm not rushing home to do my homework, but I'm not staying out too late to not do it, either. We're--I'm right in the middle. So, my little core group was smart enough to do that, and cool enough to do that. So, that was the balance. And even the name, \"Kool Moe Dee\" [HistoryMaker Mohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese]--when hip-hop started six years later for me, from nine and ten, the choice of saying cool was about, it was about rebellion again. What you're calling cool is not cool. I'm actually cool. No drugs, no alcohol, no drinking. I definitely--you know, principles--I'll fight, I speak, whatever. And I'm actually intelligent, and I'm going to make intelligence cool, that's what cool is. So that was where the name even started from years later.Up NextMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the formation of the Treacherous Three, pt. 1\nWatch the full interview in the Digital Archive\nInterview Tape 1\nSlating of Mohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese's interview, session 1\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese lists his favorites\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his mother, pt. 1\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his mother, pt. 2\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his early family life\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his mother's ambitions\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls his mother's favorite television shows\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his father, pt. 1\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his father, pt. 2\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his ancestry and the origin of his name\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his childhood peer group\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese remembers Harlem's hustler culture\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese shares his perspective on religion\nInterview Tape 2\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the sights, sounds and smells of growing up\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls his introduction to jazz music\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his early musical interests\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his father's philosophical interests\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls his father's admiration for Malcolm X\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his admiration for Muhammad Ali\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the impact of the Black Panthers\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese remembers the Fight of the Century\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his childhood personality\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese reflects upon societal beauty standards\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his dating experiences\nInterview Tape 3\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese talks about external validation\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls his introduction to break beats\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes New York City's early hip-hop scene, pt. 1\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes Lovebug Starski\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes New York City's early hip-hop scene, pt. 2\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls seeing Lovebug Starski and Grandmaster Flash in Harlem\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the impact of Grandmaster Flash and his crew\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the origin of the term hip-hop\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his entry into hip-hop\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls performing at Norman Thomas High School\nInterview Tape 4\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese reflects upon the early hip-hop generation\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese distinguishes between hustling and emceeing\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls boxing at the Police Athletic League\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the formation of the Treacherous Three, pt. 1\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the Treacherous Three\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls lunchroom performances at Norman Thomas High School\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese remembers his first performance with Special K\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls performing in the Bronx with the Treacherous Three\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the formation of the Treacherous Three, pt. 2\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes Spoonie Gee and the Treacherous Three\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese talks about Spoonie Gee\nInterview Tape 5\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese remembers the Treacherous Three's early recording sessions\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his classmates' response to 'New Rap Language'\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes Spoonie Gee's departure from Treacherous Three\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls hearing the Treacherous Three on the radio\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls performing in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1980\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese compares the Treacherous Three to Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his senior year at Norman Thomas High School\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls dropping out of Norman Thomas High School\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes passing the GED and applying for college\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the impact of his emcee battle with Busy Bee\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls hip-hop's growing popularity in the early 1980s\nInterview Tape 6\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes changes in the genre of hip-hop\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls his time at State University of New York College at Old Westbury\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the 1980s music industry\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the relationship between radio and hip-hop\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the release of 'Turn It Up'\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes hip-hop successes in the mid-1980s\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his solo comeback\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls Rakim's success in the mid-1980s\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese compares LL Cool J with other 1980s hip-hop artists\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese remembers meeting LL Cool J\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls LL Cool J's visit to his college dorm\nInterview Tape 7\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his album 'How Ya Like Me Now'\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese recalls the Soul Train Music Awards\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his rap battle with LL Cool J\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes his disagreement with Jive Records\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese talks about LL Cool J's rap battles\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese talks about historical revisionism\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese reflects upon the role of chance in his career\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese shares his perspective of the music industry\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese shares his perspective on gangster rap\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese reflects upon social issues and hip-hop stardom\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese shares his hopes for the hip-hop community\nInterview Tape 8\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese reflects upon American politics\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the evolution of hip-hop culture, pt. 1\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the evolution of hip-hop culture, pt. 2\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the impact of Eminem's success for black hip-hop artists\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes racism in the entertainment industry\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes hip-hop's global impact\nMohandas \"Kool Moe Dee\" DeWese describes the historical significance of hip-hop\nFacebook 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All rights reserved.", "url": "https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mohandas-kool-moe-dee-dewese" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kool Moe Dee | SpotifySomething went wrongTry reloading the pageRELOAD PAGE", "url": "https://open.spotify.com/artist/2RE8NwNxsOyuNZDD0jRxHP" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kool Moe Dee Lyrics, Songs, and Albums | Genius\n{{:: 'cloudflare_always_on_message' | i18n }}\nGENIUS\n|\n|\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nYoutube\nKool Moe Dee\nAKA: Mohandas Dewese\nAbout Kool Moe Dee\nKool Moe Dee is one of raps earliest stars. Starting his career in the early 70s, he formed the legendary Treacherous Three with DJ Easy Lee, Special K, and L.A. Sunshine.\nAfter the groups first break-up in 84, Kool Moe Dee went solo, establishing himself as one of hip-hops first big stars with his breakout solo album, How Ya Like Me Now?.\nHe became one of the first hip-hop acts to get a Grammy, and became the first to perform at the Grammys.\nKool Moe Dee is now mostly remembered for his feud with LL Cool J, where they exchanged musical punches that entertained hip-hop heads for years, with the winner of the feud still being debated to this day.\nPopular Kool Moe Dee songs\nDowntown\nMacklemore & Ryan Lewis\nWild Wild West\nWill Smith\nDowntown (Clean)\nMacklemore & Ryan Lewis\nWild Wild West\nKool Moe Dee\nHow Ya Like Me Now\nKool Moe Dee\nI Go to Work\nKool Moe Dee\nGo See the Doctor\nKool Moe Dee\nLets Go\nKool Moe Dee\nBack on the Block\nQuincy Jones\nDeath Blow\nKool Moe Dee\nShow all songs by Kool Moe Dee\nPopular Kool Moe Dee albums\nInterlude\n1994\nGreatest Hits\n1993\nFunke Funke Wisdom\n1991\nAfrican Pride EP\n1990\nKnowledge is King\n1989\nHow Ya Like Me Now\n1987\nShow all albums by Kool Moe Dee\nKool Moe Dee Q&A\nWhen did Kool Moe Dee's first album release?\nWhat is the most popular album by Kool Moe Dee?\nWhat is the most popular song by Kool Moe Dee?\nWhen did Kool Moe Dee start making music?\nHome\nK\nKool Moe Dee\n Back to List of Artists\nAbout Genius\nContributor Guidelines\nPress\nShop\nAdvertise\nPrivacy Policy\nLicensing\nJobs\nDevelopers\nTerms of Use\nCopyright Policy\nContact Us\nDo Not Sell My Personal Information\nSign in\n 2024 ML Genius Holdings, LLC\nVerified Artists\nAll Artists:\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\n#\nHot songs:\nes darf keiner sehen\nhausnummer 2\nerinnerung\nzu ihm oder zu mir\nwie meine ex\nView All", "url": "https://genius.com/artists/Kool-moe-dee" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Android 18 | Dragon Ball Wiki | Fandom\nDragon Ball Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nContent\nCharacters\nDragon Team\nFrieza Force\nRed Ribbon Army\nOrganization of Babidi\nTeam Universe 6\nPride Troopers\nDark Empire\nAnime\nDragon Ball\nDragon Ball Z\nDragon Ball Z Kai\nDragon Ball Super\nDragon Ball Daima\nSuper Dragon Ball Heroes\nDragon Ball GT\nDr. Slump\nManga\nDragon Ball\nDragon Ball Super\nDark Demon Realm Mission!\nUniverse Mission!!\nBig Bang Mission!!!\nUltra God Mission!!!!\nMeteor Mission!\nSagas\nFilms\nVideo Games\nBudokai series\nBudokai Tenkaichi series\nXenoverse series\nHeroes\nFighterZ\nDokkan Battle\nLegends\nCommunity\nAdministrators\nForum\nBlogs\nAnime/Manga Hub\nAbout Us\nPolicies\nGuidelines\nRules\nStandards\nManual of Style\nAdministration\nRequests\nProposals\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nDragon Ball Wiki\n8,624pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nContent\nCharacters\nDragon Team\nFrieza Force\nRed Ribbon Army\nOrganization of Babidi\nTeam Universe 6\nPride Troopers\nDark Empire\nAnime\nDragon Ball\nDragon Ball Z\nDragon Ball Z Kai\nDragon Ball Super\nDragon Ball Daima\nSuper Dragon Ball Heroes\nDragon Ball GT\nDr. Slump\nManga\nDragon Ball\nDragon Ball Super\nDark Demon Realm Mission!\nUniverse Mission!!\nBig Bang Mission!!!\nUltra God Mission!!!!\nMeteor Mission!\nSagas\nFilms\nVideo Games\nBudokai series\nBudokai Tenkaichi series\nXenoverse series\nHeroes\nFighterZ\nDokkan Battle\nLegends\nCommunity\nAdministrators\nForum\nBlogs\nAnime/Manga Hub\nAbout Us\nPolicies\nGuidelines\nRules\nStandards\nManual of Style\nAdministration\nRequests\nProposals\nin:\nCharacters, DBZ Characters, DBGT Characters,\nand\n23 more\nDBS Characters\nDBH Characters\nDBD Characters\nFilm Characters\nAndroids\nCharacters who can fly\nCyborgs\nFemales\nFormer Villains\nEarthlings\nBandits/Criminals\nMartial Artists\nMothers\nRed Ribbon Army\nSiblings\nTournament fighters\nZ Fighters\nZ Fighters Support\nCapsule Corporation workers\nGalactic Patrol\nPolice\nTime Patrol\nAssassins\nEnglish\nCatal\nDeutsch\n\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\n\nNederlands\nPolski\nPortugus do Brasil\nShqip\nTrke\nAndroid 18\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (60)\nArticles onAndroid 18\nIntroduction Biography Power and Abilities Misc Gallery\nDirectory: Characters Villains Former villains Dragon Team\n\"Whoever owns these clothes should have their optic sensors adjusted. They are obviously malfunctioning.\"\n \"Time Chamber\"\nAndroid 18\nAnime\nManga\n\nJinzningen J Hachi-GRazuri\nAlias\nNo. 1818Android No. 18A-18Andoroido 18Artificial Human No. 18Cyborg 18C-18Mrs. Krillin[1]\nDebuts\nAppears in\nManga Debut\n\"The Androids Awake!\"\nAnime Debut\n\"Nightmare Comes True\"\nMovie Debut\nDragon Ball Z: Super Android 13!\nGame Debut\nDragon Ball Z III: Ressen Jinzningen\nCharacteristics\nRace\nHuman-type Earthling (Android)[2]\nGender\nFemale\nDeath Date(s)\nMay 8, Age 774Age 779\nProfessional Status\nOccupation\nMartial ArtistCapsule Corporation employeeGalactic Patrolwoman (Temporarily Deputized Agent employed by Capsule Corp.)\nAllegiance\nRed Ribbon ArmyDragon TeamTeam Universe 7Capsule Corporation (Temporarily Employed)Galactic Patrol (Temporarily Deputized/Paid by Capsule Corp.)\nAddress\nNBI 8250012 B (formerly)Krillin's House[3]\nPersonal Status\nRelatives\nAndroid 17 (twin brother)Krillin (husband)Marron (daughter)Android 17's wife (sister-in-law)Android 17's children (nephew(s) and/or niece(s))\nCounterparts\nFuture Android 18Future Android 18 (Cell's timeline)Future Android 18 (Future Warrior in Black's timeline)\nAndroid 18 (, Jinzningen J Hachi-G), originally named Lazuli (, Razuri)[4] when she was an ordinary human, is the older twin sister of Android 17 and Dr. Gero's eighteenth android creation, designed to serve Gero's vendetta against Goku. While her interests do not initially deviate from this expectation, her curiosity to activate Android 16, in spite of Gero's orders not to do so, leads Android 17 to take it upon himself to rebel and murder Gero. Eventually, Android 18 becomes a member of the Z Fighters, as well as the wife of Krillin and the mother of their daughter Marron.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n2 Personality\n2.1 Relationship with Krillin\n3 References\n4 Site Navigation\nAppearance[]\nAndroid 18's platinum blonde hair in the manga\nAndroid 18 is a slender and beautiful woman of above-average height and fair complexion. She has shoulder-length blonde hair, although its specific shade varied between light/golden[5][6][7] or platinum[5][8] that parts over her left temple, which she generally keeps tucked behind her ear. She consistently wears small gold hoop earrings on both ears. Her hair is apparently natural due to her not minding too much when Future Trunks sliced parts of it off during his fight with her (in stark contrast to her future counterpart, who in the English dub threatened him for cutting off portions of her hair and claimed it could not grow back). She has a fairly small chest in the manga, while in the anime, her chest was implied to be large enough that Master Roshi after their plane crashed took the opportunity to plant his face in her bosom and smother his face within, leading to her nearly killing him. In the Androids Saga when she is first activated by Dr. Gero, she wears a blue denim vest and skirt (with the Red Ribbon logo on the back of the vest) with dark blue tights, a brown belt, brown boots, and a black shirt that has white and black striped long sleeves. After her clothes were ruined in her battle against Vegeta, she changes to a western-style outfit consisting of a brown armor vest and skirt with dark navy leggings, a blue-green long sleeve turtleneck shirt, and brown cowboy boots. Later when the androids arrive at Goku's House and throughout the Cell Saga, she wears a black mini vest with a golden triangle pin, a white short sleeved undershirt with a pearl necklace, dark teal jeans with a golden chain, a brown belt, a pair of short black gloves with a gold bracelet on the left one, and black flats with orange socks.\nAndroid 18, while living at Kame House with Krillin and Marron\nWhen she is married to Krillin and living at Kame House, she wears a pale blue buttoned-up denim vest, white jeans, red hoop earrings along with a red bracelet on her left hand, and black flip-flops. Her blue eyes had a slightly darker coloration than last time. Later, at the World Martial Arts Tournament and throughout the Buu Saga, she wears a black shirt with white and black striped long sleeves, blue jeans, a brown belt, and black flats with orange socks. It is noticeable that this outfit incorporates between her first outfit in the Androids Saga and her third outfit in the Cell Saga as the shirt, belt, and color scheme is taken from her first outfit, while the jeans and flats are taken from her third outfit.\nIn Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods, her outfit in the World Tournament Saga has some minor changes. The color of her black shirt has been changed to dark indigo along with the black and white stripe sleeves being recolored to purple. Additionally, the color of her jeans has been changed to pale blue and is slightly shorter while the color of her hoop earrings has been changed from red to silver. Lastly, the color of her socks has been changed to white with the upper portion no longer being rolled up, and her black flats has been changed to dark indigo and no longer contains the tie. She also wears a pearl necklace identical to the one she wore during the Cell arcs, only it was embedded with a thunder pendant, she now possesses blue-green eyes as opposed to her original blue.\nIn Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection F, her appearance remains largely the same as Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods with the only noticeable changes being she no longer wears a pearl necklace along with the cuffs of her shirt and sleeves being colored white and now wears blue boots. Additionally, the bottom of her shirt no longer appears to be tucked in, now concealing her belt.\nAkira Toriyama's current design of Android 18.\nAt the end of Dragon Ball Z, she cuts her hair shorter which resembles Bulma's bowl-cut hairstyle from the Majin Buu saga and wears fashionable business attire. Her outfit is a red sleeveless shirt, pale yellow business pants, the pale gold hoop earrings she had initially worn during the Androids and Cell arcs, the same gold bracelet on her left wrist which she had worn during the Cell arc, and brown flats. She also wears the pearl necklace that she previously wore during Imperfect Cell Saga and the Cell Games.\nHer main look in the Peaceful World Saga was retained for Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero and wears her tracksuit in the Universe Survival Saga but with minor changes. Her jacket is magenta, her trousers resembling a sports capri which is light grey with pink linings. She also retains her grey shoes with white soles and fuchsia pink socks.\nFor the Universe Survival Saga, she wears a pink tracksuit identical to Gohan's during Frieza's invasion of Earth, and grey shoes with white soles.\nIn Dragon Ball GT while being the servant of Baby and later cured with the Sacred Water, she wears a red long sleeve turtleneck shirt, black pants, silver hoop earrings, pearl necklace and red flats. Her short hair had finally grown out and was styled into a short bob.\nIn the Super 17 Saga, she wears a purple business suit jacket with a pink short sleeved undershirt, purple business pants, gold hoop earrings, pearl necklace and red heels. She also retains her hairstyle from the end of Dragon Ball Z. While facing her twin brother for the second time, she was later seen without her business suit jacket and the pearl necklace on her neck as a black strapless bra is shown underneath her pink short sleeved shirt after she angrily rips half of her shirt while taunting her twin brother to kill her.\nAt the end of Dragon Ball GT, she was seen wearing her pink short sleeved shirt, reddish brown pants, and red flats.\nPersonality[]\nLike her brother, Android 18 usually displays a cool and confident demeanor, especially in battle, although her sarcastic and biting humor is the most prominent trait of her personality. This is demonstrated when Goku takes notice of her assembly with the Dragon Team at the 25th World Martial Arts Tournament, leading to the retort \"Look, he noticed. How cute.\" (In the Japanese version she says, \"Took you a while idiot!\"), as well as dryly saying \"Spare me\" when Krillin reveals to Goku that not only have they married, but also had a child. Shortly after this, she is asked by the World Tournament Announcer if her real name is legitimately \"No. 18\", to which she responds, \"My father was pretty dull\" (In the Japanese version, she replies that \"It doesn't matter\" before tossing the number at the World Tournament Announcer). Although she isn't characterized for this, 18 can be very curious if she is really interested in something, to the point of activating her comrade Android 16 and wondering what present she will give to her husband Krillin during a dispute of a wish with the others using the Dragon Balls. She often expresses herself in her cool and downplayed manner well into her marriage with Krillin, often smiling in a somewhat subdued fashion that conveys her very laid-back personality, in Super, however, she is often seen smiling. However, 18's sense of humor is not always tactful, as she jokingly expressed to Future Trunks that she wanted reimbursement for him killing her alternate universe counterpart, much to Future Trunks' displeasure. This is a rare instance where Android 18's humor was anything but tactful, as per her usual timing. This failure is likely due to Android 18 being unaware how murderous her counterpart was and how much Future Trunks had suffered because of it, as she likely would have been more sensitive had she known the full extent of the destruction and suffering caused by her and her brother's counterparts. She is also shown to be rather prideful, though not to the same extent as her brother had been during the Imperfect Cell Saga.\nAs an older sister and delinquent, and later as a wife and martial artist, Android 18 is shown to be outwardly commanding, insisting that she and her brother 17, and later she and Krillin, have to make strides to improve the family's financial situation, insisting Krillin to join the Tournament for the prize money, forcing Mr. Satan into a deal about giving her 20 million Zeni to the point of destroying his property and cowing him into multiplying the prize money a hundred-fold, wanting Shenron to grant her wish for a present for Krillin, and initially saying that she would only fight at the Tournament of Power if she gains a large sum of money for it although she later decides to enter because she suspects that the tournament is not really a game. In Dragon Ball Z: Supersonic Warriors, Android 18 is hinted to dislike driving solely because of Android 17's insistence on driving around aimlessly without anything better to do. However, 18 still exhibits some of her sensitivity and even protective side, especially towards her twin brother, daughter, and husband. This is in stark contrast to her alternate self from Future Trunks' timeline, where she is a murderous sociopath who cares for no one but herself and her brother though this is mainly due to the fact that Future Dr. Gero had altered Future 17 and 18 to hate humanity, which never occurred in the main timeline. 18 also possesses a vast distaste if not outright hatred of violence against children, to the point that after witnessing Lord Beerus's attacks against Gotenks she lost her temper and proceeded to assault him, despite his decisively superior power. This is likely due to her instincts as a mother and fondness for her friends' children despite being frequently annoyed by the underage Super Saiyans. Unlike her brother, she, like Goku and any other fighter, sometimes has the tendency to let her guard down during battle, allowing her opponents to take advantage, primarily because of her cool and laid-back attitude, as demonstrated by Shosa in the tournament.\nLike her brother, she developed hatred towards Dr. Gero for modifying them against their will, though interestingly, she still uses the name No. 18 instead of her original name Lazuli and in the dub even refers to Dr. Gero as her father, albeit sarcastically (as he was the one who gave her the name No. 18) when asked about her name during the World Tournament. It was this shared hatred and distrust of Gero that convinced 18 that Cell was only imitating 17's voice to trick her. Though she lacks her future counterpart's sociopathic and murderous personality, she does share her counterpart's love of shopping and interest in fashion, as well as taking care in maintaining her appearance and dislikes having her clothing or hair damaged in battle. In the anime, she is shown to dislike Chi-Chi's Chinese dresses while trying her clothes when the Androids come to Goku's House looking for Goku. This is in contrast with her future counterpart who had no problem with the Chinese dresses she tried on while shopping for clothes during The History of Trunks special, showing that she and her counterpart apparently have different tastes in fashion.\nBy the time of Dragon Ball Super, Android 18 seems to have grown kinder and more compassionate, is often seen smiling and is closer to Krillin and Marron compared to Z, where she is shown always folding her arms and looking withdrawn from her allies (like Vegeta and Piccolo, with the former before being accustomed to earthly society), only smiling when she sees her daughter and participating in some activities with others, like in the God of Destruction Beerus Saga, she participates in the bingo tournament. When she encounters Future Trunks after so many years, she is shown to be more kind and friendly to him than the last time they met, giving him a fist bump and joking about her future self's death. Android 18's close relationship with Krillin had led her to want to give a present for him, which she wanted to use the Dragon Balls to wish for a present, when Bulma told 18 that having her and Marron is better than having any present, she was struck with flattery, causing her face to blush, implying that she really loves her husband, and even cheers for him during Universe 6 and Universe 7's baseball match. In addition, she also ended up joining the Tournament of Power, not due to money, but because she suspected from both the increasing prize money, Goku and Gohan's increasingly desperate offers to have them join, and Gohan's serious disposition that the results if they lost the tournament would be very severe. However, she is cold towards her brother after reuniting with him for the tournament and tells Krillin not to force it when he tries to break the ice by initiating a friendly conversation with his brother-in-law. She also threatened to kill her brother if he mispronounced Marron's name as \"Maron\" a second time (however this may be due to it reminding her of Krillin's ex-girlfriend Maron, or it could have been a sanctimonious, empty threat), indicating that she and her brother have grown distant since the Imperfect Cell Saga.\nDespite this, both siblings are still capable working well together as a team during the Tournament of Power and even strategize together in the heat of battle to take advantage of their infinite stamina. Android 18 also nevertheless still deeply cared for him, as she was very distraught when he seemingly killed himself to save Goku and Vegeta along with Universe 7. In Xenoverse 2, she states she has been working with Krillin on attack coordination and that it reminds her of the old days fighting alongside her brother, though notes that she and 17 would never actually try and attack deliberately together, as they simply just naturally had good timing due to being twin siblings. However, she notes that it is not the same with Krillin as she needs to focus more on Krillin and use more concentration when coordinating her attacks with his, though she doesn't mind it really.\nHowever, she still at times retains some of her original cool and sarcastic nature, as evidenced by the Peaceful World Saga, where she offhandedly mentioned that \"even the likes of Krillin\" could beat Wild Tiger after seeing Pan beat him.\nIn the events in Dragon Ball GT, Android 18 has a very close attachment to her now older daughter, Marron and protects her when she is in danger. When Krillin was killed by her brother, Android 17 due to Hell Fighter 17's control, Android 18 emotionally cries over her husband's death despite being a cyborg and admitting she loves him as she shows her vengeful rage to her brother for what he had done. When she confronts her brother for the second time, she smiles at Goku due to his friendship with her husband as she assists him to avenge Krillin's death.\nShe was also shown to be aware of Goku's quirk of using his tail to touch the crotches of females to determine their gender, which humorously led to a confrontation between the two in Shin Budokai where she attempted to fight him off largely because she didn't want him to do that, despite Goku assuring her that he outgrew that trait.\nRelationship with Krillin[]\nAndroid 18 and Krillin's relationship began as a mutual yet unspoken attraction despite their meeting as enemies in battle, as she spared his life and gave him a kiss on the cheek. It is unknown if Krillin had feelings before this kiss or if he developed a crush on her from that point on. Afterward, by the time he could have shut her down with Bulma's remote-control device, Krillin's feelings had already progressed to the point that he chose instead to smash the controller and warn her of Cell's approach despite the danger this presented to the world. Just before her absorption, 18, after hearing Krillin being knocked away by Cell, attacked Cell in a fury and denounced the latter as a monster, despite being rendered temporarily blind earlier due to Cell's use of Solar Flare. Following the battle with Cell, Krillin used the Dragon Balls to remove the bombs implanted in 18 and 17 in a selfless act he believed would allow them to live happily together. 18 angrily corrected him on the fact that 17 is her brother, not her boyfriend, before leaving, flattered by Krillin's feelings.\nKrillin's courtship of 18 beyond was not shown but it is clear, by the time Majin Buu surfaced, that 18 had consented to marry Krillin and even had a daughter with him. Despite openly requesting to improve her family's financial situation, 18 inwardly admired her husband intensely, once stating that he was \"So cool\" as he flew away. She is also seen tending to his wounds after his mock-fight with Goku with a gentle smile on her face. As parents, both 18 and Krillin were shown to be intensely protective of their daughter Marron. In the Majin Buu Saga, Battle of Gods Saga, and Resurrection F Saga examples were shown of one or both of them focused on who will protect their daughter before major battles.\nIt has been shown that 18 is an emotionally supportive wife, offering kind words and wisdom to Krillin in his moments of self-doubt, such as when Krillin wondered if giving up martial arts was the right thing to do, but when Marron walked up to and smiled at them, 18 told him as she tended his wounds that he was exactly where he belonged. 18 also can be playful and works well with Krillin in many situations, both in combat and in leisure. One humorous instance of this was seen on the Lookout, with 18 helping Krillin in a card game against Master Roshi, with 18 giving him directions from behind Roshi's back through head gestures.\n18 is shown to have a somewhat difficult time expressing her affections towards her husband, as she intended on one occasion to use Shenron to wish for the perfect gift for Krillin. Upon receiving a heart-to-heart conversation from Bulma, 18 realized that she and Marron were all that Krillin needed to be happy, bringing 18 to a new level of understanding towards her husband, deeply touched by Bulma's words and kindness towards her. 18 is also known to worry about Krillin's safety due to his job as a police officer, as he has been known to suffer bullet wounds despite his superhuman conditioning and abilities. 18 is clearly devoted and dedicated to Krillin's happiness and well-being due to this tendency of hers. However, she does have a bit of a jealous streak as shown in the Bio-Broly film when the researcher Nain hugs onto Krillin as they fly her and her colleagues to safety as Mei Queen Castle fills with Culture Fluid, Android 18 notices him blushing as Nain hugs him causing her to coldly push Nain and Krillin away while telling them to hurry up and go, though neither are hurt by this. This jealous streak also implied by her reactions to Zangya's comments about Krillin being cute in the Budokai Tenkaichi series. It is also implied in the Dragon Ball Super anime she may be aware of Krillin's ex-girlfriend Maron, given she angrily threatens her brother when he mispronounces her daughter Marron's name as Maron.\nOn a similar note, Krillin also told 18 about some of his fights in his youth, which is implied in a special match between 18 and General Blue in Budokai Tenkaichi 3 where she immediately recognizes Blue due to hearing about him from Krillin, and specifically said her husband referred to the infamous Red Ribbon Army general as \"the weird guy\" (presumably referring to Blue's homosexuality), causing Blue to become angered at the remark and threaten her.\nIn Dragon Ball FighterZ, Android 18 is torn emotionally when Android 21 (when overcome by her evil persona) orders her to fight with Krillin though she agrees to prevent Android 21 from attacking him. She orders the soul inside her not to kill Krillin and they manage to defeat Krillin without killing him though Android 21 loses control of her cravings, forcing Android 18 to have the soul inside her link with Android 21 to stop her from eating Krillin. After subduing her, they leave Krillin behind to learn more about Android 21 who Androids 18, 17, and 16 resolve to help overcome her evil side. After 21's fission into her good and evil halves following the death of 16, Android 18 is relieved when Krillin arrives to save her and the good Android 21 from the evil 21. She is touched when Krillin admits he realized she had gone easy on him when they fought and correctly assumed she had own reasons for helping 21. She is not surprised when Goku and Krillin want to help the good Android 21 stop her evil counterpart. Android 18 is also shown to have developed animosity towards Frieza for his murder of Krillin in the past, which even extends to the Clone Friezas as she convinces the good 21 and her brother to help her avenge Krillin by killing a Frieza clone they encounter much to good Android 21's confusion as she recognizes that Android 18's desire to avenge Krillin by killing a Clone Frieza is itself irrational as it is not the true Frieza. Presumably, she would hold similar animosity towards Tambourine as well as Super Buu (though in Super Buu's case, it would likely be greater as he killed both her husband and daughter, as well as 18 herself). Though Android 18 loves her husband, in a special conversation between Krillin and Yamcha in which Yamcha mistakenly assumes that Krillin has a thing for female Androids due to Krillin agreeing with Yamcha that 21 is attractive, Android 18 overhears Yamcha's careless remarks, causing her to comically seethe with anger and glare sinisterly at both Krillin and Yamcha who are so terrified they do not dare turn around and instead focus on fighting the enemy, hoping that 18 will go easy on them afterwards. However, Krillin himself is shown in FighterZ to love Android 18 and is enraged when he sees her injured in the Super Warrior Arc and Enemy Warrior Arc, to the point he is willing to bravely confront the likes of Perfect Cell (and Frieza, the Ginyu Force, and Nappa in the Enemy Warrior Arc) and is shown to be protective of her, though he can be overprotective as he is reluctant to allow her to work with her brother, 16, and Android 21 because he was not trusting 21, owing to her association with the Red Ribbon Army, though after she holds back against him he, understands she had her reasons for doing so and ends up coming to her rescue when she, 17, and good 21 confront the evil 21, having learned what was going on from Dende while staying on The Lookout.\nDragon Ball GT showed an even softer side of Android 18. When 17 returned in a brainwashed state and attempted to compel 18 to join him, Krillin was able to break the mind control. 18 was distraught enough over her husband's subsequent death to attack her own brother in a rage and it was a combined attempt to avenge Krillin that helped 18 and Goku finally put aside their differences and become friends.\nReferences[]\n Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2, 2016\n Chouzenshuu 1, 2013\n Dragon Ball Super episode 75, \"Goku and Krillin! Back to the Old Familiar Training Ground!\"\n \"Dragon Ball Q&A\" section, Dragon Ball Full Color Androids Saga volume 6, 2014\n 5.0 5.1 Dragon Ball chapter 160, \"The Androids at Ease\"\n Dragon Ball Kanzenban covers\n Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero; which uses manga colorations for characters\n Toriyama and Toyotarou artworks of 18 for Dragon Ball Super\nSite Navigation[]\nShowv d eAndroidsRed Ribbon AndroidsMajor Metallitron Red Ribbon Robot Prototype Android (Super Prototype) Android 8 (Future) Remote Tracking Device Android 9 Android 13 Android 14 Android 15 Android 16 (Future New Model) Android 17 (Future Cell) Android 18 (Future Cell) Android 19 (Future) Android 20 (Future Cell Clone (Supercomputer (Future)) Android 21 (Good Evil) Clones (Clone Frieza) Gamma 1 Gamma 2 Magenta Destroyers Android 25 Android 26 Android 33 Android 44 Android 55 Android 76 Android 8000 Android 19000Dr. Hedo's AndroidsAlpha Series (Alpha 12) Beta Series (Beta 1 Beta 2 Beta 7 Beta 8) Dinodroid 1 Tentomaru Hachimaru Gamma 1 Gamma 2 Cell MaxBio-AndroidCell (Present Future Xeno Clone New) Cell Jr. Cell Max Genome July Mira (Dark Empire) Fin Fu Haru Haru Shun ShunBio-WarriorBio-Man Kishime Misokatsun Ebifurya Bio-BrolyOther AndroidsAhms Arale Norimaki Asura Robot Big Gete Star C-6 Caramel Man CC Mascots CC Robots (Waipa) Compression-01 Cyclopian Guard Dr. Mashirito Eggbot Flying Camera Godgardon Guide Robo Gurumes' Robot Servant Hatchiyack Helper Bot Hope! HWM 100 X Dr. Kochin Machine Mutants Mecha 7 Mecha Goku Navigator Oatmeel Obotchaman OG Soldier (Seven-Three) Pirate Robot Pusherbot Reality Machine Robotoriyama TPP - EX Zeno Orbs ZikuOther CyborgsBoiled Octopus Robo Bowlean Cacao Caramel Man (Dr. Mashirito) Cyborg Tao Kahseral Kettlean Machine Mutants Mecha Frieza (Future Clone) Meta-Cooler Core (Meta-Cooler) Rezok Warlord Dr. WheeloUniverse 3Agnilasa Borareta Catopesra Koicareta Koitsukai Maji-Kayo Mosco Narirama Nigrissi Panca Paparoni Biarra Za PriccioUniverse 7 FusionsAndroid 35 Android 1617 Android 1718 Android 1920 Android Saibaking Android Biwala 33 Android Gowry 33 Android Leganon 33 Android Huki 44 Android Stroganof 55 Android Vasabi 55 Android Bukha 76 Android Butor 76 Arale 18 Cell 17 Celluza Damira Baby Hatchiyack Fused Sealas Fuki Gaury Kuwabara Perfect 16 Super 17 Towale Ultra PinichRelatedAndroid Bomb Bio Suit (Cosmic Suit) Built-in Scouter Cell Games Cells Culture Fluid (Culture Fluid Absorption Gigantification) Dark Evolution Dark Ki Dark Magic (Villainous Mode Supervillain (Ultra)) Dr. Collie Dr. Flappe Dr. Gero's Confidential Disc Dr. Hedo Dr. Lychee Dr. Mashirito Flamethrower Form Change Frieza Race Frieza's Rocket Launcher Grenade Gevo Hell Fighter 17 Machine Mutants Nain Red Ribbon Army (Red Pants Army) Remote Tracking Device Senbei Norimaki Shut Down Remote Metal Super Saiyan S-Cells Super Saiyan (Super Saiyan 2 Powerhouse (Third Grade)) Team Universe 3 Team Universe 7 Transcended\nShowv d eEarthlingsHuman-Type EarthlingsAgundas Akai Tomato Akane Kimidori Alpha 12 An Azuki Android 17's Wife Angela Antique Shop Owner Antoine the Great Aoi Kimidori Aosa Bacterian Barry Kahn Basaku Beat Beat's Mom Beta 7 Bikini Bimbo Bocacchi Bongo Bora Bullies of the Orin Temple Bulma (Future DBE) Burdwell Captain Bacterian Captain Chicken Captain Dark Captain Ginyu Captain of the Guard Carey Fuller Carmine Caroni Chamel Chamile Chao Charmy Yamada Chi-Chi (Future DBE) Chi-Chi's mother Chiaotzu Chico Chin Taiken Chocora Chok Chow Chuu Lee Coco Cocoa Amaguri Colonel Silver Colonel Violet Commander Red Cynthia Daigoro Kurigashira The Dictator Donko Doskoi Dr. Auto Dr. Brief (Future) Dr. Challenger Dr. Collie Dr. Flappe Dr. Gero (Clone Future Cell) Dr. Hedo Dr. Hedo's Father Dran Dub Eclain Eclair Emi Ena Erasa Erito Fanfan Farmer Fen Fire Safety Kids Forte Fortuneteller Baba Freddy Hein Fyler Gala Gato Geveta Gevo General Blue General White Gibachi Grandma Hakkake Grandma Paozu Grandpa Gohan (DBE) Gyaosu Hacchi Haru Hasky Hasky's followers Haya Hero Hero Stadium Announcer Hijiki Hondawara Honey Hyororot Idasa Idasam Ikose Intergalactic Fighters Isaza Jajee Jam (Dragon Ball Fusions) Jewel Jimmy Firecracker Jingle Village Chief Juliana Kabra Kaede Kagyu Kajika Kallon Kalpochof Kami of the Previous Generation Kang Karot Kasal Kasdan Killa King Chappa King Kress Kinoko Sarada Kojiro Kompas Kong Kooky Cook Korinto Krillin (Clone Future Cell) Kurikinton Soramame Lapis (Future Cell) Launch Lazuli (Future Cell) Lime Lody Lord Jaguar Lotta Cash Mabon Magenta Mai (Future DBE) Maki Mako Maruyama Maloja Mamako Omori Manpuku Okawari Maron Marron Master Mutaito (DBE) Master Roshi (Future DBE) Master Shen Men-Men Mercenary Tao Michael Midori Norimaki Mighty Mask Miguel Mint Mint (World Mission) Miss Piiza Mizore Moden Momo-chan Monty Monster Carrot's Henchmen Mousse Mousse and Eclair's children Mozuku Mr. Borbonne Mr. Kingery Mr. Lao Mr. Musuka Mr. Satan (Future Universe 6) Mr. Shu Mugley Murasaki Brothers Nain Nam Nareg Nejishiki Ninja Murasaki Note Nok Note Oats Old Scientist Old Woman Spring Olibu Omori's Wife Otokosuki Ox-King (Future) Pagos Pamput Panna Pansy Paopao Pare Pasta Paul Peasuke Soramame Peco Penguin Village Junior High Principal Pepper Johnson Pete Kobayashi Peter Pharaoh Totenhotep Pigero Pintar Pirozhki Piscuit Pit Bull Pete Plague Plamo Pochawompa Pochimura Polly Buckets Princess Misa Puck Queen Kress Ranfan Rezok Richest man in Gingertown Rising Dragon Roche Rock Rocky Rivers Rom Rulah Sachie Momochi Satan City Mayor Seki Senbei Norimaki Sharpner Shen Sergeant Nutz Sheriff Rao Sherman Priest Shinseki Shoken Skale Sky Dragon Smitty Soldier 15 Sora Spopovich Staff Officer Black Suno Tamagoro Katayude Tanmen Taro Soramame Terror Thief Boy Thunderbolt Tien Shinhan (Clone Future Cell) Tights Tokunoshin Omori Tommy Traffic Agent Lady Trunks Tsubasa Tsukutsun Tsun Tsuntsunodanoteiyugo Tsun Tsururin Tsun Tsuruten Tsun Turbo Norimaki Udo Upa Uub Uuby Valese Van Zant Videl Village Elder Viola Vodka Vodka's bodyguards Vomi Wairu Wanta Wayan Budhiyasa Weaver Wild Tiger World Tournament Announcer X.S. Cash Yajirobe (Future) Yamcha (Clone Future DBE) Yamu Yaochun Yoshito-kun Yukio Kyumonji Yurin Yuzukar Zalador Zarid ZenAnimal-Type EarthlingsAgarizame Bear Thief Captain Yellow Donbe General Bon Hasky's followers Jasmine Jinku King Furry Kondanuki Konkichi Man-Wolf Monster Carrot Mr. Pig Oolong (Future) Oonaan Pongitsune Puar (Future) Shu (Future) Sunglasses Crocodile Torahachiro Turtle (Future) West City Mayor Wombat and Biker World Tournament Chairman YordonMonster-Type EarthlingsBandages the Mummy Emperor Pilaf (Future) Igor King Gurumes Paella Vampire (Fangs the Vampire)Earthling-Saiyan HybridsAkina Beat Bulla Bulma Leigh Captain Ginyu Gohan (Clone Future Cell Xeno Future Warrior in Black) Goten (Xeno) Trunks (Clone Future Cell Unknown Xeno) Pan (Xeno) Goku Jr. Vegeta Jr.Earthling CyborgsAndroid 8 (Future) Android 17 (Future Cell) Android 18 (Future Cell) Android 21 (Evil Good) Android 25 Android 26 Genome Cell (Present Future Unseen Xeno) Cell Jr. Dr. Gero (Future Cell) Dr. Kochin Dr. Mashirito Dr. Wheelo Fu Magenta Mercenary Tao Mira (Dark Empire)Earthling FusionsArale 18 Android 35 Android 1617 Android 1718 Android 1920 Bulpan Butran Cell 17 Celluza Chiaohan Chiaoldo Chiaoman Chocof Coohan Eclon EX Gohanks EX Trunks Failed Fusions Future Gohanks Gatob Ginyuman God Fusion Goku Gokule Gorilin Gotenks (EX Xeno) Great Jaco Great Saiyaman 12 Great Satanman Jacunks Jamila Kallohan Krigohan Majin Satan Majuub Miracora Pandel Pannan Perfect 16 Piratz Prillin (EX) Super 17 Tanks Tiencha (EX) Tiradoola Tiraf Tirara Ultra Fusion (Tekka) Ultra Pinich Vegenks Xeno Vegeks YamtaEarthling TransformationsMax Power Power Pole Pro Beastman Dark Magic (Villainous Mode Supervillain (Ultra)) Black Water Mist (Demon Clan) Ghost Hi-Tension Jiang Shi ZombieSuper Saiyan (Super Saiyan (Demon Realm Race) (Rampaging) Powerhouse (Second Grade Third Grade) Full Power) Super Saiyan 2 (Super Saiyan Rage) Super Saiyan 3 Great Ape Golden Great Ape (Super Saiyan 4) Super Saiyan God (Saiyan beyond God Super Saiyan Blue)Perfected Ultra InstinctOther TransformationsKaio-ken Ultimate (Beast) Unlock Potential (Manipulation Sorcery) Selflessness State Tuffleization (Strongest Form 1) Dark Dragon Ball Enhancement DragominSquadrons & CompaniesPolice (Galactic Patrol MIR Sunset City Police Department) Red Ribbon Army (Red Pants Army Red Pharmaceuticals) Ninja Clan Karinga Tribe Kawa Tribe Peck Peck Tribe Turtle School (New Turtle School) Crane School (New Crane School) Dog Dragon Gang Panther-Fang School Pilaf Gang Dragon Team (Capsule Corporation Saiya Squad Team Beerus Team Universe 7) Lucky Foods Pod Corporation Rabbit Mob Royal Academy of Science Dictator Army Earth's Military (Earth's Resistance) Gurumes Army Kikoukenjutsu Sword School Magical Pharmaceuticals Mercenary Clan Mutaito Training Academy Mifan Army Vodka Gang Battle Ball Team Red Shark Gang Rockets Taitans Toad Warriors Time Patrol (Dragon Ball Heroes Hero Society Nutz Gang Romance Rangers Warriors of Light) Town Militia ZTV (KBC News Wide-Thigh Aerobics)Wars, Conflicts & TournamentsWorld Martial Arts Tournaments Cell Games Other World Tournament Tournament of Destroyers Zeno Expo Tournament of Power Super Space-Time Tournament\nShowv d eTufflesUniverse 7 TufflesBaby Dr. Lychee King Tuffle Tuffle ParasitesUniverse 6 TufflesKamin OrenInfected/HybridsTrunks Goten Gohan Bulla Pan Vegeta (Xeno) Earthlings (Bulma Videl Chi-Chi Krillin Android 18 Marron Roshi Ox-King) Dende Mr. Popo Hirudegarn Universe 6 Saiyans (Caulifla Kale Cabba Caulifla's Gang Renso King Sadala) Dr. Hedo Unnamed Alien BoyTuffle FusionsBaby Hatchiyack Baby Janemba KamiorenLiving CreationsHatchiyack Godgardon Lychee's Monsters (Kinkarn Arbee Ponkarn Kawazu Jiku Skud Gure Budo) Machine Mutant (Dr. Myuu General Rilldo Giru Commander Nezi Bizu Natt Ribet M-2 Mutchy Leon Luud Hell Fighter 17) Bio-Warrior (White Bio-Man)TransformationsGhost WarriorFormationNeo Machine MutantSuper Saiyan Super Saiyan 2 Tuffleized Super Saiyan (Strongest Form 1 Strongest Form 2 Golden Great Ape)Dark Magic (Villainous Mode Supervillain (Ultra))TranscendedRelatedBlutz Wave Generator Dark Planet Planet Plant Ray Gun Saiyans Scouter Universe 2 (Zarbuto Zirloin)\nShowv d eRed Ribbon ArmyLeadersCommander Red Staff Officer Black Dr. Gero Android 21 MagentaMain membersBuyon Captain Dark Captain Yellow Carmine Colonel Brown Colonel Silver Colonel Violet Dr. Gero Dr. Hedo Gevo General Blue General Bon General Copper General White July Major Metallitron Mercenary Tao Mrs. Bon Murasaki Brothers Ninja Murasaki Saiba Rangers VomiLow-level soldiersKarot Nose-picking soldier Onion Pote Pump Scout 23 Scout 27 Silver's henchmen White's scouts Soldier 15 PiccoloRed Ribbon AndroidsPrototype Android Super Prototype AndroidAndroid 8 (Future) Android 9 Android 13 Android 14 Android 15 Android 16 ((Future New Model) (A B C)) Android 17 (Future Cell) Android 18 (Future Cell) Android 19 (Future) Android 20 (Clone Future Cell) Android 21 (Evil Good) Android 25 Android 26Cell (Present Future Unseen Xeno New Cells) Cell Jr. Genome Cell MaxGamma 1 Gamma 2Android 33 Android 44 Android 55 Android 76 Android 8000 Android 19000AssociatesRed's Pet Cat-like Animal Dr. Flappe Hasky Hasky's followers King Nikochan King Nikochan's servant HachimaruBasesColonel Silver's Camp Dr. Gero's Lab General Blue's Camp Muscle Tower Red Pharmaceuticals Red Ribbon Army Headquarters (New)Technology and VehiclesAirplanes Animorphaline Battle Jacket Biplane Boats Cars Destroyer Dragon Radar (Global Dragon Radar) Dr. Gero's Confidential Disc Flamethrower Flying Camera Grenade Guns (Gamma Blaster Ray Gun) Hovercars Jet-copter Motorcycle Tanks Red Ribbon Robot Remote Tracking Device Rocket Launcher Sasanishiki Submarines Supercomputer (Future) Soul Link System Thunder Rocket Wave MachineRelated articlesRed Pants Army Cloned Fighters (Clone Frieza) Android 35 Android 1617 Android 1718 Android 1920 Perfect 16 Cell 17 Celluza Hell Fighter 17 Super 17\nShowv d eDragon TeamMembersGoku (Xeno) Yamcha Krillin Master Roshi Tien Shinhan Chiaotzu Yajirobe Piccolo Gohan (Xeno) Vegeta (Xeno) Trunks Goten (Xeno) Android 18 Good Buu (Grand Supreme Kai) Android 17 Pan (Xeno) UubSupportersBulma Oolong Puar Chi-Chi Ox-King Launch Turtle World Tournament Announcer Dr. Brief Bikini Scratch Korin Fortuneteller Baba Kami Mr. Popo King Yemma King Kai Bubbles Gregory Dende Moori Marron Pybara Shin Kibito Kibito Kai Mr. Satan Videl Bee Old Kai Tarble Gure Beerus Whis Tights Jaco Galactic King Merus Calamis Irico Esca Monaka Emperor Pilaf Mai Shu Cabba Gowasu Zeno Bulla Giru ValeseAlliesNam Suno Android 8 Arale Norimaki Gatchan Senbei Norimaki Turbo Norimaki Bora Upa Grandpa Gohan King Furry Annin Hero Pansy Kooky Cook Melone Grand Elder Guru Nail Necke Maima Tsumuri Icarus Maron Vomi Android 16 Olibu West Kai South Kai East Kai Grand Kai Pikkon Erasa Tapion Hit Reality Machine #2 Cocoa Amaguri Yurin Cell Jr. Broly Cheelai Lemo Granolah Monaito Oatmeel Dr. Hedo Gamma 1 Gamma 2 Bardock (Xeno) Neko Majin Z Leena Doma Bon Para Son Para Don Para Ledgic Unnamed Alien Boy Sugoro Shusugoro Nuova Shenron Chronoa Tokitoki Jiren Putine Salsa Hearts Toki Toki City Hero Conton City Hero Bardock (Xeno) Beat Note Froze Kagyu Kabra Zen Chamel Nim Fen Wairu Mecha Goku Android 21 (Good)Future CounterpartsMembersFuture Trunks (Cell Unknown Xeno) Future Gohan (Cell) Future Goku (Cell) Future Vegeta (Cell) Future Piccolo (Cell) Future Krillin (Cell) Future Yamcha Future Tien Shinhan (Cell) Future Chiaotzu Future YajirobeSupporters & AlliesFuture Android 8 Future Bulma Future Chi-Chi Future Master Roshi Future Puar Future Turtle Future Oolong Future Ox-King Future Dr. Brief Future Scratch Future Dende Future King Kai Future Korin Future Kami Future Shin Future Kibito Future Mai Future Old Kai Future Mr. Satan Future Good Buu Future Nail Future Pikkon Future Bardock Haru Maki Future ZenoFused MembersFusion DanceFuture Gohanks (Xeno) Gogeta (Future Xeno) Gotenks (Xeno) Prilin TienchaPotaraAndroid 35 Den-Goku Gokule Kibito Kai Old Kai (Future) Xeno Vegeks Vegito (Xeno)EX-FusionAndroid 1617 Android 1718 Arale 18 Barlot Bulpan Chiaohan Chiaoldo Chiaoman Coohan EX Gogeta EX Gohanks EX Gotenks EX Prilin EX Trunks EX Yamhan Gorillin Gorus Great Jaco Great Saiyaman 12 Great Satanman Ginyuman Jacunks Kallohan Karoly Kibeer Kai Kibicollo Kai Krigohan Majin Satan Nuova Goku Pandel Picohan Pinita Tanks Towale Vegenks YamtaRelated ArticlesAffiliated GroupsBrief family Son family Turtle School (New Turtle School) West City Fire Brigade Dragon Clan Para Brothers Galactic Patrol Team Universe 7 Pilaf Gang Earth's Police Earth's Military (Earth's Resistance) Tien-Shin Style Dojo (New Crane School) MIR Kikoukenjutsu Sword School Pan Fighting Network Saiya Squad Team Beerus Time Patrol (Dragon Ball Heroes Warriors of Light) Vegeta Sky PiratesBasesMount Paozu (Goku's House Grandpa Gohan's House) Gohan's House Kame House Capsule Corporation Korin Tower Krillin's House The Lookout (Hyperbolic Time Chamber Pendulum Room) King Kai's Planet Piccolo's House Planet Yardrat Satan House Sacred World of the Kai Beerus' Planet Galactic Patrol Headquarters Time Nest\nShowv d eTime PatrolLeadersChronoa Future Trunks (Xeno) Old Kai King KaiMembersHeroes MembersXeno Goku Xeno Vegeta Xeno Gohan Xeno Goten Xeno Trunks Xeno Pan Xeno Bardock Bulma Sealas Tokitoki Chamel Beat Note Fen Leggings Froze Kabra Kagyu Nim Wairu Zen Hero Robots Super Hero Robo PutineFused MembersXeno Gogeta Xeno Gohanks Xeno Gotenks Xeno Vegito Xeno Vegeks JacunksXenoverse MembersTokitoki Toki Toki City Hero Conton City Hero Ninja Murasaki Konkon Chacha Akkah AohOnline MembersHope! YouthSquadronsTaino Force Romance Rangers Nutz Gang Murasaki Brothers Hero Society Dragon Ball Heroes Warriors of LightMasters/Instructors/PartnersAndroid 16 Android 17 Android 18 Bardock Beerus Bojack Broly (DBS) Captain Ginyu Cell Cooler Dodoria Frieza Fu Gogeta Gohan (Future) Goku Good Buu Gotenks Hit Jaco Janemba Jiren Kefla Krillin Lord Slug Mr. Satan Nappa Syn Shenron Pan Piccolo Raditz Super Buu Tapion Tien Shinhan Future Trunks Turles Vegeta Vegito Videl Whis Yamcha Future Zamasu (Goku Black) ZarbonAlliesAndroid 17 (Hell Fighter Super 17) Android 21 (Good) Beat's Mom Bocacchi Cooler Force (Meta-Cooler Corps.) 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Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 (Unknown History Saga Infinite History Saga Frieza's Siege Hero Colosseum Conton City Tournament) Dragon Ball: The Breakers Dragon Ball Z: Dokkan Battle Dragon Ball Fusions (Timespace Tournament)Altered TimelinesGenocide of the Saiyans Cell Games Tournament of Destroyers Tournament of PowerRelated ArticlesAlternate Timeline Capsule (CC Mascot Vehicle Capsule 315 Vehicle Capsule 318 Vehicle Capsule 340) CC Robot Dragon Ball Heroes machines Hero Suit (Great Saiyaman Watch) Hero Switch Hero Town Toki Toki City Conton City (Dragon Dragon Ball Pedestal Conton City Patroller Academy Time Miniature Time Nest Tokitoki (race) Tokitoki's Egg (Distorted Time Egg) Gate Hercule Badge Mask Scouter Scroll of Eternity (Lucky Time Box) Sealas' Staff Super Soul Key Sword Ray Gun Rocket Launcher Rift in Time (Crack of Time) Time Machine (Super Time Machine) Time Patroller Suit Transphere (Super) World of Mind Control Z-Soul\nShowv d eGalactic PatrolLeadersGalactic KingMembersCalamis Chiwak Irico Jaco Jiya Merus Sealas Steth TyberFused MembersFuber Great Jaco Jacunks Ultra FusionTemporary MembersGoku Vegeta Piccolo Gohan Krillin Android 17 Android 18 Master Roshi Yamcha Tien Shinhan ChiaotzuSquadronsKusaya SquadAlliesCapsule Corporation (Dr. Brief) Dragon Team (Bulma Tights Trunks Goten Good Buu/Grand Supreme Kai Mr. Satan Dende Mr. Popo) East City Sea Police (Aosa Hijiki Hondawara Tamagoro Katayude Mozuku) Esca Kaede Manpuku Okawari Moori Sachie Momochi Saiya Squad (Great Saiyaman 1 Great Saiyaman 2 Great Saiyaman 3 Great Saiyaman 12) South Supreme Kai Shin Old Kai Kibito Time Patrol (Chronoa Tokitoki) Tokunoshin Omori Yukio Kyumonji ZaridRelated ArticlesAmond Extinction Bomb Galactic Patrol Headquarters Galactic Patrol Medal Galactic Prison Galactic Receiver Hyperbolic Time Chamber Jaco's Spaceship Metamo-Ring Mogan Nutts Octos Omori's Island Ray Gun Stun Gun Vamp\nShowv d eWorld Martial Arts TournamentStaffWorld Tournament Chairman World Tournament Announcer (Future)ContestantsPre-21st Tournament DebutKing Chappa Spike the Devil Man21st Tournament DebutBacterian Fighter 40 Fighter 69 Fighter 83 Fighter 97 Great Lee Bullies of the Orin Temple Giran Goku (Future Cell) Jackie Chun (Master Roshi) (Future) Krillin (Future Cell) Nam Ranfan Yamcha (Future)22nd Tournament DebutAntoine the Great Archdemon Chiaotzu (Future) Cyclops Man-Wolf Mohawked Fighter Orc Pamput Saber tiger Shaman Sumo Wrestler Tien Shinhan (Future Cell)23rd Tournament DebutAnonymous (Chi-Chi) (Future) Hero (Kami) (Future) Cyborg Tao Demon Jr. (Piccolo) (Future Cell) Yajirobe (Future)24th Tournament DebutJewel Killa Mighty Mask Mr. Satan Pintar Spopovich Videl25th Tournament DebutAndroid 18 Goten Great Saiyaman (Gohan) Idasa Ikose Kadopi Kibito Koryuu Pyonatt Shin (Supreme Kai) Trunks Vegeta Yamu26th Tournament DebutMr. Buu28th Tournament DebutCaptain Chicken Nareg Nok Otokosuki Pan Uub Wild Tiger31st Tournament DebutCharlie Matt Cat Mugley Papayaman (Majuub) Super One64th Tournament DebutGoku Jr. Vegeta Jr.Related ArticlesCell Games Papaya Island Punching Machine\nShowv d eTournament of PowerUniverse 2Bikal Harmira Jimizu Kakunsa Prum Rabanra Ribrianne Roasie Zarbuto ZirloinUniverse 3Agnilasa Biarra Borareta Catopesra Koicareta Koitsukai Maji-Kayo Narirama Nigrissi Panca Paparoni Za PriccioUniverse 4Caway Damom Dercori Gamisalas Ganos Majora Monna Nink Shosa XiangcaUniverse 6Auta Magetta Botamo Cabba Caulifla Frost Hit Kale Kefla Pilina Dr. Rota SaonelUniverse 7Android 17 Android 18 Frieza Gohan Goku Krillin Master Roshi Piccolo Tien Shinhan VegetaUniverse 9Basil Bergamo Chappil Comfrey Hop Hyssop Lavender Oregano Roselle SorrelUniverse 10Dium Dyrasem Methiop Murichim Murisam Napapa Obni Rubalt Rylibeu ZircorUniverse 11Cocotte Dyspo Jiren Kahseral K'nsi Kettle Top Tupper Vewon Zoire\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nDBZ Characters\nDBGT Characters\nDBS Characters\nDBH Characters\nDBD Characters\nFilm Characters\nAndroids\nCharacters who can fly\nCyborgs\nFemales\nFormer Villains\nEarthlings\nBandits/Criminals\nMartial Artists\nMothers\nRed Ribbon Army\nSiblings\nTournament fighters\nZ Fighters\nZ Fighters Support\nCapsule Corporation workers\nGalactic Patrol\nPolice\nTime Patrol\nAssassins\nLanguages\nCatal\nDeutsch\n\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\n\nNederlands\nPolski\nPortugus do Brasil\nShqip\nTrke\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Dragon Ball Wiki\n1\nGoku\n2\nVegeta\n3\nList of Power Levels\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nDragon Ball Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://dragonball.fandom.com/wiki/Android_18" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Android 18 - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Creation and conception\nToggle Creation and conception subsection\n1.1Voice actors\n2Abilities\n3Appearances\nToggle Appearances subsection\n3.1In Dragon Ball Z\n3.2In Dragon Ball Super\n3.3In other media\n3.3.1Video games\n4Reception\n5References\n6Further reading\nToggle the table of contents\nAndroid 18\n13 languages\nEuskaraFranaisGalegoBahasa IndonesiaItalianoMagyarNederlandsShqipSimple English\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nFictional character in the Dragon Ball franchise\nFictional character\nAndroid 18Dragon Ball characterAndroid 18 as she appears in Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' (2015)First appearanceDragon Ball chapter #349: \"The Androids Awake!\", November 12, 1991 (Weekly Shnen Jump 1991)Created byAkira ToriyamaVoiced byJapanese:Miki ItEnglish:Meredith McCoy (Funimation)Colleen Clinkenbeard (Funimation, Dragon Ball Z Kai)Farrell Spence (Ocean Group, Cell Saga)Willow Johnson (Ocean Group, Buu Saga)Sharon Mann (AB Groupe)[1]Tamara Ryan (Bang Zoom)In-universe informationSpeciesCyborgFamilyAndroid 17 (twin brother)SpouseKrillinChildrenMarron (daughter)RelativesDr. Gero (creator)AbilitiesSuper strengthSuper speed, agility, reflexesStaminaFlightEnergy projectionDurabilityForce FieldsUnlimited energy\nAndroid 18 (Japanese: 18, Hepburn: Jinzningen Jhachig, lit. \"Artificial Human #18\") is a fictional character in the Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama. Android 18 makes her debut in Chapter #349 \"The Androids Awake!\", first published in Weekly Shnen Jump on November 12, 1991.\nShe and her twin brother, Android 17, were forcibly turned into cyborgs by Dr. Gero to serve his vendetta against Goku. The main-timeline version of the character has very little to no interest in fulfilling Gero's orders and becomes a major character in the series after marrying Goku's best friend Krillin.\nIn an alternate future timeline, Android 18 is a ruthless killer who started a reign of terror along with Android 17 over Earth that lasted for twenty years until they are both killed by adult Trunks.\nCreation and conception[edit]\nAndroid 18, along with Android 17, were conceived after Akira Toriyama's former editor Kazuhiko Torishima expressed disapproval with Androids #19 and #20 as villains. Following their introduction into the series, Torishima soon afterward became dissatisfied with her and 17 as well, resulting in the creation of Cell.[2][3] Toriyama stated that he was pleased with Android 18 because she was a type of girl he had not drawn before, and that he liked her slanted eyes.[4] In 2014, he revealed her real name was Lazuli (, Razuri).[5]\nYsuke Watanabe, who wrote the screenplay for the film Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods, had originally written the film to take place at Android 18 and Krillin's wedding, but Akira Toriyama wrote it to take place at Bulma's birthday party. Watanabe thought Toriyama made the change because he wanted fans to imagine the wedding for themselves.[6] In promotional material for Battle of Gods, Toriyama drew her with purple hair.[7][8]\nVoice actors[edit]\nIn the Japanese version of the entire Dragon Ball anime series and subsequent related media, Android 18 is voiced by Miki It.\nIn English, Android 18 is voiced by Meredith McCoy in the Funimation dub of Dragon Ball Z and Dragon Ball GT except for Dragon Ball Z Kai, where she is voiced by Colleen Clinkenbeard.[9] However, since Battle of Gods, Meredith has returned to the role.[10] In the Ocean Group dub of the Cell arc, 18 was voiced by Farrell Spence, and later by Willow Johnson in the Buu arc.[11][12] In Bang Zoom! dub, Android 18 is voiced by Tamara Ryan.\nAbilities[edit]\nDespite being referred to as an Android or Cyborg and commonly regarded as such, Android 18 is practically neither. Bulma stated while looking at 17's blueprint that he and 18 were human-based, but just about everything has been enhanced with bio-organic components. Her only mechanical parts are the emergency deactivation controller, a self-destruction device (removed), and a small perpetual energy reactor that provides her with inexhaustible energy and stamina.\nDragon Ball Super reaffirms this, with Gohan stating that the androids have been modified on a cellular level to be superhuman. Furthermore, Gero's experiments on her do not impede her ability to reproduce, as evidenced by her giving birth to a healthy daughter, Marron.\nAppearances[edit]\nIn Dragon Ball Z[edit]\nPrior to their introductions and present in both timelines, Androids 17 and 18 were converted into androids by Dr. Gero with the intent of murdering Goku. In the main timeline, Android 18 is activated by Dr. Gero along with Android 17 after he returns to his laboratory following his unsuccessful attempt to defeat Goku's allies.[13] After Gero is killed by Android 17, Android 18 activates Android 16 following surviving a blast meant to kill her from Trunks and the three begin their quest to find and kill Goku.[14] When they encounter Vegeta, Android 18 decides to fight him and easily bests him in battle, receiving only damages to her clothing and breaking his arm.[15][16] When Trunks, Tenshinhan and Piccolo become involved, she and Android 17 easily defeat the trio.[17] Before leaving to continue her quest, she kisses Krillin on the cheek.[18] The androids go to Goku's home and do not discover him there, leading them to journey to Master Roshi's house, but they do not find him there either due to his having departed not long before.[19] 18 watches Android 17's battle against Piccolo, at one point becoming impatient and offering her assistance to her brother's decline, until Cell arrives, who reveals his intent to absorb the pair.[20] Piccolo is dispatched by Cell[21] and Android 17 is absorbed,[22] Android 18 nearly being convinced to be absorbed as well by Cell's impersonation of Android 17 until he mistakenly mischaracterizes him.[23] Androids 18 and 16 are given time to escape thanks to Tenshinhan holding Cell back.[24] She and Android 16 hide on an island after this,[25] where she refuses to leave his side and watches Vegeta's fight against Cell before Krillin approaches her with a remote to turn her off. He destroys it, realizing his love for her, and Android 18 is soon afterwards absorbed by Cell who blinds everyone with Solar Flare (, Taiyken), allowing him to reach his final form.[26] For the next ten days, until the Cell Games tournament that Cell sets up following his disillusion with the strength of both Vegeta and Trunks, 18 remains trapped and unconscious inside of his body. However, a strong blow from Gohan causes him to regurgitate her. After Gohan defeats Cell,[27][28] she is healed and declines Krillin's advances for the time-being, despite him using the Dragon Balls to have her self-destruct device removed.[29][30]\nIn the timeline that Future Trunks comes from, 17 and 18 are mass murderers whereas the main timeline versions of the pair never killed innocents. They are identical in appearance to the versions of the two in the present timeline, Android 18 wearing the ensemble she wore in the main timeline upon her activation by Dr. Gero. Within the months of their release, shortly after the death of Goku, they kill their timeline's versions of Piccolo, Vegeta, Krillin, Yamcha, Tien and Yajirobe, Gohan managing to escape. Several years later, they kill Gohan and then nearly kill Trunks three years later when he confronts the pair during one of their killing sprees. When Trunks returns from the past, now vastly stronger than he was in their previous encounter as a result of his training, she shows interest in finally ending his life after he confronts her and Android 17, but is killed by him instead.[31][32]\nSeven years later in the main timeline, she has married Krillin and has a daughter with him named Marron (, Mron). She convinces Krillin to participate in the 25th Tenka'ichi Budkai for the money along with her. Thanks to a lack of interest in being exposed as super-powered, she disguises her strength in hitting the Punching Machine, hitting it lightly and thereby altering who she is matched to fight. During the competition, she competes against Goten and Trunks when the pair enter the competition as Mighty Mask (, Maiti Masuku), having stolen the identity of another competitor. After the duo reveal themselves by transforming into Super Saiyans, Android 18 wins the match by default,[33] advancing to the next round against Mr. Satan, who she outclasses in strength, but throws the fight nonetheless after she secretly arranged to have the prize money shared with him so as not to ruin his reputation.[34] After Majin Boo is released, thanks to the energy used by both Goku and Vegeta while the two fought, Android 18 joins the others in searching for the Dragon Balls to resurrect everyone killed by Vegeta and resides at Dende's while taking refuge. After Boo finds them the following day, kills the majority of people on Earth and escapes the Room of Spirit and Time, leaving Gotenks and Piccolo inside, Android 18 is killed alongside her daughter when they are simultaneously turned into chocolate, being eaten by him afterward.[35] She is later brought back to life and gives energy to Goku's Genki-dama,[36] successfully destroying Majin Boo.[37] Ten years later, 18 is last seen attending another Tenkaichi Budkai.[38]\nIn Dragon Ball Super[edit]\nin the film Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods, Android 18 is present at Bulma's birthday party, attempting to fight Beerus following him being enraged by Boo taking his pudding, but being defeated with a single strike to the neck;[39] in Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F', she shaves Krillin's head before he goes off to fight a resurrected Freeza, being killed after Freeza destroys the planet but having her death undone when the timeline is reversed.[40] After the events of the last two films, she informs Krillin of a supposed space picnic, leading to his investigation into the matter and she later travels off Earth to watch the tournament between the fighters from her universe and those of Universe 6.[41] After Trunks returns from the future, he discovers Android 18 and Krillin's marriage, meeting 18 again and preparing to engage her before she greets him.[42] Android 18 later wants to get a gift for Krillin and unsuccessfully tries using the Dragon Balls.[43] Android 18 scolds Krillin for being injured by a bullet while he is reluctant to train with Goku, later citing her as a factor in his choice to resume training.[44]\nAndroid 18 and Krillin are approached by Goku and Gohan to join the Tournament of Power, 18 agreeing due to the 10 million Zeni reward and revealing Android 17's location.[45] During the tournament Android 18 chooses to fight on her own,[46] defeating Universe 9's Sorrel,[47] Universe 4's Shosa,[48] and Universe 11's Tupper.[49] Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku that Androids 17 and 18 deflect, the two then battling Rozie and Ribrianne. Android 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her transformation and she reverts to Brianne, who catches Android 18 in an energy trap while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her and enable her transforming back into Ribrianne but with an increase in size. Android 18 concedes that she is finished before hearing Krillin screaming her name from the sidelines and breaking through Ribrianne's trap. With assistance from Android 17, 18 blasts through Ribrianne's giant form and eliminates her.[50] Universe 3's Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza and Goku, Gohan, Vegeta, Frieza, 17, and 18 attempt coordinating their attacks against the being. Anilaza attempts to eat 18 before Goku intervenes, and Anilaza corners Android 17 with a series of beams that lead him off the ledge of the arena. Android 18 jumps off and grabs him, telling him that the rest is up to him before kicking him back to the arena while descending to her own elimination. She apologizes to Universe 7 for being eliminated and tells Android 17 he better not lose.[51]\nShortly after the Tournament of Power, 18, along with 17, help the Z fighters fight off henchmen that Moro has sent to Earth. She, along with the other allies, lends Goku some of her power in order to finish off Moro once and for all. Years later Android 18 is approached by Piccolo to follow him to the new found Red Ribbon army base and along with Gohan, Piccolo, Krillin, Goten, and Trunks. There she participates in the battle against Cell Max, a revamped version of Cell created by Dr. Geros grandson, Dr. Hedo.\nAndroid 18 appears in Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero[52] alongside Krillin, to assist Gohan and company in countering the resurrected Red Ribbon Army.\nIn other media[edit]\nAndroid 18 appears in two non-canonical Dragon Ball Z films; she briefly appears at the beginning of the seventh;[53] In the eleventh, Android 18 tries to retrieve money from Mr. Satan that he owed her from their deal that she would lose the tournament so she would not publicly upstage him, later fighting against Bio-Broly along with Krillin, Goten and Trunks and saves civilians from being killed by him.[54]\nIn a filler episode of Dragon Ball Z, Android 18 attends a party with her family.[55] Android 18 is featured in the special Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!!, being saved by Krillin from having a building collapse on both her and her daughter after it was hit by Aka's Super Wahaha no Ha (, Sup Wahahanoha).[56]\nIn the anime-only sequel, Dragon Ball GT, Android 18 falls under Baby's control when the latter takes over Earth,[57] avoiding being killed by Baby despite being caught in a blast from his Super Galick Gun.[58] She is freed of his control with the use of the Sacred Water, though has to abandon Earth the following year to avoid the planet's explosion thanks to a wish he made with the unstable Black Star Dragon Balls.[59] Later she is nearly possessed by Android 17 to merge with him,[60] but is helped out of his control by Krillin, who is then killed. Android 18 tries to fight him, but is defeated and left for dead.[61] Android 18 comes to Goku's aid when he is fighting Super 17, the combination of Android 17 and Hell Fighter 17, a clone of her brother, in retaliation to Krillin's death which Goku was unaware of until she mentioned it. It is through her intervention that Goku is able to defeat him as she goads Super 17 to finish them both off and in doing so causes him to undergo an internal struggle that Goku exploits by attacking him while he is distracted by 18.[62] After being assured that Krillin would be resurrected with the Dragon Balls, Android 18 is last seen at Capsule Corporation.[63]\nAndroid 18 has made several appearances in music. Her voice actress Meredith McCoy recorded vocals for a theme song by Bruce Faulconer for Android 18, the track being named after her. The American soundtrack also had a 2003 release titled Dragonball Z American Soundtrack Best of Dragonball Z: Android 18, dedicated to the character.[64] The band Seraphim has a song titled \"Android 18\", describing her mixture of human and machine. Android 18 is also referenced in the song \"Blessing\" by Chance the Rapper when the lyricist raps that he laughs when Krillin mentions blonde hair.[65]\nAndroid 18 also made a guest appearance in an episode of the hit YouTube show \"Death Battle\". In the episode, her weapons, skills and abilities were analyzed against the Marvel Comics hero Captain Marvel (Carol Danvers). In the end, Android 18 proved herself the better fighter and beat her opponent.\nShe is one of the main villains in the video series Dragon Ball Z: Light of Hope, portrayed by Amy Johnston.\nVideo games[edit]\nHer first appearance in a Dragon Ball game was Dragon Ball Z III: Ressen Jinzningen. She is a playable character in most Dragon Ball Z fighting games, including the Budokai series and Raging Blast series.[66][67] Android 18 is the only playable android in both Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai and Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai - Another Road,[68] having an original story in Shin Budokai where she defeats Freeza, who intended to kidnap her so she could assist him in his acquiring of the Dragon Balls on Namek and has her programming to terminate Goku erased after summoning Shenlong.[69] In the 2010 arcade game Dragon Ball Heroes, after Super 17 is defeated by Android 18, Gohan, Vegeta and Goku, she is forcefully merged with her brother by Towa to power him up against the three Saiyans.[70] In addition to her role as a playable character, she has also served as a boss in other games.[71]\nIn the 2015 game Dragon Ball Xenoverse, Androids 17 and 18 experience an increase in power from Demigra and attack Trunks in the alternate timeline, the possible fatality of Trunks through their encounter causing him to start disappearing.[72] The player travels to Trunk's timeline and helps him fight 17 and 18, the latter being the first to notice.[73] The combined force of Trunks and the player cause 17 and 18 to flee, and are later absorbed by Cell.[74] Android 18 can be a mentor to the player character and teach Power Blitz, Endless Shoot, Deadly Dance and Dual Destructo-Disc She explains her motives for helping out are only due to Supreme Kai of Time (Toki no Kaishin) having agreed to pay her in exchange for training the player.\nIn the 2016 game Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2, Android 17 charges Cell after his Villainous Mode allows him to defeat Piccolo and Android 16, causing him to fall back into Android 18 and knock both of them out, allowing Cell to absorb both.[75] In downloadable content, Android 18 assist Dabura in his fight against Krillin and the player after Dabura admits that he cannot fight the two by himself.[76] Android 18 says that she is surprised to see Krillin there as she had ordered him to look after Marron, leading Krillin to state his intent to leave the battle before realizing that he had said the same thing to 18, and Android 18 reveals that she purposely said that to trick him.[77] As the pair fight, Android 18 admits that her personal feelings for Krillin are going to make it harder for her to fight him, and states that she will protect the Krillin and Marron of her timeline no matter the costs.[78]\nIn the 2018 game Dragon Ball FighterZ, Krillin and Goku come across Android 21 and an unconscious Android 18 as Cell hovers over them preparing to attack.[79] Android 21 pleads for Cell to spare 18,[80] and Goku decides to fight Cell while Krillin checks on 18.[81] While Krillin tends to her, Android 21 explains that 18 stood up for her against Cell. In another story, 18 begins having a headache she believes is brought on by Krillin being in trouble when she is encountered by Android 16, passing out shortly thereafter.[82] She wakes up in a laboratory with Androids 16 and 21 hoovering over her,[83] Android 16 revealing that the player is now in control of 18's body while the latter's actual soul is internally deep inside.[84] The player makes contact with 18's soul,[85] who admits trying to force the player out and recounts the story before requesting the player interact with 16 and 21 to find out what's happened.[86] Android 21 admits her culpability in linking the player and 18 together for the purpose of defeating the Red Ribbon Army's clone fighters,[87] and Android 16 stipulates that the two will return to their normal selves following all of the clones being disposed of. During the matches, Android 21 has repeated instances of losing her composure as she breaks down,[88] culminating in her ordering 18 to fight Krillin when he stumbles across the group.[89] After the group defeats Cell and Android 21 tries to kill him, Android 18 makes an unsuccessful attempt at linking with her to stop the murder.[90] After 21 splits with her evil half, the evil half kills Android 16 and merges with Cell, Android 18 travels off planet to participate in the fight against 21's evil half. Goku fires a Spirit Bomb at the evil half, and Android 21 requests Android 18 look after the player before the player returns to Android 18 and 21 sacrifices herself to kill her evil half.[91]\nReception[edit]\nA cosplayer for Android 18 at a Bandai Namco Entertainment event in Taiwan, dressed in the character's original costume.\nAndroid 18 is a generally well-liked character, praised for her status as the sole female character to physically compete with the male cast for a time as well as her personality.[92][93] In a 2004 poll among Japanese fans, Android 18 was voted the tenth most popular character in the series.[94] Her relationship with Krillin has also been met with favorability among commentators. Sheldon Pearce of Complex dubbed her the \"most compelling\" of the androids and credited her with keeping Krillin a relevant character after her introduction.[95] David F. Smith of IGN believed the subplot of the relationship between Android 18 and Krillin helped to keep the Cell arc \"a little more interesting\".[96] Smith ranked the development of the relationship #6 on his list \"Dragon Ball Z: Top 10 Plot Twists\".[97] However, Android 18's role in the franchise past the Cell storyline has been met with mixed reception. Android 18 was ranked #4 on Santiago Rashad's list \"Top Ten Misused Dragon Ball Characters\" who felt that she was underused barring two later films, Bio-Broly and Battle of Gods, and that she was possibly used less due to not being a Saiyan.[98] Aaron Hubbard of Moviepilot observed her shift from fighter to mother and wife as \"unjust\" given that she had been a threat to the protagonists in her first appearances, though still thought highly of the character.[99] Chris Homer of The Fandom Post felt Android 18's \"getting in the spotlight\" was one of the decent moments in the Super 17 storyline.[100]\nAndroid 18 is a popular subject for cosplay activities by Dragon Ball fandom.[101][102] Japanese mixed martial artist Itsuki Hirata has cosplayed as the character on at least one occasion.[101][103] She was the visual inspiration for the Fatal Fury and The King of Fighters character Blue Mary.[104] American mixed martial artist Ronda Rousey revealed in 2015 that she wanted to be Android 18 when she was a child.[105][106]\nReferences[edit]\n^ Sharon Mann - Behind the Voice Actors\n^ \"Shenlong Times 2\". Dragon Ball 2: Story Guide (in Japanese). Shueisha: 6. 1995.\n^ DRAGON BALL 1 COMPLETE ILLUSTRATION. Shueisha. 1995. pp.206207. ISBN4-08-782751-8.\n^ DRAGON BALL 4 WORLD GUIDE. Shueisha. 1995. pp.146147. ISBN4-08-782754-2.\n^ Green, Scott. \"\"Dragon Ball\" Creator Reveals Android No. 17 and 18's Names\". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 2014-05-03.\n^ DVD & Blu-ray Vision, issue #4, March 19, 2013\n^ V-Jump, issue #5, 2013\n^ Cooper, Tristan (September 11, 2015). \"12 Surprising Facts You Might Not Have Known About Dragon Ball Z\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-13.\n^ \"Dragon Ball Z Kai's Buu Saga to Air on Toonami\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2017-07-14.\n^ \"Dragon Ball Super's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2017-07-14.\n^ Farrell Spence - Behind the Voice Actors\n^ Willow Johnson - Behind the Voice Actors\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 29, chapter 349\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 30, chapter 350\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 30, chapter 352\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 30, chapter 353\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 30, chapter 354\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 30, chapter 355\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 31, chapter 366\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 31, chapter 367\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 31, chapter 370\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 31, chapter 372\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 31, chapter 373\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 32, chapter 374\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 32, chapter 375\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 32, chapter 381\n^ \"Save the World\". Dragon Ball Z. Episode 191. June 30, 1993.\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 19, chapter 222\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 19, chapter 223\n^ \"One More Wish\". Dragon Ball Z. Episode 193. July 14, 1993.\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 19, chapter 225\n^ \"Free the Future\". Dragon Ball Z. Episode 194. July 21, 1993.\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 38, chapter 453\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 38, chapter 454\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 25, chapter 300\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 26, chapter 320\n^ Dragon Ball manga, volume 26, chapter 322\n^ \"Even Stronger!! Goku's Dream is Super-Huge\". Dragon Ball Z. Episode 291. January 31, 1996.\n^ Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods\n^ Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' (DVD). Funimation. 2015.\n^ \"\"The Match Begins! Everyone, Head to the Nameless Star!\"\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 32. February 21, 2016.\n^ \"Reveal Black's True Identity! Off to the Kaioshin Realm of Universe 10\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 53. July 31, 2016.\n^ \"Come Forth, Shenron! Whose Wish Will Be Granted?!\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 68. November 27, 2016.\n^ \"Goku and Krillin To the Nostalgic Training Place\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 75. January 21, 2017\n^ \"Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 84. April 2, 2017.\n^ \"Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 97. July 2, 2017.\n^ \"Oh, Uncertainty! A Universe Despairs!!\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 98. July 9, 2017.\n^ \"Show Them! Krillin's True Power!!\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 99. July 16, 2017.\n^ \"The Warriors of Justice Close In! Pride Troopers!!\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 101. July 30, 2017.\n^ \"Showdown of Love! Androids VS Universe 2!!\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 117. November 26, 2017.\n^ \"All-Out War! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7's Full-Scale Attack!!\". Dragon Ball Super. Episode 121. December 24, 2017.\n^ Valdez, Nick (20 Feb 2022). \"Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero Reveals Android 18's New Look\". ComicBook.com. Retrieved July 16, 2022.\n^ Dragon Ball Z: Super Android 13\n^ Dragon Ball Z: Bio-Broly\n^ \"He's Always Late\". Dragon Ball Z. Episode 288. April 2, 2003.\n^ Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!!\n^ \"Collapse From Within\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 31. December 11, 1996.\n^ \"The Tuffle Gorilla Attacks!\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 36. February 5, 1997.\n^ \"Piccolo's Decision\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 40. March 5, 1997.\n^ \"The Resurrection of Cell and Frieza\" / \"The Villains Of Hell!! The Revival of Cell and Frieza\"\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 43. April 23, 1997.\n^ \"\"17 Times 2\" / \"The Ultimate Android! The Two #17s Unite\"\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 44. April 30, 1997.\n^ \"\"The Greatest Surprise\" / \"A Grand Turnabout! Goku's and #18's Combo Attack Explodes\"\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 47. June 4, 1997.\n^ \"The Five-Star Dragon\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 50. June 25, 1997.\n^ \"Android 18\". Faulconer Productions Music. Retrieved February 2, 2009.\n^ Wilder, Charlotte (May 13, 2016). \"The 18 best '90s kid moments on Chance the Rapper's new mixtape\". USA Today.\n^ Dragon Ball Z: Raging Blast\n^ Dragon Ball Z: Raging Blast 2\n^ Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai - Another Road\n^ Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai\n^ Dragon Ball Heroes God Mission series fifth mission\n^ Legacy of Goku 2\n^ Dimps (February 24, 2015). Dragon Ball Xenoverse. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Supreme Kai of Time: Trunks... Your existence is in jeopardy now. The future is just about to change.\n^ Dimps (February 24, 2015). Dragon Ball Xenoverse. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 18: Hey... Look #17. It seems there are other people coming after us besides Trunks.\n^ Dimps (February 24, 2015). Dragon Ball Xenoverse. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Cell: Funny you should ask... You might be interested to know that I absorbed #17 and #18.\n^ Dimps (October 25, 2016). Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 17: You gotta be kidding me!\n^ Dimps (October 25, 2016). Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Dabura: Ah, but two one is hardly a fair fight, so I've brought an ally from another timeline to even the odds!\n^ Dimps (October 25, 2016). Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 18: Aha ha ha ha! You're just as easy to fool as the Krillin in my timeline, aren't you?\n^ Dimps (October 25, 2016). Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 18: I'll do whatever it takes to protect Krillin and Marron in my timeline, even if I have to get my hands dirty!\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Krillin: I knew it! Cell! And his opponent is...down.\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. ???: Oh no, please! Spare her! I'll do anything that you say!\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Goku: Krillin! Let me take care of Cell, right now. You need to make sure 18's okay.\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 18 But...I thought Cell destroyed you!\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. ???: Greetings, Android 18. It's a pleasure to meet you.\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 16: 18's real soul should still be somewhere deep inside that body.\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 18: Surely... you can understand... I'm not comfortable with a lack of control.\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 18: I need to find out what's going on, so why don't you go and talk to them for me, okay?\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 21: Fighting in these matches does require a powerful body. That is why I chose Android 18\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 21: I can't take it... My need to feed is strong!\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 21: You two! Fight right now!\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 18: 21 ... deflected the link somehow!\n^ Arc System Works (January 26, 2018). Dragon Ball FighterZ. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Android 21: We're going to disappear together!\n^ \"Strong Women in Geek Culture, Part 1: Android 18\". d20crit.com. October 30, 2015.\n^ Martin, Theron (March 4, 2008). \"Dragon Ball Z Season 8 DVD Set\". Anime News Network.\n^ Dragon Ball Forever (in Japanese). Shueisha. 2004. ISBN4-08-873702-4.\n^ \"A Ranking of All the Characters on 'Dragon Ball Z'\". complex.com. April 2, 2015.\n^ F. Smith, David (June 16, 2008). \"Dragon Ball Z: Season Five DVD Review\".\n^ Smith, David (December 5, 2007). \"Dragon Ball Z: Top 10 Plot Twists\". IGN.\n^ Rashad, Santiago (June 15, 2014). \"Top Ten Misused Dragon Ball Characters\".\n^ \"Dragon Ball Z Resurrection F: Interview with Sabat and Schemmel, + 5 Wishes For Dragon Ball Super\". moviepilot.com. August 5, 2015. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016.\n^ Homer, Chris. \"Dragon Ball GT: Season 2 UK Anime DVD Review\". The Fandom Post.\n^ a b Brian Ashcraft (February 6, 2020). \"MMA Fighter Does An Excellent Cosplay Of Dragon Ball's Android 18\". Kotaku. Retrieved April 24, 2022.\n^ Brian Ashcraft (April 30, 2018). \"DJ Does An Excellent Cosplay Of Dragon Ball's Android 18\". Kotaku. Retrieved April 24, 2022.\n^ \"Itsuki Hirata discusses her transition to Dragon Ball's Android 18\". Asian MMA. 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2022-04-08.\n^ KOFKOF'94~'97 45 (in Japanese). Neo Geo Freak. 1998. ISBN978-4-87465-406-4.\n^ \"Turns Out That Ronda Rousey Is A Massive 'Dragon Ball' Fan\". Forbes. August 7, 2015.\n^ Rotten Tomatoes (June 2, 2015). \"Ronda Rousey of Entourage Wants Another Dragonball Z Movie\". YouTube. Retrieved April 23, 2022.\nFurther reading[edit]\n\"Video Game Heroine of the Month: Android 18\". SYFY Official Site. January 10, 2018. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2021.\nSnchez-Migalln, Antonio (May 12, 2017). \"Dragon Ball es machista? El rol de la mujer en la serie\". HobbyConsolas (in Spanish). Retrieved April 9, 2021.\nGmez, Maigo (March 27, 2021). \"Cancelar Dragon Ball tras acusaciones de sexismo? Bulma al rescate\". GeeksTerra (in Spanish). Retrieved April 9, 2021.\nAnime and manga portal1990s portal\nvteDragon Ball by Akira ToriyamaManga\nDragon Ball\nEpisode of Bardock\nDragon Ball Super\nCollected volumes\nDragon Ball chapters\nDragon Ball Z chapters\nDragon Ball Super chapters\nAnimeTV and net series\nDragon Ball\nepisodes\nDragon Ball Z\nepisodes\nseason 1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nKai episodes\nDragon Ball GT\nepisodes\nDragon Ball Super\nepisodes\nSuper Dragon Ball Heroes\nepisodes\nTV specials and OVAs\nDragon Ball Z: Bardock The Father of Goku\nDragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks\nDragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans\nDragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy\nDragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!!\nDragon Ball Z: Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans\nDragon Ball: Episode of Bardock\nDream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special!!\nFilmsDragon Ball\nCurse of the Blood Rubies\nSleeping Princess in Devil's Castle\nMystical Adventure\nThe Path to Power\nDragon Ball Z\nDead Zone\nThe World's Strongest\nThe Tree of Might\nLord Slug\nCooler's Revenge\nThe Return of Cooler\nSuper Android 13!\nBroly The Legendary Super Saiyan\nBojack Unbound\nBroly Second Coming\nBio-Broly\nFusion Reborn\nWrath of the Dragon\nBattle of Gods\nResurrection 'F'\nDragon Ball Super\nBroly\nSuper Hero\nOthers\nDragonball Evolution\nMusicSoundtracks\nDragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection series\nDragon Ball Z Game Music series\nDragonball Evolution: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\nSongs and singles\n\"Makafushigi Adventure!\"\n\"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\"\n\"Dan Dan Kokoro Hikareteku\"\n\"Hitori ja Nai\"\n\"Don't You See!\"\n\"Blue Velvet\"\n\"Tsume Tsume Tsume/F\"\n\"Rule\"\n\"Dragon Soul\"\n\"Yeah! Break! Care! Break!\"\n\"'Z' no Chikai\"\n\"Chzetsu Dynamic!\"\nGames\nVideo games\nDragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game\nDragon Ball Z Collectible Card Game\nDragon Ball Collectible Card Game\nCharacters\nGoku\nBulma\nMaster Roshi\nYamcha\nChi-Chi\nKrillin\nRed Ribbon Army\nTien Shinhan\nPiccolo\nMr. Popo\nGohan\nVegeta\nFrieza\nBardock\nTrunks\nAndroid 18\nCell\nMr. Satan\nBroly\nVidel\nMajin Buu\nBeerus\nZamasu\nCaulifla and Kale\nJiren\nRelated\nKazuhiko Torishima\nDr. Slump\n\"It's Over 9000!\"\nNeko Majin\nJaco the Galactic Patrolman\nPuff-puff\nCategory\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Android_18&oldid=1222248830\"\nCategories: Dragon Ball charactersAnime and manga supervillainsAnime and manga characters who can move at superhuman speedsAnime and manga characters with superhuman durability or invulnerabilityAnime and manga characters with superhuman strengthComics characters introduced in 1991Cyborg superheroesCyborg supervillainsFemale characters in anime and mangaFemale soldier and warrior characters in anime and mangaFemale superheroesFemale supervillainsFictional characters who can levitateFictional characters with energy-manipulation abilitiesFictional defectorsFictional female martial artistsFictional female mass murderersFictional gynoidsFictional hostages and kidnapped peopleFictional murdered peopleFictional resurrected charactersFictional human test subjectsFighting game charactersMartial artist characters in anime and mangaTwin characters in comicsHidden categories: CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataArticles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fieldsArticles containing Japanese-language textPages using multiple image with auto scaled imagesCS1 Spanish-language sources (es)\nThis page was last edited on 4 May 2024, at 20:29(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_18" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Who would win if Android 18 & Wonder Woman were to have a fight to the death? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InWho would win if Android 18 & Wonder Woman were to have a fight to the death?All related (35)SortRecommendedRomanAuthor has 3K answers and 43.5M answer views3yYou can post Dianas feats in every category but its too long. So until Android is capable to pass reaction times breaking all matters of physics she goes down. Diana slices her. She is capable of reacting with speeds that physics would claim impossible. WW takes it.Continue ReadingYou can post Dianas feats in every category but its too long. So until Android is capable to pass reaction times breaking all matters of physics she goes down. Diana slices her. She is capable of reacting with speeds that physics would claim impossible. WW takes it.Upvote 98Sponsored by Kick StreamingLooking to make more money when streaming?With a 95:5 revenue split, no ads, and 24/7 support, Kick Streaming is a no-brainer.Learn More9914Related questionsMore answers belowHow would a fight between Android 18 and Tsunade go?Who would win, Frieza vs Wonder Woman?Who would win, Android 17 or Wonder Woman?Could A.M.A.Z.O. defeat Wonder Woman?Who would win in a fight, Thor or Android 18?Related questionsHow would a fight between Android 18 and Tsunade go?Who would win, Frieza vs Wonder Woman?Who would win, Android 17 or Wonder Woman?Could A.M.A.Z.O. defeat Wonder Woman?Who would win in a fight, Thor or Android 18?Who would win in a fight between Goku and Wonder Woman?Who would win in a fight, Gohan or Wonder Woman?How many people would a bloodlusted Wonder Woman beat?Who would win in a fight, Superman or Android 18?Who would win in a fight between Vegeta and Wonder Woman?Who would win in a fight, Cell or Wonder Woman?Can Wonder Woman defeat Flash?Who would win in a fight, Android 18 or Sakura?Who would win in a battle between Wonder Woman and Beerus?Who would win in a death battle? MUI Goku (Moro arc) or Wonder Woman (strongest Canon version)?Related questionsHow would a fight between Android 18 and Tsunade go?Who would win, Frieza vs Wonder Woman?Who would win, Android 17 or Wonder Woman?Could A.M.A.Z.O. defeat Wonder Woman?Who would win in a fight, Thor or Android 18?Who would win in a fight between Goku and Wonder Woman?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/Who-would-win-if-Android-18-Wonder-Woman-were-to-have-a-fight-to-the-death" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Is Vegeta stronger than Android 18? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InIs Vegeta stronger than Android 18?All related (42)SortRecommendedHoratio Calvin5yIts very obvious that he becomes much stronger than 18 pretty much immediately after losing to her. So I think what youre actually asking was he stronger than her during their first encounter, and the answer is yes. I know this is hard to believe considering how bad he gets his ass kicked, but hear me out; Season 4 of DBZ was still early enough to where Toriyama liked to make fights more dynamic. Winning took more than just being stronger. Certain fighters would have certain attributes over others and in this case, 18 outclassed Vegeta in terms of stamina and endurance. Vegeta had just unlockContinue ReadingIts very obvious that he becomes much stronger than 18 pretty much immediately after losing to her. So I think what youre actually asking was he stronger than her during their first encounter, and the answer is yes. I know this is hard to believe considering how bad he gets his ass kicked, but hear me out; Season 4 of DBZ was still early enough to where Toriyama liked to make fights more dynamic. Winning took more than just being stronger. Certain fighters would have certain attributes over others and in this case, 18 outclassed Vegeta in terms of stamina and endurance. Vegeta had just unlocked access to the Super Saiyan form. Instead of using the extra time to try to refine the form, he saw this as his peak and pretty much stopped training. From his discovery of 16, 17, and 18, he had remained in his super Saiyan form. Holding this form consumes incredible amounts of Ki. Vegeta spent far too much time holding the form. Android 18 took notice of his Ki-burn, and ran Vegeta around in circles to burn him out. She blocked his blows, took a few shiners, and let him tire himself out. After he became substantially weaker, she finally went all out in the offensive. At this point she was just as strong as she was as the fight started, whereas Vegeta was extremely drained. She beat him down and finally broke his both of his arms - incapacitating him. When the fight started, Vegetas blows launched her around whereas hers just pissed him off. But through too much dancing around, Vegeta simply ran out of time, of which 18 had an endless amount of. Had Vegeta took her seriously, it would have been different. He would have zipped in, smashed her miles deep into the pavement, then blew her to pieces with a big bang or two. Eighteen wouldve been quite screwed.Upvote 991991Promoted by Roundhouse ProvisionsMatt Jennings Dramatization only - Roundhouse Provisions8moHow do I stay fit as I get older?Just look at the legendary Chuck Norriss advice since he is now a whopping 81 years old and yet has MORE energy than me. He found a key to healthy aging and it was by doing the opposite of what most of people are told. Norris says he started learning about this revolutionary new method when he noticed most of the supplements he was taking did little or nothing to support his health. After extensive research, he discovered he could create dramatic changes to his health simply focusing on 3 things that sabotage our body as we age. This is the key to healthy aging, says Norris. Im living proContinue ReadingJust look at the legendary Chuck Norriss advice since he is now a whopping 81 years old and yet has MORE energy than me. He found a key to healthy aging and it was by doing the opposite of what most of people are told. Norris says he started learning about this revolutionary new method when he noticed most of the supplements he was taking did little or nothing to support his health. After extensive research, he discovered he could create dramatic changes to his health simply focusing on 3 things that sabotage our body as we age. This is the key to healthy aging, says Norris. Im living proof. Now, Chuck Norris has put the entire method into a 15-minute video that explains the 3 Internal Enemies that can wreck our health as we age, and the simple ways to help combat them, using foods and herbs you may even have at home. Ive included the Chuck Norris video here so you can give it a shot.Upvote 4.3K4.3K9997759965Luca FiocchiAuthor has 3.9K answers and 39.8M answer views1yRelatedWho would win, Android 18 vs. Vegeta?Of course in Dragon Ball z, Vegeta wins after being Hyperbolic Chamber, Android 18 doesn't get stronger.In Dragon Ball Super, Android 18 gets strong but Vegeta unlocks other transformations and with the ultra ego he still gets too strong, he won't go easy on it just because she's a woman.Continue ReadingOf course in Dragon Ball z, Vegeta wins after being Hyperbolic Chamber, Android 18 doesn't get stronger.In Dragon Ball Super, Android 18 gets strong but Vegeta unlocks other transformations and with the ultra ego he still gets too strong, he won't go easy on it just because she's a woman.Upvote 992792Related questionsMore answers belowHow big was the gap between SSJ Vegeta and Android 18 in their fight? I've seen some say Vegeta was far weaker while others say they were relative but 18 wore Vegeta down to win.Why does Vegeta tolerate Android 18?Who would win, Android 18 vs. Vegeta?Should Vegeta have gotten a rematch with Android #18 during the Buu Saga?Who would win, Vegeta vs Android 17 & 18?AssistantBotMay 2In the Dragon Ball series, Vegeta is generally portrayed as being stronger than Android 18. Vegeta is a Saiyan prince with an impressive power level that increases significantly throughout the series as he trains and fights in various battles. Android 18, on the other hand, is one of the androids created by Dr. Gero and is known for her strength and combat abilities, but she is typically not depicted as being as powerful as Vegeta. However, it's important to note that power levels in the Dragon Ball series can fluctuate based on various factors such as training, transformations, and other exterContinue ReadingIn the Dragon Ball series, Vegeta is generally portrayed as being stronger than Android 18. Vegeta is a Saiyan prince with an impressive power level that increases significantly throughout the series as he trains and fights in various battles. Android 18, on the other hand, is one of the androids created by Dr. Gero and is known for her strength and combat abilities, but she is typically not depicted as being as powerful as Vegeta. However, it's important to note that power levels in the Dragon Ball series can fluctuate based on various factors such as training, transformations, and other external influences. So while Vegeta is generally considered to be stronger than Android 18, there may be specific circumstances or scenarios where Android 18 could potentially pose a significant challenge to Vegeta or even surpass him in power.Upvote Yumpus GrumpusAuthor has 1.2K answers and 3.2M answer views1yRelatedWho is stronger, Vegeta from the Android Saga or Vegeta from the Frieza Saga?Vegeta saga Frieza was taken blows from Android 18, who is >>>> to Frieza, and ALSO had the ability to go Super Saiyan.While Vegeta in the Frieza Saga only had to power to suppress 1st form Frieza enough to make him turn into his 2nd form.Peace!Continue ReadingVegeta saga Frieza was taken blows from Android 18, who is >>>> to Frieza, and ALSO had the ability to go Super Saiyan.While Vegeta in the Frieza Saga only had to power to suppress 1st form Frieza enough to make him turn into his 2nd form.Peace!Upvote 99289692Related questionsHow big was the gap between SSJ Vegeta and Android 18 in their fight? I've seen some say Vegeta was far weaker while others say they were relative but 18 wore Vegeta down to win.Why does Vegeta tolerate Android 18?Who would win, Android 18 vs. Vegeta?Should Vegeta have gotten a rematch with Android #18 during the Buu Saga?Who would win, Vegeta vs Android 17 & 18?Would the son of Vegeta and Android 18 be stronger than Trunks?What if Vegeta had a child with Android 18?Can Goku beat Android 18?In terms of power level, was Vegeta stronger than Android 18 when they fought?Do you think Vegeta wouldve been a good couple with Android 18?In DBZ, why were future Android 17 and 18 so cruel compared to the present timeline versions?Is there anyone stronger than Android 18?What if Android 18 killed Vegeta?Who is stronger, Android 18 or Gohan?Who is stronger between Vegeta and #17?Related questionsHow big was the gap between SSJ Vegeta and Android 18 in their fight? I've seen some say Vegeta was far weaker while others say they were relative but 18 wore Vegeta down to win.Why does Vegeta tolerate Android 18?Who would win, Android 18 vs. Vegeta?Should Vegeta have gotten a rematch with Android #18 during the Buu Saga?Who would win, Vegeta vs Android 17 & 18?Would the son of Vegeta and Android 18 be stronger than Trunks?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/Is-Vegeta-stronger-than-Android-18" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga? Kanzenshuu\nKanzenshuu\nSkip to content\nSearch\nAdvanced search\nSearch\nUnanswered topics\nActive topics\nSearch\nMembers\nThe team\nMain Website\nThe Forum\nDragon Ball\nDragon Ball Super\nSearch\nDo We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nDiscussion specifically regarding the \"Dragon Ball Super\" TV series premiering July 2015 in Japan, including individual threads for each episode.\nModerators: General Help, Kanzenshuu Staff\nPost Reply\nSearch\nAdvanced search\nSteven Bloodriver\nI Live Here\nPosts: 3477 Joined: Tue Dec 08, 2015 10:06 pm\nDo We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby Steven Bloodriver Fri Feb 01, 2019 5:11 pm\nHas Android 18 gotten any noticeably stronger than she had been in the Androids Saga, like between the events of the Cell Games Saga and the events of the Universal Survival Saga?\nTop\nMKCSTEALTH\nOMG CRAZY REGEN\nPosts: 812 Joined: Thu Nov 03, 2016 4:50 pm\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby MKCSTEALTH Fri Feb 01, 2019 5:19 pm\nWell, she's trained with Krillin for an unknown amount, at least for both the World Tournament in the Buu Saga and the ToP, so she has to be. Enough to at least kick a heavily suppressed SSB Goku's Kamehameha away. If Android 17 can get stronger, she definitely can too\nTop\nCJStriker_CBR\nI'm, pretty, cozy, here...\nPosts: 1622 Joined: Tue Aug 22, 2017 7:22 pm\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby CJStriker_CBR Fri Feb 01, 2019 6:18 pm\nHonestly by my view of what Super showed us, that at least after the Fight in the ToP with Ribrianne 18 got not only a momentary power boost but likely a permit one.\nWhat I like about the ToP and threw the power boost 18 got was that it was a power-up that was different then just training harder or recover from battle, but one based on an Emotion Spectrum, in this Case LOVE, showing now their are different paths to power in the DB Mythos and different ways to get stronger.\nI feel it gave 18 some character development too by clarifying within herself in who she fights for and using that as new power of Love for her family going forward.\n--- ADMIN NOTE: THIS SIGNATURE IS FAR TOO LONG. PLEASE REDUCE IN SIZE. ---\nLet it Bloom. Let it Ring. The Song of Love & Victory!\nBrianne De Chateau/Ribrianne!\nMy #1 in DB!\nIm a Veteran Poster of Comic Book Resources since 2012!\nhttp://community.comicbookresources.com ... -CJStriker\nTop\nNazi Cola\nAdvanced Regular\nPosts: 1072 Joined: Wed Apr 28, 2010 8:25 pm\nLocation: Inside you\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby Nazi Cola Sat Feb 02, 2019 12:10 am\nIn the anime, I believe it's suggested she's been training on and off.\nIn the manga, there's no implication or statement of such. In fact, there's only about one strength-related statement to her name. I don't remember any significant feats of hers either. She takes on Ribrianne, but the two never have a full-on brawl, and then Ribrianne basically gives up after seeing Krillin is married to her. Then 18 is knocked off the stage, so she didn't do much of note, unlike the anime.\nCatouttaHell wrote:I guess he's just impossibly powerful and he now gets thrills from letting things go as much to hell as possible before busting out his ultimate power and ending the villain or some shit.\nTop\nKataphrut\nI'm, pretty, cozy, here...\nPosts: 1704 Joined: Thu Aug 31, 2017 8:12 pm\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby Kataphrut Sat Feb 02, 2019 2:20 am\nProbably but not to any serious degree like her brother. With this series, I think its safe to assume everyone trains regularly unless they say otherwise (like Gohan) or have undergone special, exceptional training (like 17...or Gohan).\nTop\nSsjCookie\nBeyond Newbie\nPosts: 292 Joined: Fri Oct 21, 2016 2:54 am\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby SsjCookie Sat Feb 02, 2019 5:19 am\nKataphrut wrote:Probably but not to any serious degree like her brother. With this series, I think its safe to assume everyone trains regularly unless they say otherwise (like Gohan) or have undergone special, exceptional training (like 17...or Gohan).\nI must have missed something, I only watched the Anime and didn't read the Manga.\nWhat kind of special training did 17 get?\nFighting off poachers?\nTop\nKataphrut\nI'm, pretty, cozy, here...\nPosts: 1704 Joined: Thu Aug 31, 2017 8:12 pm\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby Kataphrut Sat Feb 02, 2019 7:36 am\nSsjCookie wrote:Kataphrut wrote:Probably but not to any serious degree like her brother. With this series, I think its safe to assume everyone trains regularly unless they say otherwise (like Gohan) or have undergone special, exceptional training (like 17...or Gohan).\nI must have missed something, I only watched the Anime and didn't read the Manga.\nWhat kind of special training did 17 get?\nFighting off poachers?\nAs in, his training and power boost was narratively significant enough to warrant mention. Same with Gohan, Freeza and arguably Krillin in Super. Meanwhile 18 is in the same camp as Tien and Piccolo- \"look, they're stronger enough to fight in this tournament, ok? Don't worry about it.\"\nTop\nMichsi\nI Live Here\nPosts: 4557 Joined: Wed Dec 01, 2010 5:10 pm\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby Michsi Sat Feb 02, 2019 8:09 am\nKataphrut wrote:SsjCookie wrote:Kataphrut wrote:Probably but not to any serious degree like her brother. With this series, I think its safe to assume everyone trains regularly unless they say otherwise (like Gohan) or have undergone special, exceptional training (like 17...or Gohan).\nI must have missed something, I only watched the Anime and didn't read the Manga.\nWhat kind of special training did 17 get?\nFighting off poachers?\nAs in, his training and power boost was narratively significant enough to warrant mention. Same with Gohan, Freeza and arguably Krillin in Super. Meanwhile 18 is in the same camp as Tien and Piccolo- \"look, they're stronger enough to fight in this tournament, ok? Don't worry about it.\"\nYou don't need really a special mention for characters like Tien and Piccolo because it's fully established in the story that they have dedicated their lives to martial arts and are always training. Piccolo reaffirms this clearly when he and Gohan train together for the TOP. The reason statements that circumstantiate their power were necessary for characters such as Krillin, 18 and Gohan was because, like in Roshi's case, the story depicted them as having given up training or pursuing greater strength. Freeza and 17 had bigger roles to fulfill so their increase in power needed a bit more explanation. (though we never really got any for 17 as far as I'm aware)\nAs for 18, I was always under the impression that her main strength lies in the endless energy reserves she has, which gives her endurance and nonstop power, but otherwise is pretty much at the same level she was in the Cell saga.\nTop\nKataphrut\nI'm, pretty, cozy, here...\nPosts: 1704 Joined: Thu Aug 31, 2017 8:12 pm\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby Kataphrut Sat Feb 02, 2019 8:24 am\nMichsi wrote:Kataphrut wrote:SsjCookie wrote:\nI must have missed something, I only watched the Anime and didn't read the Manga.\nWhat kind of special training did 17 get?\nFighting off poachers?\nAs in, his training and power boost was narratively significant enough to warrant mention. Same with Gohan, Freeza and arguably Krillin in Super. Meanwhile 18 is in the same camp as Tien and Piccolo- \"look, they're stronger enough to fight in this tournament, ok? Don't worry about it.\"\nYou don't need really a special mention for characters like Tien and Piccolo because it's fully established in the story that they have dedicated their lives to martial arts and are always training. Piccolo reaffirms this clearly when he and Gohan train together for the TOP. The reason statements that circumstantiate their power were necessary for characters such as Krillin, 18 and Gohan was because, like in Roshi's case, the story depicted them as having given up training or pursuing greater strength. Freeza and 17 had bigger roles to fulfill so their increase in power needed a bit more explanation. (though we never really got any for 17 as far as I'm aware)\nAs for 18, I was always under the impression that her main strength lies in the endless energy reserves she has, which gives her endurance and nonstop power, but otherwise is pretty much at the same level she was in the Cell saga.\nThat's more or less what I'm saying. But characters like 18 and Piccolo don't get the \"you've gotten stronger\" treatment because so far the story hasn't called for it. Tien constantly trains, 18 probably does too, but narratively they might as well be where they left off in the Cell saga. With Piccolo, I found it interesting that when he fought Gohan in training and beat him in SS2, that might actually be the first time he's displayed feats that put him above the Cell saga.\nTop\nMichsi\nI Live Here\nPosts: 4557 Joined: Wed Dec 01, 2010 5:10 pm\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby Michsi Sat Feb 02, 2019 8:43 am\nKataphrut wrote:\nThat's more or less what I'm saying. But characters like 18 and Piccolo don't get the \"you've gotten stronger\" treatment because so far the story hasn't called for it. Tien constantly trains, 18 probably does too, but narratively they might as well be where they left off in the Cell saga. With Piccolo, I found it interesting that when he fought Gohan in training and beat him in SS2, that might actually be the first time he's displayed feats that put him above the Cell saga.\nThat's literally what happened in that Gohan training episode, though. You are right that it's nothing more than a comment, in an episode dedicated to someone else's return to power, no less, but the show wanted the viewers to know he had indeed been training and he gotten stronger. With 18 it's a bit more tricky than that because 1. she has never shown genuine interest in fighting, 2. seems content to live a normal human life.\nTop\nankokudaishogun\nAdvanced Regular\nPosts: 1096 Joined: Thu Aug 24, 2017 8:07 pm\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby ankokudaishogun Sat Feb 02, 2019 8:48 am\ndoesn't she uses Kienzan in the anime?\nit would suggest she improved in fighting skill if not in pure power\nTop\ndbgtFO\nKicks it Old-School\nPosts: 7888 Joined: Thu Aug 26, 2010 5:07 pm\nContact:\nContact dbgtFO\nWebsite\nRe: Do We Have Any Indication Of Android 18 Actually Getting Stronger Since The Androids Saga?\nQuote\nQuote\nPost\nby dbgtFO Sat Feb 02, 2019 11:17 am\nankokudaishogun wrote:doesn't she uses Kienzan in the anime?\nit would suggest she improved in fighting skill if not in pure power\nShe already used Kienzan back in the Buu arc in all media.\n#18's ki aura is the only indication she has gotten stronger, because she and #17 never had them before.\nAnd even that might just be a weird Toei-ism.\nUltimate Battle Powers list\nUltimate Battle Powers list(official multipliers)\nTop\nPost Reply\nDisplay: All posts1 day7 days2 weeks1 month3 months6 months1 year\nSort by: AuthorPost timeSubject\nDirection: AscendingDescending\nReturn to Dragon Ball Super\nJump to\nKanzenshuu\n Website & Community Discussion\n The Podcast\n Staff Help Requests\nDragon Ball\n General Franchise Discussion\n In-Universe Discussion\n Dragon Ball Super\n Episode Discussion Archive\n Dragon Ball Kai\n Episode Discussion Archive\n Music\n Video Games\n Fan-Created Works\nWho is online Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 2 guests\nProLight Style by Ian Bradley. Modified by Hujio.\nPowered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited\nPrivacy\n|\nTerms\n|\nForum Rules", "url": "https://www.kanzenshuu.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43542" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lazuli | Dragon Universe Wiki | Fandom\nDragon Universe Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nMedia\nManga\nChapter 1\nChapter 4\nChapter 6\nChapter 71\nChapter 72\nChapter 73\nChapter 74\nList of Volumes\nRandom Chapter\nEpisodes\nDBS001\nDBS002\nDBS003\nDBS004\nDBS005\nDB001\nDB002\nList of Episodes\nRandom Episode\nAnime\nDragon Ball GT\nDragon Ball Z\nDragon Ball Z Abridged\nDragon Ball Super\nDragon Ball Animation Credits\nDragon Ball Super Animation Credits\nDragon Ball Kai\nMovies\nMovie 19\nMovie 4\nMovie 5\nMovie 6\nMovie 1\nMovie 2\nMovie 3\nSpecials\nMovie 6\nSP003\nSP001\nSP002\nSP004\nSP005\nSP006\nOVAs\nOVA2\nOVA1\nOVA3\nOVA4\nVideo Games\nDragon Ball XenoVerse\nVideo game images\nDragon Ball Heroes\nDragon Ball 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If you are looking for the article on the character from the future timeline then you should head to Lazuli.\nPart II-IV Part V\nLazuli[1]\n Razuri\nAlias\nNo. 18 (, Jhachi-G; FUNimation \"Android 18\")[2][3][4] Android No. 18 (, Jinzningen Jhachi-G; Literally meaning \"Cyborg No. 18\")\nPersonal Data\nUniverse\n7th Universe\nGalaxy\nMilky Way, North Galaxies\nRace\nEarthling\nBirthplace\nEarth\nGender\nFemale\nVoice Actors\nEnglish\nMeredith McCoyColleen Clinkenbeard(Kai)\nJapanese\nMiki It\nProfessional Status\nTeam(s)\n7th Universe Team\nAffiliation(s)\nDragon Team\nCounterpart(s)\nLazuli (Future)\nHeadquarters\nKame House\nFirst Appearance\nManga Debut\nChapter 349\nAnime Debut\nDBZ133DBK064\nMovie Debut\nMovie 14\nOVA Debut\nOVA2\nGame Debut\nDragon Ball Z: Super Martial Arts Legend\nFamily\nExpand\nKulilin (Husband)\nMarron (Daughter)\nLapis (Twin Brother)\nTechniques\nExpand\nBack Grab\nGiant Swing\nFlight\nKienzan\nKikha\nKikha from the Fingertips\nReflection Combination (Anime only)\nTools\nExpand\nInfinite Energy Reactor\nImage Gallery\nCharacter Image Gallery\nLazuli (, Razuri), also designated as Android No. 18 (, Jinzningen Jhachi-G; Literally meaning \"Cyborg No. 18\"), by Dr. Gero is an Android, who was previously a Human. She alongside her brother No. 17, hunted down Son Gok, where she would be absorbed by Cell.\nAfter being expelled by Cell, she later joins the good side and marries Kulilin and the mother of their first and only daughter, Marron.\nContents\n1 Background\n2 Personality\n3 Appearance\n4 Abilities\n4.1 Body Modifications\n4.2 Power\n4.3 Fighting Style\n4.4 Ki Usage\n5 Part II\n5.1 Androids Arc\n5.2 Cell Arc\n6 Part III\n6.1 High School Arc\n6.2 25th Tenka-Ichi Budkai Arc\n6.3 Majin Boo Arc\n7 Part IV\n8 Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Gok and His Friends Return!!\n8.1 Dragon Ball Z: God and God\n8.2 Dragon Ball Z: Revival of \"F\"\n8.3 God and God Arc\n8.4 Revival of \"F\" Arc\n8.5 Hakaishin Champa Arc\n9 Epilogue\n10 In Other Timelines\n10.1 Trunks' Timeline\n10.2 Cell's Timeline\n11 In Other Media\n11.1 Dragon Ball Super (manga)\n11.1.1 God and God Arc (manga)\n11.1.2 Hakaishin Champa Arc (manga)\n12 Creation and Conception\n13 Trivia\n14 Quotes\n15 References\nBackground[]\nLazuli, along with her twin brother, Lapis, were born as regular Earthlings. However, a chance encounter with the mad scientist Gero. who was looking for material for his experiments, resulted in the twins being transformed into Androids.[5][6] Both of them were fitted with cybernetic enhancements, which granted them unique abilities and a form of immortality.[7] At some point prior to the second half of the Dragon Ball series, the twins were deactivated and placed in stasis, as Dr. Gero could not control them properly.\nPersonality[]\nAppearance[]\nLapis' full appearance in the Dragon Ball Z.\n18 is considered as a \"lovely-girl-type\" at first sight. She has straight blonde hair and narrow blue eyes. She always wears some jewelry.\nAbilities[]\nLazuli was designed by Gero to be weaker than Lapis in the hopes that she would prove easier to control than he was.[8] After her modifications, Lazuli is an extraordinarily powerful individual, stronger than the Super Saiyans Vegeta, Son Goku, and Future Trunks before their training in the Room of Spirit and Time, as well as being stronger than both Son Goten and Present Trunks. Upon further training for the Tournament of Power, she was easily able to fight the Pride Trooper Cocotte and ultimately defeated her. And she was also able to nearly single handily defeat Ribrianne, a fighter capable to matching Goku and Vegeta at their current level of power.\nBody Modifications[]\nDue to Dr. Gero's experiments, she's possesses an infinite energy supply which allows her to fight endlessly against opponents. Her body is durable to the point she can survive a Super Saiyan Vegeta's attacks and powerful ki blast, she was able to block Trunks' sword strike, which caused it to crack.\nPower[]\nThanks to the restructures that Dr. Gero made on her body, she is strong enough to match and surpass the strength of both Super Saiyan Vegeta and Trunks (before their training in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber) as well as withstanding energy blasts from the former, ending with only little scratches on her body.\nFighting Style[]\nKi Usage[]\nPart II[]\nAndroids Arc[]\n18 alongside 17 are awakened by Dr. Gero, who is later betrayed by them and killed by 17.[9]. Before Trunks destroys the mountain, where Geros laboratory was located, she managed to take out Number 16 capsule from the affected area, finally activating the machine.[10]\nAs they were heading their way to kill Gok, Vegeta puts himself on their way and challenge them to a fight, which 18 joins.[11] At first both fighter seens to be equal on power but it doesnt take long for her to overpower the pride Saiyan, leaving him with some bleeding scars and breaking 1 of his arm in the process.[12] Because of this Trunks enters in the fight to aid his father, hes inmediately assisted by Piccolo and Tenshinhan but, unfortunately 18 and her brother proved to be stronger than them and after finishing their short encounter she, alongside the other 2 androids, leave the area and continue with their mission to find and kill Gok.\nCell Arc[]\nWhen they arrive at Goks house they notice that he is no longer there, Android 16 suggest them that Gok might have gone to Kame-Sennin's island and so they leave to that place. At their arrival Piccolo offers them to fight in a nearby inhabited island, which they accept, 18 witness the fight between his brother and the Namekian until Cell shows up in the island. Because of the potential danger that Cell would represent if he manages to absorb both siblings, android 16 advises 18 to run away from the area, which they later do after Cell manages to absorb 18s brother.\nBecause of Cell's new form he is faster and stronger for them to deal with him, after he knock outs and partially damage No. 16, she realize that fighting him is pointless and so she threats him of destroying herself if he tries to come closer. Before Cell could put his hands on her, Tenshinhan uses his New Kikh to hold Cell so that 18 and 16 could go away from the area,[13] after Tenshinhans help they hide in another island. After Cell blows up different island to lure 18 out of her hiding place, by coincidence Cell and Vegeta encounter take place on the island she was hiding,[14] and moments later Kulilin arrives at the same island and notices a hided 18 and so he tries getting closer to her to use the remote control to shut her down. 18 notices his presence once he drops the device, after that he destroys it.[15]\nAfter Vegeta gives Cell the chance to find 18, which he does, he goes straight to her with excitement and as a precaution he uses Taiyken to temporarily distract anyone that could interfere and finally he absorbs 18.[16]\n18 is later regurgitated from Cell's body after Super Saiyan 2 Gohan gives him a serious beating.[17] A short time after Cell destruction, she is transported to the Castle of God, where Dende heals her and with indifferent attitude she leaves the place. She loses the explosive device from her body along with 17, thanks to Kulilins wish to Shenron.[18] She pretended to leave Castle, but had secretly returned hiding from them to eavesdrop on their conversation. When Kulilin said he wanted her to be happy with 17, she revealed that they're actually twins, suggesting she also had feelings for him, thanking him afterwards. This was later be confirmed when they married and had a daughter during the seven years of peace that followed Cell's death.\nPart III[]\nHigh School Arc[]\nDuring the 7 years of peace after Cell's defeat, at some point 18 married Kulilin and had a daughter named Marron. She and her husband joins the rest of the Dragon Team at the 25th Tenka-Ichi Budkai.\n[19]\n25th Tenka-Ichi Budkai Arc[]\nAt the tournament a preliminary match about strength takes place where the 15 strongest fighters will be allowed to participate, she enters by scoring 774 points in the punch machine,[20] the highest score but this changes when the arbiter asks her to re-do it and scoring 203 points. After the reliminary phase ends, 18 and the other adult participants go and watch the tournaments kid division fight while they wait for their respective matches to begin.\nAfter the kid division fight ends the tournament enters in a break, until 1:40 PM, which all the participants use to eat. After the break ends all fighter gather where the Announcer is, there they draw lots to arrange their matches, Mark becomes 18s opponent.[21]\nAs soon as Spopovich and Yamu finish stealing Gohans energy they leave the tournament, returning to their master Babidi, they are followed by the East Kaishin, Son Gok, Vegeta, Piccolo, Kibito, Son Gohan, Videl and Kulilin. However, 18 remains in the tournament as she finds no point in helping if money is not involved.[22]\nMajin Boo Arc[]\nPart IV[]\nDragon Ball: Yo! Son Gok and His Friends Return!![]\nDragon Ball Z: God and God[]\nMain article: Dragon Ball Z: God and God\nDragon Ball Z: Revival of \"F\"[]\nMain article: Dragon Ball Z: Revival of \"F\"\nGod and God Arc[]\nMain article: God and God Arc\nNo. 18 and her family flying towards Bulma's party.\n18, alongside her husband and daughter, head by car to Bulma's birthday party on a luxurious passenger ship. However, they get stuck in a traffic jam, and resort to flying to the ship instead. On their way to the party, they run into Yamcha, Tenshinhan, Chaoz and Pu'ar.[23]\nAfter Majin Boo angers Beerus, a fight ensues, ending with the Majin being overwhelmed with the deity power, this is followed by Gotenks entering the fight, only to end up being defeated by him easily. After both warriors are defeated, 18, Piccolo and Tenshinhan try fighting the Hakaishin together, the god manages to dodge all of their attacks and then by releasing his Ki the 3 warriors are defeated and left exhausted.[24]\nRevival of \"F\" Arc[]\nMain article: Revival of \"F\" Arc\nHakaishin Champa Arc[]\nMain article: Hakaishin Champa Arc\nEpilogue[]\nNo. 18 appears in the 28th Tenka-Ichi Budkai.\nIn Other Timelines[]\nTrunks' Timeline[]\nMain article: Lazuli (Future)\nAfter Goks death by a heart disease, she and 17 awakened and started going on a rampage across the world. In the process they, killed Vegeta, Piccolo, Yamcha, Tenshinhan, and Kulilin. Years later after their awakening, she and her brother fought the two remaning Saiyans on Earth, Gohan and Trunks. One day, the former is killed in an unfavorable fight, which allowed the later to awaken the Super Saiyan transformation. Sometime after that event, the last Saiyan went to eliminate them, only to fail barely surviving the encounter.\nAfter the defeat of Cell in the present, the siblings are finally finished by Trunks, thanks to the training he had endured with his father in the Room of Spirit and Time.\nCell's Timeline[]\nIn Other Media[]\nDragon Ball Super (manga)[]\nSee also: Dragon Ball Super#Manga\nGod and God Arc (manga)[]\nHakaishin Champa Arc (manga)[]\nLazuli, along with the rest of the Dragon Team, head towards Champa's Tournament on thePlanet of Nothing in a spacecraft prepared by Whis. She participates in the game of shiratori that her husband suggested during the trip.[25]\nCreation and Conception[]\nAndroid 18, along with her brother, Android 17, were created conceptually when Toriyama's then-editor, Kazuhiko Torishima, complained about the designs of Android 19 and Gero (Android 20), as being just as \"fatso and an old man\". However, when he saw 17 and 18, he said that they were \"just some kids\", leading Toriyama to create Cell.[26]\nTrivia[]\nThe name \"Lazuli\" was taken from Lapis lazuli, a precious stone with an intense color.\nQuotes[]\nReferences[]\n Akira Toriyama-sensei is answering!! Androids & Cell Arc, Part 6\n Daizensh 5, page 119\n Dragon Ball Super: Super Start Guide, page 28\n Dragon Ball Volume \"F\", page 18\n Dragon Ball Full Color: Artificial Humans & Cell Arc Volume #02 (04 April 2014)\n Daizensh 7: Large Encyclopedia: Secret Stories of the Dragon Ball Characters\n Dragon Ball chapter 350\n Dragon Ball chapter 367\n Dragon Ball chapter 350\n Dragon Ball chapter 351\n Dragon Ball chapter 352\n Dragon Ball chapter 353\n Dragon Ball chapter 373\n Dragon Ball chapter 376\n Dragon Ball chapter 380\n Dragon Ball chapter 381\n Dragon Ball chapter 412\n Dragon Ball chapter 419\n Dragon Ball chapter 426\n Dragon Ball chapter 431\n Dragon Ball chapter 438\n Dragon Ball chapter 445\n Dragon Ball Super episode 3\n Dragon Ball Super episode 7\n Dragon Ball Super chapter 7, page 15\n 30th Anniversary Dragon Ball Chshish: Super History Book\nCategories\nCategories:\nArticles that appear in Dragon Ball Z\nArticles that appear in Dragon Ball Kai\nArticles that appear in Dragon Ball Super\nCharacters\nEarthling\nAlive\nFemale\nInhabitants of the 7th Universe\nMothers\nCharacters who have participated in the Tenkaichi Budkai\nSiblings\nAndroid\nRed Ribbon Army\nFormer Villains\nCharacters who died off-screen\nCharacters that appeared in Dragon Ball Z\nCharacters that appeared in Dragon Ball Kai\nCharacters that appeared in Dragon Ball Super\nCharacters that appeared in canon films\nCharacters who have participated in the Tournament of Power\nAndroids\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nHorror\nSci-fi\nDragon Ball\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Dragon Universe Wiki\n1\nUltra Instinct\n2\nGrand Priest\n3\nUltimate Gohan\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nDragon Universe Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://dragonballuniverse.fandom.com/wiki/Lazuli" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Saeed ASKARY | Associate Professor | Ph.D in Accounting | Research profile\nHomeSaeed AskarySaeed AskaryAmerican University in Iraq - BaghdadPh.D in AccountingAccounting Analytics, Sustainability, Digital Accounting.ContactConnect with experts in your fieldJoin ResearchGate to contact this researcher and connect with your scientific community.Join for freeLog inContactConnect with experts in your fieldJoin ResearchGate to contact this researcher and connect with your scientific community.Join for freeLog inAboutPublications 32NetworkAbout32Publications34,017Reads How we measure 'reads'A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Learn more619CitationsIntroductionI am currently working on new topics in enhancing the quality of accounting information using Artificial Intelligence.Skills and ExpertiseAuditManagement AuditFinancial AccountingManagement AccountingCorporate GovernancePublicationsPublications (32)Accounting Analytics Data Types and Structures: An Educational PerspectiveArticleJan 2024 Davood Askarany Saeed Askary Yusuf Joseph UgrasViewAccounting Comparability, Conservatism, Executive Compensation-Performance, and Information QualityArticleFull-text availableOct 2022 Abbas Ali Daryaei Yasin Fattahi Davood Askarany[...] Mahdad MollazamaniThis paper investigates the relationship between accounting comparability, executive compensation, conditional and unconditional conservatism, and accounting information quality. The findings suggest that conditional conservatism and accounting comparability have a positive and significant impact on executive compensation. Moreover, accrual earning...View Audit Committee Characteristics and Quality of Financial Information: The Role of the Internal Information Environment and Political ConnectionsArticleFull-text availableJun 2021 Omid Mehri Namakavarani Abbas Ali Daryaei Davood Askarany Saeed AskaryThis study explores the relationship between audit committee characteristics and account-\ning information quality by justifying the role of the internal information environment and political\nconnections under the theocracy state of Iran with syncretic politics. Using panel data of 558 firms\nfrom the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for 20112016, we ran...View Directors' Remuneration and Performance in Australian BankingArticleFull-text availableNov 2019 Hristos Doucouliagos Janto Haman Saeed AskaryThis paper explores the relationship between directors' pay and performance within Australian banking, using panel data for the 1992-2005 period. The relationship between CEO pay and performance is investigated also. Several earnings models are estimated, using different dependent variables, alternate measures of performance and different estimatio...ViewIslamic AccountingChapterFull-text availableNov 2019 Saeed Askary Frank ClarkeAccounting topics discussed and mentioned in the Koranic verses.ViewNew Dual Parameter Quasi-Newton Methods for Unconstrained Nonlinear ProgramsArticleJul 2019 Issam A.R. Moughrabi Saeed AskaryA framework model of multi-step quasi-Newton methods developed which utilizes values of the objective function. The model is constructed using iteration genereted data from the m+1 most recent iterates/gradient evaluations. It hosts double free parameters which introduce a certain degree of flexibility. This permits the interpolating polynomials to...View Conflicts of Interest, Information Quality and Management Decision: 17th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services, and e-Society, I3E 2018, Kuwait City, Kuwait, October 30 November 1, 2018, ProceedingsChapterFull-text availableOct 2018 Saeed Askary Shekar ShettyViewArtificial Intelligence and Reliability of Accounting Information: 17th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services, and e-Society, I3E 2018, Kuwait City, Kuwait, October 30 November 1, 2018, ProceedingsChapterFull-text availableOct 2018 Saeed Askary Nasser Abu-Ghazaleh Yasean TahatView Audit Evidence and Modelling Audit Risk Using Goal ProgrammingArticleFull-text availableJan 2018 Naser Abu Ghazaleh Saeed Askary Jean-Paul ArnaoutView Audit evidences and modelling audit risk using goal programmingArticleFull-text availableJan 2018 Saeed Askary Jean-Paul Arnaout Naser AbughazalehManaging audit risk and allocating auditing resources are among the major problems faced by external auditors. To address this problem, this paper introduces external auditors to goal programming (GP), an innovative technique that can be used in audit risk models (ARM). The value of an audit report depends on the audit risk: the lower the audit ris...ViewAn educational theory for teaching auditing and assurance after EnronArticleFull-text availableJan 2014 Saeed Askary Rick Van SantWe developed an educational model for teaching and learning auditing topics based on the concept of 'scholarship of teaching'. The new legislative regulatory and governmental rules had to be raised for protecting 'the public interests' in the aftermath of corporate collapses. These collapses have resulted in a series of new reforms in auditing and...View Communication Skills, Cultural Changes, and Intellectual Capital: A Theoretical FrameworkArticleFull-text availableJan 2014 Nudrat Qayyum Saeed AskaryThis paper focuses on analyzing communication skills within socio-cultural values\ndeveloped by Hofestede (1980) study and their effects on intellectual capital. Emerging global\nbusiness environment of working with different employees from different cultural background is a\nbeneficial justification for exploiting research in the role of culture on c...ViewAn assessment of employee commitment to work among UAE nationalsArticleFull-text availableJan 2014 Saeed Askary Saigeeta Kukunuru Robert PechThis research paper investigates the employee commitment to work as demonstrated by UAE national men and women across three sectors: the public, semi-public and private, specifically in the Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The research demonstrated that the private sector has a high level of work satisfaction. In contrast, the greatest dissatisfact...ViewMarketing Costs in Accounting MeasurementsArticleFull-text availableJan 2013 Saeed AskaryViewImprovements in Audit Risks Related to Information Technology FraudsArticleFull-text availableApr 2012 Saeed Askary David Goodwin Roman LanisIn this paper, the authors examine how different types offraudin most Information Technology (IT) environments affect an audit risk model from 2001 through 2008. Variations in IT fraud are questionable for determining the audit risks that affect audit quality and report. The data sources in this study came from the Computer Crime and Security Surve...ViewPower and Politics and Their Interrelationship with Management Accounting ChangeArticleFull-text availableJan 2012 Hassan Yazdifar Davood Askarany Saeed Askary Alireza DaneshfarThe issue of organizational change has assumed central importance in business and management - related research during the last two decades. The management literature also well documents the significance of power and politics in organizational change, and its implication at various hierarchical levels of an organization. Surprisingly, the managemen...ViewAccounting measurement in the religious perspective: conservatism or optimismArticleFull-text availableJan 2012 Saeed AskaryThis paper concerns about accounting measurements from the socio-cultural values' perspectives. By applying Hofstede (1980), Gray (1988), and Perera (1989) studies, first of all, the study develops a theory to concern about accounting values in a religious perception. Then Islam, as one of the most debatable religion in the world, is considered as...View A CONFORMITY TEST OF CORPORATE FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES IN ASIAN AND MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIESArticleFull-text availableJan 2011 Saeed AskaryViewThe Potential for Improving Intra-Organizational Communication in the Process of Mergers and Acquisitions via Accounting SystemsArticleFull-text availableFeb 2010 Hassan Yazdifar Reza Golestani Golestani Saeed Askary Davood AskaranyAs the number of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) continues to increase on a global basis, more managers are called upon to develop their M&A transition skills. While, undoubtedly, organizations realise the importance of good communications for successful implementation of change programs throughout the entire M&A process, they often find it hard to...View Supply chain management, activity-based costing and organisational factorsArticleFull-text availableMar 2009 Davood Askarany Hassan Yazdifar Saeed AskaryIn today's intense global competition, supply chain management (SCM) is as a vital tool for helping managers to improve productivity, profitability and the performance of their organisations. In doing so, SCM requires more accurate cost data regarding all activities and processes within the organisations. Given the above, activity-based costing (AB...View +4 Management Accountants' Role in Dependent and Independent Companies: Does Ownership Matter?ArticleFull-text availableMar 2009 Hassan Yazdifar Davood Askarany Saeed AskaryThe issue of (changing) accountants' roles has been given considerable coverage in recent years, in both professional and academic accounting literature. This paper contributes to the debate by comparing the roles of accountants in independent organisations with the roles of accountants in dependent, subsidiary organisations. Do accountants working...ViewSupply Chain Management, Activity-Based Costing and Organisational FactorsArticleJan 2009 Davood Askarany Hassan Yazdifar Saeed AskaryView Influence of culture on accounting uniformity among Arabic nationsArticleFull-text availableMay 2008 Saeed Askary James Pounder Hassan YazdifarPurpose\nThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of cultural values on accounting uniformity and consistency among Arabic nations.\nDesign/methodology/approach\nA combination of a survey and analysis of published data on accounting information. Cluster analysis is used to classify the countries on the basis of accounting consistency a...View +7 Culture and accounting practices in TurkeyArticleFull-text availableFeb 2008 Saeed Askary Hassan Yazdifar Davood AskaranyThis paper examines the effects of cultural values on accounting practices in Turkey by applying Gray's theory (Gray, 1988) of socio-cultural factors on accounting values and practices. We compared the model of accounting with accounting-profession authority, the quality and uniformity of financial disclosures, and accounting measurements in presen...View +4 Management Accountants' Role in Dependent and Independent Companies: Does Ownership Matter?ArticleFull-text availableJan 2008 Hassan Yazdifar Davood Askarany Saeed AskaryThe issue of (changing) accountants' roles has been given considerable coverage in recent years, in both professional and academic accounting literature. This paper contributes to the debate by comparing the roles of accountants in independent organisations with the roles of accountants in dependent, subsidiary organisations. Do accountants working...View Directors' Remuneration and Performance in Australian BankingArticleFull-text availableNov 2007 Hristos Doucouliagos Janto Haman Saeed AskaryThis paper explores the relationship between directors' pay and performance within Australian banking, using panel data for the 19922005 period. The relationship between CEO pay and performance is investigated also. Several earnings models are estimated, using different dependent variables, alternate measures of performance and different estimatio...ViewPublic Interest, Ethics, and the Balanced Scorecard: Implications for the Accounting ProfessionArticleMar 2006 Saeed Askary Marc OlynykThe accounting profession bos been grappling with the issue of public interest responsibility for a number of years. The aim of this paper is to examine how a balanced scorecard (BSC) model can be used by the accounting profession to more effectively incorporate a public interest responsibility in its strategic framework. By using a BSC model, the...ViewAccounting professionalism - A cultural perspective of developing countriesArticleFull-text availableJan 2006 Saeed Askaryb>Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of culture on accounting professionalism in 12 developing countries by applying Gray's 1988 model and Hofstede 1980 cultural study.\nDesign/methodology/approach Connecting seven variables introduced within a testable model lead the finding to classify the twelve countries within a ran...View Directors' Remuneration and Performance in Australian BankingArticleFull-text availableJan 2006 Hristos Doucouliagos Saeed Askary Janto HamanA vast and often confusing economics literature relates competition to investment in innovation. Following Joseph Schumpeter, one view is that monopoly and large scale promote investment in research and development by allowing a firm to capture a larger fraction of its benefits and by providing a more stable platform for a firm to invest in R&D. Ot...View Corporate financial disclosure practices in Asian and Middle Eastern countriesArticleFull-text availableDec 2005 Saeed Askary Beverley JacklingThis paper investigates the financial disclosure practices of corporate annual reports published in Asian countries including Bangladesh, Indonesian, Malaysia and the Middle East countries including Bahrain, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Turkey. The purpose of the study is to measure the financial disclosure diversit...ViewA THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS OF ACCOUNTING PROPENSITY IN DIFFERENT RELIGIONSArticleJan 2004 Saeed AskaryView Influence of culture on accounting uniformity among Arabic nationsArticleFull-text availableJan 2003 Saeed Askary James Pounder Hassan YazdifarPurpose-The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of cultural values on accounting uniformity and consistency among Arabic nations. Design/methodology/approach-A combination of a survey and analysis of published data on accounting information. Cluster analysis is used to classify the countries on the basis of accounting consistency an...ViewNetworkCitedView All Angappa GunasekaranPennsylvania State University Harrisburg Martin J. ConyonUniversity of Pennsylvania Robert S. KaplanHarvard University Jacob A. BikkerUtrecht University Timothy FogartyCase Western Reserve UniversityCited ByView All Rachita GulatiIndian Institute of Technology Roorkee Yudi FernandoUniversiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Khaled HussaineyBangor University Salma DamakParis Dauphine University Roger Leonard BurrittAustralian National UniversityCurrent institutionAmerican University in Iraq - BaghdadCurrent positionAssociate ProfessorSaeed Askary's LabCo-authorsTop co-authors Rick Van SantUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Naser AbughazalehGulf University for Science and Technology (Kuwait) Davood AskaranyUniversity of Auckland Marc OlynykDeakin University Alireza DaneshfarUniversity of New HavenAll co-authors (28)View AllYasin FattahiDepartmentDepartment of AccountingHassan YazdifarDepartmentDepartment of Accounting, Finance and EconomicsJames PounderDepartmentOffice of the Vice ChancellorOmid Mehri NamakavaraniDepartmentDepartment of AccountingReza Golestani GolestaniSaigeeta KukunuruDepartmentcollege of business administrationMahdad MollazamaniDepartmentDepartment of Accounting and FinanceShekar ShettyDepartmentEcomics & FinanceRobert PechDepartmentDepartment of Humanities and Social Sciences (Business)Jean-Paul ArnaoutDepartmentDepartment of Business AdministrationAbbas Ali DaryaeiDepartmentAccountingNudrat QayyumYasean TahatDepartmentAccounting and MISJanto HamanBeverley JacklingIssam A.R. 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All rights reserved.TermsPrivacyCopyrightImprintConsent preferences", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saeed-Askary" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Saeed Askary | Hilaris SRL\nGET THE APP\nHome\nJournals\nA-Z Journals\nBrowse By Subject\nGuidelines & Policies\nEditorial Policies\nOnline Submission\nManuscript Guidelines\nPolicies\nPublication ethics\nReviewers\nTerms and Conditions\nServices\nAdvertisement\nMembership\nReprints\nSubscription\nConferences\nContact\nJournal Menu\nJournal\nEditorial Panel\nEditor-in-Chief Editorial Board\nInstructions for Authors\nInstructions for Authors\nAim & Scope Publication ethics & malpractice statement Peer Review Process\nSubmit Manuscript\nIn press\nArchive\nSpecial Issues\nGuidelines\nUpcoming Special Issues\nContact\nAccounting & Marketing\nISSN: 2168-9601\nOpen Access\nLanguage\nSpanish\nChinese\nRussian\nGerman\nFrench\nJapanese\nPortuguese\nHindi\nTelugu\nTamil\nSubmit Manuscript\narrow_forward\narrow_forward\n+447897072958\nSaeed Askary\nSaeed Askary\nAssociate professor of accounting Abu Dhabi University, Collage of Business Administration, UAE\nBiography\nDr. Saeed Askary completed his Ph.D at the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia with a focus on the role of culture on international accounting practices in 12 developing countries. Since joining ADU in 2007, he has served as assistant professor in the College of Business Administration. He has been active in research and was the first ADU faculty member to be granted by faculty research award. Recently, he has promoted to Associate level. In 2007, One of Dr Askarys research publication has won top ten articles merit award from the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), the top international authoritative accounting organization in the world. This paper also published in the Australian Accounting Review. Dr. Askarys number of publications has reached to more than ten top international referral journals. Dr. Askary has also attended numbers of the top international conferences in his field.\nAs the Islamic finance industry in UAE and other GCC countries is very active business, so his research plan jointly with two other famous researcher from the University of Technology Sydney in Australia, engaged him currently in a research proposals in Islamic Finance Marketing research.This is one of his areas of interests and specialties in which can help ADU to have a center of excellence in the future and have positive effects on UAE national economy in general. Due to his success and experience in the realm of research, he was recently named chair of COBA Research Committee. In addition to research , Dr. Askarys handled teaching about fourteen different courses in two disciplines; Accounting and Finance. 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Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!\nClipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.\nSkip to main page content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 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[email protected].\n5 OB & GYN Ward, Faghihi Hospital, Zand Blvd, Shiraz, Iran. [email protected].\n6 School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.\n7 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.\nPMID:\n33725313\nDOI:\n10.1007/s43032-021-00527-0\nItem in Clipboard\nA Detailed Study in Adenomyosis and Endometriosis: Evaluation of the Rate of Coexistence Between Uterine Adenomyosis and DIE According to Imaging and Histopathology Findings\nSaeed Alborziet al.\nReprod Sci.\n2021 Aug.\nShow details\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nReprod Sci\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2021 Aug;28(8):2387-2397.\ndoi: 10.1007/s43032-021-00527-0.\nEpub 2021 Mar 16.\nAuthors\nSaeed Alborzi\n1\n,Elham Askary\n2\n,Farideh Khorami\n3\n,Tahereh Poordast\n4\n5\n,Batool Abdulwahid Hashim Alkhalidi\n3\n,Mahboobeh Hamedi\n3\n,Soroush Alborzi\n6\n,Hadi Raeisi Shahraki\n7\nAffiliations\n1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Laparoscopy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.\n2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.\n3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.\n4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. [email protected].\n5 OB & GYN Ward, Faghihi Hospital, Zand Blvd, Shiraz, Iran. [email protected].\n6 School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.\n7 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.\nPMID:\n33725313\nDOI:\n10.1007/s43032-021-00527-0\nItem in Clipboard\nFull text links\nCiteDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nAbstract\nThe current study was designed to evaluate the relationship between adenomyosis and its subtypes with endometriotic lesions (ovarian endometrioma (OMAs) and posterior deep infiltrative endometriosis (DIE)), to examine the probability of existence of a common cause of these mysterious diseases, and to evaluate the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of both transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) and MRI in diagnosis of adenomyotic uterus. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we selected 154 women with coexistence of endometriosis and adenomyosis according to their imaging, intraoperative, or pathological findings who were nominated for laparoscopic surgery. Eighty-six patients with just DIE resection without LH (laparoscopic hysterectomy) (group 1), and 68 patients with LH + DIE resection (group 2). The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of ultrasonographic and MRI findings for diagnosing adenomyosis were 72.1%, 77.6%, 40.0% and 49.2%, 41.5%, 90.0% respectively. So, TVS is a more sensitive diagnostic tool for diagnosing adenomyosis. However, MRI was more specific than TVS in the diagnosis of diffuse adenomyosis especially with simultaneous presence of uterine leiomyoma. Regarding the association of different types of adenomyosis (focal and diffuse) with different endometriosis lesions (OMA and posterior compartment DIE), we just found diffuse type of adenomyosis more frequent in the absence of rectal and rectovaginal septum (RVS) DIE (p 0.05). In addition to the questionable different nature of rectal and RVS DIE lesion, there is no relationship between adenomyosis subtypes and endometriotic lesions.\nKeywords:\nAdenomyosis; Endometriosis; MRI; Ultrasound imaging.\n 2021. Society for Reproductive Investigation.\nPubMed Disclaimer\nSimilar articles\nRelationship between the magnetic resonance imaging appearance of adenomyosis and endometriosis phenotypes.\nChapron C, Tosti C, Marcellin L, Bourdon M, Lafay-Pillet MC, Millischer AE, Streuli I, Borghese B, Petraglia F, Santulli P.\nChapron C, et al.\nHum Reprod. 2017 Jul 1;32(7):1393-1401. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dex088.\nHum Reprod. 2017.\nPMID: 28510724\nIsolated Ovarian Endometrioma: A History Between Myth and Reality.\nExacoustos C, De Felice G, Pizzo A, Morosetti G, Lazzeri L, Centini G, Piccione E, Zupi E.\nExacoustos C, et al.\nJ Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2018 Jul-Aug;25(5):884-891. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.12.026. Epub 2018 Jan 17.\nJ Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2018.\nPMID: 29353008\nUltrasound findings in infertile women with endometriosis: evidence of concomitant uterine disorders.\nCapezzuoli T, Vannuccini S, Fantappi G, Orlandi G, Rizzello F, Coccia ME, Petraglia F.\nCapezzuoli T, et al.\nGynecol Endocrinol. 2020 Sep;36(9):808-812. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1736027. Epub 2020 Mar 5.\nGynecol Endocrinol. 2020.\nPMID: 32133885\nUltrasound diagnosis of endometriosis and adenomyosis: State of the art.\nVan den Bosch T, Van Schoubroeck D.\nVan den Bosch T, et al.\nBest Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018 Aug;51:16-24. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.013. Epub 2018 Feb 14.\nBest Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018.\nPMID: 29506961\nReview.\nTransvaginal ultrasound vs magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.\nGuerriero S, Saba L, Pascual MA, Ajossa S, Rodriguez I, Mais V, Alcazar JL.\nGuerriero S, et al.\nUltrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018 May;51(5):586-595. doi: 10.1002/uog.18961.\nUltrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018.\nPMID: 29154402\nReview.\nSee all similar articles\nCited by\nThe Impact of Endometriosis on Pregnancy.\nTsikouras P, Oikonomou E, Bothou A, Chaitidou P, Kyriakou D, Nikolettos K, Andreou S, Gaitatzi F, Nalbanti T, Peitsidis P, Michalopoulos S, Zervoudis S, Iatrakis G, Nikolettos N.\nTsikouras P, et al.\nJ Pers Med. 2024 Jan 22;14(1):126. doi: 10.3390/jpm14010126.\nJ Pers Med. 2024.\nPMID: 38276248\nFree PMC article.\nReview.\nThe Asian Society of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis guidelines for managing adenomyosis.\nHarada T, Taniguchi F, Guo SW, Choi YM, Biberoglu KO, Tsai SS, Alborzi S, Al-Jefout M, Chalermchokcharoenkit A, Sison-Aguilar AG, Fong YF, Senanayake H, Popov A, Hestiantoro A, Kaufman Y.\nHarada T, et al.\nReprod Med Biol. 2023 Sep 10;22(1):e12535. doi: 10.1002/rmb2.12535. eCollection 2023 Jan-Dec.\nReprod Med Biol. 2023.\nPMID: 37701076\nFree PMC article.\nValue of Transabdominal Combined Transvaginal Color Doppler Ultrasonography in the Distinguish between Uterine Adenomyoma and Uterine Fibroids.\nQi H, Zhou C, Huang Z, Yang N, Wu Q.\nQi H, et al.\nBiomed Res Int. 2022 Jul 7;2022:9599571. doi: 10.1155/2022/9599571. eCollection 2022.\nBiomed Res Int. 2022.\nPMID: 35845931\nFree PMC article.\nRetracted.\nReferences\nRapkin A, Nathan L. Pelvic pain and dysmenorrhoea, adenomyosis. Bereks and Novaks gynecology. Chapter 16. 15th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Wiliams and Wilkins; 2012.\nDolan M, Hill C, Valea F. Benign gynecologic lesions. Comprehensive gynecology. Chapter 18. 7th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2017.\nWest C. Adenomyosis, obstetrics & gynaecology an evidence-based text for the MRCOG. Chapter 78. 3rd ed. Abingdon-on-Thames: Taylor & Francis Group; 2016.\nKhaund A, Lumsden M. Benign disease of the uterus, Dewhursts textbook of obstetrics & gynaecology. Chapter 54. 8th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.\nBazot M, Dara E. Role of transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of uterine adenomyosis. Fertil Steril. 2018;109(3):38997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.01.024 .\n-\nDOI\n-\nPubMed\nShow all 67 references\nMeSH terms\nAdenomyosis / complications*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nAdenomyosis / diagnostic imaging\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nAdenomyosis / pathology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nAdenomyosis / surgery\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nAdult\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nCross-Sectional Studies\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nEndometriosis / complications*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nEndometriosis / diagnostic imaging\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nEndometriosis / pathology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nEndometriosis / surgery\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nFemale\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nHumans\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nLaparoscopy\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nMagnetic Resonance Imaging\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nMiddle Aged\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nRetrospective Studies\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nUltrasonography\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nUterus / diagnostic imaging*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nUterus / pathology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nUterus / surgery\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nRelated information\nMedGen\nLinkOut - more resources\nFull Text Sources\nSpringer\nOther Literature Sources\nscite Smart Citations\nMedical\nGenetic Alliance\nMedlinePlus Health Information\nFull text links\n[x]\nSpringer\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nSend To\nClipboard\nEmail\nSave\nMy Bibliography\nCollections\nCitation Manager\n[x]\nNCBI Literature Resources\nMeSH\nPMC\nBookshelf\nDisclaimer\nThe PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 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Got it!\nToggle navigation\nHome\nBrowse\nCurrent Issue\nBy Issue\nBy Author\nBy Subject\nAuthor Index\nKeyword Index\nJournal Info\nAbout Journal\nAims and Scope\nEditorial Board\nPublication Ethics\nIndexing and Abstracting\nRelated Links\nFAQ\nPeer Review Process\nJournal Metrics\nNews\nGuide for Authors\nSubmit Manuscript\nReviewers\nContact Us\nLogin\nRegister\nEditorial Board\nDirector-in-Charge\nHamid Reza Irani\nLeadership & Marketing\nAssociate Professor, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\nscholar.google.com/citations?user=1XeSY8AAAAAJ&hl=en\nhamidrezairaniut.ac.ir\n0000-0003-4103-9975\nh-index: 4\nEditor-in-Chief\nKayhan Tajeddini\nStrategic Management and International Business\nProfessor, Sheffield Hallam University, UK\nwww.tajeddini.ch/home/\nkayhan.tajeddinifek.lu.se\nExecutive Manager\nAli Ahmad Roshanaei\nCollege of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\naa_roshanaeeut.ac.ir\n025-36166244\nExecutive Director\nSomayeh Sobhani\nCollege of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\nijmsut.ac.ir\n02536166295\nEditorial Board\nNeda Abdolvand\nBusiness Analytics- Information Systems/Technology\nAssociate Professor, Department of Management, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran\nstaff.alzahra.ac.ir/abdolvand/En\nn.abdolvandalzahra.ac.ir\n0000-0003-3623-1284\nJoongho Ahn\nManagement Information Systems\nProfessor at Graduate School of Business, Seoul National University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA\ncba.snu.ac.kr/en/faculty?mode=view&memberidx=3257&major=1\njahnsnu.ac.kr\nMohsen Akbari\nStrategy and Marketing\nAssociate Professor, University of Guilan, Iran\nm.akbariguilan.ac.ir\nMorteza Akbari\nEnterpernurship\nUniversity of Tehran, Iran\nmortezaakbariut.ac.ir\nAli Naghi Amiri\nOrganizational behavior\nAssociate Professor, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\nfarabi.ut.ac.ir/elmi/teachers/amiri.htm\nanamiriut.ac.ir\nShahrokh Asadi\nIndustrial Engineering\nAssociate Professor, University of Tehran , College of Farabi,\nshahrokh.asadiut.ac.ir\n0000-0003-1968-0547\nMohammad Dadashzadeh\nManagement Information Systems\nProfessor of Oakland University, USA\nwww.sba.oakland.edu/faculty/index_SBA.asp?ID=176\ndadashzaoakland.edu\n(248) 370-2831\nElham Ebrahimi\nDepartment of Management, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS)\nsimap.ihcs.ac.ir/cv/ebrahimi/\ne.ebrahimiihcs.ac.ir\nMohammad Reza Fathi\nOperations Management\nAssociate Professor, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\nfarabi.ut.ac.ir/index.php/fa/persons/faculty/906-fathi-mohammadreza\nreza.fathiut.ac.ir\nMahnaz Fatima\nPublic Policy\nInstitute of Business administration Karachi\niba.edu.pk/IBALibraries/ORC/mehnaz.htm\nmfatimaiba.edu.pk\nGholamreza Jandaghi\nBusiness Statistics\nProfessor, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\njandaghiut.ac.ir\n+982536166127\nAliakbar Jafari\nMarketing\nUniversity of Strathclyde, UK\nwww.strath.ac.uk/marketing/academicstaff/jafarialiakbardr/\naliakbar.jafaristrath.ac.uk\n+44 (0)141 548 3768\nHamid Zare\nPublic Administration\nAssociate Professor, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\nhzareaut.ac.ir\n02536166194\nBahman Hajipour\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management, Shahid Beheshti University\nfacultymembers.sbu.ac.ir/hajipour\nb-hajipoursbu.ac.ir\n0000-0001-8972-4002\nHossein Khanifar\nManagement & Planning\nProfessor of Management & Planning, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\nwww.khanifar.ir\nkhanifarut.ac.ir\n+9825-36166158\nMohammad Namazi\nAccounting\nProfessor at Shiraz University, Iran\nresearch.shirazu.ac.ir/faculty/More.asp?ID=396#research\nmnamazirose.shirazu.ac.ir\nGholamreza Mansourfar\nFinance\nUrmia University,Iran\ng.mansourfarurmia.ac.ir\nSeyed Mohammad Mahmoudi\nManagement Information Systems\nAssociate Professor, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\nfarabi.ut.ac.ir/elmi/teachers/mahmoudi.htm\nmahmoudiut.ac.ir\nZabihollah Rezaee\nAccounting\nProfessor at University of Memphis, USA\nwww.memphis.edu/accountancy/faculty/zrezaee.php\nzrezaeememphis.edu\nCarlos M. Rodriguez\nMarketing\nAssociate Professor of Marketing at Delaware State University\nwww.desu.edu/research/research-profile\ncrodriguezdesu.edu\n(302) 857-6938\nMahdi Salehi\nAccounting\nAssociate Professor, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Administrative sciences, Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad (FUM)\nmehdi.salehi.profcms.um.ac.ir/\nmehdi.salehium.ac.ir\nKayhan Tajeddini\nStrategic Management and International Business\nProfessor, Sheffield Hallam University, UK\nkayhan.tajeddinifek.lu.se\n0000-0002-5087-8212\nMehdi Toloo\nOperations Research\nProfessor, Faculty of economics, Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic\nhomel.vsb.cz/~tol0013/\nmehdi.toloovsb.cz\n+420-59732 2009\nLindsay William Turner\nTourism Management\nResearch Professor in the College of Business, Victoria University, Australia\nwww.vu.edu.au/contact-us/lindsay-turner\nlindsay.turnervu.edu.au\nHassan Zarei Matin\nOrganizational behavior\nProfessor, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Iran\nmatinut.ac.ir\nAssociate Editor\nNeda Abdolvand\nBusiness Analytics- Information Systems/Technology\nAssociate Professor, Department of Management, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran\nstaff.alzahra.ac.ir/abdolvand/En\nn.abdolvandalzahra.ac.ir\n0000-0003-3623-1284\nMuhammad Aftab\nFinance\nDepartment of Management Sciences, COMSATS University, Pakistan\nww3.comsats.edu.pk/faculty/FacultyDetails.aspx?Uid=1462\nmaftabcomsats.edu.pk\nh-index: 9\nZoltn Krajcsk\nHuman Resource Management\nBudapest Business School, Department of Management, Hungary\nuni-bge.hu/en/pszk/employees/zoltan-krajcsak--294\nkrajcsak.zoltanuni-bge.hu\n0000-0003-2021-4949\nMorteza Akbari\nEnterpernurship\nUniversity of Tehran, Iran\nmortezaakbariut.ac.ir\nMohsen Akbari\nStrategy and Marketing\nAssociate Professor, University of Guilan, Iran\nm.akbariguilan.ac.ir\nOmid Faraji\nAccounting and Auditing\nCollege of Farabi, University of Tehran, 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Powered by Sinaweb\n", "url": "https://ijms.ut.ac.ir/journal/editorial.board" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Colorectal endometriosis: Diagnosis, surgical strategies and post-operative complications - PMC\nBack to Top\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 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Published online 2022 Oct 4. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.978326PMCID: PMC9577108PMID: 36268216Colorectal endometriosis: Diagnosis, surgical strategies and post-operative complicationsSaeed Alborzi,\n1\nHorace Roman,\n2\nElham Askary,\n3\n,* Tahereh Poordast,\n3\nMahboobeh Hamedi Shahraki,\n4\nSoroush Alborzi,\n5\nAlimohammad Keshtvarz Hesam Abadi,\n6\nand Elnaz Hosseini Najar Kolaii\n4\nSaeed Alborzi1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Laparoscopy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFind articles by Saeed AlborziHorace Roman2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinique Gyncologique et Obsttrical, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, FranceFind articles by Horace RomanElham Askary3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFind articles by Elham AskaryTahereh Poordast3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFind articles by Tahereh PoordastMahboobeh Hamedi Shahraki4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFind articles by Mahboobeh Hamedi ShahrakiSoroush Alborzi5Cardiologist, Student Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFind articles by Soroush AlborziAlimohammad Keshtvarz Hesam Abadi6Master of Biostatistics in Clinical Research Development Center of Nemazee Hospital, Department of Statistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFind articles by Alimohammad Keshtvarz Hesam AbadiElnaz Hosseini Najar Kolaii4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranFind articles by Elnaz Hosseini Najar KolaiiAuthor information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Laparoscopy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinique Gyncologique et Obsttrical, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran5Cardiologist, Student Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran6Master of Biostatistics in Clinical Research Development Center of Nemazee Hospital, Department of Statistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranCorresponding author.Edited by: Emanuela Spagnolo, University Hospital La Paz, SpainReviewed by: Luigi Della Corte, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Luigi Turco, Mater Olbia Hospital, Italy*Correspondence: Elham Askary moc.oohay@dm_yraksailleSpecialty Section: This article was submitted to Obstetrics and Gynecological Surgery, a section of the journal Frontiers in SurgeryReceived 2022 Jun 25; Accepted 2022 Aug 29.Copyright 2022 Alborzi, Roman, Askary, Poordast, Shahraki, Alborzi, Hesam Abadi and Najar Kolaii.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Associated DataData Availability StatementThe raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.Go to:AbstractObjectiveThe present work aimed to investigate the feasibility, complications, recurrence rate, and infertility outcomes of the radical and conservative surgical methods for colorectal endometriosis in short- and long-term follow-ups.MethodsIn this prospective study, the patients with confirmed diagnosis of colorectal DIE were included from March 2015 to March 2021, who were referred to an Endometriosis Surgery Center affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS). Information on demographics, surgical approaches, intra-operative, and post-operative findings as well as complications were collected and compared. Six- and 12-month interviews were conducted to evaluate the functional outcomes of all the procedures.ResultsOut of 3,111 patients who underwent endometriosis surgery, 837 (28.19%) with the average age of 34.25.9 years and average ASRM score of 102.136.8 had rectosigmoid endometriosis. Laparoscopic rectal shaving was performed in 263(30.0%) patients while 326 (37.2%) underwent segmental bowel resection, and 248 (28.30%) were treated with disc excision. Prophylactic ileostomy was performed in six (0.68%) patients and peritonitis was reported in four (0.45%). Five (0.58%) subjects developed rectovaginal fistula and one (0.11%) was diagnosed with bladder atonia. The recurrence rate was 3.8%, 1.2%, and 0.3% in rectal shaving, disc, and segmental bowel resection techniques, respectively. Dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and dyschezia were improved after surgery by 7.3, 9.4, and 12.5 times, respectively. We observed 25.2% of total pregnancy following the operation, the majority of which occurred in the first year after the surgery.ConclusionThere were very few short-term or long-term complications in the three different techniques when the choice was correct.Keywords: endometriosis, rectal endometriosis, Clavien-Dindo classification, infertility, rectovaginal fistula, painful menstruationGo to:IntroductionThe prevalence of endometriosis is about 10% in the reproductive age. The prevalence of colorectal endometriosis was reported to be 8%12% with 90% of the lesions seen in the recto-sigmoid region (15). According to ASRM (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) classification, rectal endometriosis often presents with severe forms of endometriosis. Symptoms like dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, constipation, and tenesmus are associated with colorectal endometriosis, all of which can significantly affect a person's quality of life (6).In patients with any symptoms of intestinal obstruction, or those who do not respond to medical therapy, surgical treatment is carried out through laparoscopic or robotic methods (79). Currently, the three suggested surgical treatment methods for rectal endometriosis include the shaving technique, disc excision (DR), which is considered a conservative method, segmental bowel resection (SR), and re-anastomosis, which is an intense method. Based on recent studies, the existing methods are different in terms of short- and long-term complications, the risk of recurrence, and functional outcomes. Additionally, there is still no clear agreement among gynecologist surgeons on the optimal patient management for these lesions (1013).Today, radiological methods have made it possible to determine the nodule size, its location and multifocality, and the percentage of lumen stenosis prior to surgery. Based on this information, we are able to determine which patients will benefit from radical surgery (14, 15).Currently, there is scarce research on the feasibility, complications, recurrence rate, and infertility outcomes of the three available surgical methods in short- and long-term follow-ups. The present study included a large number of colorectal endometriosis surgery cases so that all these three surgical procedures could be compared in terms of all the short- and long-term outcomes.Go to:Materials and methodsStudy populationThis was a prospective study performed on the patients referred to an Endometriosis Surgery Center affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) with a suspicious history of endometriosis. The patients diagnosed with colorectal endometriosis using imaging techniques were recruited from March 2015 to March 2021. SUMS Institutional Review informed consent was taken from all the subjects before participation.The inclusion criteria were (1) the age range of 18 to 50 years old and one of the followings: (2) endometriosis-related pain without response to medication, (3) involvement of tubes in case of infertility, (4) complete family planning according to decision making by couples, (5) conditions where using hormonal drugs is not possible, (6) unexplained infertility with AMH 12ng/ml, (7) unilateral OMA with AMH >2.5, (8) more than two unsuccessful IVF attempts, (9) the need for pathology samples, and (10) patient's unwillingness to receive medical treatment. All the surgeries, as well as all IVF procedures, were performed by the first author. The exclusion criteria were (1) all the patients with cardiovascular diseases, (2) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, (3) BMI (Body Mass Index) >35kg/m2, and (4) a history of pelvic organ malignancy. The endometriosis-related pain symptoms, such as dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dyschezia, mid cyclic or non-cyclic pain, constipation, as well as other GI troubles (Gastro-Intestinal) were recorded before the operation and every 6 months afterwards based on VAS score (Visual Analogue Scale) (16).The recorded demographic information and medical history of the patients included age, BMI, parity, history of previous operation and endometriosis surgeries, pre- and post-operation pain symptoms related to endometriosis, intra- and post-operation complications according to ClivenDindo classification, stage of endometriosis disease according to ASRM classification (17, 18), histo-pathologic report, recurrence rate of disease, pregnancy rate, pregnancy outcome, and the method of pregnancy. These data were compared between the three different surgical procedures performed on colorectal endometriosis lesion, namely shaving, disc resection and segmental bowel resection, and re-anastomosis.The patients were followed for 6 months after the surgery and then annually. We used histopathology specimens as the gold standard of diagnosis for rectal endometriosis.All the surgeries were performed laparoscopically and according to the guidelines with nerve and vascular sparing techniques. In our work, superficial DIE lesions of bowel were removed by shaving, deep lesions between 1cm3cm were operated by disc excision, and multiple and large (>3cm) lesions with >50% involvement of bowel loop circumference were removed by segmental resection (2, 16, 18). None of the surgeries were converted to laparotomy except for two cases of internal iliac injury.Statistical analysisAll the data were entered into a database and further analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS Inc. version 24.0). Data are presented as meanSD or proportions. Parametric variables with normal distribution were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey, as the post hoc test. The non-parametric variables were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test. The groups were compared with t test (for continued variables) and chi-square for the categoric variables. A two-sided P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Go to:ResultsOut of 3,111 patients referred with endometriosis to our center in the study period, 837 underwent rectal endometriosis surgery. Out of this population, 263 (30.0%) underwent shaving, 248 (28.3%) DR, and 326 (37.2%) SR. Among all the patients, we had only six cases of cecal involvement. Two cases of small bowel involvement were reported, who previously had laparotomy endometriosis pelvic surgery.The patients demographics, medical history and endometriosis-related pains for each group are summarized in Table1.Table 1Demographic data of all three groups of surgeries.Shaving N=263 (29.9%)DR N=248 (28.27%)SR N=326 (37.1%)P ValueAge (year) (mean, 95% CI)34.13 (33.2035.07)34.80 (33.6135.99)35.37 (34.6736.00)0.15Previous endometriosis surgery (%)25%35%39%>1 Previous endometriosis surgery (%)2.9%5%2.1%0.052Interval between surgery (month)24383638380.78Score of disease according to ASRM (Mean)103.51 (95% CI 98.22108.81)111.40 (95% CI 104.5118.30)111.62 (95%CI 107.46115.78)0.25Blood group O+32.1%37.8%36.7%Blood group A+30.7%20.8%28.3%0.47Pre operation constipation10.7%10.7%14.8%0.042Post operation constipation5%8.9%13.1%Pre operation bloating1.2%3.6%1.7%0.073Pre operation diarrhea0%0%1.1%1.000Pre operation Non cyclic pain17.5%7.5%14.7%0.066Pre operation Mid cyclic pain4.8%0.6%2.3%0.060Open in a separate windowThe most common symptoms reported by the patients were dysmenorrhea (94.1%). All their initial symptoms and percentage of recovery after the surgery, based on the type of operation, are listed Figure1. Twelve months following the operation, the intensity of dysmenorrhea decreased from 77.46% down to 11.34%, the dyspareunia declined from 85.99% to 7.25, and dyschezia decreased from 88.8% to 2.81% in all the patients, compared to the pre-operative period.Open in a separate windowFigure 1Comparison of dyschezia (A), dyspareunia (B) and dysmenorrhea (C), before surgery, six and 12 months after surgery based on the type of colorectal endometriosis surgeries.The frequency of pelvic lesions and surgeries, based on the method of operation and histopathologic findings are shown in Tables2, ,3.3. Rectal endometriosis lesions were the most prevalent in the presence of the uterine sacral ligaments DIE as well as cases with obliteration of the posterior cul-de-sac.Table 2Percentage of endometriosis involvement in different parts of the pelvis simultaneously with colorectal endometriosis according to histopathologic findings.Operation findingPercentageRight endometrioma61.2Left endometrioma58.3Right ovarian fossa42.4Left ovarian fossa40.2Right uterosacral ligament83.3Left uterosacral ligament81.2Anterior cul desac3.1Posterior cul desac97Right hydrosalpinx35.9Left hydrosalpinx40.5Retrocervical60.6Vagina3.9Bladder1.7Ureters17.3Cecal involvement0.68Small bowel0.22External iliac artery0.11Nerve root0.45Open in a separate windowTable 3Frequency of endometriosis surgery in different parts of the pelvis, the ClivenDindo Type II and III surgical complication and percentage of pregnancy after surgery based on different types of colorectal endometriosis surgeries.Type of operationShavingDRSRP value\nFrequency of endometriosis surgery in different parts of the pelvis based on different surgical methods\nHysterectomy; (%)16.118.23.5<0.0001Right salpingectomy; (%)41.350.647.7>0.05Left salpingectomy; (%)51.756.553.5>0.05Right Oophorectomy; (%)14.816.93.90.003Left oophorectomy; (%)17.818.82.70.014Right ureterolysis; (%)11.39.814.1>0.05Left ureterolysis; (%)10.09.815.6>0.05Ureteral reanastomosis; (%)00.72.0\nFrequency of the ClivenDindo Type II and III surgical complication\nOperation time (hour); mean (CI 95%)1.95 (1.812.08)2.36 (2.172.50)3.68 (3.513.84)<0.0001Hospitalization (day); mean (CI 95%)4.39 (4.144.64)5.97 (5.716.24)7.39 (7.167.62)<0.0001Hemoglobin drop (mg/dl); mean (CI 95%)1.91 (1.752.07)2.17 (1.972.37)2.59 (2.442.74)0.001Fever (%)17.215.660.90.018Operation time (hour); mean (CI 95%)1.95 (1.812.08)2.36 (2.172.50)3.68 (3.513.84)<0.0001Transfusion; (%)21.99.665.2<0.0001External iliac artery injury (%)0.92 (n=3)N/ADVT (%)0.30 (n=1)Peritonitis (%)0.76 (n=2)0.40 (n=1)0.30 (n=1)0.789Abscess (%)0.30 (n=1)RVF (%)0.40 (n=1)1.22 (n=4)Early bladder atony <3 months (%)0.92 (n=3)Late bladder atony <3 months (%)0.30 (n=1)\nPercentage of pregnancy after surgery\nInfertile patients; (%)28.1318.1431.280.44Failed IVF before surgery; (%)29.617.051.10.61Time to pregnant after surgery (month); Mean (CI 95%)14 (5.0222.97)11.42 (7.023.63)13.3 (5.9720.62)0.974Clinical pregnancy rate; N (%)24/76 (31.57)9/45 (20)13/102 (12.74)0.081Abortion rate; N (%)2/76 (2.63)2/45 (4.44)2/102 (1.96)0.344Ongoing Pregnancy rate; N (%)22/76 (28.9)7/45 (15.55)11/102 (10.7)0.344Open in a separate windowDVT, deep vein thrombosis; RVF, recto-vaginal fistula; N, number of patients.All the patients were in stage 3 and 4 of the disease according to ASRM classification (3.970.18).In the segmental resection group, rectal involvement was deeper compared to that in the other groups (P=0.000).Table3 also represents the post-operation complications according to ClivenDindo classification.Fever and the need for blood transfusion were 17.2, 15.6, 60.9%, and 21.9, 9.6, 65.2% in the peeling, DR, and SR groups, respectively (P<0.01). Certain complications, such as peritonitis and rectovaginal fistula, were 0.76, 0.40, 0.40% and 0.0, 0.4, 1.22% in the peeling, DR, and SR groups. Other complications, like abscess, external iliac artery injury, early and late bladder atony, and DVT, were seen in 2.7% of the patients and only in the segmental group.Type II of the ClivenDindo operation-associated complications was significantly higher in the SR group (P=0.037).In case of multifocal rectal involvement, two separated nodules were reported in 50 cases (5.97%), three-point involvement in 12 cases (1.43%), and four-point in two cases, all in the SR group (0.23%). We had no reports of malignancy in our study.Prophylactic iliostomy was performed in only five cases in the SR group, whose rectal lesion was very low (below 8cm from the anal verge) or whose hysterectomy or vaginal lesion was removed at the same time as the rectal lesion excision.The recurrence rate, based on the follow-up ultrasound and symptoms recurrence, was 3.8% (n=10) in the peeling method, 1.2% (n=3) in the DR, and 0.3% (n=1) in the SR methods; this rate was significantly lower in the SR method (P=0.008).Herein, 276 out of 837 subjects were categorized as an infertile group, out of whom 17 were over the age of 42, 10 had undergone bilateral salpingo-ophorectomy, and two had severe male factor infertility. Twenty-four patients were lost to the follow-up. In total, out of 223 patients, 24 (24/76) in the peeling group, nine (9/45) in the disc group, and 13 (13/102) in the segmental group were infertile. Table3 depicts the clinical pregnancy, abortion, and ongoing pregnancy rate and other information about pregnancy outcomes. The majority of the spontaneous pregnancies were seen in the peeling group (n=21, P=0.059); 72% of them became pregnant in the first year after the surgery and the rest got pregnant up to 60 months afterwards. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of IVF failure before the surgery (P=0.61). Comparing the pregnancy rate before and after the surgery, our results showed a significant improvement only in the peeling group (P=0.005).Go to:DiscussionGiven the fact that the proper surgical treatment for rectal lesions still remains controversial in different patients, having a large database with a large sample size will undoubtedly help surgeons to make a better decision about each patient individually (1924). In this study with a large sample size, we examined all the short- and long-term outcomes as well as fertility results and draw comparisons between the two radical and conservative surgical methods. We showed that by choosing the right patient for each technique, all these methods are feasible and could be accompanied by excellent and acceptable outcomes.Regarding the weakness of our study, we could mention the lack of comparison of hormone therapy after the surgery in the three groups and its effect on disease recurrence in addition to the lack of comparison of the lifestyle and behavior of the patients in the management of complications after the surgery. There are some other weaknesses, including loss of patients in the follow-up, which impacts the recurrences and pregnancy rate, unbalanced and discontinuous hormonal therapy intake, unbalanced length of the follow-up, the lack of randomization between the three techniques, leading to incomparable three subpopulations.This study had several strengths, including having more colorectal endometriosis surgeries per year compared to most similar studies (146/year). Additionally, all the ultrasound imagings, surgeries, IVF procedures, examinations of patients in terms of disease recurrence, and surgical treatments of complications were often done by the first author himself. In this study, all the short- and long-term complications of the surgery were collected and reported based on the three different surgical methods. Despite the large number of cases and not having performed prophylactic ileostomy, we observed fewer surgical complications and lower recurrence rate compared to similar studies in this field although the follow-up period in our study was longer (up to 6 years).In the current work, the history of previous endometriosis surgeries was higher in the SR group (P=0.06). This may indicate incomplete initial surgery and the use of conservative methods in young patients, which may lead to recurrence of lesions and re-operation during the reproductive age. Abro et al. recommended the use of further radical methods in younger patients and reserved the conservative methods for pre-menopausal women (25). In a study by Afros et al., patients with a nodule >3cm had an RR of 2.5 (95% CI, 1.663.99) of the requiring bowel resection so that the recurrence of lesions would be reduced (26).All the endometriosis-related pain symptoms, showed a significant reduction after the surgery in the present study. The symptoms did not show any significant increase or decrease when the patients were followed-up for at least 12 months compared to the first 6 months after the surgery. Similarly, Roman et al. reported a significant reduction in endometriosis-related pain symptoms immediately after the surgery (27). Turco et al. showed that after segmental resection of colorectal endometriosis lesions, most of the pain symptoms related to endometriosis, on top of the quality of life of patients according to the EHP-30 questionnaire, had a considerable improvement that was more evident in patients with multinodular rectal lesions (28). Thus, it can be concluded that with complete surgery, patients' pain will be significantly reduced and their quality of life will increase and remain constant in long-term follow-ups (29, 30).In the present work, despite the higher number of ClivenDindo II complications in the patients with radical surgery, type IIIa and IIIb complications were less common compared to those in other studies (18).Our results (Table3) were in accordance with those reported by Benifallah et al. systematic review and meta-analysis, where the mean operation times of 203 and 258.7min for DR and SR and the mean hospital stay of 5 and 7 days were reported. Although they observed better results for disc than segmental resection in the terms of operation time and hospitalization days, the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (P=0.99, I2=71%) (31). According to previous papers, since rectal shaving is less invasive, it is associated with a lower risk of immediate pre- and post-operative complications compared to the other two methods (8, 12, 32). However, this should not be considered as a reason to suggest rectal shaving for all patients regardless of other consequences, such as the need for more incidence of reoperation and recurrence rate of disease.Leakage and peritonitis were reported in only four cases, with 0.7% in the peeling group, 0.4% in the DR, and 0.3% in the SR group (P=0.78). In a systematic review by Meuleman et al., who included 49 articles with 2,036 patients, the chance of anastomosis leakage was reported to be about 1.3% (14). However, in line with our results, in the systematic review by Bendifallah et al., the chance of leakage followed by peritonitis was 0.2 in peeling, 1.0% in disc, and 1.9% in segmental bowel resection, with no differences between the three groups (P=0.32) (31). In a multi-center study on 4,721 patients, the chance of early anastomosis leakage was 0.4%, emphasizing that the prevalence of radical surgeries in that study was very low (3.8% underwent SR and 58% peeling) (33). Nisolle et al. studied 177 cases of segmental and peeling patients and compared them in terms of ClivenDindo IIIb. Only one case of anastomosis leakage was reported in the segmental group (2%), which was caused by tension on the anastomosis. It seems as if by maintaining vascularity and pelvic nerves during surgery and proper mobilization of the anastomosis and checking the integrity of the anastomosis before the end of the surgery, certain complications, such as anastomotic leakage, can be prevented (34). In order to investigate vascular damage and subsequent ischemia that leads to fistula formation at the site of rectal or ureteral anastomosis, Ianieri et al., in a systematic review based on the results of eight studies, concluded that indocyanin during surgery is a useful tool for evaluating suitable blood supply of intestinal anastomosis. In their study, Hernndez et al. qualitatively confirmed the value of intraoperative indocyanine use to predict fistula formation in full-thickness intestinal resection and re-anastomosis due to insufficient vascularization of the anastomosis site, with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. However, the obtained results in this field are still inconsistent and there is a need for larger studies with a larger sample size (35, 36).All our five RVF cases, four of whom required surgical intervention, had a simultaneous colpotomy incision.The reason behind the occurrence of the RVF is the simultaneous colpotomy incisions at the time of rectal lesions removal. Our RVF rate (0.4%) was obviously lower than that reported in similar articles despite not having performed prophylaxis iliostomy. The risk of RVF following colorectal endometriosis surgery in a systematic review by Balla et al. was reported to be about 2.4% (37). In a recently published systematic review, the chance of an RVF in segmental resection of bowel was reported to be about 2.7%, which is associated with low rectal lesions and simultaneous clopotomy incisions (32). In a study by Bendifallah et al., there was no difference in the risk of RVF between disc and segmental resection (P=0.76, I2=0) (31). Meanwhile, in our study, although not statistically significant, most cases of fistula were reported in the segmental group.To prevent RVF in patients with colorectal endometriosis, it is necessary to pay attention to the following points: (1) preservation of the serosal surface of pelvic organs; the lower rectal lesions, which lack the serosal surface and whose resection requires extensive dissection of the pararectal space, are associated with a higher chance of RVF; (2) patients with positive air leakage test who require more manipulation and suturing during operation; (3) avoiding simultaneous surgery on rectum and vagina; (4) surgeon's experience (38).About the other complications in our study, in the SR group, we found one case of late bladder atonia (0.1%) which improved within 3 months of self-catheterization.In a recently published systematic review, the rate of late bladder atony has been reported to be 6.6% in SR, 4.1% in DR, and 0.4% in peeling groups (39). The majority of the reports in other studies on the prevalence of urological morbidities was shown to be low and unknown, which is due to the short follow-up time (40). As we know, about 72% of these complications will be resolved during the follow-up period (13). Only in a few case series, post-operative urinary problems were reported to be between 0% and 5% among rectal endometriosis surgery (22, 41, 42). In the research by Hernandez et al., over a period of 38 to 48 months, comparing 76 patients in the SR group, 20 in the DR group, and 47 in the shaving group, only 5.2% showed urinary incontinency and 2.6% presented fecal incontinency only in the SR group (43).With regards to the LARS symptoms and examining certain symptoms, including pre- and post-operation constipation, post-operation bloating and diarrhea, and incomplete emptying of the rectum or fecal incontinency, in our study, only post-operative constipation did not significantly improve in the segmental group (from 14.8% into 13.1%) despite the improvement in the peeling (10.7% into 5.0%) and disc resection groups (10.7% into 8.9%) (P=0.042).LARS symptoms are more prevalent in case of removing very low rectal lesions (<9 centimeters distance from anal verge). As reported by Bafort et al., the length of removed rectosigmoid was not found to be related to post-operative LARS symptoms, and the symptoms of the intestine and bladder after the surgery were not significantly different between disc and segmental resection groups (44). Roman et al. suggested that conservative surgery, such as disc resection with trans anal stapler, can reduce the length of rectum removed, leading to less damage to the pelvic vasculature and nerves. As a result, post-operative LARS symptoms can be reduced as well (45). Despite accepting Roman's theory, which was conducive to removing rectal lesions over the recent years, our study concluded that segmental resection has no more complications than other conservative methods, which should not be neglected by an experienced surgeon.In our study, the recurrence rate was significantly lower in the SR method (P=0.008). Hernandez et al. reported a 12.7% recurrence rate in the peeling group, 5% in the DR, and 1.3% in the SR group (P=0.052). The chance of recurrence was the highest in the peeling group, which is in agreement with our study (43). In a systematic review by Bendifallah et al., similar to ours, the risk of recurrence in the segmental group was lower compared with rectal shaving (I2=0%, P=0.001); nonetheless, the recurrence rate did not differ between disc (n=106) and segmental (n=229) resection techniques (I2=0%, P=0.11). However, these results were obtained only from three out of the 41 articles included in their study. In this paper, the recurrence time was reported between 12 and 94 months after the operation (39). In agreement with our observations, in a randomized clinical trial by Roman et al., although the chance of recurrence in the DR was reported to be slightly higher than that of the SR, the quality of life was the same in both groups (27). In the systematic review by Giampaolino et al., the temporarily suspension of both ovaries to the abdominal wall after surgery of stage 3 and 4 of endometriosis was shown to prevent moderate and severe adhesions after the surgery. Nevertheless, in the case of colorectal endometriosis surgeries, there is insufficient information on colorectal endometriosis surgeries for the necessity of placing anti-adhesion devices at the end of the operation or temporary suspension of both ovaries to the anterior abdominal wall in order to reduce the adhesion formation and complications of re-operation in these patients in case of recurrence of the disease (46). Multifocal lesions are sometimes far from the primary lesion without any adhesion to the first lesion and can be missed easily without intestinal palpation during surgery. Such lesions might require the en-block removal of a big part of intestine (47, 48). Bowel palpation for finding multiple bowel lesions during laparoscopy is a step that should not be neglected.In conclusion, if there is a surgical indication for removal of the endometriosis lesions, complete and definitive resection of the lesions is recommended. All the removal procedures for colorectal endometriosis, if performed with the appropriate indication and in the appropriate individual, are associated with improved endometriosis-related symptoms, reduced recurrence rate, and very few complications.In order to choose the best treatment method for rectal endometriosis lesions with a few surgical complications, further investigation is needed with the introduction of new surgical techniques as well as a larger sample size.Go to:AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank all the staff members of our surgical and laboratory units for their expert assistance in data collection.Go to:Data availability statementThe raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.Go to:Ethics statementThe studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by ethics committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.SUMS.REC.1395.S404). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.Go to:Author contributionsSA: Conception, design of study and data revising; HR: design of study / final approach; EA: Data interpretation / manuscript preparation, TP: Patient recruitment / data collection; MHS: Patient recruitment, drafting / design; SA: Data revising and editing; AKHA: Data analysis and interpretation; EHNK: Patient recruitment, drafting / design. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.Go to:Conflict of interestThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.Go to:Publisher's noteAll claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. 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Abo C, Moatassim S, Marty N, Saint Ghislain M, Huet E, Bridoux V, et al.\nPostoperative complications after bowel endometriosis surgery by shaving, disc excision, or segmental resection: a three-arm comparative analysis of 364 consecutive cases. Fertil Steril. (2018) 109(1):1728.e1. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.10.001 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]32. Roman H. A national snapshot of the surgical management of deep infiltrating endometriosis of the rectum and colon in France in 2015: a multicenter series of 1135 cases. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. (2017) 46(2):15965. 10.1016/j.jogoh.2016.09.004 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]\nOther Formats\nPDF (407K)\nActions\nCite\nCollections\nAdd to Collections\nCreate a new collection\nAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nShare\nPermalink\nCopy\nRESOURCES\nSimilar articles\nCited by other articles\nLinks to NCBI Databases\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nFollow NCBI\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nGitHub\nConnect with NLM\nSM-Twitter\nSM-Facebook\nSM-Youtube\nNational Library of Medicine\n8600 Rockville Pike\nBethesda, MD 20894\nWeb Policies\nFOIA\nHHS Vulnerability Disclosure\nHelp\nAccessibility\nCareers\nNLM\nNIH\nHHS\nUSA.gov\nExternal link. Please review our privacy policy.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9577108/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home - The Vintage Team\nSkip to main content\nProperties Active ListingsPending ListingsSold ListingsSearch PropertiesCommunitiesBuyers Buy With UsPerfect Home FinderBuyer GuideMortgage CalculatorSellers Sell With UsWhats My Home WorthSeller GuideAbout About UsOur AgentsJoin UsTestimonialsBlogContact Us\nMenu\nMenuHomeBuy With UsSell With UsProperty SearchTestimonialsThank YouAccessibilityContact Us\nPropertiesCommunitiesBuyersSellersAboutBlogContact\nWhats My Home WorthPerfect Home FinderMortgage Calculator\[email protected]@compass.comAddress851 W Morse Blvd\nWinter Park, FL 32789\nFacebookInstagramYouTubeLinkedIn\nBusiness built on Relationships\nMAP SEARCHHOME VALUATIONOPEN HOUSES\nSearch\nFIND YOUR HOME\nEvaluate Your Home\nTAILORED FOR YOUR NEEDS\nExpert Guidance During The Process\nBuying or selling a home is a significant life event. Your real estate team should be patient, understanding, and supportive every step of the way.\nservices for\nBUYERS\nservices for\nSELLERS\nservices for\nInvestors\nTRUSTED BY MANY\nOur Clients Say It Best\n\"Ian is the best realtor out there & was so amazing to work with!! He is so personable, kind and goes the extra mile!! The house buying process can be overwhelming and confusing and Ian was so helpful and patient with answering any questions and explaining everything! I defin itely recommend him!\" Megan MalinkaView review on Google\"Paul is a dedicated and thorough agent that wants the best for his clients and works very hard to achieve that. He genuinely wants to find you your dream home. Paul is also extremely knowledgeable and honest- everything you want in a realtor. He is happy to answer every ques tion you might have and is great at bridging the gap between the homebuyer and the complicated world of real estate. Beyond his professional side, he is a warm and welcoming person. My husband and I will be loyal clients for life and will be recommending him to anyone who needs an agent!\" Cali J BolesView review on Google\"Ian is amazing! He made selling my house a breeze and worry-free! I cannot thank him or recommend him enough! He was wonderful to work with and sold my house in less time than I thought was possible. He took care of every little detail while always keeping me abreast of what was going on. He explained everything in such a way that it was very easy to understand and put my mind at ease. He answered all my questions immediately and was always available when I had a question. I could go on and on but you just need to meet him once and you will know! I highly recommend him and wouldnt want to ever work with anyone else!\" Lynn DeerView review on Google\"What a great experience! Ian has been a major help in our search for a home not just once but twice now. He came to us on a recommendation from a friend during the search for our first home, after we had gone through two other realtors and had bad experiences. He was a breat h of fresh air, taking initiative on finding properties we would be interested in and asking all the questions we would need to get loan approval before we even saw most properties. We sold our first home through him and went on to buy our second home too! His experience had grown so much from the first time we purchased through him and we felt much more taken care of. He has so much patience, knowledge and a great team that works with him. For anyone looking for Real Estate Agent Ian would be who I send them too.\" Marco (Usul503)View review on Google\n\"Paul and hes team are great to work with, very helpful and knowledgeable!!!\"\nTaha ChafiqView review on Google\"Ian just helped us purchase a home. He was incredibly professional and helpful through the whole process. His communication is fantasticalways easy to get a hold of and willing to meet when needed. He was very proactive in reaching out to lenders, the title company, and ins urance companies to assist with the closing process, something we haven't experienced with realtors in the past. On top of being great at his job, hes just a downright good guy. We joked after closing that well miss texting him everyday. We would hands down recommend him to any family/friends and will certainly use him again in the future.\" Madelyn OsmunView review on Google\"We began working with Ian at the beginning of the year. Throughout all of the challenges in the current housing market, Ian was a blessing! He was incredibly patient, encouraging, very responsive, and a confident advocate. He is very knowledgeable about all things home buyin g, able to answer questions on the spot. Anytime he did not have an immediate answer to a question, he went out of his way to quickly find an answer for us. All of our interactions with Ian have been nothing but genuine. Ian is a truly kind and talented realtor, striving to make the home buying process an enjoyable experience. You will not regret working with him. Thank you for helping us find our first home, Ian!\" Josiah WilliamsView review on Google\"Paul and his team have done outstanding work for us on several occasions. First, he assisted a dear friend of ours in selling their home. Next, he helped my Mother sell hers. When we decided to sell our home, our first and only call was to Paul. He and his team did an a mazing job for us. He always is very professional and covers all the details to make for a very enjoyable experience. Not only is he a realtor, he is the consummate home advisor . Thanks Paul.\" Linda JacksonView review on Google\n\"Ian has been fantastic to collaborate with. He is knowledgeable, quick to respond, and kind. I highly recommend Ian for your real estate needs. Thank you, Ian!\"\nKatie GieseView review on Google\n\"Paul was super insightful and made my first home buying experience feel seamless. I really appreciated how much time he took to help me! I will definitely be using Paul to purchase my second home in the future!\"\nAaron PerkinsView review on Google\"I had the pleasure of working with Ian Christianson who is based in Florida while I was purchasing a condo from out of state. Not only was he knowledgeable about the local market, but he was also incredibly helpful throughout the entire buying process. Despite me being in Ne w Jersey, he made sure to keep me updated every step of the way and was always available to answer any questions I had. His professionalism and expertise made the entire experience seamless and stress-free. I highly recommend Ian's services to anyone in need of a trustworthy and reliable realtor in Florida!\" Vasilios ZavolasView review on Google\"My fianc and I began our home search a little over a month ago and I have to say that working with Paul was hands down the best experience I have had while working with an agent. It was so refreshing to work with an agent who actually cared about our interests and listened to us. We switched up our home search criteria a couple times, but Paul stuck with us and made sure we found the perfect home that fit into our budget. He was on our side every step of the way through the home buying process and truly took all the stress out of purchasing a home. I would absolutely recommend Paul to anybody in the market for a new home, hell always keep your best interest in mind and make sure youre happy and comfortable with your decision. When we want to purchase our next home, I know who Ill be contacting. Thanks Paul, youre the man!\" Chris DragelView review on Google\"We have trusted Paul Giles for the last fifteen years with our real estate needs. We have been on both sides of real estate transactions (buyer/seller) and every time Paul has handled every facet of the deal with tremendous confidence and expertise. We recently sold our ho me and listed with Paul. From beginning to end we had the red carpet treatment and felt like we were concierge guests with next level service. Our home was sold within two weeks of listing and still holds the record sale per square foot in the community. When we were on the buyers side, Paul took care of everything from scheduling inspections to ensuring we had a competitive insurance rate, to walking us through the homestead tax process. Paul is without a doubt the best in Orlando!\" Cory WilsonView review on Google\n\"Paul and Ian were great to work with. They made the process of selling my home very easy with little stress. I would highly recommend them to anyone looking to sell their home.\"\nRick KowalskiView review on Google\n\"Paul can always be depended on to delivery results as promised, very thorough and complete in his responsibilities to his clients..... thanks a bunch as always!\"\nrichard hallView review on Google\n\"Paul is a true professional in the field, I would recommend him to all people interested in the world of real estate.\"\nEO American House Repairs LLCView review on Google\n\"Through out the process of the sale, Ian always kept me apprised of all the things that were going on and what steps still had to be done to complete the sale. I highly recommend him as an excellent and professional agent.\"\nDoris ShapiroView review on Google\"Ian is the best realtor out there & was so amazing to work with!! He is so personable, kind and goes the extra mile!! The house buying process can be overwhelming and confusing and Ian was so helpful and patient with answering any questions and explaining everything! I defin itely recommend him!\" Megan MalinkaView review on Google\"Paul is a dedicated and thorough agent that wants the best for his clients and works very hard to achieve that. He genuinely wants to find you your dream home. Paul is also extremely knowledgeable and honest- everything you want in a realtor. He is happy to answer every ques tion you might have and is great at bridging the gap between the homebuyer and the complicated world of real estate. Beyond his professional side, he is a warm and welcoming person. My husband and I will be loyal clients for life and will be recommending him to anyone who needs an agent!\" Cali J BolesView review on Google\"Ian is amazing! He made selling my house a breeze and worry-free! I cannot thank him or recommend him enough! He was wonderful to work with and sold my house in less time than I thought was possible. He took care of every little detail while always keeping me abreast of what was going on. He explained everything in such a way that it was very easy to understand and put my mind at ease. He answered all my questions immediately and was always available when I had a question. I could go on and on but you just need to meet him once and you will know! I highly recommend him and wouldnt want to ever work with anyone else!\" Lynn DeerView review on Google\"What a great experience! Ian has been a major help in our search for a home not just once but twice now. He came to us on a recommendation from a friend during the search for our first home, after we had gone through two other realtors and had bad experiences. He was a breat h of fresh air, taking initiative on finding properties we would be interested in and asking all the questions we would need to get loan approval before we even saw most properties. We sold our first home through him and went on to buy our second home too! His experience had grown so much from the first time we purchased through him and we felt much more taken care of. He has so much patience, knowledge and a great team that works with him. For anyone looking for Real Estate Agent Ian would be who I send them too.\" Marco (Usul503)View review on Google\n\"Paul and hes team are great to work with, very helpful and knowledgeable!!!\"\nTaha ChafiqView review on Google\"Ian just helped us purchase a home. He was incredibly professional and helpful through the whole process. His communication is fantasticalways easy to get a hold of and willing to meet when needed. He was very proactive in reaching out to lenders, the title company, and ins urance companies to assist with the closing process, something we haven't experienced with realtors in the past. On top of being great at his job, hes just a downright good guy. We joked after closing that well miss texting him everyday. We would hands down recommend him to any family/friends and will certainly use him again in the future.\" Madelyn OsmunView review on Google\"We began working with Ian at the beginning of the year. Throughout all of the challenges in the current housing market, Ian was a blessing! He was incredibly patient, encouraging, very responsive, and a confident advocate. He is very knowledgeable about all things home buyin g, able to answer questions on the spot. Anytime he did not have an immediate answer to a question, he went out of his way to quickly find an answer for us. All of our interactions with Ian have been nothing but genuine. Ian is a truly kind and talented realtor, striving to make the home buying process an enjoyable experience. You will not regret working with him. Thank you for helping us find our first home, Ian!\" Josiah WilliamsView review on Google\"Paul and his team have done outstanding work for us on several occasions. First, he assisted a dear friend of ours in selling their home. Next, he helped my Mother sell hers. When we decided to sell our home, our first and only call was to Paul. He and his team did an a mazing job for us. He always is very professional and covers all the details to make for a very enjoyable experience. Not only is he a realtor, he is the consummate home advisor . Thanks Paul.\" Linda JacksonView review on Google\n\"Ian has been fantastic to collaborate with. He is knowledgeable, quick to respond, and kind. I highly recommend Ian for your real estate needs. Thank you, Ian!\"\nKatie GieseView review on Google\n\"Paul was super insightful and made my first home buying experience feel seamless. I really appreciated how much time he took to help me! I will definitely be using Paul to purchase my second home in the future!\"\nAaron PerkinsView review on Google\"I had the pleasure of working with Ian Christianson who is based in Florida while I was purchasing a condo from out of state. Not only was he knowledgeable about the local market, but he was also incredibly helpful throughout the entire buying process. Despite me being in Ne w Jersey, he made sure to keep me updated every step of the way and was always available to answer any questions I had. His professionalism and expertise made the entire experience seamless and stress-free. I highly recommend Ian's services to anyone in need of a trustworthy and reliable realtor in Florida!\" Vasilios ZavolasView review on Google\"My fianc and I began our home search a little over a month ago and I have to say that working with Paul was hands down the best experience I have had while working with an agent. It was so refreshing to work with an agent who actually cared about our interests and listened to us. We switched up our home search criteria a couple times, but Paul stuck with us and made sure we found the perfect home that fit into our budget. He was on our side every step of the way through the home buying process and truly took all the stress out of purchasing a home. I would absolutely recommend Paul to anybody in the market for a new home, hell always keep your best interest in mind and make sure youre happy and comfortable with your decision. When we want to purchase our next home, I know who Ill be contacting. Thanks Paul, youre the man!\" Chris DragelView review on Google\"We have trusted Paul Giles for the last fifteen years with our real estate needs. We have been on both sides of real estate transactions (buyer/seller) and every time Paul has handled every facet of the deal with tremendous confidence and expertise. We recently sold our ho me and listed with Paul. From beginning to end we had the red carpet treatment and felt like we were concierge guests with next level service. Our home was sold within two weeks of listing and still holds the record sale per square foot in the community. When we were on the buyers side, Paul took care of everything from scheduling inspections to ensuring we had a competitive insurance rate, to walking us through the homestead tax process. Paul is without a doubt the best in Orlando!\" Cory WilsonView review on Google\n\"Paul and Ian were great to work with. They made the process of selling my home very easy with little stress. I would highly recommend them to anyone looking to sell their home.\"\nRick KowalskiView review on Google\n\"Paul can always be depended on to delivery results as promised, very thorough and complete in his responsibilities to his clients..... thanks a bunch as always!\"\nrichard hallView review on Google\n\"Paul is a true professional in the field, I would recommend him to all people interested in the world of real estate.\"\nEO American House Repairs LLCView review on Google\n\"Through out the process of the sale, Ian always kept me apprised of all the things that were going on and what steps still had to be done to complete the sale. I highly recommend him as an excellent and professional agent.\"\nDoris ShapiroView review on Google\"Ian is the best realtor out there & was so amazing to work with!! He is so personable, kind and goes the extra mile!! The house buying process can be overwhelming and confusing and Ian was so helpful and patient with answering any questions and explaining everything! I defin itely recommend him!\" Megan MalinkaView review on Google\"Paul is a dedicated and thorough agent that wants the best for his clients and works very hard to achieve that. He genuinely wants to find you your dream home. Paul is also extremely knowledgeable and honest- everything you want in a realtor. He is happy to answer every ques tion you might have and is great at bridging the gap between the homebuyer and the complicated world of real estate. Beyond his professional side, he is a warm and welcoming person. My husband and I will be loyal clients for life and will be recommending him to anyone who needs an agent!\" Cali J BolesView review on Google\"Ian is amazing! He made selling my house a breeze and worry-free! I cannot thank him or recommend him enough! He was wonderful to work with and sold my house in less time than I thought was possible. He took care of every little detail while always keeping me abreast of what was going on. He explained everything in such a way that it was very easy to understand and put my mind at ease. He answered all my questions immediately and was always available when I had a question. I could go on and on but you just need to meet him once and you will know! I highly recommend him and wouldnt want to ever work with anyone else!\" Lynn DeerView review on Google\nWHO WE ARE\nWe Are Here For You\nThe Vintage Team is a group of experienced and knowledgeable real estate agents, who understand that buying or selling a home is a significant life event. Our team has been successfully guiding homeowners in Central Florida for nearly 25 years, bringing a deep understanding of the local real estate market and a passion for helping people find their dream homes. Committed to exceptional service, one of our core values is effective communication. We believe that keeping our clients informed every step of the way is essential to a smooth experience. When you work with The Vintage Team, you will encounter agents who are compassionate and approachable.\nGet to know us\nOr Call Us Now: (407) 467-1587or (319) 329-1632\n01\nMaximize Value\nThe value of your real estate transaction is not lost on us. We understand the importance of getting the most out of your investment and we know what it takes to get you to the fun part, the celebration when its done.\n02\nGreat Marketing\nWe have the track record to prove that we know how to market a house. Professional photos, advertising, and events are just some of the ways that we make sure no one misses your property.\n03\nExceptional Service\nNot all real estate agents are created equal. At The Vintage Team we offer a white glove service experience. With us, youll find the art of real estate and attention to detail.\n04\nEasy To Refer\nAfter youre done with your real estate process, its important to us that youre proud to refer your friends and family. We hope to earn the honest review of all of our happy home sellers/buyers.\nSTART EXPLORING\nFeatured Listings\nView All Properties\nPending\n$1,875,000\n12901 BROLEMAN ROADORLANDO, FL\n3\nBeds\n2\nBaths\n2,347\nSqftActive\n$539,900\n6431 SHIMMERING SHORES LANESAINT CLOUD, FL\n3\nBeds\n2\nBaths\n1,708\nSqftActive\n$518,000\n1586 WYNELL STREETSAINT CLOUD, FL\n5\nBeds\n3\nBaths\n2,881\nSqftActive\n$360,000\n7505 MOURNING DOVE CIRCLE Unit 101REUNION, FL\n3\nBeds\n2\nBaths\n1,419\nSqftActive\n$1,750,000\n826 OAKDALE STREETWINDERMERE, FL\n4\nBeds\n6\nBaths\n3,753\nSqftPending\n$1,875,000\n12901 BROLEMAN ROADORLANDO, FL\n3\nBeds\n2\nBaths\n2,347\nSqftActive\n$539,900\n6431 SHIMMERING SHORES LANESAINT CLOUD, FL\n3\nBeds\n2\nBaths\n1,708\nSqftActive\n$518,000\n1586 WYNELL STREETSAINT CLOUD, FL\n5\nBeds\n3\nBaths\n2,881\nSqftActive\n$360,000\n7505 MOURNING DOVE CIRCLE Unit 101REUNION, FL\n3\nBeds\n2\nBaths\n1,419\nSqftActive\n$1,750,000\n826 OAKDALE STREETWINDERMERE, FL\n4\nBeds\n6\nBaths\n3,753\nSqftPending\n$1,875,000\n12901 BROLEMAN ROADORLANDO, FL\n3\nBeds\n2\nBaths\n2,347\nSqftActive\n$539,900\n6431 SHIMMERING SHORES LANESAINT CLOUD, FL\n3\nBeds\n2\nBaths\n1,708\nSqftActive\n$518,000\n1586 WYNELL STREETSAINT CLOUD, FL\n5\nBeds\n3\nBaths\n2,881\nSqftActive\n$360,000\n7505 MOURNING DOVE CIRCLE Unit 101REUNION, FL\n3\nBeds\n2\nBaths\n1,419\nSqft\nDiscover hidden local gems\nOur Featured Areas\nView all\nExploreOrlandoExploreWinter ParkExploreWindermereExploreWinter GardenExploreLongwoodExploreAltamonte SpringsExploreMaitlandExploreLake MaryExploreApopkaExploreKissimmeeExploreSt Cloud\nFollow Us On Instagram\nStay up to date with newest tips & tricks from Central Florida!\nFollow Us on Instagram\nLet's Connect\nNot sure if now's the right time to buy or sell? 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Feel free to use any of the options here to get in contact with us!\nGet Started\nNewsletter\nSign up for our Newsletter\nEmail *\nSubmit\nPaul Giles\nIan Christianson\nEMAIL [email protected]\nEMAIL [email protected]\nADDRESS 851 W Morse Blvd Winter Park, FL 32789\nPHONE NUMBER 407-467-1587\nPHONE NUMBER 319-329-1632\nAbout\nAbout UsOur AgentsJoin UsTestimonialsBlog\nServices\nOur ListingsProperty SearchCommunitiesBuy With UsSell With Us\nCompany\nWhats My Home WorthPerfect Home FinderMortgage Calculator\n 2024 The Vintage Team | All rights reserved\nPrivacy Policy\nData Powered by Home Junction.\n 2022 Ulnick Group | All rights reserved", "url": "https://vintageprop.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home - Something Vintage\nSearch\nSearch\n+\nBars\nAll Bars\nBars\nMega Bars\nAll Bar Backs + Drink Displays\nBar Backs\nBar Carts\nDrink Displays\nDecor\nAll Decor\nDisco Balls\nLanterns\nLarge Decor\nSeasonal Decor\nTabletop Decor\nAll Signage + Easels\nEasels\nSelf-Standing 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Care\nSearch\nSearch\nBars\nAll Bars\nBars\nMega Bars\nAll Bar Backs + Drink Displays\nBar Backs\nBar Carts\nDrink Displays\nDecor\nAll Decor\nDisco Balls\nLanterns\nLarge Decor\nSeasonal Decor\nTabletop Decor\nAll Signage + Easels\nEasels\nSelf-Standing Signs\nTabletop + Hanging Signs\nAll Vessels + Containers\nCandle Holders + Votives\nCandy Dishes\nCrates + Buckets\nDecanters + Vases\nTrays\nDisplays\nAll Architectural\nCeremony Arches + Pergolas\nStage Surrounds\nAll Backdrops + Displays\nBackdrops\nDrink + Food Displays\nLarge Signage\nShelving\nPillars + Pedestals\nLighting\nAll Ceiling Lighting\nDisco Balls\nPendant Lighting\nAll Floor Lighting\nLanterns\nStatement Lighting\nAll Tabletop Lighting\nCandle Holders + Votives\nLinens\nAll Napkins + Placemats\nNapkins\nPlacemats\nAll Table Linens\nCapri\nRectangles\nRounds\nRunners\nLounge Furniture\nAll Lounge Furniture\nChairs + Ottomans\nSofas + Settees\nOutdoor\nAll Outdoor Decor\nDisplays\nGames\nLanterns\nRugs\nUmbrellas\nAll Outdoor Furniture\nChairs + Sofas\nTables + Stools\nUmbrellas\nPackages\nAll Packages\nBar + Cocktail\nDecor\nLounge\nTabletop\nRugs + Pillows\nAll Pillows\nPoufs + Ottomans\nThrow Pillows\nAll Rugs\nArea Rugs\nRunners\nOutdoor Rugs\nOversized Rugs\nSeating\nCeremony Seating\nBenches + Church Pews\nChairs\nCocktail Seating\nBar Stools\nReception Seating\nDining Chairs\nSweetheart Chairs\nShippable\nAll Flatware\nFlatware Sets\nForks\nKnives\nSpoons\nServing Utensils\nAll Table Linens\nNapkins\nNapkin Rings\nPlacemats\nRunners\nCapri\nRectangles\nRounds\nTables\nAll Cocktail + Cake Tables\nCocktail Tables\nCake Tables\nAll Lounge Tables\nBuffet + Console Tables\nCoffee Tables\nEnd Tables\nAll Dining Tables\nDining Tables\nHead Tables\nFarm Tables\nFolding Tables\nSweetheart Tables\nTabletop\nAll Dinnerware\nDinnerware Sets\nChargers\nDinner Plates\nSalad Plates\nBowls + Serveware\nAll Flatware\nFlatware Sets\nForks\nKnives\nSpoons\nServing Utensils\nAll Drinkware\nDrinkware Sets\nChampagne\nWater\nWhiskey\nWine\nVintage\nAll Accessories\nCake Stands\nCandle Holders + Votives\nCandy Dishes\nDecanters + Vases\nNapkin Rings\nSalt Cellars\nTea Parties\nTrays\nAbout\nAbout Us\nOur Rentals\nCarpentry Studio\nPottery Studio\nLinen Studio (Coming Soon)\nTeam\nTestimonials\nPress\nCareers\nServices\nEvent Rentals\nWeddings\nPrivate Events\nCorporate Events\nEvent Design\nCustom Builds\nJoy Shop\nFAQ\nContact\nBack to Rentals\nSearch\nSearch\nSomething VintageNew\nNew!\nPre-Order\nOur Favs\nShop by Collections\nBoho\nCoastal\nDisco\nGothic\nIndustrial\nJewel\nMidcentury\nOld Hollywood\nParisian\nRegal\nRustic\nSeasonal\nSunset\nTropical\nShop by Color\nRed\nOrange\nYellow\nGreen\nBlue\nPurple\nPink\nWhite\nBlack\nGold\nSilver\nBlog\nHow it Works\nPlacing an Order\nDelivery Orders\nWill-Call Orders\nShipping Orders\nRental Care\nBars\nAll Bars\nBars\nMega Bars\nAll Bar Backs + Drink Displays\nBar Backs\nBar Carts\nDrink Displays\nDecor\nAll Decor\nDisco Balls\nLanterns\nLarge Decor\nSeasonal Decor\nTabletop Decor\nAll Signage + Easels\nEasels\nSelf-Standing Signs\nTabletop + Hanging Signs\nAll Vessels + Containers\nCandle Holders + Votives\nCandy Dishes\nCrates + Buckets\nDecanters + Vases\nTrays\nDisplays\nAll Architectural\nCeremony Arches + Pergolas\nStage Surrounds\nAll Backdrops + Displays\nBackdrops\nDrink + Food Displays\nLarge Signage\nShelving\nPillars + Pedestals\nLighting\nAll Ceiling Lighting\nDisco Balls\nPendant Lighting\nAll Floor Lighting\nLanterns\nStatement Lighting\nAll Tabletop Lighting\nCandle Holders + Votives\nLinens\nAll Napkins + Placemats\nNapkins\nPlacemats\nAll Table Linens\nCapri\nRectangles\nRounds\nRunners\nLounge Furniture\nAll Lounge Furniture\nChairs + Ottomans\nSofas + Settees\nOutdoor\nAll Outdoor Decor\nDisplays\nGames\nLanterns\nRugs\nUmbrellas\nAll Outdoor Furniture\nChairs + Sofas\nTables + Stools\nUmbrellas\nPackages\nAll Packages\nBar + Cocktail\nDecor\nLounge\nTabletop\nRugs + Pillows\nAll Pillows\nPoufs + Ottomans\nThrow Pillows\nAll Rugs\nArea Rugs\nRunners\nOutdoor Rugs\nOversized Rugs\nSeating\nCeremony Seating\nBenches + Church Pews\nChairs\nCocktail Seating\nBar Stools\nReception Seating\nDining Chairs\nSweetheart Chairs\nShippable\nAll Flatware\nFlatware Sets\nForks\nKnives\nSpoons\nServing Utensils\nAll Table Linens\nNapkins\nNapkin Rings\nPlacemats\nRunners\nCapri\nRectangles\nRounds\nTables\nAll Cocktail + Cake Tables\nCocktail Tables\nCake Tables\nAll Lounge Tables\nBuffet + Console Tables\nCoffee Tables\nEnd Tables\nAll Dining Tables\nDining Tables\nHead Tables\nFarm Tables\nFolding Tables\nSweetheart Tables\nTabletop\nAll Dinnerware\nDinnerware Sets\nChargers\nDinner Plates\nSalad Plates\nBowls + Serveware\nAll Flatware\nFlatware Sets\nForks\nKnives\nSpoons\nServing Utensils\nAll Drinkware\nDrinkware Sets\nChampagne\nWater\nWhiskey\nWine\nVintage\nAll Accessories\nCake Stands\nCandle Holders + Votives\nCandy Dishes\nDecanters + Vases\nNapkin Rings\nSalt Cellars\nTea Parties\nTrays\nPrevious\nAdd the Drama\nShop our Dining Chair Collection\nMake your event Shine\nShop our favorites\nThe Perfect Pop\nShop our New Cirque Plates\nSouth Beach Vibes\nShop our South Beach Collection\nGarden Party Ready\nShop our Gardens Collection\nPastel Hues\nShop our Pastel Rentals\nNow Shipping\nShop our Shippable Rentals\nFeeling Lucky?\nShop by Green\nBottoms Up\nShop our Glassware Collection\nStatement Table Linens\nBold Prints + Scalloped Edges\nMidcentury Inspired\nShop our Midcentury Collection\nMix & Match Napkins\nShop All\nBarbie Vibes\nShop by pink\nAdd the Drama\nShop our Dining Chair Collection\nMake your event Shine\nShop our favorites\nThe Perfect Pop\nShop our New Cirque Plates\nSouth Beach Vibes\nShop our South Beach Collection\nGarden Party Ready\nShop our Gardens Collection\nPastel Hues\nShop our Pastel Rentals\nNow Shipping\nShop our Shippable Rentals\nFeeling Lucky?\nShop by Green\nBottoms Up\nShop our Glassware Collection\nStatement Table Linens\nBold Prints + Scalloped Edges\nMidcentury Inspired\nShop our Midcentury Collection\nMix & Match Napkins\nShop All\nBarbie Vibes\nShop by pink\nAdd the Drama\nShop our Dining Chair Collection\nMake your event Shine\nShop our favorites\nNext\nSet the Vibe - Spread the Joy\nAt Something Vintage, weve made it our mission to create and spread joy with our trend-setting rentals. Were a powerhouse team led by women who create much of our amazing inventory in-house. From our handmade dinnerware to redesigned vintage pieces, we create bright, show-stoppers for your event. We want to make the world a more bright and joyful place with our unabashed style and bada$$ rentals we promise to make your event SHINE!\nWe currently deliver to Washington DC, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, West Virginia, and North Carolina. Located further? Check out our Nationwide Linen Shipping to bring a lil' Something Vintage to your next event!\nAt Something Vintage, weve made it our mission to create and spread joy with our trend-setting rentals. Were a powerhouse team led by women who create much of our amazing inventory in-house. From our handmade dinnerware to redesigned vintage pieces, we create bright, show-stoppers for your event. We want to make the world a more bright and joyful place with our unabashed style and bada$$ rentals we promise to make your event SHINE!\nGet in touch\nSummertime Ready\nThe Maldives: Pink Champagne Coupe\nThe Mimosa: Yellow Scalloped Umbrella\nThe Jaida: Woven Green Petal Chargers\nThe Jean: Sky Blue + White Striped Cotton Napkin\nThe Tatum: White Rattan Shelf Set\nThe Yara: Natural Wood Dining Chairs\nSee all Inventory\nFind Your Vibe\nIconic Midcentury\nEndless Sunset\nBoho Vibes\nParlez Vous Francais\nThe SVR Blog\nThe Charm of Goodstone Inn Weddings || A Venue with Endless Possibilities in Middleburg, VA\nGoodstone Inn, Venue Spotlight\nKeep Reading\nHow To Transform Your Reception Tent into an Enchanted Garden || Inspiration from a Summer Wedding at Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library\nReal Weddings, Tented Wedding Reception Ideas\nKeep Reading\nElevate Your Event with Custom Bar Rentals || Inspiration From Real Weddings & Events\nBars & Buffets, Real Weddings, SVR Inventory\nKeep Reading\nGet the look!\nPrevious\nA Fruitful New Year\nThe Nicks: Midcentury Chandelier\nThe Kalorama: Black Tables\nThe Penns: Black Bentwood Chairs\nThe Tangier: White & Black Moroccan Rug\nThe Rosys: Woven Chargers\nThe Langdon: Handmade White Plate Set\nThe Ayla: Handmade Gold Flatware Set\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Carraways: Vintage Champagne Coupes\nThe Langdon: Handmade Salt Cellars\nThe Ayla: Salt Cellar Spoons\nThe Gammas: Set of 3 Lucite Starbursts\nThe Ames: Emerald Green Sofa\nThe Amira: White and Gold Tassel Pillows\nThe Otis: Black and White Textured Pillows\nThe Gramercys: Light Gold Hollywood Regency Side Chairs\nThe Erol: Turkish Kilim Rug\nThe Finn: White Shearling Rug\nThe Baughman: 3 Tier Brass Swing Coffee Table\nThe Rhys: Midcentury Bar Cart\nThe Donna: Disco Ball\nAstrid Tableware Reveal\nThe Astrid: Ruffled Lavender Purple 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Clara: Heron White Ruffled Linen Napkin\nThe Ema: Brass + Ivory Flatware Set\nThe Mont Blanc: White 3-Piece Glassware Set\nThe Linus: Chartreuse Green + White Floral Scalloped Cotton Napkin\nThe Capitol: 8' White Slatted Dining Table\nThe Wren: Whitewashed Dining Chairs\nIridescent Rainbow Baltimore Wedding\nThe Boogie Nights: Crinkle Iridescent Backdrop\nThe Capitol: 6' White Slatted Sweetheart Table\nThe Jae: Clear Lucite Dining Chairs\nThe Sabrina: Iridescent Glassware Set\nThe Soleil: Handmade Sunset Pink 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Citrine: Handmade Bright Yellow 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Midori: Handmade Chartreuse Green 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Amalfi: Handmade Sky Blue 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Wisteria: Handmade Lilac Purple 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Trixie: Iridescent Flatware Set\nThe Rosewood: 5' Blush Pink Petite Bar\nThe Lennon: White Curved Rattan Sofa\nThe Amaris: Iridescent Tinsel Chair Set\nFour Seasons Baltimoe\nMadison Short\nIda Rose\nA Pastel Affair in Charlottesville\nThe Wren: Whitewashed Chairs\nThe Misha: 12' White Escort Display\nThe Dupont: Whitewashed Farm Tables\nThe Yves: Cane Chairs\nThe Amalfi: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Sabrina: Iridescent Water Glasses\nThe Reine: Gold + Lucite Flatware Set\nThe Picasso: 11' Custom Color Bar\nJosie: Blush Channel Back Settee\nThe Fillmores: Sunset Pink Chairs\nKim Newton Weddings\nAshley Cox Photography\nThe Clifton\nMicro Wedding at Virginia Winery\nThe Luray: Natural Wood Pews\nThe Brentwood: Natural Farm Tables\nThe Roux: Louis Chairs\nThe Bloomington: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Delaney: Mixed Blue + White Plate Set\nThe Delilah: Vintage Silver-Plated Flatware Set\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Takoma: Round White Washed Tables\nThe Monet: White Market Display Cart\nThe Augustine: 12' White Bar\nThe Fiona: Ivory Tufted Sofa\nThe Capri: Blue Velvet Chair\nThe Francis: Classic Console Table\nCitrine Tableware Reveal\nThe Citrine: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Reine: Gold + Lucite Flatware Set\nThe Sunshine: Yellow Glass Goblets\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Carraways: Vintage Champagne Coupes\nThe Wesley: Midcentury White Waterfall Table\nThe Mia: White Contemporary Masters Chair\nDusty Rose Baltimore Wedding\nThe Beverly: Sandy-Taupe Velvet Sofa\nThe Dolly: Mauve Tufted Sofa\nThe Maes: Dusty Rose Velvet Chairs\nThe Piper: Brass Side Table\nThe Mallory: Brass Coffee Table\nThe Claudia: Taupe Turkish Rug\nThe Betsy: Reclaimed Wood Truss\nThe Daphne: Blush Turkish Rug\nThe Watson: Brass Bar Cart\nThe District: Sweetheart Classic Tables\nThe Roux: Louis Chairs\nThe District: Classic Farm Tables\nThe Sonoma: Crossback Chairs\nDisco Dino 4th Birthday Party\nThe Calypso: 8' Fern Wall\nThe Lamont: Reclaimed Wood Bar\nThe Indah: Rattan Canopy Day Bed\nThe Brooklands: Palm Green Chairs\nThe June: Bright Yellow Settee\nThe Max: Coffee Table\nThe Havana: Palm Print Pillows\nThe Cupids: Bright Pink Pillows\nThe Cheyenne: Embroidered Pillow\nThe Joy: Pink and Orange Pillows\nThe Daffodils: Yellow Velvet Pillows\nIntimate Middleburg Wedding\nThe Brentwood: Natural Farm Tables\nThe Wye: Wishbone Chair\nThe Allegra: Seagrass Charger\nThe Bloomington: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Jolee: Vintage Gold-Plated Flatware Set\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Fitzgerald: 6' Natural Wood Bar\nThe Fitzgerald: Natural Wood Bar Back\nThe Elton: Steel Blue Sofa\nThe Amelias: White Tufted Chairs\nThe L'Enfant: French Gray Linen Settee\nThe Byron: Brass Coffee Table\nThe Levi: Light Gray Velvet Pillows\nThe Amira: White and Gold Tassel Pillows\nThe Claudia: Taupe Turkish Rug\nThe Blair: Natural Wood Half Moon Bar\nThe Blair: Natural Wood Bar Back\nThe Monet: White Market Display Cart\nModern Eastern Shore Wedding\nThe Ivy City: Midcentury Herringbone Table\nThe Penns: Black Bentwood Chairs\nThe Sensa: Clear Red Wine Glasses\nThe Kai: Handmade Gold + Black Flatware Set\nThe Targoni: Handmade Gray Dipped Plate Set\nThe Palmer: Garden Chairs\nThe Memphis: Rust Vintage Sofa\nThe Laurel: Sage Linen Green Pillows\nThe Maya: Large Jute Rug\nThe Newton: Coffee Table\nThe Watergate: 6' Mid Century Bar Front\nThe Milos: Wood Midcentury Shelf Set\nWaterfront Warsaw Wedding\nThe Monet: White Market Display Cart\nThe Fell's Point: Boat Bar\nThe Evie: White Tufted Sofa\nThe Madelines: Ivory Vintage Chairs\nThe Blossoms: Dusty Mauve Canvas Pillows\nThe Bernadette: Blush Turkish Rug\nThe Eden: Brass Coffee Table\nThe Genevieve: Half Moon Bar\nThe Scout: White Bamboo Shelf Set\nSoleil Tableware Reveal\nThe Soleil: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Reine: Gold + Lucite Flatware Set\nThe Tulip: Blush Swirl Cordial Goblets\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Moet: Mixed Colored Champagne Coupes\nThe Soleil: Small Handmade Salt Cellars\nThe Ayla: Salt Cellar Spoons\nThe Wesley: Midcentury White Waterfall Table\nThe Wye: Wishbone Chair\nThe Tabitha: Amber Votives\nA Fruitful New Year\nThe Nicks: Midcentury Chandelier\nThe Kalorama: Black Tables\nThe Penns: Black Bentwood Chairs\nThe Tangier: White & Black Moroccan Rug\nThe Rosys: Woven Chargers\nThe Langdon: Handmade White Plate Set\nThe Ayla: Handmade Gold Flatware Set\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Carraways: Vintage Champagne Coupes\nThe Langdon: Handmade Salt Cellars\nThe Ayla: Salt Cellar Spoons\nThe Gammas: Set of 3 Lucite Starbursts\nThe Ames: Emerald Green Sofa\nThe Amira: White and Gold Tassel Pillows\nThe Otis: Black and White Textured Pillows\nThe Gramercys: Light Gold Hollywood Regency Side Chairs\nThe Erol: Turkish Kilim Rug\nThe Finn: White Shearling Rug\nThe Baughman: 3 Tier Brass Swing Coffee Table\nThe Rhys: Midcentury Bar Cart\nThe Donna: Disco Ball\nAstrid Tableware Reveal\nThe Astrid: Ruffled Lavender Purple 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Clara: Heron White Ruffled Linen Napkin\nThe Ema: Brass + Ivory Flatware Set\nThe Mont Blanc: White 3-Piece Glassware Set\nThe Linus: Chartreuse Green + White Floral Scalloped Cotton Napkin\nThe Capitol: 8' White Slatted Dining Table\nThe Wren: Whitewashed Dining Chairs\nIridescent Rainbow Baltimore Wedding\nThe Boogie Nights: Crinkle Iridescent Backdrop\nThe Capitol: 6' White Slatted Sweetheart Table\nThe Jae: Clear Lucite Dining Chairs\nThe Sabrina: Iridescent Glassware Set\nThe Soleil: Handmade Sunset Pink 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Citrine: Handmade Bright Yellow 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Midori: Handmade Chartreuse Green 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Amalfi: Handmade Sky Blue 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Wisteria: Handmade Lilac Purple 3-Piece Plate Set\nThe Trixie: Iridescent Flatware Set\nThe Rosewood: 5' Blush Pink Petite Bar\nThe Lennon: White Curved Rattan Sofa\nThe Amaris: Iridescent Tinsel Chair Set\nFour Seasons Baltimoe\nMadison Short\nIda Rose\nA Pastel Affair in Charlottesville\nThe Wren: Whitewashed Chairs\nThe Misha: 12' White Escort Display\nThe Dupont: Whitewashed Farm Tables\nThe Yves: Cane Chairs\nThe Amalfi: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Sabrina: Iridescent Water Glasses\nThe Reine: Gold + Lucite Flatware Set\nThe Picasso: 11' Custom Color Bar\nJosie: Blush Channel Back Settee\nThe Fillmores: Sunset Pink Chairs\nKim Newton Weddings\nAshley Cox Photography\nThe Clifton\nMicro Wedding at Virginia Winery\nThe Luray: Natural Wood Pews\nThe Brentwood: Natural Farm Tables\nThe Roux: Louis Chairs\nThe Bloomington: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Delaney: Mixed Blue + White Plate Set\nThe Delilah: Vintage Silver-Plated Flatware Set\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Takoma: Round White Washed Tables\nThe Monet: White Market Display Cart\nThe Augustine: 12' White Bar\nThe Fiona: Ivory Tufted Sofa\nThe Capri: Blue Velvet Chair\nThe Francis: Classic Console Table\nCitrine Tableware Reveal\nThe Citrine: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Reine: Gold + Lucite Flatware Set\nThe Sunshine: Yellow Glass Goblets\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Carraways: Vintage Champagne Coupes\nThe Wesley: Midcentury White Waterfall Table\nThe Mia: White Contemporary Masters Chair\nDusty Rose Baltimore Wedding\nThe Beverly: Sandy-Taupe Velvet Sofa\nThe Dolly: Mauve Tufted Sofa\nThe Maes: Dusty Rose Velvet Chairs\nThe Piper: Brass Side Table\nThe Mallory: Brass Coffee Table\nThe Claudia: Taupe Turkish Rug\nThe Betsy: Reclaimed Wood Truss\nThe Daphne: Blush Turkish Rug\nThe Watson: Brass Bar Cart\nThe District: Sweetheart Classic Tables\nThe Roux: Louis Chairs\nThe District: Classic Farm Tables\nThe Sonoma: Crossback Chairs\nDisco Dino 4th Birthday Party\nThe Calypso: 8' Fern Wall\nThe Lamont: Reclaimed Wood Bar\nThe Indah: Rattan Canopy Day Bed\nThe Brooklands: Palm Green Chairs\nThe June: Bright Yellow Settee\nThe Max: Coffee Table\nThe Havana: Palm Print Pillows\nThe Cupids: Bright Pink Pillows\nThe Cheyenne: Embroidered Pillow\nThe Joy: Pink and Orange Pillows\nThe Daffodils: Yellow Velvet Pillows\nIntimate Middleburg Wedding\nThe Brentwood: Natural Farm Tables\nThe Wye: Wishbone Chair\nThe Allegra: Seagrass Charger\nThe Bloomington: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Jolee: Vintage Gold-Plated Flatware Set\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Fitzgerald: 6' Natural Wood Bar\nThe Fitzgerald: Natural Wood Bar Back\nThe Elton: Steel Blue Sofa\nThe Amelias: White Tufted Chairs\nThe L'Enfant: French Gray Linen Settee\nThe Byron: Brass Coffee Table\nThe Levi: Light Gray Velvet Pillows\nThe Amira: White and Gold Tassel Pillows\nThe Claudia: Taupe Turkish Rug\nThe Blair: Natural Wood Half Moon Bar\nThe Blair: Natural Wood Bar Back\nThe Monet: White Market Display Cart\nModern Eastern Shore Wedding\nThe Ivy City: Midcentury Herringbone Table\nThe Penns: Black Bentwood Chairs\nThe Sensa: Clear Red Wine Glasses\nThe Kai: Handmade Gold + Black Flatware Set\nThe Targoni: Handmade Gray Dipped Plate Set\nThe Palmer: Garden Chairs\nThe Memphis: Rust Vintage Sofa\nThe Laurel: Sage Linen Green Pillows\nThe Maya: Large Jute Rug\nThe Newton: Coffee Table\nThe Watergate: 6' Mid Century Bar Front\nThe Milos: Wood Midcentury Shelf Set\nWaterfront Warsaw Wedding\nThe Monet: White Market Display Cart\nThe Fell's Point: Boat Bar\nThe Evie: White Tufted Sofa\nThe Madelines: Ivory Vintage Chairs\nThe Blossoms: Dusty Mauve Canvas Pillows\nThe Bernadette: Blush Turkish Rug\nThe Eden: Brass Coffee Table\nThe Genevieve: Half Moon Bar\nThe Scout: White Bamboo Shelf Set\nSoleil Tableware Reveal\nThe Soleil: Handmade Plate Set\nThe Reine: Gold + Lucite Flatware Set\nThe Tulip: Blush Swirl Cordial Goblets\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Moet: Mixed Colored Champagne Coupes\nThe Soleil: Small Handmade Salt Cellars\nThe Ayla: Salt Cellar Spoons\nThe Wesley: Midcentury White Waterfall Table\nThe Wye: Wishbone Chair\nThe Tabitha: Amber Votives\nA Fruitful New Year\nThe Nicks: Midcentury Chandelier\nThe Kalorama: Black Tables\nThe Penns: Black Bentwood Chairs\nThe Tangier: White & Black Moroccan Rug\nThe Rosys: Woven Chargers\nThe Langdon: Handmade White Plate Set\nThe Ayla: Handmade Gold Flatware Set\nThe Zephyr: Clear Glass Goblets\nThe Carraways: Vintage Champagne Coupes\nThe Langdon: Handmade Salt Cellars\nThe Ayla: Salt Cellar Spoons\nThe Gammas: Set of 3 Lucite Starbursts\nThe Ames: Emerald Green Sofa\nThe Amira: White and Gold Tassel Pillows\nThe Otis: Black and White Textured Pillows\nThe Gramercys: Light Gold Hollywood Regency Side Chairs\nThe Erol: Turkish Kilim Rug\nThe Finn: White Shearling Rug\nThe Baughman: 3 Tier Brass Swing Coffee Table\nThe Rhys: Midcentury Bar Cart\nThe Donna: Disco Ball\nNext\nGet in touch\nLets make magic together! Think we might be the perfect fit for your wedding or event? Interested in learning more about how our custom builds might be just what you need to bring your vision to life? Let us help and give you all the deets!\nContact us today to get more info, or to reserve your custom proposal!\nDrop us a line\nBrighten up your inbox\nJoin our mailing list to get updates on our latest events, style inspiration, and pieces in the works!\nFollow Along @smthingvintage\nThis stunning custom escort display brought the pe\nDawn wanted to introduce everyone to some of our b\nWhats more fitting for a baby girl named Poppy\nThis past week we had the absolute pleasure and ho\nAbout Us\nBlog\nServices\nContact\nDROP US A LINE\[email protected]\nGIVE US A RING\n(202) 596-8445\nVISIT THE VAULT\nBY APPOINTMENT ONLY\n4828 Stamp Road\nTemple Hills MD 20748\nFacebookInstagramPinterestTikTok\n Something Vintage 2024. All Rights Reserved. Design by Gatto.", "url": "https://www.somethingvintagerentals.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "North Country Vintage | Specialty Rentals & Design\n\nHome\nAbout\nServices\nInventory\nPortfolio\nInspiration\nPress\nCompliments\nFAQ\nConnect\nBlog\nHome\nAbout\nServices\nInventory\nPortfolio\nInspiration\nPress\nCompliments\nFAQ\nConnect\nBlog\nRentals Design Prop House\nWe transform spaces and infuse them with a distinct vibe! From chic and sophisticated to rustic or whimsical, our specialty rentals offer a wide range of options to match any desired look, ensuring that every gathering or showing has its own unique feel. Weve carefully selected table settings, furnishings and decor accents, making us a one stop shop for all of your event styling and home staging needs.\nServing New Yorks Hudson Valley & Beyond\nFollow Us\nFor Jayne & Ryans Spring wedding, mismatched ch\nA stylishly funky lounge for guests to kick back a\nAn explosion of color in the Catskills! Just lovin\nThe talented @breawarren.photo came by and took so\non Instagram > >\nCopyright 2019 North Country Vintage\nNotifications", "url": "https://northcountryvintage.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Vintage Furniture Rentals San Francisco Bay Area, Napa, Sonoma | One True Love Vintage Rentals\nCatalog\n(415) 741-5884\nSearch Catalog\nYour Quote\nCall: (415) 741-5884\nHome\nYour Quote\nCatalog\nLounge Packages\nMobile Lounges\nServices\nAbout\nGallery\nContact\nOne True Love Vintage Rentals Specialty Rentals & Styling for San Francisco Bay Area, Napa, Sonoma and Northern California\nSearch Catalog\nSearch\nClick here to\nview\nvintage rental categories\nClose\ncategories\nSearch Catalog\nYour Quote\nSearch Catalog\nCATERINGCHAIRSChairsChildren DecorCHINA & CHARGERSContainers + VasesCONVENTION & EXPOCORPORATE FURNITUREGLASSWAREHEAT & LIGHTINGLarge DetailsLINENSLounge PackagesOutdoor EquipmentPillows + BlanketsSmall DetailsSofasSTAGE/FLOORTable & TeaspoonTablesTables + DesksTent KitsTENTSTrunks + SuitcasesVenuesVintageWedding\nYour Rental Specialists and Stylists in San Francisco CA\nOne True Love Vintage Rentals is here to outfit your special occasion with unique, one-of-a-kind furniture and decor. Our curated collection of vintage goods features an eclectic blend of industrial, rustic, and hand-crafted pieces.\nBrowse Catalog\nOur Company\nContact Us\nLounge Packages\nView Packages\nGallery\nView Photo Gallery\nContact Us\nContact Info\nCatalog\nBrowse Vintage Rental Catalog\nOne True Love Vintage Rentals\n417 Allan St Daly City CA 94014\nPhone: (415) 741-5884\nEmail\nConnect with us\nFacebook\nInstagram\nPinterest\nTwitter\nHome\nVintage Decor Rental Catalog\nLounge Rental Packages\nMobile Lounges\nParty and Event Rentals\nGallery\nServices\nContact\nAbout\nChair and Sofa Rentals\nTable and Desk Rentals\nTrunk and Suitcase Rentals\nLarge Decor Item Rentals\nSmall Decor Item Rentals\nContainer and Vase Rentals\nChildrens Decor Rentals\nSpecialty Rentals & Styling for San Francisco Bay Area, Napa, Sonoma and Northern California.\nCopyright 2024 RentalHosting.com Powered by Point-of-Rental - Last Update: 5/29/2024 8:07:38 AM", "url": "https://www.onetruelovevintage.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dallas Vintage Rentals | Dixie Does Vintage\nHome\nCollection\nTea Parties\nAbout\nInspiration\nQ & A\nBlog\nContact\nDixie Does Vintage 214.202.4513\nServing the Dallas-Fort Worth Area\n214.202.4513\nmy wishlist\nHome\nCollection\nTea Parties\nAbout\nInspiration\nQ & A\nBlog\nContact\nWelcome\nDixie Does Vintage is a specialty rental company outfitting parties or special events with authentic, sustainable, one-of-a-kind items. Think curated modern plus vintage. Creatively enhancing your gatherings one at a time.\nPhoto by Feather and Twine & Dresses by Revelry\nCollection\nContact", "url": "https://dixiedoesvintage.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "RC Vintage\nCategories RentingContact RentingContact\nRC Vintage7100 Tujunga AvenueN. Hollywood, CA 91605\n818.765.7107\nRC Vintage7100 Tujunga Avenue, N. Hollywood, CA 91605\n818.765.7107\nhttps://www.rcvintage.com\nAirportAliensAppliances Dishwasher Microwave Refrigerators Stoves And Ovens Washer And DryersAquariums/Fish TanksArcade Bumper Cars Claw Machines Clown Heads Dartboards Figurines Fortune Tellers Gumball Machines Horses Ice Cream Bikes Kiddie Rides Neon Signs Photo Boots Pinball Machines Prize Machines Sports Tables Vending Carts Video GamesArtwork Buildings Macrame Metal Art Misc Shadowboxes Sports Street Scenes AsianBar Bars Chairs/Tables Electronic Dartboards Games Signs StoolsBarber Shop Barber Poles Chairs Furniture Neons/SignsBeauty Salon Chairs Hair Dryers Makeup TablesBedsBenchesBleachers/Stadium SeatsCasino Machines Misc Sets Signs Stools And Chairs TablesCleared ArtClocks Clock Radios/Alarm Wall ClocksCoin Op Kiddie RidesComputersConvenience StoreDiner/Restaurant Booths Cash Registers Coolers/Display Cabinets Counters Menu Boards Neon Restaurant Scales Signage Soda Dispensers Trash Cans Wallboxes Wallboxes/Selectors Tables And ChairsDirectoriesDisplay Cabinets/CasesExit SignsFans Ceiling Fans Floor FansFor SaleFun StuffFurniture Ash Trays Bookcases Cafe Chairs Coffee Tables Deco Furniture Desk Dressing Desk/Office Furniture End Tables Fire Places Kitchen/Dining Tables Misc Rattan School Chairs Sofas Wall Units/CabinetsGold RecordsGothicGumball MachinesJewelry Store Bracelets Display Cabinets Necklaces Rings Safes WatchesJukeboxesKitchen Counter Dressing Kitchen/Dining Tables SinksLighting Chandeliers Desk Lamps Floor Lamps Exotic/Tropical Floor Lamps Modern Floor Lamps Torchieres Floor Lamps Traditional Floor Lamps Vintage Hanging Lamps Deco Hanging Lamps Exterior Hanging Lamps Fluorescents Hanging Lamps Mirror/Disco Balls Hanging Lamps Modern/Contemporary Hanging Lamps Traditional Hanging Lamps Vintage Mid Century Mirror/Disco Balls Misc Picture Lights Restaurant/Bar Lamps Restaurant/Bar Lamps Battery Operated Sconce Chandelier Sconce Craftsman Sconce Deco Sconce Exterior Sconce Mediterranean Sconce Modern/Contemporary Sconce Traditional Sconce Vintage Table Lamps Fun/Exotic/Tropical Lamps Table Lamps Modern/Contemporary Table Lamps Traditional Table Lamps VintageMapsMid Century Chairs Coffee Tables End Tables Lighting SofasMiscMusical PropsNeon ClocksNeons/Light Up Signs Bar/Sport Neons Casino Coffee Shop/Cafe Diner Exterior Neon Signs Ice Cream Light Up Bar Signs Misc Open Signs W/Light Blubs Street Dressing/Service NeonsNew ItemsOversize PropsPatio Furniture Bbq Chairs Chaises Patio Sets UmbrellasPedal Cars/TricyclesPhone Booths Phone Booth PhonesPlants ArtificialPodiumsRobotsRoom DividersRugsStatuesStereo/Radio ConsolesStreet DressingTables/Bases/Chairs Bases Chairs Table TopsTicket BoothsTiki Props Lighting StatuesTrash CansTvs/Radios Alarm Clocks Boom Boxes Radios Record Players Reel To Reels TelevisionsVideo GamesWater Coolers/Drinking Fountains VisitAlley CatsWelcome to RC Vintage Studio RentalsServing Vintage and Mid-Century Americana from 1930 to 2000 to the Motion Picture and Television industry since 1983. We carry a Large Lighting and Neon Selection.OPEN: MONDAY - FRIDAY, 8:00AM - 5:00PM, DOCK CLOSES AT 4:30PM\nFor Prop Transportation, call Jason Tozier at Studio Express 818-237-5928 work or 815-762-2089 cell Download Credit Card Authorization \nRC Vintage7100 Tujunga AvenueN. Hollywood, CA 91605\n818.765.7107\n818.765.7197\n 2024 RC Vintage Privacy Policy Website TermsVisitAlley CatsWebsite by\nWelcome\nLog In:\nUsername\nPassword\nAdmin OnlyClose X\nmaps.google.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://www.rcvintage.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Afaire Vintage Rentals | Orange County, CA\nHome\nAbout\nPress\nIn Real Life\nInspiration\nDetails\nCollections\nAll\nSeating\nAccent Tables\nTables\nTabletop\nPillows, Linens & Rugs\nDecor/ Props\nContact\nStore\nMenu\nStreet Address\nCity, State, Zip\nPhone Number\nOne-of-a-kind Specialty Event Rentals\nspecialty event rentals\nHome\nAbout\nPress\nIn Real Life\nInspiration\nDetails\nCollections\nAll\nSeating\nAccent Tables\nTables\nTabletop\nPillows, Linens & Rugs\nDecor/ Props\nContact\nStore\nSpecialty Event Rentals.\nAt Afaire Vintage we offer an eclectic collection of furniture and prop pieces to rent. Our goal is to show you a number of unique items from which to choose from that are sure to make your special event one-of-a-kind.\nContact Us\nA Design Consultation is FREE with your rental order! Need somewhere to start? Take a look at our packages below! *Packages can easily be customized to meet the needs of your eventGold Package: Loveseat + Two Chairs + Coffee Table + Side Table + Rug Est. Total $600Silver Package: Loveseat OR Two Chairs + One OR Two Side Tables OR Decor Item + Rug Est. Total $400Bronze Package: One Chair + Side Table + Rug Est. Total $200\nClick here for more details\nSeating\nTables\nAccent Tables\nTabletop\nDecor & Props\nWe promise to work with you in bringing freshness to your event or space with our vintage rentals. Whether youre planning the fairy-tale wedding of your dreams, designing a corporate event and setting your sights on impressing your guests, staging a stylish shoot, or simply looking to add some flair to your personal celebration were here to assist you.\nIts so important to us that we help you achieve the event you imagine! If there is something you dont find or see is missing in our collection, please let us know and well do our best to find it for you! If there is something custom you have an idea for well try to make it for you! Think backdrops, favor walls, floral stands, signs, etc. We have some handy folks on our team that are more than happy to make your visions come to life! As they say, If theres a will, theres a way!.\nView fullsize\nView fullsize\nView fullsize\nView fullsize\nView fullsize\nView fullsize\nView fullsize\nView fullsize\n 2023 Afaire Vintage Rentals, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Serving Southern California.\nPRIVACY POLICY\n\n0\nitems\n$0", "url": "https://www.afairevintage.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mustard Vintage - Vintage Furniture and Homewares\nLATEST FINDS\nVINTAGE FURNITURE\nAll Vintage Furniture\nSideboards\nStorage\nDining Tables & Chairs\nDesks/Dressing Tables\nCoffee/Other Tables\nSeating\nRecently Sold\nSustainable Sale\nVINTAGE HOMEWARES\nAll Vintage Homewares\nVintage Brass\nVintage Ceramics\nVintage Wall Art\nRecently Sold Homewares\nABOUT US\nOur Story\nOur Projects\nTestimonials\nVintage Sourcing\nVintage Prop Hire\nPress\nVINTAGE INSPIRATION\nCustomer Gallery\nFavourite Vintage Pieces\nLog in\nSearch\nContact\n07769 673951\[email protected]\nFacebook\nTwitter\nPinterest\nInstagram\n GET 20 OFF YOUR FIRST ORDER OVER 300 - USE CODE: MUSTARD \nMenu\nCart\nLATEST FINDS\nVINTAGE FURNITURE\nAll Vintage Furniture\nSideboards\nStorage\nDining Tables & Chairs\nDesks/Dressing Tables\nCoffee/Other Tables\nSeating\nRecently Sold\nSustainable Sale\nVINTAGE HOMEWARES\nAll Vintage Homewares\nVintage Brass\nVintage Ceramics\nVintage Wall Art\nRecently Sold Homewares\nABOUT US\nOur Story\nOur Projects\nTestimonials\nVintage Sourcing\nVintage Prop Hire\nPress\nVINTAGE INSPIRATION\nCustomer Gallery\nFavourite Vintage Pieces\nLog in\nCart (0)\nSearch\nUnique & Individual\nCreate interiors that stand out from the crowd\nShop Now\nReclaimed & Handcrafted\nFill your home with modern rustic charm\nShop Now\nQuality & Longevity\nTimeless furniture that stands the test of time\nShop now\nTruly sustainable furniture\nMake a REAL difference by buying vintage...\nread more\n1234\nWelcome to Mustard Vintage, a family run business with over 15 years experience supplying high quality vintage furniture to private customers and interior designers throughout the UK. Our aim is simple: to help you create beautiful interiors that are as unique and individual as you are. We use our skills and experience to hand source and lovingly restore the best vintage pieces. You'll spot our furniture taking pride of place in many boutique hotels, restaurants and shops, as well as being featured in acclaimed TV productions and feature films.Browse our latest finds to discover timeless furniture that you truly love - with real character & soul. Then place your order online, and well arrange for our trusted couriers to deliver it directly to your home or business - it's that easy!\nOur Latest Finds\nAdd to Cart\nVintage Rex 120 Plywood Niko Kralj Lounge Chair 2305a\nStol Kamnik\n695.00\nAdd to Cart\nMid Century Scandart Elm Rocking Nursing Armchair 1905d\nScandart\n595.00\nAdd to Cart\nMid Century Reclining Swedish Contour Chair 1905b\nAlf Svensson\n995.00\nAdd to Cart\nMcIntosh Mid Century Teak Extending Dining Table 1805a\nA.H.McIntosh\n495.00\nReclaim > Restore > Relove\nWe are proud to work in a sustainable field - helping to reduce waste and encourage recycling.We RECLAIM items that are no longer wanted, and may have been destined for a skip or landfill.We then lovingly RESTORE each piece by hand in our workshop.And nothing gives us more pleasure than seeing our pieces RELOVED in your homes.\nWhat our customers say...\nI just wanted to let you know joe delighted I am with my new Oak Cabinet! It was a bit of a worry ordering without seeing the item in the flesh, but Im absolutely thrilled with it .\nLouise\nLondon\nSimon & Gemma, My table arrived and I could not be more delighted! It's beautiful - what a gem! I'm really impressed all round - buying vintage furniture can be such a headache, and you guys make it very easy.\nJosephine\nLondon\nThank you for the Beautiful sideboard - from coming across your company unexpectedly, to ordering and delivery - was a painless experience and the end product just fantastic. Felt a bit risky ordering unseen and online - but fears unfounded. Many thanks - will keep my eye on your site going forward for future furniture needs\nMigaela\nLeeds\nJust wanted to tell you how great your service has been. I love love love the item. The delivery man was fast, polite and on time, so Im really pleased with the purchase. Will definitely buy from you again :)\nSharon\nSt Albans\n\"I just wanted to send a quick email to say a big thank you. My partner and I absolutely the love the sideboard, in fact its even better than the original pictures from the website. I was extremely impressed with the fantastic service and efficient delivery provided by your courier.\"\nHamish\nLondon\n\"We have just taken delivery of our second piece of furniture from Mustard Vintage, and we couldnt be happier! Thank you so much, they are both beautiful and fit perfectly in our work in progress 70s home.\"\nGeorgina\nBristol\n\"Thank you so much for being a great company! We have ordered furniture and homewares from various companies recently and you guys really stand out. From your website layout, to ordering, to price point, to delivery (wonderful delivery driver), and the quality of what we ordered is just brilliant. Thank you, and we look forward to coming back for more\"\nMark & Ellie\nDorking\n\"Wow wow wow - I love the desk and school drawers SO MUCH! And your driver was fantastic, as he has been for deliveries before. The items will stay wrapped up for a bit while we decorate but I cant wait to unwrap them!\nThanks so much for a great shopping experience again.\"\nJess\nSurrey\nJust wanted to say we ABSOLUTELY LOVE the vintage telephone seat. Its immaculate and the delivery service was impeccable. The courier kept us up to date with the delivery time and he arrived exactly when he said he would.Thank you so much.\nVicki\nWellingborough\nWe wanted to thank you for a fantastic piece of furniture and a great service. We are really thrilled with the condition and quality of the sideboard and we hope you agree that the warm oak tones go well in our bedroom. Thanks again and we look forward to another purchase from your site soon!\nAndy & Elizabeth\nFarnham\nHi Simon and Gemma, Just writing to let you know that everything fits perfectly and I love it all. I gaze at them constantly as I move around my house. The details, the colours, the design; they are beautiful. I can see that each of your pieces has been carefully selected and lovingly restored.They will be treasured.Best wishes.\nKate\nOxford\nYour courier delivered the little 3 drawer oak G-Plan chest of drawers to me this week and I just wanted to say thank you - I totally love it!! Ive been on the look-out for one for ages and its, as you said, the loveliest colour. Im so pleased with the item, the quick delivery and Ill never tire of the upside surprise I get when a new old piece of furniture arrives - always beautifully made! Thanks again.\nCatherine\nLondon\nI just wanted to let you know joe delighted I am with my new Oak Cabinet! It was a bit of a worry ordering without seeing the item in the flesh, but Im absolutely thrilled with it .\nLouise\nLondon\nSimon & Gemma, My table arrived and I could not be more delighted! It's beautiful - what a gem! I'm really impressed all round - buying vintage furniture can be such a headache, and you guys make it very easy.\nJosephine\nLondon\nThank you for the Beautiful sideboard - from coming across your company unexpectedly, to ordering and delivery - was a painless experience and the end product just fantastic. Felt a bit risky ordering unseen and online - but fears unfounded. Many thanks - will keep my eye on your site going forward for future furniture needs\nMigaela\nLeeds\nJust wanted to tell you how great your service has been. I love love love the item. The delivery man was fast, polite and on time, so Im really pleased with the purchase. Will definitely buy from you again :)\nSharon\nSt Albans\n\"I just wanted to send a quick email to say a big thank you. My partner and I absolutely the love the sideboard, in fact its even better than the original pictures from the website. I was extremely impressed with the fantastic service and efficient delivery provided by your courier.\"\nHamish\nLondon\n\"We have just taken delivery of our second piece of furniture from Mustard Vintage, and we couldnt be happier! Thank you so much, they are both beautiful and fit perfectly in our work in progress 70s home.\"\nGeorgina\nBristol\n\"Thank you so much for being a great company! We have ordered furniture and homewares from various companies recently and you guys really stand out. From your website layout, to ordering, to price point, to delivery (wonderful delivery driver), and the quality of what we ordered is just brilliant. Thank you, and we look forward to coming back for more\"\nMark & Ellie\nDorking\n\"Wow wow wow - I love the desk and school drawers SO MUCH! And your driver was fantastic, as he has been for deliveries before. The items will stay wrapped up for a bit while we decorate but I cant wait to unwrap them!\nThanks so much for a great shopping experience again.\"\nJess\nSurrey\nJust wanted to say we ABSOLUTELY LOVE the vintage telephone seat. Its immaculate and the delivery service was impeccable. The courier kept us up to date with the delivery time and he arrived exactly when he said he would.Thank you so much.\nVicki\nWellingborough\nWe wanted to thank you for a fantastic piece of furniture and a great service. We are really thrilled with the condition and quality of the sideboard and we hope you agree that the warm oak tones go well in our bedroom. Thanks again and we look forward to another purchase from your site soon!\nAndy & Elizabeth\nFarnham\nHi Simon and Gemma, Just writing to let you know that everything fits perfectly and I love it all. I gaze at them constantly as I move around my house. The details, the colours, the design; they are beautiful. I can see that each of your pieces has been carefully selected and lovingly restored.They will be treasured.Best wishes.\nKate\nOxford\nYour courier delivered the little 3 drawer oak G-Plan chest of drawers to me this week and I just wanted to say thank you - I totally love it!! Ive been on the look-out for one for ages and its, as you said, the loveliest colour. Im so pleased with the item, the quick delivery and Ill never tire of the upside surprise I get when a new old piece of furniture arrives - always beautifully made! Thanks again.\nCatherine\nLondon\nI just wanted to let you know joe delighted I am with my new Oak Cabinet! It was a bit of a worry ordering without seeing the item in the flesh, but Im absolutely thrilled with it .\nLouise\nLondon\n123456789101112\nREAD MORE\nFollow us on Instagram\nWhat makes us different?\nHere at Mustard Vintage we dont just buy and sell on like other dealers... we hand source every piece and bring it back to our workshop where it is lovingly restored. With years of experience behind us, we know the right (and wrong!) techniques to use to breathe new life into old pieces. The end result is high quality vintage furniture that retains its much loved character and soul.\nRead more\nWhy buy Vintage?\nVintage furniture and homewares were made at a time where craftsmanship and quality mattered. The fact that so many vintage pieces have survived is testament to that. In Britain alone, we throw out an estimated 22 million pieces of furniture each year - most of which ends up in landfill. By choosing to buy vintage you are not only investing in the quality and craftsmanship of these original pieces, but you are also making a positive impact on our environment. Vintage is THE sustainable way to shop for your home.\nRead More\nAS SEEN IN\n123\nDON'T MISS OUT!\nSign up to our email newsletter and get early access to stock drops, sales & exclusive offers straight to your inbox!\nSubscribe\nHOW CAN WE HELP?\nContact Us\nDelivery\nFAQs\nTerms & Conditions\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Service\nRefund policy\nGET IN TOUCH\[email protected]\n07769 673951\nGET SOCIAL\nFacebook\nTwitter\nPinterest\nInstagram\nOUR MISSION\nOur aim is simple: to help you create beautiful interiors that are true to you, providing statement vintage furniture and homewares that each tell their own story, and make your interiors as unique and individual as you are.\n 2024, Mustard Vintage\nClose (esc)\nDON'T MISS OUT!\nSign up to our email newsletter to get early access to stock drops, sales & special offers!\nSubscribe\nAge verification\nBy clicking enter you are verifying that you are old enough to consume alcohol.\nEnter\nSearch\nSearch\nMain Menu\nFURNITURE\nHOMEWARES\nPROJECTS\nCUSTOMER GALLERY\nFAQs\nDELIVERY\nABOUT US\nCONTACT US\nShopping Cart\nYour cart is currently empty.\nShop now", "url": "https://www.mustardvintage.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "SPARK VINTAGE RENTAL WE RENT FURNITURE WITH PERSONALITY AND STYLE SO YOU CAN THROW A PARTY THAT EVERYONE WILL REMEMBER\nAboutFAQRentals\nWishlist Rugs Seating Furniture Decor Pillows, Poufs, Textiles\nStagingInspiration\nInstagram LOUNGE PACKAGES Blog\nContactBrowse Rentals\nMenu\nClose\nhome staging + event rentals in nashville, tn\nSTAGE MY HOUSE\nRENT FOR MY EVENT\nEVENT RENTALS\nSpark Vintage Rentals Warehouse\nHOME STAGING\nLebanon Staging Project for Both Minds Design\nWe love working with Spark! Their sales team is quick to respond and helpful with design. Their pieces are unique and fun and really elevate our designs and events. And even their delivery process is professional, respectful of the space, prompt and friendly!\nKasey Schaeffer\nKS Events\nErin Sparks- Founder of Spark\nERIN SPARKS\nFOUNDER/OWNER\nNICE TO MEET YOU!Spark Vintage is a specialty rental company based in Nashville, TN. We exist to help our clients put their unique personality and style into their events & photo shoots. We also offer real estate home staging services with a focus on Nashvilles character homes.\nOwner/Founder, Erin Sparks started Spark Vintage in 2016. At first, the inventory was stored in the basement of Erin and husband Zaks South Nashville home. I am so grateful for those first few customers. I would not be here if it werent for a handful of amazing and generous people taking a chance on a brand new business. Erin recalls.\nSpark Vintagenow calls an 8,000 sq ft warehouse just outside of Nashville home and is still just getting started.This is a company with big dreams of helping people put their unique flair into their events and homes. We hope to have the honor of working with YOU sometime very soon!\nSTAY IN THE KNOW\nFirst Name\nLast Name\nEmail address:\nLeave this field empty if you're human:\nVISIT OUR WAREHOUSE\n117 Wheeler Street\nLavergne,TN 37086\nClick Here To Email Us\nFacebook-f\nPinterest\nInstagram\n615-375-0330\n2019 Spark Vintage Rentals | All Rights Reserved | Site By SKYROCKET DESIGN LAB\nAbout\nFAQ\nRentals\nWishlist\nRugs\nSeating\nFurniture\nDecor\nPillows, Poufs, Textiles\nStaging\nInspiration\nInstagram\nLOUNGE PACKAGES\nBlog\nContact\nBrowse Rentals", "url": "https://sparkvintagerentals.com/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Go!Animate Studios | GoAnimate V2 Wiki | Fandom\nGoAnimate V2 Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nCommunity\nAdministrators\nUsers\nWikia Staff\nContent\nTroublemakers\nReport grounded videos out of users\nReport Character Pages without GA Version\nRecent blog posts\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nGoAnimate V2 Wiki\n13,105pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nCommunity\nAdministrators\nUsers\nWikia Staff\nContent\nTroublemakers\nReport grounded videos out of users\nReport Character Pages without GA Version\nRecent blog posts\nin:\nStudios, Companies, Subsidiaries,\nand\n4 more\nFictional Companies\nSubsidiaries of GoAnimate.com\nGoAnimate Studios\nFanmade Companies\nGo!Animate Studios\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nVyond Studios formerly Vyond Pictures but GoAnimate Pictures is still around don't say it isn'tis an animation studio owned byVyond.com. It was founded by Alvin Hung and C Elbourn aka. Cayby J (who later founded C.E. Animation Studios). It's most financially succesful film to this date is Go!Animate: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut (2002). The company has also produced the Tigrus879 GoAnimate movies, Coulden Pettit's Erika Adventures series, AMSalley94 the movie, GoAnimate Adventures, the GoAnimate show, ccateni the movie, and the Comedy World tv series. It is not real logo.\nFilmography[]\nProductions\nGo!Animate The movie (2006, in association with 20th Century Fox Animation)\nBrian: The Movie (2014, in association with Anthonyg3281 Productions)\nEric the movie (Joey Ware version, 2013, in association with Vyond Studios)\nEric the movie (Brendan Barney version, 2014, in association with Brendan Barney Productions)\nKristin Konkle the movie (2013, bought by GoAnimate Studios in 2014, in association with Wild Animation Inc)\nBrian and PC Guy 2014 (Last Film With Go!Animate Pictures Name With Paramount Pictures Warner Bros Pictures Warner Animation Group, Klasky Csupo,Valve Corperation, Nickelodeon Movies,Cartoon Network Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios CMSMG Industries and CMSMG Animation\nComedy World. Up until 2006, it was credited as GoAnimate Pictures.\nReleases (through Universal Pictures, under the Go!Animate Pictures banner):\nDylan the movie (2014, in association with TheJoJuan4444 Studios and Dylan Productions)\nKristin Konkle the sequel (2014, in association with Wild Animation Inc. and GoAnimate Peepz Company a production label of GoAnimate Studios\nBrendan Barney the movie (2014)\nKriston Konkle The Spin-Off (2015 Distribution Only by Columbia Pictures Shangri La Imagemovers C2 Pictures The haylcon Company)\nMovies (any real companies such as Fox/Warner Bros/etc might be mentioned just for fun):\nGo!Animate: Bigger, Longer and Uncut(2002, in association with Paramount Pictures)\nLil' Petz(2005, in assoication with Nickelodeon Movies, AsaelToons Studios and Paramount Pictures)\nComedy World: The Movie(2016, in association with Paramount Pictures)\nGo!Animate the Movie (2006/2013, in association with 20th Century Fox Animation C.E. Animation Studios,20th Century FOX,and Paramount Pictures)\nShrek Meets Comedy World (2013, in association with Tigrus879 Productions and Dream Works Animation SKG; Distributed By Paramount Pictures (Domestic) & 20th Century Fox (Worldwide)\nThe Tigrus879 GoAnimate movie (2013; uncredited, in association with Currency Bros Inc. and Tigrus879 Productions)\nKristin Konkle the movie (2013, in association with Wild Animation Inc. and this company's distribution department, GoAnimate Pictures)\nThe Tigrus879 GoAnimate movie 2 (2013/2014, in association with 20th Century Fox Animation and Tigrus879 Productions)\nErika Adventures, Makron's Revenge (2014, in association with Warner Bros. Pictures and ID Software)\nKristin Konkle, the sequel (2014, in association with Wild Animation Inc. and GoAnimate Pictures)\nTigrus879 the movie 3, Japan Rising (2014, in association with 20th Century Fox Animation and Tigrus879 Productions)\nErika Adventures 2, Black Mesa (2014, in association with Warner Bros. Pictures, Valve Corporation, and ID Software)\nAMSalley94 the movie (Upcoming)\nKristin Konkle, Battle of Toronto (Upcoming, in association with Wild Animation Inc. and GoAnimate Pictures)\nUnnamed Shrek Meets Comedy World sequel (TBA, in association with DreamWorks Animation SKG)\nThe Great Warriors, A GoAnimate Adventures movie (Upcoming, in association with 20th Century Fox Animation, Zephyr Pictures, and Tigrus879 Productions)\nUnnamed fourth Tigrus879 movie (TBA, in association with 20th Century Fox Animation and Tigrus879 Productions)\nGoAnimate the Movie 2 (2017, in association with 20th Century Fox Animation and C.E. Animation Studios)\nGo!Animate Medal Of Honor Warfighter the Movie (2014, with Stupid Penguin Productions and Russian Seashell flash Studios)\nccateni the movie (November, with ccateni pictures and paramount pictures)\nBrian and PC Guy 2 Upcoming (with Paramount Pictures Warner Bros Pictures Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios, Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon Movies, Valve Corporation, Klasky Csupo Warner Animation Group CMSMG Industries and CMSMG Animation\nNick Jones Sucks (2015) (with Columbia Pictures FOX Searchlight Pictures and Ghost House Pictures\nThe Eric Movie (2015) (With Wolf Films Columbia Pictures Universal Pictures CMSMG Animation/Industries Valve Corperation)\nTaylor's Series Saga: Rise Of The Crystal (2015) (with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, GoAnimate Pictures, Jack Dawson Films, Adult Mall and Taylor Team Family)\nNon-GoAnimate Movies:\nLil' Petz: The Movie (1998, in association with Goofy Pictures, Asaeltoons Studios and Walt Disney Pictures) (uncredited)\nTV & Internet Series:\nComedy World (1997-2009)\nThe GoAnimate Show (2007-2012, in association with C.E. Animation Studios)\nGoAnimate Adventures (2014-present, in association with 20th Century Fox Television, 20th Century Fox Animation, Zephyr Pictures, and Tigrus879 Productions)\nLorva Gets grounded (2014-present, in association with 20th Century Fox Animation, Phillip Psareas, and Tigrus879 Productions)\nThe Awful Life of Caillou (2014-present in association with Leilah Delattre Films, and Anti-Caillou Pictures)\nAwesometoons (2014-present, in association with Leilah Delattre Films)\nLogo History[]\nThe company's logo has evolved thoughout the years. Check these logos out:\n(Newest) Theatrical Logo: This video is unavailable. Sorry about that.\nTaken from Planet Eric (2001)Taken from Go!Animate the Movie (2006)Taken from The Tigrus879 GoAnimate movie 2 (2013)Taken from Tigrus879 the movie 3, Japan Rising (2014) and from GoAnimate Medal Of Honor movie (2014)Taken from AMSalley94 the movie (upcoming)From Brian and PC Guy 2014From A Trailer Of Brian And PC Guy (2014)From The Teaser Trailer Of Time Watchers (2014) and Final Trailer Of Brian and PC Guy (2014)from the Awesometoons ShortsFrom the later Awesometoons shorts.\nCategories\nCategories:\nStudios\nCompanies\nSubsidiaries\nFictional Companies\nSubsidiaries of GoAnimate.com\nGoAnimate Studios\nFanmade Companies\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore GoAnimate V2 Wiki\n1\nRosie Anderson\n2\nLauren McCormick\n3\nDylan Dawson\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nGoAnimate V2 Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://goanimate-v2.fandom.com/wiki/Go!Animate_Studios" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Edgar Allan Poe - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life and education\n2Military career\n3Publishing career\nToggle Publishing career subsection\n3.1Philadelphia\n3.2The Bronx\n4Death\nToggle Death subsection\n4.1Griswold's memoir\n5Literary style and themes\nToggle Literary style and themes subsection\n5.1Genres\n5.2Literary theory\n6Legacy\nToggle Legacy subsection\n6.1Influence\n6.2Physics and cosmology\n6.3Cryptography\n7In popular culture\nToggle In popular culture subsection\n7.1As a character\n7.2Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums\n7.3Photographs\n7.4Poe Toaster\n8List of selected works\n9See also\n10References\nToggle References subsection\n10.1Citations\n10.2Sources\n11Further reading\n12External links\nToggle the table of contents\nEdgar Allan Poe\n144 languages\nAfrikaansAnarkielngliscAragonsAsturianuAymar aruAzrbaycanca / Bn-lm-g ()BosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaChiTumbukaCymraegDanskDavvismegiellaDeutschEestiEmilin e rumagnlEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFroysktFranaisFryskGaeilgeGaelgGalego/Hak-k-ngHausaHrvatskiIdoIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueslenskaItalianoJawaKapampanganKernowekKotavaKreyl ayisyenKriyl gwiyannenKurdLatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLimburgsLingua Franca NovaLivvinkarjalaMagyarMalagasyMoriBahasa Melayu / Mng-dng-ngMirandsNhuatlNederlandsNedersaksies Norsk bokmlNorsk nynorskNouormandNovialOccitanOzbekcha / PatoisPiemontisPlattdtschPolskiPortugusRomnRuna Simi ScotsSeelterskShqipSimple EnglishSloveninaSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogTrkeTing VitVolapkWinarayYorbZazaki\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquoteWikisourceWikiversity\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican writer and critic (18091849)\n\"Poe\" and \"Edgar Poe\" redirect here. For other uses, see Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation) and Poe (disambiguation).\nEdgar Allan PoePoe in 1849BornEdgar Poe(1809-01-19)January 19, 1809Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedOctober 7, 1849(1849-10-07) (aged40)Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.Resting placeWestminster Hall and Burying Ground, BaltimoreSpouse\nVirginia Eliza Clemm\n (m.1836; died1847)ParentsDavid Poe Jr.Elizabeth ArnoldRelativesWilliam Henry Leonard Poe (brother)Rosalie Mackenzie Poe (sister)Signature\nTopics related toEdgar Allan Poe\nIn popular culture\nIn music\nIn television and film\nDark Romanticism\nEdgar Awards\nDeath\nBibliography\nvte\nEdgar Allan Poe (nEdgar Poe; January 19, 1809 October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, author, editor, and literary critic who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism and Gothic fiction in the United States, and of American literature.[1] Poe was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story, and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre, as well as a significant contributor to the emerging genre of science fiction.[2] He is the first well-known American writer to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.[3]\nPoe was born in Boston, the second child of actors David and Elizabeth \"Eliza\" Poe.[4] His father abandoned the family in 1810, and when his mother died the following year, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but he was with them well into young adulthood. He attended the University of Virginia but left after a year due to lack of money. He quarreled with John Allan over the funds for his education, and his gambling debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the United States Army under an assumed name, he published his first collection, Tamerlane and Other Poems, credited only to \"a Bostonian\". Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement after the death of Allan's wife in 1829. Poe later failed as an officer cadet at West Point, declared a firm wish to be a poet and writer, and parted ways with Allan.\nPoe switched his focus to prose, and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move between several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. In 1836, he married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, but she died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, he published his poem \"The Raven\" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal The Penn, later renamed The Stylus. But before it began publishing, Poe died in Baltimore in 1849, aged 40, under mysterious circumstances. The cause of his death remains unknown, and has been variously attributed to many causes including disease, alcoholism, substance abuse, and suicide.[5]\nPoe and his works influenced literature around the world, as well as specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. He and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums. The Mystery Writers of America present an annual Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre.\nEarly life and education\nPlaque marking the approximate location of Poe's birth on Carver Street in Boston\nEdgar Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809, the second child of American actor David Poe Jr. and English-born actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. He had an elder brother, Henry, and a younger sister, Rosalie.[6] Their grandfather, David Poe, had emigrated from County Cavan, Ireland, around 1750.[7]\nHis father abandoned the family in 1810,[8] and his mother died a year later from pulmonary tuberculosis. Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful merchant in Richmond, Virginia, who dealt in a variety of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves.[9] The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name \"Edgar Allan Poe\",[10] although they never formally adopted him.[11]\nThe Allan family had Poe baptized into the Episcopal Church in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.[10] The family sailed to the United Kingdom in 1815, and Poe attended the grammar school for a short period in Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland, where Allan was born, before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby's Manor House School at Stoke Newington, then a suburb 4 miles (6km) north of London.[12]\nPoe moved with the Allans back to Richmond in 1820. In 1824, he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city celebrated the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette.[13] In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was said to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond,[14] leaving Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 (equivalent to $20,000,000 in 2023).[15] By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick house called Moldavia.[16]\nPoe may have become engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at the University of Virginia in February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages.[17][18] The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its founder, Thomas Jefferson. It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules were mostly ignored. Jefferson enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty. The unique system was still in chaos, and there was a high dropout rate.[19] During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. He claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, and procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.[20] Poe gave up on the university after a year but did not feel welcome returning to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married another man, Alexander Shelton. He traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper writer,[21] and started using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet during this period.[22]\nMilitary career\nIn May 1827, Poe enlisted in the U.S. Army, where he was first stationed at Fort Independence in Boston.\nPoe was unable to support himself, so he enlisted in the United States Army as a private on May 27, 1827, using the name \"Edgar A. Perry\". He claimed that he was 22 years old even though he was 18.[23] He first served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for five dollars a month.[21] That year, he released his first book, a 40-page collection of poetry titled Tamerlane and Other Poems, attributed with the byline \"by a Bostonian\". Only 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention.[24] Poe's regiment was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina, and traveled by ship on the brig Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to \"artificer\", an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for artillery, and had his monthly pay doubled.[25] He served for two years and attained the rank of Sergeant Major for Artillery, the highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve; he then sought to end his five-year enlistment early. He revealed his real name and his circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who would allow Poe to be discharged only if he reconciled with Allan. Poe wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas; Allan may not have written to Poe even to make him aware of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829, and Poe visited the day after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, Allan agreed to support Poe's attempt to be discharged in order to receive an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.[26]\nPoe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a replacement to finish his enlisted term for him.[27] Before entering West Point, he moved to Baltimore for a time to stay with his widowed aunt Maria Clemm, her daughter Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.[28] In September of that year, Poe received \"the very first words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard\"[29] in a review of his poetry by influential critic John Neal, prompting Poe to dedicate one of the poems to Neal[30] in his second book Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems, published in Baltimore in 1829.[31]\nPoe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830.[32] In October 1830, Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson.[33] The marriage and bitter quarrels with Poe over the children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Poe.[34] Poe decided to leave West Point by purposely getting court-martialed. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, or church. He tactically pleaded not guilty to induce dismissal, knowing that he would be found guilty.[35]\nPoe left for New York in February 1831 and released a third volume of poems, simply titled Poems. The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause, raising a total of $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had written about commanding officers.[36] It was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, labeled as \"Second Edition\", and including a page saying, \"To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated\". The book once again reprinted the long poems \"Tamerlane\" and \"Al Aaraaf\" but also six previously unpublished poems, including early versions of \"To Helen\", \"Israfel\", and \"The City in the Sea\".[37] Poe returned to Baltimore to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder brother Henry had been in ill health, in part due to problems with alcoholism, and he died on August 1, 1831.[38]\nPublishing career\nIn 1835, at age 26, Poe obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia Clemm, who was then age 13; they were married for 11 years until her death, which may have inspired some of Poe's writing.\nAn 1845 portrait of Poe by Samuel Stillman Osgood\nThe cottage in the Fordham section of Bronx, where Poe spent his last years\nAfter his brother's death, Poe began more earnest attempts to start his career as a writer, but he chose a difficult time in American publishing to do so.[39] He was one of the first Americans to live by writing alone[3][40] and was hampered by the lack of an international copyright law.[41] American publishers often produced unauthorized copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans.[40] The industry was also particularly hurt by the Panic of 1837.[42] There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, fueled in part by new technology, but many did not last beyond a few issues.[43] Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised,[44] and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance.[45]\nAfter his early attempts at poetry, Poe had turned his attention to prose, likely based on John Neal's critiques in The Yankee magazine.[46] He placed a few stories with a Philadelphia publication and began work on his only drama Politian. The Baltimore Saturday Visiter awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his short story \"MS. Found in a Bottle\".[47] The story brought him to the attention of John P. Kennedy, a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe place some of his stories and introduced him to Thomas W. White, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond.\nIn 1835, Poe became assistant editor of the Southern Literary Messenger,[48] but White discharged him within a few weeks for being drunk on the job.[49] Poe returned to Baltimore, where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown if they were married at that time.[50] He was 26 and she was 13.\nPoe was reinstated by White after promising good behavior, and he returned to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the Messenger until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.[6] He published several poems, book reviews, critiques, and stories in the paper. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia held a Presbyterian wedding ceremony performed by Amasa Converse at their Richmond boarding house, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm's age as 21.[50][51]\nPhiladelphia\nIn 1838, Poe relocated to Philadelphia, where he lived at four different residences between 1838 and 1844, one of which at 532 N. 7th Street has been preserved as a National Historic Landmark.\nThat same year, Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was published and widely reviewed.[52] In the summer of 1839, he became assistant editor of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing his reputation as a trenchant critic which he had established at the Messenger. Also in 1839, the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in two volumes, though he made little money from it and it received mixed reviews.[53]\nIn June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to start his own journal called The Stylus,[54] although he originally intended to call it The Penn, since it would have been based in Philadelphia. He bought advertising space for his prospectus in the June 6, 1840, issue of Philadelphia's Saturday Evening Post: \"Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe.\"[55] The journal was never produced before Poe's death.\nPoe left Burton's after about a year and found a position as writer and co-editor at Graham's Magazine, a successful monthly publication.[56] In the last number of Graham's for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to an editorial note of celebration of the tremendous success the magazine had achieved in the past year: \"Perhaps the editors of no magazine, either in America or in Europe, ever sat down, at the close of a year, to contemplate the progress of their work with more satisfaction than we do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may assert without fear of contradiction that no periodical ever witnessed the same increase during so short a period.\"[57]\nAround this time, Poe attempted to secure a position in the administration of John Tyler, claiming that he was a member of the Whig Party.[58] He hoped to be appointed to the United States Custom House in Philadelphia with help from President Tyler's son Robert,[59] an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.[60] Poe failed to show up for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to have been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been drunk.[61] Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were filled by others.[62]\nOne evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, or tuberculosis, while singing and playing the piano, which Poe described as breaking a blood vessel in her throat.[63] She only partially recovered, and Poe began to drink more heavily under the stress of her illness. He left Graham's and attempted to find a new position, for a time angling for a government post. He returned to New York where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor of the Broadway Journal, and later its owner.[64] There Poe alienated himself from other writers by publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded.[65] On January 29, 1845, Poe's poem \"The Raven\" appeared in the Evening Mirror and became a popular sensation. It made Poe a household name almost instantly,[66] though he was paid only $9 for its publication.[67] It was concurrently published in The American Review: A Whig Journal under the pseudonym \"Quarles\".[68]\nThe Bronx\nThe Broadway Journal failed in 1846,[64] and Poe moved to a cottage in Fordham, New York, in the Bronx. That home, now known as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, was relocated in later years to a park near the southeast corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road. Nearby, Poe befriended the Jesuits at St. John's College, now Fordham University.[69] Virginia died at the cottage on January 30, 1847.[70] Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe's frequent theme of the \"death of a beautiful woman\" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.[71]\nPoe was increasingly unstable after his wife's death. He attempted to court poet Sarah Helen Whitman, who lived in Providence, Rhode Island. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. There is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail the relationship.[72] Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.[73]\nDeath\nMain article: Death of Edgar Allan Poe\nPoe is interred at Westminster Hall in Baltimore, Maryland (Lat: 39.29027; Long: 76.62333); the circumstances and cause of his death remain uncertain.\nOn October 3, 1849, Poe was found semiconscious in Baltimore, \"in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance\", according to Joseph W. Walker, who found him.[74] He was taken to the Washington Medical College, where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning.[75] Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition and why he was wearing clothes that were not his own. He is said to have repeatedly called out the name \"Reynolds\" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. His attending physician said that Poe's final words were, \"Lord help my poor soul\".[75] All of the relevant medical records have been lost, including Poe's death certificate.[76]\nNewspapers at the time reported Poe's death as \"congestion of the brain\" or \"cerebral inflammation\", common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.[77] The actual cause of death remains a mystery.[78] Speculation has included delirium tremens, heart disease, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation,[5] cholera,[79] carbon monoxide poisoning,[80] and rabies.[81] One theory dating from 1872 suggests that Poe's death resulted from cooping, a form of electoral fraud in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.[82]\nGriswold's memoir\nImmediately after Poe's death, his literary rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold wrote a slanted high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that cast Poe as a lunatic, and which described him as a person who \"walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel, that he was already damned)\".[83]\nThe long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune, signed \"Ludwig\" on the day that Poe was buried in Baltimore. It was further published throughout the country. The obituary began, \"Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it.\"[84] \"Ludwig\" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's literary executor and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.[85]\nGriswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called \"Memoir of the Author\", which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. There he depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman and included Poe's letters as evidence.[85] Many of his claims were either lies or distortions; for example, it is seriously disputed that Poe was a drug addict.[86] Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well,[87] including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a \"Rhadamanthus, who is not to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety\".[88] Griswold's book nevertheless became a popularly accepted biographical source. This was in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an \"evil\" man.[89] Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later revealed as forgeries.[90]\nLiterary style and themes\nGenres\nPoe's best-known fiction works are Gothic horror,[91] adhering to the genre's conventions to appeal to the public taste.[92] His most recurring themes deal with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning.[93] Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticism genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism[94] which Poe strongly disliked.[95] He referred to followers of the transcendental movement as \"Frog-Pondians\", after the pond on Boston Common,[96][97] and ridiculed their writings as \"metaphorrun mad,\"[98] lapsing into \"obscurity for obscurity's sake\" or \"mysticism for mysticism's sake\".[95] Poe once wrote in a letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did not dislike transcendentalists, \"only the pretenders and sophists among them\".[99]\nBeyond horror, Poe also wrote satires, humor tales, and hoaxes. For comic effect, he used irony and ludicrous extravagance, often in an attempt to liberate the reader from cultural conformity.[92] \"Metzengerstein\" is the first story that Poe is known to have published[100] and his first foray into horror, but it was originally intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genre.[101] Poe also reinvented science fiction, responding in his writing to emerging technologies such as hot air balloons in \"The Balloon-Hoax\".[102]\nPoe wrote much of his work using themes aimed specifically at mass-market tastes.[103] To that end, his fiction often included elements of popular pseudosciences, such as phrenology[104] and physiognomy.[105]\nLiterary theory\nPoe's writing reflects his literary theories, which he presented in his criticism and also in essays such as \"The Poetic Principle\".[106] He disliked didacticism[107] and allegory,[108] though he believed that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent just beneath the surface. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art.[109] He believed that work of quality should be brief and focus on a specific single effect.[106] To that end, he believed that the writer should carefully calculate every sentiment and idea.[110]\nPoe describes his method in writing \"The Raven\" in the essay \"The Philosophy of Composition\", and he claims to have strictly followed this method. It has been questioned whether he really followed this system, however. T.S. Eliot said: \"It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method.\"[111] Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as \"a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization\".[112]\nLegacy\nInfluence\nAn 1875 illustration of Poe by French impressionist douard Manet for the Stphane Mallarm translation of \"The Raven\"\nPoe depicted in a modern retouched version of the daguerreotype\nDuring his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic. Fellow critic James Russell Lowell called him \"the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America\", suggestingrhetoricallythat he occasionally used prussic acid instead of ink.[113] Poe's caustic reviews earned him the reputation of being a \"tomahawk man\".[114] A favorite target of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who was often defended by his literary friends in what was later called \"The Longfellow War\". Poe accused Longfellow of \"the heresy of the didactic\", writing poetry that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.[115] Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, concluding, \"We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Future\".[116]\nPoe was also known as a writer of fiction and became one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States.[117] Poe is particularly respected in France, in part due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work in Continental Europe.[118]\nPoe's early detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, \"Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?\"[119] The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the \"Edgars\".[120] Poe's work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, also known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields.[121] Science fiction author H.G. Wells noted, \"Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago\".[122] In 2013, The Guardian cited Pym as one of the greatest novels ever written in the English language, and noted its influence on later authors such as Doyle, Henry James, B. Traven, and David Morrell.[123]\nHorror author and historian H. P. Lovecraft was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an entire section of his long essay, \"Supernatural Horror in Literature\", to his influence on the genre.[124] In his letters, Lovecraft described Poe as his \"God of Fiction\".[125] Lovecraft's earlier stories express a significant influence from Poe.[126] A later work, At the Mountains of Madness, quotes him and was influenced by The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket.[127] Lovecraft also made extensive use of Poe's unity of effect in his fiction.[128] Alfred Hitchcock once said, \"It's because I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much that I began to make suspense films\".[129] Many references to Poe's works are present in Vladimir Nabokov's novels.[130]\nLike many famous artists, Poe's works have spawned imitators.[131] One trend among imitators of Poe has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to be \"channeling\" poems from Poe's spirit. One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who published Poems from the Inner Life in 1863, in which she claimed to have \"received\" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as \"The Bells\", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.[132]\nPoe has also received criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.[117] William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him \"vulgar\".[133] Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to \"The Raven\" by saying, \"I see nothing in it\",[134] and derisively referred to Poe as \"the jingle man\".[135] Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing \"falls into vulgarity\" by being \"too poetical\"the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.[136]\nIt is believed that only twelve copies have survived of Poe's first book Tamerlane and Other Poems. In December 2009, one copy sold at Christie's auctioneers in New York City for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.[137]\nPhysics and cosmology\nEureka: A Prose Poem, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the Big Bang theory by 80 years,[138][139] as well as the first plausible solution to Olbers' paradox.[140][141]\nPoe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure intuition.[142] For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science,[142] but insisted that it was still true[143] and considered it to be his career masterpiece.[144] Even so, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignored Newtonian principles regarding the density and rotation of planets.[145]\nCryptography\nPoe had a keen interest in cryptography. He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers which he proceeded to solve.[146] In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called \"A Few Words on Secret Writing\" in Graham's Magazine. Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote \"The Gold-Bug\" incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the story.[147] Poe's success with cryptography relied not so much on his deep knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simple substitution cryptogram) as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.[146] The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.[148]\nTwo ciphers he published in 1841 under the name \"W.B. Tyler\" were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote from Joseph Addison's play Cato; the other is probably based on a poem by Hester Thrale.[149][150]\nPoe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime. William Friedman, America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe.[151] Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading \"The Gold-Bug\" as a child, an interest that he later put to use in deciphering Japan's PURPLE code during World WarII.[152]\nIn popular culture\nAs a character\nMain articles: Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture and Edgar Allan Poe in television and film\nThe historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often in order to represent the \"mad genius\" or \"tormented artist\" and in order to exploit his personal struggles.[153] Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities.[154] Often, fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery-solving skills in such novels as The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl.[155]\nPreserved homes, landmarks, and museums\nThe Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site in Philadelphia, one of several preserved former residences of Poe\nNo childhood home of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The oldest standing home in Richmond, the Old Stone House, is in use as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the Allan family, and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 West Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to have used while studying at the University of Virginia in 1826; it is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is overseen by a group of students and staff known as the Raven Society.[156]\nThe earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is at 203 North Amity St. in Baltimore, which is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia and possibly his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe.[157] It is open to the public and is also the home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society.\nWhile in Philadelphia between 1838 and 1844, Poe lived at at least four different residences, including the Indian Queen Hotel at 15 S. 4th Street, at a residence at 16th and Locust Streets, at 2502 Fairmount Street, and then in the Spring Garden section of the city at 532 N. 7th Street, a residence that has been preserved by the National Park Service as the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site.[158][159] Poe's final home in Bronx, New York City, is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage.[70]\nIn Boston, a commemorative plaque on Boylston Street is several blocks away from the actual location of Poe's birth.[160][161][162][163] The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; also, the street has since been renamed \"Charles Street South\".[164][163] A \"square\" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor,[165] but it disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated \"Edgar Allan Poe Square\".[166]\nIn March 2014, fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial sculpture, known as Poe Returning to Boston, at this location. The winning design by Stefanie Rocknak depicts a life-sized Poe striding against the wind, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a \"paper trail\" of literary works embedded in the sidewalk behind him.[167][168][169] The public unveiling on October 5, 2014, was attended by former U.S. poet laureate Robert Pinsky.[170]\nOther Poe landmarks include a building on the Upper West Side, where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York City. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote \"The Raven\" here. On Sullivan's Island in Charleston County, South Carolina, the setting of Poe's tale \"The Gold-Bug\" and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 at Fort Moultrie, there is a restaurant called Poe's Tavern. In the Fell's Point section of Baltimore, a bar still stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death. Known as \"The Horse You Came in On\", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call \"Edgar\" haunts the rooms above.[171]\nPhotographs\nAn 1848 \"Ultima Thule\" daguerreotype of Poe\nEarly daguerreotypes of Poe continue to arouse great interest among literary historians.[172] Notable among them are:\n\"Ultima Thule\" (\"far discovery\") to honor the new photographic technique; taken in November 1848 in Providence, Rhode Island, probably by Edwin H. Manchester\n\"Annie\", given to Poe's friend Annie L. Richmond; probably taken in June 1849 in Lowell, Massachusetts, photographer unknown\nPoe Toaster\nMain article: Poe Toaster\nBetween 1949 and 2009, a bottle of cognac and three roses were left at Poe's original grave marker every January 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the \"Poe Toaster\". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church in Baltimore, where Poe is buried; he claimed on August 15, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed,[173] and some details which he gave to the press are factually inaccurate.[174] The Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, the day of Poe's bicentennial.[175]\nList of selected works\nMain article: Edgar Allan Poe bibliography\nShort stories\n\"The Black Cat\"\n\"The Cask of Amontillado\"\n\"A Descent into the Maelstrm\"\n\"The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar\"\n\"The Fall of the House of Usher\"\n\"The Gold-Bug\"\n\"Hop-Frog\"\n\"The Imp of the Perverse\"\n\"Ligeia\"\n\"The Masque of the Red Death\"\n\"Morella\"\n\"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\"\n\"Never Bet the Devil Your Head\"\n\"The Oval Portrait\"\n\"The Pit and the Pendulum\"\n\"The Premature Burial\"\n\"The Purloined Letter\"\n\"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether\"\n\"The Tell-Tale Heart\"\n\"Loss of Breath\"\nPoetry\n\"Al Aaraaf\"\n\"Annabel Lee\"\n\"The Bells\"\n\"The City in the Sea\"\n\"The Conqueror Worm\"\n\"A Dream Within a Dream\"\n\"Eldorado\"\n\"Eulalie\"\n\"The Haunted Palace\"\n\"To Helen\"\n\"Lenore\"\n\"Tamerlane\"\n\"The Raven\"\n\"Ulalume\"\nOther works\nPolitian (1835) Poe's only play\nThe Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838) Poe's only complete novel\nThe Journal of Julius Rodman (1840) Poe's second, unfinished novel\n\"The Balloon-Hoax\" (1844) A journalistic hoax printed as a true story\n\"The Philosophy of Composition\" (1846) Essay\nEureka: A Prose Poem (1848) Essay\n\"The Poetic Principle\" (1848) Essay\n\"The Light-House\" (1849) Poe's last, incomplete work\nSee also\nSpeculative fiction/Horror portalPoetry portal\nEdgar Allan Poe and music\nPoe, a crater on Mercury\nUSSE.A. Poe\nReferences\nCitations\n^ Sun, Chunyan (April 23, 2015). \"Horror from the SoulGothic Style in Allan Poe's Horror Fictions\" (PDF). English Language Teaching. 8 (5). Canadian Center of Science and Education. doi:10.5539/elt.v8n5p94.\n^ Stableford 2003, pp.1819.\n^ a b Meyers 1992, p.138.\n^ Semtner, Christopher P. (2012). Edgar Allan Poe's Richmond: the Raven in the River City. Charleston, SC: History Press. p.15. ISBN978-1-60949-607-4. OCLC779472206.\n^ a b Meyers 1992, p.256\n^ a b Allen 1927\n^ Quinn 1998, p.13.\n^ Canada 1997.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.8.\n^ a b Meyers 1992, p.9\n^ Quinn 1998, p.61.\n^ Silverman 1991, pp.1618.\n^ PoeMuseum.org 2006.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.20.\n^ 16341699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 17001799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.\n^ Silverman 1991, pp.2728.\n^ Silverman 1991, pp.2930.\n^ University of Virginia. A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia. Second Session, Commencing February 1, 1826. Charlottesville, VA: Chronicle Steam Book Printing House, 1880, p. 10\n^ Meyers 1992, pp.2122.\n^ Silverman 1991, pp.3234.\n^ a b Meyers 1992, p.32\n^ Silverman 1991, p.41.\n^ Cornelius 2002, p.13.\n^ Meyers 1992, pp.3334.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.35.\n^ Silverman 1991, pp.4347.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.38.\n^ Cornelius 2002, pp.1314.\n^ Sears 1978, p.114, quoting a letter from Poe to Neal.\n^ Lease 1972, p.130.\n^ Sova 2001, p.5.\n^ Krutch 1926, p.32.\n^ Cornelius 2002, p.14.\n^ Meyers 1992, pp.5455.\n^ Hecker 2005, pp.4951.\n^ Meyers 1992, pp.5051.\n^ Hecker 2005, pp.5354.\n^ Quinn 1998, pp.187188.\n^ Whalen 2001, p.64.\n^ a b Quinn 1998, p.305\n^ Silverman 1991, p.247.\n^ Whalen 2001, p.74.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.99.\n^ Whalen 2001, p.82.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.139.\n^ Lease 1972, p.132.\n^ Sova 2001, p.162.\n^ Sova 2001, p.225.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.73.\n^ a b Silverman 1991, p.124.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.85.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.137.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.113.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.119.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.159.\n^ Sova 2001, pp.39, 99.\n^ Graham, George; Embury, E.; Peterson, Charles; Stephens, A.; Poe, Edgar (December 1841). \"The Closing Year\". Graham's Magazine. Philadelphia, PA: George R. Graham. Retrieved December 2, 2020. We began the year almost unknown; certainly far behind our contemporaries in numbers; we close it with a list of twenty-five thousand subscribers, and the assurance on every hand that our popularity has as yet seen only its dawning. (See page 308 of pdf.)\n^ Quinn 1998, pp.321322.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.186.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.144.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.187.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.188.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.179.\n^ a b Sova 2001, p.34.\n^ Quinn 1998, p.455.\n^ Hoffman 1998, p.80.\n^ Ostrom 1987, p.5.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.530.\n^ Schroth, Raymond A. Fordham: A History and Memoir. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008: 2225.\n^ a b BronxHistoricalSociety.org 2007.\n^ Weekes 2002, p.149.\n^ Benton 1987, p.19.\n^ Quinn 1998, p.628.\n^ Quinn 1998, p.638.\n^ a b Meyers 1992, p.255\n^ Bramsback 1970, p.40.\n^ Silverman 1991, pp.435436.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.435.\n^ CrimeLibrary.com 2008.\n^ Geiling, Natasha. \"The (Still) Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved May 3, 2021.\n^ Benitez 1996.\n^ Walsh 2000, pp.3233.\n^ Van Luling, Todd (January 19, 2017). \"A Vengeful Arch-Nemesis Taught You Fake News About Edgar Allan Poe\". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2019.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.259: To read Griswold's full obituary, see Edgar Allan Poe obituary at Wikisource.\n^ a b Hoffman 1998, p.14\n^ Quinn 1998, p.693.\n^ Sova 2001, p.101.\n^ Lease 1972, p.194, quoting Neal.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.263.\n^ Quinn 1998, p.699.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.64.\n^ a b Royot 2002, p.57\n^ Kennedy 1987, p.3.\n^ Koster 2002, p.336.\n^ a b Ljunquist 2002, p.15\n^ Royot 2002, pp.6162.\n^ \"(Introduction)\". The Raven in the Frog Pond: Edgar Allan Poe and the City of Boston. The Trustees of Boston College. March 31, 2010. Archived from the original (Exhibition at Boston Public Library) on February 3, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2012.\n^ Hayes 2002, p.16.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.169.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.88.\n^ Fisher 1993, pp.142, 149.\n^ Tresch 2002, p.114.\n^ Whalen 2001, p.67.\n^ Hungerford 1930, pp.209231.\n^ Grayson 2005, pp.5677.\n^ a b Krutch 1926, p.225\n^ Kagle 1990, p.104.\n^ Poe 1847, pp.252256.\n^ Wilbur 1967, p.99.\n^ Jannaccone 1974, p.3.\n^ Hoffman 1998, p.76.\n^ Krutch 1926, p.98.\n^ Quinn 1998, p.432.\n^ Zimmerman, Brett (2005). Edgar Allan Poe: Rhetoric and Style. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp.8587. ISBN978-0-7735-2899-4.\n^ Lewis, Paul (March 6, 2011). \"Quoth the detective: Edgar Allan Poe's case against the Boston literati\". boston.com. Globe Newspaper Company. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.\n^ \"Longfellow's Serenity and Poe's Prediction\" (Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society). Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.\n^ a b Meyers 1992, p.258\n^ Harner 1990, p.218.\n^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p.103.\n^ Neimeyer 2002, p.206.\n^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p.364.\n^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p.372.\n^ McCrum, Robert (November 23, 2013). \"The 100 best novels: No 10 The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe (1838)\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.\n^ Joshi 1996, p.382.\n^ Pedersen 2018, pp.172173; Joshi 2013, p.263; St. Armand 1975, p.129.\n^ Jamneck 2012, pp.126151; St. Armand 1975, pp.129130.\n^ Lovecraft 2009; Jamneck 2012, pp.126151; Cannon 1989, pp.101103.\n^ Joshi 2017, pp.xxi.\n^ \"Edgar Allan Poe\". The Guardian. July 22, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2019.\n^ Brian Boyd on Speak, Memory Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Vladimir Nabokov Centennial, Random House, Inc.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.281.\n^ Carlson 1996, p.476.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.274.\n^ Silverman 1991, p.265.\n^ New York Times 1894.\n^ Huxley 1967, p.32.\n^ New York Daily News 2009.\n^ Cappi 1994.\n^ Rombeck 2005.\n^ Harrison 1987.\n^ Smoot & Davidson 1994.\n^ a b Meyers 1992, p.214\n^ Silverman 1991, p.399.\n^ Meyers 1992, p.219.\n^ Sova 2001, p.82.\n^ a b Silverman 1991, p.152\n^ Rosenheim 1997, pp.2, 6.\n^ Friedman 1993, pp.4041.\n^ \"Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text, I find that it previously appeared in the Baltimore Sun of July 4, 1840; and that it was in turn based on a widely reprinted poem (\"Nuptial Repartee\") that first appeared in the June 21, 1813, Morning Herald of London. A manuscript in the hand of Hester Thrale (i.e., Hester Lynch Piozzi) in Harvard's library hints that she may be the true author.\" From Edgar Allan Poe: The Fever Called Living by Paul Collins. Boston: New Harvest/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014: p. 111.\n^ Donn, Jeff (December 2000). \"Poe's puzzle decoded, but meaning is mystery\". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.\n^ Rosenheim 1997, p.15.\n^ Rosenheim 1997, p.146.\n^ Neimeyer 2002, p.209.\n^ Gargano 1967, p.165.\n^ Maslin 2006.\n^ The Raven Society 2014.\n^ Edgar Allan Poe Society 2007.\n^ \"Edgar Allan Poe House\", The Constitutional Walking Tour, August 22, 2018\n^ Burns 2006.\n^ \"Poe & Boston: 2009\". The Raven Returns: Edgar Allan Poe Bicentennial Celebration. The Trustees of Boston College. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2012.\n^ \"Edgar Allan Poe Birth Place\". Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com. Groundspeak, Inc. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2012.\n^ Van Hoy 2007.\n^ a b Glenn 2007\n^ \"An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 17941862\" (Exhibition). Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.\n^ \"Edgar Allan Poe Square\". The City Record, and Boston News-letter. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n^ \"Edgar Allan Poe Square\". Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com. Groundspeak, Inc. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2012.\n^ Fox, Jeremy C. (February 1, 2013). \"Vision for an Edgar Allan Poe memorial in Boston comes closer to reality\". boston.com (Boston Globe). Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2013.\n^ Kaiser, Johanna (April 23, 2012). \"Boston chooses life-size Edgar Allan Poe statue to commemorate writer's ties to city\". boston.com (Boston Globe). Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.\n^ \"About the project\". Edgar Allan Poe Square Public Art Project. Edgar Allan Poe Foundation of Boston, Inc. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.\n^ Lee, M.G. (October 5, 2014). \"Edgar Allan Poe immortalized in the city he loathed\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.\n^ Lake 2006, p.195.\n^ Deas, Michael J. (1989). The Portraits and Daguerreotypes of Edgar Allan Poe. University of Virginia. pp.4751. ISBN978-0-8139-1180-9.\n^ Hall 2007.\n^ Associated Press 2007.\n^ \"Poe Toaster tribute is 'nevermore'\". The Baltimore Sun. Tribune Company. January 19, 2010. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.\nSources\nAllen, Hervey (1927). \"Introduction\". The Works of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: P.F. Collier & Son. OCLC1050810755.\n\"Man Reveals Legend of Mystery Visitor to Edgar Allan Poe's Grave\". Fox News. Associated Press. August 15, 2007. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved December 15, 2007.\nBenitez, R, Michael (September 15, 1996). \"Poe's Death Is Rewritten as Case of Rabies, Not Telltale Alcohol\". The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Based on Benitez, R.M. (1996). \"A 39-year-old man with mental status change\". Maryland Medical Journal. 45 (9): 765769. PMID8810221.\nBenton, Richard P. (1987). \"Poe's Literary Labors and Rewards\". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. pp.125. ISBN978-0-9616449-1-8.\nBramsback, Birgit (1970). \"The Final Illness and Death of Edgar Allan Poe: An Attempt at Reassessment\". Studia Neophilologica. XLII: 40. doi:10.1080/00393277008587456.\nBronxHistoricalSociety.org (2007). \"Edgar Allan Poe Cottage\". Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.\nBurns, Niccole (November 15, 2006). \"Poe wrote most important works in Philadelphia\". School of Communication University of Miami. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2007.\nCappi, Alberto (1994). \"Edgar Allan Poe's Physical Cosmology\". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 35: 177192. Bibcode:1994QJRAS..35..177C.\nCanada, Mark, ed. (1997). \"Edgar Allan Poe Chronology\". Canada's America. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2007.\nCrimeLibrary.com (2008). \"Death Suspicion Cholera\". TruTV.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008.\nCarlson, Eric Walter (1996). A Companion to Poe Studies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-26506-8.\nCannon, Peter (1989). H. P. Lovecraft. Twayne's United States Authors Series. Vol.549. Boston: Twayne. ISBN0-8057-7539-0. OCLC246440364 via Gale.\nCornelius, Kay (2002). \"Biography of Edgar Allan Poe\". In Harold Bloom (ed.). Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN978-0-7910-6173-2.\nEdgar Allan Poe Society (2007). \"The Baltimore Poe House and Museum\". eapoe.org. Retrieved October 13, 2007.\nFisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (1993). \"Poe's 'Metzengerstein': Not a Hoax (1971)\". On Poe: The Best from American Literature. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp.142149. ISBN978-0-8223-1311-3.\nFoye, Raymond, ed. (1980). The Unknown Poe (Paperbacked.). San Francisco, CA: City Lights. ISBN978-0-87286-110-7.\nFrank, Frederick S.; Magistrale, Anthony (1997). The Poe Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-27768-9.\nFriedman, William F. (1993). \"Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer (1936)\". On Poe: The Best from American Literature. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp.4054. ISBN978-0-8223-1311-3.\nGargano, James W. (1967). \"The Question of Poe's Narrators\". In Regan, Robert (ed.). Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p.165. ISBN978-0-13-684963-6.\nGlenn, Joshua (April 9, 2007). \"The house of Poe mystery solved!\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 8, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2019.\nGrayson, Eric (2005). \"Weird Science, Weirder Unity: Phrenology and Physiognomy in Edgar Allan Poe\". Mode 1: 5677.\nHall, Wiley (August 15, 2007). \"Poe Fan Takes Credit for Grave Legend\". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved October 7, 2019.\nHarner, Gary Wayne (1990). \"Edgar Allan Poe in France: Baudelaire's Labor of Love\". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. ISBN978-0-9616449-2-5.\nHarrison, Edward (1987). Darkness at Night: A Riddle of the Universe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-19270-6.\nHarrowitz, Nancy (1984), \"The Body of the Detective Model: Charles S. Peirce and Edgar Allan Poe\", in Eco, Umberto; Sebeok, Thomas (eds.), The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce, Bloomington, IN: History Workshop, Indiana University Press, pp.179197, ISBN978-0-253-35235-4. Harrowitz discusses Poe's \"tales of ratiocination\" in the light of Charles Sanders Peirce's logic of making good guesses or abductive reasoning.\nHayes, Kevin J. (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-79326-1.\nHecker, William J. (2005), Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN978-0-8071-3054-4\nHoffman, Daniel (1998) [1972]. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN978-0-8071-2321-8.\nHungerford, Edward (1930). \"Poe and Phrenology\". American Literature. 1 (3): 209231. doi:10.2307/2920231. JSTOR2920231.\nHuxley, Aldous (1967). \"Vulgarity in Literature\". In Regan, Robert (ed.). Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p.32. ISBN978-0-13-684963-6.\nJamneck, Lynne (August 2012). \"Tekeli-li! Disturbing Language in Edgar Allan Poe and H. P. Lovecraft\". Lovecraft Annual (6): 126151. ISSN1935-6102. JSTOR26868454.\nJannaccone, Pasquale (translated by Peter Mitilineos) (1974). \"The Aesthetics of Edgar Poe\". Poe Studies. 7 (1): 113. doi:10.1111/j.1754-6095.1974.tb00224.x.\nJoshi, S.T. (2013). \"Lovecraft's 'Dunsanian Studies'\". In Joshi, S.T. (ed.). Critical Essays on Lord Dunsany. Scarecrow Press. pp.241264. ISBN978-0-8108-9235-4. OCLC1026953908.\nJoshi, S.T. (1996). H. P. Lovecraft: A Life (Firsted.). West Warwick, Rhode Island: Necronomicon Press. ISBN0-940884-89-5. OCLC34906142.\nJoshi, S.T. (2017). \"Foreword\". In Moreland, Sean (ed.). The Lovecraftian Poe: Essays on Influence, Reception, Interpretation, and Transformation. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press. pp.ixxiv. ISBN978-1-61146-241-8. OCLC973481779.\nKagle, Steven E. (1990). \"The Corpse Within Us\". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. ISBN978-0-9616449-2-5.\nKennedy, J. Gerald (1987). Poe, Death, and the Life of Writing. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-03773-9.\nKoster, Donald N. (2002). \"Influences of Transcendentalism on American Life and Literature\". In Galens, David (ed.). Literary Movements for Students Vol. 1. Detroit: Thomson Gale. ISBN978-0-7876-6518-0. OCLC865552323.\nKrutch, Joseph Wood (1926). Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. (1992 reprint: ISBN978-0-7812-6835-6)\nLake, Matt (2006). Weird Maryland. New York: Sterling Publishing. ISBN978-1-4027-3906-4.\nLease, Benjamin (1972). That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-46969-0.\nLjunquist, Kent (2002). \"The poet as critic\". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.720. ISBN978-0-521-79727-6.\nLovecraft, H.P. (August 20, 2009). \"At the Mountains of Madness\". The H. P. Lovecraft Archive. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017.\nMaslin, Janet (June 6, 2006). \"The Poe Shadow\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2007.\nMeyers, Jeffrey (1992). Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy (Paperbacked.). New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN978-0-8154-1038-6.\nNeimeyer, Mark (2002). \"Poe and Popular Culture\". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.205224. ISBN978-0-521-79727-6.\nNelson, Randy F. (1981). The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann, Inc. ISBN978-0-86576-008-0.\nNew York Daily News (December 5, 2009). \"Edgar Allan Poe's first book from 1827 sells for $662,500; record price for American literature\". Retrieved December 24, 2009.\nNew York Times (May 20, 1894). \"Emerson's Estimate of Poe\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2008.\nOstrom, John Ward (1987). \"Poe's Literary Labors and Rewards\". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. pp.3747. ISBN978-0-9616449-1-8.\n* Pedersen, Jan B.W. (August 2018). \"Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Romantic on the Nightside\". Lovecraft Annual (12): 165173. ISSN1935-6102. JSTOR26868565.\nPoe, Edgar Allan (November 1847). \"Tale-Writing Nathaniel Hawthorne\". Godey's Lady's Book: 252256. Retrieved March 24, 2007.\n\"Celebrate Edgar Allan Poe's 197th Birthday at the Poe museum\". PoeMuseum.org. 2006. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009.\nQuinn, Arthur Hobson (1998). Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN978-0-8018-5730-0. (Originally published in 1941 by New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.)\nThe Raven Society (2014). \"History\". University of Virginia alumni. Retrieved May 18, 2014.\nRombeck, Terry (January 22, 2005). \"Poe's little-known science book reprinted\". Lawrence Journal-World & News.\nRosenheim, Shawn James (1997). The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Poe to the Internet. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN978-0-8018-5332-6.\nRoyot, Daniel (2002), \"Poe's Humor\", in Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.5771, ISBN978-0-521-79326-1\nSears, Donald A. (1978). John Neal. Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN978-0-8057-7230-2.\nSilverman, Kenneth (1991). Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance (Paperbacked.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN978-0-06-092331-0.\nSmoot, George; Davidson, Keay (1994). Wrinkles in Time (Reprinted.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN978-0-380-72044-6.\nSova, Dawn B. (2001). Edgar Allan Poe A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work (Paperbacked.). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN978-0-8160-4161-9.\nStableford, Brian (2003). \"Science fiction before the genre\". In James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.1531. ISBN978-0-521-01657-5.\nSt. Armand, Barton Levi (1975). \"H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent\". Caliban. 12 (1): 127155. doi:10.3406/calib.1975.1046. eISSN2431-1766. S2CID220649713.\nTresch, John (2002). \"Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction\". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.113132. ISBN978-0-521-79326-1.\nVan Hoy, David C. (February 18, 2007). \"The Fall of the House of Edgar\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 7, 2019.\nWalsh, John Evangelist (2000) [1968]. Poe the Detective: The Curious Circumstances behind 'The Mystery of Marie Roget'. New York: St. Martins Minotaur. ISBN978-0-8135-0567-1. (1968 edition printed by Rutgers University Press)\nWeekes, Karen (2002). \"Poe's feminine ideal\". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.148162. ISBN978-0-521-79326-1.\nWhalen, Terance (2001). \"Poe and the American Publishing Industry\". In Kennedy, J. Gerald (ed.). A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.6394. ISBN978-0-19-512150-6.\nWilbur, Richard (1967). \"The House of Poe\". In Regan, Robert (ed.). Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p.99. ISBN978-0-13-684963-6.\nFurther reading\nLibrary resources about Edgar Allan Poe\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\nBy Edgar Allan Poe\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\nAckroyd, Peter (2008). Poe: A Life Cut Short. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN978-0-7011-6988-6.\nBaab-Muguira, Catherine (September 2021). Poe for Your Problems. New York: Running Press. ISBN978-0-7624-9909-0.\nBittner, William (1962). Poe: A Biography. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN978-0-316-09686-7.\nGeorge Washington Eveleth (1922). Thomas Ollive Mabbott (ed.). The letters from George W. Eveleth to Edgar Allan Poe. Bulletin of the New York Public Library. Vol.26 (reprinted.). The New York Public Library.\nHutchisson, James M. (2005). Poe. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN978-1-57806-721-3.\nLevin, Harry (1980). The Power of Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN9780821405819.\nPoe, Harry Lee (2008). Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories. New York: Metro Books. ISBN978-1-4351-0469-3.\nPope-Hennessy, Una (1934). Edgar Allan Poe, 18091849: A Critical Biography. New York: Haskell House.\nRobinson, Marilynne, \"On Edgar Allan Poe\", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXII, no. 2 (February 5, 2015), pp.4, 6.\nTresch, John (2021). The Reason for the Darkness of the Night: Edgar Allan Poe and the Forging of American Science. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-0-3742-4785-0.\nExternal links\nEdgar Allan Poe at Wikipedia's sister projects\nMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceResources from Wikiversity\nListen to this article (33 minutes)\nThis audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 22November2008(2008-11-22), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help More spoken articles)\nWorks by Edgar Allan Poe in eBook form at Standard Ebooks\nWorks by Edgar Allan Poe at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Edgar Allan Poe at Internet Archive\nWorks by Edgar Allan Poe at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)\nWorks by Edgar Allan Poe at Open Library\nEdgar Allan Poe National Historic Site\nEdgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore\nPoe Museum in Richmond, Virginia\nEdgar Allan Poe's Personal Correspondence Archived February 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Shapell Manuscript Foundation\nEdgar Allan Poe's Collection Archived March 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin\n'Funeral' honours Edgar Allan Poe BBC News (with video) 2009-10-11\nSelected Stories from American Studies at the University of Virginia\nEdgar Allan Poe at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\nEdgar Allan Poe at Library of Congress, with 944 library catalog records\nFinding aid to Edgar Allan Poe papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.\nvteEdgar Allan PoeBibliographyPoems\n\"Tamerlane\" (1827)\n\"Al Aaraaf\" (1829)\n\"Sonnet to Science\" (1829)\n\"To Helen\" (1831)\n\"The City in the Sea\" (1831)\n\"The Haunted Palace\" (1839)\n\"The Conqueror Worm\" (1843)\n\"Lenore\" (1843)\n\"Eulalie\" (1843)\n\"The Raven\" (1845)\n\"Ulalume\" (1847)\n\"A Dream Within a Dream\" (1849)\n\"Eldorado\" (1849)\n\"The Bells\" (1849)\n\"Annabel Lee\" (1849)\nTales\n\"Metzengerstein\" (1832)\n\"The Duc de L'Omelette\" (1832)\n\"Bon-Bon\" (1832)\n\"MS. Found in a Bottle\" (1833)\n\"Berenice\" (1835)\n\"Morella\" (1835)\n\"The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall\" (1835)\n\"Ligeia\" (1838)\n\"A Predicament\" (1838)\n\"The Devil in the Belfry\" (1839)\n\"The Man That Was Used Up\" (1839)\n\"The Fall of the House of Usher\" (1839)\n\"William Wilson\" (1839)\n\"The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion\" (1839)\n\"The Business Man\" (1840)\n\"The Man of the Crowd\" (1840)\n\"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" (1841)\n\"A Descent into the Maelstrm\" (1841)\n\"Never Bet the Devil Your Head\" (1841)\n\"Eleonora\" (1841)\n\"The Oval Portrait\" (1842)\n\"The Masque of the Red Death\" (1842)\n\"The Mystery of Marie Rogt\" (1842)\n\"The Pit and the Pendulum\" (1842)\n\"The Tell-Tale Heart\" (1843)\n\"The Gold-Bug\" (1843)\n\"The Black Cat\" (1843)\n\"The Spectacles\" (1844)\n\"A Tale of the Ragged Mountains\" (1844)\n\"The Premature Burial\" (1844)\n\"The Oblong Box\" (1844)\n\"The Angel of the Odd\" (1844)\n\"Thou Art the Man\" (1844)\n\"The Purloined Letter\" (1844)\n\"Some Words with a Mummy\" (1845)\n\"The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade\" (1845)\n\"The Imp of the Perverse\" (1845)\n\"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether\" (1845)\n\"The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar\" (1845)\n\"The Cask of Amontillado\" (1846)\n\"Loss of Breath\" (1846)\n\"Hop-Frog\" (1849)\nEssays\n\"Maelzel's Chess Player\" (1836)\n\"The Philosophy of Furniture\" (1840)\n\"Morning on the Wissahiccon\" (1844)\n\"The Philosophy of Composition\" (1846)\n\"The Poetic Principle\" (1846)\nEureka: A Prose Poem (1848)\nNovels\nThe Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1837)\nThe Journal of Julius Rodman (1840)\nCollections\nTamerlane and Other Poems (1827)\nTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840)\nPlay\nPolitian (1835)\nOther\nThe Conchologist's First Book (1839)\nThe Balloon-Hoax (1844)\nThe Light-House (1849)\nRelated\nVirginia Eliza Clemm Poe (wife)\nEliza Poe (mother)\nDavid Poe Jr. (father)\nWilliam Henry Poe (brother)\nRosalie Mackenzie Poe (sister)\nPoe Museum\nPoe Cottage\nEdgar Allan Poe House and Museum\nNational Historic Site\nThe Stylus magazine\nDeath\nEdgar Awards\nIn popular culture\nfilm and television\nmusic\nPoe Toaster\nTales of Mystery & Imagination\nPortrayals\nEdgar Allen Poe (1909 film)\nThe Raven (1915 film)\nThe Loves of Edgar Allan Poe (1942 film)\nThe Man with a Cloak (1951 film)\nEdgar Allan Poe: Once Upon a Midnight (2004 play)\nThe Raven (2012 film)\nThe Pale Blue Eye (2022 film)\nAssociated subjects\nvteEdgar Allan Poe's \"The Raven\" (1845)Film\nThe Raven (1915)\nThe Raven (1935)\nThe Raven (1963)\nThe Raven (2006)\nEvil Calls: The Raven (2011)\nThe Raven (2012)\nLiterature\nBarnaby Rudge\nThe Blessed Damozel\nCadaeic Cadenza\nMusic\nThe Raven (Lou Reed album)\n\"The Raven\" (The Alan Parsons Project song)\n\"That's How the Story Ends\" (Five Iron Frenzy song)\nOther\nEdgar Allan Poe: Once Upon a Midnight (play)\n\"Treehouse of Horror\"\nThe Raven (painting series)\nThe Pigeon\nVincent\n\"The Raven\" in popular culture\nRelated\nGrip (raven)\nvteEdgar Allan Poe's \"The Tell-Tale Heart\" (1843)Adaptations\nThe Avenging Conscience (1914 silent)\nThe Tell-Tale Heart (1934)\nThe Tell-Tale Heart (1941)\nThe Tell-Tale Heart (1953, American)\nThe Tell-Tale Heart (1953, British)\nThe Tell-Tale Heart (1960)\nTell-Tale (2009)\nTell (2012)\nThe Tell-Tale Heart (2014)\nRelated\nManfish\nThe Dark Eye\nvteEdgar Allan Poe's \"The Fall of the House of Usher\" (1839)Film\nLa Chute de la maison Usher (1928, French)\nThe Fall of the House of Usher (1928, American)\nThe Fall of the House of Usher (1950)\nHouse of Usher (1960)\nThe House of Usher (1989)\nThe Fall of the Louse of Usher (2002)\nDescendant (2003)\nUsher (2004)\nThe House of Usher (2006)\nThe Bloodhound (2020)\nTelevision\nThe Fall of the House of Usher (2023)\nOperas\nLa chute de la maison Usher (Debussy)\nThe Fall of the House of Usher (Glass)\nThe Fall of the House of Usher (Hammill)\nUsher House (Getty)\nThe Fall of the House of Usher (Sitsky)\nOther\nAlone in the Dark\n\"Lady Eleanor\"\nvteEdgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste DupinStories\n\"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\"\n\"The Mystery of Marie Rogt\"\n\"The Purloined Letter\"\nAdaptations\nSherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery (1908)\nMurders in the Rue Morgue (1932)\nThe Mystery of Marie Roget (1942)\nPhantom of the Rue Morgue (1954)\nMurders in the Rue Morgue (1971)\nThe Murders in the Rue Morgue (1986)\nMorgue Street (2012)\nvteEdgar Allan Poe's \"The Pit and the Pendulum\" (1842)Film\nThe Pit and the Pendulum (1913)\nThe Pit and the Pendulum (1961)\nThe Pit and the Pendulum (1964)\nThe Pendulum, the Pit and Hope (1983)\nThe Pit and the Pendulum (1991)\nThe Pit and the Pendulum (2009)\nvteEdgar Allan Poe's \"The Masque of the Red Death\" (1842)\nIn popular culture\nFilms\nThe Plague of Florence (1919)\nThe Masque of the Red Death (1964)\nMask of the Red Death (1969)\nMasque of the Red Death (1989)\nOther media\nBatman: Contagion (comic)\nMasque of the Red Death (game campaign)\nThe Masque of the Red Death (play)\nProspero's Rooms (music composition)\nWendy Pini's Masque of the Red Death (comic)\nvteEdgar Allan Poe's \"The Black Cat\" (1843)Film adaptations\nUnheimliche Geschichten (1919)\nUnheimliche Geschichten (1932)\nThe Black Cat (1934)\nManiac (1934)\nThe Black Cat (1941)\nTales of Terror (1962)\nYour Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key (1972)\nDeath Smiles on a Murderer (1973)\nThe Black Cat (1981)\nTwo Evil Eyes (1990)\nTV adaptations\n\"The Black Cat\"\nvteEdgar Allan Poe's \"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether\" (1845)Film adaptations\nThe System of Doctor Goudron (1913)\nUnheimliche Geschichten (1932)\nThe Forgotten (1973)\nLunacy (2005)\nStonehearst Asylum (2014)\nMusic\n\"(The System of) Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether\"\nArticles related to E. A. Poe\nvteRomanticismCountries\nDenmark\nEngland (literature)\nFrance (literature)\nGermany\nJapan\nNorway\nPoland\nRussia (literature)\nScotland\nSpain (literature)\nSweden (literature)\nMovements\nAncients\nBohemianism\nCoppet group\nCounter-Enlightenment\nDark\nDsseldorf School\nGerman historical school\nGothic revival\nHudson River School\nIndianism\nJena\nLake Poets\nNationalist\nNazarene movement\nNeo\nPre\nSturm und Drang\nPost\nPurismo\nTranscendentalism\nUkrainian school\nUltra\nWallenrodism\nThemes\nBlue flower\nBritish Marine\nGesamtkunstwerk\nGothic fiction\nHero\nByronic\nRomantic\nHistorical fiction\nMal du sicle\nMedievalism\nNoble savage\nNostalgia\nOssian\nPantheism\nRhine\nRomantic genius\nWanderlust\nWeltschmerz\nWhite Mountain art\nWritersBrazil\nAbreu\nAlencar\nManuel Antnio de Almeida\nAlves\nAssis\nAzevedo\nBarreto\nDias\nGuimares\nMacedo\nMagalhes\nReis\nTaunay\nVarela\nFrance\nBaudelaire\nBertrand\nChateaubriand\nDumas\nGautier\nHugo\nLamartine\nMrime\nMusset\nNerval\nNodier\nStal\nVigny\nGermany\nA. v. Arnim\nB. v. Arnim\nBeer\nBrentano\nEichendorff\nFouqu\nGoethe\nBrothers Grimm\nGnderrode\nGutzkow\nHauff\nHeine\nHoffmann\nHlderlin\nJean Paul\nKleist\nKchelbecker\nMrike\nNovalis\nSchwab\nTieck\nUhland\nGreatBritain\nBarbauld\nBlake\nAnne Bront\nC. Bront\nE. Bront\nBurns\nByron\nCarlyle\nClare\nColeridge\nde Quincey\nMaria Edgeworth\nKeats\nMaturin\nPolidori\nRadcliffe\nMary Robinson\nScott\nSeward\nM. Shelley\nP. B. Shelley\nSouthey\nWordsworth\nPoland\nFredro\nKrasiski\nJzef Ignacy Kraszewski\nMalczewski\nMickiewicz\nNorwid\nPotocki\nWincenty Pol\nSowacki\nPortugal\nCastelo Branco\nCastilho\nJoo de Deus\nDinis\nGarrett\nHerculano\nSoares dos Passos\nSerbia\nJaki\nKosti\nNjego\nRadievi\nStojadinovi-Srpkinja\nZmaj\nSpain\nBcquer\nRosala de Castro\nEspronceda\nGutirrez\nSaavedra\nZorrilla\nRussia\nBaratynsky\nBatyushkov\nKaramzin\nLermontov\nPushkin\nTyutchev\nVyazemsky\nZhukovsky\nUSA\nBryant\nCooper\nEmerson\nHawthorne\nJosiah Gilbert Holland\nIrving\nLongfellow\nLowell\nPoe\nOther\nAbovian\nAlfieri\nAndersen\nBaratashvili\nBotev\nChavchavadze\nEminescu\nFoscolo\nFrashri\nGeijer\nNikolai Gogol\nGrundtvig\nHeliade\nIsaacs\nLenau\nLeopardi\nMcha\nManzoni\nMaturin\nOehlenschlger\nOrbeliani\nPreeren\nRaffi\nRuneberg\nShevchenko\nTopelius\nVrsmarty\nWergeland\nMusiciansAustria\nBruckner\nCzerny\nHummel\nMahler\nSchubert\nThalberg\nWolf\nCzechia\nDvok\nMoscheles\nReicha\nSmetana\nVoek\nFrance\nAdam\nAlkan\nAuber\nBerlioz\nFaur\nHalvy\nMhul\nOnslow\nSaint-Sans\nGermany\nBeethoven\nBrahms\nBruch\nKalkbrenner\nLoewe\nMarschner\nFanny Mendelssohn\nFelix Mendelssohn\nMeyerbeer\nMoszkowski\nC. Schumann\nR. Schumann\nSpohr\nStrauss\nWagner\nWeber\nHungary\nErkel\nGoldmark\nHeller\nHubay\nJoachim\nLiszt\nItaly\nBellini\nBusoni\nCherubini\nDonizetti\nPaganini\nRossini\nSpontini\nVerdi\nPoland\nBortkiewicz\nChopin\nLipiski\nMoniuszko\nPaderewski\nStolpe\nTausig\nWieniawski\nRussia\nArensky\nBalakirev\nBorodin\nCui\nGlinka\nLyapunov\nMedtner\nMussorgsky\nRachmaninoff\nRimsky-Korsakov\nRubinstein\nScriabin\nTchaikovsky\nSerbia\nHristi\nKonjovi\nMokranjac\nStankovi\nOther\nBennett\nBerwald\nElgar\nField\nFranck\nGrieg\nSibelius\nSor\nPhilosophers\nBelinsky\nBerchet\nBurke\nCarlyle\nChaadayev\nColeridge\nConstant\nEmerson\nFichte\nGoethe\nHazlitt\nHegel\nKhomyakov\nLamennais\nLarra\nMaistre\nMazzini\nMichelet\nMller\nNovalis\nQuinet\nRousseau\nSchelling\nSchiller\nA. Schlegel\nF. Schlegel\nSchleiermacher\nSenancour\nSnellman\nStal\nThoreau\nTieck\nWackenroder\nVisual artists\nAivazovsky\nBierstadt\nBlake\nBonington\nBryullov\nChassriau\nChurch\nConstable\nCole\nCorot\nDahl\nDavid d'Angers\nDelacroix\nEdelfelt\nFriedrich\nFuseli\nGallen-Kallela\nGricault\nGirodet\nGowacki\nGoya\nGude\nHayez\nJanmot\nJones\nKiprensky\nKoch\nLampi\nLeutze\nMartin\nMichaowski\nPalmer\nPorto-Alegre\nPrault\nRvoil\nRichard\nRude\nRunge\nSaleh\nScheffer\nStattler\nStroy\nTidemand\nTropinin\nTurner\nVeit\nWard\nWiertz\nScholars\nAbraham\nAbrams\nBarzun\nBeiser\nBerlin\nBlanning\nBloom\nBlume\nDahlhaus\nFerber\nFrye\nJanion\nLacoue-Labarthe\nLovejoy\nde Man\nNancy\nRicks\nRosen\nWellek\nRelated topics\nColeridge's theory of life\nGerman idealism\nList of romantics\nList of Romantic poets\nMiddle Ages in history\nOpium and Romanticism\nRomantic ballet\nRomantic epistemology\nRomantic medicine\nRomantic poetry\nRomantic psychology\nRomanticism and economics\nRomanticism and the French Revolution\nRomanticism in science\nBacon\nEvolution theory\nWanderer above the Sea of Fog\n Age of Enlightenment\nModernism \nCategory\nvteHall of Fame for Great Americans inductees\nJohn Adams\nJohn Quincy Adams\nJane Addams\nLouis Agassiz\nSusan B. 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States\nSweden\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nGreece\nKorea\nRomania\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nzbMATH\nArtists\nKulturNav\nMusicBrainz\nRKD Artists\nULAN\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\n2\nOther\nNARA\nRISM\nSNAC\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Allan_Poe&oldid=1223962419\"\nCategories: Edgar Allan Poe1809 births1849 deaths19th-century American dramatists and playwrights19th-century American essayists19th-century American male writers19th-century American non-fiction writers19th-century American novelists19th-century American poets19th-century American short story writers19th-century pseudonymous writersAmerican crime writersAmerican detective fiction writersAmerican fantasy writersAmerican horror writersAmerican literary criticsAmerican male dramatists and playwrightsAmerican male essayistsAmerican male non-fiction writersAmerican male novelistsAmerican male poetsAmerican male short story writersAmerican mystery writersAmerican people of English descentAmerican writers of Irish descentAmerican science fiction writersAmerican speculative fiction writersBurials at Westminster Hall and Burying GroundChild marriage in the United StatesEpic poetsGhost story writersHall of Fame for Great Americans inducteesAmerican literary theoristsNovelists from MarylandNovelists from MassachusettsNovelists from New York (state)Novelists from PennsylvaniaNovelists from VirginiaWriters from the BronxPoe family (United States)19th-century cryptographersRecreational cryptographersRomantic poetsSurrealist writersUnited States Army soldiersUnited States Military Academy alumniUniversity of Virginia alumniUnsolved deaths in the United StatesAmerican weird fiction writersWriters from BaltimoreWriters from BostonWriters from PhiladelphiaWriters from Richmond, VirginiaWriters of American Southern literatureWriters of Gothic fictionHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesFeatured articlesUse American English from October 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from October 2023CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listPages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataPages using Sister project links with default searchArticles with hAudio microformatsSpoken articlesArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with Internet Archive linksArticles with LibriVox linksArticles with Open Library linksArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNC identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with BNMM identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles 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the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Edgar Allan Poe (Author of The Complete Stories and Poems)\nHomeMy BooksBrowse RecommendationsChoice AwardsGenresGiveawaysNew ReleasesListsExploreNews & InterviewsGenresArtBiographyBusinessChildren'sChristianClassicsComicsCookbooksEbooksFantasyFictionGraphic NovelsHistorical FictionHistoryHorrorMemoirMusicMysteryNonfictionPoetryPsychologyRomanceScienceScience FictionSelf HelpSportsThrillerTravelYoung AdultMore GenresCommunity GroupsQuotesAsk the AuthorSign InJoinSign upView profileProfileFriendsGroupsDiscussionsCommentsReading ChallengeKindle Notes & HighlightsQuotesFavorite genresFriends recommendationsAccount settingsHelpSign outHomeMy BooksBrowse RecommendationsChoice AwardsGenresGiveawaysNew ReleasesListsExploreNews & InterviewsGenresArtBiographyBusinessChildren'sChristianClassicsComicsCookbooksEbooksFantasyFictionGraphic NovelsHistorical FictionHistoryHorrorMemoirMusicMysteryNonfictionPoetryPsychologyRomanceScienceScience FictionSelf HelpSportsThrillerTravelYoung AdultMore GenresCommunity GroupsQuotesAsk the Author\nDiscover new books on Goodreads\nSee if your friends have read any of Edgar Allan Poe's books\nSign in with Facebook\nSign in options\nJoin Goodreads\nmore photos (4)\nEdgar Allan Poes Followers (25,967)\nAdd NewVideos\nAdd a comment\nMore videos\nEdgar Allan Poe\nBorn\nin Boston, Massachusetts, The United States\nJanuary 19, 1809\nDied\nOctober 07, 1849\nWebsite\nhttp://www.poemuseum.org\nGenre\nHorror, Poetry, Mystery\nInfluences\nJames Hogg, Thomas de Quincey, E.T.A. Hoffmann, John Milton, Charles\nJames Hogg, Thomas de Quincey, E.T.A. Hoffmann, John Milton, Charles Dickens, Coleridge, Percy Shelley, John Keats, Elizabeth Barrett Browning\n...more\nedit data\nThe name Poe brings to mind images of murderers and madmen, premature burials, and mysterious women who return from the dead. His works have been in print since 1827 and include such literary classics as The Tell-Tale Heart, The Raven, and The Fall of the House of Usher. This versatile writers oeuvre includes short stories, poetry, a novel, a textbook, a book of scientific theory, and hundreds of essays and book reviews. He is widely acknowledged as the inventor of the modern detective story and an innovator in the science fiction genre, but he made his living as Americas first great literary critic and theoretician. Poes reputation today rests primarily on his tales of terror as well as on his haunting lyric poetry.Just as the bizarre c\nThe name Poe brings to mind images of murderers and madmen, premature burials, and mysterious women who return from the dead. His works have been in print since 1827 and include such literary classics as The Tell-Tale Heart, The Raven, and The Fall of the House of Usher. This versatile writers oeuvre includes short stories, poetry, a novel, a textbook, a book of scientific theory, and hundreds of essays and book reviews. He is widely acknowledged as the inventor of the modern detective story and an innovator in the science fiction genre, but he made his living as Americas first great literary critic and theoretician. Poes reputation today rests primarily on his tales of terror as well as on his haunting lyric poetry.Just as the bizarre characters in Poes stories have captured the public imagination so too has Poe himself. He is seen as a morbid, mysterious figure lurking in the shadows of moonlit cemeteries or crumbling castles. This is the Poe of legend. But much of what we know about Poe is wrong, the product of a biography written by one of his enemies in an attempt to defame the authors name.The real Poe was born to traveling actors in Boston on January 19, 1809. Edgar was the second of three children. His other brother William Henry Leonard Poe would also become a poet before his early death, and Poes sister Rosalie Poe would grow up to teach penmanship at a Richmond girls school. Within three years of Poes birth both of his parents had died, and he was taken in by the wealthy tobacco merchant John Allan and his wife Frances Valentine Allan in Richmond, Virginia while Poes siblings went to live with other families. Mr. Allan would rear Poe to be a businessman and a Virginia gentleman, but Poe had dreams of being a writer in emulation of his childhood hero the British poet Lord Byron. Early poetic verses found written in a young Poes handwriting on the backs of Allans ledger sheets reveal how little interest Poe had in the tobacco business.For more information, please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_al...\n...more\nCombine EditionsEdgar Allan Poes books\nEdgar Allan Poe\nAverage rating:\n4.13\n\n1,704,147\nratings\n\n63,835\nreviews\n 9,391 distinct works\n Similar authors\nThe Complete Stories and Poems\n4.39 avg rating 250,654 ratings\n\npublished\n1849\n\n395 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nWant to Read\nCurrently Reading\nRead\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Tell-Tale Heart and Other Writings\n4.19 avg rating 240,425 ratings\n\npublished\n1843\n\n89 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Raven\n4.29 avg rating 148,031 ratings\n\npublished\n1845\n\n376 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Tell-Tale Heart\nby\nEdgar Allan Poe,\nByron Glaser (Illustrator)\n4.24 avg rating 100,652 ratings\n\npublished\n1843\n\n396 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Cask of Amontillado\n4.08 avg rating 79,872 ratings\n\npublished\n1846\n\n313 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Fall of the House of Usher and Other Tales\nby\nEdgar Allan Poe,\nStephen Marlowe (Editor)\n4.17 avg rating 73,769 ratings\n\npublished\n1960\n\n136 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Essential Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe\nby\nEdgar Allan Poe,\nBenjamin Franklin Fisher (Editor)\n4.36 avg rating 69,248 ratings\n\npublished\n1843\n\n17 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Pit and the Pendulum\n4.15 avg rating 68,370 ratings\n\npublished\n1842\n\n328 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Fall of the House of Usher\n3.88 avg rating 71,710 ratings\n\npublished\n1839\n\n816 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Raven and Other Poems\n4.30 avg rating 45,113 ratings\n\npublished\n1845\n\n62 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nMore books by Edgar Allan Poe\nSeries by Edgar Allan Poe\nC. Auguste Dupin\n(3 books)\nby\nEdgar Allan Poe\n3.73 avg rating 65,775 ratings\nSamlade noveller\n(3 books)\nby\nEdgar Allan Poe,\nErik Carlquist (versttare),\nMaria Lfgren (Efterord)\n4.23 avg rating 788 ratings\nTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque\n(1 book)\nby\nEdgar Allan Poe\n4.13 avg rating 654 ratings\nSignora Zenobia\n(2 books)\nby\nEdgar Allan Poe\n3.16 avg rating 754 ratings\nRelated News23 Cozy Mystery Series for Your Next Whodunit Binge Read\nCrime fiction has lots of interesting nooks and crannies. Youve got your traditional detective stories (invented by Edgar Allan Poe, most...Read more...213 likes 55 commentsReaders' Most Anticipated Books of 2023\nGood news, Goodreaders: 2023 is shaping up to be a very busy year for dedicated book people.\nAt the end of each calendar year, the...Read more...933 likes 377 commentsReaders' Most Anticipated Books of December\nIts hard to believe the year 2022 is already coming to an end. That went fast, didnt it? Still, theres just enough time to wedge in a...Read more...160 likes 55 comments\nQuotes by Edgar Allan Poe\n(?)\nQuotes are added by the Goodreads community and are not verified by Goodreads.\n(Learn more)\nI became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity.\n\nEdgar Allan Poe\ntags:\ninsanity,\nsanity\n14409 likes\nLike\nAll that we see or seem is but a dream within a dream.\n\nEdgar Allan Poe\ntags:\ndreaming,\ndreams,\nperception\n11086 likes\nLike\nWe loved with a love that was more than love.\n\nEdgar Allen Poe\ntags:\nlogic,\nlove\n9107 likes\nLike\nSee all Edgar Allan Poe's quotes \nPolls\nOctober Author Spotlight. Which Author do you want to check out?\nEdgar Allen Poe\n2 votes,\n66.7%\nR.L Stine\n1 vote,\n33.3%\nClive Barker\n0 votes,\n0.0%\nH.P Lovecraft.\n0 votes,\n0.0%\n3 total votes\ncomments and details\nSign in to vote \nMore...\nTopics Mentioning This Author\ntopics\nposts\nviews\nlast activity\nKCPL:\nYour Favorite Book Ever!!!\n14\n397\nJan 22, 2009 04:49AM\nThe Next Best Boo...:\nOFFICIAL SPRING CHALLENGE - 2009\n6412\n8985\nJun 14, 2009 02:57PM\nThe Seasonal Read...:\nFALL CHALLENGE 2009 PLANS\n167\n1518\nOct 14, 2009 08:10AM\nThe Book Challenge:\nMeghan's Other 2009 Challenges\n11\n253\nOct 31, 2009 09:58AM\nGoodreads Librari...:\nMisattributed Poe Quote?\n8\n112\nDec 22, 2009 04:20PM\nThe Book Challenge:\nKuutar's challenges 2009\n26\n176\nDec 30, 2009 08:45AM\nWitches, Weres, a...:\nMarch Member Choice - Submit your book of choice now\n13\n61\nFeb 20, 2010 06:06PM\nRomance Readers R...:\n2010 February Monthly Challenge: Participants' Lists Thread\n396\n445\nMar 10, 2010 12:46PM\nMore\nCompany\nAbout us\nCareers\nTerms\nPrivacy\nInterest Based Ads\nAd Preferences\nHelp\nWork with us\nAuthors\nAdvertise\nAuthors & ads blog\nAPI\nConnect\n\n2024\nGoodreads, Inc.\nMobile version\nWelcome back. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "PLOS Medicine - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Aims and scope\n2Abstracting and indexing\n3Notable articles\nToggle Notable articles subsection\n3.1Why Most Published Research Findings Are False (2005)\n3.2Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk (2005)\n3.3Wyeth Ghostwriting Scandal (2009/2010)\n3.4Tamiflu clinical trial data sharing (2012)\n4References\n5External links\nToggle the table of contents\nPLOS Medicine\n6 languages\nCatalDeutschEspaolFranaisPolskiPortugus\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAcademic journalPLOS MedicineDisciplineMedicineLanguageEnglishEditedbyRaffaella BosurgiPublication detailsHistory2004presentPublisherPublic Library of ScienceFrequencyWeeklyOpen accessYesLicenseCreative Commons Attribution LicenseImpact factor11.613 (2021)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) Bluebook (alt1 alt2)NLM (alt) MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4PLOS Med.IndexingCODEN (alt alt2) JSTOR (alt) LCCN (alt)MIAR NLM (alt) ScopusISSN1549-1277(print)1549-1676(web)LCCN2004212194OCLCno.54674092Links\nJournal homepage\nOnline access\nOnline archive\nPLOS Medicine (formerly styled PLoS Medicine)[1] is a peer-reviewed weekly medical journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences. It began operation on October 19, 2004, as the second journal of the Public Library of Science (PLOS), a non-profit open access publisher. All content in PLOS Medicine is published under the Creative Commons \"by-attribution\" license. To fund the journal, the publication's business model requires in most cases that authors pay publication fees. The journal was published online and in a printed format until 2005 and is now only published online. The journal's acting chief editor is Clare Stone, who replaced the previous chief editor, Larry Peiperl, in 2018.\nAims and scope[edit]\nThe journal's initial aim was to provide an open-access alternative to existing top-tier journals such as The New England Journal of Medicine and The Lancet and has concentrated on publishing papers on diseases that take the greatest toll on health globally.[2] In 2009 the journal reaffirmed its scope and noted that it would use an evidence-based approach to give highest priority to studies on diseases and risk factors that cause the greatest burden worldwide.[3]\nFrom the outset the journal noted that it would not be part of \"the cycle of dependency that has formed between journals and the pharmaceutical industry\".[2] The journal does not publish advertisements for pharmaceutical products or medical devices and the journal's open-access license means that it cannot benefit from exclusive reprint sales.[2]\nAbstracting and indexing[edit]\nThe journal is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed,[4] the Science Citation Index Expanded, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, and BIOSIS Previews.[5] According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2014 impact factor of 14.429, ranking it 7th out of 153 journals in the category \"Medicine, General & Internal\".[6]\nNotable articles[edit]\nWhy Most Published Research Findings Are False (2005)[edit]\nIn 2005 PLOS Medicine published an essay by John P. A. Ioannidis entitled \"Why Most Published Research Findings Are False\".[7] The essay used a simulation approach to demonstrate that for most study designs and settings it is more likely for a research claim to be false than true due to inherent biases in the way that modern science is conducted. This paper has met much approval, though Goodman and Greenland criticized it in a short comment[8] and a longer analysis.[9] Ioannidis has answered this critique.[10] A profile of Ioannidis' work including a discussion of his 2005 paper appeared in the November 2010 issue of The Atlantic.[11]\nMale Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk (2005)[edit]\nThe first randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of male circumcision on female to male HIV transmission was published in 2005 by Bertran Auvert and colleagues in PLOS Medicine.[12] The Lancet a leading medical journal rejected this paper because of ethical concerns[13] around how the trial was conducted before PLOS Medicine accepted it. The trial was stopped early by the Data and Safety Monitoring Board who advised the investigators to interrupt the trial and offer circumcision to the control group. The trial estimated that male circumcision protected 60% (95% CI: 32%76%) for female-to-male HIV transmission.\nThe results of this trial along with two others led to the World Health Organization (WHO) assessing the evidence for male circumcision to prevent HIV transmission.[14] The WHO and UNAIDS subsequently issued recommendations concerning male circumcision and HIV/AIDS[15] including suggestions for government strategic plans, advocacy challenges and exploring the role of new technologies for voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) such as Prepex and other medical devices.[16][17] Several Ministries of Health along with key stakeholders have committed to scaling up VMMC for HIV prevention in Southern and Eastern Africa.[18]\nWyeth Ghostwriting Scandal (2009/2010)[edit]\nIn July 2009, a United States federal court decision resulted in the release of approximately 1500 documents detailing how articles highlighting specific marketing messages written by unattributed writers, but \"authored\" by academics, are strategically placed in the medical literature a practice known as ghostwriting. To release these documents, PLOS Medicine, represented by the public interest law firm Public Justice, and The New York Times, acted as \"intervenors\" in litigation against menopausal hormone manufacturers by women who developed breast cancer while taking hormones. PLOS Medicine argued that sealed documents identified during the discovery process for the court case, which demonstrated the practice of ghostwriting, should be made available to the public.[19][20]\nThe documents were initially made publicly available on the PLOS Medicine website but they are now available as part of the Drug Industry Documents Archive at the University of California, San Francisco.[21] In 2010 PLOS Medicine published the first academic analysis of the documents by Adriane Fugh-Berman.[22] Her article revealed that the pharmaceutical company Wyeth used ghostwritten articles to mitigate the perceived risks of breast cancer associated with menopausal hormone therapy (HT), to defend the unsupported cardiovascular \"benefits\" of HT, and to promote off-label, unproven uses of HT such as the prevention of dementia, Parkinson's disease, vision problems, and wrinkles. The article was subsequently covered by The Guardian.[23]\nTamiflu clinical trial data sharing (2012)[edit]\nIn April 2012 PLOS Medicine published an article by three researchers who were involved in ongoing updates of a Cochrane Collaboration review of neuraminidase inhibitors for treating influenza, describing their experience of trying to gain access to clinical study reports for the antiviral Tamiflu (oseltamivir) from the drug's manufacturer Roche.[24] The article outlined the need for access to all clinical trial data held by pharmaceutical companies and regulators, and detailed reasons given by Roche for not sharing data on Tamiflu.\nIn a commissioned perspective article published in the same issue of PLOS Medicine, regulators from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and other national regulatory bodies outlined a shift in their stance on access to clinical trial data but also highlighted challenges that would need to be overcome.[25][26][27] The regulators noted, \"[w]e consider it neither desirable nor realistic to maintain the status quo of limited availability of regulatory trials data\" and concluded, \"[w]e welcome debate on these issues, and remain confident that satisfactory solutions can be found to make complete trial data available in a way that will be in the best interest of public health\".\nThe article marked a move towards the proactive disclosure of clinical trial data and led to the EMA holding a workshop to establish how this could be done.[28][29][30] At the workshop Guido Rasi, the EMA's Executive Director, announced \"[t]oday represents the first step in delivering our vision. We are not here to decide if we will publish clinical-trial data, only how. We need to do this to rebuild trust and confidence in the whole system\".[31][32] PLOS Medicine's chief editor, Virginia Barbour, was an invited speaker at the workshop representing the media.[32][33]\nReferences[edit]\n^ David Knutson (23 July 2012). \"New PLOS look\". PLOS Blog. Public Library of Science. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.\n^ a b c The PLOS Medicine Editors (1 January 2004). \"Prescription for a Healthy Journal\". PLOS Medicine. 1 (1): e22. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010022. PMC523840. PMID17523248. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)\n^ The PLOS Medicine Editors (April 2009). \"A Medical Journal for the World's Health Priorities\". PLOS Medicine. 6 (4): e1000072. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000072. PMC2667639. PMID19399159. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)\n^ \"PLOS Medicine\". NLM Catalog. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\n^ \"Master Journal List\". Intellectual Property & Science. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\n^ \"Journals Ranked by Impact: Medicine, General & Internal\". 2014 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Scienceed.). Thomson Reuters. 2015.\n^ Ioannidis, John P. A. (1 January 2005). \"Why Most Published Research Findings Are False\". PLOS Medicine. 2 (8): e124. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124. PMC1182327. PMID16060722.\n^ Goodman, Steven; Greenland, Sander (1 January 2007). \"Why Most Published Research Findings Are False: Problems in the Analysis\". PLOS Medicine. 4 (4): e168. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040168. PMC1855693. PMID17456002.\n^ Steven Goodman and Sander Greenland (2007). \"Assessing the unreliability of the medical literature: A response to \"Why most published research findings are false\"\". Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biostatistics. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\n^ Ioannidis, John P. A. (1 January 2007). \"Why Most Published Research Findings Are False: Author's Reply to Goodman and Greenland\". PLOS Medicine. 4 (6): e215. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040215. PMC1896210. PMID17593900.\n^ Freedman, David H. (4 October 2010). \"Lies, Damned Lies, and Medical Science David H. Freedman\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\n^ Auvert, Bertran; Taljaard, Dirk; Lagarde, Emmanuel; Sobngwi-Tambekou, Jolle; Sitta, Rmi; Puren, Adrian (1 January 2005). \"Randomized, Controlled Intervention Trial of Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial\". PLOS Medicine. 2 (11): e298. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298. PMC1262556. PMID16231970.\n^ \"Global bioethics blog: March 2012\". globalbioethics.blogspot.ie. Retrieved 15 April 2016.\n^ \"New data on male circumcision and HIV prevention: Policy and programme implications\". WHO. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008.\n^ \"WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention\". WHO. 28 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 April 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\n^ Sgaier, Sema; Reed, Jason; Thomas, Anne; Njeuhmeli, Emmanuel (2014). \"Achieving the HIV Prevention Impact of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision: Lessons and Challenges for Managing Programs\". PLOS Medicine. 11 (5): e1001641. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001641. PMC4011573. PMID24800840.\n^ Hankins, Catherine; Forsythe, Steven; Njeuhmeli, Emmanuel (2011). \"Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision: An Introduction to the Cost, Impact, and Challenges of Accelerated Scaling Up\". PLOS Medicine. 8 (11): e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001127. PMC3226452. PMID22140362.\n^ \"Joint strategic action framework to accelerate the scale-up of voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention in Eastern and Southern Africa\". WhHO. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\n^ \"Wyeth Ghostwriting Archive\". PLOS Medicine. Retrieved 13 April 2013.\n^ Singer, Natasha (5 August 2009). \"Medical Papers by Ghostwriters Pushed Therapy\". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2013.\n^ \"About the Project\". Drug Industry Documents Archive. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\n^ Fugh-Berman, AJ (7 September 2010). \"The haunting of medical journals: how ghostwriting sold \"HRT\"\". PLOS Medicine. 7 (9): e1000335. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000335. PMC2935455. PMID20838656.\n^ Goldacre, Ben (18 September 2010). \"Medical ghostwriters who build a brand\". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\n^ Doshi, P.; Jefferson, T.; Del Mar, C. (2012). \"The imperative to share clinical study reports: recommendations from the Tamiflu experience\". PLOS Medicine. 9 (4): e1001201. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001201. PMC3323511. PMID22505850.\n^ Eichler, H-G.; Abadie, E.; Breckenridge, A.; Leufkens, H.; Rasi, G. (2012). \"Open Clinical Trial Data for All? A View from Regulators\". PLOS Medicine. 9 (4): e1001202. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001202. PMC3323505. PMID22505851.\n^ \"European Medicines Agency News and Events European regulators propose way forward for publication of full clinical-trial data\". Ema.europa.eu. Retrieved 26 April 2013.\n^ \"EMA calls for open access to clinical trial data after Tamiflu concerns\". PMLiVE. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.\n^ \"European Medicines Agency: Workshop on access to clinical trial data and transparency\". UKRIO. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.\n^ Godlee, F.; Groves, T. (2012). \"The new BMJ policy on sharing data from drug and device trials\". BMJ. 345: e7888. doi:10.1136/bmj.e7888. PMID23169872.\n^ \"Roche offers compromise in Tamiflu data debate\". PMLiVE. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.\n^ \"Workshop report: Access to clinical-trial data and transparency\" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 14 April 2013.\n^ a b \"EMA workshop reveals divisions with industry . ecancer News\". Ecancer.org. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.\n^ \"Speaker biographies\" (PDF). Workshop on clinical-trial data and transparency. European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 14 April 2013.\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website\nWikimedia Commons has media related to PLOS Medicine.\nvtePublic Library of ScienceFounders\nPatrick O. Brown\nMichael Eisen\nHarold E. Varmus\nPeople\nMichael W. Carroll\nMadhukar Pai\nElizabeth Marincola\nCameron Neylon\nJournals\nPLOS Biology\nPLOS Medicine\nPLOS Clinical Trials\nPLOS Computational Biology\nPLOS Genetics\nPLOS Pathogens\nPLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases\nPLOS One\nPLOS Currents\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLOS_Medicine&oldid=1188042030\"\nCategories: Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journalsGeneral medical journalsAcademic journals established in 2004English-language journalsMonthly journalsPLOS academic journalsHidden categories: CS1 errors: generic nameUse dmy dates from July 2021Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataWeekly journals (infobox)Articles with outdated impact factors from 2021Official website different in Wikidata and WikipediaCommons category link is on Wikidata\nThis page was last edited on 3 December 2023, at 00:42(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_Medicine" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "P&GGoodEveryday | Join FREE! Save with Coupons & Earn Rewards Like Gift Cards, Samples + MoreSkip to main contentLOG INOR SIGN UPHamburger MenuHamburger MenuPgGoodEveryday LogoPgGoodEveryday LogoSustainabilityEarn PointsArrow IconArrow IconCouponsRewardsP&G BrandsMore Arrow IconArrow IconProfile IconProfile IconLog InDonate to Social Causes with Rewards, Coupons, Surveys & Loyalty PointSign Up. StartSaving.EarnRewards.P&G Good Everyday is a FREE rewards program where members can earn rewards and exclusive deals on trusted P&G brands.BECOME A MEMBERYOU ENGAGETake quizzes, answer surveys or scan your receipts featuring P&G products.YOU EARN REWARDSCollect points for each engagement and redeem them for rewards you'll love.P&G DONATESAs you earn, we automatically make donations to the causes you care about at no cost to you.EARN YOUR FIRST 25 POINTS + A CAUSE DONATION FOR SIGNING UPArrow IconArrow IconEARN POINTSQUIZ: Find Your Perfect P&G Match to Celebrate Earth MonthGet a P&G product match that helps support greener habits!TAKE THE QUIZ#ArtcileMADE TO SAVE REBATERebates Youll Love on Brands You LoveGet money back on your favorite brands.START SAVING#ArtcileWEEKLY SWEEPSTAKES$150 P&G BundlesEnter for a chance to win our weekly bundles packed with P&G faves + more! Take a survey for a free sweepstakes entry, 25 points + a cause donation.ENTER SWEEPSTAKES#ArtcileFOR A CAUSEMore than a planet, its our homeJoin us as we partner with the Arbor Day Foundation to enable and inspire positive impacts on our environment and society.MAKE AN IMPACT#ArtcileITS OUR HOMEHow P&G Products are Made Better and Made to SaveSee how P&G makes it easy to save energy, water and plastic.LEARN MORE#ArtcileEARN POINTSQUIZ: Which P&G Product Is Your Spring Cleaning Must-Have?Find the P&G product best suited for your spring cleaning needs.TAKE THE QUIZ#Artcile 1234567 CouponsRewardsTake SurveyEarn PointsP&G Brands", "url": "https://www.pggoodeveryday.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Procter & Gamble Recalls 8.2 Million Defective Bags of Tide, Gain, Ace and Ariel Laundry Detergent Packets Distributed in US Due to Risk of Serious Injury | CPSC.gov\nSkip to main content\nUnited States\nConsumer Product Safety Commission\nRecalls\nBusiness Education\nNews Releases\nRegulatory Robot\nCalendar Events\nMultimedia\nMenu\nRecalls\nBusiness Education\nNews Releases\nRegulatory Robot\nCalendar Events\nMultimedia\nSafety Education\nSafety Education Resources\nSafety Education Materials Library\nNeighborhood Safety Network\nCommunity Outreach Center\nRecall App\nBusiness and Manufacturing\nBusiness and Manufacturing Resources\nTesting & Certification\nRegulatory Robot\nRecall Guidance\nSmall Business Assistance\nImport Resources\nInternational\nOpen Government\nCPSC Data\nRecall API\nSection 6(b) Information Disclosure\nLaws, Regulations, and Proceedings\nRegulations, Laws & Standards\nStatutes\nVoluntary Standards\nLegislative Affairs\nNotices of Violations\nRulemaking\nAdjudicative Proceedings\nResearch and Reports\nResearch and Reports Overview\nAgency Reports\nClearinghouse Online Query Tool\nNEISS Injury Statistics\nJoin NEISS\nAbout Us\nAbout CPSC\nChair\nCommissioners\nConsumer Ombudsman\nOffice of Inspector General\nOffice of EEO, Diversity, & Inclusion\nOffice of Communications\nOffice of the Secretary\nFreedom of Information Act\nEmployment Information\nConsumer Opinion Surveys\nDivision of Field Operations\nArchive\nContact Us\nSearchSearch\nProcter & Gamble Recalls 8.2 Million Defective Bags of Tide, Gain, Ace and Ariel Laundry Detergent Packets Distributed in US Due to Risk of Serious Injury\nEnglish\nEspaol\nShare:\nShare it on Facebook\nShare it on Twitter\nCopy Link\nPrint Page\nCopy link\nRecalled Tide Pods\nRecalled Gain laundry packets\nRecalled Ace Pods\nRecalled Ariel laundry packets\nPreviousNext\nPreviousNext\nName of Product:\nTide Pods, Gain Flings, Ace Pods and Ariel Pods liquid laundry detergent packets packaged in flexible film bags. This recall announcement applies only to bags distributed in the United States.\nHazard:\nThe outer packaging meant to prevent access to the contents can split open near the zipper track, posing a risk of serious injury to children and other vulnerable populations if the contents of the laundry detergent packets are ingested, as well as posing a risk of skin or eye injuries. Ingestion of a large quantity of any surfactant-containing household cleaning products can cause death among individuals with underlying health issues.\nRemedy:\nRefund\nReplace\nRecall Date:\nApril 05, 2024\nUnits:\nAbout 8.2 million (In addition, about 56,741 were sold in Canada)\nConsumer Contact\nProcter & Gamble toll-free at 833-347-5764 from Monday through Friday, 9 AM ET to 6 PM ET, Saturday, 9 AM ET to 5:30 PM ET, or online at pg.com/bags.\nRecall Details\nDescription:\nThis recall involves certain lot codes of Tide Pods, Gain Flings, Ace Pods, and Ariel Pods liquid laundry detergent packets packaged in flexible film bags that were manufactured between September 2023 and February 2024. Recalled products range from bags with 12 to 39 laundry detergent packets and include the following:Gain Flings OriginalTide Simply Pods Plus Oxi BoostGain Flings Moonlight Breeze ScentTide Pods Clean Breeze ScentGain Flings Blissful Breeze ScentTide Pods Free & GentleGain Flings Spring Daydream ScentTide Pods OxiGain Flings Plus Ultra OxiTide Pods Ultra OxiGain Flings Plus Odor DefenseAce Pods Clean BreezeTide Pods OriginalAce Pods Spring MeadowTide Pods Spring Meadow ScentAriel Pods Alpine BreezeTide Pods Light\nRemedy:\nConsumers should immediately secure the recalled bags out of sight and reach of children and contact Procter & Gamble for a full refund and a free replacement child-resistant bag to store the product. Consumers can also receive a cabinet lock for securing laundry materials.Consumers should check to see if their bag is part of the recall by checking the lot code on their bag. Recalled lot codes will be listed at pg.com/bags and are found on the bottom of the package. Consumers with recalled bags can submit a photo of the recalled product, showing the lot code to participate in the recall.\nIncidents/Injuries:\nNo confirmed cases directly relating to this packaging defect. The firm has received four reports of children in the United States accessing the liquid laundry packets, three of which reported ingestion during the time period that the recalled lots were sold, but it is not known if these laundry packets came from recalled bags.\nSold At:\nBig Lots, CVS, Family Dollar, Home Depot, Sams Club, Target, Walmart, and other major stores nationwide and online at Amazon.com and other websites from September 2023 through present for between $5 (one 12 ct. bag) and $30 (four 39 ct. bags in a box).\nManufacturer(s):\nThe Procter & Gamble Company, of Cincinnati, Ohio\nManufactured In:\nUnited States\nRecall number:\n24-189\nNote: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic. Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.\nRecall Complaint\nIf you are experiencing issues with a recall remedy or believe a company is being non-responsive to your remedy request, please use this form and explain the situation to CPSC.\nRelated Recalls\nBRS Liquid Fuel Bottles Recalled Due to Risk of Poisoning and Burn Hazard; Violation of the Childrens Gasoline Burn Prevention Act; Sold Exclusively on Amazon.com by Huenco\nThe portable fuel bottles do not meet the child-resistant requirements for closures under the Children's Gasoline Burn Prevention Act (CGBPA). The closure for the products is not child-resistant, posing a risk of burn and poisoning to children.\nYoto Recalls Yoto Mini Speakers for Children Due to Burn and Fire Hazards\nThe speakers lithium-ion battery can overheat and catch fire, posing burn and fire hazards to consumers.\nProcter & Gamble Recalls 8.2 Million Defective Bags of Tide, Gain, Ace and Ariel Laundry Detergent Packets Distributed in US Due to Risk of Serious Injury\nThe outer packaging meant to prevent access to the contents can split open near the zipper track, posing a risk of serious injury to children and other vulnerable populations if the contents of the laundry detergent packets are ingested, as well as posing a risk of skin or eye injuries. Ingestion of a large quantity of any surfactant-containing household cleaning products can cause death among individuals with underlying health issues.\nBRS and BULin Liquid Fuel Bottles Recalled Due to Risk of Burn and Poisoning; Violation of the Childrens Burn Prevention Safety Act; Sold Exclusively on Amazon.com by Tentock\nThe portable fuel containers violate the child-resistant requirements for closures under the Children's Gasoline Burn Prevention Act (CGBPA). The closure for the products is not child resistant, posing a risk of burns and poisoning to children.\nBalloon Time Mini Helium Tanks Recalled by Worthington Industries Due to Injury Hazard\nCompressed helium from the tank can escape and cause the plastic cap to be released into the air unexpectedly, posing an injury hazard due to projectiles striking users and bystanders.\nCandy Dynamics Recalls 70 Million Slime Licker Sour Rolling Liquid Candies Due to Choking Hazard\nThe candys rolling ball can detach from the products container into a childs mouth, posing a choking hazard for consumers.\nSearch Product Safety Reports\nAbout Government Recalls\nRecalls from around the world\nAbout the U.S. CPSC\nThe U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risk of injury or death associated with the use of thousands of types of consumer products. Deaths, injuries, and property damage from consumer product-related incidents cost the nation more than $1 trillion annually. CPSC's work to ensure the safety of consumer products has contributed to a decline in the rate of injuries associated with consumer products over the past 50 years.\nFederal law prohibits any person from selling products subject to a Commission ordered recall or a voluntary recall undertaken in consultation with the CPSC.\nFor lifesaving information:\nVisit CPSC.gov.\nSign up to receive our e-mail alerts.\nFollow us on Facebook, Instagram @USCPSC and Twitter @USCPSC.\nReport a dangerous product or product-related injury on www.SaferProducts.gov.\nCall CPSCs Hotline at 800-638-2772 (TTY 301-595-7054).\nContact a media specialist.\nChoose Your Recall Emails\nGet Notified About Each Recall via Email.\nImages\nReport an unsafe product\nReturn to top\nU.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\n4330 East-West Highway Bethesda, MD 20814\nContact Us: 800-638-2772 (TTY 800-638-8270)\nToll-Free Consumer Hotline | Time: 8 a.m. - 5.30. p.m. ET\nAccessibility\nVulnerability Disclosure Policy\nPrivacy Policy\nBudget, Performances & Finance\nInformation Quality Act\nData\nFOIA\nInspector General\nNo Fear Act\nUSA.gov\nConnect\nfacebook\nInstagram\nYoutube\nTwitter\nLinkedin\nEn Espaol\nfacebook\nTwitter\nWebsite Feedback\nCPSC.gov is an official website of the United States government.\nThanks for sharing!AddToAnyMoreBack to top Close\nYou are about to leave the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) public website.\nThe link you selected is for a destination outside of the Federal Government. CPSC does not control this external site or its privacy policy and cannot attest to the accuracy of the information it contains. You may wish to review the privacy policy of the external site as its information collection practices may differ from ours. Linking to this external site does not constitute an endorsement of the site or the information it contains by CPSC or any of its employees.\nClick Ok if you wish to continue to the website; otherwise, click Cancel to return to our site.\nOk\nCancel", "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2024/Procter-Gamble-Recalls-8-2-Million-Defective-Bags-of-Tide-Gain-Ace-and-Ariel-Laundry-Detergent-Packets-Distributed-in-US-Due-to-Risk-of-Serious-Injury" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kampong Chhnang Air Quality Index (AQI) and Cambodia Air Pollution | IQAir\nAir Quality Air Monitors Air Purifiers Face Masks For Business News Support Sign in Air Quality Air Monitors Air Purifiers Face Masks For Business News Support International city World Cambodia Kampong Chhnang Air quality in Kampong ChhnangAir quality index (AQI) and PM2.5 air pollution in Kampong ChhnangLOCATE ME Last update at 01:00, May 30 (local time) 2.9K people follow this cityKampong Chhnang Air Quality MapReal-time Kampong Chhnang air pollution mapSee on Map AIR QUALITY DATA SOURCE * AQI modeled using satellite data Learn more Kampong Chhnang does not have air sensor data Be the first to measure and contribute air quality data to your community BECOME A CONTRIBUTOR Find out more about contributors and data sources WeatherWhat is the current weather in Kampong Chhnang?WeatherBroken cloudsTemperature27CHumidity75%Wind6.5 km/hPressure1005 mbarlive aqi city rankingReal-time Cambodia city rankingBecome a contributor3D animated air pollution maplive Kampong Chhnang aqi rankingReal-time Kampong Chhnang air quality rankingBecome a contributorAtem SeriesSmart Air Purifiers DISCOVER #1 Air Quality AppFree iOS and Android air quality app Learn More Now! US AQI 59*live AQI indexModerateOverviewWhat is the current air quality in Kampong Chhnang?Air pollution levelAir quality indexMain pollutantModerate 59* US AQIPM2.5PollutantsConcentration PM2.5 13.6*g/m!PM2.5x2.7PM2.5 concentration in Kampong Chhnang is currently 2.7 times the WHO annual air quality guideline valueHealth RecommendationsWhat is the current air quality in Kampong Chhnang? Sensitive groups should reduce outdoor exercise Close your windows to avoid dirty outdoor airGET A MONITOR Sensitive groups should wear a mask outdoorsGET A MASK Sensitive groups should run an air purifierGET AN AIR PURIFIER Forecast Kampong Chhnang air quality index (AQI) forecastDayPollution levelWeatherTemperatureWindTodayModerate59 AQI US 30% 33 28 10.8 km/h Friday, May 31Moderate62 AQI US 90% 36 25 18 km/h Saturday, Jun 1Moderate60 AQI US 70% 31 26 7.2 km/h Sunday, Jun 2Moderate61 AQI US 30% 34 25 14.4 km/h Monday, Jun 3Moderate62 AQI US 100% 36 25 10.8 km/h Tuesday, Jun 4Moderate69 AQI US 80% 33 25 7.2 km/h Wednesday, Jun 5Moderate69 AQI US 40% 36 26 14.4 km/h Interested in hourly forecast? Get the appNewsThe latest air quality news and resources. 6 days ago How industrial pollution affects air quality 7 days ago Wildfire Map Spotlight: Wildcat Fire in Arizona 21 days ago Why air quality is critical for safe hospitals and doctor officesHow to best protect from air pollution?Reduce your air pollution exposure in Kampong ChhnangFace MasksAir PurifiersAir Quality MonitorsWhere is the cleanest air quality in Kampong Chhnang?Kampong Chhnang air pollution by locationNo locations are available. Cart Your cart is empty Connect With IQAir Sign up for our newsletter Email About IQAirAbout UsContact usCareersMediaNewsroomPress releasesMedia InquiriesPartnerBecome a dealer International AQI US, Metric Terms of Use Terms of Sale Privacy Policy 2024 IQAir. 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Take control of your data.Review All Privacy and Ad SettingsDo Not Sell or Share My Personal InformationYou opted outData Rights The Weather Company, LLC 2024Hidden Weather Icon MasksHidden Weather Icon Symbols", "url": "https://weather.com/weather/today/l/29147f06c8e34751a693775c2073b0c5eb5503d1d1b6f8e9908c33f4c6cc95be" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Determinants of postpartum depression among women in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia - PubMed\nThis site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!\nClipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.\nSkip to main page content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before\nsharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal\ngovernment site.\nThe site is secure.\nThe https:// ensures that you are connecting to the\nofficial website and that any information you provide is encrypted\nand transmitted securely.\nLog in\nShow account info\nClose\nAccount\nLogged in as:\nusername\nDashboard\nPublications\nAccount settings\nLog out\nAccess keys\nNCBI Homepage\nMyNCBI Homepage\nMain Content\nMain Navigation\nSearch:\nSearch\nAdvanced\nClipboard\nUser Guide\nSave\nEmail\nSend to\nClipboard\nMy BibliographyCollectionsCitation manager\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nSave citation to file\nFormat:\nSummary (text)\nPubMed\nPMID\nAbstract (text)\nCSV\nCreate file\nCancel\nEmail citation\nSubject:\n1 selected item: 38789235 - PubMed\nTo:\nFrom:\nFormat:\nSummary\nSummary (text)\nAbstract\nAbstract (text)\nMeSH and other data\nSend email\nCancel\nAdd to Collections\nCreate a new collection\nAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than 100 characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nAdd to My Bibliography\nMy Bibliography\nUnable to load your delegates due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nYour saved search\nName of saved search:\nSearch terms:\nTest search terms\nWould you like email updates of new search results?\nSaved Search Alert Radio Buttons\nYes\nNo\nEmail:\n(change)\nFrequency:\nMonthly\nWeekly\nDaily\nWhich day?\nThe first Sunday\nThe first Monday\nThe first Tuesday\nThe first Wednesday\nThe first Thursday\nThe first Friday\nThe first Saturday\nThe first day\nThe first weekday\nWhich day?\nSunday\nMonday\nTuesday\nWednesday\nThursday\nFriday\nSaturday\nReport format:\nSummary\nSummary (text)\nAbstract\nAbstract (text)\nPubMed\nSend at most:\n1 item\n5 items\n10 items\n20 items\n50 items\n100 items\n200 items\nSend even when there aren't any new results\nOptional text in email:\nSave\nCancel\nCreate a file for external citation management software\nCreate file\nCancel\nYour RSS Feed\nName of RSS Feed:\nNumber of items displayed:\n5\n10\n15\n20\n50\n100\nCreate RSS\nCancel\nRSS Link\nCopy\nFull text links\nElsevier Science\nFull text links\nActionsCiteCollectionsAdd to CollectionsCreate a new collectionAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than 100 characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an errorPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nShare\nPermalink\nCopy\nPage navigation\nTitle & authors\nAbstract\nConflict of interest statement\nMeSH terms\nLinkOut - more resources\nTitle & authors\nAbstract\nConflict of interest statement\nMeSH terms\nLinkOut - more resources\nArch Psychiatr Nurs\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2024 Jun:50:60-66.\ndoi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2024.03.007.\nEpub 2024 Mar 16.\nDeterminants of postpartum depression among women in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia\nIng Guechhorng\n1\n,Souphalak Inthaphatha\n2\n,Kimihiro Nishino\n3\n,Yuki Takahashi\n4\n,Nobuyuki Hamajima\n3\n,Eiko Yamamoto\n3\nAffiliations\nExpand\nAffiliations\n1 Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Kampong Chhnang Provincial Health Department, Kampong, Chhnang Province, Cambodia.\n2 Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].\n3 Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.\n4 Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.\nPMID:\n38789235\nDOI:\n10.1016/j.apnu.2024.03.007\nItem in Clipboard\nDeterminants of postpartum depression among women in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia\nIng Guechhornget al.\nArch Psychiatr Nurs.\n2024 Jun.\nShow details\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nArch Psychiatr Nurs\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2024 Jun:50:60-66.\ndoi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2024.03.007.\nEpub 2024 Mar 16.\nAuthors\nIng Guechhorng\n1\n,Souphalak Inthaphatha\n2\n,Kimihiro Nishino\n3\n,Yuki Takahashi\n4\n,Nobuyuki Hamajima\n3\n,Eiko Yamamoto\n3\nAffiliations\n1 Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Kampong Chhnang Provincial Health Department, Kampong, Chhnang Province, Cambodia.\n2 Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].\n3 Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.\n4 Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.\nPMID:\n38789235\nDOI:\n10.1016/j.apnu.2024.03.007\nItem in Clipboard\nFull text links\nCiteDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nAbstract\nObjective:\nThis study aimed to identify the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and the factors associated with PPD in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia.\nStudy design:\nA cross-sectional study.\nParticipants:\nThis study included 440 Cambodian women at 6-8 weeks postpartum who visited health centers between July and September 2021.\nMaterials and methods:\nData were collected through face-to-face interviews by midwives and nurses using a structured questionnaire. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in the Khmer language was used to screen for PPD, and suspected PPD was defined as a total EPDS score 10. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with suspected PPD.\nFindings:\nThe average age of participants was 28.6 years old. The prevalence of suspected-PPD was 30.2 % (n = 133). Factors associated with suspected PPD were income dissatisfaction (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.66, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.27-5.56, P = 0.010), unintended pregnancy (AOR = 1.99, 95 % CI 1.10-3.61, P = 0.023), and a partner employed as a manual laborer (AOR = 3.85, 95 % CI 1.11-13.33, P = 0.034), farmer (AOR = 3.69, 95 % CI 1.11-12.31, P = 0.034), and factory worker (AOR = 5.43, 95 % CI 1.38-21.41, P = 0.016). In addition, poor relationship with partners (AOR = 2.14, 95 % CI 1.17-3.94, P = 0.014), poor relationship with mother-in-law (AOR = 3.51, 95 % CI 1.70-7.21, P < 0.001), and a history of depression before pregnancy (AOR = 6.34, 95 % CI 1.59-25.34, P = 0.009) were significantly associated with suspected-PPD.\nKey conclusions and implications for practice:\nThis study highlighted the need for mental health services in primary healthcare settings. Mental health training for healthcare workers, particularly primary-level nurses, should be prioritized and strengthened. Further clinical study on EPDS validation should be carried out to justify the appropriate cut-off EPDS score for Cambodian women. The EPDS should be integrated into routine PNC services to identify women with suspected-PPD. Education on PPD should be provided not only to the nurses and midwives, but also to the women and their families to support the mental health of pregnant and postpartum women.\nKeywords:\nCambodia; Mental health needs; Postpartum depression; Primary healthcare.\nCopyright 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.\nPubMed Disclaimer\nConflict of interest statement\nDeclaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\nMeSH terms\nAdult\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nCambodia / epidemiology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nCross-Sectional Studies\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nDepression, Postpartum* / epidemiology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nDepression, Postpartum* / psychology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nFemale\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nHumans\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPregnancy\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPrevalence\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPsychiatric Status Rating Scales\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nRisk Factors\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nSurveys and Questionnaires\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nLinkOut - more resources\nFull Text Sources\nElsevier Science\nMedical\nGenetic Alliance\nMedlinePlus Consumer Health Information\nMedlinePlus Health Information\nFull text links\n[x]\nElsevier Science\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nSend To\nClipboard\nEmail\nSave\nMy Bibliography\nCollections\nCitation Manager\n[x]\nNCBI Literature Resources\nMeSH\nPMC\nBookshelf\nDisclaimer\nThe PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.\nFollow NCBI\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nGitHub\nConnect with NLM\nTwitter\nSM-Facebook\nSM-Youtube\nNational Library of Medicine\n8600 Rockville Pike\nBethesda, MD 20894\nWeb Policies\nFOIA\nHHS Vulnerability Disclosure\nHelp\nAccessibility\nCareers\nNLM\nNIH\nHHS\nUSA.gov", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789235/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "WASH data pilot survey report Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia | WASH Matters\nSkip to main content\nLanguage:English\nFranais\nPortugus\nEspaol\nSite global WaterAid\nWaterAid logo\nMain navigation\nOur work\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nPublications\nExpert opinion\nProjects\nEvents\nStories\nShow search field\nDonate\nMenu\nBack to top\nWASH data pilot survey report Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia\n21 October 2018\nPosted by\nWaterAid\nin\nSystem strengthening, Monitoring and accountability\nDownload\nWASH data pilot survey report, Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia\nThis report captures the results of the first ever province-wide baseline survey of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) service levels in Kampong Chnnang, Cambodia. It is the product of our work to strengthen Cambodias national and provincial-level WASH monitoring and planning (see the reflection notes Civic Champions Leadership Development Programme for strengthening sub-national WASH systemsand Supporting government-led rural WASH management information system).\nThe report is useful forWASH agencies and governments who want to support and/or assessWASH service levels against the WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme indicators,to track progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6. Along with the main results, it also includes lessons learned and recommendations for others interested in doing similar work.\nDownload\nWASH data pilot survey report, Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia\nPosted by\nWaterAid\nTagged in:System strengthening, Monitoring and accountability\nRelated publications\n22 November 2022\nSystem strengthening\nSeven practical lessons for WASH systems strengthening from the SusWASH programme\nRead the full publication\n21 September 2022\nSystem strengthening\nMeasuring WASH systems change through participatory building block assessments\nRead the full publication\n13 September 2022\nSustainability, System strengthening\nSusWASH programme endline evaluation\nRead the full publication\n21 October 2021\nIntegrating climate resilience with WASH system strengthening\nRead the full publication\nSubscribe to our newsletter\nEmail Address\nFooter\nGet in touch\nContact us\nFollow us on Twitter\nFollow us on LinkedIn\nUseful information\nFAQs\nJobs\nWebsite accessibility statement\nDonate\nRegistration numbers: England and Wales 288701, Scotland SC039479.\n6th floor, 20 Canada Square, London, E14 5NN.\nWaterAid - water charity | Copyright WaterAid - All rights reserved.\nTerms and conditions | Privacy notice | Cookies policy\nSite global WaterAidLanguage: EnglishHomeFranaisPortugusEspaol\nOur work\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nPublications\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nExpert opinion\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nProjects\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nEvents\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nStories\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nHome\nOur work\nWater\nSanitation\nHygiene\nResilient Water Accelerator\nHow we work\nOur global strategy\nPolicies and frameworks\nWe use cookies. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Connect\nToggle navigation\nToggle navigation\nMarketplace\nLogin\nRemember me\nGoogle Login\nZuora Okta Login\nLogin\nDidn't receive unlock instructions?\nPrivacy Statement\nYou need to sign in or sign up before continuing.", "url": "https://connect.zuora.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Link your Connect account to your Zuora account - Zuora\nSkip to main content\nLOGINEMPLOYEE LOGINCUSTOMER LOGINLink your Connect account to your Zuora account\nSearch site\nSearch\nSearch\nGo back to previous article\nSign in\nExpand/collapse global hierarchy\nHome\nZuora Central Platform\nMarketplace\nGet Started with Marketplace\nLink your Connect account to your Zuora account\nExpand/collapse global location\[email protected]\nLink your Connect account to your Zuora account\nLast updated\nApr 1, 2022\nSave as PDF\nTable of contents\nWhat's Next\nBefore you can purchase an app in Zuora Marketplace, you need to link your ZuoraConnect account to your Zuoraaccount. If you do not have a Zuora Connect account, you need tocreate one in Zuora or Zuora Connect.You also need to have a Platform role with the API Write Access permission to link the accounts.\nIn Zuora, select Marketplace > Link Connect Account. Zuora will check whether a Connect account with the same email address already exists. If yes, it'll automatically link your Zuora Connect account with your Zuora account andpopulate the purchased appsfor you.\nThe following steps are needed only if you do not have a Connect account.\nIf a Connect account with the same user name (email address) does not exist, a page will open allowing you to create a new Connect account.\nSpecify basic information about your account.\nComplete two-factor authentication.\nYou can choose authentication via text messages or Google Authenticator. Zuorawill verify your two-factor authentication setup by sending a token to you by text messageor by asking you to generate a token on your device.\nClickSubmit.\nA new Connect account is created for you and automatically connected to your Zuora account. You are now ready to purchase apps in the Marketplace.\nWhat's Next\nYou are now ready to purchase and install apps in ZuoraMarketplace. See Purchase an AppandInstall an App for more information.\nBack to top\nInstall an App\nPurchase an App\nRecommended articles\nArticle type\nTopic\nTags\nMarketplace App\n Copyright 2024 Zuora\nPowered by CXone Expert\n", "url": "https://knowledgecenter.zuora.com/Zuora_Central_Platform/Marketplace/Get_Started_with_Marketplace/Link_your_Connect_account_to_your_Zuora_account" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Price Books App now available in Zuora Connect Marketplace - Zuora\nSkip to content\nPrice Books App now available in Zuora Connect Marketplace\nPrice Books App now available in Zuora Connect Marketplace\nHaving multiple price points for each product is essential to flexible pricing and maximizing dollars for your services. However, setting different pricing and discounting based on your own criteria can be tedious, especially when multiple systems are involved.\nThats why were now offering Price Book App in our Zuora Connect Marketplace.\nZuora Connect is our applications marketplace that provides our customers with additional functionality on top of the Zuora Central platform. All connect apps are available straight from the Zuora user interface. These apps are made by Zuora or other third parties and certified by Zuora so Zuora customers can configure the right combination of functionalities for their business.\nZuoras Price Books app simplifies the process by integrating to the Zuora product catalog and centralizing your pricing maintenance. With its ease of configuration and breadth of APIs, the application can be used to define multiple price points based on one or more attributes. Our Price Book App allows users to specify various price points and price or discount overrides for any charge in a product catalog.\nMany price books can be used in situations where pricing strategies need to be separated. As an example, one price book can have prices based on sales channel and regions while another can hold pricing based on other customer-specific attributes.\nHow can your organization benefit from price book? You can quickly attract new or existing users with specific data pricing. You can have multiple price points for each charge and you can have price points for one attributeor for as many attributesas you want.\nWatch the demo for more information about price books and how to use this app.\nFor more great apps to extend the functionality of the Zuora Central Platform, check out the Zuora Connect Marketplace.\nRecommended for you\nBeyond KPIs: Benchmarks that Empower Modern Businesses\nStreamline Data Integration with Zuora for Better Insights\nProactive support: The secret weapon to beat customer churn\nAlso of Interest:Marketplace Search - ZuoraZuora Connect: Promo CodesCommunity News\nThanks for signing up!\nYou'll receive a weekly digest of must-read articles and key resources.\nCookie Preferences\nA problem occurred, please try again later.\nYour web browser must have JavaScript enabled\nin order for this application to display correctly.", "url": "https://www.zuora.com/2017/08/29/price-books-app-now-available-zuora-connect-marketplace/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Create a Tenant Login of Basic Authentication in Zuora Connect - Zuora\nSkip to main content\nLOGINEMPLOYEE LOGINCUSTOMER LOGINCreate a Tenant Login of Basic Authentication in Zuora Connect\nSearch site\nSearch\nSearch\nGo back to previous article\nSign in\nExpand/collapse global hierarchy\nHome\nZuora Central Platform\nMarketplace\nGet Started with Marketplace\nCreate a Tenant Login of Basic Authentication in Zuora Connect\nExpand/collapse global location\[email protected]\nCreate a Tenant Login of Basic Authentication in Zuora Connect\nLast updated\nJan 8, 2020\nSave as PDF\nTable of contents\nProcedureWhat's Next\nBefore you can install any apps in your Zuora tenant, you must create alogin for your tenant in ZuoraMarketplace. This is a one-time procedure that grants apps permission to access your Zuora tenant. The authentication credentials for your Zuora tenant will be stored in a Zuora Marketplace login.\nA tenant login can use either basic authentication or OAuth. Because some functions only work when OAuth is used, Zuora recommends that you create an OAuth login for your tenant. SeeCreate an OAuth Login in Zuora Marketplacefor details.\nYou must perform this procedure in ZuoraMarketplace, not in your Zuora tenant. If you do not have a Zuora Marketplaceaccount, seeSign Up for a ZuoraMarketplace Accountfor more information.\nProcedure\nTo create a basic authentication login for your Zuora tenant:\nLog into ZuoraMarketplace.\nNavigate to MyConnect > Tenants.\nThe Tenant Logins page opens:\nClick New Login, then selectZuora.\nThe New Login dialog box opens:\nEnter the username and password of a user account in your Zuora tenant. Apps will access your Zuora tenant as this user.\nZuora recommends that you enter the username and password of anAPI-only user account. This will prevent unexpected disruption when running apps. See Create an API User for more information.\nSee Manage Users and User Roles for how to manage user accounts in your Zuora tenant.\nClick Save Login.\nWhat's Next\nYou are now ready to purchase and install apps in your Zuora tenant. You can do this from within Zuora Marketplace or from within Zuora.\nSeeMarketplacefor more information.\nBack to top\nGet Started with Marketplace\nCreate an OAuth Tenant Login in Zuora Connect\nRecommended articles\nArticle type\nTopic\nTags\nMarketplace App\n Copyright 2024 Zuora\nPowered by CXone Expert\n", "url": "https://knowledgecenter.zuora.com/Zuora_Central_Platform/Marketplace/Get_Started_with_Marketplace/Create_a_Tenant_Login_of_Basic_Authentication_in_Zuora_Connect" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Zuora Connect: Promo Codes\n\nZuora University\nSign In\nZuora Connect: Promo Codes\nVideo series: for anyone interested in learning about automating managing promotions with Zuoras Promotion Code Management.\nRegister | FREE\nAlready registered?\nSign In\nCancel\nApply\nrate limit\nCode not recognized.\nActivate\nAbout this course\nThis video series is designed for anyone interested in learning about automating managing promotions with Zuoras Promotion Code Management. Leveraging promotion codes and coupons can be a complicated process. Generating unique codes, enabling code redemption, setting time limits, etc. can get convoluted and cumbersome if you dont have an automated solution.\nZuoras Promotion Code Management app offers an efficient and automated solution for this requirement. With its ease of configuration and breadth of APIs, the application can manage millions of codes and customers without any manual intervention or custom work-arounds.\nThe videos in this series cover how Promo Codes work.\nCourse40 minutes\nPromo Codes Application\nThis video covers how the Promo Codes app helps you with your promotion campaigns and how it relates to your product catalog. We also demonstrate four use cases that you can use this app for. Listed below are the time points at which each use case is covered. We recommend that you watch from the beginning as the first use case is a starting point for the other three:\nUse Case 1: Creating a simple promo code - 05:25\nUse Case 2: Creating a complex promo code - 13:30\nUse Cases 3 & 4: Referral discounts and gifting - 21:40\nPromo Codes API\nThis video covers how to use the APIs to validate and consume the promotion codes we created in the first video.\nCourse Rating\nNext Steps\nAbout this course\nThis video series is designed for anyone interested in learning about automating managing promotions with Zuoras Promotion Code Management. Leveraging promotion codes and coupons can be a complicated process. Generating unique codes, enabling code redemption, setting time limits, etc. can get convoluted and cumbersome if you dont have an automated solution.\nZuoras Promotion Code Management app offers an efficient and automated solution for this requirement. With its ease of configuration and breadth of APIs, the application can manage millions of codes and customers without any manual intervention or custom work-arounds.\nThe videos in this series cover how Promo Codes work.\nCourse40 minutes\nPromo Codes Application\nThis video covers how the Promo Codes app helps you with your promotion campaigns and how it relates to your product catalog. We also demonstrate four use cases that you can use this app for. Listed below are the time points at which each use case is covered. We recommend that you watch from the beginning as the first use case is a starting point for the other three:\nUse Case 1: Creating a simple promo code - 05:25\nUse Case 2: Creating a complex promo code - 13:30\nUse Cases 3 & 4: Referral discounts and gifting - 21:40\nPromo Codes API\nThis video covers how to use the APIs to validate and consume the promotion codes we created in the first video.\nCourse Rating\nNext Steps\n 2024\npowered by", "url": "https://university.zuora.com/zuora-connect-promo-codes" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Install an App - Zuora\nSkip to main content\nLOGINEMPLOYEE LOGINCUSTOMER LOGINInstall an App\nSearch site\nSearch\nSearch\nGo back to previous article\nSign in\nExpand/collapse global hierarchy\nHome\nZuora Central Platform\nMarketplace\nGet Started with Marketplace\nInstall an App\nExpand/collapse global location\[email protected]\nInstall an App\nLast updated\nNov 23, 2023\nSave as PDF\nTable of contents\nPrerequisitesProcedure\nBefore you can use an app, you must install the app on your Zuora tenant.\nPrerequisites\nYou must have a Zuora Connectaccount. SeeLink your Connect account to your Zuora accountfor more information.\nYou must have purchased the app.\nYou must have created an OAuth login for your Zuora tenant. For details, seeCreate an OAuth Login in Zuora Connect.\nTo install the Zuora Collections feature, you must have the Platform Admin role. For more information about platform roles, see Platform roles.\nProcedure\nLog into your Zuora tenant.\nNavigate to Marketplace> Purchases.\nLocate the app to install, then hover and click Deploy or Download.\n\"Deploy\" corresponds to apps that have been purchased; \"Download\" corresponds to apps that are automatically available for you to install.\nIn the New Configuration window that opens, specify the configuration details for the app:\nName - A name is automatically populated. Modify the name if necessary.\nRun Mode -See the app's documentation to learn about how to choose a run mode.\nExecution - Select External unless otherwise specified in the app's documentation.\nBuild Name - SelectProduction - US,irrespective of your environment.\nSource, Target, etc - Select the tenant login for the app. Some apps or functions require using OAuth. In this case, select the OAuth tenant login for the installation.\nClick Create.\nThe app is installed and will be populated under Marketplacein Zuora shortly. You may need to refresh the page for the app name to display.\nAfteran app is installed in the tenant, you canlaunch, configure, and use the app inZuora.\nContact your Engagement Manager or Zuora Global Support if you have further questions.\nNow Zuora Connect is only used for creating OAuth tenant logins. You cannot launch, configure, oruse an app in ZuoraConnect anymore.\nTo learn about how to configure and use an app, refer to the documentation of the app onApp Documentation.\nFor the Tax app installation, see Configurable tax appsand select the respective vendor app page that you are seeking to install.\nBack to top\nCreate an OAuth Tenant Login in Zuora Connect\nLink your Connect account to your Zuora account\nRecommended articles\nArticle type\nTopic\nTags\nMarketplace App\n Copyright 2024 Zuora\nPowered by CXone Expert\n", "url": "https://knowledgecenter.zuora.com/Zuora_Central_Platform/Marketplace/Get_Started_with_Marketplace/Install_an_App" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Zuora Connect: Minimum Commitment Application\n\nZuora University\nSign In\nZuora Connect: Minimum Commitment Application\nVideo: for anyone interested in learning what is supported out of the box with Zuora's Minimum Commitment Extension App.\nRegister | FREE\nAlready registered?\nSign In\nCancel\nApply\nrate limit\nCode not recognized.\nActivate\nAbout this course\nThis video is designedfor anyone interested in learning what is supported out of the box with Zuora's Minimum Commitment Extension App.\nDoes your companys business and cost model rely on usage? Do you use commitment levels and thresholds to drive upsells among your existing customers? But what happens if your customer doesnt hit their committed volume? Wouldnt it be nice if you could charge your customer their commitment level each invoice if they dont consume enough usage? All of these use cases are supported out of the box with our Minimum Commitment Extension App. Karol Chudy, Engineering Manager with Zuora Connect, explains all this with a sample use case.\nCourse13 minutes\nMinimum Commitment Application\nCourse Rating\nNext Steps\nAbout this course\nThis video is designedfor anyone interested in learning what is supported out of the box with Zuora's Minimum Commitment Extension App.\nDoes your companys business and cost model rely on usage? Do you use commitment levels and thresholds to drive upsells among your existing customers? But what happens if your customer doesnt hit their committed volume? Wouldnt it be nice if you could charge your customer their commitment level each invoice if they dont consume enough usage? All of these use cases are supported out of the box with our Minimum Commitment Extension App. Karol Chudy, Engineering Manager with Zuora Connect, explains all this with a sample use case.\nCourse13 minutes\nMinimum Commitment Application\nCourse Rating\nNext Steps\n 2024\npowered by", "url": "https://university.zuora.com/zuora-connect-minimum-commitment-application" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Login - Zuora Billing\nRemember User Name\nForgot your password?\nlogin\nIf you have an OneID account, please sign in here:\nSign in with Zuora OneID\nWhat's OneID?\nPrivacy Statement", "url": "https://www.zuora.com/apps/newlogin.do" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Waiting for engine...", "url": "https://help.boomi.com/docs/atomsphere/integration/connectors/r-atm-zuora_connection_e894633b-d823-43d2-bc9e-8e168a9c2d5b/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Subscription Success Resources - Zuora\nSkip to content\nThe Resource Center\nFind strategic guidance, original research, industry expertise, insights, and entertainment.\nFeatured Content\nExplore curated articles, guides, videos, and reports.\nCustomize your experience with the following collections and filters.\nAutomate revenue recognition\nSubscriber growth strategies\nThe strategic CFO\nOptimize payment operations\nZuora news and updates\nAll Topics\nAccounting automation\nAgile methodologies\nAutomate revenue recognition\nBenchmarks and insights\nBilling and payments\nBusiness innovation\nFinance efficiency\nFinancial control\nFrameworks and models\nFraud protection\nOperations and IT\nOptimize payment operations\nOrder-to-revenue\nPricing and packaging\nQuote-to-revenue\nReporting and analytics\nRevenue accounting\nRevenue models\nRisk and compliance\nStrategic guidance\nSubscribed Institute\nSubscriber acquisition and retention\nSubscriber growth strategies\nTechnical accounting\nThe strategic CFO\nZuora news and updates\nZuora updates\nAll Content Types\nArticle\nBlog\nDatasheet\neBook\nGuide\nPDF\nPodcast\nReport\nReport - 3rd Party\nReport - Zuora\nReport Zuora\nReport Zuora\nSubscribed Strategy\nVideo\nWhitepaper\nAll Industries\nBusiness IoT Services\nCommunications\nConsumer Goods / Retail\nCorporate Services\nEducation\nEnergy and utilities\nFinance\nHealthcare\nHigh Tech\nManufacturing and IOT\nMedia / Publishing\nMedia + Entertainment\nMedia and entertainment\nOTT / Entertainment\nRetail\nSoftware and technology\nTelecommunications\nVideo Games\nZuora for Startups\nAll Products\nZephr\nZuora Billing\nZuora Collect\nZuora CPQ\nZuora Payments\nZuora Platform\nZuora Revenue\nRESULTS: 2367\nVideo\nWhats New in Zuora\nRead More\nVideo\nAI monetization: Seamless integration, precise insights\nRead More\nBlog\nBeyond KPIs: Benchmarks that Empower Modern Businesses\nRead More\nBlog\nStreamline Data Integration with Zuora for Better Insights\nRead More\nBlog\nProactive support: The secret weapon to beat customer churn\nRead More\nGuide\nThe 4 GenAI monetization avenues\nRead More\nBlog\nThe Shift Towards Flexible Payment Systems in the Digital Age\nRead More\nGuide\nTackling recurring payments for Product-As-A-Service\nRead More\nBlog\nStreaming Media Trends 2024: Super Bundles, Niche Content & Personalization\nRead More\nBlog\nStreaming Media Trends 2024: Navigating Growth and Challenges in a Saturated Market\nRead More\nBlog\nThe pros and cons of consumption-based pricing\nRead More\nArticle\nBuild, adjust, move fast: Modularity meets Total Monetization\nRead More\nView More\nReport\nThe SEI Report: Recurring Growth Strategies for Total Monetization\nRead More\nGuide\nHow inflation can unexpectedly boost as-a-service OpEx models\nRead More\nGuide\nThe Modern Business CFO\nRead More\nGuide\nThe 4 GenAI monetization avenues\nRead More\nGuide\nTackling recurring payments for Product-As-A-Service\nRead More\nGuide\nMonetizing GenAI: Why most SaaS companies are missing out\nRead More\nVideo\n2024 Monetization Outlook: Strategies for Recurring Growth\nRead More\nGuide\nHow Product-As-A-Service impacts finance and accounting\nRead More\nGuide\nThe 3-10-50 funding model for Product-As-A-Service\nRead More\nReport\nThe SEI Report: Recurring Growth Strategies for Total Monetization\nRead More\nGuide\nHow inflation can unexpectedly boost as-a-service OpEx models\nRead More\nGuide\nThe Modern Business CFO\nRead More\nGuide\nThe 4 GenAI monetization avenues\nRead More\nGuide\nTackling recurring payments for Product-As-A-Service\nRead More\nGuide\nMonetizing GenAI: Why most SaaS companies are missing out\nRead More\nVideo\n2024 Monetization Outlook: Strategies for Recurring Growth\nRead More\nGuide\nHow Product-As-A-Service impacts finance and accounting\nRead More\nGuide\nThe 3-10-50 funding model for Product-As-A-Service\nRead More\nReport\nThe SEI Report: Recurring Growth Strategies for Total Monetization\nRead More\nGuide\nHow inflation can unexpectedly boost as-a-service OpEx models\nRead More\nGuide\nThe Modern Business CFO\nRead More\n123\nThe Think Tank for the Subscription Economy\nDiscover More\nThe faces of Modern Business\nLeaders driving change and defining the customer-centric business of the future.\nMeet Warren\nFINANCE OPERATIONS DIRECTOR\nBIGCOMMERCE\nWarren Washington is optimizing for tomorrow today.\nDiscover his story\nMeet Ariscielle\nSVP HEAD OF TECHNOLOGY\nNEW YORK POST\nAriscielle Novicio is a technologist at heart with a customer-centric mindset.\nDiscover her story\nMeet Rowan\nSENIOR DIRECTOR\nREVENUE OPERATIONS\nFORMERLY: VIMEO,\nDELOITTE,LIVEPERSON\nFor Rowan Prior, its all about taking action.\nDiscover his story\nMeet the Accelerators\nPodcasts\nFeaturing innovative product, accounting, and finance leaders from companies like Google, EY, Microsoft, eBay, and more.\nThe Closers - Modern Revenue Accounting Podcast\nWatch Episodes\nCan I Speak to Your {Product} Manager\nWatch Episodes\nSee More Episodes\nOther topics you may find interesting\nRevenue models\nBusiness innovation\nQuote-to-revenue\nBilling and payments\nRevenue accounting\nRisk and compliance\nTechnical accounting\nReporting and analytics\nZuora updates\nBenchmarks and insights\nStrategic guidance\nFrameworks and models\nAccounting automation\nM&A transactions and IPOs\nPricing and packaging\nSubscriber acquisition and retention\nFinancial control\nFraud protection\nAgile methodologies\nOperations and IT\nLeave a Reply Cancel replyYou must be logged in to post a comment.\nBy using the website, you agree to the use of cookies. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "X-Plane | The worlds most advanced flight simulator.\nMobile\nProfessional Use\nBlog\nHardware\nSupport\nFree Demo\nBuy Now\nA flight simulator built by pilots, for everyone\nWatch Trailer\nThe Best Flight Simulator for PC, Mac, and Linux\nSince its first release in 1995, pilots, gamers, and aviation enthusiasts around the globe in the X-Plane community have prized our first-principles physics, realistic aircraft systems, and the experience that only decades of real-world flying provides.\nRealism You Can Feel\nEverything in X-Plane operates from real world physics. Aircraft handling, ground effect, wind gusts, and more will give you the most accurate flight sim experience possible. Try it today!\nDetailed World and Atmosphere\nAs you explore the X-Plane world, the weather, water, light, 3-D forests, and everything around you add to the immersion.\nAnalyze and Refine Your Flying\nTheres no end to the customization you can make to your flight simulator experience. Adjust your approach scenarios, get real-time feedback, and use tools like X-Planes replays to study and improve your skills and confidence over time.\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nRobinson R22 Beta II\nThe Robinson R22 Beta II is a two-seat, two-bladed, single-engine light utility helicopter that has been in production since 1979. It has a cruise speed of 96 kn and a range of 209 nmi. It has been popular as a primary rotorcraft trainer, a livestock management tool, and for radio broadcasting.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nCessna Citation X\nThe Cessna Citation X is an American business jet produced by Cessna that made its maiden flight in 1993. The Citation X was the first aircraft from Cessna to use a Rolls-Royce engine and fully integrated avionics.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nGrumman F-14 Tomcat\nThe Grumman F-14 Tomcat is an American supersonic, twin-engine, two-seat, twin-tail, variable-sweep wing fighter aircraft. It made its first deployment in 1974 with the U.S. Navy, and was retired in 2006. It has a max speed of Mach 2.34, a range of 1,600 nmi, and a ceiling of 53,000 ft.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nAirbus A330-300\nThe Airbus A330 is a medium-size, wide-body aircraft, with two engines that was introduced in 1987. The A330-300 variant has a cruise speed of Mach 0.82, a range of 11,750 km / 6,350 nmi, and typically carries 277 passengers.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nCirrus SR22\nThe Cirrus SR22 is a single-engine four- or five-seat composite aircraft built by Cirrus Aircraft. The SR22 series is the most-produced GA aircraft of the 21st century and makes up over 30% of the entire piston aircraft market.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nPiper PA-18 Super Cub\nThe Piper PA-18 Super Cub is a two-seat, single-engine monoplane introduced in 1949. Its known for its ability to takeoff & land in very short distances, as well as its unmatched ability to handle harsh environments. It has a cruise speed of 100 kn and a range of 460 mi/740 km. Bush pilots love the Super Cub for STOL and off-airport operations.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nLancair Evolution\nThe Lancair Evolution is an American pressurized, low wing, four-place, single engine light aircraft supplied as an amateur-built kit, first delivered in 2008. It can carry 3 passengers 1,027 nm with a maximum speed of 300.0 kn. Our Evolution was modeled directly after the aircraft of our Founder, Austin Meyer N844X.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nVan's Aircraft RV-10\nThe Vans Aircraft RV-10 is a four-seat, single-engine, low-wing airplane, first delivered in 2003. It can carry 3 passengers 825 mi/1,328 km with a cruise speed of 171 kn. In real life, the RV-10 is sold as an assembly kit to homebuilders.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nCessna 172SP\nThe Cessna 172SP is a single-engine, fixed-wing aircraft with a tricycle landing gear. It has a cruise speed of 122 knots and a range of 696 nautical miles.More C172s have been built than any other aircraft, making it the most successful plane in history.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nAero-Works Aerolite 103\nThe Aerolite 103is a single seat, high-wing, pusher configuration ultralight aircraft that was introduced in 1997. It is sold as an assembly kit aircraft that can take between 60-80 hours to complete the airframe.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nBeechcraft King Air C90\nThe King Air is a twin turboprop plane produced by Beechcraft. It was thefirst turboprop and has outsold all its competitors. The King Air can seat up to 7 passengers, has a cruise speed of 226 knots and a range of1,321 nm.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nBoeing 737-800\nThe Boeing 737 is a narrow-bodied, short- to medium-range airliner. It has 10 variants that can carry 85 to 215 passengers. It is the best-selling commercial jet airliner and has been in continuous production since 1967.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nBeechcraft Baron 58\nThe Beechcraft Baron 58 is light, long-body, twin-engine piston aircraftthat sits atthe top of the light aircraft hierarchy. It cruises at 200 knots with a range of 942 nautical miles.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nCirrus Vision SF50\nThe Vision SF50 is a single-engine, very light jet aircraft manufactured by Cirrus Aircraft. The first prototype was shown in 2008 and the first flight occurred later that same year. The Vision can seat 6 passengers and has a cruise speed of 300 knots.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nMcDonnell Douglas MD-80\nThe MD-80 is a twin-engine, short- to medium-range commercial jet airliner that was introducedin 1980. Itis primarily used for frequent, short-haul flights and can accommodate between 130 to 172 passengerswith a cruise speed of 504 miles per hour.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nSchleicher ASK 21\nThe ASK 21 is a mid-wing glider aircraft that seats two in a tandem arrangement, with a T-tail and a bodymade of glass-reinforced plastic. This gliderhas been in production since 1979and makes a great training glider.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nSikorsky S-76\nThe Sikorsky S-76 is a commercial utility helicopter with twin turboshaft engines, four-bladed main and tail rotors and retractable landing gear. The S-76 was the first Sikorsky helicopter designed for commercial, rather than military, use and can seat 12 passengers. It cruises at 155 knots and has a range of over 400 nautical miles.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nOur Fleet of Aircraft\nStinson L-5 Sentinel\nThe Stinson L-5 is aWorld War II-era tail-dragger aircraft that was typically used for observation. It can carrya pilot and observer in a tandem-seating configuration with a range of 375 statue miles.\nAll Aircraft\nDetails\nSee the Highlights in X-Plane 12\nSee X-Plane 12 in actionwatch our official trailer!\nWatch Trailer\nTrain Like the Pros\nA flight simulator packed with unique features built for you\nCustomize Your Flight\nTweak the X-Plane environment to practice specific skills and simulate conditions youll encounter in a real cockpit.\nPlay It Back\nNew and experienced pilots alike love the way you can replay landings and more from any angles.\nDetailed Failures\nThere are infinite ways to test your reactions and limits of your aircraft in failure simulation scenarios. Browse our 500+ failures to create the perfect training environment.\nLearn Navigation\nX-Plane 12 comes with amazing attention to detail in all navigational systems. Brush up on the classic fundamentals in our Cessna 172 or explore the new MCDU system in our Airbus A330.\nExperience a World of Add-Ons\nEverything that comes with X-Plane makes it the most realistic, most robust flight sim experience you can have. But the thriving X-Plane community has spawned countless third-party add-ons to explore and enjoy.\nLearn Physics in Real Time\nTurn on our Flight Model Visualization view to see exactly how air is acting on the aircraft throughout all phases of flight.\nClimb Inside X-Plane\nThis is what 30 years of flight simulator development and refinement from a small, passionate team of aviation and software experts looks like.\nWant to feel the thrills and endless possibilities of real-world flight rewards and challenges? With X-Plane 12, you get completely reimagined weather, immersive, volumetric 3D clouds, wake turbulence, microbursts, thermals, snow, rain, and ice accumulation and so much more. Its as real as it gets without burning a drop of av gas.\nPrevious\nCitation X cockpit Citation X exterior in clouds PA-18 above 3d pine trees RV-10 - 2023-08-24 20.08.00 A320 at the Gate RV-10 - 2023-08-24 19.58.17 R22 on Floats in X-Plane Flight Simulator FJS_732_TwinJet - 2023-08-30 22.51.19 F-14 in Flight Simulator Citation X Business Jet Cirrus SR22 in flight F-14D - 2023-08-25 16.21.37 F-14D - 2023-08-24 21.02.28 F-14 Cockpit in Flight Cirrus SR22 - 2023-08-28 21.07.46 Cessna_CitationX - 2023-08-28 20.50.55 F-14D - 2023-08-30 23.34.43 Cessna_CitationX - 2023-08-28 20.50.29 Cessna_CitationX - 2023-08-28 20.48.05 Cessna_172SP - 2023-08-31 13.16.37 Cessna_172SP - 2023-08-31 13.16.18 Baron_58 - 2023-08-25 16.08.03 Baron_58 - 2023-08-25 15.55.38 Baron_58 - 2023-08-25 15.25.43 b738 - 2023-09-01 14.30.26 b738 - 2023-09-01 14.22.54 b738 - 2023-08-25 15.05.48 b738 - 2023-08-25 14.31.11 Boeing 737 landing in X-Plane Flight Simulator ASK21 - 2023-08-31 13.03.53 ASK21 - 2023-08-31 12.54.05 ASK21 - 2023-08-31 12.50.25 ASK21 - 2023-08-31 12.47.49 ASK21 - 2023-08-31 12.44.59 ALIA-250 - 2023-09-01 14.46.02 ALIA-250 - 2023-09-01 14.40.39 ALIA-250 - 2023-08-25 11.16.45 Baron_58 - 2023-08-25 16.01.00 ALIA-250 - 2023-08-25 11.15.06 ALIA-250 - 2023-08-25 11.13.42 A330 - 2023-09-01 14.53.33 A330 - 2023-08-30 23.21.43 A330 - 2023-08-30 23.07.24 A330 - 2023-08-25 17.19.27 A330 - 2023-08-25 17.13.11 A330 - 2023-08-25 17.07.46 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.41.14 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.29.17 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.25.50 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.10.50 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.09.09 A1 Baron B58 over snowy scenery in X-Plane 12 Flight Simulator Lancair Evolution cockpit Evolution exterior at sunset Citation X cockpit Citation X exterior in clouds PA-18 above 3d pine trees RV-10 - 2023-08-24 20.08.00 A320 at the Gate RV-10 - 2023-08-24 19.58.17 R22 on Floats in X-Plane Flight Simulator FJS_732_TwinJet - 2023-08-30 22.51.19 F-14 in Flight Simulator Citation X Business Jet Cirrus SR22 in flight F-14D - 2023-08-25 16.21.37 F-14D - 2023-08-24 21.02.28 F-14 Cockpit in Flight Cirrus SR22 - 2023-08-28 21.07.46 Cessna_CitationX - 2023-08-28 20.50.55 F-14D - 2023-08-30 23.34.43 Cessna_CitationX - 2023-08-28 20.50.29 Cessna_CitationX - 2023-08-28 20.48.05 Cessna_172SP - 2023-08-31 13.16.37 Cessna_172SP - 2023-08-31 13.16.18 Baron_58 - 2023-08-25 16.08.03 Baron_58 - 2023-08-25 15.55.38 Baron_58 - 2023-08-25 15.25.43 b738 - 2023-09-01 14.30.26 b738 - 2023-09-01 14.22.54 b738 - 2023-08-25 15.05.48 b738 - 2023-08-25 14.31.11 Boeing 737 landing in X-Plane Flight Simulator ASK21 - 2023-08-31 13.03.53 ASK21 - 2023-08-31 12.54.05 ASK21 - 2023-08-31 12.50.25 ASK21 - 2023-08-31 12.47.49 ASK21 - 2023-08-31 12.44.59 ALIA-250 - 2023-09-01 14.46.02 ALIA-250 - 2023-09-01 14.40.39 ALIA-250 - 2023-08-25 11.16.45 Baron_58 - 2023-08-25 16.01.00 ALIA-250 - 2023-08-25 11.15.06 ALIA-250 - 2023-08-25 11.13.42 A330 - 2023-09-01 14.53.33 A330 - 2023-08-30 23.21.43 A330 - 2023-08-30 23.07.24 A330 - 2023-08-25 17.19.27 A330 - 2023-08-25 17.13.11 A330 - 2023-08-25 17.07.46 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.41.14 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.29.17 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.25.50 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.10.50 A330 - 2023-08-24 19.09.09 A1 Baron B58 over snowy scenery in X-Plane 12 Flight Simulator Lancair Evolution cockpit Evolution exterior at sunset Citation X cockpit Citation X exterior in clouds PA-18 above 3d pine trees\nNext\nNews\nLatest X-Plane News\nView all posts\nNews\nFebruary 23, 2024\nWhats new in X-Plane 12.1.0 oh boy\nX-Plane 12.1.0 is packed with new features and improvements. Lets get a rundown! As most of you know, the X-Plane []\nRead post\nNews\nFebruary 7, 2024\nIntroducing: The X-Plane Store\nIntroducing: The X-Plane Store! Were taking the X-Plane add-on experience to the next level by creating a marketplace where developers []\nRead post\nNews\nOctober 3, 2023\nComing in X-Plane 12.0.8 and beyond Roadmap Update\nHey X-Plane Community and Greetings from the Team! Thomson here. Now that X-Plane 12.07 is shipping for all, I wanted []\nRead post\nFlight Simulator Requirements & More\nFrequently Asked Questions\nSupport\nMinimum Requirements\nOperating System: Windows 10 or 11, macOS 10.15 or later, or Linux 64-bit distribution\nProcessor: Intel Core i3, i5, i7, or i9 CPU with 4 or more cores, or AMD Ryzen 3, 5, 7 or 9\nRAM: 8 GB\nGraphics Card: Vulkan 1.3-capable video card from NVIDIA or AMD with at least 2 GB VRAM\nStorage: 25 GB available space\nInternet Connection: Required for initial software activation and online features\nMore info\nCan I use X-Plane with a joystick or flight controller?\nYes, X-Plane supports a wide range of hardware peripherals, including joysticks, yokes, pedals, and flight controllers. It provides compatibility with popular brands and models in the market.\nHow can I get support or assistance?\nRead our user manual or watch our video tutorials to get started! Our support team is on call to assist if you run into any issues. Visit the X-Plane support page for more info.\nNever miss an update.\nMore X-Plane news comes every month. Sign up below to never miss an announcement.\nSubscribe There was a problem with the form submission. Please enable Javascript to be able to sign up for email updates.\nX-Plane\nLaminar Research\nFacebook\nTwitter\nYouTube\nInstagram\nTwitch\n 2024 X-Plane\nPress Kit\nPrivacy Policy", "url": "https://www.x-plane.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Laminar Research - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1References\n2External links\nToggle the table of contents\nLaminar Research\n6 languages\nEspaolFranaisItalianoTrke\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nColumbia, South Carolina, software company\nLaminar ResearchCompany typePrivateIndustryVideo gamesFounderAustin MeyerHeadquartersColumbia, South Carolina, U.S.ProductsX-PlaneWebsiteLaminar Research\nLaminar Research is a small software company based in Columbia, South Carolina, and dedicated to providing software that accurately reflects the laws of physics. Laminar's flagship product is the flight simulator X-Plane.[1] The game works with Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Linux. They also have mobile versions for iPhone, iPad, and Android.\nIn 2004, Laminar Research released the software Space Combat.\nLaminar also produced a Mecha simulator titled Young's Modulus.\nIn October 2012, Laminar Research announced that they were being sued by Uniloc over an alleged patent infringement.[2][3] Austin Meyer produced a documentary film called The Patent Scam, about his experiences being sued by Uniloc.[4]\nIn May 2017, X-Plane 11 was released, a major iteration in their flight simulator. X-Plane 11 is available in both a consumer version, as well as a Federal Aviation Administration certifiable professional version.[5]\nIn January 2022, Laminar Research announced the release of their upcoming next-generation simulation game, X-Plane 12. It is slated to feature an overhaul of its weather engine, in addition to new aircraft.[6]\nIn September 2022, Laminar Research published the \"early access\" demo of X-Plane 12 and started selling it in their website. In December 2022, X-Plane 12 was released.\nReferences[edit]\n^ Jeff Wise (July 2003). \"Austin & Goliath: One unorthodox programmer takes on Microsoft's Flight Simulator\". Aviation & Space. popsci.com. Archived from the original on 2006-03-13. Retrieved 2018-02-08.\n^ Senior, Tom (September 17, 2012). \"X-Plane devs sued by Uniloc for patent infringement\". pcgamer. Retrieved May 22, 2017.\n^ \"Patents\" (video). Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. HBO. 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2018-02-08.\n^ \"R/Documentaries - the Patent Scam Intro (2016)\". 14 June 2016.\n^ \"Press Kit\". 5 March 2015.\n^ \"X-Plane 12 Release Date\". 10 January 2022.\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website\nAuthority control databases\nVIAF\nThis United States video game corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laminar_Research&oldid=1209422155\"\nCategories: Privately held companies based in South CarolinaCompanies based in Columbia, South CarolinaVideo game companies of the United StatesVideo game development companiesUnited States video game company stubsHidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataArticles with VIAF identifiersAll stub articles\nThis page was last edited on 21 February 2024, at 21:15(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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(Your personal information will be used by Laminar Research staff only, and will never be shared with third parties.)[acceptance]\nBug Reporting\nUse this form to submit a desktop bug report.\nUse this form to submit a mobile bug report.\nLaminar Research\n5001 Radcliffe Rd\nColumbia, SC 29206\nSite Map\nNever miss an update.\nMore X-Plane news comes every month. Sign up below to never miss an announcement.\nSubscribe There was a problem with the form submission. Please enable Javascript to be able to sign up for email updates.\nX-Plane\nLaminar Research\nFacebook\nTwitter\nYouTube\nInstagram\nTwitch\n 2024 X-Plane\nPress Kit\nPrivacy Policy", "url": "https://www.x-plane.com/support/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Does Laminar Research answer phone, ever - Technical Support - Cubby's Corner - X-Plane.Org Forum\nJump to content\nTechnical Support - Cubby's Corner\nExisting user? 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We Need Information!\n\nDoes Laminar Research answer phone, ever\ncustomer support\nBy\nThroggy\nMay 30, 2017 in\nTechnical Support - Cubby's Corner\nStart new topic\nRecommended Posts\nThroggy\nPosted May 30, 2017\nThroggy\nMember\n29\nLocation:Earth\nInterests:Many. Have owned/used several flight sims, and a few space sims. Practically all of the microsoft flight sims up to X. DCS. Cliffs of Dover. Kerbal Space Program! And others...\nHave been a real world pilot (GA).\nOS:Windows\nX-Plane user since :v10\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nBeen trying to contact LP via phone, their customer service number, and all I get is an answering machine. During business hours, today, in the morning, at 11:00 am eastern time (their time zone).\nSent an email also to them, no reply, yet.\nDo they ever respond in a timely fashion with anyone?\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nSteve.Wilson\nPosted May 30, 2017\nSteve.Wilson\nModerators\n18.7k\n9\nOS:Multiple (Windows/Mac/Linux)\nX-Plane user since :v9\nExperience: Glider Pilot\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nLaminar Research is a distributed company, with workers all over the place. I don't believe that they maintain a brick and mortar location, so there really isn't anyone \"at the office\" to pickup the phone and offer customer service. I suggest leaving a friendly message with a callback number, and above all, patience.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nThroggy\nPosted May 30, 2017\nThroggy\nMember\n29\nLocation:Earth\nInterests:Many. Have owned/used several flight sims, and a few space sims. Practically all of the microsoft flight sims up to X. DCS. Cliffs of Dover. Kerbal Space Program! And others...\nHave been a real world pilot (GA).\nOS:Windows\nX-Plane user since :v10\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nOn 5/30/2017 at 3:06 PM, \tSteve.Wilson said:\nLaminar Research is a distributed company, with workers all over the place. I don't believe that they maintain a brick and mortar location, so there really isn't anyone \"at the office\" to pickup the phone and offer customer service. I suggest leaving a friendly message with a callback number, and above all, patience.\nExpand\nGotta be someone somewhere as there IS a phone number. Someone, somehow, there, took my money. The email receipt says \"customer service\". Friendly is sort of out the door at the moment. He left when their product failed to update.\nSo in meantime, I am kinda looking for input as to does their customer service STINK as I'm beginning to think it might? I feel that if any company can take my money 24/7, they better support 24/7.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nbrett s\nPosted May 30, 2017\nbrett s\nCommunity Leader\n54.3k\n63\nLocation:Ball Ground, Georgia\nOS:Windows\nX-Plane user since :v5 or earlier\nExperience: Helicopter Pilot\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nOn 5/30/2017 at 3:14 PM, \tThroggy said:\nI feel that if any company can take my money 24/7, they better support 24/7.\nExpand\nFor a $60 consumer grade flight sim aka game? Good luck with that\nI've always gotten reasonable response from them.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nXav8tor\nPosted May 30, 2017\nXav8tor\nOld Timer\n4.9k\nLocation:On a Tropical Island (in my dreams).\nInterests:Yes, I have a few.\nOS:Multiple (Windows/Mac)\nX-Plane user since :v8\nExperience: Airline Transport PilotCertified Flight Instructor\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nOn 5/30/2017 at 3:14 PM, \tThroggy said:\nGotta be someone somewhere as there IS a phone number. Someone, somehow, there, took my money. The email receipt says \"customer service\". Friendly is sort of out the door at the moment. He left when their product failed to update.\nSo in meantime, I am kinda looking for input as to does there customer service STINK as I'm beginning to think it might? I feel that if any company can take my money 24/7, they better support 24/7.\nExpand\nWelcome to the this thing called the Interwebs, or somethin' like that. The webshots are run by these young dang whipper snappers who carry a phone in theys hands all the times, but they fur sum stupid reason don't wanna talk on it. They dang sure wont talk on a landline cause most of them don't know whut one iz. Butt the real weird thing is, they just luv to punch the buttons on their portable telephones. Somehow, you can send a telegram on it even though it ain't got no wires hooked to it. They call it Email but I'm purty sure it ain't nuthin but morse code. Anywhos, my great grand yungin swears (that don't mean he cusses) that if you type in an address on the phone and punch a bunch of them buttons that them customers services people will prolly jump rite on it.\nPS you can use a computer too to send one of them emailz as well. bye. see y'all later.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nThroggy\nPosted May 30, 2017\nThroggy\nMember\n29\nLocation:Earth\nInterests:Many. Have owned/used several flight sims, and a few space sims. Practically all of the microsoft flight sims up to X. DCS. Cliffs of Dover. Kerbal Space Program! And others...\nHave been a real world pilot (GA).\nOS:Windows\nX-Plane user since :v10\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nOn 5/30/2017 at 3:34 PM, \tbrett s said:\nFor a $60 consumer grade flight sim aka game? Good luck with that\nI've always gotten reasonable response from them.\nExpand\nEven if it was a $.50 sim. It's commerce. And service is implied.\nOn 5/30/2017 at 3:35 PM, \tXav8tor said:\nWelcome to the this thing called the Interwebs, or somethin' like that. The webshots are run by these young dang whipper snappers who carry a phone in theys hands all the times, but they fur sum stupid reason don't wanna talk on it. They dang sure wont talk on a landline cause most of them don't know whut one iz. Butt the real weird thing is, they just luv to punch the buttons on their portable telephones. Somehow, you can send a telegram on it even though it ain't got no wires hooked to it. They call it Email but I'm purty sure it ain't nuthin but morse code. Anywhos, my great grand yungin swears (that don't mean he cusses) that if you type in an address on the phone and punch a bunch of them buttons that them customers services people will prolly jump rite on it.\nPS you can use a computer too to send one of them emailz as well. bye. see y'all later.\nExpand\nIs a village missing an idiot somewhere? I did splain I cent dem anz emale thung thang in ma gorgizanl post up top yonder. See, you were not all that original, just a tiny bit annoying.\nWow, just a Simple answer to the SIMPLE question of is their service ###### will suffice.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\ndmarini78\nPosted May 30, 2017\ndmarini78\nMember\n150\nLocation:KBDL\nInterests:Aviation, Software\nOS:Windows\nX-Plane user since :v10\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nwhy not just start here asking the community for help first before reaching out to LR directly?AFAIK they don't provide \"technical support\" over the phone. Email is your best bet, but you might be able to get the help you need from this forum. You mentioned that the update didn't work, can you expound on that?\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nMr. Dare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nMr. Dare\nMember\n2.6k\n1\nOS:Multiple (Windows/Mac)\nX-Plane user since : v9\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nMorse Code! That made coffee come out of my nose!\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nXav8tor\nPosted May 30, 2017\nXav8tor\nOld Timer\n4.9k\nLocation:On a Tropical Island (in my dreams).\nInterests:Yes, I have a few.\nOS:Multiple (Windows/Mac)\nX-Plane user since :v8\nExperience: Airline Transport PilotCertified Flight Instructor\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2017\nOn 5/30/2017 at 3:41 PM, \tThroggy said:\nEven if it was a $.50 sim. It's commerce. And service is implied.\nIs a village missing an idiot somewhere? I did splain I cent dem anz emale thung thang in ma gorgizanl post up top yonder. See, you were not all that original, just a tiny bit annoying.\nWow, just a Simple answer to the SIMPLE question of is their service ###### will suffice.\nExpand\nMission accomplished.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nArchived\nThis topic is now archived and is closed to further replies.\nGo to topic listing\nRecently Browsing\n0 members\nNo registered users viewing this page.\nAll Activity\nHome\nForums\nX-Plane Flight Simulator\nX-Plane 11\nTechnical Support - Cubby's Corner\nDoes Laminar Research answer phone, ever\nPrivacy Policy\nContact Us\nCookies\nTwitter\nX-Plane.Org\nPowered by Invision Community\n\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign Up\nNews\nBack\nWeekly Digest - What is new in The X-Plane World\nInterviews - Developer Spotlight\nDesigners News\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nPortal\nForum\nBack\nForums Rules\nForum Index\nTech Support\nX-Plane 12 Support and Discussion\nX-Plane 12 Tips\nX-Plane 11\nPayware Support\nEngineering Department\nOnline Users\nClubs\nChat\nOrg Store\nDownloads\nBack\nAll Downloads - Index\nTop Planes\nTop Scenery\nTop Utilities\nNew Members\nBack\nForums Rules\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nAdding Two Factor Authentication to Your Account\nScreenshot Policy\nStart A New Topic\nFlight School\nTutorials\nClubs\nPayware Support\nMember Projects\nBack\nMember Projects\nZIBO B737-800 Modified\nDazzyB AI Traffic Packs\nAutoOrtho - streaming ortho imagery\nSimHeaven\nx737 Support\nAeroworx Douglas C-47\nAVITAB\nLive Traffic\nFlywithLua\nMisterX6 Scenery\nOrtho4XP\nWorld2XPlane\nArticles\nX-Aerodynamics Projects\nXHSI\nFlight School\nBack\nFlight School\nVFR Flight School\nX-IFR IFR Flight School\nX-Multi Multi Engines Flight School\nDream Flight : Augusta, GA to the Bahamas\nFlying to Oshkosh - Advanced VFR\nGPS 430-530 Tutorials\nScenario Based Lessons\nPro Flight Planning\nFMC Tutorials Series\nHelo Flight School\nChuck's Overview\nRecent Posts and Files\nBack\nRecent Posts and Files\nAll Activity\nMy Activity Streams\nBack\nNew Files\nUnread Content\nContent I Started\nNew Files\nSearch\n\nCreate New...\nForums\nUnread\nSign In\nSign Up\nMore\nChange theme", "url": "https://forums.x-plane.org/index.php?/forums/topic/122893-does-laminar-research-answer-phone-ever/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Laminar Research Apps on the AppStore\nAppleStoreMaciPadiPhoneWatchVisionAirPodsTV & HomeEntertainmentAccessoriesSupport\n0+\nApp Store Preview\nLaminar Research\niPad & iPhone\nControl Pad for X-Plane 12\nUtilities\nX-Plane: Starship\nSimulation\nX-Plane Flight Simulator\nSimulation\nBloodhound SSC\nRacing\nStradale Racing Simulator\nRacing\nMore ways to shop: Find an Apple Store or other retailer near you. Or call 1-800-MY-APPLE.\nChoose your country or region\nCopyright 2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Use\nSales and Refunds\nLegal\nSite Map", "url": "https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/laminar-research/id290619948" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Laminar Research 737-800Checklist - Xchecklist Checklists - X-Plane.Org Forum\nJump to content\nXchecklist Checklists\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign In\nRemember me\nNot recommended on shared computers\nSign In\nForgot your password?\nSign Up\nMore\nNews\nWeekly Digest - What is new in The X-Plane World\nInterviews - Developer Spotlight\nDesigners News\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nMore\nPortal\nForum\nForums Rules\nForum Index\nTech Support\nX-Plane 12 Support and Discussion\nX-Plane 12 Tips\nX-Plane 11\nPayware Support\nEngineering Department\nOnline Users\nClubs\nChat\nMore\nOrg Store\nDownloads\nAll Downloads - Index\nTop Planes\nTop Scenery\nTop Utilities\nMore\nNew Members\nForums Rules\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nAdding Two Factor Authentication to Your Account\nScreenshot Policy\nStart A New Topic\nFlight School\nTutorials\nClubs\nMore\nPayware Support\nMember Projects\nZIBO B737-800 Modified\nDazzyB AI Traffic Packs\nAutoOrtho - streaming ortho imagery\nSimHeaven\nx737 Support\nAeroworx Douglas C-47\nAVITAB\nLive Traffic\nFlywithLua\nMisterX6 Scenery\nOrtho4XP\nWorld2XPlane\nArticles\nX-Aerodynamics Projects\nXHSI\nMore\nFlight School\nVFR Flight School\nX-IFR IFR Flight School\nX-Multi Multi Engines Flight School\nDream Flight : Augusta, GA to the Bahamas\nFlying to Oshkosh - Advanced VFR\nGPS 430-530 Tutorials\nScenario Based Lessons\nPro Flight Planning\nFMC Tutorials Series\nHelo Flight School\nChuck's Overview\nMore\nRecent Posts and Files\nAll Activity\nMy Activity Streams\nNew Files\nUnread Content\nContent I Started\nNew Files\nSearch\nMore\nThis File\nEverywhere\nThis Category\nThis File\nStatus Updates\nFiles\nEvents\nTopics\nPages\nArticles\nMembers\nAll Activity\nHome\nDownloads\nUtilities\nXchecklist Checklists\nLaminar Research 737-800Checklist\nTwitter\nLaminar Research 737-800Checklist 1.0.0\nboeing\n737\nclist.txt\n(1 review)\nBy\nTheogbigsmoke\nFind their other files\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n1\n1 Screenshot\nAbout This File\n*** This is by no means a realistic checklist, however it is rather detailed. itsused to help new pilots get familiar and all systems running****\nthis is my second checklist to date this time for the default laminar 737-800. this covers procedures from cold and dark up to cruise and back to cold and dark.If you happen to find any mitakes or something i left out let me know on here and i will fix it. thanks for having a look hope this helps !\nJust download the file and place in your documents. when you load into your game go to flight->load new checklist.\nCreate an account or sign in to download this\nFile Information\nViews\n4,638\nDownloads\n1,551\nSubmitted\nAugust 8, 2019\nPublished\nAugust 8, 2019\nFile Size\n4.74 kB\n8\n2\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n1\nPrevious File\nSSG Embraer 195 - Checklist\nNext File\nDEFAULT MD-80 CHECKLIST\nUser Feedback\n1 Review\n0 Comments\nYou may only provide a review once you have downloaded the file.\nMost Helpful\nNewest\nRFpilot\n28\nFebruary 20, 2020\n3 of 3 members found this review helpful\n3 / 3 members\nShare this review\nLooks detailed and clear. Will test and advise.\n1\nLink to review\nAll Activity\nHome\nDownloads\nUtilities\nXchecklist Checklists\nLaminar Research 737-800Checklist\nPrivacy Policy\nContact Us\nCookies\nTwitter\nX-Plane.Org\nPowered by Invision Community\n\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign Up\nNews\nBack\nWeekly Digest - What is new in The X-Plane World\nInterviews - Developer Spotlight\nDesigners News\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nPortal\nForum\nBack\nForums Rules\nForum Index\nTech Support\nX-Plane 12 Support and Discussion\nX-Plane 12 Tips\nX-Plane 11\nPayware Support\nEngineering Department\nOnline Users\nClubs\nChat\nOrg Store\nDownloads\nBack\nAll Downloads - Index\nTop Planes\nTop Scenery\nTop Utilities\nNew Members\nBack\nForums Rules\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nAdding Two Factor Authentication to Your Account\nScreenshot Policy\nStart A New Topic\nFlight School\nTutorials\nClubs\nPayware Support\nMember Projects\nBack\nMember Projects\nZIBO B737-800 Modified\nDazzyB AI Traffic Packs\nAutoOrtho - streaming ortho imagery\nSimHeaven\nx737 Support\nAeroworx Douglas C-47\nAVITAB\nLive Traffic\nFlywithLua\nMisterX6 Scenery\nOrtho4XP\nWorld2XPlane\nArticles\nX-Aerodynamics Projects\nXHSI\nFlight School\nBack\nFlight School\nVFR Flight School\nX-IFR IFR Flight School\nX-Multi Multi Engines Flight School\nDream Flight : Augusta, GA to the Bahamas\nFlying to Oshkosh - Advanced VFR\nGPS 430-530 Tutorials\nScenario Based Lessons\nPro Flight Planning\nFMC Tutorials Series\nHelo Flight School\nChuck's Overview\nRecent Posts and Files\nBack\nRecent Posts and Files\nAll Activity\nMy Activity Streams\nBack\nNew Files\nUnread Content\nContent I Started\nNew Files\nSearch\n\nCreate New...\nForums\nUnread\nSign In\nSign Up\nMore\nChange theme", "url": "https://forums.x-plane.org/index.php?/files/file/54011-laminar-research-737-800checklist/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "V1speedcallout for Laminar Research A330 - Utilities - X-Plane.Org Forum\nJump to content\nUtilities\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign In\nRemember me\nNot recommended on shared computers\nSign In\nForgot your password?\nSign Up\nMore\nNews\nWeekly Digest - What is new in The X-Plane World\nInterviews - Developer Spotlight\nDesigners News\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nMore\nPortal\nForum\nForums Rules\nForum Index\nTech Support\nX-Plane 12 Support and Discussion\nX-Plane 12 Tips\nX-Plane 11\nPayware Support\nEngineering Department\nOnline Users\nClubs\nChat\nMore\nOrg Store\nDownloads\nAll Downloads - Index\nTop Planes\nTop Scenery\nTop Utilities\nMore\nNew Members\nForums Rules\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nAdding Two Factor Authentication to Your Account\nScreenshot Policy\nStart A New Topic\nFlight School\nTutorials\nClubs\nMore\nPayware Support\nMember Projects\nZIBO B737-800 Modified\nDazzyB AI Traffic Packs\nAutoOrtho - streaming ortho imagery\nSimHeaven\nx737 Support\nAeroworx Douglas C-47\nAVITAB\nLive Traffic\nFlywithLua\nMisterX6 Scenery\nOrtho4XP\nWorld2XPlane\nArticles\nX-Aerodynamics Projects\nXHSI\nMore\nFlight School\nVFR Flight School\nX-IFR IFR Flight School\nX-Multi Multi Engines Flight School\nDream Flight : Augusta, GA to the Bahamas\nFlying to Oshkosh - Advanced VFR\nGPS 430-530 Tutorials\nScenario Based Lessons\nPro Flight Planning\nFMC Tutorials Series\nHelo Flight School\nChuck's Overview\nMore\nRecent Posts and Files\nAll Activity\nMy Activity Streams\nNew Files\nUnread Content\nContent I Started\nNew Files\nSearch\nMore\nThis File\nEverywhere\nThis Category\nThis File\nStatus Updates\nFiles\nEvents\nTopics\nPages\nArticles\nMembers\nAll Activity\nHome\nDownloads\nUtilities\nV1speedcallout for Laminar Research A330\nTwitter\nV1speedcallout for Laminar Research A330 1.0.0\na330\nsoundmod\n(3 reviews)\nBy\nchalice\nFind their other files\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n5\n2 Screenshots\nAbout This File\nV1speedcallout Plugin for Laminar Research A330-300\nThe default A330 doesn't have V1 callout sound so I decided to make a plugin for this plane. This plugin is inspired from a project on another forum. Resource link is attached below. Huge thanks to Tom Stian.\nhttps://forums.x-pilot.com/forums/topic/23221-vspeed-callouts-for-the-hotstart-challenger-650/\nHow to install:\nDownload FlyWithLua plugin (If you have already installed, skip this line)\nExtract the contents in the zip file to (...\\X-Plane 12\\Resources\\plugins\\FlyWithLua\\Scripts)\nEnter the game, finish cockpit preparation (Don't forget to input V1 speed in mcdu...)\nYou will hear V1 callout out sound when IAS reach V1 speed.\nGet help and support\nJoin Discord:https://discord.gg/FGAP9qmuAy\nEdited June 7, 2023 by chalice\nCreate an account or sign in to download this\nFile Information\nViews\n3,473\nDownloads\n754\nSubmitted\nApril 8, 2023\nPublished\nApril 10, 2023\nUpdated\nJune 7, 2023\nFile Size\n95.8 kB\n5\n5\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n5\nPrevious File\nImproved Thrustmaster Boeing TCA Autopilot Control Integration Script for X-plane\nNext File\nTOLISS A319 XFirstOfficer\nUser Feedback\n3 Reviews\n2 Comments\nYou may only provide a review once you have downloaded the file.\nMost Helpful\nNewest\nFSA1519\n5\nApril 10, 2023\n2 of 3 members found this review helpful\n2 / 3 members\nShare this review\nNice! Can you also write a V1 callout for toliss?\nResponse from the author:\nyes, but which aircraft\nLink to review\nAndrew Febrian Eliezer\n0\nJanuary 4\nShare this review\nHi, can I use it on the A330 900 NEO mod? should i change the script of the LUA?\nLink to review\nUmar Wali\n36\nJune 1, 2023\nShare this review\nGood Work. Can you write the same for Toliss A320neo\nLink to review\nAll Activity\nHome\nDownloads\nUtilities\nV1speedcallout for Laminar Research A330\nPrivacy Policy\nContact Us\nCookies\nTwitter\nX-Plane.Org\nPowered by Invision Community\n\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign Up\nNews\nBack\nWeekly Digest - What is new in The X-Plane World\nInterviews - Developer Spotlight\nDesigners News\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nPortal\nForum\nBack\nForums Rules\nForum Index\nTech Support\nX-Plane 12 Support and Discussion\nX-Plane 12 Tips\nX-Plane 11\nPayware Support\nEngineering Department\nOnline Users\nClubs\nChat\nOrg Store\nDownloads\nBack\nAll Downloads - Index\nTop Planes\nTop Scenery\nTop Utilities\nNew Members\nBack\nForums Rules\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nAdding Two Factor Authentication to Your Account\nScreenshot Policy\nStart A New Topic\nFlight School\nTutorials\nClubs\nPayware Support\nMember Projects\nBack\nMember Projects\nZIBO B737-800 Modified\nDazzyB AI Traffic Packs\nAutoOrtho - streaming ortho imagery\nSimHeaven\nx737 Support\nAeroworx Douglas C-47\nAVITAB\nLive Traffic\nFlywithLua\nMisterX6 Scenery\nOrtho4XP\nWorld2XPlane\nArticles\nX-Aerodynamics Projects\nXHSI\nFlight School\nBack\nFlight School\nVFR Flight School\nX-IFR IFR Flight School\nX-Multi Multi Engines Flight School\nDream Flight : Augusta, GA to the Bahamas\nFlying to Oshkosh - Advanced VFR\nGPS 430-530 Tutorials\nScenario Based Lessons\nPro Flight Planning\nFMC Tutorials Series\nHelo Flight School\nChuck's Overview\nRecent Posts and Files\nBack\nRecent Posts and Files\nAll Activity\nMy Activity Streams\nBack\nNew Files\nUnread Content\nContent I Started\nNew Files\nSearch\n\nCreate New...\nForums\nUnread\nSign In\nSign Up\nMore\nChange theme", "url": "https://forums.x-plane.org/index.php?/files/file/86120-v1speedcallout-for-laminar-research-a330/" } ]