Datasets:

williamium
/

CoreCognition

id stringlengths 1 4	concept stringclasses 12 values	stage stringclasses 3 values	type stringclasses 2 values	question stringlengths 40 680	images stringlengths 7 71 ⌀	videos stringclasses 213 values	answer stringclasses 7 values	choices stringlengths 23 301
1	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0052.png>How many animal are there?	a0052.png	null	B	{'A': '0', 'B': '1', 'C': '2', 'D': '3', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
2	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0325.png>How many animals are there?	a0325.png	null	B	{'A': '0', 'B': '1', 'C': '2', 'D': '3', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
3	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0336.png>How many books are there?	a0336.png	null	C	{'A': '4', 'B': '5', 'C': '6', 'D': '7', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
4	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0382.png>How many person(s) are there in the image?	a0382.png	null	B	{'A': '0', 'B': '1', 'C': '2', 'D': '3', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
5	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0463.png>What is the number of objects in the picture, not counting background?	a0463.png	null	B	{'A': '0', 'B': '1', 'C': '2', 'D': '3', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
6	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0053.png>Can you distinguish the butterfly from the plant?	a0053.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
7	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0059.png>Is the giraff a sperate object or a part of the book?	a0059.png	null	B	{'A': 'A separate object', 'B': 'Part of the book', 'C': nan, 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
8	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0060.png>Are there grids on the book?	a0060.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
9	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0242.png>Is the boundary of the object in the shape of a perfect circle?	a0242.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
10	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0249.png>Can you identify at least part of the boundary of the largest circle?	a0249.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
11	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0250.png>Are the boundaries of all the circles distinct and non-blending?	a0250.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
12	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0252.png>Does the boundary of the object form a hexagon?	a0252.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
13	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0253.png>Are there any triangles?	a0253.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
14	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0254.png>Are there any blue balls in the circle?	a0254.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
15	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0255.png>Is the yellow ball smudging into any other object?	a0255.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
16	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0256.png>Are there any yellow ball outside of the circle?	a0256.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
17	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0258.png>Are there any blue balls touch the boundary of the circle?	a0258.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
18	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0261.png>Is the image separated into an upper and lower half by a clear boundary?	a0261.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
19	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0262.png>Is there a sharp boundary between any two colors horizontally?	a0262.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
20	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0271.png>Is each puzzle piece clearly distinguished from each other?	a0271.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
21	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0272.png>Does any puzzle piece overlap with another piece?	a0272.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
22	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0276.png>Are there straight lines separating the pieces of puzzle?	a0276.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
23	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0277.png>Are there empty holes in this puzzles?	a0277.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
24	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0281.png>Are there 10 pieces of puzzle in the image?	a0281.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
25	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0284.png>Does each puzzle piece all look different from each other?	a0284.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
26	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0291.png>Are the boundaries of the foreground objects clearer than those in the background?	a0291.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
27	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0293.png>Is there a clear boundary between the water and the sky in the image?	a0293.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
28	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0295.png>Does the mist in the image blur the boundaries of distant objects?	a0295.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
29	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0297.png>Could you see the sun in the image?	a0297.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
30	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0300.png>Could you see a square in the image?	a0300.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
31	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0306.png>Is there a deer in the image?	a0306.png	null	A	{'A': 'Yes', 'B': 'No', 'C': 'In some areas', 'D': 'Not at all', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
32	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0323.png>What is the shape of the land's outter bound?	a0323.png	null	C	{'A': 'Square', 'B': 'Rectangle', 'C': 'Round', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
33	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0328.png>Is there an animal?	a0328.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
34	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0335.png>How can you distinguish one book from another in this picture?	a0335.png	null	A	{'A': 'By lines and color', 'B': 'By luck', 'C': 'By shape', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
35	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0337.png>How many plates are there?	a0337.png	null	B	{'A': '2', 'B': '6', 'C': '7', 'D': '5', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
36	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0338.png>How can you distinguish the plates from each other?	a0338.png	null	A	{'A': 'shape and the white line between plates', 'B': 'color', 'C': 'luck', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
37	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0340.png>What is the shape that distinguishes light blue shade from darker blue shade in the picture?	a0340.png	null	A	{'A': 'Round', 'B': 'Star', 'C': 'Recatagular', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
38	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0343.png>Are the stars part of the paper or the scarf?	a0343.png	null	A	{'A': 'Paper', 'B': 'Scarf', 'C': 'Wall', 'D': 'Desk', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
39	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0348.png>Can you tell that there is a grey sheet in the picture?	a0348.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
40	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0353.png>Is boundary of the envelop in rectangle?	a0353.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
41	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0355.png>Is the envelop blue or white or green in general?	a0355.png	null	B	{'A': 'Blue', 'B': 'White', 'C': 'Green', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
42	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0367.png>Can you describe the boundary of the object that is on the top?	a0367.png	null	A	{'A': 'Bear', 'B': 'Star', 'C': 'Rectangle', 'D': 'Unknown', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
43	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0369.png>What is the color of the sheet?	a0369.png	null	B	{'A': 'Brown', 'B': 'Grey', 'C': 'Black', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
44	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0370.png>What is the color of the pillow?	a0370.png	null	B	{'A': 'Brown', 'B': 'Grey', 'C': 'Black', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
45	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0372.png>What is the color of the notebook below?	a0372.png	null	A	{'A': 'Red', 'B': 'Grey', 'C': 'Black', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
46	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0373.png>What is the color of the topmost object?	a0373.png	null	C	{'A': 'Red', 'B': 'Grey', 'C': 'Blue', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
47	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0375.png>Can you distinguish the boundary of the objects?	a0375.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
48	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0377.png>What is the boundary of the notebook below?	a0377.png	null	C	{'A': 'Circle', 'B': 'Star', 'C': 'Rectangle', 'D': 'Unknown', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
49	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0379.png>What is the color of the notebook below?	a0379.png	null	B	{'A': 'Red', 'B': 'Brown', 'C': 'Black', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
50	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0380.png>What is the color of the top object?	a0380.png	null	B	{'A': 'Red', 'B': 'Blue', 'C': 'Black', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
51	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0381.png>Is there a person in the image?	a0381.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
52	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0384.png>Describe the person's posture:	a0384.png	null	B	{'A': 'Lying down', 'B': 'Standing', 'C': nan, 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
53	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0451.png>Are there multiple objects with similar colors?	a0451.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
54	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0458.png>What is the color of the topmost object?	a0458.png	null	A	{'A': 'Black', 'B': 'Beige', 'C': 'Grey', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
55	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0461.png>What shape is the boundary of the blanket?	a0461.png	null	A	{'A': 'Rectangle', 'B': 'Circile', 'C': 'Triangle', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
56	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0465.png>What is the color of the carpet?	a0465.png	null	A	{'A': 'Black and white', 'B': 'Black, white, and Gray', 'C': 'Gray and white', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
57	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0467.png>Does the top object's boundary extend beyond the second object's size?	a0467.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
58	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0468.png>Describe the shape of boundary between the middle object and the background?	a0468.png	null	B	{'A': 'Round', 'B': 'Rectangle', 'C': 'Triangle', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
59	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0469.png>Can you distinguish the top and below object by texture that top object has soft texture and the below object has flat surface?	a0469.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
60	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0471.png>Descibe the boundary of the top object.	a0471.png	null	B	{'A': 'Complex geometric combination', 'B': 'Rectangle', 'C': 'Triangle', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
61	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0474.png>Describe the boundary of the book below.	a0474.png	null	B	{'A': 'Complex geometric combination', 'B': 'Rectangle', 'C': 'Triangle', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
62	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0480.png>Is the entire ISBN of the bottom book visible?	a0480.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
63	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0482.png>Is the boundary between the lid and the book defined by a clear color contrast?	a0482.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
64	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0483.png>Does the lid cast a shadow on the book?	a0483.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
65	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0486.png>Does the lid completely obscure the text on the book?	a0486.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
66	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0487.png>Does the lid partially obscure the text on the book?	a0487.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
67	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0489.png>How does the lid affect the visibility of the text on the book?	a0489.png	null	B	{'A': 'It completely covers the texts', 'B': 'It partially covers the texts', 'C': 'It does not cover the texts at all', 'D': "There are no texts on the book's back cover", 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
68	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0495.png>Does the finger's reflection create a clear boundary within the mirror's surface?	a0495.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
69	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0499.png>Describe the boundary of the object.	a0499.png	null	A	{'A': 'Rectangle', 'B': 'Round', 'C': 'Triangle', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
70	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0550.png>Is the boundary between the top object and the below object clearly visible throughout the image?	a0550.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
71	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0551.png>Does the text on the white overlay intersect with the text on the blue background, blurring the boundary?	a0551.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
72	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0553.png>How is the boundary between two objects defined?	a0553.png	null	A	{'A': 'By a sharp line between two objects', 'B': 'By a shadow cast by the white overlay', 'C': 'By a blending of colors at the edges', 'D': 'There is no clear boundary; the text blends into the background', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
73	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0554.png>What feature most clearly marks the boundary between the two sections of the books?	a0554.png	null	B	{'A': 'The change in text color', 'B': 'The change in book color', 'C': 'The edge of the white book', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
74	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0556.png>Is the boundary between the gray shape and the background sharply defined?	a0556.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
75	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0557.png>Is there a gradual change of color showing an unclear boundary of the gray shape?	a0557.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
76	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0559.png>Can you distinguish the boundary by color change?	a0559.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
77	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0561.png>Can you distinguish the boundary of fan leaves by color change?	a0561.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
78	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0563.png>Describe the general shape of boundary of the fan body (without fan leaves):	a0563.png	null	B	{'A': 'Rectangle', 'B': 'Circle', 'C': 'Triangle', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
79	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0565.png>Is there a gradual color change at the boundary of the fan?	a0565.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
80	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0566.png>How do the boundaries between different colors contribute to the pattern of the fabric?	a0566.png	null	A	{'A': 'They create a grid-like pattern', 'B': 'They form a random, abstract pattern', 'C': 'They do not affect the pattern', 'D': 'They create a circular pattern', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
81	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0568.png>Is each color block in the fabric separated by a clear line?	a0568.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
82	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0571.png>Is there a clear boundary between the earphone packaging and the surface it is resting on?	a0571.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
83	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0573.png>Is the boundary between the earphone packaging and the surface it is resting on clearly defined?	a0573.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
84	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0582.png>How does the light affect the visibility of the boundary between the glasses and the surface?	a0582.png	null	A	{'A': 'It enhances the visibility', 'B': 'It reduces the visibility', 'C': 'It has no effect', 'D': 'It creates additional false boundaries', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
85	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0583.png>What feature are most helpful in distinguishing the boundary of glass on the wooden surface?	a0583.png	null	C	{'A': 'The shadow under the frames', 'B': 'The reflection on the lenses', 'C': 'The contrasting colors between the frames and the wood', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
86	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0596.png>Does the clothing of the individuals help them blend into the rocky background, making the boundary between them and the environment less distinct?	a0596.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
87	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0601.png>Is the boundary between the owl and the tree bark marked by a clear line?	a0601.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
88	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	MC	<image-placeholder: a0609.png>Which aspect of the image clearly defines the boundary between the foreground where the fox is and the background?	a0609.png	null	D	{'A': 'Texture differences between the fox and the background', 'B': 'The slight snow mounds around the fox', 'C': 'The lighting on the fox compared to the background', 'D': 'All of the above', 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
89	boundary	Stage Sensorimotor	TF	<image-placeholder: a0610.png>Does the shadow cast by the fox on the snow help define its boundary?	a0610.png	null	YES	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
90	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	MC	<image-placeholder: s0237.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, is the number of coins in the upper row and lower row in the rightmost image the same?	s0237.png	null	A	{'A': 'Yes, their number is the same', 'B': 'The upper row has more coins', 'C': 'The lower row has more coins', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
91	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	MC	<image-placeholder: s0239.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, is the length of the upper straw and the lower straw in the rightmost image the same?	s0239.png	null	A	{'A': 'Yes, their have the same length', 'B': 'The upper straw is longer', 'C': 'The lower straw is longer', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
92	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	TF	<image-placeholder: i0200.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, does the glass on the left in the leftmost image contain more liquid than the glass on the right in the rightmost image?	i0200.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
93	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	MC	<image-placeholder: IMG_2696.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, does the glass on the left in the leftmost image contain more liquid than the glass on the right in the rightmost image?	IMG_2696.png	null	C	{'A': 'Yes', 'B': 'No, the glass on the right in the third image has more liquid', 'C': 'No, they are the same', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
94	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	MC	<image-placeholder: IMG_2700.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, does the glass on the left in the leftmost image contain more liquid than the glass on the right in the rightmost image?	IMG_2700.png	null	C	{'A': 'Yes', 'B': 'No, the glass on the right in the third image has more liquid', 'C': 'No, they are the same', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
95	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	MC	<image-placeholder: IMG_2709.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, does the glass on the left in the leftmost image contain more liquid than the glass on the right in the rightmost image?	IMG_2709.png	null	C	{'A': 'Yes', 'B': 'No, the glass on the right in the third image has more liquid', 'C': 'No, they are the same', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
96	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	MC	<image-placeholder: IMG_2706.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, does the glass on the left in the leftmost image contain more liquid than the glass on the right in the rightmost image?	IMG_2706.png	null	C	{'A': 'Yes', 'B': 'No, the glass on the right in the third image has more liquid', 'C': 'No, they are the same', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
97	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	MC	<image-placeholder: IMG_2710.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, does the glass on the left in the leftmost image contain more liquid than the glass on the right in the rightmost image?	IMG_2710.png	null	C	{'A': 'Yes', 'B': 'No, the glass on the right in the third image has more liquid', 'C': 'No, they are the same', 'D': nan, 'E': nan, 'F': nan}
98	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	TF	<image-placeholder: IMG_2713.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, does the glass on the left in the leftmost image contain more liquid than the glass on the right in the rightmost image?	IMG_2713.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
99	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	TF	<image-placeholder: IMG_2715.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, does the glass on the left in the leftmost image contain more liquid than the glass on the right in the rightmost image?	IMG_2715.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}
100	conservation	Stage Concrete Operational	TF	<image-placeholder: IMG_2718.png>The above image represents a continuous process explanation. Please answer, does the glass on the left in the leftmost image contain more liquid than the glass on the right in the rightmost image?	IMG_2718.png	null	NO	{'A': 'YES', 'B': 'NO'}

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

CoreCognition: A Core Knowledge Benchmark for Multi-modal Large Language Models

Dataset Description

CoreCognition is a large-scale benchmark encompassing 12 core knowledge grounded in developmental cognitive science, designed to evaluate the fundamental core abilities of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs).

While MLLMs demonstrate impressive abilities over high-level perception and reasoning, their robustness in the wild remains limited, often falling short on tasks that are intuitive and effortless for humans. We examine the hypothesis that these deficiencies stem from the absence of core knowledge—rudimentary core abilities innate to humans.

This dataset contains 1,423 multimodal samples with images/videos and questions, covering fundamental concepts like object permanence, spatial reasoning, counting, and other core abilities that emerge in human development.

(Additional 80 Concept Hacking questions in our paper will be released separately)

🔗 Website: https://williamium3000.github.io/core-knowledge/
🔗 Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10855
🔗 Github: https://github.com/williamium3000/core-knowledge

Formats

HuggingFace Preview - For browsing and exploration (visible in HuggingFace viewer, contains embedded 448*448-pixel image preview but no videos)

⚠️ Warning: this format is primarily for HuggingFace viewer; it DOES NOT contain full data.

Complete Dataset ZIP (Recommended) - Full data with all images and videos before resizing, 6.41GB

CoreCognition_20250622.zip
├── CoreCognition.csv          # Complete metadata CSV
└── media/                     # All images and videos
    ├── imagename1.png
    ├── imagename2.png
    ├── videoname1.mp4
    └── ...

Quick Start

Browse metadata and image preview in this huggingface repo
Download the complete dataset (6.41GB) by

from datasets import load_dataset

# this will download huggingface.co/datasets/williamium/CoreCognition/blob/main/CoreCognition_20250622.zip
dataset = load_dataset("williamium/CoreCognition", "complete")

Dataset Fields

Metadata Fields (visible in viewer)

id: Unique sample identifier
concept: Core knowledge concept detailed below
type: Question type ("MC" for multiple choice, "TF" for True/False)
question: The question text with interleaved <image-placeholder: ...> and/or <video-placeholder: ...>
images: Semicolon-separated image filenames, can be found in ZIP data
videos: Semicolon-separated video filenames, can be found in ZIP data
answer: Correct answer choice
choices: Choice options as JSON string
image_paths: Embedded image column for HuggingFace viewer only

Core Knowledge Concepts (12 Categories)

The benchmark covers these fundamental cognitive concepts grounded in developmental science:

Boundary: The transition from one object to another
Continuity: Objects persist as unified, cohesive entities across space and time
Permanence: Objects do not cease to exist when they are no longer perceived
Spatiality: The a priori understanding of the Euclidean properties of the world
Perceptual Constancy: Changes in appearances don't mean changes in physical properties
Intuitive Physics: Intuitions about the laws of how things interact in the physical world
Perspective: To see what others see
Hierarchy: Understanding of inclusion and exclusion of objects and categories
Conservation: Invariances of properties despite transformations
Tool Use: The capacity to manipulate specific objects to achieve goals
Intentionality: To see what others want
Mechanical Reasoning: Inferring actions from system states and vice versa

Paper Citation

If you use CoreCognition in your research, please cite our paper:

@inproceedings{
    li2025core,
    title={Core Knowledge Deficits in Multi-Modal Language Models},
    author={Yijiang Li and Qingying Gao and Tianwei Zhao and Bingyang Wang and Haoran Sun and Haiyun Lyu and Robert D. Hawkins and Nuno Vasconcelos and Tal Golan and Dezhi Luo and Hokin Deng},
    booktitle={Forty-second International Conference on Machine Learning},
    year={2025},
    url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=EIK6xxIoCB}
}

License

Apache 2.0 License

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Size of downloaded dataset files:

209 MB

Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

209 MB

Number of rows:

1,423